Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Asia Pacific Democracy Union

2026-05-10T20:32:53Z

EmmettAlbritton: made new post more to come

{{Short description|Centre-right political international in Asia Pacific}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Asia Pacific Democracy Union
| pronunciation =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| logo = APDU Logo.png{{!}}class=skin-invert
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation = June 1982
| founder =
| extinction = 
| merger =
| type = [[Regional organization]]
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = Active
| purpose = [[Conservatism]]
| headquarters = [[Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| location =
| coordinates = 
| region_served = [[Asia-Pacific]]
| services =
| products =
| methods =
| fields =
| num_members =
| num_members_year =
| secretary_general =
| leader_title2 = Chairwoman
| leader_name2 = {{flagdeco|New Zealand}}
[[Judith Collins]]
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = [[International Democracy Union]]
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
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| num_volunteers =
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| website =
| remarks =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Asia Pacific Democracy Union''' ('''APDU''') is a regional association of [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] and [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] political parties associated with the [[International Democracy Union]] (IDU).<ref>{{Cite web |last=iamdesign |date=1 February 2018 |title=Members International Democracy Union |url=https://www.idu.org/members/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> It aims to promote freedom and free enterprise by considering matters of political organization and policy of interest to member parties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Pacific Democrat Union UIA Yearbook Profile Union of International Associations |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100006762 |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=uia.org}}</ref>

==Members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan = "2"|Country
! rowspan = "2"|Party
! rowspan = "2"|{{tooltip|Abbr.|Abbreviation}}
! rowspan = "2"|Colour
! colspan = "2"|Legislative seats
! rowspan = "2"|Status
|-
! Lower House
! Upper House
|-
| {{AUS}}
| [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]
| align=center| LPA
| {{colorbox|{{party color|Liberal Party of Australia}}}} Blue
| {{composition bar|27|150|color=white|hex={{party color|Liberal Party of Australia}}}}
| {{composition bar|23|76|color=white|hex={{party color|Liberal Party of Australia}}}}
| {{no2}} In opposition
|-
| {{CAN}}
| [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] ''Parti conservateur du Canada''
| align=center| CPC ''PCC ''
| {{colorbox|{{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}}} Blue
| {{composition bar|141|338|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}}}
| {{composition bar|13|105|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}}}
| {{no2}} In opposition
|-
| {{ROC}}
| [[Kuomintang]] 中國國民黨
| align=center| KMT
| {{colorbox|#2A52BE}} Blue
| {{composition bar|53|113|hex=#2A52BE}}
| align=center|
| {{no2}} In opposition
|-
| {{KOR}}
| [[People Power Party (South Korea)|People Power]] 국민의힘
| align=center| PPP
| {{colorbox|{{party color|People Power Party (South Korea)}}}} Red
| {{composition bar|107|300|hex={{party color|People Power Party (South Korea)}}}}
| align=center|
| {{no2}} In opposition
|-
| {{MDV}}
| [[Maldivian Democratic Party|Democratic]] ދިވެހިރައްޔިތުންގެ ޑިމޮކްރެޓިކް ޕާޓީ
| align=center| MDP
| {{colorbox|#f8c301}} Yellow
| {{composition bar|12|93|hex=#f8c301}}
| align=center|
| {{no2}} In opposition
|-
| {{MNG}}
| [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic]] ''Монголын Ардчилсан Нам''
| align=center| AN
| {{colorbox|#00BFFF}} Sky blue
| {{composition bar|42|126|hex=#00BFFF}}
| align=center|
| {{no2}} In opposition
|-
| {{NPL}}
| [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party|Rastriya Prajatantra]] राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी
| align=center| RPP
| {{colorbox|{{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}} Gold
| {{composition bar|5|275|hex={{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| {{composition bar|0|59|hex={{party color|Rastriya Prajatantra Party}}}}
| {{no2}} In opposition
|-
| {{NZL}}
| [[New Zealand National Party|National]] ''Rōpū Nāhinara o Aotearoa''
| align=center| NAT
| {{colorbox|{{party color|New Zealand National Party}}}} Blue
| {{composition bar|49|123|hex={{party color|New Zealand National Party}}}}
| align=center|
| {{yes2}} In government
|-
| {{LKA}}
| [[United National Party|United National]] එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය ஐக்கிய தேசியக் கட்சி
| align=center| UNP
| {{colorbox|green}} Green
| {{composition bar|2|225|hex=green}}
| align=center|
| {{no2}} In opposition
|-
| {{USA}}
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| align=center| R/GOP
| {{colorbox|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}} Red
| {{composition bar|219|435|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| {{composition bar|53|100|hex={{party color|Republican Party (US)}}}}
| {{Yes2}} In government
|}

== List of chairpersons of APDU ==

* Former Sri Lankan [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] [[Ranil Wickramasinghe]] served as the chairperson of the APDU from 2005 to 5 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=iamdesign |date=16 February 2018 |title=Ranil Wickremesinghe International Democracy Union |url=https://www.idu.org/leadership/the-honourable-ranil-wickremesinghe-mp/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Act |first=Samantha |date=2024-04-08 |title=Hon. Judith Collins KC MP new Chairwoman of Asia-Pacific Democracy Union (APDU) {{!}} International Democracy Union |url=https://www.idu.org/hon-judith-collins-kc-mp-new-chairwoman-of-asia-pacific-democracy-union-apdu/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |language=en-US |quote=On this occasion, the APDU would also like to extend its gratitute to the former APDU Chairman, His Excellency, the President of Sri Lanka, Ranil Wickremesinghe, for his years of leadership.}}</ref>
* Current New Zealand [[Attorney-General (New Zealand)|Attorney-General]] [[Judith Collins]] serves as chairperson of the APDU since 5 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Act |first=Samantha |date=2024-04-08 |title=Hon. Judith Collins KC MP new Chairwoman of Asia-Pacific Democracy Union (APDU) {{!}} International Democracy Union |url=https://www.idu.org/hon-judith-collins-kc-mp-new-chairwoman-of-asia-pacific-democracy-union-apdu/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100617014146/http://www.idu.org/regional_list.aspx?id=1 APDU at the UDI site]

[[Category:International Democracy Union]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Colombo]]
[[Category:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte]]

{{Asia-poli-stub}}

Rejinagar Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T06:20:38Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding a post...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rejinagar
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Rejinagar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rejinagar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Vacant
| party = Vacant
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency|Baharampur]]
| constituency_no = 70
| established = 2011
| electors = 2,59,771
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Rejinagar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 70 Rejinagar Assembly constituency covers [[Beldanga II (community development block)|Beldanga II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Begunbari, Kapasdanga and Mirjapur I [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Beldanga I (community development block)|Beldanga I]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 13 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Rejinagar Assembly constituency is part of No. 10 [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Humayun Kabir (West Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2013^
|rowspan="3"|[[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

*^ denotes by-poll

==Election results==
=== 2026 by-election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 elections in India#Vidhan Sabha by-elections|2026 Rejinagar by-election]]: [[Rejinagar]]
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Golam Nabi Azad|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rejinagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Humayun Kabir (West Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:}} 1,23,536|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bapan Ghosh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}} 64,660|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ataur Rahman|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}} 41,718|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jillu Sk|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}} 4,101|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}} 1,634|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tushar Kanti Chatterjee|party=West Bengal Socialist Party|votes={{formatnum:}} 748|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rejinagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]
|votes = 1,18,494
|percentage = 56.31
|change = {{increase}}48.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arabinda Biswas
|votes = 50,226
|percentage = 23.87
|change = {{increase}}18.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kafiruddin Sheikh
|votes = 37,282
|percentage = 17.72
|change = {{decrease}}25.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,560
|percentage = 0.74
|change = {{decrease}}0.42
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 68,268
|percentage = 32.44
|change = {{increase}}29.44
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,10,445
|percentage = 81.01
|change = {{decrease}}1.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rejinagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]
|votes = 79,770
|percentage = 43.12
|change = {{increase}}4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|votes = 74,210
|percentage = 40.12
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Begum Siddika
|votes = 14,631
|percentage = 7.91
|change = {{decrease}}15.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bankim Karmakar
|votes = 10,771
|percentage = 5.82
|change = {{increase}}3.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,150
|percentage = 1.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,560
|percentage = 3.00
|change = {{decrease}}3.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,84,993
|percentage = 82.27
|change = {{decrease}}1.82
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013 by-election===
The 2013 by-election was necessitated by the switch-over of sitting Congress MLA Humayun Kabir to Trinamool Congress.<ref name=vidhansabha2013bye>{{cite web| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/congress-retains-rejinagar-seat-loses-nalhati_832091.html |title = Congress retains Rejinagar seat, loses Nalhati | work= PTI, 28 February 2013 |publisher= moneycontrol.com | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 elections in India#West Bengal|2013 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Rejinagar<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/WB_RejiNagar.pdf |title = Form 21E Return of Elections |work =70 Rejinagar Assembly Constituency | publisher =Election Commission of India |access-date = 1 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=941&cid=70| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130528163625/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=941&cid=70| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 28 May 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2013 (Bye election) |work =Rejinagar (70)| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 March 2013}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]
|votes = 66,876
|percentage = 39.08
|change = {{decrease}}10.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Sirajul Islam Mondal
|votes = 55,154
|percentage = 32.23
|change = {{decrease}}11.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|votes = 40,911
|percentage = 23.9
|change = {{increase}}23.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Salahuddin Sheikh
|votes = 3,720
|percentage = 2.17
|change = {{decrease}}2.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,722
|percentage = 6.85
|change = {{increase}}1.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,71,128
|percentage = 84.09
|change = {{increase}}1.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Humayun Kabir of Congress defeated his nearest rival Serajul Islam Mondal of RSP.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Rejinagar<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=70| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190257/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=70| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Rejinagar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|votes = 77,542
|percentage = 49.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Sirajul Islam Mondal
|votes = 68,781
|percentage = 44.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arabinda Biswas
|votes = 6,733
|percentage = 4.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Fulchand Sheikh
|votes = 2,831
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,761
|percentage = 5.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,55,887
|percentage = 82.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]

Naihati Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T03:08:14Z

EmmettAlbritton: created initial page from scratch

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Naihati
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Naihati.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Naihati Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sanat Dey]]
| party =
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| constituency_no = 104
| established = 1951
| electors = 152,602
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Naihati Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 104 Naihati Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Naihati]] municipality, and Jethia, Kampa-Chakla, Majhipara–Palasi and Shibdaspur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Barrackpore I (Community development block)|Barrackpore I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Naihati Assembly constituency is part of No. 15 [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|[[Suresh Chandra Pal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|Gopal Basu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|G. Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Gopal Basu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Tarapada Mukhopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Gopal Basu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Ajit Basu
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Tarun Adhikary
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="3"|Ranjit Kundu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Partha Bhowmick]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|2024^
|[[Sanat Dey]]
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Naihati}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sanat Dey]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sumitro Chatterjee
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Debojyoti Majumder
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradip Kumar kundu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin
| title=[[2024 elections in India#West_Bengal|2024 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Naihati<ref name="West Bengal bypolls: Trinamool Congress sweeps bypolls in six Assembly seats">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=West Bengal bypolls: Trinamool Congress sweeps bypolls in six Assembly seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-bypolls-trinamool-congress-dominates-retains-4-seats-wrests-one-from-bjp/article68901894.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123144039/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-bypolls-trinamool-congress-dominates-retains-4-seats-wrests-one-from-bjp/article68901894.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Sanat Dey]]|votes=78,772|percentage=62.97|change={{increase}}12.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rupak Mitra|votes=29,495|percentage=23.58|change={{decrease}}14.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Debajyoti Mazumdar|votes=7,593|percentage=6.07|change={{decrease}}3.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Paresh Nath Sarkar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,883|percentage=3.1|change= new}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,728|percentage=1.38|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes= 49,277|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=124,587|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Naihati}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Partha Bhowmick]]
|votes = 77,753
|percentage = 50.00
|change ={{decrease}}7.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Falguni Patra
|votes = 58,898
|percentage = 38.00
|change ={{increase}}35.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Indrani Kundu Mukherjee
|votes = 15,825
|percentage = 10.00
|change = {{decrease}}26.50
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,701
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kanai Das
|votes = 1,378
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,855
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 131,522
|percentage = 86.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Partha Bhowmick of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Ranjit Kundu of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Naihati constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=104| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327191854/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=104| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Naihati| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Partha Bhowmick]]
|votes = 75,842
|percentage = 57.39
|change = +10.91#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ranjit Kundu
|votes = 48,012
|percentage = 36.50
|change = -12.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswajit Sur
|votes = 2,821
|percentage = 2.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saumen Sarkar
|votes = 1,933
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Subrata Sengupta
|votes = 1,547
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Biswajit Sarkar
|votes = 946
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjit Paul
|votes = 78
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 131,522
|percentage = 86.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 23.21#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001 and 1996 state assembly elections, Ranjit Kundu of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won the Naihati assembly seat defeating Dhillon Sarkar of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Tarun Adhikary of Trinamool Congress in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Tarun Adhikary of Congress won the seat defeating Shyamal Bhattacharjee of [[Janata Dal|JD]] in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Gopal Basu of CPI (M) in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Ajit Basu of CPI (M) won the seat in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> defeating Ranjit Bhattacharya of Congress. Gopal Basu of CPI (M) won in 1977 defeating Jagadish Chakrabarty of Congress.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp129.htm |title = 129 – Naihati Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Tarapada Mukhopadhyay of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Gopal Basu of CPI(M) won in 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> G.Bhattacharya of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Gopal Basu of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]] [[Suresh Chandra Pal]] of Congress won from Naihati.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Jai Hind metro station

2026-05-04T08:50:17Z

EmmettAlbritton:

{{short description|Kolkata Metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jai Hind - Bimanbandar
| style = Kolkata Metro
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = kolkata
| image = Jai Hind (Airport) Metro Main Gate.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| caption =
| address = [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|International Airport]], [[Dum Dum]], [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]] 700052
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.64619|88.43591|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| lines = {{plainlist|
* {{rint|Kolkata|Yellow}}
* {{rint|Kolkata|Orange}}
}}
| platforms = 4 (1 [[Side platform]] & 2 [[Island platforms]])
| tracks = 5{{efn|2 for Yellow Line (Operational) 2 for Orange Line (under construction) 1 for Emergency (Under construction)}}
| structure = Underground
| depth = {{cvt|12|m}}
| code = KJHD
| parking = Yes
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opened = {{Start date and age|2025|08|22|df=yes}}
| services = {{adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro
|line=Yellow|left=Jessore Road
|header2=Future Service
|line3=Yellow|left3=Jessore Road|right3=Birati|to-right3=Barasat
|line4=Orange|left4=VIP Road}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| route_map = {{switcher
| {{Kolkata Metro Yellow Line}}
| Show Yellow Line route map
| {{Kolkata Metro Orange Line}}
| Show Orange Line route map
}}
| map_state = collapsed
| connections = {{rint|air}} [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|NSCB International Airport]]
}}

'''Jai Hind''' (also referred to as '''Biman Bandar''') is an underground metro station of [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Dum Dum]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/kolkata-metros-new-yellow-line-links-city-to-the-airport/|title=Kolkata Metro’s new yellow line links city to the airport|publisher=cntraveller|date=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/News/kolkatas-yellow-line-opens-doors-to-culture-history-and-connectivity|title=Kolkata’s Yellow Line Opens Doors To Culture, History, And Connectivity|publisher=outlooktraveller|date=22 August 2025|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> It is the largest underground metro station in India serving the city of [[Kolkata]]'s main airport, the [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/kolkata-awaits-inauguration-of-indias-largest-underground-metro-yard-on-august-22-enn25082105168|title=Kolkata Awaits Inauguration Of India's Largest Underground Metro Yard On August 22|publisher=etvbharat|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> The station was inaugurated on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metrorailnews.in/3-new-metro-sections-for-kolkata-metro/|title=PM Modi Inaugurates 3 New Metro Sections of Kolkata Metro|publisher=Metro Rail News|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/historic-gift-before-durga-puja-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-3-kolkata-metro-projects-on-aug-22-3681072|title='Historic gift before Durga Puja': PM Modi to inaugurate 3 Kolkata metro projects on Aug 22|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=15 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://metrorailnews.in/kolkata-metro-2/|title=Kolkata Metro’s Yellow Line to Become the First to Connect with the Airport|publisher=Metro Rail News|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> The station will be a future [[interchange station|interchange]] when it hosts [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]] till [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanacres.in/kolkata-metro-orange-line-nears-airport-link-with-24/|title=Kolkata Metro Orange Line nears airport link with 24 stations|publisher=Urban Acres|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="mtp">{{cite web |title=New System Map of Kolkata Metro |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Construction ===
[[File:Jai Hind Metro Station (Nov 2024-Apr 2025) time lapse pics 13.jpg|left|thumb|Biman Bandar railway station remants]]
The execution of this project has been entrusted to RVNL and the construction of the station-cum-yard is being done by ITD Cementation India Ltd. The old [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] Biman Bandar railway station was demolished and repurposed for this project. The tentative deadline is December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/airport-metro-station-takes-a-leap-towards-completion/articleshow/79685675.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-15|website=timesofindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211234210/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/airport-metro-station-takes-a-leap-towards-completion/articleshow/79685675.cms |archive-date=11 December 2020 }}</ref>
[[File:Jai Hind airport metro depot 01.jpg|thumb|Airport metro depot]]

=== Delays ===
The work has been delayed for years due to multiple issues. At first [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]] objected the station above the ground, stating that this could be a threat for air traffic. Many underground utilities, power sub-station and water treatment plant had to be shifted. Encroachments and Land acquisition problems held up the project for multiple times.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/work-gets-going-on-metros-airport-station/articleshow/66104152.cms|title=Work gets going on Metro's airport station}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-terminal-stn-plan-at-new-garia-back-on-track/articleshow/57155281.cms|title=New Garia: Metro terminal station plan at New Garia back on track|date=February 15, 2017|first=Jayanta|last=Gupta|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>

==Features==
This station will also have a [[Rail yard#Coach yards|stabling yard]], and it will be the largest underground facility of India, and city's first. It will be 550m long and 41.6m wide, and will facilitate stabling and reversal of rakes, but it will not be a carshed.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/airport-metro-yard-to-be-countrys-largest-underground-facility/articleshow/65172130.cms |title=Airport Metro yard to be country's largest underground facility|work=Times of India|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> Previously the station was planned elevated, but after objection from [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]], the route was reworked and the station was planned underground from Airport to New Barrackpore.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/kolkata/work-for-underground-metro-project-to-start-between-kolkata-airport-and-new-barrackpore-puvzx3 |title=বিমানবন্দর- নিউ ব্যারাকপুর মেট্রো ছুটবে মাটির নীচ দিয়ে, প্রকল্প নিয়ে কাটল জট|work=Asianet News|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:Jai Hind Metro Station (Nov 2024-Apr 2025) time lapse pics 42.jpg|thumb|Jai Hind metro station [[moving walkway]]s]]
{{As of|April 2019}}, the station is planned to be around {{cvt|150|m}} away from the terminal building.<ref name="2019-04-21-telegraphindia" /> It will be connected via subways which will be having [[moving walkway]]s.<ref name="2019-04-21-telegraphindia" />

==Interchanges==
Here, [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow]] and [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange]] Lines will meet. There will be 5 tracks, two for Yellow Line, two for Orange Line, one of which is for terminating and departing both [[Noapara metro station|Noapara]] and [[Barasat metro station|Barasat]] bound trains and one for the yard.

==Station Layout==
{{Routemap
| title = Jai Hind track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Yellow}};background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Yellow}}, #{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Yellow}}, #{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Orange}}, #{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Orange}});
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\PLT-STRq\PLT-STRq\PLT-STRq\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa\~~ ~~ ~~'''P1''' to {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Birati}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKe\STRq-PLT\STRq-PLT\STRq-PLT\vCONTfgeq!~MASKe\~~ ~~ ~~'''P2''' to {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Jessore Road}}
vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa\~~ ~~ ~~'''P3''' to Train Terminates Here
vCONTfgaq!~MASKe\STRq-PLT\STRq-PLT\STRq-PLT\vCONTfgeq!~MASKe\~~ ~~ ~~'''P4''' to [[VIP Road metro station (Kolkata)|VIP Road]]
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\PLT-STRq\PLT-STRq\PLT-STRq\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa\~~ ~~ ~~'''P5''' for Emergency
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with five tracks, two island and one side platforms</div>
}}
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
!style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
!valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
! rowspan="8" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''L2'''
|style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 1px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|{{0|→}} Alighting only →
|-
|height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|← Train towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|yellow|left}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Jessore Road}})
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]], Doors will open on both sides {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" height=45 width=85|'''Platform 3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|{{0|←}} Alighting only →
|-
|height=45|'''Platform 4'''
|← Train towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|orange|left}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|VIP Road}})
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px black;" width=85 |'''Platform 5'''
| style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px black;" width="400" |For emergency use
|-
|}

==Entry/Exits==
*'''1''' – For Airport Terminal 1& 2 Building, Airport Bus Stand
*'''2''' – Airport Taxi Stand
*'''3''' – Metro Railway Office, Old Bimanbandar Railway Station
*'''4''' – Airport Police Station
*'''5''' – Airport Gate 2½, Near Jessore Road
*'''6''' & '''7''' – Planned

<gallery>
Jai Hind Metro gate no 1.jpg|Jai Hind metro station Gate no. 1
Jai Hind Metro Station (Nov 2024-Apr 2025) time lapse pics 30.jpg|Jai Hind metro station platforms</gallery>

== Connections ==
=== Road ===
A large number of buses ply via [[Jessore Road|Jessore Rd]] and [[VIP Road, Kolkata|VIP Road]] are as follows:

* AC 39 (Airport Terminal - Howrah Stn.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youfindgo.com/listing/ac-39-bus-services/|title=AC 39 Bus Route|publisher=YouFindGo|access-date=22 Aug 2025}}</ref>
* VS 2 (Airport Terminal - Howrah Stn.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nscbiairport.com/transport/bus|title=VS 2 Bus timing details|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=22 Aug 2025}}</ref>
* V1 (Airport Terminal - Tollygunge)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nscbiairport.com/transport/bus|title=V1 Bus timing details|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=22 Aug 2025}}</ref>
* VS 1 (Airport Terminal - Esplanade)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nscbiairport.com/transport/bus|title=VS 1 Bus timing details|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=10 Feb 2026}}</ref>
* AC 37C (Airport Terminal - Garia)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolbusopedia.com/bus-routes-government|title=List of Government buses operated by WBTC|publisher=KBOP|access-date=3 Feb 2026}}</ref>
* AC 37A (Airport Terminal - Garia)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youfindgo.com/listing/ac-37-a-bus-services/|title=AC 37A Bus Route|publisher=YouFindGo|access-date=22 Aug 2025}}</ref>
* AC 43 (Airport Terminal - Golf Green)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youfindgo.com/listing/ac-43-bus-services-2/|title=AC 43 Bus Route|publisher=YouFindGo|access-date=22 Aug 2025}}</ref>
* AC 38 (Dum Dum 11A - Karunamoyee)
* S10 (Airport Gate no 3 - Nabanna)
* D-10 (Barasat - Amtala)
* AC 37 (Barasat - Garia)
* EB-12 (Barasat - Karunamoyee)
* ACT-4 (Barasat - Karunamoyee)
* ACT-23 (Park Circus - Dankuni)
* AC 23A (Rajchandrapur - Karunamoyee)
* AC 50A (Rajchandrapur - Garia)
* S23A (Rajchandrapur - Karunamoyee)
* AC 2 (Barasat - Howrah Stn)
* S 64 (Naihati - Newtown)
* S 66 (Choto Finga - Howrah Stn)
* D-1A (Airport - Tollygunge)
* 30B (Gouripur - Babughat)
* 223 (B.T College - Golf Green)
* 237 (Birati - Babughat)
* 45 (Airport - Garia Stn.)
* 45A (Airport - Garia Stn.)
* 46 (Airport - Esplanade)
* L238 (Barasat - Howrah Stn.)
* 79B (Barasat - Bagbazar)
* DN-8 (Barasat - Salt Lake Sector V)
* 93 (Kharibari - Bagbazar)
* 79D (Madhyamgram - Babughat)
* S-151 Mini (Airport - B.B.D Bag)
* S-184 Mini (Birati - B.B.D Bag)
* S-175 Mini (New Barrackpore - Howrah Stn.)
* AC 40 (Airport - Howrah Maidan)
* C-42 (Barasat - Howrah)
* C-23 (Dankuni - Park Circus)
* DN-47 (Barasat - Karunamoyee)
* DN-18 (Baduria - Shyambazar)
* 91 (Bhangar - Shyambazar)
* 91A (Harao Banstala - Shyambazar)
* Barasat - Botanical Garden Bus
* Barasat - Baruipur Bus
* Rajchandrapur - Karunamoyee Bus
* Airport 1 no. Gate - Amta Bus etc.

=== Rail ===
Previously Eastern Railway operated Suburban Railway services ([[Kolkata Circular Railway]]) up to here. Currently the nearest stations are [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station]] and [[Durganagar railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/dum-dum-cantt-ddc/8004|title=DDC/Dum Dum Cantonment|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/durganagar-dgnr/3239|title=DGNR/Durganagar|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Air ===
The station itself serves the [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/metro-link-to-airport-on-railway-radar/cid/1262490|title=Metro link to airport on railway radar|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="2019-04-21-telegraphindia">{{cite news |last1=Mandal |first1=Sanjay |title=Metro hub 150m from Calcutta airport |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/metro-hub-150m-from-calcutta-airport/cid/1689212| work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |access-date=15 May 2020 |date=21 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

{{Kolkata Metro|yellow line=yes|orange line=yes}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]

Phaitol

2026-04-30T21:27:31Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding new details...

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phaitol
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name = Pheitual
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7841|93.1567|format=dms |display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]/[[Jiribam district|Jiribam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 971
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 Tamenglong census"/>
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Thadou language|Thadou]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-frame-width = 350
| mapframe-frame-height = 350
}}
'''Phaitol'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Phaitoul",<ref>Ganesh Rajaraman, [https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-fresh-wave-of-violence-erupts Fresh Wave of Violence Erupts], Newsreel Asia, 12 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3067512215}}
</ref> and "Pheitual".<ref>
{{citation |chapter=Notification No. IJ/2/56 |title=Manipur Gazette |date=16 August 1956 |pages=15–16 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n652 |via=archive.org}}
</ref>}}
is a village in the [[Tamenglong district]] of [[Manipur]], India, near its border with the [[Jiribam district]]. It is at the foothills of the [[Vangaitang]] range, close to the [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]].
Though the village is part of Tamenglong district, Tousem Subdivision, it is geographically located within the precincts of Jiribam district due to geographical anomalies in the district delineation.<ref>
Thomas Ngangom, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-violence-truck-set-ablaze-in-kangpokpi-police-check-post-in-jiribam-101718890534786.html Manipur violence: Truck set ablaze in Kangpokpi, police check post in Jiribam], Hindustan Times, 20 June 2024. "The Kuki Inpi, a tribal body, has alleged that Manipur police commandos and Meitei militants were indiscriminately firing on the villagers and village volunteers of Phaitol Village, Tamenglong district (a border village between Tamenglong and Jiribam)."
</ref><ref name="MARSAC"/>

During the [[2023–2024 Manipur violence]], Phaitol was the site of much violent activity, population displacement and trauma.<ref name="IFP 30 May 2023"/><ref name="KIJTN Seigoulen Singson"/><ref name="TOI 10 Jul 2024">
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/hours-after-rahuls-visit-trouble-erupts-in-manipur-district/articleshow/111615805.cms Hours after Rahul Gandhi's visit, trouble erupts in Manipur district], The Times of India, 10 July 2024.
</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Jiribam-district-SoI-1944.jpg|thumb|left|275px|1944 Survey of India map of the Jiribam region: The location of Phaitol is in the "dense mixed jungle" to the north of Jarolpokpi, south of the east-west-running Cachar Road]]

The [[Vangaitang]] range to the east of the Jiribam district is traditionally inhabited by the [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]] tribes, mainly [[Hmar people|Hmars]] but also some [[Thadou Kukis]]. In 1907, the Jiribam plain was opened for settlement by the Government of Manipur, and it came to be settled by [[Meitei people|Meiteis]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speakers from the neighbouring [[Cachar district]].<ref name="1911 annual report">
{{citation |last=Higgins |first=J. C. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1911-12 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co |location=Calcutta |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125393 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1911-12|1912}} |page=4}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |page=55 |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932}}}}
</ref>

The Jiribam plain roughly ends at the [[Uchathol]] village, to the east which lie the forested foothills of the Vangaitang range. A line of tribal villages stretch along the Cachar Road (now [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]]) in this region, with Phaitol being the first of them. Others are '''Gamphazol''', '''Tatbung''',{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Tadbung".<ref name="Tamenglong demography"/>}} '''Muktokhal''' (Muktokhong), [[Kaiphundai]] etc.<ref name="Tamenglong demography"/> These are tribal villages, populated mainly by [[Thadou Kukis]] (called just "Kukis" in this context). The Jiribam subdivision, originally regarded as a hill subdivision. spanned the entire Vangaitang range.<ref>
{{citation |chapter=Notification No. IJ/2/56 |title=Manipur Gazette |date=16 August 1956 |pages=15–16 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n652 |via=archive.org}}
</ref>
In 1981, it was retagged as a valley district, and the villages on Vangaitang range were transferred to [[Tamenglong district]].{{sfnp|Manipur Administrative Atlas|2005|pp=18–21}}

To the south of Phaitol, there two further tribal villages: '''Kamarangkha Khasi''',{{efn|The main name has also been spelt as "Kamarang-Kha", "Kamarangha", "Kamaranga", "Kamranga" and "Karamkha". The suffix may also be written as "Khasia" and "Khasiya".}} populated by [[Khasi people|Khasi]] settlers, and '''Ngahmunphai''', which is a Kuki village. These two villages are also in Tamenglong district.<ref name="Tamenglong demography"/> However, villages to the east of these, such as [[Mullargao]] and [[Leishabithol]], are in Jiribam district. These overlapping jurisdictions of districts makes it difficult to represent the district borders geographically.

The problem worsened when, in the 1990s, Jiribam district was extended to cover a portion of the northern stretch of the [[Jiri River]].{{sfnp|Manipur Administrative Atlas|2005|pp=12–23}} This resulted in nine villages of Tamenglong being shown as lying in the precincts of Jiribam district in geographical maps.<ref>[https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/nine-villages-incorporated-to-jiribam-district ‘Nine villages incorporated to Jiribam district’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204063730/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/nine-villages-incorporated-to-jiribam-district |date=4 December 2024 }}, Imphal Free Press, 23 August 2024.</ref><ref name="MARSAC">
[https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_JIRIBAM.pdf Jiribam Subdivision], Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.
</ref><ref name="Tamenglong demography">
[https://tamenglong.nic.in/demography/ Demography], Tamenglong district administration, retrieved 30 November 2024.
</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 census, Phaitol has a population of 971 people living in 189 households. Gamphazol has a population of 143 people. Tatbung and Muktokhal have populations of 268 people each.<ref name="2011 Tamenglong census">
[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/854/download/36284/DH_2011_1402_PART_A_DCHB_TAMENGLONG.pdf Tamenglong District Census Handbook], Census of India, 2011. page 84.
</ref>
Almost all the population (99 percent) is made up of [[Scheduled Tribes]], predominantly "Kukis" (Thadou Kukis).<ref>
{{citation |title=PCA TV: Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Tamenglong - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India |date=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6464 |id=PC11_PCA-TV-1402}}
</ref>

The [[Kuki Inpi]] of Jiribam, Tamenglong and Noney (KIJTN) has its head office in Phaitol.<ref>
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-condemns-heinous-killing-in-jiribam-calls-for-immediate-action/ Kuki Inpi Condemns Heinous Killing in Jiribam, Calls for Immediate Action], The Hills Journal, 8 November 2024.
</ref>

== 2023–2025 Manipur violence ==
On 3 May 2023, major [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] broke out between the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]] communities of Manipur. Within weeks over 100 people died and 60,000 people got displaced. All the Kuki-Zo people in the [[Imphal Valley]] and the Meitei people in the Kuki-Zo-dominated hill districts were forced to flee to the other side. The Jiribam district, consisting of both the classes of population but also other communities such as Bengalis, was affected in a unique fashion.

During the first week of violence, Meitei mobs led by the [[Arambai Tenggol]] militia attacked Kuki-Zo localities in the Jiribam Town. The security forces quickly controlled the violence and brokered a peace agreement between the communities.<ref name="Kuthar">
Greeshma Kuthar, [https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/manipur-violence-jiribam-district-hmar-assam-cachar Stagnant Strife: Disinformation draws Manipur’s last district into violence], The Caravan, 1 September 2024.
</ref> Phaitol was at the forefront of these efforts. A meeting of Kuki-Zo people was held at Phaitol under the supervision of the Deputy Commissioner of Tamenglong.<ref name="IFP 30 May 2023">[https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/maintain-peace-tamenglong-dc Maintain peace: Tamenglong DC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909213458/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/maintain-peace-tamenglong-dc |date=9 September 2024 }}, Imphal Free Press, 30 May 2023. {{ProQuest|2820251966}} "Tamenglong DC [Deputy Commissioner] L Angshim Dangshawa conducted an interactive peace meeting at Phaitol village, Tousem subdivision, Tamenglong, on Monday, in an effort to maintain peace and tranquility between different communities amid the prevailing unrest in Manipur."</ref>
The peace agreement held for almost a year. Even though there were sporadic incidents such as house burning and abduction, there were no deaths.<ref name="Kuthar"/><ref name="KIJTN">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-publishes-chronology-of-jiribam-violence-condemns-atrocities-by-meitei-radicals/ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals], The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024.
</ref>

The peace was shattered by twin murders in May–June 2024. The first was of a Kuki individual named Seigoulen Singson from Phaitol.<ref name="Kuthar"/> He went missing on 14 May, and his body was discovered floating in [[Jiri River]] three days later near [[Muolzawl]].<ref name="KIJTN Seigoulen Singson">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-publishes-chronology-of-jiribam-violence-condemns-atrocities-by-meitei-radicals/ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals], The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024. "'''May 14, 2024''': Mr Seigoulen Singson of Phaitol village was abducted from Police Check point in Phaitol and later on 17th May, tortured & decomposed body found in Jiri river and his latest mobile location was at Dibong, Meetei locality of Jiribam."
</ref><ref name="Newsreel 12 Jun">
Ganesh Rajaraman, [https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-fresh-wave-of-violence-erupts Fresh Wave of Violence Erupts], Newsreel Asia, 12 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3067512215}}
</ref>
A second death occurred on 6 June, that of a Meitei individual named Soibam Saratkumar Singh from [[Hilghat]] area.{{efn|His residence was mentioned as Sorok Atingbi Khunou, a locality in the Hilghat area.}} He went missing while returning from his farm. His two-wheeler and slippers were found near Uchathol, the likely place of his abduction, and the body was found near [[Mullargao]].<ref name="Telegraph 8 Jun">
Umanand Jaiswal, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/fresh-tension-in-manipur-abduction-murder-roil-peaceful-pockets-in-jiribam-and-tamenglong/cid/2025420 Fresh tension in Manipur: Abduction, murder roil peaceful pockets in Jiribam and Tamenglong], The Telegraph (India), 8 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3065476568}}
</ref><ref>
Noren Ningombam, Karishma Hasnat, [https://theprint.in/india/section-144-imposed-in-manipurs-jiribam-after-police-recover-mutilated-body-houses-burnt-down/2120946/ Section 144 imposed in Manipur’s Jiribam after police recover mutilated body, houses burnt down], The Print, 7 June 2024.
</ref>
Within an hour rumours spread on social media that his body was found beheaded, and in another hour, widespread arson broke out in Jiribam as Meitei mobs started attacking Kuki-Zo settlements and churches.<ref name="Kuthar"/><ref name="Scroll 18 Jun">
[https://scroll.in/article/1069410/ How a relatively peaceful district became the ‘new battleground’ in Manipur], Scroll.in, 18 June 2024.
</ref>

In the ensuing mayhem, over a thousand Kuki-Zo people, mainly [[Hmar people|Hmars]] and [[Thadou people|Thadou Kukis]], from Jiribam fled to Assam's Cachar district. A Hmar village called Hmarkhawlien near [[Lakhipur]] became their refuge.<ref name="Kuthar"/><ref name="Article-14">
Debarun Choudhury, [https://article-14.com/post/a-new-wave-of-displacement-in-manipur-as-hundreds-of-tribal-minorities-seek-refuge-in-assam-6699d8428beb1 A New Wave of Displacement In Manipur, As Hundreds Of Tribal Minorities Seek Refuge In Assam], Article-14, 19 July 2024.
</ref>

On 10 June, the Chief Minister's Office revealed that it had flagged intelligence to the effect that "200 armed Kuki-Zo militants" from Churachandpur were moving to the Phaitol and Kaiphundai areas, and demanded an 'action taken report' from the Director General of Police (DGP).<ref>
[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/manipur-cm-seeks-police-report-on-jiribam-arson-violence-given-previous-alerts-incidents-engineered-motivated-say-police/article68270325.ece Manipur CM seeks police report on violence in Jiribam], ''The Hindu'', 10 June 2024.
</ref><ref>
[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manipur-cmo-jiribam-violence-9382003/ Manipur CMO seeks report over Jiribam violence by June 11], The Indian Express, 10 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3065804003}}
</ref>
The newly elected MP for Inner Manipur, [[Bimol Akoijam]] questioned why the chief minister has not sacked the DGP.<ref>
Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/why-has-manipur-cm-not-sacked-dgp-security-adviser-yet-asks-mp-elect-bimol-akoijam/article68274097.ece Why has Manipur CM not sacked DGP, Security Adviser yet, asks MP-elect Bimol Akoijam], ''The Hindu'', 10 June 2024.
</ref>
Journalist Greeshma Kuthar however revealed that it was the Meitei militants belonging to the Pambei faction of [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF) that had moved to Jiribam well before November 2023, when they signed a peace agreement with the state government. The peace agreement provided a cover for them to operate freely in the district.<ref name="Kuthar"/> Following the eruption of the violence, [[Arambai Tenggol]] and UNLF-Pambei cadres patrolled the Meitei localities in and around the Jiribam town and the Kuki-Zo residents had to flee their homes.<ref name="Kuthar"/>

On 13 June, the Kuki-Zo villagers imposed a blockade of NH-37 near the Tatbung village to protest the Jiribam violence.<ref name="HT 17 Jun">
Thomas Ngangom, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/manipur-economic-blockade-supporters-block-trucks-along-nh37-in-tamenglong-101718629831905.html Manipur: Economic blockade supporters block trucks along NH37 in Tamenglong], Hindustan Times, 17 June 2024.
</ref>
It was lifted for two days and reimposed again on 20 June, citing the reason that Meitei mobs were blockading medical and essential supplies to the Kuki-Zo villages.<ref name="HT 20 Jun">
Thomas Ngangom, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-violence-truck-set-ablaze-in-kangpokpi-police-check-post-in-jiribam-101718890534786.html Manipur violence: Truck set ablaze in Kangpokpi, police check post in Jiribam], Hindustan Times, 20 June 2024.
</ref><ref name="THJ 20 Jun">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-top-bodies-of-jiribam-tamenglong-to-impose-indefinite-blockade-on-nh-37-strongly-condemn-indiscriminate-gun-firing/ Kuki top bodies of Jiribam, Tamenglong to impose indefinite blockade on NH-37; Strongly condemn indiscriminate gun firing], The Hills Journal, 20 June 2024.
</ref>
On that day, there were also allegations that the Kuki armed men set ablaze an empty narcotics checkpost and that the Manipur police commands and Meitei militants fired upon the Phaitol village indiscriminately.<ref name="HT 20 Jun"/><ref name="THJ 20 Jun"/>
The blockade was lifted two days later after the central security forces signed a memorandum of understanding agreeing to the demands made by the blockading population.<ref name="Sangai 22 Jun">
[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..220624.jun24 MoU inked, blockade along Imphal-Jiribam line called off; Naga youths offer to escort stranded trucks], The Sangai Express, 22 June 2024.
</ref>

In early July, hours before a scheduled visit of [[Rahul Gandhi]] to the area, the police reported gunfire from the Phaitol village towards Gularthol. They combed the village and arrested two individuals, including a juvenile, whom the villagers identified as "village volunteers".<ref name="IE 8 Jul">
Sukrita Baruah, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jiribam-gunmen-firing-police-outpost-rahul-gandhi-manipur-visit-9439510/ Hours before Rahul Gandhi’s Manipur visit, firing in Jiribam], The Indian Express, 8 July 2024.
</ref>
Kuki-Zo Village Volunteers of Vangailhang and Tuilangkuol condemned the action, and claimed that there was indiscriminate firing towards Phaitol from a Naka Check Point of Jiribam Police near the village. They demanded the removal of the Check Point.<ref name="THJ 9 Jul">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-zo-village-volunteers-condemn-police-actions-demand-removal-of-checkpoint-near-phaitol-village/ Kuki-Zo Village Volunteers Condemn Police Actions, Demand Removal of Checkpoint Near Phaitol Village], The Hills Journal, 9 July 2024.
</ref>
Kuki Inpi Manipur called a 12-hour shutdown to protest the arrests along with similar arrests in Kangpokpi district.<ref>
Thomas Ngangom, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kim-calls-for-12-hr-shutdown-in-manipur-s-kuki-dominated-areas-against-arrest-of-5-101720536151225.html KIM calls for 12-hr shutdown in Manipur’s Kuki-dominated areas against arrest of 5], Hindustan Times, 9 July 2024.
</ref>
Shortly after these events, unidentified miscreants torched the house of Seijathang Khongsai, the general secretary of KIJTN, in Phaitol.<ref>
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/hours-after-rahuls-visit-trouble-erupts-in-manipur-district/articleshow/111615805.cms Hours after Rahul Gandhi's visit, trouble erupts in Manipur district], The Times of India, 10 July 2024.
</ref>

{{clear left}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

; Sources
* {{citation |title=Manipur Administrative Atlas |publisher=Census of India, Government of India |year=2005 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4393/1/50276_2001_ADM.pdf|ref={{sfnref|Manipur Administrative Atlas|2005}}}}

{{Manipur}}
[[Category:Villages in Tamenglong district]]
[[Category:2023–2026 Manipur conflict]]

Vooru Manadiraa

2026-04-29T19:32:45Z

EmmettAlbritton: Created the entry initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Vooru Manadiraa.jpg
| alt =
| caption = CD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[R. Narayana Murthy]]
| writer = R. Narayana Murthy
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = Sanjeevi
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = R. Narayana Murthy
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[R. Narayana Murthy]]
*Siddappa Naidu
*[[Telangana Sakunthala]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = D Veerraju
| editing =
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = Sneha Chitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|5|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vooru Manadiraa''''' ({{Translation|The village is ours}}) is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language revolutionary film directed by [[R. Narayana Murthy]] starring himself, Siddappa Naidu and [[Telangana Sakunthala]]. The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Erra Sainyam]]'' (1994).

The film was released to positive reviews. It was a success in the Nizam region (modern day [[Telangana]]) while it was a box office failure in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/hitsof2002.html|title=Year 2002 Special - Hits|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2023-12-26|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210516/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/hitsof2002.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[R. Narayana Murthy]] as Bheemudu
*Siddappa Naidu as Durgaprasad Deshmukh
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Malla Reddy
*[[P. Ravishankar]] as Police Officer
*Jayachandra Raju
* Praveen Chakravarthy
*Amrendra Mandulu
* Sandesh
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]
* Vijayalakshmi
* Rajkumar
* Bhaskara Rao
*[[Gundu Sudarshan|Sudarshan]]
*[[Telangana Sakunthala]] as Rajamma
*[[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Bheemudu's sister
*Ratnasri
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vooru Manadira Songs: Vooru Manadira MP3 Telugu Songs by Koti Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/vooru-manadira |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=26 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126203512/http://gaana.com/album/vooru-manadira |url-status=live }}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Suddala Ashok Teja]], [[Guda Anjaiah]], [[Goreti Venkanna]], U Sambasiva Rao, [[Ande Sri]], and Nandigama Gani.<ref name="I"/>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yuddamochera
| length1 = 5:15
| lyrics1 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Naa Chelli Chandramma
| length2 = 5:28
| lyrics2 = Praja Kavi
| extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran]]
| title3 = Gudamba Kunda
| length3 = 4:30
| lyrics3 = Kishore
| extra3 = Kishore
| title4 = Andukora
| length4 = 6:46
| lyrics4 = Goreti Venkanna
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title5 = Dalitha Pululu
| length5 = 4:43
| lyrics5 = Suddala Ashok Teja, Warangal Srinivas
| extra5 = Warangal Shankar
| title6 = Jo Laali
| length6 = 6:04
| lyrics6 = U. Sambasiva Rao
| extra6 = [[Swarnalatha]]
| title7 = Chooda Chakkani
| length7 = 7:36
| lyrics7 = [[Ande Sri]]
| extra7 = Ramana
| title8 = Gorre Bayaro Raja
| length8 = 4:53
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 = Warangal Srinivas
| total_length = 45:15
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and wrote that "''Vooru Manadira'' is the film based on land movement, which is the driving factor behind naxalism in Telangana. This film is reflects the feelings of suppressed people in Telangana. But the projection of it is very raw".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-voorumanadiraa.html|title=Movie review - Vooru Manadiraa|last=Jeevi|date=31 May 2002|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101070353/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-voorumanadiraa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gudipoori Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Narayanamurthy is subdued in the first half and shows his true spirits later. Sankar sends a chill through the spine with his voice and histrionic talent playing this brutal role. The folk tunes are many and the lyrical strength also proves its worth as the songs project the helplessness of oppressed people".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-voorumanadiraa.html|title=Of oppressor and victims|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2023-12-26|archive-date=2022-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221095135/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-voorumanadiraa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "The dialogues by Narayana Murthy are quite persuasive as usual. Everyone seems to have done justice to his bit, with the exception of Narayana Murthy who goes overboard, naturally".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/ooru-manadiraa/telugu/ooru-manadiraa-movie-reviews-755-2.html|title=Ooru Manadiraa Review|first=Kiran|last=Nadella|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=2023-12-26|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404133053/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/ooru-manadiraa/telugu/ooru-manadiraa-movie-reviews-755-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Telangana movement]]

Benjamin (actor)

2026-04-21T06:51:00Z

EmmettAlbritton: starting info

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Benjamin
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = K. Benjamin
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|05|17}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nadigarsangam.org/member/k-benjamin/|title=K. Benjamin - membership|accessdate=17 December 2020}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
| othername =
| years active = 2000-present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Benjamin''' is an Indian actor and comedian who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films in supporting roles.

==Career==
Benjamin made his acting debut through [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]'s ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' (2000), where he played the foul-mouthed brother of [[Vadivelu]]'s character.

Benjamin had a career breakthrough with Cheran's ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' (2004) where he played the childhood friend of the lead character who assists him in his search for his former lovers. The success of the film led to his first lead comedy role in ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005), as the friend of [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s character.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tirupachi-review-tamil-pclvGfehaddac.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110175348/http://www.sify.com/movies/tirupachi-review-tamil-pclvGfehaddac.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2018 |title=Tirupachi |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tirupachi-review-tamil-pclvGshdhfijj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116165735/http://www.sify.com/movies/tirupachi-review-tamil-pclvGshdhfijj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2016 |title=Tirupachi |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/reeltalk/05reeltalk11th.asp |title=Reel Talk - Whose line is it, anyway? |website=Chennai Online |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051207043152/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/reeltalk/05reeltalk11th.asp |archive-date=7 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2020, Benjamin suffered a heart attack and made a public appeal for financial donations from his film industry colleagues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/thirupaachi-actor-benjamin-seeks-financial-help-for-his-heart-treatment/videoshow/79782749.cms|title='Thirupaachi' actor Benjamin seeks financial help for his heart treatment |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/12/17103127/1267036/Comedian-Benjamin-Seeks-Financial-Aid-From-Fans-For-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217052528/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/12/17103127/1267036/Comedian-Benjamin-Seeks-Financial-Aid-From-Fans-For-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2020|title=Comedian Benjamin Seeks Financial Aid From Fans For Medical Treatment|date=17 December 2020|website=dtNext.in}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' || Sudalaimuthu's brother-in-law ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2002 || ''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bagavathi]]'' || Perumal ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' || College student ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2003 || ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' || Villager ||
|-
| ''[[Pallavan]]'' || Bus driver ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Saamy]]'' || Kuppan ||
|-
| ''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]'' || Dada Mani's sidekick ||
|-
| ''[[Sindhamal Sitharamal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2004 || ''[[Vayasu Pasanga]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' || Oolamookkan Subramani ||
|-
| ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' || Arul's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Red Indians (film)|Thilak]]'' || Arokiya Bhavan hotel worker ||
|-
| ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' || Pickpocket ||
|-
| ''[[Jananam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2005 || ''[[Devathaiyai Kanden]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' || Kannappan ||
|-
| ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'' || Monkey owner ||
|-
| ''[[Kicha Vayasu 16]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kai Vandha Kalai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2007 || ''[[Veerasamy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Achacho]]'' || Ice cream seller ||
|-
| ''[[Thullal (film)|Thullal]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
| ''[[Ennai Paar Yogam Varum]]'' || Jaga's sidekick ||
|-
| ''[[Maamadurai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sivi (film)|Sivi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Machakaaran]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Valluvan Vasuki]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Theekuchi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' || Railway guard ||
|-
| ''[[Maanja Velu]]'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Venghai]]'' || Selvam's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''Iridiyam'' || Police constable ||
|-
| ''[[Maharani Kottai]]'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]'' || Drunkard ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Vilambaram (2019 film)|Vilambaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Miga Miga Avasaram]]'' || Marimuthu ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Naadodigal 2]]'' || Head constable ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vellai Yaanai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2022 || ''[[Saayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''4554'' || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Meippada Sei]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024 || ''Kazhu Maram'' || ||
|-
| ''Ethu Unakku Thevaya'' || ||
|-
| 2025 || ''Thotram'' || ||
|-
| 2026 || ''Gilli Mappillai'' || || <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5tZJ7cCJFg</ref>
|-
|}
;Television
*''[[Marmadesam#Vidathu Karuppu|Marmadesam - Vidathu Karuppu]]''
*''[[Ramany vs Ramany]]''
*''[[Aindham Vedham]]'' as Dharmakartha

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benjamin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Kesineni Nani

2026-04-19T23:03:06Z

EmmettAlbritton: Added Post

{{short description|Indian businessman and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Kesineni Nani in 2015 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nani in 2015
| name = Kesineni Nani
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|01|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = Pavani
| alma_mater =
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] {{small|(since 2024)}}
| children = 2
| website = https://mpvijayawada.com
| signature =
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] {{small|(until 2024)}} [[Praja Rajyam Party]] {{small|(2008–2009)}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| predecessor = [[Lagadapati Rajagopal]]
| successor = [[Kesineni Sivanath]]
}}
'''Kesineni Srinivas''', commonly known as '''Kesineni Nani''', is an entrepreneur and a former politician.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4701 |title = Lok Sabha Profile of Kesineni Srinivas (Nani)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2024-06-10 |title=Kesineni Nani: కేశినేని నాని సంచలన నిర్ణయం |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/andhra-pradesh/keshineni-announced-that-he-is-withdrawing-from-active-politics-psnr-1266308.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dukanam |first=Shankar |date=2024-06-10 |title=కేశినేని నాని కీలక నిర్ణయం, రాజకీయాల నుంచి తప్పుకుంటున్నట్లు ప్రకటన |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada/former-vijayawada-mp-kesineni-nani-announces-retirement-from-politics-in-andhra-pradesh-166295 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref> He previously represented Vijayawada Parliamentary constituency as a [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vijayawada Corporator resigns from Telugu Desam Party days after father's exit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vijayawada-corporator-kesineni-swetha-resigns-from-chandrababu-naidus-party-2485943-2024-01-08 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=India Today |date=8 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Kesineni Nani was born in Vijayawada to Ramaswamy Kesineni and Prasunamba Kesineni on 22 January 1966. He spent his entire childhood in the city along with his siblings. He married Smt. Pavani Kesineni on 16 April 1992 and has two daughters.

== Career ==

=== Political (2008–2024) ===
Nani joined [[Praja Rajyam Party]] on Oct. 26th, 2008. He continued his services to party for 3 months only and he quit it in Jan. 2009. He joined [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) thereafter.

He was elected as a member of parliament from Vijayawada Loksabha constituency in 2014 general elections from Telugu Desam party and re-elected from same constituency in 2019.

At the Lok Sabha, Nani is currently a member of [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] committee.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bandari|first=Pavan Kumar|date=2019-12-10|title=Centre appoints TDP MP Kesineni Nani as member of ICMR committee|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/central-appoints-tdp-mp-kesineni-nani-as-member-of-icmr-committee-588658|access-date=2020-06-22|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> Earlier he was a member of the Committee on Privileges, Standing Committee on Urban Development and the Consultative Committee, Ministry of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj and Drinking Water and Sanitation.

On 10 January 2024, Nani has resigned as the Member of Parliament and left TDP to join the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. V. R. Subba |date=2024-01-10 |title=Vijayawada MP Kesineni Nani quits TDP, all set to join YSRCP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-mp-kesineni-nani-quits-tdp-all-set-to-join-ysrcp/article67727546.ece |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=టీడీపీకి కేశినేని నాని రాజీనామా |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/kesineni-nani-resigned-tdp-party-1913191 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Nani contested [[2024 Indian general election]] from [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]]. He was defeated by his own brother [[Kesineni Chinni]] by a victory with a margin of 2,82,085 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/lok-sabha-polls-two-time-ex-tdp-mp-kesineni-nani-loses-to-brother-in-vijayawada | title=Lok Sabha polls: Two-time ex-TDP MP Kesineni Nani loses to brother in Vijayawada|website=[[The News Minute]] }}</ref>

On 10 June 2024, Nani announced that he will step away from politics and end his political career. He also stated that he will remain dedicated to the welfare and progress of Vijayawada.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-10 |title=YSRCP leader Nani announces his departure from politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-leader-nani-announces-his-departure-from-politics/article68274693.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumara |first=Sri Krishna |date=2024-06-11 |title=Kesineni Nai Quits Active Politics |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/kesineni-nai-quits-active-politics-898347 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Non-political ===
Kesineni Travels was started by Kesineni Nani's grandfather, Kesineni Venkaiah in 1928 and with 90 years of legacy. On March 31, 2018, Nani voluntarily shut down the operations of the historic travel agency (which operated over 170 luxury buses) following a high-profile dispute with the Andhra Pradesh Transport Commissioner. He protested the alleged "illegal operations" of rival private bus operators running without permits and paying no taxes. Nani decided to close his lucrative business to ensure his personal business interests would not bring political disgrace to his party at the time (TDP).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2017-04-08 |title=Kesineni Travels shut down after clash between Vijayawada MP and bureaucrat |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/kesineni-travels-shut-down-after-clash-between-vijayawada-mp-and-bureaucrat-60032 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{16th LS members from Andhra Pradesh |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, Kesineni}}
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Praja Rajyam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Himanshu Sekhar Sahoo

2026-04-19T11:48:39Z

EmmettAlbritton: Added New Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Himanshu Sekhar Sahoo
| birth_name = jaraka
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Pranab Kumar Balabantaray
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Himanshu Sekhar Sahoo''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]] as an [[independent politician]] after he was denied a party ticket but later rejoined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Himanshu Sekhar Sahoo Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=933 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dharmasala Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Independent Candidate Himansu Sekhar Sahoo S/O Suryamani Sahoo Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dharmasala-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916636.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Newly elected MLA Himanshu Sekhar Sahoo assures roadmap for Dharmasala development |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jun/17/newly-elected-mla-himanshu-sekhar-sahoo-assures-roadmap-for-dharmasala-development |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Win for 3 Independents reflects anti-incumbency, local connect |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/win-for-3-independents-reflects-anti-incumbency-local-connect/articleshow/110751215.cms |website=timesofindia.com |publisher=Minati Singha |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 BJP Rebels win Odisha Assembly Polls as Independents |url=https://enewsinsight.com/3-bjp-rebels-win-odisha-assembly-polls-as-independents/ |website=TNI |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Himanshu Sekhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of Sindhi Hindu festivals

2026-04-19T06:16:38Z

EmmettAlbritton: created some details v1 - done

{{short description|None}}

'''[[Sindhis]]''' have a rich and clearly distinct cultural heritage and are very festive. The most important festival for Hindu Sindhis is the birthday of Lord [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhoolelal]] and [[Cheti Chand]].

==Sindhi Hindus festivals==
'''1. [[Cheti Chand]]'''<ref>[https://www.festivalsofindia.in/ChetiChand/ Cheti Chand festival]</ref> 
Celebration of the birth of Sai Uderolal, the [[Avatar]] of [[Varuna|Varun]] Devta (the God of Water) popularly known as [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]]. So much has been said and written about it that it would be superfluous to mention the event again. In [[Sindh]] the beginning of the New Year was considered Cheti Chand. Some businessmen open new account books on Cheti Chand; many however, do that on the eve of [[Diwali]]. On the full moon, people used to go to a river or lake and offer 'Akho' with a pinch of rice mixed with milk and flour. If there was no river or 'Darya', the ritual was performed at a well. The festival is an opportunity for people of Sindhi origin to come together and pay tribute to their cultural and spiritual heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-18 |title=Jhulelal Jyanati 2023 Date {{!}} Why it is Celebrated |url=https://sindhi.co.in/jhulelal-jyanati-2023/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''2. Sagra (Sacred thread)'''
Sindhi [[Bhaiband]]s often lived in foreign countries; therefore, their wives were always worried about the good health of their husbands. For this purpose they performed [[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] and fasted on four Mondays of Sawan month, after which they perform pooja, distribute sweet rice and then had the sacred thread tied on the wrist by the priest ( Bandhan ).

'''3. [[Mahalakshmia jo sagro|Mahalakshmi's Sacred Thread (Mahalakshmi-a-jo-Sagro)]]'''
This sacred thread has 16 strips and 17 days. On the day when the sacred thread is to be untied, it is celebrated as an important day and special savouries like satpura and pakwan of Suji & Maida are made and distributed firstly to the priests and the poor and afterwards the remaining savouries are used by family members.

'''4. Fasts'''
In [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]]s, generally Mondays & Saturdays, Giyaras ([[Ekadashi]]) or Umaas ([[Amavasya]]) were observed as fasts ( [[Vrata|Vrats]] ). During the fast of [[Satyanarayan Puja|Satyanarayan]] and nine days of Ekaanaas, only one meal was generally taken.

'''5. Teejri'''<ref>[http://www.jhulelal.com/calender/Teejri.htm Tejri festival]</ref> 
This festival takes place in the month of [[Shraavana|Sawan]] when married women and girls paint their hands and feet with [[Mehndi]], go on fast for the whole day, during which time they play games, swing in Jhulas and sing love songs. Orthodox or strict Sindhi women do not even drink a sip of water until they break their fast. In the night after making an offering to the moon, they would break the fast. This is also referred to as the Sindhi version of Karwa Chauth.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Karva Chauth Story, Karvachauth Story, Karwa Chauth Story, Karvachauth Story | url=http://www.karwachauth.com/karwa-chauth-story.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041029215315/http://www.karwachauth.com:80/karwa-chauth-story.html | access-date=2025-09-24 | archive-date=2004-10-29}}</ref>

'''6. Akhan Teej'''<ref>[http://www.sindhiinfo.com/festival/akhanteej.asp Akhan Teej festival]</ref> 
In Sindh, [[Akshaya Tritiya]] is known as Akhandi which is celebrated in [[Vaisakha]]. On this day new earthen pots of water (matkas) are kept and everyone is offered clean and cool water. The significance of this day is to offer water to the thirsty. Hence at every nook and corner, sharbat, with pieces of apple in it, are offered to passersby along with 'prasad'. On this day, it is also customary to send new earthen pots and fruits to Priests and [[Hindu temple|Mandirs]].

'''7. AUnn-Matyo'''
In the month of Sawan, on the Baaras ([[Dwadashi]]) of [[Krishna Paksha]], the cereals used in food are changed, i.e. instead of wheat and rice, chapatis made of gram flour ([[Gram flour|Besan]]) are eaten.

'''8. Ban Badhri'''
During the month of 'Bado', during the Baaras (Dwadashi) of Shukla Paksha, Varun Dev had taken an avatar. In lieu of that, small insects like ants etc. are fed Gur (jaggery) and Musti. Married daughters are invited by their parents for meals.

'''9. Somavati Umaas'''
During certain months Umaas takes place on a Monday. That day is considered important for having a [[Snana Yatra|Snan]] (Ritual dip) in the waters; without talking to anyone early in the morning. It is also called 'Gungee Umaas" (Ganga Amavasya).

'''10. Nandhi and Vaddi Thadri'''
Both of these take place in the month of Sawan. On the day before Thadree day, people cook lola (sweet flour cakes) and rote (fried cakes) because there has to be no lighting of fire in the house on the Thadree day. The lolas and Rotes are eaten with curd or pickle. On that day, drops of water are also sprinkled on the cooking fire to appease [[Shitala|Sitladevi Mata]].

'''11. Janamashtami, Ram Navmi and Shivratri'''
Since [[Krishna]] was born after midnight, on Janamashtami, [[Bhajan]]s and [[Kirtan]] are held in temples till midnight. On Ram Navmi, Lord Rama's birthday is celebrated. On Shivratri people drink 'Thaadhal' with some 'bhang' in it, after making offerings of it in the Mahadev temple. In the villages and cities, big pots of 'Taahri' (sweet rice) are prepared and distributed among all.

'''12. Tirmoori'''
On this festive day parents send ladoos & chiki ( Laaee ) made of Tils to their married daughters. On the [[Makar Sankranti]] day the sun moves from south to north. It is therefore also called 'Utraan' ([[Uttarayana|Uttarayan]]) or 'Tirmoori'. In the battle in the [[Mahabharata]] [[Bhishma|Bhishma Pitamah]] did not breathe his last till ‘ utraan' since on this day there happens a flash of light in Dev Lok and applying oil is prohibited in this festival.

'''13. [[Dussehra]]'''
A few days before [[Dussehra]] there is a Ramlila program which is attended by throngs of people. On the [[Dussehra]] day colourful effigies of [[Ravana]], [[Kumbhakarna]] and [[Indrajit|Meghnath]] are burnt.

'''14. Diyaaree'''
Two days before [[Diwali]], Sindhis start lighting Diyaas (earthen lamps) from 'Dhan Teras'. The bazaars are full with prospective consumers. Friends and relatives meet one another with affection and extend pleasantries and sweetmeats. In the night, Laxmi Poojan takes place when all the members of the family pray with reverence and respect. In the night, people take in their hands a stick to which a rag dipped in oil was tied and which is burnt. It is called 'Mollawaro'; everyone shouts 'Mollawaro ... . Mollawaro' ...

'''15. The Giyaras of Kati'''
Before the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, on this day people in Sindh used to be engaged in giving charity. The whole bazaar would be full with hundreds of beggars and the needy, who would spread a cloth before them, on which people, according to their might, would throw money, Bhugra, fruits etc. The jugglers used to arrange their Tamashas on the road with monkeys and bears dancing on the tunes played by the jugglers. An atmosphere of gaiety prevailed all through the day.

'''16. [[Navratra]]'''
During this day, devotees of Devi eat one meal a day and do not even shave and cut hair. Ladies sing bhajans. In [[Nagarparkar]] they used to dance like [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] in Gujrat.

'''17. Lal Loi'''<ref>[http://www.jhulelalmandir.com/activity.php Lal Loi festival]</ref> In some parts of Sindh, the Sindhi community celebrates [[Lal Loi|Laal Loi]] on 13 January every year. During Lal Loi kids bring wood sticks from their grand parents and aunties and like a fire camp burn these sticks in the night with people enjoying, dancing, and playing around the fire. Some ladies whose wishes were fulfilled offer coconuts in the fire and distribute prasad 'Sesa'; this continues till midnight.

'''18. Rakhri''' 
During the [[Purnima]] of Sawan month, according to Daswani and Parchani (1978) the family priest in Sindh "traditionally tied a rakhi on the entire family while the ritual of a sister tying the [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi]] round a brother's wrist has been borrowed as a result of non-Sindhi influence in North India."<ref>Chander J. Daswani, S. Parchani (1978) Sociolinguistic Survey of Indian Sindhi. Central Institute of Indian Languages [https://books.google.com/books?id=EedjAAAAMAAJ&q=entire+family]</ref> In this festival, sisters tie a [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi]] to their brothers. This day is called "Rakhree Bandhan'. People in cities and places near rivers or the sea, used to offer coconuts and milk to the God of Waters 'Varun Devta so that those who were travelling in ships and boats should have a safe and sound journey.

'''19. Shraadh'''
Just as in India the month of September 'Bado' is meant for Krishna Paksha as Pitar Pakhiya. For any member of the family who had died on a particular (tithi) day and date, a Shraadh was offered for the solace of the deceased's soul. The Brahmins are given food and Dakhshna. It is said that Arya Samaj carried out a strong movement against Shraadh, but the Shraadhs continued because of the faith of people since they felt that through this method the deceased members of the family are remembered and all the family members have a good gathering.

'''20. Nagapanchmi ([[Gogro|Gogho/Gogro]])'''
During those days whenever the snake charmer brought snakes, they were given some [[Dakṣiṇā|Dakshina]] and also milk for the snakes. Nagpanchami is also called Gogho. It is a folklore from Kutch and Gujarat.

'''21. [[Holi]]'''
The festival of colours in which all the young and old join together to express their joy at the change of season. Some people correlate the Holi festival with [[Holika]], the sister of Hirnakashyap, father of [[Prahlad|Bhakt Prahlad]].

===Literary festivals===
* [[Sindh Literature Festival]]
* [[Hyderabad Literature Festival, Pakistan|Hyderabad Literary Festival]]
* [[Sindh Cultural Caravan 2021, Pakistan|Sindh Cultural Caravan]]

==Recently evolved festivals==
* [[Sindhi Cultural Day]], Sindhi cultural day is an annual festival celebrated in Sindh by [[Sindhis]] and across the world by the [[Sindhi diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sindhi Cultural Day being celebrated today|url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/04-12-2022/sindhi-cultural-day-being-celebrated-today|access-date=2022-12-04|website=www.radio.gov.pk|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{Sindhi festivals}}
{{Sindh topics}}

[[Category:Hindu holy days|Sindhi festivals]]
[[Category:Lists of festivals in Pakistan|Sindhi festivals]]
[[Category:Lists of festivals in India|Sindhi festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Sindh|*]]
[[Category:Lists of religious festivals|Sindhi]]

Tarikere Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:12Z

EmmettAlbritton: Created initial stub added tags

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tarikere
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 126
| map_image = 126-Tarikere constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udupi Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi Chikmagalur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:193745}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = G. H. Srinivasa
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = D. S. Suresh
}}

'''Tarikere Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 29 January 2024}}</ref>

It is part of [[Chikmagalur district]]. [[G. H. Srinivasa]] is the current MLA from Tarikere Assembly constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || T. Nagappa || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1956 elections in India#Mysore|1956 By-election]] {{efn|Died in 1956}} || T. C. Shantappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | T. R. Parameshwaraiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || H. Shivanna || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Hanji Shivanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || H. M. Mallikarjunappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || H. R. Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || B. R. Neelakantappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || H. R. Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || S. M. Nagaraju || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || B. R. Neelakantappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || T. H. Shivashankarappa
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || D. S. Suresh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[G. H. Srinivasa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || D. S. Suresh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[G. H. Srinivasa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Tarikere">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Tarikere |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10126.htm?ac=126 |access-date=9 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509140310/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10126.htm?ac=126 |archive-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. H. Srinivasa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,086 |percentage = 40.93% |change = {{increase}}27.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Suresh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,955 |percentage = 33.06% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Gopikrishna Hunasagatta |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,468 |percentage = 23.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doranal Paramesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,338 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 736 |percentage = 0.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,131 |percentage = 7.87% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,575 |percentage = 80.30% |change = {{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,149}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,745 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="news18.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/tarikere-election-result/ |title=Tarikere Election Results}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Suresh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,940 |percentage = 30.04% |change = {{increase}}27.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. H. Srinivasa]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 33,253 |percentage = 22.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Gopikrishna Hunasagatta |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,663 |percentage = 19.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Nagaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,402 |percentage = 13.64% |change = {{decrease}}11.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Shivashankarappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,574 |percentage = 9.74% |change = {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khaleel |party = Republican Sena |votes = 2,096 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akshay. L. B |party = Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party |votes = 1,236 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 758 |percentage = 0.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,687 |percentage = 7.81% |change = {{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 149,710 |percentage = 81.84% |change = {{increase}}3.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 149,593}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,919 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.34 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. H. Srinivasa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,817 |percentage = 25.31% |change = {{decrease}}5.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Suresh |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 34,918 |percentage = 24.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Gopikrishna Hunasagatta |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,554 |percentage = 24.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Nagaraj |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,421 |percentage = 5.95% |change = {{decrease}}9.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Avinash. T. J |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,989 |percentage = 2.11% |change = {{decrease}}45.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doranalu Suresh |party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 2,116 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Theerthappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 978 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Devaraju |party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Karnataka) |votes = 881 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 899 |percentage = 0.64% |change = {{decrease}}16.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,816 |percentage = 78.02% |change = {{increase}}4.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,538}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,984 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}22.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Suresh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,167 |percentage = 47.38% |change = {{increase}}21.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Shivashankarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,748 |percentage = 30.65% |change = {{decrease}}13.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Omkarappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,652 |percentage = 15.12% |change = {{decrease}}10.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Lingaraju |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,151 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivashankar. Y. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,415 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Eswarappa |party = Swarna Yuga Party |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,419 |percentage = 16.73% |change = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,187 |percentage = 73.52% |change = {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,096}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,874 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Shivashankarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,593 |percentage = 44.24% |change = {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Omkarappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,919 |percentage = 25.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Nagaraju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 27,876 |percentage = 25.91% |change = {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Eswarappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,849 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajkumara. A. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,439 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinesh. M. N |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 898 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,674 |percentage = 18.29% |change = {{decrease}}4.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,926 |percentage = 74.70% |change = {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,574}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,482 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Neelakantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,825 |percentage = 48.42% |change = {{increase}}26.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Nagaraju |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 25,390 |percentage = 25.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Shivashankarappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 19,527 |percentage = 19.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Nagaraj |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,320 |percentage = 5.39% |change = {{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Chandya Naika |party = Independent politician |votes = 715 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,435 |percentage = 22.71% |change = {{increase}}22.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,796 |percentage = 76.09% |change = {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,777}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,944 |percentage = 4.76% |change = {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,420 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}13.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 33,769 |percentage = 35.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Neelakantappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 33,212 |percentage = 34.68% |change = {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Raju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,929 |percentage = 21.85% |change = {{decrease}}22.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Devananda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,824 |percentage = 5.04% |change = {{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Devaraju |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,017 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Maheswarappa (Mahesh) |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 577 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 557 |percentage = 0.58% |change = {{decrease}}21.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,361 |percentage = 74.62% |change = {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,778}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,573 |percentage = 1.62% |change = {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,468 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Raju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,919 |percentage = 44.79% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Neelakantappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,496 |percentage = 22.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Laxman |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,236 |percentage = 22.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. R. Vedamurthy |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 4,780 |percentage = 5.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. S. Palakshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,330 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anjani |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Srikantamurthy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 845 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,423 |percentage = 22.35% |change = {{increase}}13.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,986 |percentage = 69.71% |change = {{decrease}}5.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,423}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,563 |percentage = 7.38% |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,644 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.77 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Neelakantappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 40,137 |percentage = 54.06% |change = {{increase}}18.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Nagrajappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,367 |percentage = 44.94% |change = {{decrease}}17.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmappa |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 619 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,770 |percentage = 9.12% |change = {{decrease}}17.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,395 |percentage = 74.88% |change = {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,248}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,147 |percentage = 1.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,691 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Raju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,516 |percentage = 61.97% |change = {{increase}}46.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. H. Shivashankarappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,809 |percentage = 35.09% |change = {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Houepaksha Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 531 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,707 |percentage = 26.88% |change = {{increase}}14.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,126 |percentage = 73.09% |change = {{decrease}}5.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,156}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 970 |percentage = 1.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,367 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}13.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Mallikarjunappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,016 |percentage = 48.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Basavaraju |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,478 |percentage = 36.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. L. Mallaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,538 |percentage = 15.38% |change = {{decrease}}20.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,538 |percentage = 12.15% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,318 |percentage = 78.47% |change = {{increase}}12.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,032}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,286 |percentage = 2.03% |change = {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,691 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hanji Shivanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,628 |percentage = 35.95% |change = {{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Basavaraju |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 10,890 |percentage = 23.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Mallikarjunappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,460 |percentage = 20.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Linghavappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,681 |percentage = 18.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Rudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 588 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,738 |percentage = 12.41% |change = {{decrease}}14.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,536 |percentage = 65.78% |change = {{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,247}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,269 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}24.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. Shivanna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,107 |percentage = 60.88% |change = {{increase}}14.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Parameshwaraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,261 |percentage = 33.77% |change = {{decrease}}13.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Siddachar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,942 |percentage = 5.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,846 |percentage = 27.12% |change = {{increase}}26.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,499 |percentage = 71.59% |change = {{increase}}6.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,310}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,775 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}15.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Parameshwaraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,357 |percentage = 47.13% |change = {{decrease}}7.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanji Shivanna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,990 |percentage = 46.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Virupakshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,352 |percentage = 3.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Ramaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,250 |percentage = 3.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 367 |percentage = 0.94% |change = {{decrease}}9.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,243 |percentage = 64.99% |change = {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,949}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,458 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Parameshwaraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,328 |percentage = 55.10% |change = {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Chandrashekarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,936 |percentage = 44.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,392 |percentage = 10.20% |change = {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,264 |percentage = 58.67% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,264}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,701 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1956 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1956 elections in India#Mysore|1956 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. C. Shantappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,464 |percentage = 56.97% |change = {{increase}}24.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Marulappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,926 |percentage = 43.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,538 |percentage = 13.93% |change = {{increase}}13.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,390}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing = {{increase}}24.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tarikere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. Nagappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 8,093 |percentage = 32.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. C. Basappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,059 |percentage = 32.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekharappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,239 |percentage = 24.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Narasingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,644 |percentage = 6.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nadig Phaniyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,142 |percentage = 4.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34 |percentage = 0.14% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,177 |percentage = 65.19% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,177}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,619 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chikmagalur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|13.71|75.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Anish Sarkar

2026-04-12T16:29:54Z

EmmettAlbritton: starting stub

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2021|01|26}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| title =
| peakrating = 1561 (May 2025)
| FideID = 531079180
|rating=[https://ratings.fide.com/profile/531079180/chart 1417] (March 2026)}}

'''Anish Sarkar''' (born 26 January 2021) is an Indian [[chess]] player. He is the world's second youngest [[FIDE]] rated player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anish Sarkar |url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/531079180 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=ratings.fide.com}}</ref> In 2024, Sarkar became the youngest to be awarded the [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar]], aged 3.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajeli-Datt |first=Kavita |date=2024-12-26 |title=President Murmu confers Bal Puraskar excellence awards to 17 children |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Dec/26/president-murmu-confers-bal-puraskar-excellence-awards-to-17-children |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Chess career==
Sarkar's interest in chess began in January 2024. He was shortly afterwards placed in a special training group at a chess academy led by India's second-ever grandmaster [[Dibyendu Barua]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/anish-sarkar-age-3-earns-fide-rating|title=3-Year-Old Anish Prefers GothamChess To Peppa Pig, Earns 1555 FIDE Rating|first=Tarjei|last=Svensen|date=November 13, 2024}}</ref>

In September 2024, he played at the 1st SXCCAA All Bengal Rapid Rating Open 2024, where he earned his first rating (in rapid) and had the chance to play in a simul against grandmaster [[Arjun Erigaisi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Anish-Sarkar-becomes-the-youngest-rated-player|title=Anish Sarkar becomes the youngest rated player at the age of 3 years 8 months 19 days|date=November 1, 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In November 2024, he became the world's youngest FIDE rated player at the age of 3 years and 10 months. He had played at the West Bengal U9 Championship in the previous month, finishing 24th in a field of 140 players with a score of 5.5/8. He had defeated two rated players (Arav Chatterjee and Ahilaan Baishya) in the final two rounds. He then played in a West Bengal U13 Championship, after which he earned his first official FIDE rating of 1556.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/kolkatas-anish-sarkar-becomes-youngest-rated-chess-prodigy-at-3-years-101730604765251.html|title=Kolkata's Anish Sarkar becomes youngest rated chess prodigy at 3 years|date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> This broke the record of Tejas Tiwari, who was previously the youngest rated FIDE player at the age of 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/little-master-3-year-old-anish-sarkar-becomes-youngest-rated-chess-prodigy/|title=Little Master: 3-year-old Anish Sarkar becomes youngest rated chess prodigy|date=November 2, 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE|531079180}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Anish}}
[[Category:2021 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Indian children]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]

Adil Ibrahim

2026-04-07T17:04:57Z

EmmettAlbritton:

{{Short description|Indian actor, radio jockey, TV host, and model}}
{{Indian name|Adil|Ibrahim}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adil Ibrahim
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Adil Ibrahim at the SIIMA Awards 2022
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| citizenship = India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|television host|anchor|radio jockey}}
| death_place =
| height =
| othername =
| years_active = 2013 – present
| education = [[New Indian Model School]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Namitha Adil|2019}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actor-anchor-adil-ibrahim-marriage-reception-1.4383125| title = നടന്‍ ആദില്‍ ഇബ്രാഹിം വിവാഹിതനായി; വീഡിയോ കാണാം | work=Mathrubhumi News |date=22 December 2019 |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/d-4-dance-host-adil-ibrahim-gets-hitched-with-long-term-girlfriend-namitha/articleshow/72933555.cms |title=D 4 Dance host Adil Ibrahim gets hitched with long-term girlfriend Namitha |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2019 |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>
| parents =
| awards =
| alma_mater = [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]]
| website = {{Official website|http://www.adilibrahim.com}}
}}

'''Adil Ibrahim''' (born 6 February) is an Indian actor, radio jockey, television host and model. He made his acting debut in [[Sanjeev Sivan]]'s ''Endless Summer'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1406507.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130111131704/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1406507.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 January 2013 | title = Sanjeev Sivan's Endless Summer | work = The New Indian Express |date=4 January 2013 |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140114/entertainment-mollywood/article/dubai-connection | title = The Dubai connection |work = Deccan Chronicle |date=14 January 2014 |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> Besides acting, he is well known for hosting the shows ''[[D 4 Dance]]'' and ''Still Standing'' on [[Mazhavil Manorama]].

==Early life==
Adil Ibrahim was born in [[Dubai]], [[UAE|United Arab Emirates]] to parents originally from [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India. He attended the [[New Indian Model School]] in Dubai and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] from the [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Dubai Campus|Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]].<ref name="Thehindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/New-star-on-the-small-screen/article14249495.ece|title=New star on the small screen|last=M|first=Athira|date=2016-04-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2009, he began anchoring for the channel [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] with ''You, Me and Dubai'', a program based on the [[Dubai Shopping Festival|Dubai Shopping festival]] and Magic Carpet, an Arabian Travelogue on the same channel. He has also anchored for [[Amrita TV]] and [[MediaOne|Media One]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ആദിലിന്‍റെ സഞ്ചാരം |url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/StarChat.aspx?ID=743|access-date=17 July 2019|work=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]|date=7 April 2019|language=ml}}</ref>

He worked as a [[radio jockey]] for RadioMe, presenting the breakfast show, ''Morning Madness'' on the RadioMe programs ''Ramadan Nights'' and ''Cocktail''. He hosted the third season of the dance show ''[[D 4 Dance|D4 Dance]]'' on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] and also hosted ''Still Standing'' for the same channel.<ref name="Thehindu" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/221017/busy-juggling-both-screens.html|title=Busy juggling both screens|last=thomas|first=elizabeth|date=2017-10-22|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2014|| ''Endless Summer'' || Unni || ||
|-
|''[[Persiakaran]]''||RJ Aravind|| ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/starring-roles-for-dubai-based-model-rjs-in-malayalam-tamil-movie-2014-09-01-1.561365 |title=Starring roles for Dubai-based model, RJs in Malayalam-Tamil movie |date=1 September 2014 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=Emirates 24/7 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2015|| ''[[Nirnnayakam]]'' || Sudev || {{Nom}} SIIMA Award for Best Debutant Male (Malayalam) ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinespot.net/gallery/v/Movies/Malayalam/Nirnayakam+Movie+Photos |title= Nirnayakam Malayalam Movie at CineSpot | access-date=9 October 2021 |work=Cine Spot}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rockstar (2015 film)|Rockstar]]'' || Michael || ||
|-
|2016|| ''Sukhamayirikkatte'' || || ||
|-
|2016|| ''[[Kappiri Thuruthu]]'' || Samovar || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/the-insightful-trailer-of-kappirithuruthu/articleshow/54830622.cms |title=The insightful trailer of Kappiri Thuruthu! |date=13 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2017||''[[Achayans]]''|| Abey|| ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/210517/adil-ibrahim-kick-starting-comic-role.html |title=Adil Ibrahim: Kick-starting comic role |date=21 May 2017 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|''Hello Dubaikkaran''|| Prakashan|| ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/adil-ibrahim-excited-about-the-release-of-his-hello-dubaikkaran/articleshow/61577797.cms| title=Adil Ibrahim excited about the release of his Hello Dubaikkaran |date=9 November 2017 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The Times If India}}</ref>
|-
|2018||''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]''||Rahul|| || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trailer-mammootty-s-oru-kuttanadan-blog-out-86568 |title=Trailer of Mammootty's 'Oru Kuttanadan Blog' out |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2019||''[[Nine (2019 film)|Nine]]''||Dr.Rahul|| || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/9-malayalam-movie-review-by-audience-live-viewers-response-prithviraj-sukumarans-film-791478 |title=9 Malayalam movie review by audience: Live viewers' response on Prithviraj Sukumaran's film |date=2 February 2019 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=International Business Times}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''||Riju|| ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lucifer-adil-ibrahim-s-character-poster-out-97396 | title='Lucifer': Adil Ibrahim's character poster out | date=26 February 2019 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]'' || Arun Rajeev || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/mohan-kumar-fans-735914.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027020114/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/mohan-kumar-fans-735914.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 October 2021 |title=About the Malayalam movie Mohan Kumar Fans |date=19 March 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=Digit News }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Cheraathukal]]''||Abin|| Segment: ''Samoohya Paadangal'' || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/news/malayalam-anthology-movie-cherathukal-to-release-motion-poster-1.5702744 |title=ആറ് കഥകളുമായി 'ചെരാതുകള്‍'; മോഷന്‍ പോസ്റ്റര്‍ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |date=28 May 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=Mathrubhumi News}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Last 6 Hours]]''|| Rahul || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bharath-returns-to-mollywood-with-6-hours/articleshow/68265277.cms |title=Bharath returns to Mollywood with 6 Hours |date=5 March 2019 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aanaparambile World Cup]]''||Sufi Singer || Cameo appearance |||
|-
|[[Varaal (film)|''Varaal'']]||Antony John Medayil||||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''Ennennekum'' || Rafi Malik || ||
|-
| ''[[Maharani (2023 film)|Maharani]]'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Roshan Mathew's Maharani, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/01/shine-tom-chacko-roshan-mathews-maharani-gets-a-release-date-48183.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Paalum Pazhavum]]'' || Sukuvettan || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-10 |title=Meera Jasmine's Palum Pazhavum trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/10/meera-jasmines-palum-pazhavum-trailer-out |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 {{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Shalamon}}|| || || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Apr/17/vishnu-unnikrishnans-next-shalamon-starts-filming-at-kodungallur-2290869.html |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan's next Shalamon starts filming at Kodungallur |date=17 April 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Spring}} || || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/news/spring-malayalam-movie-adil-ibrahim-1.6025238 |title=പ്രണയവും പ്രതികാരവും നിറഞ്ഞ 'സ്പ്രിംഗ്'; ചിത്രീകരണം പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നു |date=22 September 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''Dirty Diana'' || ||
|-
|2016 || ''Hridayam'' || Stephen ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/short-films/Hridayam-Malayalam-Short-Film-Adil-Ibrahim.html |title=ആദിലിന്റെ 'ഹൃദയം' കാണാം; വിഡിയോ |date=17 August 2016 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=Manorama Online News}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Hand Of God'' || Adil ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Padinnjare Maanathulla'' || The Lover || Music album
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Ref
|-
|rowspan =2|2009||''You, Me and Dubai''||Host|| [[Asianet Middle East]] ||
|--
|''Magic Carpet''||Host || [[Asianet Middle East]] ||
|-
|rowspan =2| 2016|| ''[[D 4 Dance|D4 Dance Season-3]]'' || Host || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Replacing-G-P-does-not-scare-me-Adil-Ibrahim/articleshow/51612240.cms|title=Replacing G P does not scare me: Adil Ibrahim | date=30 March 2016 |access-date=9 October 2021 | work= The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[D 4 Dance|D 4 Dance Reloaded]]'' || Host || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-mamta-to-judge-d4-dance-reloaded/articleshow/55539468.cms |title=Actress Mamta to judge 'D4 Dance Reloaded' | date=21 November 2016 | access-date=9 October 2021|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]'' || Guest || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rimis-show-leaves-adil-ibrahim-and-harisri-yousuf-puzzled/articleshow/61701815.cms |title=Rimi's show leaves Adil Ibrahim and Harisri Yousuf puzzled! |date=18 November 2017 | access-date=9 October 2021 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Comedy Super Nite'' || Guest || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/adil-ibrahim-to-appear-on-comedy-super-nite/articleshow/61628448.cms |title=Adil Ibrahim to appear on Comedy Super Nite | date=13 November 2017 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
|2017-2018|| ''Still Standing'' || Host || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-out-for-still-standing-a-new-game-show-on-mazhavil-manorama/articleshow/58858639.cms |title=Watch out for 'Still Standing' a new game show on Mazhavil Manorama |date=26 May 2017 | access-date=9 October 2021 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[1000 Babies]]'' || SI Anzari || [[Disney+ Hotstar]] || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/adil-ibrahim-as-si-muhammad-ansari-in-1000-babies-270326 | title=SI Muhammad Ansari of 1000 Babies; Got applause | publisher=MediaOne TV | date=24 October 2024 | access-date=29 October 2024 | language=Malayalam}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4486395}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibrahim, Adil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]

Nana: A Tale of Us

2026-04-01T11:31:06Z

EmmettAlbritton: created some data needs work - done

{{short description|2017 Nagamese film directed by Tiakümzük Aier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nana: A Tale of Us
| image = Nana poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Tiakümzük Aier
| producer = Aoyimti Youth Ministry
| writer = Limatula Longkümer
| starring = [[Zhokhoi Chüzho]] [[Mengu Süokhrie]] Watipongla Kichü Ariensa Longchar Bokavi Swü
| music = Akok Imsong Atsa Lang Roths Along Longchar
| cinematography = MT Akum Aier
| editing = MT Akum Aier
| studio = Dreamz Unlimited - Nagaland Rain Drops Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|07|18}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Nagamese]]
| budget = {{INR}} 2.5 million (25 lakhs)
}}

'''''Nana: A Tale of Us''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Nagamese language|Nagamese]] [[drama film]] directed by Tiakümzük Aier and produced by Aoyimti Youth Ministry. The film stars [[Zhokhoi Chüzho]], [[Mengu Süokhrie]], Watipongla Kichü, Ariensa Longchar and [[Bokavi Swü]].

With a production budget of {{INR}}2.5 million or 25 lakhs, it was the most expensive [[Naga people|Naga]] film to be produced at the time of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=LnQTyurO3oY|title=Team NANA - Up-Close and Personal - Dreamz Unlimited|website=YouTube|date=28 July 2017|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> Upon its release on 18 July 2017, ''Nana: A Tale of Us'' achieved critical and commercial success in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/caught-in-the-chaos-1502820668.html/amp|title=Caught in the chaos|date=11 November 2019|website=The Statesman|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

==Premise==
{{blockquote|''Nana: A Tale of Us'' tells of community, love and forgiveness through the story of a family living in rural [[Nagaland]]. The film begins at the juncture of the impending State elections and quietly leads us through events that affect its characters to make certain life decisions.}}

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Zhokhoi Chüzho]] as Malay, Nana's father
* [[Mengu Süokhrie]] as Ano, Nana's mother
* Watipongla Kichü as Nana

===Supporting===
* [[Imkong Longchar]] as Ato, Nana's maternal Uncle
* Ariensa Longchar as Thiru
* [[Bokavi Swü]] as Dr. Ramok
* Imnasenla Aier as Miss Grace, Ato's love interest
* Chubatemjen as Mr. Thensa, Miss Grace's father
* Alfrit Chishi as Mad Man

==Production==
===Filming===
The film took 11 months to complete. It took 15 days to shoot. The whole crew stayed at [[Impur|Impur Mission Centre]] and the major portion was shot at [[Süngratsü]] village. The rest was shot at [[Mopungchuket]] village and [[Mokokchung]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenortheastwindow.com/2018/11/short-write-dreamz-unlimited-incepted/|title=A short write up on Dreamz unlimited and when it was incepted?|website=www.thenortheastwindow.com|date=8 November 2018|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The background score is composed by Akok Imsong, Atsa Lang Roths and Along Longchar.

The song titled ''‘Something New’'' performed by Jonathan Yhome is the theme song of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rootsandleisure.com/following-dreams-becoming-full-time-musician-jonathan-yhome/|title=On Following Your Dreams And Becoming a Full-Time Musician : Jonathan Yhome|website=Roots & Leisure|date=8 November 2017|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref>

==Release==
The trailer of the film was released on 9 April 2017 and the film was released on 18 July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/+ZhovezoResu/posts/WpyoVmRoG5h|title=Nana: A Tale Of Us Trailer Released}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/Infotainment/InfotainmentNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDExNzk0MQ%3D%3D|title=Naga film 'Nana: A Tale Of Us' released|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720152703/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/Infotainment/InfotainmentNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDExNzk0MQ==|archive-date=20 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2021, Aoyimti Youth Ministry released the film on the [[YouTube]] platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidene.com/nana-a-tale-of-us-released-on-youtube-find-link-to-watch-here/|title=‘NANA – a tale of us’ released on YouTube; find link to watch here|website=Inside NE|date=11 February 2021|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Film Critic Dr. Piyush said that the film is one of the Finest Films to come out of India this year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/sundaypost/200817/p7.htm|title=Nagaland's Little Film Of Big Hope|date= 28 July 2017|website=Orissa Post|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
|-
| rowspan=1| 2017
| rowspan=1| [[Edinburgh Festival of Indian Films and Documentaries]]
| Golden Calton Best Director
| Tiakümzük Aier<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenagarepublic.com/news/nagaland-film-nana-tale-us-dazzles-edinburgh/|title=Nagaland film ‘Nana: A Tale of Us’ dazzles Edinburgh, top prize for Director Tiakumzuk|website=The Naga Republic|date=27 November 2017|access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref>
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=4| 2021
| rowspan=4|2021 [[Prag Cine Awards]]
| Best Film North East
| ''Nana: A Tale of Us''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/-nana-a-tale-of-us-wins-best-film-at-prag-cine-award/228082.html|title='Nana- A tale of us' wins best film at Prag Cine Award|website=Nagaland Post|date=30 January 2021|access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref>
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Director North East
| Tiakümzük Aier
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress North East
| [[Mengu Süokhrie]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor North East
| [[Zhokhoi Chüzho]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=12611990}}
* [https://youtube.com/watch?v=EdP50yLaG_Y& ''Nana: A Tale of Us''] on [[YouTube]]

[[Category:Naga films]]
[[Category:Films set in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Nagamese-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

Nehru Park metro station

2026-03-20T02:46:36Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding a page...

{{Short description|Chennai Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Nehru Park
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = Green|line2 = Inter}}
| architectural_style = Chennai Metro
| image = Nehru Park metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Sastri Nagar, Chetpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600031
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0787905|80.2500871|type:railwaystation_region:SG|format=dms}}
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}; font-size:100%|[[Green Line (Chennai Metro)#Inter Corridor Line|'''Inter Corridor Line''']]|}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double Track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO metro station|St. Thomas Mount]] Platform-2 → [[Chennai Central metro station|M.G.R Chennai Central]]
| depth = {{convert|18|m|ft}}
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle = Free bicycle {{parking symbol}}
| baggage_check =
| opened_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|May|15}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[Single-phase electric power|Single-phase]] {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SNP
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line=Green|left=Egmore|right=Kilpauk Medical College|line2=Blue|left2=Egmore|to-left2=Chennai Central|note-mid2=''(Inter-Corridor Service)''|right2=Kilpauk Medical College|to-right2=Kilambakkam}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Green Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Nehru Park''' is an underground metro station on the South-East Corridor of the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This was inaugurated on 14 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://liveonindia.com/chennai-metro-between-koyambedu-and-nehru-park-from-tomorrow/|title=Chennai Metro between Koyambedu and Nehru Park from tomorrow|date=2017-05-14|access-date=2017-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108205325/http://liveonindia.com/chennai-metro-between-koyambedu-and-nehru-park-from-tomorrow/|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The station will serve the neighbourhoods of [[Egmore]] and [[Purasawalkam]]. The station has four entry and exit points.<ref>{{cite news| title = Metro stretch to have fewer entry points
| newspaper = The Hindu| location = Chennai| date = 8 May 2017| url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-stretch-to-have-fewer-entry-points/article18407192.ece| accessdate = 10 May 2017}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Nehru Park track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Egmore metro station|Chennai Egmore]]
*'''P1'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P2'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Kilpauk Medical College metro station|Kilpauk Medical College]]
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|architectural_style ="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|architectural_style ="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|architectural_style ="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai Central]] '''Next Station:''' [[Egmore metro station|Chennai Egmore]]
|-
|architectural_style ="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
| architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO|St. Thomas Mount]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kilpauk Medical College metro station|Kilpauk Medical College]]
|}
{{Infobox building
| name = Nehru Park metro station
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Chennai Metro logo
| image =
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| etymology =
| status = Complete
| cancelled =
| topped_out =
| building_type = Metro station
| classification =
| location = Chetpet
| address =
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates =
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| namesake =
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = 2011
| construction_stop_date =
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| completion_date = {{end date|2017}}
| opened_date = {{end date|2017|05|15|df=y}}
| inauguration_date = {{end date|2017|05|14|df=y}}
| relocated_date =
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| main_contractor = L&T-SUCG JV
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| number_of_rooms =
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} available
| website = http://chennaimetrorail.org/
| embed =
| embedded =
| references =
| footnotes =
}}

===Facilities===
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Nehru Park metro station are

==Connections==
===Bus===

===Rail===
[[Chetput railway station]]

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}};"| '''Nehru Park metro station Entry/exits '''
|-
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A1
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A2
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A3
! style="width:5%;"|Gate No-A4
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| || || ||
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Chennai]]
* [[Chetput (Chennai)]]
* [[Chetput Lake]]
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Chetput railway station]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Nehru+Park/@13.0787905,80.2500871,191m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3a526675a95dc5bf:0x2cd7bd7c847d740a!2sNehru+Park+Metro+Station!8m2!3d13.0789509!4d80.2513782!3m4!1s0x3a526675b2968ea5:0xafead8e03ede309f!8m2!3d13.078652!4d80.2508891|title= Nehru Park metro station}}

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|green line=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2017]]
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Cherai

2026-03-17T13:10:58Z

EmmettAlbritton: updated details

{{Short description|Town in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cherai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Cherai Lagoon2.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Cherai Lagoon2
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.977|N|76.27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Panchayat President
| leader_name1 = Sri. Radhakrishnan
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 0
| population_total =
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| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 683514
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0484
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Am]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Cherai''' is a small town located in north side of [[Vypin]] island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHERAI BEACH {{!}} Ernakulam District Website {{!}} India |url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/en/tourist-place/cherai-beach/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is a region in the suburb of the [[Kochi|city of Kochi]], in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is at a distance of about {{convert|22.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the ''High Court Junction'', [[Kochi]].

Cherai has the longest beach in [[Kochi]] - the [[Cherai beach]]. The beach is located towards the centre-north of the Vypin island which is said to have formed in 1341.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherai, Cherai Beach, Hotels in Cherai, Resorts in cherai, Cherai homestays |url=https://cherai.in/history.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=cherai.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherai beach, Ernakulam, Kerala, India, Video |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/video-gallery/cherai-beach/5/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref> The ''Cherai Beach'' is {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} long. Dolphins are occasionally seen here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherai Beach in Kochi, Ernakulam {{!}} Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/cherai-beach-kochi/179/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref>

Cherai has played an important role in the history of modern Kerala by becoming the birthplace of two prominent political personsages of modern Kerala - [[Mathai Manjooran]] and [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]].

''[[Cherai Gowreeshwara Temple]]'' is one of the main [[Hindu]] temples. The temple is maintained by ''Vijnana Vardhini Sabha'' (V. V Sabha). It also known as Kerala [[Palani Murugan Temple|palani]]. The festival in the temple is the biggest festival in Eranakulam district. The festival happens every year towards the last 2 weeks of January or first 2 weeks of February. The main attractions are Elephant parade (around 20-30 elephants).

There is one more famous temple in Cherai, which is ''Azheekkal Sree Varaha Temple'' famous for its beautiful [[Temple car|chariot]]. It is one of the oldest temple owned by Gowda Saraswatha Community.

==Nearby attractions==
* [[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur]]: First church in India and one of the seven churches founded by [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]] in the first century.
* Portuguese Fort: Built in 1503 by the Portuguese also known as Pallipuram Fort (''Aya Kotta''). It is the oldest European monument in India. It was an out post to safeguard the famous [[Muziris]] Port. In 1661 the Dutch captured the fort and in 1789 the fort was handed over to the King of [[Travancore]].
* Pallipuram Basilica of Our Lady of Snow: The church is built by the Portuguese in 1577. The exquisite picture of Virgin Mary on the top of "Altar" is brought from Portugal.The yearly celebrations of Lady of snow happening in August every year.The Water parade of boats is one of the notable function.

== Notable people==
{{alumni|residents|date=July 2022}}
*[[Mathai Manjooran]]
*[[Sahodaran Ayyappan]]
*[[Mary Verghese]]
*[[TVR Shenoy]]
*[[S. Sharma]]
*[[M. K. Prasad]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Cherai Beach2.jpg|[[Cherai beach]]
Image:Chinese_Fishing_Nets_Cherai.JPG| [[Chinese fishing nets]]
Image:Walk_Way_Cherai.JPG |Walkway on the sides of the road to Cherai from [[North Paravur]]
</gallery>

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Kochi'''
|North = [[Munambam]]
|West = [[Arabian Sea]]
|Centre = Cherai
|East = [[North Paravur|Paravur]]
|South = [[Ayyampilly]]
}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=114038809751246788218.00000112844f7014c63f0&ll=10.138214,76.193576&spn=0.013518,0.018518&t=k&z=16&iwloc=00044b6e9b36c7130d2f4 Satellite image of the town]

{{Suburbs of Kochi}}

[[Category:Geography of Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kochi]]
[[Category:Beaches of Kerala]]

Tanish

2026-03-16T21:41:10Z

EmmettAlbritton:

{{short description|Indian Telugu actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tanish
| image =
| birth_name = Tanish Alladi
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1998{{endash}}present
| mother =
| father =
}}
'''Tanish Alladi''' is an Indian actor who works in Telugu films. He worked as a child actor before starring in films such as ''[[Nacchavule]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/tanish-is-flying-high/articleshow/4617511.cms|title=Tanish is flying high|date=5 June 2009|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Ride (2009 film)|Ride]]'' (2009), ''[[Telugabbai]]'' (2013), ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]'' (2014), and ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshatram]]'' (2017). He has also was one of the contestants on the reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu 2]]'', and finished in third place.

==Early life and family==
Tanish was born to Alladi Yesuvardhan Babu and Saraswati. He has 2 younger brothers named Alladi Vamsi Krishna and Alladi Kushwanth.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/190516/tollywood-actor-tanish-s-father-found-dead.html|title= Tollywood actor Tanish's father found dead|date= 19 May 2016|publisher= [[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date= 19 May 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2008 and 2009 he appeared in two successful films ''[[Nachavule]]'' and ''[[Ride (2009 film)|Ride]]''. In 2012 he appeared in ''[[Mem Vayasuku Vacham]]'' with [[Niti Taylor]]. In the same year, another movie ''Chanakyudu'' with [[Ishita Dutta]] under the direction of Gotteganti Srinivas, was released.<ref name="T">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Chanakyudu/movie-review/17454242.cms|title= Chanakyudu | publisher= timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2 Dec 2012 |accessdate= 10 March 2013 }}</ref>

In 2013 he worked with director Avinash O Sridhar for ''[[Telugabbai]]''. Co-starring [[Ramya Nambeesan]], the film did not do well at the box office. After many solo failures at the box office, Tanish also starred in two big multistarrers. The first was the moderately successful ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]'' (2014), in which he starred alongside [[Mohan Babu]], [[Vishnu Manchu]], [[Manoj Manchu]], [[Varun Sandesh]], [[Hansika Motwani]], and [[Pranitha Subhash]]. In 2017, he starred in another ensemble film directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]], ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshatram]]'', in which he starred alongside [[Sundeep Kishan]] and [[Sai Dharam Tej]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role(s)
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Premante Idera]]''
|
|rowspan="11"|Child artist
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999
| ''[[Prema Katha]]''
| Subba Rao
|-
|''[[Alludugaaru Vachcharu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2000
| ''[[Yuvakudu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ninne Premistha]]''
|
|-
|''[[Chala Bagundi]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Devullu]]''
| Lord Ayyappa
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002
| ''[[Vasu (film)|Vasu]]''
| Arun's friend
|-
| ''[[Manmadhudu]]''
| Harika's Brother
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006
| ''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]''
| Divya's Brother
|-
|''[[Bhageeratha]]''
|Young Bullabbai
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Nacchavule]]''
| Luv Kumar
| Debut as Lead actor
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Ride (2009 film)|Ride]]''
| Mahesh
|
|-
| 2010
| ''Mouna Ragam''
| Chandu
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Kodipunju''
| Abhimanyu
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| ''[[Mem Vayasuku Vacham]]''
| Lakshman "Lucky"
|
|-
| ''Chanakyudu''
| Chanakya
| <ref name="T"/>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Telugabbai]]''
| Arun
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]''
| Lucky
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Superstar Kidnap]]''
| Michael || Cameo appearance
|-
| 2016
| ''Oh My God''
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshatram]]''
| Rahul
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''Rangu''
| Pawan Kumar "Lara" ||
|-
|''Desa Dimmari''
| ||
|-
|2021
|''Maro Prasthanam''
| Shiva ||
|-
|2023
| ''Vanakkam Salaam''
|
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Show
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role(s)
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[Bigg Boss Telugu 2]]''
|Himself || TV show
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3766634}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Eluru]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Universalism

2026-03-16T07:09:53Z

EmmettAlbritton: updated page

{{Short description|Concept that some ideas have universal applicability}}

{{Other uses|Universalism (disambiguation)}}

{{Universalism|expanded=all}}

'''Universalism''' is the [[Philosophy|philosophical]] and [[Theology|theological]] concept that some ideas have [[Universal (metaphysics)|universal]] application or applicability.

A belief in one fundamental truth is another important tenet in universalism. The living truth is seen as more far-reaching than the national, cultural, or religious boundaries or interpretations of that one truth. A community that calls itself ''universalist'' may emphasize the universal principles of most religions, and accept others in an inclusive manner.

Universalism can also mean the pursuit of unification of all human beings across geographic and other boundaries under universal values, or the application of universalist constructs, such as [[human rights]] or [[international law]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Are Human Rights Universal? |url=https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/are-human-rights-universal |access-date=2021-04-17 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benhabib |first=Seyla |date=2007 |title=Another Universalism: On the Unity and Diversity of Human Rights |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27653991 |journal=Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=7–32 |jstor=27653991 |issn=0065-972X}}</ref>

Universalism has been influenced by rational theologies such as [[Unitarianism]], and modern-day New Age spiritual doctrines, including Yoga and meditation from [[Hinduism]], which in turn have influenced modern Western spirituality.{{sfn|King|2002|p=}}<ref name = "Otis">Otis Ainsworth Skinner (1807-1861), ''A Series of Sermons in Defense of the Doctrine of Universal Salvation'', Page 209, It is not part of mainline Christian doctrine either Catholic or Protestant. "Repentance is a means by which all men are brought into the enjoyment of religion, and we do expect any man will be saved while he continues in sin. However, Unitarian Universalism holds a universal salvation, because is, "we expect all men will repent."</ref>

[[Christian universalism]] refers to the idea that every human will eventually receive salvation in a religious or spiritual sense, a concept also referred to as universal reconciliation.<ref name = "Otis">Otis Ainsworth Skinner (1807-1861), ''A Series of Sermons in Defense of the Doctrine of Universal Salvation'', Page 209, It is not part of mainline Christian doctrine either Catholic or Protestant. "Repentance is a means by which all men are brought into the enjoyment of religion, and we do expect any man will be saved while he continues in sin. However, Unitarian Universalism holds a universal salvation, because is, "we expect all men will repent."</ref>

==Philosophy==
===Philosophical universalism===
In [[philosophy]], '''universality''' is the idea that universal facts exist and can be discovered, as opposed to [[relativism]], which asserts that all facts are relative to one's perspective.<ref name="SEP Relativism">{{cite web |title=Relativism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relativism/ |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=13 July 2020 |quote=...relativism...denies the universality of certain truth claims...}}</ref>

=== Moral universalism ===
{{Main|Moral universalism|Moral particularism}}
Moral universalism (also called ''moral objectivism'' or ''universal morality'') is the [[meta-ethics|meta-ethical]] position that some system of [[ethics]] applies universally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/u.htm |title=Philosophical Dictionary: "universalizability" |website=www.philosophypages.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820235357/http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/u.htm |archive-date=2007-08-20 |quote=universalizability: The applicability of a moral rule to all similarly situated individuals.}}</ref> That system is inclusive of all individuals,<ref name=PhilPages>{{cite web |url=http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/u.htm#unvby |title=A Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names |work=Philosophy Pages |first=Garth |last=Kemerling |date=November 12, 2011}} According to [http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/kant.htm Immanuel Kant] and [http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/h.htm#hare Richard Mervyn Hare]...moral imperatives must be regarded as equally binding on everyone.</ref> regardless of [[culture]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[sex]], [[religion]], [[nationality]], [[sexual orientation]], or any other distinguishing feature.<ref name=Gowans>{{cite encyclopedia |quote=Let us say that moral objectivism maintains that moral judgments are ordinarily true or false in an absolute or universal sense, that some of them are true, and that people sometimes are justified in accepting true moral judgments (and rejecting false ones) on the basis of evidence available to any reasonable and well-informed person. |first=Chris |last=Gowans |title=Moral Relativism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |edition=Spring 2012 |editor=Edward N. Zalta |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/moral-relativism/ |date=Dec 9, 2008}}</ref> Moral universalism is opposed to [[moral nihilism]] and [[moral relativism]]. However, not all forms of moral universalism are [[moral absolutism|absolutist]], nor do they necessarily [[value monism]]. Many forms of universalism, such as [[utilitarianism]], are non-absolutist. Other forms such as those theorized by [[Isaiah Berlin]], may [[value pluralism|value pluralist ideals.]]

==Religion==

===Baháʼí Faith===
[[File:Wilmette how side.jpg|upright|alt=A white column with ornate designs carved into it, including a Star of David|left|thumb|Symbols of many religions on a pillar of the [[Baháʼí House of Worship (Wilmette, Illinois)|Baháʼí House of Worship]] in [[Wilmette, Illinois]]]]
{{Main|Baháʼí Faith and the unity of humanity|Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion|Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)}}
In the [[Baháʼí teachings|teachings]] of the [[Baháʼí Faith]], a single God has sent all the historic founders of the world religions in a process of [[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|progressive revelation]]. As a result, the major world religions are seen as divine in origin and are continuous in their purpose. In this view, there is unity among the founders of world religions, but each revelation brings a more advanced set of teachings in human history and none are syncretic.<ref>{{cite book |title=Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Baháʼí Faith |url=https://archive.org/details/paradiseparadigm00buck |url-access=limited |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/paradiseparadigm00buck/page/n303 292] |last=Buck |first=Christopher}}</ref> In addition, the [[Baháʼí teachings]] acknowledge that in every country and every people God has always revealed the divine purpose via messengers and prophets, masters and sages since time immemorial.<ref>{{cite web |author= |access-date=August 4, 2022 |website=Bahaipedia |title=Manifestation of God |url=https://bahaipedia.org/Manifestation_of_God}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=August 4, 2022 |website=Bahaiteachings.org |title=How Many Prophets? |url=https://bahaiteachings.org/how-many-prophets/ |last=Langness |first=David |date=30 May 2015}}</ref>

Within this universal view, the unity of humanity is one of the central teachings of the Baháʼí Faith.<ref name="Stockman">{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Stockman |title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions |isbn=1-57731-121-3 |publisher=New World Library |year=2000 |editor-first=Joel |editor-last=Beversluis |chapter=The Baha'i Faith |page=[https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofworl00beve/page/7 7] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofworl00beve/page/7}}</ref> The [[Baháʼí teachings]] state that since all humans have been created in the image of God, God does not make any distinction between people with regard to race, colour or religion.<ref name=PSIntro>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |year=2008 |title=An Introduction to the Baha'i (sic) Faith |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |place=[[Cambridge]] |isbn=978-0-521-86251-6}}</ref>{{rp|138}} Thus, because all humans have been created equal, they all require equal opportunities and treatment.<ref name="Stockman" /> Hence the Baháʼí view promotes the unity of humanity, and that people's vision should be world-embracing and that people should love the whole world rather than just their nation.<ref name=PSIntro/>{{rp|138}}

The teaching, however, does not equate unity with uniformity; instead the Baháʼí writings advocate the principle of ''[[unity in diversity]]'' where the variety in the human race is valued.<ref name=PSIntro/>{{rp|139}} Operating on a worldwide basis this cooperative view of the peoples and nations of the planet culminates in a vision of the practicality of the progression in world affairs towards, and the inevitability of, [[world peace]].<ref name=PSEncyclo2000IA>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/266 |title=peace |pages=266–267 |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |encyclopedia=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |year=2000 |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |place=[[Oxford]] |isbn=1-85168-184-1 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url-access=limited}}</ref>

===Buddhism===
The term Universalism has been applied to different aspects of [[Buddhist philosophy|Buddhist thought]] by different modern authors.

The idea of universal salvation is key to the [[Mahayana]] school of Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The main branches of Buddhism (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/buddhist-art-culture/a/the-main-branches-of-buddhism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222172216/https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/beginners-guide-asian-culture/buddhist-art-culture/a/the-main-branches-of-buddhism |archive-date=2021-02-22 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> A common feature of Mahayana Buddhism is the idea that all living beings have [[Buddha-nature|Buddha nature]] and thus all beings can aspire to become [[bodhisattva]]s, beings who are on the path to [[Buddhahood]].<ref name=":2" /> This capacity is seen as something that all beings in the universe have.<ref name=":1">Takahatake, Takamichi (2006). ''Young Man Shinran: A Reappraisal of Shinran's Life,'' p. 36. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.</ref><ref name=":0" /> This idea has been termed "bodhisattva universalism" by the Buddhist studies scholar [[Jan Nattier]].<ref>C. V. Jones (2020). ''The Buddhist Self: On Tathāgatagarbha and Ātman.'' p. 204. University of Hawaii Press.</ref>

The idea of universal Buddha nature has been interpreted in various ways in Buddhism, from the idea that all living beings have Buddha nature and thus ''can'' become Buddhas to the idea that because all beings have Buddha nature, all beings ''will definitely'' become Buddhas.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_9002 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_9002 |chapter=Buddha-Nature of Insentient Beings |title=Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion |year=2014 |last1=Chen |first1=Shuman |pages=208–212 |isbn=978-1-4614-6085-5}}</ref> Some forms of [[East Asian Buddhism|East Asian Mahayana Buddhism]] even extended the Buddha nature theory to plants and insentient phenomena. Some thinkers (such as [[Kūkai|Kukai]]) even promote the idea that the entire universe is the Buddha's body.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Chung, Paul S (2008). ''Martin Luther and Buddhism: Aesthetics of Suffering, Second Edition'', pp. 373-375. Wipf and Stock Publishers.</ref>

The ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'', an influential Mahayana scripture, is often seen as promoting the universality of Buddhahood, the Buddha's teaching as well as the equality of all living beings.<ref>Reeves, Gene (2010). ''The Stories of the Lotus Sutra.'' Simon and Schuster.</ref><ref>Steven Heine (2015). ''Dōgen and Sōtō Zen.'' p. 65. Oxford University Press.</ref> Mahayana Buddhism also promotes a universal [[Karuṇā|compassion]] towards all sentient beings and sees all beings as equally deserving of compassion.<ref>Travagnin, Stefania (2016). ''Religion and Media in China: Insights and Case Studies from the Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong,'' p. 124. Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref>Kristin Beise Kiblinger (2017). ''Buddhist Inclusivism: Attitudes Towards Religious Others'', Routledge.</ref> The doctrine of the [[Ekayāna|One Vehicle]] (which states that all Buddhist paths lead to Buddhahood) is also often seen as a universalist doctrine.<ref name=":1" />

Adherents to [[Pure Land Buddhism]] point to [[Amitabha]] Buddha as a Universal Savior. According to the Pure Land Sutras (scriptures), before becoming a [[Buddha]] Amitabha vowed that he would save all beings and according to some Pure Land authors, all beings will be eventually saved through the work of Amida Buddha. As such, Pure Land Buddhism is often seen as an expression of a Buddhist universalism that compares to Christian universalism.<ref name=":2">Pan-chiu Lai, "Barth and Universal Salvation, A Mahayana Buddhist Perspective" in Martha L. Moore-Keish, Christian T. Collins Winn. ''Karl Barth and Comparative Theology.'' Fordham Univ Press, Aug 6, 2019.</ref> This comparison has also been commented on by Christian theologians like [[Karl Barth]].<ref name=":2" />

[[Chinese Buddhism]] developed a form of Buddhist universalism which saw [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism|Daoism]] and [[Buddhism]] as different aspects of a single universal truth.<ref>F Harold Smith. ''The Buddhist Way of Life: Its Philosophy and History.'' Routledge, 2013.</ref>

In [[Buddhism in the West|Western Buddhism]], the term Universalism may also refer to an [[nonsectarian]] and [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] form of Buddhism which emphasizes [[ecumenism]] among the different Buddhism schools.<ref>Emily Sigalow (2022). ''American JewBu: Jews, Buddhists, and Religious Change,'' p. 45. Princeton University Press.</ref> American clergyman [[Julius Goldwater|Julius A. Goldwater]] was one Buddhist figure who promoted a modern kind of Buddhist Universalism. For Goldwater, Buddhism transcends local contexts and culture, and his practice grew increasingly eclectic over time. Goldwater established the nonsectarian Buddhist Brotherhood of America which focused on ecumenical and nonsectarian Buddhism while also drawing on [[Protestantism|Protestant]] vocabulary and ideas.<ref>Emily Sigalow (2022). ''American JewBu: Jews, Buddhists, and Religious Change,'' p. 46. Princeton University Press.</ref>

The desire to develop a more universalist and nonsectarian form of Buddhism was also shared by some modernist [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhist]] authors, including the influential [[D. T. Suzuki|D.T. Suzuki.]]<ref>Duncan Ryuken Williams, Tomoe Moriya. ''Issei Buddhism in the Americas,'' pp. 85, 123. University of Illinois Press, 2010.</ref>

===Christianity===
{{Main|Christian universalism}}
The fundamental idea of Christian universalism is universal reconciliation – that all humans will ultimately receive salvation and be reconciled to God. They will eventually enter God's kingdom in Heaven, through the grace and works of the Lord [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/chr-univ.html |title=What Is Christian Universalism? |publisher=Auburn.edu |access-date=2017-12-17 |archive-date=2017-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122135418/http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/chr-univ.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Christian universalists hold that an everlasting [[hell]] does not exist (though most believe there is a temporary hell of some kind), and that unending torment was not what Jesus taught. They point to historical evidence showing that many [[Church Fathers|early fathers of the church]] were universalists<ref>See [[Ilaria Ramelli|Ramelli]], ''The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis'', and ''A Larger Hope''.</ref> and attribute the origin of the idea of hell as eternal punishment to mistranslation. They also appeal to many texts of Scripture to argue that the concept of eternal hell is not biblically or historically supported either in Judaism or early Christianity.<ref name="christianuniversalist.org">{{Cite web |url=https://christianuniversalist.org/resources/articles/salvation-conspiracy/ |title=The Salvation Conspiracy: How Hell Became Eternal | Christian Universalist Association |date=19 March 2013 |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080959/https://christianuniversalist.org/resources/articles/salvation-conspiracy/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Universalists cite numerous biblical passages which reference the salvation of all beings (such as Jesus' words in John 12:31-32, and Paul's words in Romans 5:18-19).<ref>{{cite web |author=Gary Amirault |url=http://www.tentmaker.org/tracts/TheFateOfTheWicked.html |title=The Fate of the Wicked |publisher=Tentmaker.org |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> In addition, they argue that an eternal hell is both unjust and contrary to the nature and attributes of a loving God.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guild |first=E.E. |title=Arguments in Favor of Universalism |url=https://www.tentmaker.org/books/InFavorCh20.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419182237/https://www.tentmaker.org/books/InFavorCh20.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=www.tentmaker.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingdom Bible Studies: J. Preston Eby, Kingdom of God; Saviour of The World |url=https://www.godfire.net/eby/saviour_of_the_world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419181837/https://www.godfire.net/eby/saviour_of_the_world.html |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=www.godfire.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hell Fire and Brimstone, The Lake of Fire, Second Death |url=https://www.godfire.net/Hellidx.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225145328/https://www.godfire.net/Hellidx.html |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=www.godfire.net}}</ref>

The beliefs of Christian universalism are generally compatible with the essentials of Christianity, as they do not contradict any of the central affirmations summarized in the [[Nicene Creed]].<ref>[[Robin Parry|Gregory MacDonald]], ''The Evangelical Universalist'', 175-176. </ref> More specifically, universalists often emphasize the following teachings:
* [[God in Christianity|God]] is the loving Parent of all people (see [[Love of God]]).
* [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]] reveals the nature and character of God, and is the spiritual leader of humankind.
* Humankind is created with an [[immortal soul]], which death can not end—or a [[Christian mortalism|mortal soul]] that shall be resurrected and preserved by God. A soul which God will not wholly destroy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bible Hell |url=https://www.tentmaker.org/books/TheBibleHell.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528082710/https://www.tentmaker.org/books/TheBibleHell.html |archive-date=2021-05-28 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=www.tentmaker.org}}</ref>
* [[Christian views on sin|Sin]] has negative consequences for the sinner either in this life or the [[afterlife]]. All of God's punishments for sin are corrective and remedial. None of such punishments will last forever, or result in the permanent destruction of a soul. Some Christian universalists believe in the idea of a Purgatorial Hell, or a temporary place of purification that some must undergo before their entrance into Heaven.<ref name="Scott2015">{{cite book |author=Miriam Van Scott |title=The Encyclopedia of Hell: A Comprehensive Survey of the Underworld |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1EnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 |date=10 February 2015 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4668-9119-7 |page=240 |chapter=Purgatorial Hell}}</ref>

In 1899 the Universalist General Convention, later called the [[Universalist Church of America]], adopted the Five Principles: the belief in God, Jesus Christ, the immortality of the human soul, the reality of sin and [[universal reconciliation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/prof.html |title=See section entitled "Five Principles of Faith" |publisher=Auburn.edu |access-date=2011-11-09 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815164410/http://www.auburn.edu/%7Eallenkc/prof.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====History====
{{Main|History of Christian universalism}}
Universalist writers such as [[George T. Knight (Universalist)|George T. Knight]] have claimed that Universalism was a widely held view among theologians in [[Early Christianity]].<ref name='Schaff-Herzog'>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Knight |first=George T. |author-link=George T. Knight (Universalist) |title=Universalists |encyclopedia=The New [[Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge]] |date=1950 |orig-year=1912 |publisher=[[Baker Book House]] |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |volume=12 |page=[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc12/Page_96.html 96] |oclc=1002955}} {{Internet Archive|id=newschaffherzog39haucgoog|name=The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge}} (Vol. 12).</ref> These included such important figures such as Alexandrian scholar [[Origen]] as well as [[Clement of Alexandria]], a Christian theologian.<ref name='Schaff-Herzog'/> Origen and Clement both included the existence of a non-eternal Hell in their teachings. Hell was remedial, in that it was a place one went to purge one's sins before entering into Heaven.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stanrock.net/2015/05/20/purgatorial-hell-faq/ |title=Purgatorial Hell FAQ |date=20 May 2015 |publisher=StanRock.net |access-date=2016-01-19}}</ref>

Between 1648-1697 English activist [[Gerrard Winstanley]], writer [[Richard Coppin]], and dissenter [[Jane Leade]], each taught that God would grant all human beings salvation. The same teachings were later spread throughout 18th-century France and America by [[George de Benneville]]. People who taught this doctrine in America would later become known as the [[Universalist Church of America]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wyatt |first1=Neal |last2=Dwyer |first2=Tierney V |last3=Dwyer |first3=Tierney V |year=2008 |title=Unitarian Universalism: A Research Guide |journal=Reference & User Services Quarterly |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=210–214 |doi=10.5860/rusq.47n3.210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The first Universalist Church in America was founded by [[John Murray (minister)]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhI2o_3hfwAC&dq=universalist+church+america+founder+murray&pg=PA18 |isbn=9780310864547 |title=Unitarian Universalism |date=15 December 2009 |publisher=Zondervan Academic}}</ref> The 18th century in North America saw decades of debates between two Christian universalist camps, universal restorationism, which believed in the existence of punishment after death, and ultra-universalism, which did not.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Peter |date=2002-02-19 |title=The Restorationist Controversy |url=https://www.uudb.org/articles/restorationist.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002031102/https://www.uudb.org/articles/restorationist.html |archive-date=2014-10-02 |access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref>

The Greek term ''[[apocatastasis]]'' came to be related by some to the beliefs of Christian universalism, but central to the doctrine was the restitution, or restoration of all sinful beings to God, and to His state of blessedness. In early [[Patristics]], usage of the term is distinct.

{{Origenism}}

====Universalist theology====
Universalist theology is grounded in history, scripture, and assumptions about the nature of God. ''[[That All Shall Be Saved]]'' (2019) by Orthodox Christian theologian [[David Bentley Hart]] contains arguments from all three areas but with a focus on arguments from the nature of God. Christian ultra-universalist [[Thomas Whittemore (Universalist)|Thomas Whittemore]] wrote the book ''100 Scriptural Proofs that Jesus Christ Will Save All Mankind''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tentmaker.org/books/ScripturalProofs.html |title=100 Scriptural Proofs That Jesus Christ Will Save All Mankind |publisher=Tentmaker.org |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> quoting both Old and New Testament verses which support the Universalist viewpoint.

Some common Bible verses cited by Christian universalists are {{Bibleverse|Luke|3:6}}, {{Bibleverse|John|17:2}}, {{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|15:22}}, {{Bibleverse|2 Peter|3:9}}, {{Bibleverse|1 Timothy|2:3–6}}, {{Bibleverse|1 Timothy|4:10}}, {{Bibleverse|1 John|2:2}}, {{Bibleverse|Romans|5:18}} and {{Bibleverse|Romans|11:32}}.
==== Questions of Biblical Translation ====
Christian universalists point towards the mistranslations of the Greek word αιών (literally "age," but often assumed to mean "eternity") and its adjectival form αἰώνιος (usually assumed to mean "eternal" or "everlasting"), as giving rise to the idea of an endless hell and the idea that some people will never be saved.<ref name="christianuniversalist.org" /><ref name="tentmaker1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tentmaker.org/articles/EternalPunishmentNotTrueToGreek.html |title="Eternal" Punishment (Matthew 25:46) Is NOT Found In The Greek New Testament. |website=www.tentmaker.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://carm.org/universalism/a-look-at-the-word-aionion/ |title=A look at the Greed word "aionion" used by universalists | carm.org |date=December 15, 2008}}</ref> For example, Revelation 14:11 says "the smoke of their torment goes up εἰς αἰῶνας αἰώνων" which most literally means "until ages of ages" but is often paraphrased in translations as "forever and ever."<ref>See ''The Greek-English Interlinear ESV New Testament'', 1061; or the following [https://biblehub.com/interlinear/revelation/14-11.htm online interlinear].</ref>

This Greek word is the origin of the modern English word [[Aeon|eon]], which refers to a period of time or an epoch/age.

The 19th century theologian [[Marvin Vincent]] wrote about the word ''aion'', and the supposed connotations of "eternal" or "temporal":
<blockquote>'''Aion''', transliterated '''''aeon''''', is a period of longer or shorter duration, having a beginning and an end, and complete in itself. [...] Neither the noun nor the adjective, in themselves, carry the sense of ''endless'' or ''everlasting''."<ref>{{cite web |last=Vincent |first=Marvin |title=Note on Olethron Aionion (eternal destruction) |url=http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/vincent.html |work=Word Studies in the New Testament |access-date=18 June 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521042920/http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/vincent.html |url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>A number of scholars have argued that, in some cases, the adjective may not indicate duration at all, but may instead have a qualitative meaning.<ref>See [[William Barclay (theologian)|Barclay]] (''New Testament Words'', 35); and [[Ilaria Ramelli|Ramelli]] & [[David Konstan|Konstan]] (''Terms For Eternity''), who prefer "otherworldly" as the best rendering of αἰώνιος.</ref> For instance, [[David Bentley Hart|Dr. David Bentley Hart]] translates Matthew 25:46 as "And these will go to the chastening of that Age, but the just to the life of that Age."<ref>[[David Bentley Hart|Hart]], ''The New Testament'': ''A Translation'', 53 (see also his explanation in the postscript, 537-543).</ref> In this reading, Jesus is not necessarily indicating how long the life and punishment last, but instead what kind the life and punishment are—they are "of the age [to come]" rather than being earthly life or punishment. [[Thomas Talbott|Dr. Thomas Talbott]] writes:<blockquote>[The writers of the New Testament] therefore came to employ the term ''aiōnios'' as an eschatological term, one that functioned as a handy reference to the realities of the age to come. In that way they managed to combine the more literal sense of "that which pertains to an age" with the more religious sense of "that which manifests the presence of God in a special way."<ref>[[Thomas Talbott|Talbott]], ''The Inescapable Love of God'', 85.</ref></blockquote>Dr. Ken Vincent writes that "When it (aion) was translated into Latin Vulgate, 'aion' became 'aeternam' which means 'eternal'.<ref name="christianuniversalist.org" /> Likewise, [[Ilaria Ramelli|Dr. Ilaria Ramelli]] explains:<blockquote>The mistranslation and misinterpretation of αἰώνιος as "eternal" (already in Latin, where both αἰώνιος and ἀΐδιος are rendered ''aeternus'' and their fundamental semantic difference is blurred) certainly contributed a great deal to the rise of the doctrine of "eternal damnation" and of the "eternity of hell."<ref>[[Ilaria Ramelli|Ramelli]], ''A Larger Hope'', 11.</ref></blockquote>Among the English translations that do not render αἰώνιος as "eternal" or "everlasting" are [[Young's Literal Translation|Young's Literal Translation]] ("age-during"), the [[Weymouth New Testament]] ("of the ages"), the [[Concordant Version|Concordant Literal Version]] ("eonian"), [[Emphasized Bible|Rotherham's Emphasized Bible]] ("age-abiding"), [[David Bentley Hart bibliography|Hart's New Testament]] ("of that Age"), and more.<ref>See Beauchemin, ''Hope For All'', 52, 160.</ref>

===Hinduism===
Author [[David Frawley]] says that Hinduism has a "background universalism" and its teachings contain a "universal relevance."<ref>[http://www.haindavakeralam.com/pluralism-and-universalism-within-hinduism-david-frawley-hk5500 ''Pluralism and Universalism Within Hinduism''] "Hindu teachings were also denigrated accordingly and the deeper philosophies of Hinduism were often ignored, especially their universal relevance. For conversion purposes it was easier to define Hinduism in a limited way as a local phenomenon only. Yet the universality of Hindu teachings continued, though few outside of India understood this until recent years. This background universalism of Sanatana Dharma affords Hinduism a synthetic tendency, an ability to incorporate within itself a diversity of views and approaches, including at times those from groups outside of Hinduism or even opposed to Hinduism. Because of this syncretic view, sometimes Hinduism is equated with a blind universalism that accepts without discrimination anything that calls itself religious or spiritual, as if differences of spiritual teachings did not matter in any way. While this may be true of some Hindus, the Hindu tradition also contains a lively tradition of free debate on all aspects of theology, philosophy and metaphysics, showing differences as well as similarities, and not simply equating all teachings as they are. A good example of this is the debates between the dualistic and non-dualistic schools of Vedantic philosophy, but many other examples exist as well. The different sects within Hinduism have always been free to disagree, though each sect has its particular guidelines and there is an overall respect for Dharma."</ref> [[Hinduism]] is also naturally [[Religious pluralism|religiously pluralistic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hafsite.org/hinduism-101/hinduism-basics |title=Hindu American Foundation "Hinduism Basics" |access-date=2017-03-14 |archive-date=2018-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417162320/https://www.hafsite.org/hinduism-101/hinduism-basics |url-status=dead}}</ref> A well-known ''[[Rig Veda|Rig Vedic]]'' hymn says: "Ekam Sat Vipra Bahudha Vadanti" meaning, "Truth is One, though the sages know it variously."<ref>Rig Veda 1.164.46</ref> Similarly, in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad Gītā]]'' (4:11), God, manifesting as an incarnation, states: "As people approach me, so I receive them. All paths lead to me."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=56UM3BIvbHYC&q=as+people+approach+me Page 194] in [[Eknath Easwaran]] (2008). ''[[God Makes the Rivers to Flow|Timeless wisdom: Passages for meditation from the world's saints & sages]]'' (see [[God Makes the Rivers to Flow|article]]). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. {{ISBN|1-58638-027-3}}. Similar to [[Eknath Easwaran]] (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=a-Oh_-rK5SQC&q=approach+me The Bhagavad Gita]'', 2nd ed. Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press, p. 117. ISBN
1586380192 (which substitutes "they" for "people"). Transliteration from Winthrop Sargeant (1984). ''The Bhagavad Gita''. Albany: State University of New York Press, p. 211. {{ISBN|0-87395-831-4}}, which translates the same passage as "They who, in whatever way, take refuge in Me, them I reward."</ref> The Hindu religion has no theological difficulties in accepting degrees of truth in other religions. Hinduism emphasizes that everyone actually worships the same God, whether one knows it or not.<ref>See Swami Bhaskarananda, ''Essentials of Hinduism'' (Viveka Press 2002) {{ISBN|1-884852-04-1}}</ref>

While Hinduism has an openness and tolerance towards other religions, it also has a wide range of diversity within it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hafsite.org/hinduism-101/hinduism-basics |title=Hindu American Foundation ''Hinduism Basics'' "It is a richly diverse family of philosophies, traditions, and practices that have been followed primarily throughout Asia for thousands of years." |access-date=2017-03-14 |archive-date=2018-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417162320/https://www.hafsite.org/hinduism-101/hinduism-basics |url-status=dead}}</ref> There are considered to be six orthodox Hindu schools of philosophy/theology,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://veden-akademie.de/en/startseite-en/ |title=Veden Akademie DE}}</ref> as well as multiple unorthodox or "[[heterodoxy|heterodox]]" traditions called ''[[Darshana (Hinduism)|darshanas]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Manisha |date=2003 |title=Some Facets of Change and Transition in Indian Philosophical Systems in the "Dabistan" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145488 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=64 |pages=518–524 |jstor=44145488}}</ref>

====Hindu universalism====
{{Main|Neo-Vedanta|Hindu reform movements}}

Hindu universalism, also called [[Neo-Vedanta]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bharatabharati.in/2012/02/15/neo-vedanta-the-problem-with-hindu-universalism-frank-gaetano-morales/ |title=Neo-Vedanta: The problem with Hindu universalism – Frank Morales |date=February 15, 2012}}</ref> and [[neo-Hinduism]],{{sfn|King|2002|p=93}} is a modern interpretation of Hinduism which developed in response to western colonialism and [[orientalism]]. It denotes the ideology that all religions are true and therefore worthy of toleration and respect.<ref>{{cite book |title=What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures Into a Profound Global Faith |year=2007 |publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications |isbn=978-1934145005 |page=416}}</ref>

It is a modern interpretation that aims to present Hinduism as a "homogenized ideal of Hinduism"{{sfn|Yelle|2012|p=338}} with [[Advaita Vedanta]] as its central doctrine.{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} For example, it presents that:
{{Blockquote|... an imagined "integral unity" that was probably little more than an "imagined" view of the religious life that pertained only to a cultural elite and that empirically speaking had very little reality "on the ground," as it were, throughout the centuries of cultural development in the South Asian region.{{sfn|Larson|2012|p=313}}}}

Hinduism embraces universalism by conceiving the whole world as a single family that deifies the one truth, and therefore it accepts all forms of beliefs and dismisses labels of distinct religions which would imply a division of identity.<ref>(Rigveda 1:164:46) "Ekam sat vipra bahudha vadanti" - Truth is one; sages call it many names</ref><ref>(Maha Upanishad: Chapter 6, Verse 72) "[[Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam]]" - The entire world is a one big family</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Badlani |first=Hiro |title=Hinduism: Path of the Ancient Wisdom |publisher=[[iUniverse]] |year=2008 |page=303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NrQhyxH-GgC |isbn=978-0-595-70183-4}}{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}

This modernised re-interpretation has become a broad current in Indian culture,{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}}{{sfn|Sinari|2000}} extending far beyond the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]], the Advaita Vedanta Sampradaya founded by [[Adi Shankara]]. An early exponent of Hindu Universalism was [[Ram Mohan Roy]], who established the [[Brahmo Samaj]].{{sfn|Ghazi|2010}} Hindu Universalism was popularised in the 20th century in both India and the west by [[Vivekananda]]{{sfn|Michaelson|2009|p=79-81}}{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} and [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]].{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} Veneration for all other religions was articulated by [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]]:
{{Blockquote|After long study and experience, I have come to the conclusion that [1] all religions are true; [2] all religions have some error in them; [3] all religions are almost as dear to me as my own Hinduism, in as much as all human beings should be as dear to one as one's own close relatives. My own veneration for other faiths is the same as that for my own faith; therefore no thought of conversion is possible.<ref>M. K. Gandhi, ''All Men Are Brothers: Life and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as told in his own words'', Paris, UNESCO 1958, p 60.</ref>}}

Western orientalists played an important role in this popularisation, regarding [[Vedanta]] to be the "central theology of Hinduism".{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} Oriental scholarship portrayed Hinduism as a "single world religion",{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}} and denigrated the heterogeneity of Hindu beliefs and practices as 'distortions' of the basic teachings of Vedanta.{{sfn|King|1999|p=135}}

===Islam===
{{Further|Ummah|Divisions of the world in Islam|People of the Book|Dhimmi|Dawah|}}
{{Original research|date=June 2018}}
Islam recognizes to a certain extent the validity of the [[Abrahamic religions]], the [[Quran]] identifying Jews, Christians, and "[[Sabians|Sabi'un]]" (usually taken as a reference to the [[Mandaeans]]) as "people of the Book" (''ahl al-kitab''). Later Islamic theologians expanded this definition to include [[Zoroastrians]], and later even Hindus, as the early Islamic empire brought many people professing these religions under its dominion, but the Qur'an explicitly identifies only Jews, Christians, and [[Sabians]] as People of the Book.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crone |first=Patricia |title=God's Rule: Government and Islam: Six Centuries of Medieval Islamic Political Thought |year=2005 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13291-6 |page=472}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=November 2015}}, <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lapidus |first1=Ira M. |title=Ira M. Lapidus |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521514309 |page=1000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2015}}, <ref name="Karsh 2007 304">{{cite book |last1=Karsh |first1=Efraim |title=Islamic Imperialism: A History |date=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300122633 |page=304 |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Islamic%20Imperialism_A%20History_2nd%20Ed_Karsh.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215112417/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Islamic%20Imperialism_A%20History_2nd%20Ed_Karsh.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 15, 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2015}} The relation between Islam and universalism has assumed crucial importance in the context of [[political Islam]] or [[Islamism]], particularly in reference to [[Sayyid Qutb]], a leading member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement, and one of the key contemporary philosophers of Islam.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2014 |title=The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy |journal=Comparative Philosophy |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=29–54 |issn=2151-6014 |doi=10.31979/2151-6014(2014).050106 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

There are several views within Islam with respect to Universalism. According to the most inclusive teachings all peoples of the book have a chance of salvation. For example, Surah 2:62 states: {{blockquote|Indeed, the believers, Jews, Christians, and Sabians—whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good will have their reward with their Lord. And there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve.|{{qref|2|62|c=y}}}}

However, the most exclusive teachings disagree. For example, Surah 9:5 states:{{blockquote|But once the Sacred Months have passed, kill the polytheists ˹who violated their treaties˺ wherever you find them, capture them, besiege them, and lie in wait for them on every way. But if they repent, perform prayers, and pay alms-tax, then set them free. Indeed, Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.|{{qref|9|5|c=y}}}}

The interpretation of all of these passages are hotly contested amongst various schools of thought and branches of Islam as is the doctrine of abrogation (''[[Naskh (tafsir)|naskh]]'') which is used to determine which verses take precedence, based on reconstructed chronology, with later verses superseding earlier ones. The ahadith also play a major role in this, and different schools of thought assign different weightings and rulings of authenticity to different hadith, with the four schools of Sunni thought accepting the Six Authentic Collections, generally along with the [[Muwatta Imam Malik]]. Depending on the level of acceptance of rejection of certain traditions, the interpretation of the Koran can be changed immensely, from the Qur'anists who reject the ahadith, to the ''ahl al-hadith'', who hold the entirety of the traditional collections in great reverence.

Some Islamic scholars<ref name="Ibn Kathir 2000 6608">{{cite book |last=Ibn Kathir |first=Ismail |title=Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Aziz (Tafsir Ibn Kathir) |year=2000 |publisher=Maktaba Darussalam |location=Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |isbn=978-1-59144-020-8 |page=6608 |edition=English Abridged |editor=Sheikh Safiur-Rahman Al-Mubarakpuri |language=en, ar}}</ref><ref name="khalil">{{cite web |url=http://english.islamway.com/bindex.php?section=article&id=211 |title=Dar Al-Islam And Dar Al-Harb: Its Definition and Significance |publisher=IslamWay (English) |date=2002-05-27 |access-date=2015-05-12 |last=Khalil |first=Ahmed}}</ref> view the world as bipartite, consisting of the House of Islam, that is, where people live under the [[Sharia]];<ref name="khalil"/> and the House of War, that is, where the people do not live under Sharia, which must be proselytized<ref name="khalil"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Ye'or |first=Bat |title=The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam |year=1985 |publisher=Farleign Dickinson University Press |page=444 |isbn=978-0838632628}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ye'or |first=Bat |title=The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: 7th–20th Centuries |publisher=Farleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=978-0-8386-3688-6 |page=522 |year=1996}}</ref> using whatever resources available, including, in some traditionalist and conservative interpretations,<ref name="ReferenceA">Ibn Kathir's Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Aziz</ref> the use of violence, as holy struggle in the path of God,<ref name="Karsh 2007 304"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Sayyid Qutb ''Milestones''</ref> to either convert its inhabitants to Islam, or to rule them under the Shariah (cf. [[dhimmi]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Durie |first=Mark |title=The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude and Freedom |year=2010 |publisher=Deror Books |isbn=978-0-9807223-1-4 |page=288}}</ref>

===Judaism===
{{Main|Jewish views on religious pluralism}}

{{See also|Noahidism}}
[[File:Köln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG|thumb|[[Sefer Torah]] at old [[Glockengasse Synagogue]] (reconstruction), [[Cologne]]]]
Judaism teaches that God [[Jews as the chosen people|chose the Jewish people]], among all the peoples of the world that he created, to be in a unique covenant with God, and one of their beliefs is that Jewish people were charged by the [[Torah]] with a specific mission—to be a [[light unto the nations]], and to exemplify the covenant with God as described in the Torah to other nations. This view does not preclude a belief that God also has a relationship with other peoples—rather, Judaism holds that God had entered into a covenant with all humanity as [[Noahidism|Noachides]], and that Jews and non-Jews alike have a relationship with God, as well as being universal in the sense that it is open to all mankind.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Polish |first1=David |year=1985 |title=Covenant-Jewish Universalism and Particularism |journal=Judaism |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=284}}</ref>

Modern Jews such as [[Emmanuel Levinas]] advocate a universalist mindset that is performed through particularist behavior.<ref>Magid, Shaul. [https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/264145/social-justice-and-the-future-of-judaism "Social Justice and the Future of ...."] ''Tablet Magazine''. 13 June 2018. 5 February 2019.</ref> An on-line organization, the Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute founded and led by [[Steven Blane]], who calls himself an "American Jewish Universalist Rabbi", believes in a more inclusive version of Jewish Universalism, stating that "God equally chose all nations to be lights unto the world, and we have much to learn and share with each other. We can only accomplish [[Tikkun Olam]] by our unconditional acceptance of each other's peaceful doctrines."<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Universalism |url=http://www.jsli.net/jewish-universalism |work=Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute |publisher=Google Inc |access-date=29 June 2012 |author=Staff}}</ref>

===Manichaeism===
{{main|Manichaeism}}

Manichaeism, like Christian [[Gnosticism]] and [[Zurvanism]], was arguably in some ways inherently universalist.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Manichaeism in the Early Sasanian Empire |journal=Numen |author=Manfred Hutter |date=January 1993 |publisher=BRILL |jstor=3270395 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=2–15 |doi=10.1163/156852793X00022}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2015}} Yet in other respects, it was quite contrary to universalistic principles, holding instead to an eternal dualism.<ref>[[Jeremiah White (chaplain)|White]], ''Restoration'', 107: "...unless, with the Manichees, we make two eternal principles, one of good, the other of evil, which is all one as to make two Gods."</ref>

===Sikhism===
{{multiple issues|section=yes|{{more citations needed section|date=February 2012}}
{{expand section|date=February 2012}}}}
In [[Sikhism]], all the religions of the world are compared to rivers flowing into a single ocean. Although the [[Sikh gurus]] did not agree with the practices of [[fasting]], [[idolatry]] and pilgrimage during their times, they stressed that all religions should be tolerated. The Sikh scripture, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], contains the writings of not just the Sikh guru themselves, but the writings of several Hindu and Muslim saints, known as the ''[[Bhagat]]s''.

The very first word of the Sikh scripture is "Ik", followed by "Omkar". This literally means that there is only one god, and that one is wholesome, inclusive of the whole universe. It further goes on to state that all of creation, and all energy is part of this primordial being. As such, it is described in scripture over and over again, that all that occurs is part of the divine will, and as such, has to be accepted. It occurs for a reason, even if it is beyond the grasp of one person to understand.

Although Sikhism does not teach that men are created as an [[image of God]], it states that the essence of the One is to be found throughout all of its creation.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sikh Philosophy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3044-4_5 |work=International Bibliography of Sikh Studies |year=2005 |pages=163–181 |place=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/1-4020-3044-4_5 |isbn=1-4020-3043-6 |access-date=2022-05-01 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> As was said by Yogi Bhajan, the man who is credited with having brought Sikhism to the West:

{{quote|If you can't see God in all, you can't see God at all.|Sri Singh Sahib, Yogi Bhajan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sikhdharma.org/about-the-siri-singh-sahib-yogi-bhajan/ |title=About the Siri Singh Sahib – Sikh Dharma International |website=www.sikhdharma.org |access-date=2017-11-02}}</ref>}}

The First Sikh Guru, [[Guru Nanak]] said himself:

{{quote|There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhs.org/guru1.htm |title=Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People |website=www.sikhs.org |access-date=2016-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/gurunanakforchildren/chapter4/#No%20Hindu,%20and%20no%20Muslim |title=Guru Nanak (for Children) - No Hindu, and no Muslim |last=Munde |first=Amarpreet Singh |website=www.gurmat.info |access-date=2016-11-19}}</ref>}}

By this, Guru Nanak meant that there is no real "religion" in God's eyes. Unlike many of the major world religions, Sikhism does not have [[proselytism|missionaries]], instead it believes men have the freedom to find their own path to [[salvation]].

===Unitarian Universalism===
{{Main|Unitarian Universalism}}

[[Image:UnitarianUniversalistChurchsignRochesterMN.JPG|thumb|left|Sign on a UU church in [[Rochester, Minnesota]], United States]]

Unitarian Universalism (UU) is a theologically liberal religion characterized by a "free and responsible search for truth and meaning".<ref>(The 4th principle of Unitarian Universalism)[http://www.uua.org/visitors/6798.shtml UUA.org Seven principles]</ref> Unitarian Universalists do not share a [[creed]]; rather, they are unified by their shared search for [[spiritual growth]] and by the understanding that an individual's theology is a result of that search and not a result of obedience to an authoritarian requirement. Unitarian Universalists draw from all major world religions<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Rastafarianism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html#Rastafarianism |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 16, 2000 |title=Major Religions Ranked by Size |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> and many different theological sources and have a wide range of beliefs and practices.

While having its origins in Christianity, UU is no longer a Christian church. As of 2006, fewer than about 20% of Unitarian Universalists identified themselves as Christian.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ford |first=James Ishmael |title=Zen Master Who? |publisher=[[Wisdom Publications]] |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/187 187] |isbn=0-86171-509-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/187}}</ref> Contemporary Unitarian Universalism espouses a pluralist approach to religious belief, whereby members may describe themselves as [[Humanism|humanist]], agnostic, [[deist]], [[atheist]], pagan, Christian, [[monotheist]], [[pantheism|pantheist]], [[polytheist]], or assume no label at all.

The [[Unitarian Universalist Association]] (UUA) was formed in 1961, a consolidation of the [[American Unitarian Association]], established in 1825, and the Universalist Church of America,<ref name="harvard1">Harvard Divinity School: [http://div.hds.harvard.edu/library/bms/merger_timeline_1900s.html Timeline of Significant Events in the Merger of the Unitarian and Universalist Churches During the 1900s]</ref> established in 1866. It is headquartered in [[Boston]], and mainly serves churches in the United States. The [[Canadian Unitarian Council]] became an independent body in 2002.<ref>CUC-UUA Tradition. Canadian Unitarian Council [http://cuc.ca/who_we_are/cuc-uua_transition.htm Growing Vital Religious Communities In Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174556/http://cuc.ca/who_we_are/cuc-uua_transition.htm |date=2011-07-06 }}</ref>

===Zoroastrianism===
[[File:Faravahar.svg|thumb|right|[[Faravahar]] (or Ferohar), one of the primary symbols of Zoroastrianism, believed to be the depiction of a ''Fravashi'' (guardian spirit)]]
{{main|Zoroastrianism}}

Some varieties of Zoroastrian (such as [[Zurvanism]]) are universalistic in application to all races, but not necessarily universalist in the sense of universal salvation.<ref>Jonathan Porter Berkey ''The formation of Islam: religion and society in the Near East'' 2003 p28 "This is not to say that there was no universalist dimension to Zoroastrian religious life; but what universalism there was derived directly, and to a greater degree than in the case of Rome and Christianity, from the explicit connection between religion and the state."</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2015}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Philosophy|Politics|Religion}}
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ananda Marga]]
* Christianity:
** [[Liberal Catholic Church]]
** [[Primitive Baptist Universalist]]
** [[Religious Society of Friends]]
** [[Schwarzenau Brethren]]
** [[Swedenborgianism]] ([[The New Church]])
** [[Trinitarian Universalism]]
* [[Church Universal and Triumphant]]
* [[Comparative religion]]
* [[Ecumenism]]
* [[Hypothetical universalism]]
* [[George MacDonald]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Foundation]]
* [[Omnism]]
* [[Perennial philosophy]]
* [[Post-theism]]
* [[Religious liberalism]]
* [[Religious pluralism]]
* [[Othmar Spann#Spannian universalism|Spannian universalism]]
* [[Subud]]
* [[Universal Sufism]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|22em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2014 |title=The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy |journal=Comparative Philosophy |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=29–54 |issn=2151-6014 |doi=10.31979/2151-6014(2014).050106 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Casara |first=E. |year=1984 |title=Universalism in America}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ghazi |first=Abidullah Al-Ansari |year=2010 |title=Raja Rammohun Roy: Encounter with Islam and Christianity and the Articulation of Hindu Self-Consciousness |publisher=Xlibris Corporation}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
* {{Cite book |last=King |first=Richard |author-link=Richard E. King |year=1999 |title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East" |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{Cite book |last=King |first=Richard |year=2002 |title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and 'The Mystic East' |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Gerald James |title=The Issue of Not ''Being Different'' Enough: Some Reflections on Rajiv Malhotra's ''Being Different'' |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |url=http://geraldjameslarson.com/pdf/Being_Different_Journal_Hindu_Studies.pdf |volume=16 |issue=3 |publication-date=December 2012 |pages=311–322 |doi=10.1007/s11407-012-9129-8 |year=2012 |s2cid=144728948}}
* {{Cite book |last=Michaelson |first=Jay |year=2009 |title=Everything Is God: The Radical Path of Nondual Judaism |publisher=Shambhala}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sinari |first=Ramakant |year=2000 |chapter=Advaita and Contemporary Indian Philosophy |publisher=Centre for Studies in Civilizations |series=Volume II, Part 2: Advaita Vedanta |location=Delhi |editor=Chattopadhyana |title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization}}
* {{cite journal |last=Woo |first=B. Hoon |title=Karl Barth's Doctrine of the Atonement and Universalism |journal=Korea Reformed Journal |year=2014 |volume=32 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10186965 |pages=243–291}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Yelle |first=Robert A. |title=Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat: Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra's ''Being Different'' |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |publication-date=December 2012 |pages=335–348 |doi=10.1007/s11407-012-9133-z |year=2012 |s2cid=144950049}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Ankerl |first=Guy |title=Global communication without universal civilization |publisher=INU Press |location=Geneva, Switzerland |volume=1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |year=2000 |isbn=9782881550041}}
* {{citation |last=Palmquist |first=Stephen |contribution=Chapter eight: Christianity as the Universal religion |editor-last=Palmquist |editor-first=Stephen |title=Kant's critical religion |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot, Hants, England Burlington, Vermont |year=2000 |isbn=9780754613336 |postscript=.}} [http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/ksp2 Online.]
* {{citation |last=Scott |first=Joan W. |author-link=Joan Wallach Scott |contribution=French Universalism in the nineties |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Marilyn |editor-link=Marilyn Friedman |title=Women and citizenship |pages=35–51 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford New York |series=Studies in Feminist Philosophy |year=2005 |isbn=9780195175356 |postscript=.}}

==External links==
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15181a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' article on Universalists as a Protestant denomination]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01599a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' article on Apocatastasis/apokatastatis]
* [https://tentmaker.org/ ''TentMaker website'' – Many free books and articles on Universalism]

{{Universalism footer}}
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{{Religion topics}}
{{Religious pluralism}}
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[[Category:Philosophical theories]]
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Shammi Rana

2026-03-15T04:31:31Z

EmmettAlbritton: Created some post w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian sports promoter (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shammi Rana
| image = Shammi_Rana_UNESCO.jpg
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], Punjab India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|11|24}}
| notable_works = CEO International Council of Traditional Sports and Games
| website =
}}

'''Shammi Rana''' is an Indian sports promoter associated with [[Traditional Sports and Games]] (TSG). He was appointed Secretary-General of the [[International Council of Traditional Sports and Games]] (ICTSG) at the 4th [[UNESCO]] Collective Consultation of Traditional Sports and Games.<ref name="Tribune22Sep2021">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Shammi international sports council secy gen|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/shammi-international-sports-council-secy-gen-849594|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=International Council of Traditional Sports and Games|url=https://www.traditionalsportsgames.org/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.traditionalsportsgames.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=4th Collective Consultation of Traditional Sports and Games, UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000266097|access-date=2021-09-22|website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Shammi Rana was also appointed [[Rapporteur]] of Traditional Sports and Games by [[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] in the 3rd Collective Consultation on the Safeguarding and Promotion of Traditional Sports and Games 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UNESCO Traditional Sports and Games|date=2020-02-12|title=Traditional Sports and Games|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/sport-and-anti-doping/traditional-sports-and-games|access-date=2021-09-22|website=UNESCO|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Third Collective Consultation on the Safeguarding and Promotion of Traditional Sports and Games(TSG)|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261062_eng|access-date=2021-09-22|website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref>

In March 2025, Shammi Rana, CEO of the International Council of Traditional Sports and Games (ICTSG), participated<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jasmine |date=2025-03-07 |title=ICTSG engages in UN event on securing major sporting events |url=https://sundiatapost.com/ictsg-engages-in-un-event-on-securing-major-sporting-events/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=SundiataPost |language=en-GB}}</ref> in a high-level event hosted by the [[United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism]] (UNOCT) at the UN Headquarters in New York. The event, titled "Securing the Legacy: Debriefing from Paris 2024 for Future Major Sporting Events," marked the 5th anniversary of UNOCT’s Global Sports Programme and focused on enhancing the security, inclusivity, and long-term legacies of future international sporting events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Securing the Legacy: Debriefing from Paris 2024 for Future Major Sporting Events {{!}} Office of Counter-Terrorism |url=https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/events/securing-legacy-debriefing-paris-2024 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.un.org}}</ref>

Shammi Rana is the CEO of the International Council of Traditional Sports and Games (ICTSG), a California-based nonprofit. He actively participated in the 24th Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII)<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNPFII Twenty-fourth Session: 21 April - 2 May 2025 {{!}} Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD) |url=https://social.desa.un.org/issues/indigenous-peoples/unpfii/24th-session |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=social.desa.un.org}}</ref> in April-May 2025, held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

Rana took part in a side event focused on the World Games for Indigenous Peoples, where the accomplishments related to Article 31 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples were highlighted. The event, co-hosted by ICTSG and the Comité Intertribal Memória e Ciência Indígena, also featured a preview of the upcoming World Indigenous Games 2025 in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Y. P. |date=2025-04-27 |title=Shammi Rana Spotlights Indigenous Games and Cooperation at UN Headquarters |url=https://yespunjab.com/shammi-rana-spotlights-indigenous-games-and-cooperation-at-un-headquarters/#:~:text=Shammi%20Rana,%20CEO%20of%20the,Nations%20Headquarters%20in%20New%20York. |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Yes Punjab News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Additionally, Rana also participated in another side event on the Commonwealth Sport Declaration, organized by WIN Sports International and the International Organization of Indigenous Resource Development (IOIRD), which focused on supporting Indigenous athletes and cultural initiatives.

==Career==
Shammi Rana held several positions at various sports organizations worldwide. In 2020, he was honored with a Presidential Award in the USA.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=India born Shammi Rana honored with US President's Lifetime Achievement Award 2021|language=en|work=Yes Punjab|url=https://yespunjab.com/india-born-shammi-rana-honoured-with-us-presidents-lifetime-achievement-award-2021/|access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> Shammi Rana was elected as Secretary-General of Asian Jujitsu and Belt Wrestling Federation in 2009<ref name="home">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-25 |title=home |url=http://www.asianbw.org/ |access-date=2021-09-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425034933/http://www.asianbw.org/ |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and attended the 1st Indoor Asian Martial Arts Games as Referee for Ju-jitsu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OCA » Bangkok 2009|url=https://ocasia.org/games/18-bangkok-2009.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=ocasia.org|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019212319/https://ocasia.org/games/18-bangkok-2009.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ju-Jitsu|url=https://ocasia.org/sports/51-ju-jitsu-jj.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=ocasia.org}}</ref> In 2016, he attended [[World Martial Arts Masterships]] as Technical Director for Belt Wrestling.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 Cheongju World Martial Arts Masterships|url=https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/sk-sk/brd/m_20491/down.do?brd_id=12260&seq=737259&data_tp=A&file_seq=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925024254/https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/sk-sk/brd/m_20491/down.do?brd_id=12260&seq=737259&data_tp=A&file_seq=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2021|access-date=2021-09-25|website=overseas.mofa.go.kr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=심규석|date=2019-07-25|title=[충주 세계무예마스터십] ②역대 최대 규모 '무술 올림픽'|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190724172800064|access-date=2021-09-22|website=연합뉴스|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Kwan-Do|last2=Kim|first2=Hak-Duk|date=2018-02-28|title=The Effect of Cheong-ju World Martial Arts Masterships on Pride and Sports Confidence of Martial Artists|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.51223/kosoma.2018.02.12.1.81|journal=Journal of Martial Arts|volume=12|issue=1|pages=81–97|doi=10.51223/kosoma.2018.02.12.1.81|issn=1976-5509|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Promotional work==

Shammi has made a lot of effort to promote Traditional Sports Games in [[UNESCO]]. He has met with many officials from different countries to promote TSG. He participated in the Canadian parliament and was assured their support for TSG.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=UNESCO TSG Rapporteur meets with Canadian Member of Parliament|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/unesco-tsg-rapporteur-meets-with-canadian-member-parliament|access-date=2021-09-25|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> He visited South Korea with Khalil Ahmed, chairman of the Advisory Committee of TSG [[UNESCO]], and held a meeting with Korean authority authorities for their support and sponsorship of Traditional Sports and Games.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-01|title=UNESCO Traditional Sports and Games committee leaders visited South Korea|url=http://punjabpost.in/welcome/144459|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Punjab Post|language=en-US}}</ref>

In Africa, he met [[Sierra Leone]] deputy sports minister Kai Lawrence Mbayo. Shammi explained the importance of Traditional Sports and the deputy minister assured them of his full support.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-27|title=TSG scribe visits Sierra Leone|url=https://awokonewspaper.sl/tsg-scribe-visits-sierra-leone/|access-date=2021-09-25|website=Awoko Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref>

He met with Erin Bromaghim, Director of Olympic and Paralympic Development in Los Angeles. Shammi proposed that Traditional Sports and Games should be included in the Olympics 2028, which will be held in Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-08|title=Will Traditional Sports And Games Be Included In The XXXIV Olympiad?|url=https://www.thesportscol.com/2018/12/will-traditional-sports-and-games-be-included-in-the-xxxiv-olympiad/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Sports Column {{!}} Sports Articles, Analysis, News and Media}}</ref> Because of his efforts, the first Worldwide Traditional Sports and Games will be held in Astana, Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=INFORM.KZ|date=2018-08-15|title=Kazakhstan to host first Worldwide Traditional Games|url=https://www.inform.kz/en/article/3356039|access-date=2022-02-11|website=Казинформ|language=en}}</ref>

He and Hari Banaag, members of the advisory committee of TSG [[UNESCO]], met with Congressman Terrance John Cox and emphasized founding a Pan-America Traditional Sports and Games Headquarters in Delano, California.<ref name=":3"/>

He, along with Vansh Rana from the ICTSG USA Youth Committee and Sartaj Singh Sekhon from the ICTSG USA Advisory Committee, met with [[Mike Levin]], the U.S. representative for [[California's 49th congressional district]], to seek support for the preservation of Traditional Sports and Games.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Busan |first=Sonia |date=2023-07-29 |title=U.S. Representative Mike Levin Hosts Sports-Related UNESCO Meeting in Los Angeles |url=https://www.thesportscol.com/2023/07/u-s-representative-mike-levin-hosts-sports-related-unesco-meeting-in-los-angeles/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=The Sports Column {{!}} Sports Articles, Analysis, News and Media}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
* 2021 - USA President's Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-18|title=Shammi Rana Honored by President Biden for Lifetime Achievements|url=https://www.thesportscol.com/2022/02/shammi-rana-honored-by-president-biden-for-lifetime-achievements/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=The Sports Column {{!}} Sports Articles, Analysis, News and Media}}</ref>
* 2020 - USA President's Lifetime Achievement Award<ref name=":0" />
* 2019 - Honorary Doctorate Degree in Martial Arts Philosophy and Martial Arts Science from the University of Asian Martial Arts Studies (2019)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Establish Pan-America Traditional Sports and Games HQ in Delano, emphasizes Hari Banaag {{!}} sportanddev.org|url=https://www.sportanddev.org/en/article/news/establish-pan-america-traditional-sports-and-games-hq-delano-emphasises-hari-banaag|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.sportanddev.org}}</ref>
* USA Martial Arts Hall of Fame Award<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=India-West Staff|title=Shammi Rana Receives USA Martial Arts Hall of Fame Award|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/shammi-rana-receives-usa-martial-arts-hall-of-fame-award/article_fb3514b8-65e9-11e8-8459-db7b6cd64b6f.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=India West|language=en}}</ref>
* Shammi Rana elected as President of Rising Sun Welfare Society(Regd)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rising Sun Welfare Society Elections |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-AMR-OMC-MAT-latest-amritsar-news-020015-3306185-NOR.html }}</ref>
* Shammi Rana honored with FOG Global Icon Award 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-21 |title=Shammi Rana Honored with FOG Global Icon Award 2024 by Chairman Romesh Kumar Japra |url=https://theasianindependent.co.uk/shammi-rana-honored-with-fog-global-icon-award-2024-by-chairman-romesh-kumar-japra/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Asian Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Shammi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:International Council of Traditional Sports and Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar]]

Pallandu Vaazhga

2026-03-04T04:50:36Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding data...

{{short description|1975 film by K. Shankar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pallandu Vaazhga.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| screenplay = S. Maniyan Vidwan V. Lakshmanan Thamarai Manalan Na. Pandurangan
| story = [[V. Shantaram]]
| producer = S. Maniyan Vidwan V. Lakshmanan
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]|[[Latha (actress)|Latha]]}}
| cinematography = T. V. Rajaram
| editing = K. Shankar
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Udhayam Productions
| released = {{film date|1975|10|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pallandu Vaazhga''''' ({{IPA|ta|pallaːɳdu ʋaːɻɡa|pron}} {{Translation|Long live!}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[prison film|prison]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and edited by [[K. Shankar]]. A remake of the 1957 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]'', it stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]. The film revolves around a [[prison warden]] (Ramachandran) who takes six [[parole]]d convicts ([[M. N. Nambiar]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[R. S. Manohar]], [[P. S. Veerappa]] and Gundumani) to work on a dilapidated country farm in an attempt to rehabilitate them.

The script of ''Pallandu Vaazhga'' was written to be substantially different from ''Do Aankhen Barah Haath'', by including references to politics in Tamil Nadu, adding new characters, and changing the fate of the lead character. The film was produced by S. Manian and Vidwan V. Lakshmanan, who also contributed to the screenplay alongside Thaamarai Manaalan, and Na. Pandurangan, while cinematography was handled by T. V. Rajaram. Shooting took place predominantly at [[Karnataka]].

''Pallandu Vaazhga'' was released on 31 October 1975. The film [[Break-even|broke even]] and ran for over 100 days in theatres, but was not as successful as the original Hindi film.

== Plot ==
Rajan is a [[prison warden]]. He takes six [[parole]]d convicts – Bhaiyaravan (who stabbed a businessman), Mayandi (an ex-barber who knifed a customer), Mounkannu (who stabbed a man and his daughter), Sangili (who drowned his wife), David (who killed a policeman) and Kalayr (who killed his family) – to work with him on a dilapidated country farm, with the intention of rehabilitating them through hard work and kindly guidance. He is, however, given an ultimatum: he will be arrested if even one of the convicts attempts to escape.

The group comes across Saroja, an itinerant seller who they get attracted to, but she only gets close to Rajan, after he saves her from a bunch of goons. As Saroja is homeless, the six convicts plead with Rajan to let the girl stay with them and he subsequently agrees. When Sangili coincidentally runs into his long-lost family, he tearfully reunites with them. But they appear homeless, so Rajan allows them also to stay with him and the other convicts. This angers the other convicts who feel that Rajan did not give them freedom, compelling them to try killing him to escape.

Mayandi agrees to give Rajan a shave, plotting to cut his neck, and Rajan remains unaware of the threat to his life. Mayandi sees Rajan's magical eyes and gets hypnotised, forcing him to abort the idea of murder. The convicts who were attempting escape during this time see a statue of [[C. N. Annadurai]] and because they see Rajan's spirit in it, they get hypnotised and return. The escape attempt is seen by the other policemen around, leading to Rajan's stay in jail for one day. However, when they hear that the convicts have returned, Rajan is released and returns to duty. The convicts gradually reform and become attached to Rajan, who dreams of marrying Saroja, in his mother's presence.

One night, the convicts are invited to a bar by a corrupt businessman and Rajan is unaware of this. They return drunk and almost attack Rajan and Saroja. Rajan is not pleased with their status and commands them to kill him if that is what they want. Hypnotism and conscience again strike the convicts, causing them to drop their weapons. The next morning, the convicts fall at Rajan's feet and explain that the businessman forced them to drink; they earn the forgiveness of both Rajan and Saroja.

Later, the businessman orders that Rajan and his convicts surrender, or else their plantation and home will be destroyed. Rajan refuses, so the businessman sends his thugs and elephants to destroy everything in sight. However, Rajan and his men vigorously battle all the thugs and emerge victorious, while the local police capture the businessman and arrest him. Rajan, having successfully transformed the six convicts into reformed people, frees them and tearfully sees them off.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Rajan
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Saroja
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Bhairavan
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Mayandi
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Mounkannu
*[[R. S. Manohar]] as Sangili
*[[P. S. Veerappa]] as David
*Gundumani as Kalayr
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Dharmaraj
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Rajan's superior
*[[Isari Velan]] as Rajan's secretary
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Rajan's mother
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj|Selvaraj]] as Veerappan
*[[Karikol Raju]] as a jail warden
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as Villager
*MLA Thangaraj as MLA
}}

== Production ==
''Pallandu Vaazhga'' is a remake of [[V. Shantaram]]'s 1957 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]''. It was directed and edited by [[K. Shankar]], and produced by S. Manian and Vidwan V. Lakshmanan under the banner Udhayam Productions. The screenplay was written by a team consisting of Manian, Lakshmanan, Thaamarai Manaalan, and Na. Pandurangan. Cinematography was handled by T. V. Rajaram.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=19 March 2016 |title=Pallandu Vazhga (1975) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/pallandu-vazhga-1975-tamil/article8374495.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201045653/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/pallandu-vazhga-1975-tamil/article8374495.ece |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=27 November 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Unlike the original, this did not feature the male lead being killed, a measure which was taken after Ramachandran's character in an earlier film ''[[Paasam]]'' (1962) died and caused negative fan reactions, that resulted in the film's failure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaasanthi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=pallandu+vazhga&pg=PA63 |title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cine Stars: The World of Tamil Politics. |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-306312-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=63 |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014080442/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&pg=PA63&dq=pallandu+vazhga#q=pallandu%20vazhga |archive-date=14 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> It also featured a love interest for the male lead, unlike the original, and included many references to politics in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=ஜெயிலுக்கு போய் வந்த சிரேஷ்டர் – 3 |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/76154 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190820100525/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/76154 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai|trans-title=The elder who went to jail – 3}}</ref> [[P. S. Veerappa]], [[M. N. Nambiar]] and [[R. S. Manohar]], who were regular villains in Ramachandran's films, played three of the six convicts. The other three were played by comedians [[Thengai Srinivasan]] and [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], and stunt actor Gundumani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=19 February 2019 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 49 {{!}} A Vibrant 'Vaathiyar' to the Illiterates |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-49/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190820101136/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-49/ |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nambiar |first=M.N. Dipak |title=Nambiarswami: The Good, the Bad and the Holy |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2019 |isbn=9789353028442 |pages=45}}</ref> Much of the film was shot at Kalasapura, [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=சுவாமிநாதன் |first=ஸ்ரீதர் |date=19 March 2016 |title=எம்ஜிஆர் 100 {{!}} 25 - திரையுலகில் முடிசூடா மன்னர்! |trans-title=MGR 100 {{!}} 25 - The uncrowned king of the film industry! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/72973-100-25.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012065843/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/72973-100-25.html |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pallandu Vazhga (1975) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001460 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509061322/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001460 |archive-date=9 May 2014 |access-date=21 March 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ondrae Kulamendru (Anbilaar)
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| note1 = solo
| lyrics1 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Maasi Maasa
| extra2 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| lyrics2 = Pulamaipithan
| length2 = 3:24
| title3 = Poi Vaa Nadhi
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas, [[T. K. Kala]]
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| length3 = 3:14
| title4 = Sirens
| note4 = instrumental
| extra4 = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| lyrics4 =  —
| length4 = 1:19
| title5 = Enna Sugam
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas, [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics5 = Pulamaipithan
| length5 = 3:09
| title6 = Sorgatthin Thirappuvaizha
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jairam
| lyrics6 = Pulamaipithan
| length6 = 3:19
| title7 = The Tease
| note7 = instrumental
| extra7 = K. V. Mahadevan
| lyrics7 =  —
| length7 = 1:44
| title8 = Ondrae Kulamendru (Anbilaar)
| note8 = (Reprise 1
| extra8 = K. J. Yesudas, chorus
| lyrics8 = Pulamaipithan
| length8 = 3:17
| title9 = Ondrae Kulamendru (Anbilaar)
| note9 = Reprise 2
| extra9 = K. J. Yesudas, chorus
| lyrics9 = Pulamaipithan
| length9 = 3:17
| title10 = Chella Papa
| extra10 = Vani Jairam
| lyrics10 = Pulamaipithan
| length10 = 4:22
| title11 = Ondrae Kulamendru (Anbilaar)
| note11 = Reprise 3
| extra11 = K. J. Yesudas, chorus
| lyrics11 = Pulamaipithan
| length11 = 3:17
| title12 = Puthiyathor Ulagam
| extra12 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], Vani Jairam
| lyrics12 = [[Bharathidasan]]
| length12 = 3:29
| title13 = Ondrae Kulamendru (Anbilaar)
| note13 = Reprise 4
| extra13 = K. J. Yesudas, chorus
| lyrics13 = Pulamaipithan
| length13 = 3:17
| total_length = 40:28
}}

== Release ==
''Pallandu Vaazhga'' was released on 31 October 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chellaiah |first=Rajeswari |date=20 November 2017 |title=மாணவியாக... நடிகையாக... அரசியல்வாதியாக எம்.ஜி.ஆருடன் பயணித்த லதா..! - ஒப்பனையும் ஒரிஜினலும்! எம்.ஜி.ஆர் 100 #MGR100 அத்தியாயம்-22 |trans-title=Latha, who traveled with MGR as a student... as an actress... as a politician..! - Makeup and originality! MGR 100 #MGR100 Chapter-22 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/108345-lathas-career-as-a-student-actress-politician-along-with-mgr-mgr-series-episode-22.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180424100340/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/108345-lathas-career-as-a-student-actress-politician-along-with-mgr-mgr-series-episode-22.html |archive-date=24 April 2018 |access-date=24 April 2018 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film ran for over 100 days in theatres,<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2014 |title='பல்'லாண்டு வாழ்க'...எம். ஜிஆர். ரசிகர்கள் ஏற்றுக்கொள்வார்களா...? |trans-title='Pal'aandu Vazhga'... Will MGR fans accept this...? |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/24184/cinema/Kollywood/Anjanas-next-film-Pallandu-vazhga.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180517052926/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/24184/cinema/Kollywood/Anjanas-next-film-Pallandu-vazhga.htm |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> but did not achieve the same success as the 1957 original.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQgfDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Pallandu+vazhga%22&pg=PT177 |title=The 1970s and its Legacies in India's Cinemas |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-415-83658-6 |editor-last=Joshi |editor-first=Priya |editor-last2=Dudrah |editor-first2=Rajinder}}</ref> Critic [[V. A. K. Ranga Rao]] noted that the film [[Break-even|broke even]] because of Ramachandran's star power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=VAK Ranga |author-link=V. A. K. Ranga Rao |date=23 March 2014 |title=V {{sic|nolink=y|Shantsrsm}}: silver screen's shining focus |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2014-03-23/V-Shantsrsm-silver-screens-shining-focus/89926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200916171732/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2014-03-23/V-Shantsrsm-silver-screens-shining-focus/89926?infinitescroll=1 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |access-date=14 October 2020 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' stated that ''Pallandu Vaazhga'' is a film not only for Ramachandran fans, but a good film for everyone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 1975 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: பல்லாண்டு வாழ்க |trans-title=Film Review: Pallandu Vaazhga |url=http://awardakodukkaranga.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923115410/http://awardakodukkaranga.wordpress.com/2009/05/08/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95/ |archive-date=23 September 2010 |access-date=31 December 2011 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Arthur Paris of ''Film World'' wrote, "''Pallandu Vaazhga'' has lost the simplicity and charm of the original but has, in doing so, acquired much more mass appeal."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Paris |first=Arthur |date=1976 |title=Decline and Fall of Sridhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nZTAAAAYAAJ&q=Pallandu |access-date=4 May 2022 |magazine=Film World |pages=8–9}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film primarily for the songs and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=16 November 1975 |title=பல்லாண்டு வாழ்க! |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1975/nov/16-11-1975/p31.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727125618/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1975/nov/16-11-1975/p31.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=31 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Shankar}}

[[Category:1970s prison drama films]]
[[Category:1975 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1975 drama films]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian prison drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Master (1997 film)

2026-03-03T18:23:57Z

EmmettAlbritton: general cleanup references per standard format and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|1997 Telugu film by Suresh Krissna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Master
| image = Master telugu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| writer = Bhupati Raja [[Satyanand]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Sakshi Sivanand]] [[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]]
| director = [[Suresh Krissna]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = Vellaiswamy
| released = {{Film date|1997|10|03|df=y}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Master''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language action drama film directed by [[Suresh Krissna]] and produced by [[Allu Aravind]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]] in the title role, alongside [[Sakshi Shivanand|Sakshi Sivanand]], [[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Puneet Issar]] and [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]. The film's music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with cinematography handled by [[Chota K. Naidu]].<ref name=":1" />

Notably, ''Master'' marked the first time Chiranjeevi sang a song in his career. The film also introduced [[DTS, Inc.|DTS]] (Digital Theater Systems) sound technology to [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2018-10-05 |title=21 years of 'Master': Interesting facts about the Chiranjeevi starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/21-years-of-master-interesting-facts-about-the-chiranjeevi-starrer/photostory/66088267.cms?picid=66088705 |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=The film reached super hit status gradually and is remembered for being Telugu’s first DTS film.}}</ref> The film was released on October 3, 1997, with 121 prints across 200 theatres, the highest for any Telugu film at the time. ''Master'' received praise for Chiranjeevi's performance and its innovative sound design and became a commercial blockbuster.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Janardhan Rao, a college principal, is keen on inculcating discipline in the students. He gets his protégé, Rajkumar, posted as a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] lecturer in the college. Rajkumar soon mingles with the students and becomes a comrade in arms and fools around with them, in order to control them. One of his students, Kanchana, falls for Rajkumar, and proposes to him, but Rajkumar refuses her politely, saying that she will rescind her proposal if she comes to know about his past.

'''Past''': During his undergraduate in [[New Delhi]], Rajkumar fell in love with Preeti, Janardhan Rao's daughter. When Preeti's fellow classmate, Vikram, proposed to her, she rejected his proposal, for which, Vikram killed her in a rage. In turn, Rajkumar killed Vikram and was sentenced to prison for five years. After serving the prison term, Rajkumar arrived back as a lecturer.

'''Present''': Rajkumar parts ways with Kanchana telling her that he cannot even think of loving any one else other than Preeti. One day, Rajkumar and Janardhan Rao come across Vikram, who was supposed to have been killed by him. Shocked, Rajkumar chases after him, but Janardhan Rao stops him and tells him that Preeti's killer is actually D. R., a notorious crime boss and Vikram's brother. When confronted by Rajkumar, Janardhan tells him that since he had already lost five years of his life, he did not want to rake the past by telling him what he learned just now, in fear of losing him again.

Janardhan also makes Rajkumar promise that he will not go after D. R. and Vikram. Helpless, Rajkumar accepts the promise and controls his anger. Later, Rajkumar's student, Dilip, falls in love with D. R.'s daughter. Mortally afraid of D. R., they both approach Rajkumar for his help in getting them married. He convinces Janardhan Rao about his involvement and takes his consent. In his attempts to get them married, Rajkumar confronts the goons sent by D. R. and Vikram. However, though he is successful, he ends up killing both the brothers and is again sentenced to five years in prison. Five years later, Rajkumar completes his prison term. He reunites with Kanchana and they happily get married, with the blessings of Janardhan Rao and his students.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Rajkumar / Master
* [[Sakshi Sivanand]] as Kanchana
* [[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]] as Preeti Rao
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as B. Janardhan Rao, Rajkumar's mentor and Preeti's father
* [[Puneet Issar]] as Devaraju 'D. R.', Vikram's elder brother and a notorious crime boss
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Vikram, D. R.'s younger brother
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Sivaji
* [[Uttej]] as Uttej
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]] as Prakash
* [[Bandla Ganesh]] as Ganesh
* [[Nutan Prasad]] as Michael D'Souza
* [[Brahmanandam]] as College staff member
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as College lecturer
* [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as David
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as College peon
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as College staff member
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Henchman
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Ananth
* [[Ramjagan]]
}}

== Production ==
In ''Master'', [[Chiranjeevi]] played a modern and stylish Telugu lecturer, breaking the traditional portrayal of Telugu lecturers in cinema as conservative figures in [[Dhoti|dhotis]]. His character connected with students as a friend, guiding them on the right path.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vinayakarao |date=2022-05-08 |title=టాలీవుడ్‪కు ఆ సాంకేతిక ప్రక్రియను పరిచయం చేసింది చిరంజీవే! {{!}} Chiranjeevi Master Movie Introduced DTS System to Tollywood |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2022/oldies/chiranjeevi-master-movie-introduced-dts-system-to-tollywood-kbkmrgschitrajyothy-30162.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Chitra Jyothy |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |language=te |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127234323/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2022/oldies/chiranjeevi-master-movie-introduced-dts-system-to-tollywood-kbkmrgschitrajyothy-30162.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the first time in his career, Chiranjeevi sang a song in the film. Inspired by Amitabh Bachchan’s "Mere Angne Mein" in [[Laawaris (1981 film)|''Laawaris'']] (1981), director [[Suresh Krissna]] convinced him to sing "Thammudu... Are Thammudu", written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. The song, choreographed by [[Raghava Lawrence]], was filmed on a modern canteen set named "Canteen 2000," featuring Chiranjeevi, [[Sakshi Shivanand]], and other supporting actors. It became a major highlight and contributed to the film’s success.<ref name=":0" /> A posh glass house set was built at Khairatabad flyover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/oct03/south1.htm|date=3 October 1997|access-date=27 August 2025|title=Chiranjeevi - At The Crossroads |website=Express India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971023095437/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/oct03/south1.htm|archive-date=23 October 1997}}</ref>

Master introduced [[DTS, Inc.|DTS]] (Digital Theater Systems) sound to Telugu cinema, a major technological milestone.<ref name=":0" /> Although ''Telugu'' ''Veera Levara'' (1995) is sometimes mistakenly credited as the first Telugu film with DTS, it was ''Master'' that actually introduced the technology. This film also marked the first time the short-lived but trendsetting "Mega Star" title sequence was used to credit Chiranjeevi onscreen. This was the idea of director Suresh Krissna, who similarly came up with the iconic "Super Star Rajini" title card for [[Rajinikanth]] five years prior. This title card was only used in a few films up till 2002's ''Daddy'', also starring Chiranjeevi and directed by Krissna, until an updated version of it was used in the star's 2023 film [[Waltair Veerayya]]. <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasi |date=2015-04-01 |title=First DTS Film by Chiranjeevi, Not Krishna's! |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/39772/first-dts-film-by-chiranjeevi-not-krishna.html |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=CineJosh |language=english}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Master
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 1997
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music for the film was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=Master |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/master/1KqMXOvOV,g_ |accessdate=18 December 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202151838/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/master/1KqMXOvOV,g_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:14
| title1 = Thammudu Are Thammudu
| length1 = 6:06
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Chiranjeevi]]
| title2 = Intiloki
| length2 = 5:08
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], [[Sowmya Raoh|Sowmya]]
| title3 = B.Sc. Aynagani
| length3 = 5:33
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = Krishnaraj, Rajesh, Chandrabose
| title4 = Thilottama
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha (singer)|Sujatha]]
| length4 = 5:32
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| title5 = Baavunnaara
| extra5 = Rajesh, Sowmya
| length5 = 5:55
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
The film was released on October 3, 1997, with 121 prints across 200 theatres, the highest for any Telugu film at the time. Despite receiving some mixed word of mouth in its first week, ''Master'' performed well at the box office, earning ₹5.5 [[crore]] in its initial two weeks. By the third week, collections increased significantly, turning the film into a commercial success.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=21 May 2021 |title=Nandini Rai prefers intense roles |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nandini-rai-prefers-intense-roles |website=[[Telangana Today]] |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608111455/https://telanganatoday.com/nandini-rai-prefers-intense-roles |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film was reviewed by ''Zamin Ryot''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Oct/17-Oct-1997.pdf | title=Nellore is in a state of uproar! | language=te | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823233909/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/Oct/17-Oct-1997.pdf | archive-date=23 August 2022 }}</ref> A critic from ''Andhra Today'' wrote, "The main attraction in the movie is a song by Chiranjeevi himself. Acting comes easily to him and he sailed through his role effortlessly".<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Master Review |url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/MASTER.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002021/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/MASTER.htm |archive-date=13 February 1998 |website=Andhra Today}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] - Bhupati Raja

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0246070|Master}}

{{Suresh Krissna}}

[[Category:1990s action drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju

2026-03-03T17:48:48Z

EmmettAlbritton: minor enhanced details for clarity and improved wording for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju
| image = Malli_Malli_Idi_Rani_Roju_Movie_Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kranthi Madhav]]
| producer = K. A. Vallabha
| writer = Kranthi Madhav,
Saimadhav Burra(dialogues)

| starring = [[Sharwanand]] [[Nithya Menen]]
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cinematography = [[Gnana Shekar V.S.]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Creative Commercials]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/nowplaying/2015/02/06/Malli-Malli-Idi-Rani-Roju/880|title=Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju Telugu Movie Review, Sharwanand, Nithya M|first=iQlik|last=Movies}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|02|06}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross =
}}
'''''Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju''''' ({{translation|This is a day that will not come again}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Kranthi Madhav]], starring [[Sharwanand]] and [[Nithya Menen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nithya-menon-and-sharwanand-s-film-on-january-30-news-telugu-pbwuvojadeefi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829083101/http://www.sify.com/movies/nithya-menon-and-sharwanand-s-film-on-january-30-news-telugu-pbwuvojadeefi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-08-29|title=Nithya Menen and Sharwanand's film on January 30|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> The music was composed by [[Gopi Sundar]] with cinematography by [[Gnana Shekar V.S.]] and editing by [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]. The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Rakshasudu (1986 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' (1986). The film released on 6 February 2015.This movie was well received by audience and was successful at the box office.

Nithya Menen won [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor - South|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress - South]] for her performance. The film garnered the state [[Nandi Awards]] for [[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Best Home Viewing Feature Film]], [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Awards]] for Nithya Menen and Sharwanand, [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]], and [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/13-nandi-awards-for-baahubali/articleshow/61655551.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh government announces Nandi awards for 2014-2016|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
This movie is a simple, romantic, heart touching love story. The movie starts with Raja Ram's introduction as a successful track-runner. He has a daughter named Parvathi who works in FM Radio. Ram then begins narrating his past.

The movie shifts to Ram's youth, where his aim was to become a successful track-runner. His mother Parvathi, the namesake of his daughter, is a music teacher who earns money for Ram's education. She dreams of him winning a gold medal in national level track-running. Ram continues his studies and wins the State athletics championship after a few days, where he meets Nazeera, who starts caring about him. She always wore a burqa covering her face with niqab, so Ram never saw her face. Nazeera has a friend, Jyothi , who is always with her. Nazeera joins Parvathi's music class and introduces herself as Khanum. Ram is honored for winning in state athletics championship, where a guy asks him for his autograph and reveals that it is Nazeera who asked for it. He follows Nazeera and she falls in love with him. Nazeera tells Jyothi about her love with Ram. Nazeera goes to Ram's house and knows that he requires shoes which he could not afford. She gives him the money for that and takes his medals in return.

Ram starts for National Athletics in Delhi on train. Ram sees Nazeera when her veil suddenly opens, and her identity is revealed as Nazeera-Khanum. Ram wins the national medal. His mother with Nazeera starts preparing badam kheer for Ram. Nazeera starts speaking indirectly about Ram when Parvathi calls her Nazeera (not Khanum), for which she gets shocked. Parvathi tells that it was only Khanum who knows about the shoes and how Nazeera can give the money unless both are same, and thus Nazeera's identity is revealed again. Ram comes to home and sees Nazeera. When they get close, she gets a call from home. Ram waits for Nazeera when he receives a news that Parvathi is dead. He reaches there and does all the rituals. Nazeera tries to call Ram but is obstructed. She goes to Malaysia. Then Ram tells that he never knew Nazeera and only has a letter which he got from her after that.

The movie then turns to Nazeera's present life in Malaysia where she looks after her father's company. She has a daughter who has many useless love stories and disturbs Nazeera by remembering Ram. Nazeera narrates her past. The call which she received from home changed her life. She goes to Malaysia as she was informed about her father's injury. For her surprise, she finds him healthy. Her father asks her about Ram. Nazeera says that she is never going to leave Ram. Unable to stop their love, he shoots himself. Nazeera, who was in depression, respects her father's death by sacrificing her love. She informs Ram by a letter that she is married. She stays in Malaysia singly where she finds an abandoned child and brings her up as Mehak. After listening to this, Mehak challenges Nazeera that Ram has already forgotten Nazeera. However, Nazeera always finds Ram to be a winner and says that he never forgets her. Mehak and Nazeera leave to India.

They go to Ram's house to meet him. They get to know that Ram is at a marriage and go there and find him, where his loses his handkerchief. Nazeera takes that and remembers that it was given by her in the past. Mehak gives that to Ram and inquires the story behind it. Ram narrates and that shows Nazeera in his heart. Nazeera feels bad of the challenge and feels that is an insult for her love and starts to leave to Malaysia. In the way, she meets Ram's daughter Parvathi in the radio mirchi and speaks to her. Parvathi shows a photo of her mother, who was Jyothi. Nazeera leaves abruptly. While going, Nazeera gives Parvathi a gift for Ram and then they leave for the airport. Ram comes there and sees the gift box and realizes that Nazeera has come for him and rushes to the airport. Nazeera meets Jyothi in the airport, who tells that they are in a relationship and after she had a child, he left her. Nazeera says that Ram is not such a guy. Then Jyothi says that she was speaking of some other guy called Seenu. She tells her that Ram has brought up Parvathi but is not her father. She also tells that Ram is not married and has only Nazeera in his heart and he still loves her. Ram comes to the airport and knows from Mehak that Nazeera was not married and rushes into the airport despite the obstructing police there. He sees Nazeera standing there for him. Both of them hug each other and the movie has a happy ending.

==Cast==
* [[Sharvanand]] as Raja Ram, Parvathi Jr's son, Parvathi's adoptive father, Nazeera's love interest
* [[Nithya Menon]] as Nazeera Khanum, Jyothi's best friend, Mehak's adoptive mother, Ram's love interest
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Parvathi, Ram's mother
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Nazeera's father
* [[Tejaswi Madivada]] as Mehak, Nazeera's adoptive daughter
* [[Shanoor Sana]] as Nazeera's mother
* [[Punarnavi Bhupalam]] as Parvathi Jr, Jyothi's biological daughter, Ram's adoptive daughter
* Pavani Gangireddy as Jyothi, Nazeera's best friend, Pravathi's biological mother
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Raja Ram's coach
* [[Chinna (actor)|Chinna]] as Ismail bhai
* Naveen Neni as Ram's best friend

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by Malayalam composer [[Gopi Sundar]], making his debut in Telugu cinema. The album features five tracks. The Soundtrack was Released on 7 December 2014.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yenno Yenno
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| lyrics1 = Sahiti
| title2 = Marhaba
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chitra]], Aishwarya
| lyrics2 = Sahiti
| title3 = Choti Zindagi
| extra3 = [[Abhaya Hiranmayi|Hiranmayi]]
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| title4 = Gathama Gathama
| extra4 = [[Priya Hemesh]]
| lyrics4 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| title5 = Varinche Prema
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]]
| lyrics5 = Sahiti
}}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Awards
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[63rd Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html|title=63rdIdea Filmfare Awards (South) Nomination list|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=8 July 2014|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806153242/http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html|archive-date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html|title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South|work=Filmfare|date=18 June 2016|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806153419/http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html|archive-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu|Best Film — Telugu]]
|K. A. Vallabha
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Telugu|Best Director — Telugu]]
|[[Kranthi Madhav]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu|Best Actress — Telugu]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Critics Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Telugu|Best Music Director — Telugu]]
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Telugu|Best Supporting Actress — Telugu]]
|[[Pavitra Lokesh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer — Telugu]]
|[[K. S. Chitra]] and Aishwarya (for song ''"Marhabha"'')
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Nandi Awards of 2015|2015 Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/here-complete-winners-list-nandi-awards-2012-2013-717835|title=Nandi Awards 2015-2016: Here is the complete list of winners|date=1 March 2017|work=International Business Times India|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170510033507/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/here-complete-winners-list-nandi-awards-2012-2013-717835|archive-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>
|[[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Best Home-viewing Feature Film]] (Gold)
|[[Kranthi Madhav]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]]
|Burra Sai Madhav
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|[[Nithya Menen]], [[Sharwanand]], [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
|{{won}}
|}

==Critical reception==
[[The Times of India]] gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "That a filmmaker can evoke at least a bit of awe while dealing with romance, amidst scores of sex-crazed rom-coms, is no mean feat. Between its simplistic approach to romance and lack of a strong conflict, there's a layer of magic in ''Malli Malli Idhi Rani Roju''. That's more than enough to make you crave for more, especially for Nithya and Sharwanand's crackling chemistry".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Malli-Malli-Idhi-Rani-Roju/movie-review/46148431.cms|title=Malli Malli Idhi Rani Roju Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[The Hindu]] wrote, "If you love old-world romances, ''Malli Malli…'' is up your alley. On the flipside, the film’s snail pace gets grating at times and the contrived ending...takes some sheen off the otherwise beautiful film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/malli-malli-idi-rani-roju-savour-these-moments/article6864993.ece|title=Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju: Savour these moments|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=6 February 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

123telugu.com gave 3.25 out of 5 and wrote, "''Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju'' is a feel good love story which stays within your heart. However, the slow paced narration and lack of entertainment will not go well with certain sections of the audience".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/malli-malli-idi-rani-roju-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Malli Malli idi Rani Roju Telugu movie review - Sharvanand Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju Movie Review - Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju movie review - Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju Telugu review - Sharvanand Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju cinema review - Sharvanand Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju Review - Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju review and rating -Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju Twitter Updates - Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju First Day First Show Talk - Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju Review and Rating - 123telugu.com|website=www.123telugu.com}}</ref> idlebrain.com gave 3 out of 5 and wrote, "''Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju'' is a good attempt, but not engaging enough".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mallimalliidiraniroju.html|title=Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Sharwanand & Nitya Menen|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> iqlikmovies.com user ratings garnered 3 out 5.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/nowplaying/2015/02/06/Malli-Malli-Idi-Rani-Roju/880|title= Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju Telugu Movie Review |publisher= iqlikmovies.com|access-date= February 6, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=4431392}}

{{Nandi Award for Best Home Viewing Feature Film|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]

Appa (2016 film)

2026-03-03T03:09:18Z

EmmettAlbritton: added references

{{Short description|2016 Tamil-language independent drama film by Samuthirakani}}
{{Long plot|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Appa
| image = Appa 2016 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Samuthirakani]]
| producer = [[Etcetera Entertainment]]
| writer = Samuthirakani
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Saattai|Characters]]|[[M. Anbazhagan]]}}
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Samuthirakani]]
| [[Thambi Ramaiah]]
| [[Namo Narayana]]
| Poraali Dileepan
| Yuvasri Lakshmi
| [[Gabriella Charlton]]
| [[J. Vignesh]]
}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Richard M. Nathan]]
| editing = [[A. L. Ramesh]]
| studio = {{ubl | [[Etcetera Entertainment]] | [[Samuthirakani|Naadodigal Productions]]}}
| distributor = {{ubl | Etcetera Entertainments | Kasthuri Film}}
| released = {{Film date|2016|07|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Appa''''' ({{translation}} ''Father'') is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Independent film|independent]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Samuthirakani]] and [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] plays a guest appearance. The film is a spin-off to the 2012 film ''[[Saattai]]'' and the second instalment in the film series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-22 |title=Appa trailer: Watch Samuthirakani lock horns with Thambi Ramaiah in Dhanush's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/appa-heres-the-trailer-of-national-award-winning-actor-samuthirakanis-sequel-to-saattai-319319-2016-04-22 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film features Samuthirakani and [[Thambi Ramaiah]] reprising their roles from the previous film, while [[Namo Narayanan]], [[Kaaka Muttai|Vignesh]] and Nasath play supporting roles. Featuring music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], the film began production in late 2015 and continued till March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samuthirakani is a producer with 'Saattai 2' |url=http://tamilplex.com/article/eng/2015/09/21/7937/samuthirakani-is-a-producer-with-saattai-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806013617/http://tamilplex.com/article/eng/2015/09/21/7937/samuthirakani-is-a-producer-with-saattai-2.html |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=2 January 2016 |website=TamilPlex.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samuthirakani's Life Becomes A Story! |url=http://www.nettv4u.com/latest-tamil-celebrity-news/samuthirakani-s-life-becomes-a-story |website=nettv4u}}</ref> The film was released on 1 July 2016. The film was remade in Malayalam as ''[[Aakashamittayi]]'' (2017) with [[Jayaram]] playing the main lead.

==Plot==
Dhayalan, Singaperumal and Nadunilayan live in the same community in a town near [[Neyveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. They are expecting the arrival of their respective children and they all have different perspectives on child-rearing. Dhayalan makes his wife go for a traditional delivery at home, while Singaperumal instructs the doctor to perform a C-section on a scheduled date and time, for his child to have the best possible horoscope, pre-calculated based on the date and time of birth. All three of them have baby boys. Dhayalan names his son Vetriswaran, Singaperumal names his son Chakravarthy, and Nadunilayan names his son Mayilvaganam.

Trouble brews at Dhayalan's home when he refuses to put his son at the age of two in a playschool. Dhayalan's wife wants their child to be sent to a specific play school since the other children in the neighbourhood are being enrolled there and are considered prestigious. Dhayalan's view is that the toddler needs to enjoy his childhood by playing and learning and joining a school at the age of 5. But after a heated argument, Dhayalan's wife attempts suicide for this and he agrees against his conscience and enrols their son in the playschool.

As the boys grow, their fathers imbue different social aspects into their children. Dhayalan teaches his son to be friendly to society, trust people, enjoy every moment of life, and do good to the community. He teaches his son to follow a path of truth and integrity, considering human values above everything else. He also teaches his son how to behave friendly and talk socially with others. Singaperumal teaches his son not to trust anyone and focus only on academics, asks him to follow a timetable for everything and the goal is to achieve state topper in Class 10th and 12th exams, join a medical degree in a prestigious college and take up a master's medical degree in one of the [[United States]]' top medical colleges. Nadunilayan teaches his son not to stand out on any particular aspect and to take a centrist position in everything. His ideology is to live a low-profile life because he understands if one is very good or very bad in any of the aspects, he attracts the attention of society.

When Vetriswaran is in second grade, Dhayalan is furious with the teaching approach of this school, gets into an argument with the school management, and moves his son out of the private school to a government school. Dhayalan's wife is angered by this event and separates from him; she goes to her parents' house and seeks divorce and custody of her son. However, her father rejects this idea and lets Dhayalan have custody of his son.

The children grow into boys and become teenagers. Vetriswaran grows into a self-confident teenager excelling in both sports and studies; Chakravarthy is a studious but timid and indecisive boy whereas Mayilvaganam grows up with an inferiority complex about his height and studies.

Dhayalan identifies that Vetriswaran is interested in swimming and enrols him in swimming classes, which leads to his achieving a Guinness World Record at the age of 16. Dhayalan also identifies the ability of Mayilvaganam to write poems, compile all his works and send them to a leading lyricist [[Pa. Vijay|Pa Vijay]]. Mayilvaganam's book gets good recognition and he is felicitated by renowned persons in the industry. Chakravarthy also joins Dhayalan's backyard hut for children when his father is not at home, and the trio becomes friends with Nandhini and Rashitha Bhanu. They all study together and pass the 10th std examinations, with Bhanu and Chakravarthy becoming the state's first students.

Singaperumal's ideology is that dedication plus meditation plus concentration is equal to education and Chakravarthy tops 10th class with 99% and his father enrols him in one of the strictest higher secondary boarding schools in a distant locality. Chakravarthy is given a target by his father to the top in Class 12th as well. He longs for the affection of his mother in the boarding school, succumbs to the rigorous rules, and is tortured by staff in a dark room and the unforgiving pressure of school management. He calls Vetriswaran and the gang of children decides to meet him. They help him to sneak out and have fun but this is found out by the management and Chakravarthy faces repercussions.

Singaperumal, while arguing with Dhayalan and the other children about meeting his son, suddenly receives a phone call that his son attempted suicide. Singaperumal who is in shock reaches the hospital with Dhayalan and later apologises to Dhayalan for ill-treating and abusing him. He also exclaims that he did not even allow his son to talk friendly with him and hence Singaperumal realises his mistakes and then reforms. The whole management convinces that nothing serious has happened. But Kumaran, a famous doctor, informs Dhayalan that Chakravarthy already died 8 hours ago and was murdered by the School officials for complaining after a night-long torture. The management publicises that Chakravarthy committed suicide because of a love failure but an angry student who is Chakravarthy's best friend tells the media the truth. Dhayalan reports the incident with evidence of a letter that the child has written for his father. Chakravarthy's friends are devastated. The story ends with the moral that children should be cherished and loved but not ignored and kept pressured. The film proposed a hypothesis that a child's future is highly dependent on the way he is brought up.

==Cast ==
{{colbegin|}}
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Dhayalan
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Singaperumal
* [[Namo Narayana]] as Nadunilaiyan
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan|Vinodhini]] as Singaperumal's wife
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Dhayalan's father-in-law
* [[J. Vignesh]] as Vetriswaran
* Raghav as Chakravarthy
* Nasath as Mayilvaganam
* [[Gabriella Charlton]] as Rashitha Banu
* Poraali Dileepan as Kalyana Sundaram
* Yuvasri Lakshmi as Neela Nandhini
* [[Anil Murali]] as one of the wardens of the VKV institution
* Sam Nathan as car washing housekeeper
* Babos as one of the wardens of the VKV institution
* [[Pa. Vijay]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Yugabharathi]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* Kalaikumar as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] as Doctor Kumaran (cameo appearance; also producer)
{{colend}}

==Production==
In September 2015, [[Samuthirakani]] chose to postpone the production of his ''Kitna'', after the lead actress [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] got an offer to appear in [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016). He chose instead to use his time directing and producing a spin-off to his earlier film, ''[[Saattai]]'' (2012), and revealed that the film would be titled ''Appa''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samudrakani's Next, 'Saatai 2' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Samudrakanis-Next-Saatai-2/2015/09/17/article3031723.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120154033/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Samudrakanis-Next-Saatai-2/2015/09/17/article3031723.ece |archive-date=20 November 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He revealed that the film would bear no resemblance to the first film, but would be a spiritual sequel and would revolve around the education system like the previous film. He initially approached Anbazhagan to direct the film, but the director's commitments to making ''[[Rupai (film)|Rupai]]'' produced by [[Prabhu Solomon]], meant that Samuthirakani directed the film himself. Samuthirakani also revealed that the film's plot line had been taken from a real-life incident, which happened when choosing a school for his son.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Only Kollywood |date=17 September 2015 |title=Samuthirakani confirms directing Saattai 2 |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/samuthirakani-confirms-directing-saattai-2/ |website=Only Kollywood}}</ref>

The film was shot in 34 days, with Samuthirakani expressing his interest in remaking the film in 12 different Indian languages and revealed that he had begun talking to Telugu actors [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] about reprising the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=30 June 2016 |title=A father's love |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/samuthirakani-on-why-appa-is-close-to-his-heart/article8792079.ece |access-date=28 October 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wish to make 'Appa' in 12 languages: Samuthirakani |url=http://www.sify.com/news/wish-to-make-appa-in-12-languages-samuthirakani-news-others-qg1mEffihejhj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817204310/http://www.sify.com/news/wish-to-make-appa-in-12-languages-samuthirakani-news-others-qg1mEffihejhj.html |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A teaser for the film was released during December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2015 |title=Appa Movie First Look Teaser — Top10 Cinema |url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/36160/appa-movie-first-look-teaser |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227013454/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/36160/appa-movie-first-look-teaser |archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> Apparently, the Malayalam remake of this movie has begun on 25 March 2017 and it's going to be directed by Samuthirakani himself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-25 |title=Samuthirakani's 'Appa' remake with Varalaxmi and Jayaram |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/41930/samuthirakanis-appa-remake-with-varalaxmi-and-jayaram |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325202701/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/41930/samuthirakanis-appa-remake-with-varalaxmi-and-jayaram |archive-date=25 March 2017 |access-date=2017-03-25 |work=Top 10 Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> This marks his debut in Malayalam film industry as a director.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Appa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| length = 2:27
| label = [[Trend Music]]
| prev_title = [[Amma Kanakku]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Kuttrame Thandanai]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
This film's music is composed by [[Ilaiyaraja]] with lyrics written by himself.
{{Track listing
| headline = '''Track listing'''
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nettru Vitta Neril
| extra1 = [[Anitha Karthikeyan]], [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]
| length1 = 2:27
}}

==Release and reception==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Polimer TV|Polimer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2016 |title=APPA Movie Diwali Special |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QS6WLB0ntrs |access-date=12 November 2016 |publisher=Youtube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=Appa Movie on Polimer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/appa/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550211186/channelid-10000000005760000/starttime-201610292030 |access-date=12 November 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
Behindwoods stated, "''Appa'' has moments of greatness but because of its opinionated presentation, at no level, it gives you a good degree of satisfaction nor makes you accept the flaws that have been pinpointed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Appa (aka) Appa review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/appa/appa-review.html |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref> [[Sify]].com labelled the film as "below average" and added "to conclude, Samuthirakani’s ''Appa'' has lost track as the director carried away by the message and missed the target by a mile".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appa Review: Missed the target by a mile |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/appa-review-missed-the-target-by-a-mile-review--qhbmafhigjjff.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706132918/http://www.sify.com/movies/appa-review-missed-the-target-by-a-mile-review--qhbmafhigjjff.html |archive-date=6 July 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Samuthirakani has grown into a terrific actor, and he works consistently with good filmmakers — and you wonder if it isn’t time for him to look around between shots and pick up some tricks if he’s going to keep making movies. "<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=July 2016 |title=Appa: All message and no movie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Appa-All-message-and-no-movie/article14465393.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Sequel==
The sequel to the film was announced by director Samuthirakani through his official [[Twitter]] account on 18 June 2018 on the eve of the [[Father's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yoursguna |title='அப்பா 2' படத்தை ஆரம்பித்த சமுத்திரக்கனி |url=https://www.newstm.in/news/cinema/news/39385-samuthirakani-s-next-announced.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622043035/https://www.newstm.in/news/cinema/news/39385-samuthirakani-s-next-announced.html |archive-date=2018-06-22 |access-date=2018-12-17 |website=newstm |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2018 |title=Samuthirakani announces 'Appa 2' on father's day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/samuthirakani-announces-appa-2-on-fathers-day/articleshow/64621604.cms |access-date=2018-12-17 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The shooting and production of the film commenced from late June 2018. He offered to shoot for the film while he was busy with his pending works including ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' and ''[[Naadodigal 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Nadodigal 2 and Appa 2, Samuthirakani starts shooting for one more sequel |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni62310230 |access-date=2018-12-17 |website=IMDb |language=en}}</ref> The film is set to feature [[Samuthirakani]] and [[Thambi Ramaiah]], with [[Namo Narayanan]], [[Kaaka Muttai|Vignesh]] and Nasath in supporting roles; most of the cast members are retained in the sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-18 |title=Samuthirakani Announces Appa 2 On Father's Day |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/samuthirakanis-announces-appa-2-on-fathers-day/ |access-date=2018-12-17 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> however there was no update further after the announcement.

==Screenplay==
The screenplay book of the film published by Discovery Book Palace was released on 1 January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appa-Screenplay அப்பா -திரைக்கதை Hardcover – 1 January 2017 |url=https://www.amazon.in/Appa-Screenplay-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88-P-samuthirakani-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF/dp/B072829WQX |website=Amazon}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5849148}}

{{Samuthirakani}}
{{M. Sasikumar}}

[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films about the education system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Samuthirakani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]

Petromax (2019 film)

2026-03-03T03:03:11Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding new article...

{{Short description|2019 film by Rohin Venkatesan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Petromax 2019 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rohin Venkatesan]]
| screenplay = G. R. Surendarnath
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Anando Brahma]]''|[[Mahi V Raghav]]}}
| producer = A. Kumar
| starring = [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
| cinematography = Dani Raymond
| editing = [[Leo John Paul]]
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| studio = Eagle's Eye Production
| released = {{Film date|2019|10|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Petromax''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy horror]] film directed by [[Rohin Venkatesan]]. The film stars [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Prem (actor)|Prem]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] and TSK. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Anando Brahma]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 July 2019 |title=Here is the first look poster of Petromax |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/here-is-the-first-look-poster-of-petromax/articleshow/70292586.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924082311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/here-is-the-first-look-poster-of-petromax/articleshow/70292586.cms |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=5 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released on 11 October 2019.

== Plot ==
Saravanan, an [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] living in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia, arrives in India after hearing the news of the [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] floods. He discovers his parents in the hospital [[morgue|mortuary]] and cries. Meera, Vijay Karuppaati, Nivetha, and Santhanam are ghosts staying in their [[ancestral home]]. They are waiting eagerly for Vijay Karuppaati's wife to come home. They don't know how or when they died. A family visits their house for tenancy, but they scare the family away. The broker, Ganapathy, who deals with the house, is also scared as he spots Meera's ghost and informs the house owner, Saravanan, and his cop friend, Vetri, of their presence. Vetri is apprehensive, while Saravanan dismisses it as a concoction. Vetri conspires with Guru to force Saravanan to sell his house cheaply by fabricating and peddling the ghost story. They plan to demolish the house and build a commercial complex.

Senthil overhears Saravanan's conversation and agrees to send his three friends to stay one night at the house, and if they survive, Saravanan will pay Senthil a percentage of the sale price as a [[Commission (remuneration)|commission]]. But his three friends encountered the ghosts that night. Kumar is locked in the bathroom, his friend (Muthuswamy) is knocked unconscious, and another is scared away. Saravanan believes ghosts exist in the house and is about to sell it at Guru's demanded price. But Saravanan, after Senthil urges him, gives him one last chance to prove it's not haunted. Senthil and his friend Tulasi meet Kaali and Raju coincidentally at the hospital, and they all desperately need money. Senthil has to care for his amnesiac mother and needs cash for [[cardiac surgery]] to treat the hole in his heart. Paaripooranam, who poses himself as an agent of famous cinema producers in [[Tamil cinema|Kollywood]], dupes Kaali, who is so infatuated with movies that he starts enacting the roles he watches. Thangam, a drunkard who drinks after the clock ticks 9 p.m., bets on a cricket match in an inebriated state and loses the money he saved for his son's surgery. Nandha is deaf and [[nyctalopia|night-blind]] and often uses his flute when frightened. In an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] robbery case, he gets caught napping while guarding the ATM when robbers loot it. The security agency that hired him tells him to repay the money lost to prevent getting banned from the agency.

As they start staying in the house, all the ghosts decide to scare them away. However, all four friends remain calm due to their peculiar habits, like Kaali, who starts acting out scenes like [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] from ''[[Anniyan]]''. Instead, they begin intimidating the spirits. After the first day, Saravanan inquires Senthil about the presence of ghosts and decides to give him two more days to sell the house. Vetri does not like Senthil and his group staying inside the house and sends fake spirits to scare them away. However, the real ghosts frighten the counterfeit ghosts. On the second night, Senthil and his group remain calm and scare the ghosts. However, Senthil's mother arrives at the house looking for him after the ghosts frighten the group on the third night. She is none other than Vijay Karupaati's wife.

A flashback reveals that Saravanan is their son. Saravanan gets an offer for a job in Malaysia and leaves. The couple adopted Meera, Santhanam and Nivetha since they felt alone. Saravanan returns to India and incurs a loss. So Saravanan wishes to sell the house to compensate for his business debts. Vijay Karupaati refuses to sell the house after he insults Meera and Nivetha, calling them orphans. Saravanan gets infuriated and kills the entire family by poisoning their food and burning them, excluding his mother. Meera is alive, so Saravanan smashes her face with a stone. In horror, she witnessed Saravanan murdering them.

In the present, Vetri discovers that Saravanan killed his family, but Guru kills him. The ghosts realise the reasons for their deaths and enact their revenge by killing Saravanan, Guru, and Guru's goons. When Senthil and his friends leave the house, they find a bag filled with cash in Saravanan's car. They converted the house into a [[retirement home]]. They live happily with Kamala, who recovered from amnesia, and other old pensioners, abandoned by their children.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Meera
* [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as Saravanan
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Pandi, a fake ghost
* [[Ramdoss]] as Senthil
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Thangam
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Nandha
* TSK as King Kaali
* [[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Vijay Karupaati
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Kamala
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Guru
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Paripooranam
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Police inspector
* Baby Monika as Nivetha
* [[Pei Krishnan]] as Santhanam
* Kavin Jay Babu as Vetri, Saravanan's friend
* [[Myna Nandhini]] as Shailaja
* Pudhupettai Suresh as Muthusamy
* Aathma Patrick as Kumar
* Abdool Lee as Manohar
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Doctor
* Sneba as Broker Ganapathy
* Yukta as Young Meera
* Vijaya Paati as Shailaja's grandmother
* Master Jashik as Thangam's son
* Sivaranjini as Vasanthi, Thangam's wife
* Devi as Senthil's sister
* Sree Sathya as Saravanan's wife
* Dharunya Shakti Suresh as Shailaja's sister
* Sharath Ravi as “Tasmac” Douglas
;Cameo appearance
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as himself
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in 42 working days, and the title was revealed on 18 July 2019.<ref name="TitleReveal">{{Cite news |date=18 July 2019 |title=Rohin's search for a light title leads to Petromax |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rohins-search-for-a-light-title-leads-to-petromax/articleshow/70277462.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190718155913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rohins-search-for-a-light-title-leads-to-petromax/articleshow/70277462.cms |archive-date=18 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is a reference to the dialogue "Petromax lightey venumaa?" (Do you want ''only'' the petromax light?) from the 1984 film ''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]''. Leo John Paul and Ghibran, who earlier collaborated with the director's ''[[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]'' film was retained as film editor and music director respectively. Dani Raymond, the co-cinematographer of the film ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'', was selected as the cinematographer, and Vinoth Rajkumar of ''[[96 (film)|96]]'' fame was selected as the art director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2019 |title=Tamannaah's next with Athe Kangal-fame Rohin Venkatesan titled Petromax; Title look revealed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/03/tamannaahs-next-with-athe-kangal-fame-rohin-venkatesan-titled-petromax-12716.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806065054/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/03/tamannaahs-next-with-athe-kangal-fame-rohin-venkatesan-titled-petromax-12716.html |archive-date=6 August 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music is composed by [[Ghibran]]. The music rights are secured by [[Think Music India]]. A single from the film, "Malarudhu Pudhu Naale", was released on 8 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2019 |title=Petromax: 'Malarudhu Pudhu Naale' is the first song to be released from the album |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/petromax-malarudhu-pudhu-naale-is-the-first-song-to-be-released-from-the-album/articleshow/71499592.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404031402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/petromax-malarudhu-pudhu-naale-is-the-first-song-to-be-released-from-the-album/articleshow/71499592.cms |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = Malarudhu Pudhu Naale
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
| lyrics1 = S. N. Anuradha
| length1 = 4:19
}}

== Release ==
''Petromax'' was released on 11 October 2019, clashing with two other films in the same horror genre: ''[[Iruttu]]'' and ''[[Aruvam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title=Three ghosts to clash on October 11 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/three-ghosts-to-clash-on-october-11-news-tamil-tj1oa1cdbcaje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002052851/https://www.sify.com/movies/three-ghosts-to-clash-on-october-11-news-tamil-tj1oa1cdbcaje.html |archive-date=2 October 2019 |access-date=2 October 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'', Sreedhar Pillai rated the film 2.5/5. He appreciating Ghibran's score and Dani Reymond's cinematography but felt Bhatia was underutilised, and concluded that "''Petromax'' is more of a time pass comedy caper than a horror film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=12 October 2019 |title=''Petromax'' movie review: Tamannaah is reduced to cliches and sidelines in this average horror comedy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/petromax-movie-review-tamannaah-is-reduced-to-cliches-and-sidelines-in-this-average-horror-comedy-7487321.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020130344/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/petromax-movie-review-tamannaah-is-reduced-to-cliches-and-sidelines-in-this-average-horror-comedy-7487321.html |archive-date=20 October 2019 |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film the same rating, saying, "A plot like this require[s] a few nail-biting moments, but the screenplay fails to engage audience in crucial scenes and becomes too predictable, making it a little difficult for viewers to empathise with the lead characters".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=11 October 2019 |title=Petromax Movie Review: Petromax loses the steam quite early |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/petromax/movie-review/71539614.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019220428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/petromax/movie-review/71539614.cms |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s ghost films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rohin Venkatesan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Department of Finance (Tripura)

2026-03-02T20:13:01Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding the pg and citations

{{Short description|Government department of Tripura state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Finance (Tripura)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Tripura]]
| headquarters = [[Agartala]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Pranjit Singha Roy]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura collects over Rs 3,000 crore in taxes for FY 2022-23: State finance minister |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripura-collects-over-rs-3000-crore-in-taxes-for-fy-2022-23-state-finance-minister-1040330-2024-07-01 |work=India Today NE |date=1 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Finance Department
| chief1_name = Apurba Roy,<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: High-level meeting held to tackle upcoming monsoon challenges, emphasis on advanced measures |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/tripura-high-level-meeting-held-to-tackle-upcoming-monsoon-challenges-emphasis-on-advanced-measures20240611223117/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Secretary, Finance
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tripura]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [https://finance.tripura.gov.in Finance Department]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Department of Finance''' is one of the departments of [[Government of Tripura]]. It is responsible for managing the public finances and presenting the budget of the state government.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Official Website of Department of Finance, Government of Tripura, India |url=https://finance.tripura.gov.in/about-us |website=finance.tripura.gov.in}}</ref>

==Objective==
The department is responsible for manage state finances, including budgeting, expenditure, revenue generation, and fiscal policies, to ensure sustainable economic growth and financial stability.{{citation needed|date= July 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{Government departments of Tripura}}
[[Category:State agencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Subnational finance ministries|Tripura]]

List of Indian Bengali actresses

2026-02-26T03:41:12Z

EmmettAlbritton: Starting Bio

{{Short description|Indian Bengali actress list}}
{{Dynamic list}}

The list refers to Indian [[Bengal]]i [[actress]]es who have appeared in cinema and television.

==1920s==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year of debut
!Name
!Debut film
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1926
|[[Kanan Devi]]
|''Jaidev''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1929
|[[Chandrabati Devi]]
|''Piyari''
|
|-
|[[Umasashi]]
|''Bangabala''
|
|-
|
|[[Molina Devi]]
|
|
|}

==1930s==
[[File:Kanan Devi (1930s).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kanan Devi]] is considered to be one of the greatest actresses of Bengali cinema]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Year of debut
!Name
!Debut film
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1931
|[[Padma Devi]]
|''Sea Goddess''
|
|-
|1933
|[[Devika Rani]]
|''Karma''
|
|-
|1936
|[[Chhaya Devi]]
|''Sonar Sansar''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=সন্ধ্যারানী |url=https://banglacinema100.com/profile-details/WnpNM1FsaFFOM1ZITm5SRVJHVnNWR2hRTjNScmR6MDk= |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=banglacinema100.com |language=Bn |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527034335/https://banglacinema100.com/profile-details/WnpNM1FsaFFOM1ZITm5SRVJHVnNWR2hRTjNScmR6MDk= |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1938
|[[Sandhyarani]]
|''Sarbojanin Bibahotsab''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=1938 - Sarbojanin Bibahotsab.pdf |url=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbanglacinema100.com%2Fuploads%2FindividualMovie%2F345%2Fpdf%2F1938+-+Sarbojanin+Bibahotsab.pdf%3Fv%3D2 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=docs.google.com |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527082232/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbanglacinema100.com%2Fuploads%2FindividualMovie%2F345%2Fpdf%2F1938+-+Sarbojanin+Bibahotsab.pdf%3Fv%3D2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==1940s==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year of debut
!Name
!Debut film
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1941
|[[Gita Dey]]
|''Ahuti''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1944
|[[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]
|''Jwar Bhata''
|
|-
|[[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]]
|''Sandhi''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumitra Devi |url=https://banglacinema100.com/profile-details/VEZOelZIaG9iMjFEZEM5d1IyMVZjMDVWYTFoQ1VUMDk= |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=banglacinema100.com |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606190823/https://banglacinema100.com/profile-details/VEZOelZIaG9iMjFEZEM5d1IyMVZjMDVWYTFoQ1VUMDk= |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1948
|[[Anubha Gupta]]
|''Bish Bachhar Age''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=1948 - Bish Bachhar Age.pdf |url=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbanglacinema100.com%2Fuploads%2FindividualMovie%2F521%2Fpdf%2F1948+-+Bish+Bachhar+Age.pdf%3Fv%3D2 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=docs.google.com |archive-date=2023-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524110157/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbanglacinema100.com%2Fuploads%2FindividualMovie%2F521%2Fpdf%2F1948+-+Bish+Bachhar+Age.pdf%3Fv%3D2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1949
|[[Lolita Chatterjee]]
|''Ananya''
|
|}

==1950s==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year of debut
!Name
!Debut film
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1950
|[[Madhabi Mukherjee]]
|''Kankantala Light Railway''
|
|
|-
|1951
|[[Sabitri Chatterjee]]
|''Sahajatri''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদন |first=নিজস্ব |title=অকপট ছিলেন উত্তমকুমারের প্রতি প্রেম নিয়ে, সংসারের অভাবেই অভিনয়ে আসেন 'সাবু' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/sabitri-chatterjee-is-considered-as-one-of-the-finest-actresses-of-bengali-cinemas-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1267592 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=2023-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606190814/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/sabitri-chatterjee-is-considered-as-one-of-the-finest-actresses-of-bengali-cinemas-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1267592 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|1952
|[[Arundhati Devi]]
|''Mahaprasthaner Pathe''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=read0 |first=Meer Moniruzzaman শোবিজ 1 min |title=স্ম র ণ : অরুন্ধতী দেবী |url=https://sharebiz.net/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ae-%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a3-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a7%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%80/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=শেয়ার বিজ |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206054420/http://sharebiz.net/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ae-%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a3-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a7%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%80/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Supriya Devi]]
|''Basu Paribar''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1953
|[[Anita Guha]]
|''Bansher Kella''
|
|
|-
|[[Chitra Sen]]
|''Shesher Kabita''
|
|
|-
|[[Suchitra Sen]]
|''Saat Number Kayedi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1955
|[[Aparna Sen]]
|''Mejo Bou''
|
|
|-
|[[Kaberi Bose]]
|''Raikamal''
|
|
|-
|[[Karuna Banerjee]]
|''[[Pather Panchali]]''
|
|
|-
|1956
|[[Sandhya Roy]]
|''Mamlar Phal''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1958
|[[Basabi Nandi]]
|''[[Jamalaye Jibanta Manush]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Chitra Sen]]
|''Joutuk''
|
|
|-
|[[Kajal Gupta]]
|''[[Ajantrik]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Lily Chakravarty]]
|''Bhanu Pelo Lottery''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=চক্রবর্তী |first=লিলি |title=Lily Chakraborty: কলকাতা শহরের কাছে আমার ঋণের শেষ নেই! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/aamarkolkata/celebrity-nostalgia/veteran-actor-lily-chakraborty-opens-up-about-her-relationship-with-kolkata-dgtl/cid/1326886 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=www.anandabazar.com |archive-date=2023-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518091535/https://www.anandabazar.com/aamarkolkata/celebrity-nostalgia/veteran-actor-lily-chakraborty-opens-up-about-her-relationship-with-kolkata-dgtl/cid/1326886 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1959
|[[Sharmila Tagore]]
|''[[Apur Sansar]]''
|
|
|}

==1960s==
[[File:মাধবী মুখোপাধ্যায়.png|thumb|upright|[[Madhabi Mukherjee]] is considered to be one of the greatest actresses of Bengali cinema; best remembered for her titular role in ''Charulata'' (1964), she was a reigning actress in 1960s]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Year of debut
!Name
!Debut film
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1960
|[[Sumita Sanyal]]
|''[[Khokababur Pratyabartan]]''
|
|
|-
|1961
|[[Kanika Majumdar]]
|''[[Teen Kanya]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-22 |title=Kanika Majumdar is no more |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kanika-majumdar-is-no-more/articleshow/68109383.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519064251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kanika-majumdar-is-no-more/articleshow/68109383.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1962
|[[Alokananda Roy]]
|''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjungha]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-20 |title=I knew who Monisha was: Alokananda Roy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/i-knew-who-monisha-was-alokananda-roy-112052000022_1.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403220335/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/i-knew-who-monisha-was-alokananda-roy-112052000022_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Nanditha Bose]]
|''Kanna''
|
|
|-
|1963
|[[Jaya Bachchan]]
|''Mahanagar''
|
|
|-
|1964
|[[Anjana Bhowmick]]
|''Anustup Chanda''
|
|
|-
|1965
|[[Ratna Ghoshal]]
|''Raja Rammohun''
|
|
|-
|1966
|[[Debashree Roy]]
|''Pagal Thakur''
|Child artist
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1967
|[[Moushumi Chatterjee]]
|''Balika Badhu''
|
|
|-
|[[Nandini Malia]]
|''Chuti''
|
|
|-
|[[Rakhee Gulzar]]
|''Badhubaran''
|
|
|}

==1970s==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year of debut
!Name
!Debut film
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1970
|[[Jayashree Kabir]]
|''[[Pratidwandi]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1971
|Devika Mukherjee
|''Fariyad''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='তৃণমূলে নেই বলে কাজ পাচ্ছি না, মমতাদির কাছে যাব', বিস্ফোরক 'ছোট বউ' দেবিকা |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/choto-bou-actress-debika-mukherjee-exclusive-interview-she-says-dirty-politics-in-tollywood-and-likely-to-meet-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/88432650.cms |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Eisamay |language=bn |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512024255/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/choto-bou-actress-debika-mukherjee-exclusive-interview-she-says-dirty-politics-in-tollywood-and-likely-to-meet-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/88432650.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sonali Gupta]]
|''Pratham Pratishruti''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1972
|[[Arati Bhattacharya]]
|''[[Ek Adhuri Kahani]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering silver screen's Arati Bhattacharya |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/remembering-silver-screens-arati-bhattacharya |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Get Bengal |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529015735/https://www.getbengal.com/details/remembering-silver-screens-arati-bhattacharya |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Mithu Mukherjee (actress)|Mithu Mukherjee]]
|''Shesh Parba''
|
|
|-
|[[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|''Memsaheb''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1973
|[[Anamika Saha]]
|''Ashar Alo''
|
|
|-
|[[Mahua Roychoudhury]]
|''[[Shriman Prithviraj]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Rajeshwari Raychowdhury]]
|''[[Strir Patra]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1974
|[[Preeti Ganguly]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Soma Dey]]
|''Haraye Khuji''
|
|
|-
|[[Soma Mukherjee]]
|''Asati''
|
|
|-
|1976
|[[Mamata Shankar]]
|''Mrigaya''
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2"|1979
| [[Shakuntala Barua]]
|[[Sunayani]]
|
|
|-
|[[Alpana Goswami]]
|''[[Arun Barun O Kiranmala]]''
|
|
|-
|
|[[Tanusree Shankar]]
|
|
|}

==1980s==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year of debut
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |First acting assignment
! rowspan="2" |Note
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!Film
!TV series
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|[[Meenakshi Goswami]]
|''Dakshayagna''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Binodon XP |date=2023-02-13 |title=উত্তম কুমারের সাথে 'মিস লোলা'র চরিত্র থেকে ছোট বউতে দজ্জাল শাশুড়ি! এত দক্ষ অভিনেত্রী হওয়া সত্ত্বেও বাংলা ইন্ডাস্ট্রি থাকে যোগ্য সম্মানটুকু দেয়নি! আজ জানব সেই মীনাক্ষী গোস্বামীর কথা |url=https://binodonxp.com/entertainment/tollywood/all-about-actress-minakshi-goswami-852 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Binodon XP |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521125414/https://binodonxp.com/entertainment/tollywood/all-about-actress-minakshi-goswami-852 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sreela Majumdar]]
|''[[Parasuram]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1981
|[[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)|Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay]]
|''[[Kalankini Kankabati]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1982
|[[Moon Moon Sen]]
|''Rajbadhu''
|
|
|
|-
|1983
|[[Konkona Sen Sharma]]
|''Indira''
|
|
|
|-
|1984
|[[Piya Sengupta]]
|''Dadamani''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1985
|[[Papiya Adhikari]]
|''Sonar Sansar''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rupali Ganguly]]
|''[[Saaheb]]''
|
|Child artist
|
|-
|[[Swatilekha Sengupta]]
|''[[Ghare Baire]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1986
|[[Amala Akkineni]]
|''[[Mythili Ennai Kaathali]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Indrani Haldar]]
|
|''Tero Parban''
|
|
|-
|Kheyali Dastidar
|
|''Tero Parban''
|
|
|-
|[[Laboni Sarkar]]
|
|''Sei Samay''
|
|
|-
|[[Nayna Bandyopadhyay]]
|''[[Pathbhola]]''
|
|Opposite [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|[[Roopa Ganguly]]
|''Nirupama''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Roopa Ganguly approached for a Bengali TV show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/roopa-ganguly-approached-for-a-bengali-tv-show/articleshow/96103535.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501235247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/roopa-ganguly-approached-for-a-bengali-tv-show/articleshow/96103535.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sagarika]]
|''Shyam Saheb''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Satabdi Roy]]
|''[[Atanka]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1987
|[[Aditi Chatterjee]]
|
|''Giribala''
|Child artist
|
|-
|[[Indrani Dutta]]
|''Nadiyar Nagor''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Indrani Dutta: সুচিত্রা সেনের জন্মদিনেই জন্ম, সুচিত্রার ছবির নামেই তাঁর নাম |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/indrani-dutta-shares-birthday-with-suchitra-sen/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516033341/https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/indrani-dutta-shares-birthday-with-suchitra-sen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Pallavi Chatterjee]]
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Rimi |date=2023-06-03 |title=অসম্ভব প্রতিভাময়ী তিনি! ৩৬ বছর টলিউডে কাজ করলেও ছবির জন্য আর ডাক পান না! আক্ষেপ অভিনেত্রী রীতা দত্ত চক্রবর্তীর - Tolly Tales |url=https://www.tollytales.com/entertainment/tollywood/rita-dutta-chakraborty-opened-up-about-her-work-life-20569 |access-date=2023-06-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609101132/https://www.tollytales.com/entertainment/tollywood/rita-dutta-chakraborty-opened-up-about-her-work-life-20569 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Rita Dutta Chakraborty]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|1988
|[[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]]
|''Karoti''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title='শ্বশুরবাড়ির জেদে করতে বাধ্য হন' একটা সময় দাপিয়ে করেছেন সিনেমা, আজ অনুরাধা রায় সিরিয়ালে ঠাম্মির রোল করেন! শ্বশুরবাড়ির জেদে করতে বাধ্য হন এই কাজ - |url=https://www.calcuttastory.com/entertainment-news/tollywood-news/actress-anuradha-roy-story-2532/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Calcutta Story |language=bn-BD |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409184031/https://www.calcuttastory.com/entertainment-news/tollywood-news/actress-anuradha-roy-story-2532/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1989
|[[Rituparna Sengupta]]
|
|''Shwet Kapot''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ananda |first=abp |date=2021-10-18 |title=কোন ছবি দিয়ে অভিনয় জীবন শুরু করেন ঋতুপর্ণা সেনগুপ্ত মনে আছে? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/in-pics-get-to-know-popular-movies-of-rituparna-sengupta-841566 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |archive-date=2022-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028183404/https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/in-pics-get-to-know-popular-movies-of-rituparna-sengupta-841566 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Chaiti Ghoshal]]
|
|''Dakghar''
|
|
|-
|
|[[Sudipta Chakraborty]]
|
|
|
|
|}

==1990s==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 3
| image1 = Indrani Haldar.jpg
| caption1 = [[Indrani Haldar]]
| image2 = Rituparna Sengupta - Kolkata 2018-02-18 1778.JPG
| caption2 = [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
| image3 = Shatabdi Roy.jpg
| caption3 = [[Satabdi Roy]]
}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year of debut
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |First acting assignment
! rowspan="2" |Note
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!Film
!TV series
|-
|
|[[Churni Ganguly]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|1990
|[[Chumki Chowdhury]]
|''Hirak Jayanti''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991
|[[Anashua Majumdar]]
|''[[Mahaprithibi]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-08 |title=বয়স ছুঁয়েছে সাতের ঘর! মনে-প্রাণে আজও পর্দাতেই বাঁচতে চান অভিনেত্রী অনুসূয়া মজুমদার |url=https://thebengalichronicle.com/anashua-majumdar-still-want-to-live-with-work-and-acting-act/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=The Bengali Chronicle |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810123543/https://thebengalichronicle.com/anashua-majumdar-still-want-to-live-with-work-and-acting-act/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Anushree Das]]
|''Bourani''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=অনুশ্রীর জীবনে বাস্তব খলনায়ক ভরত! প্রাক্তন স্বামীর উদ্দেশ্যে একি বললেন অভিনেত্রী? |url=https://www.newztrip.com/in-anushrees-life-bharat-is-a-real-life-villain-just-like-a-movie/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=NewZtrip |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409191806/https://www.newztrip.com/in-anushrees-life-bharat-is-a-real-life-villain-just-like-a-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Dolon Roy]]
|''Sajani Go Sajani''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ananda |first=abp |date=2022-07-04 |title='তোমার চুলগুলো আসল?' প্রথম সাক্ষাতে দোলন রায়কে জিজ্ঞেস করেন তরুণ মজুমদার |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tarun-majumdar-death-actress-dolon-roy-remembers-late-director-tarun-majumdar-900436 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607035504/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tarun-majumdar-death-actress-dolon-roy-remembers-late-director-tarun-majumdar-900436 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Riya Sen]]
|''[[Vishkanya (film)|Vishkanya]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
|[[Kajol]]
|''[[Bekhudi]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rita Koiral]]
|''Nabarupa''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabarupa |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTkyMA== |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=Bengal Film Archive |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525101402/https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTkyMA== |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|1993
|[[Rachna Banerjee]]
|''Daan Pratidaan''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=কখনও প্রশ্ন করায় বাধা, কখনও 'দিদি নম্বর ওয়ান' বন্ধ করার দাবি, একা মা ঝুমঝুমের অন্য লড়াই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/from-winning-pegent-show-to-break-up-divorce-struggle-story-of-tollywood-actor-rachana-banerjee-host-of-didi-no-1-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1389205 |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409153105/https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/from-winning-pegent-show-to-break-up-divorce-struggle-story-of-tollywood-actor-rachana-banerjee-host-of-didi-no-1-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1389205 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sreelekha Mitra]]
|
|''Balikar Prem''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1996
|[[Aparajita Auddy]]
|
|''Manorama Cabin''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=নিবেদিতা |date=2022-02-22 |title=' এই শহর, যৌথ পরিবার, স্বামী, আমার প্রাণ ' জন্মদিনে ফিরে দেখা অপরাজিতার বৃত্ত |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/aparajita-adhya-birthday-know-unknown-facts-of-actress-life-869164 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426185355/https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/aparajita-adhya-birthday-know-unknown-facts-of-actress-life-869164 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Debolina Dutta]]
|
|''Seemarekha''
|
|
|-
|[[June Malia]]
|
|''Trishna''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=June Malia: অভিনেত্রী, সিঙ্গল মাদার, রাজনীতিবিদ, ছকভাঙা চরিত্র জুন মালিয়া |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/specials/story/life-controversy-single-mother-politician-special-copy-june-malia-her-51st-birthday-283936-2021-06-24 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=2023-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508213405/https://bangla.aajtak.in/specials/story/life-controversy-single-mother-politician-special-copy-june-malia-her-51st-birthday-283936-2021-06-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Lisa Ray]]
|''[[Nethaji]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|''[[Biyer Phul]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rimi Sen]]
|''[[Damu]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Sushmita Sen]]
|''[[Dastak (1996 film)|Dastak]]''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|1997
|[[Mahima Chaudhry]]
|''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Priyanka Upendra]]
|''Joddha''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Locket Chatterjee]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Nandini Ghosal]]
|''Char Adhyay''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]]
|''[[Mayar Badhon]]''
|
|Child artist
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|1999
|[[Arpita Pal|Arpita Chatterjee]]
|''Tumi Ele Tai''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Jaya Seal]]
|''Amrita''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Manali Dey]]
|''Kali Amar Maa''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Monami Ghosh]]
|
|''Saat Kahon''
|
|
|-
|[[Raima Sen]]
|''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Swastika Mukherjee]]
|
|''Debdasi''
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bidipta Chakraborty]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Mithu Chakrabarty]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Mousumi Saha]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rimjhim Mitra]]
|
|
|
|
|}

==2000s==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 3
| image1 = Sreelekha Mitra interviewed by Siti Cinema in 2017.jpg
| caption1 = [[Sreelekha Mitra]]
| image2 = Priyanka Upendra 1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Priyanka Upendra|Priyanka Trivedi]]
| image3 = Swastika Mukherjee - Kolkata 2015-10-10 5785.JPG
|caption3 = [[Swastika Mukherjee]]
|image4 = Koyel Mullick.jpg
| caption4 = [[Koel Mallick]]
| image5 = Konkona Sen Sharma, 21st Jio MAMI Film Festival 2019 (3).jpg
| caption5 = [[Konkona Sen Sharma]]
| image6 = Arunima Ghosh.jpg
| caption6 = [[Arunima Ghosh]]
}}

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year of debut
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |First acting assignment
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!Film
!TV series
|-
| rowspan="7" |2000
|[[Arunima Ghosh]]
|''Rinmukti''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-12 |title=Arunima Ghosh: ভেঙেছে লং ডিসট্যান্স প্রেম! বিয়ের জন্য় পাত্র খুঁজছেন অরুণিমা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-arunima-ghosh-reveals-she-broke-up-with-her-long-distance-lover-recently-now-looking-to-settle-down-with-a-man-from-kolkata-31673533810522.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=2023-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502035412/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-arunima-ghosh-reveals-she-broke-up-with-her-long-distance-lover-recently-now-looking-to-settle-down-with-a-man-from-kolkata-31673533810522.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Chandrayee Ghosh]]
|
|''Jamabhoomi''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=ছোট্ট মেয়েটি আজ বাংলার দাপুটে অভিনেত্রী {{!}} Old BW Picture Of Bengali Actress |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/old-bw-picture-of-bengali-actress/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033003/https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/old-bw-picture-of-bengali-actress/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kamalika Banerjee]]
|
|''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''
|
|-
|[[Koneenica Banerjee]]
|
|''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''
|
|-
|[[Reema Sen]]
|''[[Chitram]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Samata Das]]
|
|''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''
|
|-
|[[Sohini Sengupta]]
|''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]''
|
|
|-
|2001
|[[Ananya Chatterjee]]
|
|''Chena Mukher Sari''
|
|-
|2001
|[[Bipasha Basu]]
|''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
|
|
|-
|2002
|[[Koena Mitra]]
|''Road''
|
|
|-
|
|[[Priyanka Sarkar]]
|
|''Jodi Prem Chilona Prane''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-27 |title='I wouldn't like to break anyone's family' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-wouldnt-like-to-break-anyones-family/articleshow/2312337.cms |access-date=2023-05-25 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525191523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-wouldnt-like-to-break-anyones-family/articleshow/2312337.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="8"|2003
|[[Angana Roy (Bengali actress)|Angana Basu]]
|''[[Alo (film)|Alo]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Anjana Basu]]
|
|''Robir Aloy''
|
|-
|[[Koel Mallick]]
|''Nater Guru''
|
|
|-
|[[Paoli Dam]]
|
|''Jibon Niye Khela''
|
|-
|[[Payel Sarkar]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Priyanka Kothari]]
|''[[Jay Jay]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Tanishaa Mukerji|Tanisha]]
|''[[Sssshhh]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]
|''Swaraaj''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|[[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]
|''[[Iti Srikanta]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
|''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|[[Nandana Sen]]
|''Black''
|
|
|-
|[[Tanushree Dutta]]
|''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2006
|[[Payel De]]
|
|''[[Ekdin Pratidin]]''
|
|-
|[[Ena Saha]]
|
|''Raat Bhor Brishti''
|
|-
|[[Mouni Roy|Mouni Ray]]
|
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|
|-
|[[Shahana Goswami]]
|''[[Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Sohini Sarkar]]
|
|''[[Ekdin Pratidin]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2007
|[[Parno Mittra]]
|
|''Khela''
|
|-
|[[Ridhima Ghosh]]
|''Ratparir Rupkatha''
|
|
|-
|[[Subhashree Ganguly]]
|''Pitribhumi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008
|[[Ditipriya Roy]]
|
|''[[Durga (TV series)|Durga]]''
|
|-
|[[Puja Banerjee]]
|
|''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]''
|
|-
|[[Sandipta Sen]]
|
|''[[Durga (TV series)|Durga]]''
|
|-
|[[Shweta Bhattacharya]]
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2009
|[[Darshana Banik]]
|
|''Bou Katha Kaou''
|
|-
|[[Moubani Sorcar]]
|''Badla''
|
|
|-
|[[Mumtaz Sorcar]]
|''Bhorai: The Maladies of Dawn''
|
|
|-
|[[Rajanya Mitra]]
|
|''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]''
|
|-
|[[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]
|
|''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundori (TV series)|Ogo Bodhu Sundori]]''
|
|-
|[[Sayantika Banerjee]]
|''Ghar Sansar''
|
|
|-
|
|[[Saayoni Ghosh]]
|''Ichche Dana''
|
|
|-
|
|[[Sampurna Lahiri]]
|
|
|
|}

==2010s==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 3
| image1 = Parno Mittra interview photo.png
|caption1 = [[Parno Mittra]]
| image2 = Paoli Dam IFFI.jpg
| caption2 = [[Paoli Dam]]
| image3 = Mimi Chakraborty - Kolkata 2023-12-05 8668.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mimi Chakraborty|Mimi]]
| image4 = Raima Sen (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Raima Sen]]
| image5 = Nusrat Jahan Ruhi - Kolkata 2023-12-05 8550.jpg
| caption5 = [[Nusrat Jahan]]
| image6 = Srabanti Chatterjee - Kolkata 2023-12-05 8555.jpg
| caption6 = [[Srabanti Chatterjee|Srabanti]]

}}

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year of debut
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |First acting assignment
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!Film
!TV series
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|[[Anindita Bose]]
|''Clerk''
|
|
|-
|[[Basabdatta Chatterjee]]
|
|''[[Gaaner Oparey]]''
|
|-
|[[Mimi Chakraborty]]
|
|''[[Gaaner Oparey]]''
|
|-
|[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
|''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2011
|[[Amrita Chattopadhyay]]
|
|''[[Kanakanjali]]''
|
|-
|[[Madhumita Sarcar]]
|
|''Sobinoy Nibedon''
|
|-
|[[Nusrat Jahan]]
|''Shatru''
|
|
|-
|2012
|[[Sauraseni Maitra]]
|[[Chittagong (film)|''Chittagong'']]
|
|
|-
|2013
|[[Jhilik Bhattacharjee]]
|''Tomay Bhalobasi''
|
|
|-
|2014
|[[Rooqma Ray]]
|
|''[[Kiranmala (TV series)|Kiranmala]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|[[Koushani Mukherjee]]
|''Parbona Toke Charte Ami''
|
|
|-
|[[Swastika Dutta]]
|''Parbona Toke Charte Ami''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2016
|[[Ishaa Saha]]
|
|''Jhanjh Lobongo Phool''
|
|-
|[[Soumitrisha Kundu]]
|
|''E Amar Gurudakshina''
|
|-
|[[Trina Saha]]
|
|''Khokababu''
|
|-
|2017
|[[Rukmini Maitra]]
|''[[Chaamp]]''
|
|
|-
|2018
|[[Tuhina Das]]
|''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor]]''
|
|
|-
|2019
|[[Idhika Paul]]
|
|''Arabbya Rajani''
|
|}

==2020s==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 3
| image1 = Madhumita Sunlight.jpg
|caption1 = [[Madhumita Sarcar]]
| image2 = Koushani Mukherjee - Kolkata 2023-12-05 8578.jpg
| caption2 = [[Koushani Mukherjee]]
}}

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year of debut
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |First acting assignment
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!Film
!TV series
|-
|2021
|[[Susmita Chatterjee]]
|''[[Prem Tame]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Bengali Personality Susmita Chatterjee |url=http://www.anandabazar.com/events/look-back-2021/best-bengali-personality-susmita-chatterjee/9 |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=www.anandabazar.com |archive-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526172615/https://www.anandabazar.com/events/look-back-2021/best-bengali-personality-susmita-chatterjee/9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Bangladeshi actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali actresses}}
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian actresses|Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Lists of Bangladeshi women|Actresses]]
[[Category:Lists of actresses]]

Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve

2026-02-22T21:18:45Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding initial details needs work

{{Short description|Tiger reserve in India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = II
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district|Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur (MCB)]], [[Koriya district|Korea]], [[Surajpur district|Surajpur]] and [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]], Chhattisgarh
| nearest_city = [[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh|Baikunthpur]]
| nearest_town =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|36|7|N|82|28|19|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area_km2 = 2,829.387
| elevation =
| created =
| established = 2024
| named_for =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], Chhattisgarh Forest Department
| website =
| url =
}}

'''Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve''' is a [[tiger reserve]] in [[Chhattisgarh]], situated across the districts of [[Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district|Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur (MCB)]], [[Koriya district|Korea]], [[Surajpur district|Surajpur]], and [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur district]]s. This tiger reserve covers a total area of {{convert|2829.38|km2}}, including a core or critical tiger habitat of {{convert|2049.2|km2}}, which consists of the [[Guru Ghasidas National Park]] and the [[Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary]], along with a buffer zone of {{convert|780.15|km2}}. It is 56th Tiger Reserve of India announced in 2024.<ref name="DHlitigation">{{cite news |title=After decade-long wait, Chhattisgarh to get its 4th tiger reserve |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/chhattisgarh/after-decade-long-wait-chhattisgarh-to-get-its-4th-tiger-reserve-3141383 |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve received final approval for its notification from the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] in October 2021.<ref name="DHlitigation" /> This designation positions it as the third largest [[tiger reserve]] in the nation, following the [[Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[Manas Tiger Reserve]] in [[Assam]].<ref name="THss">{{cite news |last1=Sikdar |first1=Shubhomoy |title=Chhattisgarh govt. to develop fourth tiger reserve in State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-govt-to-develop-fourth-tiger-reserve-in-state/article68497808.ece |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=7 August 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
The Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla forest consist of [[Sal tree|sal]], [[Terminalia elliptica|saja]], [[Terminalia anogeissiana|dhavda]], [[kusum]] tree.<ref name="TheIndianExpress2024"/> The [[Zoological Survey of India]] has recorded a total of 753 species within the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve, comprising 365 [[invertebrates]] and 388 [[vertebrates]]. The invertebrate population is predominantly made up of [[insect]]s, while the vertebrate population features 230 [[bird|bird species]] and 55 [[mammal|mammal species]], including several that are classified as [[Threatened species|threatened]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Can Chhattisgarh recover lost ground in conservation with its fourth tiger reserve? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/can-chhattisgarh-recover-lost-ground-in-conservation-with-its-fourth-tiger-reserve-2637175-2024-11-21 |work=India Today |date=21 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The reserve is home to wide variety of wildlife species including [[chital]], [[elephant]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[Indian bison]], [[leopard]], [[tiger]], [[sloth bear]], [[wolf]], [[otter]], [[jackal]], [[hyena]], [[langur]], [[vulture]] and [[peacock]]. As of 2024, there were five to six tigers in the reserve.<ref name="TheIndianExpress2024"/>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map| width=600| height=400| zoom=9
|coord={{coord|23|39|N|82|21|E}}| float=left|caption=Location of '''Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve''' in '''Chhattisgarh''' M: municipality, NP: National Park, WLS: Wildlife Sanctuary|
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|15|20|N|82|33|00|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Baikunthpur| numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh|Biakuthpur]] (M) |shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000||shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|12|40|N|82|52|00|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6=Surajpur| numbered6=M| mark-title6= [[Surajpur, Chhattisgarh|Surajpur]] (M) |label-color6=#800000
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|59|N|81|39|E}} | label-pos2= top|label2=Sanjay |numbered2=NP||labela2= National |labelb2= Park | mark-title2= [[Sanjay National Park]] |shape-color2=Green| label-size2=13|label-color2=Green
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|57|10|N|81|31|0|E}} |label3= Banas |labela3= River |label-color3 = #77A1CB| label-angle3= 60| label-pos3=top| label-size3=10| mark-size3=0| mark-title3 =none
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|45|30|N|82|12|50|E}} | label-pos4= bottom|label4=Guru Ghasidas |numbered4=NP||labela4= National |labelb4= Park | mark-title4= Guru Ghasidas National Park |shape-color4=Green| label-size4=13|label-color4=Green
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|40|00|N|82|52|40|E}} | label-pos5= top|label5=Tampor Pingla |numbered5=WLS||labela5= Wildlife |labelb5= Sanctuary | mark-title5= [[Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary]] |shape-color5=Green| label-size5=13|label-color5=Green
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|41|10|N|82|45|0|E}} |label7= Rihand |labela7= River |label-color7 = #77A1CB| label-angle7= 75| label-pos7=top| label-size7=10| mark-size7=0| mark-title7 =none
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|01|40|N|82|50|0|E}} |label8= Govind |labela8= Ballabh Pant |labelb8= Sagar|label-color8 = #77A1CB| label-angle8= 00| label-pos8=top| label-size8=10| mark-size8=0| mark-title8 =none
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|52|40|N|82|13|30|E}} |label9= Gopand |labela9= River |label-color9 = #77A1CB| label-angle9= 70| label-pos9=top| label-size9=10| mark-size9=0| mark-title9 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|59|00|N|81|44|0|E}}|arc-textA= MADHYA PRADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-20| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5
|arc-coordB={{coord|23|25|00|N|82|20|0|E}}|arc-textB= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-20| arc-gapB=2.5| arc-radiusB=0.5}}{{clear}}

The core area of the tiger reserve is {{cvt|2,049.23|km2}}, including {{cvt|1,440.70|km2}} of Guru Ghasidas National Park and {{cvt|608.52|km2}} of [[Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary]]. The buffer area is {{cvt|780.15|km2}}. The total area of the reserve is {{cvt|2,829.38|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/chhattisgarh-government-establishes-guru-ghasidas-tamor-pingla-tiger-reserve-amid-legal-proceedings/articleshow/115427243.cms|title=After HC Prod CG Govt Notifies Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve|work=[[Times of India]]|date=19 November 2024|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref> In accordance with the landscape approach to conservation proposed in India's National Wildlife Plan, this tiger reserve is adjacent to the [[Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], forming a landscape complex that covers nearly {{convert|4500|km2}}. Furthermore, this tiger reserve is connected to the [[Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve]] to the west and the [[Palamau Tiger Reserve]] to the east in [[Jharkhand]].<ref name="TNIEjc">{{cite news |last1=Choubey |first1=Jitendra |title=India's 56th tiger reserve notified in Chhatisgarh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/19/indias-56th-tiger-reserve-notified-in-chhatisgarh |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Situated in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chhota Nagpur Plateau]] and extending into the [[Baghelkhand|Baghelkhand plateau]], the tiger reserve is characterized by its varied landscapes, dense woodlands, and numerous streams and rivers, which create an environment conducive to a rich diversity of fauna and serve as vital habitats for the tiger.<ref name="TheIndianExpress2024">{{cite news |title=Everything you need to know about Chhattisgarh's newest tiger reserve |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chhattisgarhs-newest-tiger-reserve-9684697/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}

[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Tigers in India]]
[[Category:Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Tourism in Chhattisgarh]]

M. A. R. Habib

2026-02-16T16:44:40Z

EmmettAlbritton: fix layout per standard format additionally and updated info as per guidelines

[[File:M a r habib 1018851.jpg|thumb|M. A. R. Habib]]
'''M. A. Rafey Habib''' is an academic [[humanities]] scholar and poet.

His published books include studies of [[literary theory]],<ref name=histlitcrit/> [[T. S. Eliot]],<ref name=eliot/> [[Urdu poetry]],<ref name=urdu/> a translation of the [[Quran]], [[pacifism in Islam]],<ref name=cbs/><ref name=mcgowan/> and the impact on literary theory of the philosophy of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]].<ref name=hegel/> He is currently Distinguished Professor in the Department of English at [[Rutgers University-Camden]],<ref name=cbs>{{Cite news|title=Rutgers Professor Pens Book Of Poetry On Islam In The 21st Century|publisher=CBS Philly|url=https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2010/10/31/rutgers-professor-pens-book-of-poerty-on-islam-in-the-21st-century/|date=October 31, 2010}}</ref>

== Works ==
Habib's books include:
* ''The Qur'an: A Verse Translation (2024)''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Rafey |title=The Qur'an: A Verse Translation |publisher= Liveright |year=2024 |isbn=978-0871404992}}</ref>
* ''Hegel and the Foundations of Literary Theory'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1108471381|title = Hegel and the Foundations of Literary Theory|last = Habib|first = M. A. R.|date = 2018|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108602952}} Review:
*{{cite journal | last = Harris | first = Oliver | date = September 2020 | doi = 10.1017/hgl.2020.23 | journal = Hegel Bulletin | pages = 476–479 | title = none| volume = 42 | issue = 3 }}</ref>
* ''Hegel and Empire: From Postcolonialism to Globalism'' (2017)<ref name=hegel>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-3319684116|title = Hegel and Empire: From Postcolonialism to Globalism|last1 = Habib|first1 = M. A. R.|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2017}} Reviews:
*{{cite journal|last=Bertholf|first=Garry|date=June 2019|doi=10.1093/pq/pqz034|journal=The Philosophical Quarterly|title=none|volume=70|issue=279|pages=424–426}}
*{{cite journal|last=Shaw|first=Wendy|date=November 2019|doi=10.1515/ngs-2019-0018|issue=3|journal=New Global Studies|pages=404–409|title=none|volume=13|s2cid=199156029}}</ref>
* ''The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Volume 6, The Nineteenth Century, c.1830–1914'' (2013)<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1316606100|title = The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Volume 6, the Nineteenth Century, c.1830-1914|last1 = Habib|first1 = M. A. R.|year = 2013|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} Review:
*{{cite journal|last=Collini|first=Stefan|date=November 2014|doi=10.1086/677193|issue=2|journal=Modern Philology|jstor=10.1086/677193|pages=E197–E201|title=none|volume=112|s2cid=164129377}}</ref>
* ''A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory'' (revised 5th ed., 2012)<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-0141047157|title = A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory|last1 = Cuddon|first1 = J. A.|editor-first=Habib|editor-last=M. A. R.|edition=5th|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|year=2012}} Reviews:
*{{cite journal|last=Filipczak|first=Dorota|date=January 2013|doi=10.2478/texmat-2013-0039|issue=3|journal=Text Matters – A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture|publisher=University of Lodz|title=A garden of orismological delights|volume=3|doi-access=free|hdl=11089/8506|hdl-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last=Langan|first=Kathleen A.|date=February 2014|doi=10.1108/rr-09-2013-0239|issue=2|journal=Reference Reviews|pages=25–26|publisher=Emerald|title=none|volume=28}}</ref>
* ''Literary Criticism from Plato to the Present: An Introduction'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1405160353|title = Literary Criticism from Plato to the Present: An Introduction|last1 = Habib|first1 = M. A. R.|year=2011|publisher= John Wiley & Sons}}</ref>
* ''Shades of Islam: Poems for a New Century'' (2010)<ref name=cbs/><ref name=mcgowan>{{Cite book|title=The Bridge: Revelation and Its Implications|first=Michael W.|last=McGowan|publisher=Wipf and Stock|year=2015|isbn=9781498270601|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1FgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shades of Islam: Poems for a New Century|first=M. A. R.|last=Habib|year=2010|location=Markfield|publisher=Kube Publishing}}</ref>
* ''Modern Literary Criticism and Theory: A History'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1405176668|title = Modern literary criticism and theory: A history|last1 = Habib|first1 = Rafey|year = 2008|location = Oxford|publisher = Blackwell|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/modernliterarycr0000habi}}</ref>
* ''A History of Literary Criticism: From Plato to the Present'' (2005)<ref name=histlitcrit>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1405176088|title = A History of Literary Criticism: From Plato to the Present|last1 = Habib|first1 = M. A. R.|year=2005|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell}} Review:
*{{cite journal|last=Tambling|first=Jeremy|date=July 2007|doi=10.2307/20467438|issue=3|journal=The Modern Language Review|jstor=20467438|pages=812–813|title=none|volume=102}}</ref>
* ''An Anthology of Modern Urdu Poetry: In English Translation'' (translated and edited, 2003)<ref name=urdu>{{Cite book|isbn = 9780873527972 |title = An Anthology of Modern Urdu Poetry: In English Translation, with Urdu Text|last = Habib|first = M. A. R.|year = 2003|publisher=Modern Language Association|series=MLA Texts and Translations}} Review:
*{{cite journal|title=Translating Modern Urdu Poetry|last=Ramaswamy|first=Anushiya|journal=Papers on Language and Literature|volume=45|issue=3|date=Summer 2009|pages=325–329|id={{ProQuest|198423858}}}}</ref>
* ''The Early T.S. Eliot and Western Philosophy'' (1999)<ref name=eliot>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-0521063531|title = The Early T. S. Eliot and Western Philosophy|last1 = Habib|first1 = Rafey|year=1999|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} Reviews:
*{{cite journal|last=Roeffaers|first=H.|date=Fall 2000|issue=2|journal=Tijdschrift voor Filosofie|jstor=40888910|pages=399–400|title=none|volume=62}}
*{{cite journal|last=Rainford|first=Lydia|date=February 2001|issue=205|journal=The Review of English Studies|jstor=3070521|pages=156–158|title=none|volume=52}}
*{{cite journal|last=Wilkins|first=Christopher|date=Fall 2001|issue=2|journal=International Journal of the Classical Tradition|jstor=30224216|pages=335–338|title=none|volume=8}}</ref>
* ''The Dissident Voice: Poems of N.M. Ráshed'' (translated and edited, 1993)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Dissident Voice|first=N. M.|last=Ráshed|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press}} Review:
*{{cite journal|last=Perry|first=John Oliver|date=Fall 1993|doi=10.2307/40149819|issue=4|journal=World Literature Today|jstor=40149819|pages=902–903|title=none|volume=67}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*https://marhabib.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Habib, Rafey}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rutgers University faculty]]
[[Category:American academics of English literature]]
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into English]]

Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)

2026-02-12T03:04:18Z

EmmettAlbritton: Created some pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian archaeologist}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use British English |date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suraj Bhan
| image = File:Suraj Bhan (Indian archaeologist).jpg
| caption = Suraj Bhan
| birth_date = March 1931
| birth_place = [[Montgomery (town), British India|Montgomery]], [[British India]]<ref name=pdem>{{cite web|last1=Habib|first1=Irfan|title=Mourning Professor Suraj Bhan|url=http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2010/0808_pd/08082010_9.html|website=People's Democracy|access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|2010|07|14}}
| death_place = [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]]<ref name=mainw>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Ranbir|title=Dr Suraj Bhan|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2398.html|publisher=Mainstream Weekly|date=23 October 2010|access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref>
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Archaeologist
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
}}

'''Suraj Bhan''' (1931–2010) was an Indian archaeologist and professor of archaeology. His academic work was said to bear a deep imprint of [[Marxism]]. He was also involved with the work of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in Haryana and took particular interest in the People's Science movement.<ref name=pdem/>

He was part of a panel of academics which contested the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]]'s claim that the [[Babri Masjid]] was built on top of a [[Râm]] temple.<ref name="frontline">{{cite web | url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2717/stories/20100827271712700.htm | title=People's historian | publisher=Frontline | date=14 August 2010 |access-date=24 November 2014 | author=Habib, Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Suraj Bhan was born in March 1931 in [[Montgomery (town), British India|Montgomery]] (now in [[Pakistan]]) in a peasant family and later migrated to [[Haryana]].<ref name=frontline/>

He studied Economics and Sanskrit for a B.A. and M.A. at the [[Delhi University]]. Subsequently, he joined the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in 1956 as a technical assistant. He studied Archaeology and Culture for a second M.A. degree in 1960 and, in 1972 also received a Ph.D. degree from the [[M. S. University]], [[Baroda]]. He went on to a teaching career first at the [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Punjab University]] and then in {{circa|1967}} at [[Kurukshetra University]], carrying out archaeology of prehistoric sites in Haryana. He rose to become the Dean of the Faculty of Indic Studies before retiring in 1991.<ref name=pdobit>{{cite news|title=Professor Suraj Bhan|url=http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2010/0808_pd/08082010_10.html|access-date=27 April 2015|work=People's Democracy|date=8 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=frontline/><ref name=testimony>{{harvnb|Jain|2013|pp=248–251}}</ref>{{sfn|Lal|2003|pp=174-175}}{{sfn|Allahabad High Court|2010|loc=para 3613 (vol. 15)}}

== Archaeological work ==
Bhan's early research was on the archaeology of prehistoric sites along the old river channels of [[Sarsuti]]–[[Ghaggar]] and [[Chautang]] rivers in Haryana. In 1968, he excavated the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] culture site of [[Mitathal]]. His thesis on the "Historic Archaeology of Saraswati and Drishadavati Valleys" earned him a PhD in 1972. In 1975, Bhan published his major report, ''Excavations at Mitathal and Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide'', which became a fundamental reference for the study of Indus and post-Indus cultures.<ref name=frontline/>{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=249}}{{sfn|Allahabad High Court|2010|loc=para 3613 (vol. 15)}}

In 1987, Bhan was invited to give the presidential address to the Archaeology section of the Indian History Congress, where he came out strongly against the tendency among some archaeologists to identify the Indus Valley Civilisation with the Vedic cultures.<ref name=frontline/> His paper in ''The Making of History'' volume (2002) countered arguments made by archaeologists, [[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]], [[Swaraj Prakash Gupta|S. P. Gupta]] et al. for an [[Aryan]] link to the Indus Valley Civilization.<ref name=pdem/>

In 1996, he was awarded a senior fellowship by the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] (ICHR) and a year later, he was appointed as a member of the ICHR council. [[Irfan Habib]], in his obituary of Bhan, believed him to be a man of "impeccable personal ethics, which matched well with his professional probity."<ref name=frontline/>

== Ayodhya dispute ==
Suraj Bhan played a significant role during the [[Ayodhya dispute]], supporting the case for the [[Babri Masjid]]. He along with historians, [[Ram Sharan Sharma]], [[Dwijendra Narayan Jha]] and [[M. Athar Ali]], were a group of four academics who submitted a document titled ''Babari Mosque or Rama's Birth Place? Historians Report to the Nation'' to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] in May 1991. Bhan contributed towards the archaeological component of the report. The authors claimed to have scrutinised the evidence provided by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and the [[Babri Masjid Action Committee]] (BMAC) and rejected outright the idea of the mosque being the site of Rama's birth or of the possibility of it having been built atop a pre-existing temple. The authors dismissed the claim by [[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]], a former director of the ASI, that he had discovered pillar bases next to the Babri Masjid during his excavation in the 1970s. However, they did so while noting that they were not given access to Lal's excavation notes.{{refn|Ramjanmabhumi-Babri Masjid: A Historians' Report to the Nation by R. S. Sharma, M. Athar Ali, D. N. Jha, Suraj Bhan ({{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=33–46}})}}{{sfn|Jain|2013|pp=176-178}}{{sfn|Allahabad High Court|2010|loc=paras 3608-3611 (vol. 15)}} Bhan would later testify in the [[Allahabad High Court]] that the report had been hurriedly compiled "under pressure" from BMAC.{{sfn|Allahabad High Court|2010|loc=para 3615 (vol. 15)}}

In October 1992, the four historians wrote in the CPI(M)'s weekly newspaper, [[People's Democracy (newspaper)|People's Democracy]], reacting to the booklet ''Ram Janmabhumi Ayodhya: New Archaeological Discoveries''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Y. D. |last2=Srivastava |first2=K. M. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. P. |last4= Nautiyal |first4=K. P. |last5=Grover |first5=B. R. |last6=Agrawal |first6=D. S. |last7=Mukherji |first7=S. |last8=Malayya |first8=S. |title=Ramajanma Bhumi: Ayodhya - New Archaeological Discoveries |publisher=Historian's Forum |location=New Delhi |year=1993}}
</ref>{{refn|S. P. Gupta, Fresh Archaeological Discoveries at Ramjanmabhumi ({{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=109–116}}, from ''BJP Today'', 1–15 February 1993)}} stating that the VHP protagonists had indulged in "indiscriminate PWD-like excavation."{{refn|{{harvnb|Noorani|2014}}:
* Historians Challenge the VHP's `New Evidence' (pp. 98-103, from ''People's Democracy'', 25 October 1992)
* Nothing Correlates with Existence of a Pre-Sixteenth Century Temple:Historians (pp. 103-107, from ''People's Democracy'', 8 November 1992)
* Historians Decry VHP Refusal to See Reason (pp 107-108, from ''People's Democracy'', 15 November 1992)
* Archaeologist Refutes VHP Claim (p. 108, from ''People's Democracy'', 25 October 1992)}}{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=186}} Bhan had earlier also contested statements by [[S. P. Gupta]] that the black basalt pillars in the Babri Masjid were once part of a Hindu temple.{{refn|Suraj Bhan's Dissection of S. P. Gupta's Conclusions ({{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=93–96}}, from ''People's Democracy'', 3 March 1991)}}{{refn|Archaeological Evidence - Comment by Suraj Bhan ({{harvnb|Gopal|1990|pp=225–228}}}}{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=172}}

The Babri Masjid was [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished]] on 6 December 1992.

Suraj Bhan deposed as an [[expert witness]] in the Allahabad High Court on behalf of the pro-mosque parties in 2000, 2002, and again in 2006.{{sfn|Allahabad High Court|2010|loc=para 3609 (vol. 15)}} He was the only one of the four authors of the ''Historians Report to the Nation'' to do so. On 5 March 2003, the Allahabad High Court ordered the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to excavate the site of the Babri Masjid in order to determine whether a temple-like structure had been demolished before the construction of the mosque. Suraj Bhan joined [[Irfan Habib]] and others in issuing a press statement denouncing the move.{{refn|Historians' Statement on Allahabad High Court Order for Excavation at the Babri Masjid Site ({{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=139–142}}, 10 March 2003)}}{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=201}} The ASI proceeded with its excavations and submitted its findings to the court in September 2003. Its report revealed the presence of a circular shrine, dateable to 7–10th century and a "massive structure", 50 metres by 30 metres, built in three structural phases during the 11–12th century.<ref name=joshi>{{cite news|last1=Poornima|first1=Joshi|title=Phantom Of The Fossils|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/phantom-of-the-fossils/221335|access-date=24 April 2015|work=Outlook|date=8 September 2003}}</ref>{{sfn|Jain|2013|pp=204-206}}

Bhan who had visited the digs in June 2003 criticised the ASI for conducting extensive horizontal diggings which destroyed all the Mughal period remains at the site when limited vertical trenching was all that was required. Questioning the methodologies employed to date the underground structure, he accused the ASI report of being an attempt to push back the antiquity of Ayodhya and thereby the [[Ramayana]] to {{circa|1000 BCE}}. He proclaimed with certainty, that the "massive structure" found by the ASI was not a temple and that it was likely a Sultanate period mosque.<ref name=interview>{{cite news | title='It was not a temple': Interview with Suraj Bhan |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30219094.ece|work=Frontline|volume=20|issue=19|date=13 September 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025084157/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30219094.ece |archive-date=25 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|`It was not a temple': Interview with Suraj Bhan ({{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=163–169}}, from ''Frontline'', 26 September 2003) }}<ref name=joshi/>{{sfn|Jain|2013|p=210}}

Bhan appeared in the Allahabad High Court to state his professional opinion that the conclusion of the ASI report regarding the existence of any temple beneath the Babri mosque was baseless. While he was present at the excavation for only three days, he claimed that the ASI did not properly record the glazed ware, glazed tiles and bones found at the site. He made other observations such as on the use of lime mortar which he believed dated the underground structure to the Sultanate period. He also claimed that the shortcomings of the report could not be made good and alleged that the ASI lacked objectivity, professional integrity, and scientific rigour.{{sfn|Jain|2013|pp=210-211}}{{sfn|Allahabad High Court|2010|loc=paras 3826-3829 (vol. 16)}} Under examination, Bhan clarified that he was only an archaeologist and not an art-historian or medieval historian.{{sfn|Jain|2013|pp=248-251}}{{sfn|Allahabad High Court|2010|loc=para 3614, para 3615, para 3826 (vol. 15)}}

In its 2010 verdict on the Ayodhya dispute, the Allahabad High Court criticised the professionalism of the expert witnesses who had appeared on behalf of the pro-mosque parties. On Suraj Bhan, the court felt that he had made vague statements and had failed to provide a proper reason to challenge the conclusions of the ASI. It dismissed as baseless his technical observations on matters such as the use of lime mortar which had been established to have been in use in India from at least 600 BCE, well before the Sultanate period. The court noted that Bhan had a predetermined attitude against the ASI and noted that rather than being condemned, the Survey deserved commendation and appreciation.{{sfn|Allahabad High Court|2010|loc=para 3826 (vol. 15)}}{{sfn|Allahabad High Court|2010|loc=para 3889, para 3991, point VIII (vol. 18)}}

== Works ==
* "Excavations at Mitathal (Hissar), 1968." Journal of Haryana Studies 1.1 (1969): 1–15.
* "Changes in the course of Yamuna and their bearing on the protohistoric cultures of Haryana." Archaeological congress and seminar papers. 1972.
* "Siswal, a pre-Harappan site in Drishadvati valley." (1972): 44–46.
* "The sequence and spread of prehistoric cultures in the upper Sarasvati Basin." Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology (1973): 252–263.
* ''Excavation at Mitathal (1968) and Other explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna divide''. Kurukshetra University, 1975.
* (with Jim G. Shaffer) "New discoveries in northern Haryana." Man and Environment 2 (1978): 59-68.
* "Recent trends in Indian archaeology." Social Scientist (1997): 3–15. {{JSTOR|3517757}}.
* "Aryanization of the Indus Civilisation." ''The Making of History: Essays presented to Irfan Habib'', pp. 41–55. Anthem Press, 2002. {{ISBN|1843310384}}.

==See also==
* [[Archaeology of Ayodhya]]
* [[Ram Janmabhoomi]]
*[[Siswal]]

==References==
{{reflist |30em}}
; Sources
* {{cite web |author=Allahabad High Court |author-link=Allahabad High Court |title=Decision of Hon'ble Special Full Bench hearing Ayodhya Matters |date=30 August 2010 |url=http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/DisplayAyodhyaBenchLandingPage.do |access-date=2014-12-27 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gopal |editor-first=S. |editor-link=Sarvepalli Gopal |title=Anatomy of a Confrontation: The Babri Masjid - The Rise of Communal Politics in India |publisher=Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |year=1990 |isbn=1-85649-050-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |author-link=Meenakshi Jain |title=Rama and Ayodhya |publisher=Aryan Books |location=New Delhi |year=2013 |isbn=978-8173054518 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lal |first=Vinay |author-link=Vinay Lal |title=The History of History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-567244-5 }}
* {{cite book |editor=A. G. Noorani |editor-link=A. G. Noorani |title=The Babri Masjid Question, 1528–2003: A Matter of National Honour |volume=1 |publisher=[[Tulika Books]] |year=2014 |orig-date=first published 2003 |isbn=978-93-82381-45-7 |ref={{sfnref|Noorani|2014}}}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhan, Suraj}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Haryana]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kurukshetra University]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sahiwal District]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]

Shahrin Islam Tuhin

2026-02-07T12:24:00Z

EmmettAlbritton: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shahrin Islam Chowdhury Tuhin
| native_name = {{nobold|শাহরিন ইসলাম চৌধুরী তুহিন}}
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| term_start = 15 February 1996
| term_end = 12 June 1996
| constituency = [[Nilphamari-1]]
| predecessor = [[Abdur Rouf (Nilpharmari politician)|Abdur Rouf]]
| successor = [[NK Alam Chowdhury]]
| children =
| spouse = Ayesha Islam
| birth_place = [[Rajshahi]], [[East Pakistan]] now [[Bangladesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| father = [[M. Rafiqul Islam]]
| mother = Selima Islam
| relatives = ''See [[Majumder–Zia family]]''
| relations = [[Saiful Islam Duke]] (brother)
| residence =
| image = Shahrin Islam Chowdhury Tuhin.jpg
| caption = Tuhin in 2025
| width = 180px
}}

'''Shahrin Islam Chowdhury Tuhin''' ({{langx|bn|শাহরিন ইসলাম চৌধুরী তুহিন}}), also known by his [[daak naam]] '''Tuhin''', is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and a former member of parliament for [[Nilphamari-1]]. He is the nephew of former prime minister [[Khaleda Zia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Khaleda's nephew Tuhin gets 13 years |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/khaleda-s-nephew-tuhin-gets-13-years |work=bdnews24.com |date=11 September 2008 |access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Shahrin Islam Tuhin was born in [[Rajshahi]] to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family. His ancestral home is in the village of Gomnati, [[Domar Upazila|Domar]], [[Nilphamari District]]. His father, [[M. Rafiqul Islam|Rafiqul Islam Chowdhury]], was a professor of economics and dean at the [[University of Rajshahi]] and the former VC of [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]. Tuhin's mother, Selima Islam, is the eldest sister of former prime minister [[Khaleda Zia]] and the descendant of Murad Khan, a 16th-century Middle Eastern immigrant.<ref name=tofa>{{cite book |title=Bāṅmaẏa Bāṅgāli |language=bn |author=Z. A. Tofayell |year=1991 |publisher=Pān̐cagām̐o Prakāśanī |pages=5–6}}</ref>

==Career==
{{Update section|date=February 2026}}
Tuhin formerly served as the president of the Nilphamari District branch of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP), a political party founded by President [[Ziaur Rahman]], the husband of his maternal aunt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indoor politics fail to activate BNP, Jamaat men in Nilphamari as key leaders held or hiding |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-37321 |work=The Daily Star |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref> He took part in the [[February 1996 Bangladeshi general election]] as a BNP candidate and won a seat in parliament for the [[Nilphamari-1]] constituency.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

He also competed in the elections of [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|June 1996]] and [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001]], but was unable to win a seat in either.<ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net:80/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=12 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224222909/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=12 |archive-date=24 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, Tuhin was made a member of the executive committee in the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.<ref>{{cite news |title=SQC's son Hummam among many new faces in BNP committee |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/156971/SQC%E2%80%99s-son-Hummam-among-many-new-faces-in-BNP-committee |work=Daily Sun |access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Tuhin with his followers-2025.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Tuhin at his residence during an exchange of views with leaders and activists. April, 2025]]
He was sent to jail on 29 April 2025, after his surrender on the same day before two separate Dhaka courts in two cases in which he was sentenced to 21 years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court orders Khaleda Zia's nephew Tuhin to jail in ACC tax evasion case |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/379921/khaleda-zia%E2%80%99s-nephew-tuhin-surrenders-to-court-17 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The High Court has granted bail to him on 8 May 2025, who was convicted in two separate cases filed by the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) in 2007 during the time of the caretaker government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Khaleda's nephew Tuhin granted bail in ACC cases filed during caretaker govt |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/khaledas-nephew-tuhin-granted-bail-acc-cases-filed-during-caretaker-govt-regime |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuhin, Shahrin Islam}}
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Nilphamari District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Majumder–Zia family]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Patna–Digha Ghat line

2026-02-05T04:41:00Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding a data...

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Patna–Digha Ghat line
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
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| type = [[Commuter rail]]
| status = Closed
| locale = [[Patna]]
| start = R-Block
| end = Digha Ghat railway station
| stations = 6
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| planopen = 
| open = 1862 
| yearcommenced = 
| yearcompleted = 
| close = 2018 
| event1label =
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| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| character = At-grade street running
| depot =
| stock = [[Diesel multiple unit|Diesel Multiple Unit]] (DMU)
| linelength_km =
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| electrification = No
| trainnumber = 73213, 73214, 73215, 73216
| speed_km/h = 20
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| map = {{Patna–Digha Ghat line|inline=1}}
| map_name = Patna–Digha Ghat line
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}}

'''Patna–Digha Ghat line''' was a [[railway line]] connecting [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] and Digha Ghat railway station in the [[India]]n city of [[Patna]]. It was constructed by the [[British Raj|British]] in 1862, and functioned intermittently. The railway line was revived in 1962–63 and 2004 by the then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Indian Railway Ministers]], [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], respectively. [[Passenger train]] operations on the route were economically unviable due to low ridership. However, trains continued to run on the railway line in order to prevent [[Adverse possession|encroachment]].{{efn|{{As of|2016}}, about 880{{ns|1}}[[hectare|ha]] of land belonging to Indian Railways was under encroachment, either by temporary [[squatter]]s, shacks or [[slum]]-dwellings, or by more permanent structures that had been built upon it.<ref name="LiveMint">{{cite news |title=Railway land management module to tackle encroachment menace |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/TnhzIit5YkMZv593RhszVN/Railway-land-management-module-to-tackle-encroachment-menace.html |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |date=26 April 2016}}</ref>}}

In August 2018, the railway line along with the surrounding land was transferred to the [[Government of Bihar|Bihar state government]], which plans to convert it into a four- to six-lane roadway to ease traffic congestion in the city. The project is scheduled to be completed by mid-2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/govt-begins-groundwork-for-construction-of-4-lane-road/articleshow/64966311.cms|title=Bihar government begins groundwork for construction of 4-lane road|date=13 July 2018|access-date=19 July 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Handover">{{cite news |last1=Bhelari |first1=Amit |title=Railway land handover cheer for state & city |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/railway-land-handover-cheer-for-state-city-251804 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201104/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/railway-land-handover-cheer-for-state-city-251804 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]] got around {{convert|4.8|acre|adj=on|order=flip}} of land on [[Hardinge Park|Hardinge Road]] from [[Bihar government]] in lieu of the 7 km long Patna–Digha Ghat line land it offered to the latter for the construction of R-Block-Digha Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/double-discharge-platforms-to-come-up-in-city-soon-ecr/articleshow/73562392.cms|title=Double-discharge platforms to come up in Patna soon: East Central Railway}}</ref>

==History==
The Patna Junction–Digha Ghat rail track was laid in 1862 during the British Raj.<ref name=t1>{{cite news |title=Patna train runs on fear – Loss of Rs 16000 a day to keep land encroachers at bay |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160423/jsp/frontpage/story_81744.jsp |author=Amit Bhelari |location=[[Patna]] |date=23 April 2016 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619073756/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160423/jsp/frontpage/story_81744.jsp |archive-date=19 June 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The railway line was constructed to ease the transportation of leather items and footwear products to and from the [[Bata Shoes|Bata]] factory situated at [[Digha, Patna|Digha]].<ref name=toi1>{{cite news |title=Decks cleared for e-way on Digha rail line in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/decks-cleared-for-e-way-on-digha-rail-line-in-city/articleshow/64592483.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |location=[[Patna]] |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615154845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/decks-cleared-for-e-way-on-digha-rail-line-in-city/articleshow/64592483.cms |archive-date=15 June 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The railway line was revived in 1962{{ndash}}63 by Jagjivan Ram, the then railway minister of India, citing the historical importance of the line. The passenger train service continued until 1974, with [[goods train]]s running on the railway line until the early 1990s.<ref name=toi2>{{cite news|title=Patna-Digha train service from Sunday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Patna-Digha-train-service-from-Sunday/articleshow/773854.cms |author=Kumod Verma |newspaper=The Times of India |location=[[Danapur]] |date=11 July 2004 |access-date=17 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Old-timers enthused by train revival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Old-timers-enthused-by-train-revival/articleshow/774555.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Kumud Verma |location=Patna |date=12 July 2004 |access-date=17 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802094407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Old-timers-enthused-by-train-revival/articleshow/774555.cms |archive-date=2 August 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Subsequently, the track remained non–functional until July 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/patna/r-block-digha-railroad-now-a-history/articleshow/65164719.cms|title=R Block-Digha Railroad, now a history!}}</ref> when the Minister of Railways, Lalu Prasad Yadav, restarted the shuttle-train service along the line.<ref name=ht1>{{cite news|title=RCD gears up to begin work on Digha–R block exitway |url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/iphone/showpage.aspx?issue=90232018061600000000001001&page=2&returnUrl=http%253a%252f%252fpaper.hindustantimes.com%252fepaper%252fiphone%252fhomepage.aspx%2523_title90232018061600000000001001%252fwatitle90232018061600000000001001%252f9023%252f90232018061600000000001001%252f2%252ftrue&x=0.11149825783972125&y=0.9096774193548387 |author=Subhash Pathak |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=[[Patna]] |date=16 Jun 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018 }}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rly tracks on R-Block-Digha Ghat route unsafe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rly-tracks-on-r-block-digha-ghat-route-unsafe/articleshow/9105188.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Kumod Verma |location=Patna |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=17 June 2018 }}</ref>

==Route==
The Patna–Digha Ghat railway line is {{convert|6.2|km}} long.<ref name=ht1/> It runs from Patna Junction railway station to Digha Ghat railway station, passing through the five railway stations ([[Rajiv Nagar railway station|Rajiv Nagar]], [[Shivpuri, Patna|Shivpuri]], [[Punaichak]], [[Bailey Road railway station|Bailey Road]] and [[Patna Secretariat|Secretariat]]) and the busy road-intersection of Hartali Mor on the way.<ref name=t1/> The railway line is within the [[East Central Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] and is among the oldest rail lines in the zone.<ref name=ht2>{{cite news|title=Railways agrees to transfer Digha track for 4–lane road |url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/iphone/showpage.aspx?issue=90232018061500000000001001&page=5&returnUrl=http%253a%252f%252fpaper.hindustantimes.com%252fepaper%252fiphone%252fhomepage.aspx%2523_title90232018061500000000001001%252fwatitle90232018061500000000001001%252f9023%252f90232018061500000000001001%252f5%252ftrue&x=0.3680555555555556&y=0.22365591397849463 |author=Rajesh Kumar Thakur |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Patna |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=19 June 2018 }}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Operations==
Historically, the railway line has been used to transport raw materials to the Bata factory at Digha and finished leather goods from the factory to different locations.<ref name=toi1/> After [[Independence of India|independence]], the railway track was used to provide connectivity to the [[Food Corporation of India]] [[Warehouse|godown]] in Digha.<ref>{{cite news |title=बंद होगा अंग्रेजों के जमाने का पटना घाट-दीघा घाट रेलखंड |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-patna-ghat-digha-ghat-rail-section-of-railway-will-be-nonoperational-16680508.html |newspaper=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi |location=Patna |date=9 September 2017 |access-date=17 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619073756/https://m.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-patna-ghat-digha-ghat-rail-section-of-railway-will-be-nonoperational-16680508.html |archive-date=19 June 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Following the revival of the railway track in 1962–63, a seven-[[railway coach|coach]] passenger train powered by a [[steam engine]] was used to move passengers from Patna to Digha in the morning and from Digha to Patna in the evening. Flooding of the railway track in 1975 led to the railway line becoming non–operational.<ref name=toi2/> In July 2004, then Railway Minister of India Lalu Prasad Yadav inaugurated a [[Diesel multiple unit]] (DMU) train service named ''Shaheed Express'' on the revived Patna–Digha Ghat line from the R–Block halt railway station. The DMU train service was introduced in order to reduce traffic congestion on city roads.<ref>{{cite news|title=Patna-Digha train revived |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Patna-Digha-train-revived/articleshow/774558.cms |author=Kumod Verma |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=[[Patna]] |date=12 July 2004 |access-date=17 June 2018 }}</ref>

==Problems and closing==
The trains on the route ran during peak hours, which caused traffic-jams when they passed through the [[railway crossing]]s at the busy Hartali Mor intersection.<ref name=t1/> As of 2017, Indian Railways incurred a loss of about [[Indian rupee|₹]]6 [[lakh]]s ({{Currency|9000|US}}) per month operating train on the track, with the ticket-sales bringing in only around ₹7,800 ($110) per month.<ref>{{cite news |title=Train route plot price hurdle |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/train-route-plot-price-hurdle-202098 |author=Nishant Sinha |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |location=[[Patna]] |date=19 January 2018 |access-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619073751/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/train-route-plot-price-hurdle-202098 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, despite the operational losses, fear of encroachment on the railway track and the approximately {{convert|71|acre|ha}} of land around it led Indian Railways to continue running trains on the line.<ref name=t1/><ref name=ht2/>

In 2009–10, the [[Bihar]] state government proposed converting the Patna–Digha Ghat railway line into a roadway that would reduce traffic-congestion in the city. The railway ministry asked for ₹896 [[crore]]s ($127 million) as value for the land it owned, and after the intervention of the [[Patna High Court]], a transfer-price of ₹222 [[crore]]s ($32 million) was agreed upon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Patna-Digha train on uneven keel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170901/jsp/bihar/story_170180.jsp |author=Nishant Sinha |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 September 2017 |access-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619073756/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170901/jsp/bihar/story_170180.jsp |archive-date=19 June 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Handover" /> On 14 June 2018, the Ministry of Railways gave in-principle approval for the plan,<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway nod spells cheer for traffic |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/railway-nod-spells-cheer-for-traffic-237767?ref=bihar-new-stry |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |location=[[Patna]] |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619073756/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/railway-nod-spells-cheer-for-traffic-237767?ref=bihar-new-stry |archive-date=19 June 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and on August 12 the land was formally transferred in a ceremony attended by railway minister [[Piyush Goyal]] and chief-minister of Bihar, [[Nitish Kumar]]. The state government plans to build a four- to six-lane, 40{{ns|1}}m wide, road along the 8{{ns|1}}km route, including a flyover and an underpass. The construction of the path is already completed and name is Atal Path.<ref name="Handover" />

==See also==
* [[Patna Metro]]
* [[Hardinge Park]]
* [[Patna–Gaya line]]
* [[Patna–Mughalsarai section]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna - Digha Ghat line}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Closed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1862]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Bihar]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in Bihar]]

Digital rupee

2026-02-02T02:29:38Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding a pg first draft

{{short description|Central bank digital currency of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox currency
| currency_name = Digital rupee (e₹)
| subunit_ratio_1 = {{frac|100}}
| currency_name_in_local =
| name_abbr = Central Bank Digital Currencies
| image_1 = [[File:Digital Rupee.svg|120px]] {{small|Logo of the digital rupee}} [[File:Digital Rupee.png|Digital banknotes and coins|250px]] {{small|Digital banknotes and coins}}
| image_width_1 =
| image_title_1 =
| image_2 =
| image_width_2 =
| image_title_2 =
| iso_code = INR
| unit = rupee
| no_plural =
| symbol = e[[Indian rupee sign|{{INR}}]]
| nickname =
| frequently_used_banknotes = [[Indian 2-rupee note|e₹2]], [[Indian 5-rupee note|e₹5]], [[Indian 10-rupee note|e₹10]], [[Indian 20-rupee note|e₹20]], [[Indian 50-rupee note|e₹50]], [[Indian 100-rupee note|e₹100]], [[Indian 200-rupee note|e₹200]], [[Indian 500-rupee note|e₹500]], [[Indian 2000-rupee note|e₹2,000]]
| frequently_used_coins = [[Indian 50-paisa coin|50]]e[[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|10px]], [[Indian 1-rupee coin|e₹1]]
| rarely_used_coins =
| subunit_name_1 = [[Indian paisa|paisa]]
| symbol_subunit_1 = [[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|10px]]
| date_of_introduction = * e₹-W: {{start date and age|df=y|1 November 2022}} {{small|(pilot test)}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suvarna |first1=Manish M. |title=G-sec transactions using digital rupee recorded highest volume since inception on November 7 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/g-sec-transactions-using-digital-rupee-record-highest-volume-since-inception-on-november-7-9480111.html |access-date=8 December 2022 |publisher=Moneycontrol |date=9 November 2022}}</ref> 
* e₹-R: {{start date and age|df=y|1 December 2022}} {{small|(pilot test)}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Anulekha |title=RBI retail digital rupee pilot starts: Who can use e-Rupee? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/rbi-retail-digital-rupee-pilot-starts-on-december-1-can-you-use-e-rupee/articleshow/95906930.cms |access-date=8 December 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=6 December 2022}}</ref>
| using_countries = {{flag|India}}
| unofficial_users =
| issuing_authority = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| issuing_authority_website = {{URL|https://www.rbi.org.in/}}
| printer = * [[Reserve Bank of India#Reserve Bank Innovation Hub|Reserve Bank Innovation Hub]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ankur |title=Budget 2022: Digital Rupee to be issued by RBI in FY23 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/budget-2022-digital-rupee-to-be-issued-by-rbi-in-fy23-article-89270275 |access-date=15 December 2022 |publisher=TimesNow |date=1 February 2022}}</ref>
| printer_website = * {{URL|https://rbihub.in/}}
| mint =
| mint_website =
| inflation_rate = {{decrease}} 5.02% (October 2023)<ref>{{cite news |title=Instant View: India's retail inflation eases to 5.02% in September |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/view-indias-retail-inflation-eases-502-september-2023-10-12/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=Reuters |date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012224658/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/view-indias-retail-inflation-eases-502-september-2023-10-12/ |archive-date=12 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| value = USD $1 ≈ e₹83–84 EUR €1 ≈ e₹90–92 INR ₹1 = e₹1.00 {{small|(January 2026)}}
| pegged_with = {{flagd|India|size=20px}} [[Indian rupee]] (at par)
| inflation_source_date = [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/PDFs/4TBE93D257F71548D48A75D589A53E9DEF.PDF RBI – Annual Inflation Report]
| inflation_method = [[Consumer price index]] ([[Consumer price index by country#India|India]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Annual Report : Inflation, Money and Credit |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/AnnualReportPublications.aspx?Id=1331 |access-date=6 November 2022 |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |date=27 May 2021}}</ref>
| replaced_currency =
}}

The '''digital rupee (e₹)''',<ref name=":0" /> '''eINR''', or '''e-rupee''' is a tokenised digital version of the [[Indian rupee]], issued by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) as a [[central bank digital currency]] (CBDC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=The e₹ is on the way as RBI gears up for a pilot launch of its own digital currency |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/central-bank-digital-currency-aimed-at-complementing-current-forms-of-money-rbi-9291291.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> The digital rupee was proposed in January 2017 and launched on 1 December 2022.<ref name="Delhi">{{Cite news |last=Delhi |first=PIB |date=12 December 2022 |title=PIB press release |language=en |work=pib |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1882883 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>

Like banknotes it will be uniquely identifiable and regulated by the central bank. Liability lies with RBI. Plans include online and offline accessibility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Shashank |title=India's Central Bank Plans Graded Implementation Of CBDC |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/crypto-made-easy/indias-central-bank-plans-graded-implementation-of-cbdc/76955/1 |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> RBI launched the '''Digital Rupee for Wholesale (e₹-W)''' catering to financial institutions for interbank settlements and the '''Digital Rupee for Retail (e₹-R)''' for consumer and business transactions.<ref name="Delhi"/> The implementation of the digital rupee aims to remove the security printing cost borne by the general public, businesses, banks, and RBI on physical currency which amounted to [[₹]]49,848,000,000.{{Clarify|reason=over what period?|date=February 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Teena Jain |date=1 November 2022 |title=RBI's Digital Rupee pilot launch today: Here are 10 things to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/top-story/story/rbis-digital-rupee-pilot-launch-today-here-are-10-things-to-know-351408-2022-11-01 |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> By 2026, the RBI's focus had shifted from transaction volumes to testing specific functionalities such as Offline digital currency via NFC and user-level programmability for government transfers.

== History ==
In 2017, a high level inter-ministerial committee (IMC) was formed under the [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]] in [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] (MoF) on the governance and usage of virtual currencies in India and recommended a digital form of fiat currency using [[Distributed Ledger Technology]] (DLT). The Department of Financial Services of MoF, [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] (MEITy) and the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) were invited to form a special group that will look into legal and technological development of CBDC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Committee to propose specific actions to be taken in relation to Virtual Currencies |url=https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Approved%20and%20Signed%20Report%20and%20Bill%20of%20IMC%20on%20VCs%2028%20Feb%202019.pdf |website=Ministry of Finance |publisher=Government of India |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> Without any official recognition of cryptocurrencies, RBI started planning on future CBDC development.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Shivanand|date=11 August 2021|title=Rupee reboot|url=https://law.asia/rupee-reboot/|access-date=12 August 2021|website=Law.asia|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 16 December 2020, the RBI announced a regulatory sandbox to test next generation technologies on cross border payments to collect field test data and evidence of benefits and risks on the financial ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 December 2020|title=Regulatory Sandbox: RBI seeks applications under second cohort|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/regulatory-sandbox-rbi-seeks-applications-under-second-cohort-120121601334_1.html|access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref> On 29 January 2021, the [[Union Government of India|Indian Government]] proposed a bill to ban trading and investments in cryptocurrencies while giving legal power to RBI for developing CBDC, termed as "programmable digital rupee" using the experience gained from handling [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI), [[Immediate Payment Service]] (IMPS) and [[Real-time gross settlement]] (RTGS) for distribution and validation purpose.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 January 2021|title=Lok Sabha: General Information relating to Parliamentary and other matters|url=https://www.medianama.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Lok-Sabha-Bulletin-Part-II.pdf|access-date=7 August 2021|website=Parliament of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BIS Innovation Hub and Monetary Authority of Singapore publish proposal for enhancing global real-time retail payments network connectivity |url=https://www.bis.org/press/p210728.htm |access-date=4 November 2022 |publisher=Bank for International Settlements |date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

As per the Currency and Finance Report of 2021 released by RBI, CBDC backed by the sovereign must promote non-anonymity of monetary transactions and financial inclusion by direct transfers. It must be compliant with national and global [[money laundering]] and [[economic terrorism]] laws.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nag|first=Anirban|date=22 July 2021|title=India Eyeing Phased Roll Out of Central Bank Digital Currency|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-22/india-eyeing-phased-roll-out-of-central-bank-digital-currency|access-date=8 August 2021|website=Bloomberg}}</ref> The RBI initially planned the first stage of CBDC trials for December 2021;<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 September 2021|title=Will India soon have its own Central Bank Digital Currency?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/cryptocurrency/blockchain/will-india-soon-have-its-own-central-bank-digital-currency/articleshow/85972407.cms|access-date=6 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> however, it was later rescheduled to Q1 2022, with a nationwide rollout planned in phases.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=18 November 2021 |title=India cenbank may launch digital currency pilot next year-report |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-cenbank-may-launch-digital-currency-pilot-next-year-report-2021-11-18/ |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> As per Governor [[Shaktikanta Das]], RBI is still in discussion whether to go with centralized system or use Distributed Ledger Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Saheli Roy|date=27 August 2021|title=India could begin trials for a digital rupee by December, central bank governor says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/27/india-central-bank-rbi-digital-rupee-trials-could-begin-by-december.html|access-date=28 August 2021|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> While the preliminary study will be conducted soon, RBI started internal evaluation on scope, legal framework, calibration, technology, distribution and validation mechanism of CBDC citing increase in digital transaction during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Panda|first=Subrata|date=6 August 2021|title=RBI's model on India's digital currency could come out by 2021-end|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-s-model-on-india-s-digital-currency-could-come-out-by-2021-end-121080601137_1.html|access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaul|first=Abhinav|date=24 July 2021|title=RBI to launch CBDCs: What does it mean for the future of cryptocurrencies?|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/cryptocurrency/rbi-to-launch-cbdcs-what-does-it-mean-for-the-future-of-cryptocurrencies-11627132081510.html|access-date=7 August 2021|website=Mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kajarekar|first=Radhika|date=30 July 2021|title=Digital Payments Rise By 30% In India Due To Lockdowns, Pandemic: Indians Using Less Cash Now?|url=https://trak.in/tags/business/2021/07/30/digital-payments-rise-by-30-in-india-due-to-lockdowns-pandemic-indians-using-less-cash-now/|access-date=7 August 2021|website=Trak.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Government of India is working on amendments for The Coinage Act, 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2011|title=THE COINAGE ACT, 2011|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/COIN281114.pdf|access-date=7 August 2021|website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA), 1999, [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] and Crypto-currency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021 that will govern CBDC in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Saurya|date=25 July 2021|title=Cryptocurrency, CBDC and the RBI Act|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-laws/cryptocurrency-cbdc-and-the-rbi-act/article35527446.ece|access-date=7 August 2021|website=Business Line|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Variath|first=Adithya Anil|date=26 November 2021|title=Cryptocurrency Bill {{!}} India's First Step To Exercise Its Sovereignty Over Digital Currency|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/cryptocurrency-bill-indias-first-step-to-exercise-its-sovereignty-over-digital-currency-7764891.html|access-date=26 November 2021|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}</ref>

The Department of Financial Services, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] and [[National Health Authority]] introduced [[Unified Payments Interface#e-RUPI|e-RUPI]] on 2 August 2021 which is a prepaid person specific, purpose specific e-voucher based on [[QR code]] or SMS string that doesn't require bank account to make it leak proof. It is going to act as a precursor by highlighting the gaps in national digital payment infrastructure that needs further improvement before the nationwide launch of CBDC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iyer|first=Priyanka|date=3 August 2021|title=Explained {{!}} What Is E-RUPI And Does It Lay The Ground For RBI's Digital Currency?|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/explained-what-is-e-rupi-and-does-it-lay-the-ground-for-rbis-digital-currency-7270201.html|access-date=7 August 2021|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mukul|first=Pranav|date=7 August 2021|title=e-RUPI: A voucher system ahead of digital currency|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-e-rupi-digital-currency-india-pm-modi-7433637/|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> At [[2022 Union budget of India]], [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] from the Ministry of Finance announced the roll out of the digital rupee starting from 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Shritama |title=Budget 2022: Digital rupee from FY23 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/budget-2022-digital-rupee-from-fy23/2423334/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=Financial Express |date=2 February 2022}}</ref> As per the [[International Monetary Fund]], the digital rupee can help in currency management and cross border payments in view of high volume of inbound remittance.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Badkar |first1=Shloka |last2=Singh |first2=Ritu |date=22 December 2022 |title=India should prioritise a CBDC that expedites cross-border payments: IMF |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/imf-india-should-prioritise-cbdc-expedites-cross-border-payments-digital-rupee-15486111.htm |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=Sangeetha |date=27 December 2022 |title=RBI's digital rupee useful in overseas payments: IMF |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/271222/rbis-digital-rupee-useful-in-overseas-payments-imf.html |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

The pilot in wholesale segment, known as the Digital Rupee – Wholesale (e₹-W), was launched on 1 November 2022, with use case being limited to the settlement of secondary market transactions in government securities. Use of (e₹-W), is expected to make the inter-bank market more efficient. Settlement in central bank money would reduce transaction costs by pre-empting the need for settlement guarantee infrastructure or for collateral to mitigate settlement risk. The pilot in retail segment, known as digital Rupee-Retail (e₹-R), was launched on 1 December 2022, within a closed user group (CUG) comprising participating customers and merchants.<ref name="Delhi"/>

== Concept stage ==
RBI started the process of designing CBDC framework in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahluwalia |first1=Shilpa Mankar |title=Cross-border CBDC payment solutions have the potential to create a seamless, low-cost, and transparent system for cross-border payments that allows for real-time settlement |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/cbdcs-are-powering-the-next-generation-of-cross-border-payment-solutions-8373881.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |publisher=Moneycontrol |date=18 April 2022}}</ref> Finance Bill 2022 enacted with amendments in [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]] for CBDC. Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) will develop proof of concept and run the pilot project before launch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=India's Own Digital Currency to be Introduced in Phased Manner, RBI Forms Innovation Hub |url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/cryptocurrency/indias-own-digital-currency-to-be-introduced-in-phased-manner-rbi-forms-innovation-hub-5259379.html |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> As per Payments Vision 2025 document released by RBI on 17 June 2022, CBDC will be used for domestic and cross border payment processing and settlement. RBI classified CBDC into retail CBDC that will be designed to complete individual financial needs and wholesale CBDC which will be traded between RBI, Public and Private sector banks for currency distribution purpose and economic stability. RBI is also exploring purpose driven CBDC for [[Direct Benefit Transfer]] (DBT) to reduce subsidy leakage and corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Gargi |date=23 June 2022 |title=India's CBDC Set To Take Off: From Cross-Border Payments To Subsidies — Here Are The Use Cases On The Table |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/cbdc-launch-digital-currency-to-offer-a-slew-of-new-opportunities/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=Payments Vision 2025 |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/PAYMENTSVISION2025844D11300C884DC4ACB8E56B7348F4D4.PDF |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> Through the LF Decentralized Trust, the RBI and the [[MeitY|MEITy]] are utilizing [[Linux Foundation]]'s projects to build the [[National Blockchain Framework]] and the digital rupee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singha |first=Kshitij |date=4 September 2024 |title=Government launches Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack; To offer Blockchain-as-a-Service with a geographically distributed infrastructure. |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2051934 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India.}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jagmeet |date=2024-12-11 |title=Linux Foundation sets up India entity to boost open source collaboration |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/11/linux-foundation-sets-up-india-entity-to-boost-open-source-collaboration/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

For internal pilot project, RBI started consultation with [[FIS (company)|FIS]], [[State Bank of India]], [[Punjab National Bank]], [[Union Bank of India]] and [[Bank of Baroda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Piyush |date=5 September 2022 |title=RBI in talks with 4 banks, fintechs for digital currency launch this financial year |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/banks/rbi-in-talks-with-banks-fintech-for-digital-currency-rollout-in-fy23-9121831.html |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> On 5 October 2022, the Fintech Department of RBI released a concept note to create awareness on CBDC and the planned features of the upcoming digital rupee (e₹).<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Issuance of Concept Note on Central Bank Digital Currency |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/PR101239D93146445A4B578501DAD29B32FA01.PDF |access-date=3 November 2022 |agency=FinTech Department |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Concept Note on Central Bank Digital Currency |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/CONCEPTNOTEACB531172E0B4DFC9A6E506C2C24FFB6.PDF |publisher=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> The structure of the digital rupee will be either token-based or account-based. For a token-based CBDC, it will act closer to physical cash and able to perform retail transactions. Account-based CBDC is for maintaining the balance sheet and is considered for institutional level wholesale transactions. For issuance, RBI is looking at single tier direct model where the central bank keeps control over every aspect of CBDC from account-keeping to transaction verification or a two tier indirect model where RBI issues CBDC to retail banks and financial service providers for wider circulation. RBI is also looking at offline transaction support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |first=Hitesh |date=9 October 2022 |title=Pilot launch of e-rupee for specific use cases: What is the RBI's plan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/pilot-launch-of-e-rupee-for-specific-use-cases-what-is-the-rbis-plan-8198117/ |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In token-based system, a common public key will be used to initiate the transfer while private key such as user defined password will be used as verification tool to complete the transfer. As per RBI, an e-wallet will be provided for transaction purpose and bank account is not required. While transaction of smaller sums will remain anonymous, larger sums will require self disclosure in compliance with national and global money laundering and economic terrorism laws.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2022 |title=Differences between Digital Rupee and Cryptocurrency |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/differences-between-digital-rupee-and-cryptocurrency-1667473292-1 |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=Jagranjosh}}</ref>

e₹-R will be outside commercial banking system that can help reduce concentration of liquidity and credit risks in payment systems mediated through commercial banks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D |first=Priyadarshini |date=4 November 2022 |title=UPI powers India's digital transactions. RBI's eRupee is compelling but must argue retail use |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/upi-powers-indias-digital-transactions-rbis-erupee-is-compelling-but-must-argue-retail-use/1194610/ |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> As per RBI, CBDC will be an additional payment avenue for users and is not meant for replacing existing payment systems. The objective behind CBDC is to support and encourage the growing digital economy, reduce cost of physical cash management, create an efficient monetary payment system and further increase financial inclusion. The digital rupee is convertible to paper currency without change in value and will show in RBI balance sheet to build trust, safety, liquidity, settlement finality and integrity. To mitigate the risk of introducing a new technology in currency circulation, RBI will design the characteristics of the digital rupee closer to paper currency and introduce it in a seamless manner. Official launch may happen after 31 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=The e₹ is on the way as RBI gears up for a pilot launch of its own digital currency |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/central-bank-digital-currency-aimed-at-complementing-current-forms-of-money-rbi-9291291.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

=== Offline usage ===

RBI is thinking about adding an offline usage capability to the digital rupee to offer availability and resilience in the event of a network outage or programmability issues. Without requiring a check-in with an online ledger, the offline digital payment systems could validate transactions and confirm the existence of funds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Gyanendra |date=2023-09-05 |title=RBI weighs introducing offline usage features in digital rupee |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/rbi-plans-to-introduce-wholesale-cbdc-in-call-money-market-soon-2673687 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> To accelerate the implementation, RBI and the NPCI are also focusing on feature phone-based payments in addition to purpose-defined transactions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhakta |first=Pratik |date=2023-11-24 |title=RBI seeks ways to make digital currency payments easy as cash |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/rbi-seeks-ways-to-make-digital-currency-payments-easy-as-cash/articleshow/105453551.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The digital rupee's offline capability and programmability have been announced by RBI on 8 February 2024. e₹-R will allow offline transactions in places with spotty or nonexistent internet access. Numerous offline methods, both proximity- and non-proximity-based, will be assessed in mountainous, rural, and urban settings in order to accomplish this goal.
By late 2024, offline transactions were enabled using [[Near Field Communication]] (NFC) technology, allowing users to tap and pay without a live internet connection. This feature is designed to mimic the anonymity and ease of physical cash. Testing has also extended to feature phones to improve financial inclusion in rural areas.

Users such as government agencies will be able to guarantee that defined benefit payments are made thanks to programmability. In a similar vein, corporate will have the ability to schedule certain expenses such as staff business trips. It is also possible to program extra characteristics like the validity period or the regions in which CDBC can be utilised.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Sneha |date=2024-02-09 |title=CBDC big update: Soon use RBI's Digital Rupee for offline transactions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/cbdc-big-update-soon-use-rbis-digital-rupee-for-offline-transactions/articleshow/107513345.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Pilot project ==
The Digital Rupee for Wholesale (e₹-W) was launched on 1 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2022 |title=India cenbank to start pilot of digital rupee on Nov 1 |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-cenbank-digital-rupee-idUSKBN2RQ0WO |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> It will be used to settle secondary market transaction in government securities. It will help cut transaction cost and preventing the need for settlement guarantee infrastructure or for collateral to mitigate settlement risk. [[State Bank of India]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Union Bank of India]], [[HDFC Bank]], [[ICICI Bank]], [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]], [[Yes Bank]], [[IDFC First Bank]] and [[HSBC]] are participating in the pilot project.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2022 |title=First pilot of Digital Rupee to commence on Tuesday: RBI - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rbi-to-launch-first-pilot-of-digital-rupee-in-wholesale-segment-on-november-1/articleshow/95206353.cms |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Shaktikanta Das]] on 2 November 2022 revealed that the Digital Rupee for Retail (e₹-R) will also start similar trial in the same month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2022 |title=RBI's retail e-rupee pilot to start this month itself: RBI governor |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbis-1st-wholesale-e-rupee-trial-to-start-this-month-itself-rbi-governor/articleshow/95257004.cms |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> Each participating bank will test e₹-R among 10,000 to 50,000 people. RBI will collaborate with PayNearby and Bankit to integrate CBDC as payment option while [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI) will manage the [[Backend (computing)|backend]] infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Saloni |date=19 November 2022 |title=RBI in final stages of retail CBDC pilot rollout |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-in-final-stages-of-retail-cbdc-pilot-rollout/articleshow/95598347.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

RBI will also undertake cross border transactions using the digital rupee during the pilot project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Anulekha |date=4 November 2022 |title=RBI CBDC: Digital Rupee pilot starts from November 1; SBI, HDFC, 7 other banks to participate in wholesale launch |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/rbi-cbdc-digital-rupee-pilot-to-start-from-november-1-sbi-hdfc-7-other-banks-to-participate/articleshow/95205659.cms |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> On 1 November 2022, the RBI used the digital rupee to settle Indian government bonds in secondary market transactions worth ₹2.75 billion Indian rupees ($33.29 million).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhutia |first=Dharamraj |date=1 November 2022 |title=India uses e-rupee to settle 2.75 billion rupees of govt bonds |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-markets-bonds-idUKKBN2RR2QZ |access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> The Phase-1 of pilot project for e₹-R will start from 1 December 2022 in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, and Bhubaneswar under State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, Yes Bank, and IDFC First Bank. Ahmedabad, Gangtok, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Indore, Kochi, Lucknow, Patna, and Shimla will be included in Phase-2 under Bank of Baroda, Union Bank of India, HDFC Bank, and Kotak Mahindra Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Digital rupee pilot project launching on Dec 1: what is it and how will it work? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/digital-rupee-pilot-project-launching-on-december-1-what-is-it-and-how-will-it-work-8296610/ |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> e₹-R will have both P2P and P2M support. A person can pay using QR code.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Arghanshu |date=30 November 2022 |title=Explained: What is RBI digital rupee and how to use it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/explained-what-is-rbi-digital-rupee-and-how-to-use-it/articleshow/95882309.cms |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Once e₹-R transferred to individual wallet, small value transactions will not be traced by banks to maintain [[anonymity]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Saloni |date=1 December 2022 |title=e-Rupee may offer same anonymity as dealing in cash |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/e-rupee-may-offer-same-anonymity-as-dealing-in-cash/articleshow/95897739.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref>

In November 2022, e₹-W on average did ₹3,250,000,000 worth of deals per day. For the first two days of e₹-R pilot, ₹30,000,000 worth of digital currencies were created by RBI. Unlike physical currency, there is an option for recovery against loss of e₹. In e₹-R pilot phase, RBI is testing specific use cases for P2P and P2M transaction. RBI is also planning to extend use case of e₹ in cross border transaction at institutional and individual level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Manojit |date=6 December 2022 |title=Transactions in CBDC pilots gather pace, all minor glitches fixed swiftly |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cbdc-pilots-wholesale-segment-averages-rs-325-crore-a-day-in-november-122120600922_1.html |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> As per Minister of State for Finance [[Pankaj Choudhary|Pankaj Chaudhary]], CBDC in itself will not earn any interest but can be converted into bank deposits. He also clarified that e₹-R is using [[Blockchain]] technology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Aprameya |date=13 December 2022 |title=Digital Rupee Pilot Has Blockchain Components, Features Of Physical Cash: Government |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/cbdc-pilot-has-blockchain-components-features-of-physical-cash-government-3602350 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=NDTV}}</ref> As per RBI, the digital rupee has reached 50,000 users and 5,000 merchants as of 8 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Teena |date=9 February 2023 |title=Entrepreneur {{!}} Digital Rupee Has 50,000 Users And 5000 Merchants: RBI |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/digital-rupee-has-50000-users-and-5000-merchants-rbi/444651 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> RBI is going to launch pilot project for inter-bank borrowing using digital rupee from October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-10 |title=Reserve Bank of India likely to start digital rupee pilot in call money market by October |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/reserve-bank-of-india-likely-to-start-digital-rupee-pilot-in-call-money-market-by-october-17765831.htm |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the retail sector usage of the digital rupee, the RBI has achieved its goal of one million daily transactions on 27 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upasani |first=Siddharth |date=2024-01-01 |title=RBI meets target as December 27 saw more than 1 million CBDC transactions |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/rbi-meets-target-as-december-27-saw-more-than-1-million-cbdc-transactions-11982561.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> The administration of [[Union Bank of India]] (UBI) plans to transfer numerous employee benefits on CBDC wallet in an effort to promote the wallet, nevertheless, the employee federation advocacy group wants the management to take the employees into confidence first regarding the usage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Atmadip |date=2024-01-02 |title=Union Bank of India employees unhappy for getting perks in digital currency |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/union-bank-of-india-employees-unhappy-for-getting-perks-in-digital-currency/articleshow/106485388.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In order to assess the durability of the system at scale, the RBI set a goal of one million retail transactions every day for the digital rupee that was met by December 2023. Following the conclusion of system stress tests, the number of daily transactions decreased to 100,000 as of June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalra |first=Jaspreet |date=25 June 2024 |title=India digital currency transactions slump after reaching initial c.bank target, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/india-digital-currency-transactions-slump-after-reaching-initial-cbank-target-2024-06-25/ |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref> [[Google Pay (mobile app)|Google Pay]], [[PhonePe]], [[Amazon Pay]], Cred, and [[MobiKwik]] are attempting to participate in the digital currency pilot. It is anticipated that they will begin to give digital rupee access in 2024. Prior to April 2024, the RBI had only allowed banks to offer digital rupee through their mobile applications. However, the central bank later announced that payment companies could also offer digital rupee transactions using their platform after receiving RBI approval.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalra |first=Jaspreet |date=5 August 2024 |title=Google, Amazon, Walmart seek to join Indian cenbank's digital currency project, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/google-amazon-walmart-seek-join-indian-cenbanks-digital-currency-project-sources-2024-08-05/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

=== UPI Interoperability ===
As part of the Central Bank Digital Currency pilot project, [[Canara Bank]] has released the [[Unified Payments Interface]] compatible digital rupee mobile app. Without the need for a separate on-boarding procedure for CBDC for retailers, it will enable users to scan the existing UPI QR code and make payments using digital rupee. Customers in 26 Indian cities who have been whitelisted can access the service as part of a pilot program.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=21 August 2023 |title=Canara Bank launches UPI Interoperable Digital Rupee mobile app |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/banking/canara-bank-launches-upi-interoperable-digital-rupee-mobile-app/102893804 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=ETBFSI.com |language=en}}</ref> On 30 August 2023, [[Yes Bank]] unveiled the integration of UPI for digital rupee payment. Customers can send digital rupee using existing UPI virtual payment addresses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Shashank |date=5 September 2023 |title=India's Next Step In Crypto: Digital Rupee's New Frontier With Yes Bank UPI Integration |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/cryptocurrency/indias-next-step-in-crypto-digital-rupees-new-frontier-with-yes-bank-upi-integration/88021/1 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Beginning on 4 September 2023, [[State Bank of India]] (SBI) started offering UPI compatibility with digital rupee. This integration was made possible by SBI's involvement in the RBI's December 2022 retail digital e-rupee project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Arushi |date=2023-09-04 |title=SBI offers UPI integration with digital rupee |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/sbi-offers-upi-integration-with-e/article67269010.ece |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

As part of the CBDC pilot project, [[Bank of Baroda]] have announced the addition of a UPI interoperability feature to their digital rupee application. Additionally, [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]] activated UPI interoperability. Additionally, [[Axis Bank]] disclosed that the "Axis Mobile Digital Rupee" CBDC app now supports UPI. To become the first commercial bank to finish the integration process in India, [[HDFC Bank]] introduced a UPI QR code that was compatible with the digital rupee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Now, customers of these seven banks can scan UPI QR code and pay via digital rupee — Here's how |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/personal-finance/upi-qr-code-digital-rupee-cbdc-bank-customers-e-rupee-app-launch-how-to-use-scan-make-payment-17675261.htm/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Cross-border settlement ===
The RBI Internal Working Group is looking for the viability of rapid and low-cost digital cross-border settlements using the CBDC mechanism, with their counterparts in the US, Hong Kong, and [[SWIFT]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mahanta |first1=Vinod |last2=Nayak |first2=Gayatri |date=2023-11-28 |title=RBI, international counterparts discuss CBDCs for cross-border settlements |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/rbi-international-counterparts-discuss-cbdcs-for-cross-border-settlements/articleshow/105540741.cms |access-date=2023-12-02 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> According to RBI, cross-border payments may be made using the digital currency issued by the central bank. A shared platform created as part of Project Dunbar, led by the [[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS), can be used for this.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-21 |title='Digital rupee can be used for overseas payments' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/digital-rupee-can-be-used-for-overseas-payments/articleshow/107865869.cms |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== User-Level Programmability ===

The digital rupee pilot project's programmable feature was expanded by the RBI on 30 August 2024, to include additional use cases in the areas of fuel, groceries, education, dining out, healthcare, and travel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sachin |date=2024-08-30 |title=Programmable features of CBDC pilot extended to more user cases |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-programmable-features-of-cbdc-pilot-extended-to-more-user-cases-3596413/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
This functionality ensures that funds are "purpose-bound." For example, government transfers for fertilizer subsidies can be programmed to be spendable only at registered fertilizer outlets, reducing subsidy leakage.

== Market acceptance ==
User acceptance of Digital rupees has remained very low. As of late 2024, Digital Rupee usage was about 0.006% of all total banknotes in circulation - though pilots had been running for nearly two years.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Huang | first1=Roger | title=A 2025 Overview of What You Need to Know About the Digital Rupee | website=[[Forbes]] | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/digital-assets/2025/03/10/a-2025-overview-of-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-digital-rupee/ }}</ref>

The wholesale segment has fared even worse, with its value dropping to just Rs 0.08 crore in March 2024, down from Rs 10 crore in March 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title=5 reasons why the Digital Rupee has not taken off - BusinessToday | date=28 September 2024 | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/news/story/5-reasons-why-the-digital-rupee-has-not-taken-off-447900-2024-09-28 }}</ref>

[[Reliance Retail]] in partnership with Innoviti Technologies, [[ICICI Bank]] and [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]] became the first big organised retail chain in the country to accept e₹-R.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhukalya |first=Anwesha |date=2 February 2023 |title=Reliance Retail becomes first retailer to accept payments via Digital Rupee at its Freshpik stores in Mumbai|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/reliance-retail-becomes-first-retailer-to-accept-payments-via-digital-rupee-at-stores-368681-2023-02-02 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Infibeam#Payment Processing|CCAvenue]] became the first payment gateway to process e₹-R for online retail transaction.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=30 January 2023 |title=Infibeam Avenues brand CCAvenue to process Digital Rupee |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/infibeam-avenues-says-ccavenue-becomes-india-s-first-payment-gateway-player-to-process-digital-rupee-11675058399175.html |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> A cooperation between [[Indraprastha Gas]] and [[IndusInd Bank]] was launched, with the aim of enabling the usage of digital rupee at specific gas stations within the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR) area.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=IGL and IndusInd Bank partner to drive digital rupee acceptance in Delhi-NCR |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/igl-and-indusind-bank-partner-to-drive-digital-rupee-acceptance-in-delhi-ncr/105481611 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

Using programmable digital rupees, IndusInd Bank completed transactions on 22 April 2024, to compensate farmers for [[carbon credits]]. Farmers are now able to trade their carbon credits for CBDCs, whereas previously they could only receive fiat money. Fifty farmers from [[Maharashtra]] took part in the initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2024 |title=India's IndusInd Bank pilots cenbank's e-rupee payments program with farmers |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-indusind-bank-pilots-cenbanks-e-rupee-payments-program-with-farmers-2024-04-22/ |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

The value of digital rupee increased from ₹100 [[crore]] in December 2023 to ₹323.5 crore as of 31 May 2024. As of March 2025, the pilot had expanded to 17 participating banks with over 60 lakh (6 million) users. The value of e-rupee in circulation grew to ₹1,016 crore (US$120 million) by March 2025.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Kwatra |first1=Nikita |last2=Baldota |first2=Khushi |date=13 June 2024 |title=RBI's digital rupee must leap over many hurdles for wider adoption |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/rbis-digital-rupee-must-leap-over-many-hurdles-for-wider-adoption-11718218717977.html |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=mint}}</ref>

On 29 August 2024, [[HDFC Bank]] introduced user-level programmability on the digital rupee. It is now supported by the HDFC Bank Digital Rupee Wallet, allowing users to guarantee that payments are paid for specified purpose. Individual users can optionally design other characteristics using this capability, such as the validity period or the geographic regions in which the digital rupee can be utilised.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=HDFC Bank unveils new UPI and CBDC features to enhance customers' digital banking experience |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/hdfc-bank-unveils-new-upi-and-cbdc-features-to-enhance-customers-digital-banking-experience-3596243/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Since using digital rupee was essentially the same as [[internet banking]], which customers were already happy with, stakeholders are not seeing any benefits. Another negative aspect of using digital rupees was that each trade had to be completed separately, unlike traditional interbank payment systems where trades were netted off first and then settled in bulk with the [[Clearing house (finance)|clearing house]]. Furthermore, transactions in digital rupees do not completely replace those conducted through traditional channels. hence making banks' accounting tasks heavier. It leads to increased labor and paperwork.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Bhat |first1=Swati |last2=Anand |first2=Nupur |date=1 December 2022 |title=India's digital rupee fails to excite interest, bankers say |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/indias-digital-rupee-fails-excite-interest-bankers-say-2022-12-01/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

According to an Indian banker, [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] gained a lot of traction because of its obvious benefits. Given the ease and efficiency of this type of digital transaction, the move would not occur naturally—in fact, the retail sector might respond to digital rupee less favourably than the wholesale segment. The [[International Monetary Fund]] claimed that there were too many parallels between instant payment systems and [[Central bank digital currency|CBDCs]] to overlook, which could restrict the adoption of the new digital currencies.<ref name=":3" />

== Economic implications ==
The introduction of the digital rupee, a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), is poised to have significant implications for the Indian economy. The shift to a digital currency is expected to contribute to the digitisation of money, facilitating India's transition towards a cashless economy. This move could enhance resilience in the payment systems and drive innovation, particularly in cross-border payments, which may become faster and more cost-effective.<ref name=Impact>{{cite conference|url=https://www.ijfmr.com/special-issues/2/222.pdf|title=Digital Rupee and its impact on the Indian Economy|first=Tushar Manohar|last=Kotak|publisher=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research|conference=International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research & Studies 2023|year=2023}}</ref>

One of the most immediate economic benefits is the reduction in the costs associated with printing and managing physical currency. It is estimated that India could save approximately {{INRConvert|40000000000|year=2022|to=USD}} by reducing the need for physical currency production.<ref name=Impact/> The digital rupee also aims to lower transaction costs, making both domestic and international money transfers more efficient and accessible. This could be particularly beneficial for migrant workers who often face high remittance fees.

Moreover, the digital rupee is expected to reduce settlement risks in the financial system, as transactions made through digital wallets backed by blockchain technology will be final and irrevocable. This feature could enhance the stability of the financial sector and promote real-time, low-cost globalisation of payment.<ref name=Impact/>

In the long term, the digital rupee may also reduce India's dependency on the US dollar in international trade by providing a robust alternative for cross-border transactions. This could potentially strengthen India's position in the global financial system and support the country's economic sovereignty.<ref name=Impact/>

== The Pilot banks currently offering CBDC wallets to users ==
Currently, 19 banks are offering CBDC wallets.<ref name="RBIFAQ">{{cite web |title=Digital Rupee (e₹) – FAQs |url=https://rbi.org.in/commonperson/English/Scripts/FAQs.aspx?Id=3686 |website=Reserve Bank of India |access-date=20 November 2025 |date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pilot Banks !! Name of the App !! Android !! iOS
|-
| [[State Bank of India|SBI]]
| eRupee by SBI
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.npci.erupeeSBI Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/erupee-by-sbi/id1667077332 iOS]
|-
| [[ICICI Bank]]
| Digital Rupee by ICICI Bank
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.icici.digitalrupee Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/digital-rupee-by-icici-bank/id1671229934 iOS]
|-
| [[IDFC First Bank]]
| IDFC First Bank Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.npci.erupeeIDFC Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/idfc-first-bank-digital-rupee/id1666274203 iOS]
|-
| [[Yes Bank]]
| Yes Bank Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.yesbank.yespaynext&hl=en-US Android]*
| ''Will be available shortly''
|-
| colspan="4" | *In case of Yes Bank, CBDC wallets may be accessed using their unified application (link above), by following the steps as below: (i) Login into the App. (ii) Click "My Digital Rupee Wallet". (iii) User will land in CBDC home page where user can initiate CBDC transactions.
|-
| [[HDFC Bank]]
| HDFC Bank Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.npci.token.hdfc Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/hdfc-bank-digital-rupee/id6449963705 iOS]
|-
| [[Union Bank of India]]
| Digital Rupee by UBI
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.npci.erupeeUBI Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/ubi-digital-rupee/id6446883723 iOS]
|-
| [[Bank of Baroda]]
| Bank of Baroda Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.npci.token.bob Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/bank-of-baroda-digital-rupee/id6445941213 iOS]
|-
| [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]
| Digital Rupee by Kotak Bank
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.npci.erupeeKOTAK Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/digital-rupee-by-kotak-bank/id6447517281 iOS]
|-
| [[Canara Bank]]
| Canara Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.npci.erupeeCANARA Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/canara-digital-rupee/id6447098968 iOS]
|-
| [[Axis Bank]]
| Axis Mobile Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.axisbank.cbdc Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/axis-mobile-digital-rupee/id6448527099 iOS]
|-
| [[IndusInd Bank]]
| Digital Rupee by IndusInd Bank
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.sarvatra.erupeeINDUSIND Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/digital-rupee-by-indusind-bank/id1670622253 iOS]
|-
| [[Punjab National Bank|PNB]]
| PNB Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.pnb.cbdc Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/pnb-digital-rupee/id6450959272 iOS]
|-
| [[Federal Bank]]
| Federal Bank Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.npci.erupeeFEDERAL Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/federal-bank-digital-rupee/id6458692326 iOS]
|-
| [[Karnataka Bank]]
| Karnataka Bank Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ktkbank.digitalrupee Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/kbl-digital-rupee/id6502975092 iOS]
|-
| [[Indian Bank]]
| Indian Bank Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.npci.erupeeINDIAN Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/indian-bank-digital-rupee/id6503695814 iOS]
|-
| [[IDBI Bank]]
| IDBI eRupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.idbi.cbdc&hl=en-US Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/idbi-erupee/id6511244695 iOS]
|-
| [[Bank of Maharashtra]]
| eRupee by Bank of Maharashtra
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mahabank.digitalrupee Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/erupee-by-bank-of-maharashtra/id6740564925 iOS]
|-
| [[Bank of India]]
| Bank of India Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.boi.erupee.prod&hl=en-US Android]
| [https://apps.apple.com/in/app/bank-of-india-digital-rupee/id6636479810 iOS]
|-
| [[UCO Bank]]
| UCO Digital Rupee
| [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.uco.cbdc&hl=en-IN Android]
| ''Will be available shortly''
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Banks|Money}}
* [[Unified Payments Interface]]
* [[Central bank digital currency]]
* [[Digital renminbi]]
* [[eNaira]]
* [[E-Cedi]]
* [[Petro (cryptocurrency)]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
'''Reserve Bank of India:'''
* [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/PR101239D93146445A4B578501DAD29B32FA01.PDF Issuance of Concept Note on Central Bank Digital Currency]
* [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/PAYMENTSVISION2025844D11300C884DC4ACB8E56B7348F4D4.PDF Payments Vision 2025]
* [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/CONCEPTNOTEACB531172E0B4DFC9A6E506C2C24FFB6.PDF Concept Note on Central Bank Digital Currency]
* [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/COIN281114.pdf THE COINAGE ACT, 2011]

'''Ministry of Finance:'''
* [https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Approved%20and%20Signed%20Report%20and%20Bill%20of%20IMC%20on%20VCs%2028%20Feb%202019.pdf Report of the Committee to propose specific actions to be taken in relation to Virtual Currencies]
* [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/1970/Draft%20Banning%20of%20Cryptocurrency%20&%20Regulation%20of%20Official%20Digital%20Currency%20Bill,%202019.pdf Banning of Cryptocurrency & Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2019]
* [https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Report%20of%20the%20Steering%20Committee%20on%20Fintech_0.pdf Report of the Steering Committee on Fintech Related Issues]
* [https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Finance_Bill.pdf THE FINANCE BILL, 2022]

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Raisinhji I

2026-01-20T17:34:38Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding details...

{{Multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{cleanup|date=January 2026|reason=presenting material that may be legendary as fact}}
{{tone|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Short description|Maharana Raj Sahib of Jhalavad}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raisinhji I
| title = [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]]
| image = Rayasinhji-I-defeats-wrestler-Eko-Mal-Hebat-Khan.png
| caption = Maharana Raj Raisinhji I defeats Ekkomal Hebat Khan at Fatehpur Sikri, 1585
| succession = [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Maharana Raj Sahib of Jhalavad]]
| reign = 31 Oct 1563-19 Feb 1587
| predecessor = [[Mansinhji I]]
| successor = Chandrasinhji
| birth_date = 1540
| birth_place = [[Halvad]], [[Kingdom of Jhalavad]]
| death_date = 19 February 1587
| death_place = [[Halvad]], [[Kingdom of Jhalavad]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*Jivji ba Chavda of [[Mansa, Gujarat|Mansa]]
*Dev Kunwar Rathore, daughter of [[Rai Singh of Bikaner|Rai Singh]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]}}
| issue = Chattrasalsinhji Chandrasinhji Surajmalsinhji Lakshmibai, (m. to Jam Sataji of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]])
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| full name = Raisinhji I Mansinhji Jhala
| house = [[File:Drapeau Dhrangadhra.png|25px]] [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Halvad]]
| father = [[Mansinhji I]]
| mother = Ganga de [[Jadeja]] of [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]]
| dynasty = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]
| module =
}}

[[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]] '''Raisinhji I''', also known as '''Raya''' and '''Rai Singh of Halvad''', was the 28th ruler of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Jhalavad]]. Raisinhji succeeded his father, [[Mansinhji I]], in 1563 and ruled until his death in 1587.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" />

==Rescuing Ahirs and Charans==
When the [[Sultan of Gujarat|Sultan]] prisoned and imposed a tax of 1 lakh rupees on the [[Charan|Charans]] and later again 1 lakh rupees on [[Ahir|Ahirs]] of [[Ahmedabad]], threatening to convert them to [[Islam]] if they did not pay, [[Mahatma Isardas]] promised them of their bail and sought help from Rai Singh twice. Rai Singh then paid the tax on their behalf both times and rescued the Charans and Ahirs.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R89jAAAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-0-8364-2283-2 |language=en}}</ref> [[Mahatma Isardas]] composition in Rai Singh's praise:<blockquote>''Kārāgrah sū kāḍhiyau, bīdag bījī bār । Aiyo rāyāansigh rā, ghar handā upagār ।।''</blockquote>Which translates:

'Rescued from the prison, twice ([[Charan|Charans]] and [[Ahir|Ahirs]]). The one who comes to Rai Singh, gets a favour' <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Barhath |first=Ishardas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRTSYY4Ki9oC&q=%22ishardas%22+%22charan%22 |title=Ishardas Granthawali |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi Publications |isbn=978-81-260-1821-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Another verse is as follows:<blockquote>''Kar fālūan gochh ghaḍae snap kāḍhū, dhaṣhat tele hāth gharū। Rāyāansīh sarīso rājā, koī hove to dhīj karūan ॥॥''</blockquote>Which translates:

'Taking the burning shell in the hand, Holding the snake in my hands, By putting my hand in burning hot oil, I can say to the world that there is no other king like Rai Singh on this Earth'<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" />

==Battles of Dhrol and Malia==

=== Battle of Dhrol ===
During this period, Raisinhji went to [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]] to visit his maternal uncle, Jasoji Jadeja, the Raja of [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]] . While they were playing a game of cards, the sound of drums was heard. Jasoji, offended by this, ordered an inquiry to find out who had dared to sound drums within sight of [[Dhrol State|Dhrol]]. The offender turned out to be an ascetic named Makan Bharti, who was en route to [[Dwarka]]. Upon hearing this, Jasoji's anger subsided.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ&q=raisinghji+halwad |title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-176-1 |language=en}}</ref>

Raisinhji then provocatively asked what would happen if another chief were to sound drums near [[Dhrol]]. Jasoji replied that any such person would have his drums broken. Taking this as a challenge, Raisinhji returned to [[Halvad]], gathered an army, and marched to Dhrol, where he deliberately sounded his drums.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=halvad+isardas |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |language=en}}</ref>

Jasoji attempted to stop him but failed. A battle broke out between the two sides at Dhrol on 3 December, 1565, and Jasoji was mortally wounded. Before dying, he declared that Sahebji Jadeja, the brother of [[Khengarji I]] the [[Rao of Cutch|Rao of Kutch]], would avenge his death. A ''[[charan]]'' (bard or messenger) carried this message to [[Cutch State|Kutch]]. [[Mahatma Isardas]] composed ''Hala-Jhala ra kundaliya'' based on this event.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=hala+jhala+ra+kundaliya&pg=PA1572 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyappappanikkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc5jAAAAMAAJ |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Selections |date=2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0665-6 |pages=44 |language=en |quote=Hala Jhala ra Kundaliya concerning the battle between Jhala Rae Singh of Halwad and his brother - in - law Hala Jasraj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=hala+jhala+ra+kundaliya&pg=PA126 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dave |first=Rajendra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19hHAAAAMAAJ&q=isardas+hala+jhala |title=Society and Culture of Marwar |date=1992 |publisher=Kusumanjali Book World |language=en}}</ref>
===Battle of Malia===
Upon hearing of the duty imposed on him, Sahebji prepared to depart, with the support of his brother, [[Khengarji I]] the [[Cutch State|Rao of Kutch]], who was eager to send him away. Sahebji crossed the [[Rann of Kutch|Rann]] and confronted Raisinhji near Malia on 2nd March, 1566. A fierce battle ensued in which Sahibji was killed and Raisinhji was left for dead on the battlefield.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

==Killing Hebat Khan==

However, Raisinhji survived. He was taken to Delhi by a group of [[Sadhu|Sadhus]] returning from [[Hinglaj Mata Temple|Hinglaj]], probably Makhan Bharti. At the same time, [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Khan Khanan]] had been ordered to march against Sultan [[Muzaffar Shah III]] of Gujarat. Raisinhji met [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Khan Khanan]] at the Imperial Durbar held by [[Akbar]]. Raisingh was mocked for being dressed like a [[Sadhu]] by a celebrated wrestler 'Ekkomal' Hebat Khan. In response, Rai Singh gave Hebat Khan such a powerful blow that he died on the spot. The impact of Rai Singh's strike was so great that it displaced a stone in the palace wall.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=State) |first=Bombay (India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz3rFgOTkyUC&q=+The+dagger+of+Amarsingh&pg=PA428 |title=Gazetteer |date=1884 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> This occurrence gave rise to the following couplet :-<blockquote>''Katari Amare-shari, Toga ri talwar.'' ''Hathal Raya Saghri, deli-re Darbar''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mayne |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBU-AQAAMAAJ&q=raisinhji |title=History of the Dhrangadhra State |date=1921 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Jayasinhji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZqDwAAQBAJ&dq=rayasinhji&pg=PA228 |title=Genealogy, Archive, Image: Interpreting Dynastic History in Western India, c. 1090-2016 |date=2018-07-19 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060129-9 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>Translation:<blockquote>''The dagger of [[Amar Singh Rathore|Amarsingh]]-The sword of Togáji. The palm of Rai Singh (have marked) the darbár of Delhi.''<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /></blockquote>
==Reinstallation and death==
Then Raisinghji resented his case to [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Khan Khanan]], explaining that he had been left for dead and would not be recognized if he returned to [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Jhalavad]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=John Whaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIEoAAAAYAAJ&q=Rai+singh+ |title=Statistical Account of Dhrángadhrá: Being the Dhrángadhrá Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer |date=1878 |publisher=Education Society's Press,Byculla |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The General advised him to return and declare his identity. Raisinhji followed this advice and successfully reclaimed his position. However, his return was marred by personal loss — all his wives except one refused to return to him, saying they considered him dead. He later died at Ghantila in a battle fighting against Deda subclan of [[Jadeja|Jadejas]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgIAQAAIAAJ&dq=raisingh+halvad&pg=PA428 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Under Government Orders. Káthiáwár |date=1884 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{source-attribution|{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=H. Wilberforce |title=History Of Kathiawad From The Earliest Times |date=1916 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.70165/2015.70165.History-Of-Kathiawad-From-The-Earliest-Times_djvu.txt}} }}
{{Reflist}}

{{morecat|date=November 2025}}
[[Category:1540 births]]
[[Category:1587 deaths]]

Jaggayyapeta mandal

2026-01-04T07:23:50Z

EmmettAlbritton: minor correct intro per standard format and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaggayyapeta mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mandal map of NTR district
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8920|N|80.0976|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jaggayyapeta]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 246.67
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 126275
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=630428 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=12 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140018/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=630428 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}
'''Jaggayyapeta mandal''' is one of the 20 [[mandal]]s in [[NTR district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is under the administration of [[List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Nandigama revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Jaggayyapeta]] town.<ref name=map>{{cite web |title=Krishna District Mandals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf |publisher=Census of India|accessdate=21 January 2015|pages=474,523|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Administrative Setup|url=http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx|website=Krishna District Official Website|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=9 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223104/http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Krishna River]] flows through the mandal and is bounded by [[Penuganchiprolu]], [[Nandigama]], [[Chandarlapadu mandal]]s of [[Krishna district]], part of [[Guntur district]], [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]] and [[Khammam district]]s of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Krishna district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/krishna.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|accessdate=15 September 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213093713/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/krishna.html|archivedate=13 December 2014}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 18 settlements. It includes 1 town and 24 villages.<ref name=map />

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|

# Annavaram
# Anumanchipalle
# [[Balusupadu]]
# Bandipalem
# Buchavaram
# Budawada
# [[Chillakallu]]
# Garikapadu
# Gandrai
# [[Gowravaram]]
# [[Jaggayyapeta]] (CT)
# Jayanthipuram
# Kowthavari Agraharam
# Malkapuram
# Muktheswarapuram
# Pochampalle
# Ramachandrunipeta
# Ravikampadu
# Ravirala
# Shermohammedpet
# Takkellapadu
# Tirumalagiri
# Torraguntapalem
# Tripuravaram
# [[Vedadri]]
}}

''Note: (CT)-[[Census town]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Some Concepts and Definitions |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/13-concept-34.pdf |publisher=Census of India 2011|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Vijayawada revenue division]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{NTR district}}

[[Category:Mandals in NTR district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

The Snake Prince

2025-12-29T05:24:00Z

EmmettAlbritton: updated details

{{Short description|Indian fairy tale}}
'''The Snake Prince''' is an Indian [[fairy tale]], a [[Punjabi folklore|Punjabi story]] collected by Major Campbell in [[Firozpur|Feroshepore]]. [[Andrew Lang]] included it in ''[[The Olive Fairy Book]]'' (1907).<ref>Lang, Andrew. ''[https://archive.org/details/olivefairybook00lang/page/247/mode/1up The Olive Fairy Book]''. London; New York: Longmans, Green, 1907. pp. 247-254.</ref><ref name=lang>Lang, Andrew; Philip, Neil. ''A World of fairy tales''. New York: Dial Books, 1994. p. 254.</ref> The tale is a local form of the cycle of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'' or ''The Search for the Lost Husband'', in that a woman marries a man of supernatural origin, loses him and must regain him.

==Synopsis==
[[File:The olive fairy book - inset illustration at page 251.png|thumb|right|The Snake Prince meets his wife. Illustration by Henry Justice Ford for ''The Olive Fairy Book''.]]

A poor old woman, with nothing to eat, heads for the river to fish and to bathe. When she comes out of the river, she finds a venomous snake in her pot. She takes it home, so that it bites her and ends her misery. But once she opens the pot, she finds a rich necklace, which she sells to the king, who puts it in a chest. Soon after, when he opens it to show the queen, he instead finds a baby boy, whom the king and his wife raise as their son, and the old woman becomes his nurse. She speaks of how that boy came about.

The king agrees with a neighboring king that their children should marry. But when the other king's daughter goes to marry, her mother warns her to ask about the magic birth. The princess refuses to speak until her husband tells her he will reveal the truth of his origins, but the princess will regret it. He says that he is a prince from far off, who had been turned into a snake - by saying thus, he becomes a snake again, and slithers off to the river, leaving the princess to mourn for him at the margin. She stays by the river in hopes of finding her husband, and asks for a house of black stone to be built near the river. It is done so, and guards and soldiers protect her.

A long time passes, and the princess notices someone has come to her house at night due to a spot of mud left in the direction of the house. This happens twice more, and the princess discovers on the third night that a snake appears to talk to her: it is her husband, come to tell her she can save him if she puts bowls of milk and sugar in the four corners of the room; this will cause many snakes to come, led by their Queen. If she stands in the Queen's way, she can ask for her husband; but if she's frightened and does not do her bidding, she cannot have him back.

The princess does as he said, and wins back her husband.<ref>Lang, Andrew. ''[https://archive.org/details/olivefairybook00lang/page/247/mode/1up The Olive Fairy Book]''. London; New York: Longmans, Green. 1907. pp. 247-255.</ref>

==Analysis==
===Tale type===
American folklorist [[D. L. Ashliman]] classified the tale in the [[Aarne-Thompson]] Index as type 425A, "The Monster (Animal) as Bridegroom".<ref>Ashliman, D. L. ''A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne-Thompson Classification System''. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature, vol. 11. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1987. pp. 87-88. {{ISBN|0-313-25961-5}}.</ref><ref>Silver, Carole G. "Animal Brides and Grooms: Motif B600 and Animal Paramour, Motif B610". In: Jane Garry and [[Hasan M. El-Shamy|Hasan El-Shamy]] (eds.). ''Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature. A Handbook''. Armonk / London: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. p. 96.</ref> These tales refer to a human maiden married to an animal husband that, in actuality, is a human prince under a magical disguise. He disappears and she has to gain him back.<ref name=lang/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=62}}</ref>

===Related tales===
Scholarship also points that a story of a maiden marrying a snake being is attested in the ''[[Panchatantra]]'', an Indian collection of folkloric accounts and related tales.<ref>Žmuida, Eugenijus. "[https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/67405 Eglė žalčių karalienė: slibino ir mergelės motyvo kilmė]" [Eglė, the queen of serpents: origins of the motif of dragon and maiden]. In: ''Liaudies kultūra'' Nr. 5 (2016). p. 32. {{ISSN|0236-0551}}.</ref>

===Motifs===
According to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, the tale contains the [[Motif (folkloristics)|motifs]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|D425.1.3.]] "Transformation: snake to garland", and D432 "Transformation: mineral form to person" (in this case, a jewel necklace),<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 104.</ref> B604.1, "Marriage to snake"<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 80.</ref> and D391 "Transformation: serpent (snake) to person".<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 103.</ref>

==== The husband's vanishing ====
In his work about ''Cupid and Psyche'' and other ''Animal as Bridegroom'' tales, Swedish scholar {{ill|Jan-Öjvind Swahn|sv|Jan-Öjvind Swahn}} identified that, in certain tales, the heroine causes her supernatural husband's disappearance by inquiring his name. Swahn named this [[Motif (folkloristics)|motif]] ''The Name Taboo'' and surmised that it occurred "primarily in India".<ref>Swahn, Jan Öjvind. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=s3_YAAAAMAAJ&q=%22name+taboo%22 The Tale of Cupid and Psyche]''. Lund, C.W.K. Gleerup. 1955. pp. 238, 251.</ref> In Thompson and Roberts's ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', this motif appears in Indic type 425D Ind, "Search for Serpent Husband": the heroine insists to know her husband's caste or name, and he, in return, gives her an answer, but vanishes in the water [[Shapeshifting|like a snake]].<ref>Thompson, Stith; Roberts, Warren Everett. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WxnXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22his+name+or+his+caste%22 Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, and Ceylon]''. Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1960. p. 63.</ref> This episode corresponds with motifs C32.2., "Tabu: questioning supernatural husband"; C32.2.1, "Tabu: asking name of supernatural husband"; C32.2.2, "Tabu: asking where supernatural husband comes from", and C32.2.3, "Tabu: asking for caste of supernatural husband."<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 85.</ref>

== Variants ==
In a tale from [[Uttara Kannada]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Kannaḍa janapada kathegaḷu |author=Ke. Ār Sandhyā Reḍḍi |publisher=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu |date=1982 |page=374 |lang=Kannada}}</ref> [[Karnataka]], titled "ಚಂದ್ರಗಿರಿ ಪಾರ್ವತಿ" ("Chandragiri Parvati"), a poor couple is so destitute they wish to die by snake bite, so they bring in a snake. However, the snake they chose as their mercy killer changes into a [[gold nugget]] instead of killing them, and the couple send the nugget to the king for a sum of money. The king places the nugget in a safe, but when he goes to retrieve it, he finds a boy in its place. The king adopts the boy and raises him as his prince. Years later, the prince marries a girl. During their marital life, the wife is visited by an old woman that advises her to ask her husband's real name. The prince tells his wife his true name, turns into a snake and slithers back to the Netherworld. Some time later, the princess is told by a cowherd that the snake prince appears on land in human form, which means she can save him. Deities [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] enchant some crystals and restore the snake prince to human form, and the princess and the prince are reunited.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kannaḍa janapada kathegaḷu |author=Ke. Ār Sandhyā Reḍḍi |publisher=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu |date=1982 |page=129 |lang=Kannada}}</ref> According to Kannada scholars, type 425 ("ವರ್ಗ ೪೨೫", in the original) is not "very popular" in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kannaḍa janapada kathegaḷu |author=Ke. Ār Sandhyā Reḍḍi |publisher=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu |date=1982 |page=129 |lang=Kannada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rHfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97+%E0%B3%AA%E0%B3%A8%E0%B3%AB%22}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[The Ruby Prince (Punjabi folktale)]]
*[[Princess Himal and Nagaray]], Kashmiri folktale
*[[Tulisa, the Wood-Cutter's Daughter]]
*[[Champavati]] (Assamese folktale)
* [[The Enchanted Snake]], Italian literary tale
* [[Prince Lal Maluk]]
* [[The Story of Hira and Lal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[http://www.mythfolklore.net/andrewlang/347.htm The Snake Prince]''
{{Animal as Bridegroom}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Snake Prince}}
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fictional princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]
[[Category:Fictional snakes]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic snakes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Animal tales]]
[[Category:Male characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:ATU 400-459]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]

Kanjikuzhi

2025-12-11T20:11:42Z

EmmettAlbritton:

{{other}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanjikuzhy
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.85|N|76.94|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| government_type = Panchayath
| governing_body = Kanjikuzhy grama panchayath
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 227.51
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 26809
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 123
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 685606
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-06, [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-38
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Kanjikuzhy ''' is a village in [[Idukki district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Kanjikuzhi had a population of 26,809 with 13,509 males and 13,300 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanjikuzhi Village Population - Thodupuzha - Idukki, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628087-kanjikuzhi-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Idukki district}}
[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

{{Idukki-geo-stub}}

India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management

2025-12-01T04:17:17Z

EmmettAlbritton: improve details based on references

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{mi|{{cleanup reorganize|date=July 2017}}
{{primary sources|date=July 2017}}
{{coi|date=November 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

'''India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM)''' is an election committee and institute in India founded by [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI).<ref>{{cite web |title=https://www.eci.gov.in/international-corporation |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/international-corporation |website=www.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:S.Y Quraishi laid the foundation stone of the India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM), in New Delhi. The Lt. Governor of Delhi, Shri Tejinder Khanna, the Election Commissioner.jpg|thumb|S.Y Quraishi laid the foundation stone of the India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM), in New Delhi. The Lt. Governor of Delhi, Shri Tejinder Khanna, the Election Commissioner]]
In June 2011, the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI), established the India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM) to advance its professional competence in election management, promote peoples participation, contribute to developing stronger democratic institutions and support the efforts of ECI in carrying out its mandate and functions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electoral Training and Education: The Case of IIIDEM in India |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/multimedia_reports/electoral-training-and-edication-the-case-of-iiidem-in-india-en.pdf |website=Idea.int}}</ref>

The IIIDEM shifted to its independent complex at [[Dwarka New Delhi|Dwarka, New Delhi]] in April, 2019. Its primary responsibility being to continuously train and upgrade capacities of personnel who are deployed under the supervision and control of Election Commission of India to fulfil the Commission’s Constitutional mandate. The [[Constitution of India]] mandates ECI to conduct elections to the high offices of President and Vice-President of India; elections to the Rajya Sabha (House of State); the General Election to the House of the People; the General Election to the State Legislative Assemblies and election to the State Legislative Councils. Thus, cumulatively, IIIDEM is tasked to cover almost 11 million personnel to professionally conduct the said elections in a cascading training model developed and customized by the IIIDEM under the supervision of the Election Commission of India.

The Indian elections generate a lot of interest worldwide and, the ECI regularly receives requests from fellow Election Management Bodies (EMBs) for training & capacity building, so that their election officials are continuously equipped with upgraded competency and skills. In response to this growing demand of international “training needs”, the Commission has signed Memorandums of Understanding with a number of countries and inter-government agencies for sharing best practices and providing technical assistance.

To operationalize these MoUs and, to institutionalize the above explained national and so also the International trainings demand from EMBs, the Election Commission, in order to provide undivided attention to the changing needs of training, capacity development, research and documentation, to provide coordination for all training activities across the country and, to assist the young and emerging democracies established, IIIDEM in 2011. The IIIDEM, since April, 2019 has been located at its own campus at Plot No. Sector 13 Dwarka, New Delhi-110078.

From 2011 & upto June 2024, 2819 international trainees from 141 countries have been imparted election management training at IIIDEM.

==Academics & Curriculum==
For international trainees, a special international curriculum covering to themes has been developed by IIIDEM in coordination with IFES, Washington & launched in 2022. The thematics are; Planning of Election; Political Finance; Voter Registration: Election Technology; Inclusive Elections; Voter Education; Gender and Elections: Introduction to Election Administration, Social Media and Elections; Political Parties and EMB's.

A specialized Master's Program in International Electoral Management and Practices (MIEMP) has been developed by IIIDEM in collaboration with [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS), Mumbai. The program aims to enhance the capacity of election officials currently engaged in the organization and management of elections in various parts of the globe in various countries, and to raise the professional standards of Election Management Bodies (EMBs). The first batch of the Master’s Program (Academic Year 2022-24) had a total of 33 participants, with 20 participants from ECI, (including from establishment of Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) in States & UTs), five international participants and, eight from open category. The five international participants are from the EMBs of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Philippines. The second batch of the Master’s Program (Academic Year 2023-25) has 42 participants with 18 participants from ECI (including from establishment of CEO's in States & UTs), 4 international participants and, 20 candidates from open category. The 4 international participants are from Kenya, Moldova, Myanmar and Suriname

To prepare for General Election 2024 to the House of the People (Lok Sabha) in India IIIDEM developed 20 training interventions covering all vital statutory & non statutory tasks required to deliver a free, fair & participative election. These thematics were cross referenced to the various statutory positions in operation to conduct General Election i.e. RO, ARO, DEOS Dy. DEOs etc. In all, 23028 domestic election officials were directly trained by IIIDEM in 2023-24 to conduct the general election 2024 & 10 elections of State Legislative Assemblies. The said training & testing was done both on VC & physical mode 237 National Level Master Trainers (NLMTS) & 1804 State Level Master Trainers (SLMTs) were trained & certified to roll out the "cascading training" model of IIIDEM which is structured with a "direct training” component by IIIDEM & thereafter, for state election officers below the ARO through state resources by training & certifying NLMTs & SLMTs.

==Structure==

IIIDEM functions under the direct supervision of the Election Commission of India with Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners heading its apex. In operational terms IIIDEM is headed by a Director General and is poised to have the following centres of excellence:

'''i. Centre for Training and Capacity Development - '''
This Centre is visualized to provide comprehensive training programmes along with refresher courses and theme based programmes in election management. A team of National Level Master Trainers (NLMTs) is developed to deliver a cascaded training approach targeted at District Election Officers, Returning Officers and Electoral Officers.

'''ii. Centre for International Cooperation and Capacity Building - '''
This Centre deals with international collaboration with focus on overseas training development, tie-ups with international electoral organizations and other international workshops in collaboration with international organizations.

'''iii. Centre for IT and E- Learning - '''
The centre is tasked with development of E-Learning LMS and improvement of available modules to achieve professional quality. The centre also forms partnerships with E-Learning Organizations/ Institutions in India and across the globe.

'''iv. Centre for Voter Education - '''
This centre (not yet operationalized) is visualized to work on capacity development for voter education, documentation for international best practices in voter education and also formalizes international collaboration in this field.

'''v. Centre for Innovation, Research and Documentation - '''
This Centre (not yet operationalized) will undertake research on electoral data, to promote innovation and to prepare documents on various electoral subjects. The centre will also interact with academic institutions for development of collaborative projects and literature on elections.

'''vi Centre for Electoral Laws - '''
This centre (not yet operationalized) is visualized to engage in the study of Indian and international electoral laws. Additionally, the centre also will provide necessary support to other wings in developing modules for training. The centre will also be involved in developing international standards and practices for improving electoral laws and election management processes.

==Publications==

IIIDEM brings out several handbooks/ guidebooks for different types of election functionaries. Along with this, IIIDEM also develops materials like case studies, films, mock polling materials. The institute also undertakes applied research to connect the world of theory on democracy and election management to actual practice and hands on experience.

==Alumni==
===International Alumni===
International alumni includes senior functionaries such as chairpersons, Director of Elections, Deputy Director General, Election Officers from Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Bhutan, Botswana, Cambodia, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivore, Democratic Republic of Congo, East Timor, Egypt, el Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Lithuania, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Samoa, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |title=IIIDEM organizes 12-day training programme on ‘Capacity Development for Election Management’ for ITEC countries, in association with MEA |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1523275 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref>

===Domestic Alumni===
Domestic alumni include Chief Electoral Officers of Indian states, additional Chief Electoral Officers, Returning Officers and other Election Functionaries

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.idea.int/node/710 Official website]

[[Category:2011 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Election Commission of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

Tara Devi of Jammu and Kashmir

2025-11-28T10:29:17Z

EmmettAlbritton: Created some bio added tags

{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Queen Tara Devi
| title = Queen Consort of Kashmir
| titletext =
| more =
| image = Maharani Tara Devi.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = [[Dogra dynasty|Queen Consort of Kashmir]]
| moretext =
| reign = 4 August 1927 — 17 November 1952
| reign-type = Tenure
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| investiture =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1910
| birth_place = Bijapur, [[Kangra State|Kingdom of Kangra]], [[British Raj|Empire of India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1967|||1910|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Amar Mahal Palace]], [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|State of Kashmir]], [[India|Republic of India]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| spouse = [[Hari Singh|Hari Singh I of Kashmir]] (m. 1927, sep. 1950 – 1961; his death)
| issue = [[Karan Singh|Karan Singh, Crown Prince of Kashmir]]
| full name =
| native_lang1 = 
| native_lang1_name1 = 
| house = [[Katoch|House of Katoch]] [[Dogra dynasty|House of Dogra-Kashmir]] (by marriage)
| house-type = House
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = Prince Bali Ram Chandra Katoch
| mother =
| religion =
| occupation =
| signature_type =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}
'''Tara Devi''' (1910–1967) was an Indian queen as Consort of the Indian princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]], the fourth wife of Maharaja [[Hari Singh|Hari Singh I]] and mother of [[Karan Singh|Crown Prince Karan Singh]].<ref name=Poddar2015>{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Gaskell |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Pramod Kumar |first3=K. G |last4=Museum of Art & Photography (Bangalore |first4=India) |title=Maharanis: women of royal India |date=2015 |publisher=Mapin Publishing|location=Ahmedabad |isbn=978-93-85360-06-0 |chapter=Indore|pages=123–125 |oclc=932267190 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=KG |first1=Pramod Kumar |title=Posing for posterity: Royal Indian portraits |date=2012 |publisher=Roli Books |location=London |isbn=9788174368782 |page=244}}</ref><ref name=Dar2021>{{cite journal |last1=Dar |first1=Waseem Ahmad |last2=Arif |first2=Mohd |title=Representation of women in Karan Singh's Autobiography |journal=Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry |date=August 2021 |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=12548–12556 |issn=1309-6591}}</ref>

==Early life==
As a child, she once nearly drowned but was saved by her brother, Nichint Chand. In 1925, [[Janak Singh Katoch]], Major General and Revenue Minister under Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], was entrusted with the task of finding a suitable bride for the Maharaja. The search began among their relatives and was later guided by suggestions from Mian Onkar Chand Mankotia of Tiara and Colonel Devi Singh Pathania of Rey, who recommended a beautiful young woman whose horoscope was found to be an ideal match.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Kashmir Knight|first=Lt Gen Ghanshyam Singh|last=Katoch|url=https://www.amazon.in/KASHMIR-KNIGHT-Years-Princely-State/dp/B0F4JWQMG4/|publisher=Sabre & Quill|pages=105|isbn=9789348152374}}</ref>

==Biography==
On the esteemed date of 4 August 1927, in adherence to astrological guidance, Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] entered into his fourth matrimonial alliance through the distinguished tradition of "[[Proxy marriage|marriage by proxy]]." This sacred union, solemnized with a commoner, was orchestrated to ensure divine blessings and enduring success, reflecting the wisdom and grandeur of the era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=159271|title=REMEMBERING MAHARAJA HARI SINGH|publisher=Early Times|access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

Due to suspicions surrounding the deaths of Maharaja [[Hari Singh]]'s previous wives during childbirth, Maharani Tara was provided the best medical care away from potential court intrigues in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mubarak Mandi - Once Jammu's Grand Palace|url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/monuments/mubarak-mandi-once-jammus-grand-palace|publisher=Peepul Tree|access-date=21 March 2025}}</ref>

On 9 March 1931, Maharani Tara gave birth to [[Karan Singh]]. For the occasion, [[Hari Singh]] had reserved the entire third floor of the [[Hôtel Martinez]] in [[Cannes]], [[France]], where their son was born in Suite 318-319-320.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Karan Singh recalls his French Connection|url=https://www.netindian.in/news/people/karan-singh-recalls-his-french-connection|access-date=2021-05-22|website=NetIndian|language=en}}</ref>

Maharani Tara was the first Maharani to appear in public without purdah. She was simple, gentle, and loving, yet she actively fought against social evils. She supported Maharaja Hari Singh’s efforts to combat caste discrimination in her own way.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1930s. From Tara Devi to Maharani Tara Devi|url=https://www.thedispatch.in/1930s-from-tara-devi-to-maharani-tara-devi/|publisher=The Dispatch|access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

Maharani Tara, along with her brother Nichint Chand and Swami Sant Dev, held significant influence and played a key role in persuading Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] to favour their choice over Pandit [[Ram Chandra Kak]] (28 June 1945 - 11 August 1947), [[Prime Minister|P.M]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Love, Exile, Redemption |first=Siddharth|last=Kak|page=100|isbn=9789357024921|year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jammu and Kashmir Dilemma of Accession|isbn=9789385485169|first=Radha|last=Rajan|year=2018|page=75 |publisher=Voice of India }}</ref> who was believed to be hesitant about the accession to India.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rakesh Ankit|date=May 2010|title=Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yUy7QpJp7MC&pg=PA47|journal=Epilogue|volume=4|page=47|number=5}}</ref>

As part of this effort, they first facilitated the appointment of [[Janak Singh]] Katoch (11 August 1947 – 14 October 1947) and later, ensured that [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] (15 October 1947 – 5 March 1948) was appointed as Prime Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poll prep or toast to 'nationalist hero'? Why BJP unveiled statue of Mehr Chand Mahajan in Jammu|access-date=21 March 2025|url=https://theprint.in/india/poll-prep-or-toast-to-nationalist-hero-why-bjp-unveiled-statue-of-mehr-chand-mahajan-in-jammu/1057101/?amp|publisher=The Print}}</ref> who was more aligned with India regarding accession.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mahajan |first=Mehr Chand |isbn=9788124101940|title=Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW5u9QSxCFwC |publisher=Asia Publishing House|page=123|year=1963}}</ref>

In the chilling autumn of 1947, as tribal raiders marched toward Kashmir, whispers of fear echoed through its valleys. But within the royal quarters, Tara Devi was not one to remain silent. Aware that women and gold were the invaders’ chief plunder, she rallied young girls, teaching them to fight, to stand, and to survive. In that moment, a queen became a guardian. As refugees poured in Jammu, she founded Maharani Seva Dal, providing them with food and shelter. Amidst the turmoil, she personally stayed with the refugees, offering help in every possible way.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1947. Maharani Tara Devi. Soft and Loving, Leading from Front|url=https://www.thedispatch.in/1947-maharani-tara-devi-soft-and-loving-leading-from-front/|access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

With [[Sheikh Abdullah]] released from jail and installed as Prime Minister of the ‘troubled’ state, he aligned with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to sideline the Maharaja, removing any parallel authority from the Centre’s path. Years later, the Maharani’s only son, Dr. [[Karan Singh]], reflected on the situation in his book Heir Apparent – Part 1:<ref name="Tara"/>

{{blockquote|“[[Plebiscite]] being the dominant theme of the time, it became [[Sheikh Abdullah]]’s trump card. As the man expected to deliver the plebiscite in India’s favour, he was in a position to demand his pound of flesh. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and my father were never particularly close, and [[Sheikh Abdullah]] managed to convince him that as long as my father remained in the state, winning the plebiscite would be impossible.”}}

Though it was originally agreed that the Maharani would stay with the Yuvraj in the State, [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], in a letter dated 23 May 1949 from Dehradun, informed the Maharaja that this arrangement would not be possible. Instead, she would be permitted to visit the Yuvraj occasionally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdication of Maharaja Hari Singh of J & K|url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Opinion/Columnists/Abdication-of-Maharaja-Hari-Singh-of-J-K|publisher=Asian Voice|access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

Outnumbered and isolated, Sardar Patel advised the Maharaja to abdicate in favour of his son and stay out of the state for a few months, citing health reasons. The Maharaja responded pointedly, noting that Kashmir was itself a health resort and suggesting he be given a suitable role in Delhi. He pleaded that since the Yuvraj was young and impressionable, either parent should be allowed to stay with him, and questioned the fairness of separating a mother from her only child after thirteen months apart. Patel, reportedly under Nehru’s influence, replied that the mother could visit occasionally, and the son could also visit his parents, adding discreetly that the duration of the Maharaja’s absence need not be specified.<ref name="Tara">{{Cite web|title=Why Maharaja Had To Exit J&K in 1949 ?|url=https://smeworld.asia/why-maharaja-had-to-exit-j-k-in-1949|publisher=SME World|access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref> Eventually, on 9 June 1949, [[Hari Singh]] abdicated to [[Bombay]] in favor of their son [[Karan Singh]], Tara Devi stayed nearer to Jammu to uphold the Dogra royal legacy and relocated to [[Kasauli]], where Margaret, the English wife of ex-Prime Minister of J&K [[Ram Chandra Kak]] also took up residence.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Untold story of Jammu-Kashmir|first=Kuldeep Chand|last=Agnihotri|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2013|pages=270–271|isbn=9789350484531}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Love, Exile, Redemption|first=Siddharth|last=Kak|date=2023 |publisher=Rupa|pages=257–273|isbn=9789357024921}}</ref>

In 1950, radical land reforms like the Big Landed Estates Abolition Act stripped royal and feudal families of their lands, weakening their socio-economic status and prompting her to buy a modest house in her maternal village in [[Himachal Pradesh]], now known as [[Taragarh Palace]] in her honour.<ref name="Taragarh">{{Cite web|title=Taragarh Palace |url=https://taragarhpalace.com/|access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref>

In 1953, shifting government policies led her to remain at Amar Mahal in Jammu to uphold her role as Queen Mother, maintain the royal family’s presence, and support the accession narrative—where she lived until her death in 1967, and which now stands as a museum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karansingh.com/amml/about.htm|title=Amar Mahal Museum and Library|access-date=2010-04-01|publisher=Karansingh.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223211645/http://www.karansingh.com/amml/about.htm|archive-date=23 December 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Legacy==
* On 1 June 1944 Maharani Mahila College Parade Ground was started by Retd. Conservator Forest Lala Mulkh Raj Gandotra exclusively for woman with patronization of Maharani Tara. On 25 November 1953 its name was changed to Government College for Women, Parade Ground, Jammu and was fully funded by J&K Government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About College|url=https://www.gcwparade.in/documents/aboutcollege|publisher=GCW Parade|access-date= 22 March 2025}}</ref>
*Maharani Tara Devi made [[Amar Mahal]] her residence in Jammu in 1927 and lived there until her death in 1967, her son Dr. [[Karan Singh]] and his wife converted the palace into a museum, inaugurated by PM Indira Gandhi on April 13, 1975. The museum aimed to preserve rare art and literature, collaborating with fine arts institutions. The property was subsequently transferred to the Hari Tara Charitable Trust to enliven the memory of the last king and queen who once lived there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amar Mahal|url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/Amar-Mahal.aspx|access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>
* Taragarh Palace now a heritage hotel in [[Himachal Pradesh]] stands as a symbol of royal grace and resilience, it was also intended as a refuge for her in case she was ever forced to leave Jammu.<ref name="Taragarh"/>
*Tara Niwas in Udhampur, once one of her residences, has retained its original name and is presently being used as a state guest house by the Hospitality & Protocol Department of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]. It is the same location where Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah was placed under house arrest on 19 August 1953.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Rashmi Singh reviews progress of upgradation works at Tara Niwas in Udhampur|url=https://statetimes.in/amp/dr-rashmi-singh-reviews-progress-of-upgradation-works-at-tara-niwas-in-udhampur/|publisher=State Times|access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sheikh Abdullah: A Political Sufferer-I|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2012/09/10/sheikh-abdullah-a-political-sufferer-ii/|publisher=Kashmir Observer|access-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>
* The samadhi (memorial) of Maharani Tara Devi, wife of Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] and mother of Dr. Karan Singh, stands beside those of other Dogra queens near the [[Raghunath Temple]] complex in [[Jammu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samadhis that dot Duggar Landscape|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/samadhis-that-dot-duggar-landscape/|publisher=Daily Excelsior|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

==Honours==
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: Companion of the [[Order of the Crown of India|Order of the Crown]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37598 |date=4 June 1946 |page=2763 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Katoch|House of Katoch]]||1910||1967||name=Queen Tara Devi}}
{{S-roy|in}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-vac|last=Princess Bishen Devi of Chamba}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Dogra dynasty|Queen Consort of Kashmir]]|years=4 August 1927 — 17 November 1952}}
{{s-non|reason=Monarchy abolished|reason2=[[Kashmir conflict]]}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]

Small Industries Development Bank of India

2025-11-27T13:30:47Z

EmmettAlbritton:

{{Short description|Regulatory Body}}
{{COI|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
| seal =
| logo = SIDBI LOGO.png
| jurisdiction = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| employees =
| budget =
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|02-April-1990}}
| chief1_name = Manoj Mittal
| chief1_position = {{small|([[Chairman]] & [[Managing director|MD]])}}<ref>[https://sidbi.in/AnnualReport201920/board-of-directors.php]. Accessed December 2020.</ref>
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| website = {{URL|http://www.sidbi.in/}}
| agency_type = [[Regulatory Agency|Regulatory Body]]
}}
'''Small Industries Development Bank of India''' ('''SIDBI''') is the apex [[regulatory body]] for overall licensing and regulation of [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|micro, small and medium enterprise finance companie]]s in India. It is under the [[jurisdiction]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]] headquartered at [[Lucknow]] and having its offices all over the country.

SIDBI was established on 02-April-1990, by Government of India, as a wholly owned subsidiary of [[IDBI Bank]] . It was delinked from IDBI w.e.f. 27-March-2000. Its purpose is to provide [[refinance]] facilities to banks and financial institutions and engage in term lending and working capital finance to industries, and serves as the principal financial institution in the [[Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] (MSME) sector. SIDBI also coordinates the functions of institutions engaged in similar activities. It was established in 1990,<ref>[https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1989-39.pdf The Small Industries Development Bank of India act. 1989] {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028102841/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1989-39.pdf|date=2021-10-28}}</ref> through an [[Act of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://financialservices.gov.in/banking-divisions/Financial-Institutions-and-others/Small-Industries-Development-Bank-of-India%28SIDBI%29?page=2 |title=Small Industries Development Bank of India(SIDBI) | Department of Financial Services | Ministry of Finance | Government of India |publisher=Financialservices.gov.in |access-date=2018-10-14 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155449/http://financialservices.gov.in/banking-divisions/Financial-Institutions-and-others/Small-Industries-Development-Bank-of-India(SIDBI)?page=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> SIDBI is one of the five [[All India Financial Institutions]] regulated and supervised by the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. The other four are [[Exim Bank of India|Exim Bank Of India]], [[NABARD]], NaBFID (https://nabfid.org/) and [[National Housing Bank|NHB]]. They play a statutory role in the financial markets through credit extension and refinancing operation activities and cater to the long-term financing needs of the industrial sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/SCRIPTS/PublicationsView.aspx?id=16720 |title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications |publisher=Rbi.org.in |access-date=2018-10-14 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143003/https://www.rbi.org.in/SCRIPTS/PublicationsView.aspx?id=16720 |url-status=live }}</ref>

SIDBI is active in the development of Micro Finance Institutions through SIDBI Foundation for Micro Credit, and assists in extending microfinance through the Micro Finance Institution (MFI) route.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idfc.org/Members/sidbi.aspx|title=IDFC|website=www.idfc.org}}</ref> Its promotion & development program focuses on rural enterprises promotion and entrepreneurship development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adfiap.org/resources/sidbis-financial-inclusion-program-covers-poorest-poor/|title=SIDBI's Financial Inclusion Program covers 'Poorest of the Poor' - ADFIAP|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612152201/http://www.adfiap.org/resources/sidbis-financial-inclusion-program-covers-poorest-poor/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiamicrofinance.com/poorest-states-inclusive-growth-programme-sidbi-ukaid-dfid-rfp.html|title=Poorest States Inclusive Growth Programme - SIDBI UKAID DFID RFP|website=indiamicrofinance.com|date=5 November 2022 }}</ref>

In order to increase and support money supply to the MSE sector, it operates a refinance program known as Institutional Finance program. Under this program, SIDBI extends Term Loan assistance to Banks, Small Finance Banks and Non-Banking Financial Companies. Besides the refinance operations, SIDBI also lends directly to MSMEs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=146400|title=Establishment of Fund of Funds for funding support to Start-ups|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141221/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=146400|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sidbi.in/shareholding.php|title=Shareholding :: Small Industries Development Bank of India|website=www.sidbi.in|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140203/https://www.sidbi.in/shareholding.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Non-Financial Intervention==
As part of non-financial intervention in the MSME sector, SIDBI had also undertaken various measures in the past. Recently, in association with credit rating agency CRISIL and Credit Information Company TransUnion CIBIL it has introduced "CriSidEx" and "MSME Pulse".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-07 |title=Fixed Deposits, MSME borrowing becomes easier in Indian Overseas Bank; here's how |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-fixed-deposits-msme-borrowing-becomes-easier-in-indian-overseas-bank-heres-how-41953 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Zee Business |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317083139/https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-fixed-deposits-msme-borrowing-becomes-easier-in-indian-overseas-bank-heres-how-41953 |url-status=live }}</ref>

CriSidEx, India's first sentiment index for micro and small enterprises (MSEs) has been developed jointly by CRISIL & SIDBI. It is a composite index based on a diffusion index of 8 parameters and measures MSE business sentiment on a scale of 0 (extremely negative) to 200 (extremely positive). The crucial benefit of CriSidEx is that its readings will flag potential headwinds and changes in production cycles and thus help improve market efficiencies. And by capturing the sentiment of exporters and importers, it will also offer actionable indicators on foreign trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/TxoEaqkRbBp0FvlZs2ahsI/Jaitley-launches-CriSidEx-says-economy-witnessing-a-phase-o.html|title=Jaitley launches CriSidEx, says economy witnessing a phase of consolidation|first=Komal|last=Gupta|date=3 February 2018|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=10 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610163014/https://www.livemint.com/Money/TxoEaqkRbBp0FvlZs2ahsI/Jaitley-launches-CriSidEx-says-economy-witnessing-a-phase-o.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176130|title=CRISIL, SIDBI Launch India's First MSE Sentiment Index|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141335/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176130|url-status=live}}</ref>

SIDBI in association with TransUnion CIBIL launched "MSME Pulse" and Microfinance Pulse launched by Equifax, a quarterly report on MSME credit activity, for closely tracking and monitoring the MSME segment in the country. The report is based on a study done on over five million active MSMEs who have access to formal credit, with live credit facilities in the Indian banking system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/sidbi-and-transunion-cibil-launch-msme-pulse/articleshow/63269240.cms|title=MSME's most attractive segment in commercial credit with fastest growth, low NPAs: Report|date=12 March 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144424/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/sidbi-and-transunion-cibil-launch-msme-pulse/articleshow/63269240.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

SIDBI has launched the ‘Udyami Mitra’ Portal to improve accessibility of credit and handholding services to MSMEs. They can select and apply for preferred banks through this portal. Under the portal entrepreneurs can apply for loan without physically visiting any bank branches and can select from over 1 lakh bank branches, track their application status and avail multiple loan benefits. It also has facility for uploading all necessary documents. Through the portal the MSMEs can also seek handholding support for getting finance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1514304|title=Udyami Mitra Portal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/economy/sidbi-launches-udyami-mitra-portal-to-improve-accessibility-of-credit-for-msmes|title=SIDBI launches 'Udyami Mitra' portal to improve accessibility of credit for MSMEs|first=Knn India - Knowledge & News|last=Network|website=knnindia.co.in|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141928/http://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/economy/sidbi-launches-udyami-mitra-portal-to-improve-accessibility-of-credit-for-msmes|url-status=live}}</ref> SIDBI has also entered into an arrangement with CSC e-governance Services (CSCeGS) to take Udyami Mitra portal to the unserved and the underserved MSMEs. CSCeGS is a special purpose vehicle (SPV) set up by ministry of electronics and IT (MeitY) which acts as connect point for various digitally aligned services to villages in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sidbi-csc-partner-to-offer-msmes-better-credit-access-118030600963_1.html|title=Sidbi, CSC partner to offer MSMEs better credit access|agency=Press Trust of India|date=6 March 2018|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

In May-2024, The Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) signed a MoU with [[Airbus Helicopters]] to finance civil helicopter purchases in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=SIDBI Takes Flight: Signs MoU with Airbus Helicopters to Finance Civil Aviation in India |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/sidbi-takes-flight-signs-mou-with-airbus-helicopters-to-finance-civil-aviation-in-india |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526091158/https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/sidbi-takes-flight-signs-mou-with-airbus-helicopters-to-finance-civil-aviation-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airbus Helicopters and SIDBI sign an MoU for helicopter financing in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/airbus-helicopters-and-sidbi-sign-an-mou-for-helicopter-financing-in-india/articleshow/110404954.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525012037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/airbus-helicopters-and-sidbi-sign-an-mou-for-helicopter-financing-in-india/articleshow/110404954.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other activities==
SIDBI has floated several other entities for related activities, including:
* [[The SIDBI Foundation for Microcredit]]
* SIDBI Venture Capital Limited (SVCL)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://financialservices.gov.in/banking-divisions/Financial-Institutions-and-others/Small-Industries-Development-Bank-of-India(SIDBI)|title=Small Industries Development Bank of India(SIDBI) {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India|website=financialservices.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-02-17|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218024205/http://financialservices.gov.in/banking-divisions/Financial-Institutions-and-others/Small-Industries-Development-Bank-of-India(SIDBI)|url-status=live}}</ref> – for providing Venture Capital (VC) assistance to MSMEs;
* [[Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Bank|Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency (MUDRA)]] – for 'funding the unfunded' micro enterprises in the country;
* Receivable Exchange of India Ltd. (RXIL)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Guidelines for setting up of and operating the Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS)|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Content/PDFs/TREDSG031214.pdf|journal=Guidelines for Setting up of and Operating the Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS)|archive-date=18 February 2018|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090333/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Content/PDFs/TREDSG031214.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to enable faster realisation of receivables by MSMEs;
* [[SME Rating Agency of India|SMERA Ratings Limited (SMERA)]]<ref name=":0" /> – for credit rating of MSMEs, renamed as Acuite Ratings & Research Limited.;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acuite.in/|title=Acuité Ratings & Research|website=www.acuite.in}}</ref>
* India SME Technology Services Ltd (ISTSL)<ref name=":0" /> – for technology advisory and consultancy services and
* India SME Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd. (ISARC)<ref name=":0" /> for speedier resolution of Non-Performing Assets (NPA) in the MSME sector.

SIDBI supports the Government of India in its initiatives and work as a nodal agency for some of the schemes related to development of MSMEs, such as [[Make in India]] and [[Startup India]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[List of national development banks]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Small-scale industry in India]]
[[Category:Microfinance in India]]
[[Category:National development banks|India]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1990]]

Lal Kitab

2025-11-21T09:29:42Z

EmmettAlbritton:

{{Short description|Hindu astrological text in Urdu 95%}}{{Multiple issues|{{Religious text primary|date=October 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2012}}}}
'''Lal Kitab''' ([[Hindi]]: लाल किताब, [[Urdu]]: {{lang|ur|لال کتاب}}, literally '''Red Book''') is a set of five books on [[Vedic astrology]] and [[palmistry]], written in [[Hindi]] and later, in the [[Urdu]] script too.<ref name="Bonner1987">{{cite book |last1=Bonner |first1=Jeffrey P. |title=Land Consolidation and Economic Development in India: A Study of Two Haryana Villages |date=1987 |publisher=Riverdale Company |isbn=978-0-913215-07-4 |page=6 |language=English}}</ref>

Poetic verses form the core ''farmanns'' or ''[[upaya]]'' (remedy recommended) of the book. It has led to field of remedial astrology known as ''Lal Kitab remedies'', simple remedies for various planetary afflictions in the [[horoscope]] or [[birth chart]], which have become part of the folk traditions of the region that includes [[North India]] and Pakistan.<ref>[[#Mh|Mahajan, p. 7]]. {{cite news |title=Click to know what Salman's numbers speak|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=66076 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=April 14, 2006 }}- {{cite news |title=Star Struck |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Star-Struck/735137/ |work=Indian Express |date=January 9, 2011 }}. {{cite book |title=Ayurvedic Astrology: Self-Healing Through the Stars|author=David Frawley |author-link=David Frawley |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2005|isbn=0-940985-88-8|page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L29WKmFDfNsC&pg=PA166 }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2012}}

==Authorship & the practitioners of today==
Although, the author of the original verses is unknown or a matter of debate, however, [[Pandit Roop Chand Joshi]] (1898-1982)<ref name=dj>{{cite news |title=लाल किताब के रचयिता पंडित जोशी का 121वां जन्मोत्सव मनाया (121 birth anniversary of Pt. Roop Chand Joshi celebrated) |url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/ludhiana-ludhiana-lal-kitab-17385756.html |access-date=25 September 2019 |work=Dainik Jagran |agency=Dainik Jagran |publisher=Dainik Jagran |date=19 January 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> of [[Pharwala, Jalandhar|Pharwala]] village of Jalandhar district of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]],<ref name=lal/> who authored the presently available version during the years 1939 to 1952 in five volumes, is regarded as the master of this science.<ref name=lal>[https://archive.org/details/LalKitab1941, Vol. 3, Lal Kitab, 1941]</ref><ref name=dj/> Some regard him also as originator of these books. The names of the five set of books authored by Pt. Roop Chand Joshi, together called as '''Lal Kitab''' with their years of publication, are as follows.

#'' Lal Kitab Ke Farman'' (The Edicts of Lal Kitab), 1939, 383 pages
# ''Lal Kitab Ke Arman'' (''Ilm Samudrik Kee Lal Kitab Ke Armaan''), (The “Aspirations” of Lal Kitab), 1940, 280 pages
# ''Gutka'' (''Ilm Samudrik Kee Lal Kitab'') (Third Part), 1941, 428 pages
# ''Lal Kitab Ke Farman'' (Lal Kitab – Tarmeem Shuda), 1942, 384 pages
# ''Ilm-e Samudrik ki buniyad par ki Lalkitab'' (Lal Kitab), 1952, 1173 pages
A copy of first book published in 1939 is preserved in [[Lahore Museum]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Contents==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
Lal Kitab explains how certain planetary positions in one's [[horoscope]] should also reflect in the lines of his palm. In other word the book is on astro-palmistry, that is, it has mixed the two different arts of [[Palmistry]] and [[Jyotisha]] a.k.a. [[Hindu astrology]] together.

The books were published in red hard-cover. In Hindi and Urdu languages ''Lal'' means the color [[red]] and ''Kitab'' means a book. Further, in [[India]] traditionally, business ledger books are bound in red color. Red in [[Hindu]] is considered auspicious and a symbol of [[Ganesha]] and [[Lakshmi]]. The red [[Vermilion|kum-kum]] is used in [[Hindu]] religious rites. The Lal Kitab volumes were also given a red binding because these books contain ''duniyavi hisaab kitaab'' (the ledger book of one’s life).

Lal Kitab describes a style of horoscope analysis with remedies that omit [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] and wearing of [[gemstone]]s, which are generally recommended by other branches of Vedic astrology and [[Jyotisha]]. There are many followers of Lal Kitab. In [[India]] and abroad one can find many practitioners of Lal Kitab, prescribing remedies as per ''farmanns'' of these books.

==Cultural influences==
The book has been popular in both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], and many of its astrological remedies ''upaya'' or ''farmans'' have become part of everyday culture in the subcontinent,<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/spiritual/report-lal-kitab-ke-upay-and-remedies-for-financial-crisis-and-problems-lal-kitab-ke-totke-increase-money-flow-4121819|title= Lal Kitab Ke Upay|date= May 14, 2024|website=DNA India
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/astrology/predictions/lal-kitab-ke-upay-importance-of-saturn-rahu-and-venus-planet-in-astrology-2024-05-01 |title=Lal Kitab Ke Upay |date=2024-05-01 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref> like throwing coins into a river while passing over it, feeding grass to a cow, bread to a dog and offering meals to unmarried girls etc.<ref>[[#Sr|Shrimali, p. 9]]</ref> Some of its ''farmans'' have become proverbs, in languages such as [[Multani language|Multani]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Glossary of the Multani Language|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri. |page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QVR7z5386IC&pg=RA1-PA53 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Lal Kitab: System Of Progression And Curative Measure'', by R. S. Chillar. Sagar Publications, 2004. {{ISBN|81-7082-050-2}}.
* {{cite book |title=Lal Kitab, Volume 3 |author=Rup Chand Joshi |via=[[Internet Archive]] |year=1941|url=https://archive.org/details/LalKitab1941 }}
* {{cite book |title=Lal Kitab - a Rare Book on Astrology|author=U. C. Mahajan|publisher=Pustak Mahal|year=2004|isbn=81-223-0884-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pjfzfapvOkC |ref=Mh }}
* {{cite book |title=Lal Kitab|author=Radhakrishan Srimali|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Ltd|year=2007|isbn=978-81-288-1256-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZKQnp7nWf8C |ref=Sr }}

==External links==
* https://www.lalkitab.info/
More Information
* [http://www.aifas.com/books/Lalkitab.pdf Lal Kitab in PDF format]. All India Federation of Astrologers Societies
* http://www.lalqitab.com
*[http://www.lalkitab.in/2009/02/which-is-best-lal-kitab-book.html Which Lal Kitab book should we read?]
*[https://www.birthastro.com/astrology/kundali-matching Kundali Matching].Lal Kitab Predictions
*[http://www.lalkitabhindi.com/ Read online Lal Kitab in hindi]

[[Category:Hindu astrological texts]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:20th-century non-fiction books]]

Giju John

2025-11-08T22:32:17Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding basic bio v1

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer (born 1975)}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Giju John
| image = Giju_John.jpg
| alt = Actor Giju John standing on the set of the movie Ranam, wearing a grey jacket and white shirt
| caption = Giju John on the set of the film Ranam
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|02|10}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer|singer|songwriter|dancer}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| spouse = Kristen Nolan
| website = {{URL|gijujohn.com}}
}}

'''Giju John''' is an Indian actor, film producer, singer, songwriter, and dancer who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[English language|English]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giju John’s ‘Más Bhangraton’ a Finalist in International Songwriting Competition |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/giju-john-s-m-s-bhangraton-a-finalist-in-international/article_b66685ea-0102-11e6-a9a3-63547b02d504.html |website=www.indiawest.com |access-date=2024-01-17 |archive-date=2016-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424030946/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/giju-john-s-m-s-bhangraton-a-finalist-in-international/article_b66685ea-0102-11e6-a9a3-63547b02d504.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Giju made his acting debut in the 2011 English film ''[[Love, Wrinkle-free]]'' before starring in the 2018 Malayalam film ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/prithviraj-rahman-starrer-ranam-hit-theatres-march-75715|title=Prithviraj-Rahman starrer ‘Ranam’ to hit theatres in March|first=Digital|last=Native|date=February 1, 2018|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/actor-singer-dancer-giju-john-interview-giju-john-about-kumari-movie-1.7993356|title=നടൻ ഗായകൻ, സൽസ നർത്തകൻ, ഇപ്പോൾ കുമാരിയുടെ നിർമാതാവും; ഉയരങ്ങൾ താണ്ടി ജിജു ജോൺ|date=October 27, 2022|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> later appearing in films such as [[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|''Lucifer'']] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Giju John joins Mohanlal-starrer 'Lucifer' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/Oct/11/giju-john-joins-mohanlal-starrer-lucifer-1883791.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and [[Forensic (2020 film)|''Forensic'']] (2020).<ref name=":1" /> He is also a film producer having produced films such as ''Love, Wrinkle-free'' (2011),<ref name=":5" /> and the television sitcom, ''[[Metro Park (web series)|Metro Park]]''.<ref name=":6" />

==Early and personal life==
Giju John was born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India on 10 February 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2008/07/29/cassidy-engineering-a-new-dance-step/|title=Cassidy: Engineering a new dance step|first=Mike|last=Cassidy|date=July 29, 2008}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiacurrents.com/yeh-saala-salsa/|title=Yeh Saala Salsa!|first=Priya|last=Das|date=July 22, 2017|website=India Currents}}</ref> Giju completed his secondary level education at [[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram]], and graduated from the [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering]]. He holds a [[Master's degree|Masters]] in [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]] from the [[University of South Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/080918/a-promising-debut-2.html|title=A promising debut|first=priya|last=sreekumar|date=September 8, 2018|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rw2k9AXu8btQEIJMsiVL0H/Double-life.html|title=Double life|first=Pavitra|last=Jayaraman|date=August 23, 2008|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/|title=Sauce and spice|date=June 24, 2007|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The actor currently resides in [[Austin, Texas]].<ref name=":4" />

== Career ==
Giju John is an accomplished salsa dancer and choreographer who has professionally performed across the USA, India, and UK.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Giju John » biography |url=https://gijujohn.com/biography/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=gijujohn.com}}</ref> He is the founder of Beyond Dreamz Entertainment, which produces music and dance projects in the Latina-Indian genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chino |first=DJ EL |date=June 5, 2017 |title=Giju John – Bachata Indu (co-produccion de Christian Tumalan) | Solar Latin Club |url=https://www.solarlatinclub.com/giju-john-bachata-hindu-co-produccion-de-christian-tumalan/}}</ref> He received training in [[carnatic music]] and [[bharatanatyam]] and is a member of the professional dance troupe, Salsamania Dance Company, which is based in [[San Francisco]].<ref name=":3" />

In 2007, he released his first album as a singer-songwriter "Rang Rangeli Yeh Duniya" which was a Latina-Indian fusion.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2007 |title=Giju debuts with Hindi pop album |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/giju-debuts-with-hindi-pop-album#google_vignette |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=Radioandmusic.com}}</ref>

In 2010, he ventured into film production and founded Tiranga Productions. His first production venture was [[Love, Wrinkle-free|''Love, Wrinkle-free'']] which released in 2011.<ref name=":5" /> His second production venture was ''Hola Venky!'' in 2014 in which he worked with writer-director [[Sandeep Mohan]]. His third production venture titled ''Shreelancer'' released in 2017 received critical acclaim from critics and audiences.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=Shreelancer Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/shreelancer/movie-review/60090024.cms |access-date=2025-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He made his acting debut in the 2018 film ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]].''<ref name="lucifer">{{Cite web |title='Ranam' fame Giju roped in for Prithvi's 'Lucifer' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/09/giju-john-roped-in-lucifer-prithviraj-mohanlal-movie.html |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> He second film as an actor was the [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] directorial, ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' in 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-03-08 |title=American singer Giju John to play the character Sanjeev in 'Lucifer' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/american-singer-giju-john-to-play-the-character-sanjeev-in-lucifer/articleshow/68321597.cms |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The following year, he portrayed the antagonist in the film ''[[Forensic (2020 film)|Forensic]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Here's how the climax scene in Tovino's Forensic was shot |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/07/04/tovino-forensic-malayalam-movie-behind-the-scene-climax-video.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Here's how the climax scene in Tovino's Forensic was shot |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, he reunited with director [[Nirmal Sahadev]] to produce and act in the film ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]''.<ref name=":2" /> His next film role was in the sequel to ''Lucifer'', [[L2 Empuraan|''L2 Empuraan'']].<ref name=":8" />

==Filmography==

=== As actor ===
*''Note, all films are in Malayalam, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Refh|multi=yes}}
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Love, Wrinkle-free]]'' || Cleetus D'Cruz
| English film ||<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Love, Wrinkle-free - Bollywood Movies |url=https://www.bollywoodbx.com/movie/love-wrinkle-free-2012 |website=www.bollywoodbx.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Hola Venky!]]'' || Kurian || English film ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]'' || Ahmed Siddique
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian-American Giju John eyes acting career with impressive 'Ranam' role |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2018/09/10/ranam-fame-giju-john-on-movies-acting-career.html |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' || Sanjeev Kumar
| ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Forensic (2020 film)|Forensic]]'' || Dr. Alphonse Kurien
| ||<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]'' || Kaanhirangat Achuthan
| ||<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kumari-actor-shine-tom-chacko-dhruvan-is-a-character-with-great-depth-something-that-i-rarely-get-to-play/4f52294719516|title=Kumari actor Shine Tom Chacko: Dhruvan is a character with great depth, something that I rarely get to play|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]'' || James
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antony teaser has both Joju George and Kalyani Priyadarshan flexing muscles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/18/antony-teaser-has-both-joju-george-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-flexing-muscles-48739.html |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 ||''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]'' || Rohan Rafael
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-16 |title=First look of Tovino Thomas-starrer Identity out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/16/first-look-of-tovino-thomas-starrer-identity-out |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
|Sanjeev Kumar
|
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=Mohanlal's L2E Empuraan 18 Days, 36 Reveals: Characters Number 32 And 33 Unveiled |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/mohanlals-l2e-empuraan-18-days-36-reveals-characters-number-32-and-33-unveiled-article-118152081 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Love, Wrinkle-free]]''
|rowspan="2"|English
|
|-
|''Hola! Venky''
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Shreelancer]]''
|Hindi English
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|2019
|''Nirmal Anand Ki Puppy''
|rowspan="2"|Hindi
|
|-
|2019-2021
|''[[Metro Park (TV series)|Metro Park]]''
|Television series<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=March 27, 2019 |title=‘Metro Park is Akkarakazhchakal made for a larger audience’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/Mar/27/metro-park--is-akkarakazhchakal-made-for-a-larger-audience-1956332.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Kumari (2022 film)|''Kumari'']]
|Malayalam
|
|}

== Discography ==

=== Music albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!{{Refh|multi=yes}}
|-
|2007
|"Rang Rangeeli Yeh Duniya"
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDMH0fhC3bM]
|-
|2014
|"Mas Bhagraton"
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Db3aNwakXOM]
|-
|2017
|"Bachata Indu"
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXy73YD2Kmg]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4198852}}
* {{Facebook|giju.john.7}}
* {{Instagram|gijujohn}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Giju}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Shubhavi Arya

2025-10-23T19:53:43Z

EmmettAlbritton: Created first data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian animator and film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shubhavi Arya
| image = Shubhavi arya.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Shubhavi Arya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|10|07}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, [[Delhi]], India
| education = [[University of Minnesota]], [[Canadian International School (Singapore)|Canadian International School]]
| occupation = Director, animator
| years_active = 2011–present
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Shubhavi Arya''' is an Indian animator and film director.

She is most noted for creating cutout [[stop-motion]] animated film [[Adventures of Malia]] at a young age of 16 years.

In 2015, she directed and animated the [[Adventures of Malia]] which got nominated for 11 international film awards, winning 3 of them including the Honorary Mention Foreign Film Award at the ColorTape International Film Festival, Australia and Best Under 18 Filmmaker at the Global Independent Film Awards, United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Independent Film Awards Winners|url=http://rethinkingtaxes.com/global-independent-film-awards-august-2015-winners/|website=Rethinking Taxes|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105032108/http://rethinkingtaxes.com/global-independent-film-awards-august-2015-winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Washington News World|url=http://www.washingtonnewsworld.com/item/entertainment/8283/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGUST-2015-WINNERS|website=GLOBAL INDEPENDENT FILM AWARDS AUGUST 2015 WINNERS|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125004017/http://www.washingtonnewsworld.com/item/entertainment/8283/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGUST-2015-WINNERS|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Independent Film Awards August winners|url=http://www.dailynewsdetroit.com/item/latest-news/7918/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030219/http://www.dailynewsdetroit.com/item/latest-news/7918/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGU|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 November 2015|website=Daily News Detroit}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Shubhavi Arya was born in New Delhi, India. Shubhavi's father, Jaibir Singh Arya, is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] Officer and her mother, Minakshi Arya, is a [[veterinary]] surgeon, both of whom work in the [[Government of India]]. Her mother, Minakshi Arya, also holds an MBA and M.S. in Software Engineering from [[North Dakota State University]]. She has one younger brother, Saatvik Arya.<ref>{{cite web|title=brother-sister duo Shubhavi and Saatvik Arya|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/national-ice-skating-championship/articleshow/45777434.cms|website=Times of India}}</ref>

== Education ==
Shubhavi Arya is currently studying for dual bachelor of science degrees in computer science and psychology at the [[University of Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shubhavi Arya Official Website Resume |url=http://www.shubhaviarya.org/cv/cv.html |website=Shubhavi Arya}}</ref> Shubhavi Arya used to study at the [[Canadian International School (Singapore)|Canadian International School]] in Singapore in grade 9 and 10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Week at a Glance – TK – 23 November 2012|url=http://www.cis.edu.sg/cf_news/view.cfm?newsid=259|website=Canadian International School| date=18 April 2023 }}</ref> She was home-schooled in grades 11 and 12. She pursued [[Edexcel]] International [[A-Levels]] as a private candidate. Her [[A-Level]] subjects include Math, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Business Studies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shubhavi Arya|url=http://www.shubhaviarya.org/cv/resume-pdf.html|website=Shubhavi Arya}}</ref> In June 2015 at the age of 16 years in grade 11, she took [[A-Level]] examination in Mathematics and achieved A* grade. She also took AS Level examination in Physics and received A grade. She is also currently studying Swedish language.

Shubhavi received full merit based scholarship worth S$63,962 at the [[Canadian International School (Singapore)|Canadian International School]], Singapore in grades 9 and 10<ref>{{cite web|title=Congratulations to Shubhavi Arya MUN Conference Verbal Commendation Award Recipient|url=http://www.cis.edu.sg/cf_news/view.cfm?newsid=259|website=Canadian international school| date=18 April 2023 }}</ref> in 2012 which is the highest scholarship received by an Indian high school student. She was also the recipient of the Academic Scholarship for grades 11 and 12 worth S$10,000 at the [[German European School Singapore|German European School]], Singapore in 2014. She was shortlisted for the merit-based IB Diploma Scholarship worth INR {{formatnum:4600000}} at Global Indian International School, Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|title=shubhavi arya|url=http://www.shubhaviarya.org/|website=shubhavi arya}}</ref> In 2009, she also received academic scholarship worth INR 800 by the International Children Equity Fund for excelling at national level in Math, Science and English in India.

She has actively participated in many math and science competitions. She participated in the [[American Mathematics Competition]], Singapore Junior Chemistry Olympiad and the [[National Standard Examination in Physics|Indian National State Physics Olympiad]] (NSEP). She also took the Cayley Math Contest and the Galois Math Contest by the [[University of Waterloo]], Canada.

In grade 10, Shubhavi took 7 [[Cambridge International Examinations|CIE]] [[IGCSE]] exams as a private candidate while also attending regular IB school.

== Film career ==
Arya's interest in art and animation developed as a child. At the age of 12 years, she worked as an animator in animated short film "ZAP" which was screened at film festivals in Denmark and Serbia. In 2012, she got invited to Center for Animationspædagogik, [[The Animation Workshop]], [[Viborg, Denmark|Viborg]], Denmark where she created an animated film for the Viborg Animation Festival along with her brother. She later set out to develop her own materials for her own next project and after an unusually long development period, she completed [[Adventures of Malia]] in 2015.

She has experimented with different styles of animation. She has been praised by the jury of [[CINE|CINE Golden Eagle Awards]] for her exceptional talent in animation at the age of 16 years. Jury of the Underexposed Film Festival complimented her vibrant style of filmmaking and appreciated the treatments that Shubhavi brought to the film '[[Adventures of Malia]]'. Other praise has included the jury of Insight Curation Scheme, United Kingdom who commended Shubhavi's distinctive animation style. Rock and Roll Film Festival 2015, Kenya agreed by saying "16-year-old, Shubhavi Arya, shows great promise as she writes, directs and animates "The Adventures of Malia". If she carries on like this, it won't be long before she is winning a lot of awards for her work."

Her film [[Adventures of Malia]] was accepted for screening in over 10 countries in over 30 international [[film festivals]] including the [[Chicago International Film Festival|Chicago International Film Festival – ''Cine Youth'']], ENIMATION Little Elephant - International Children and Youth Film Festival, Slovenia,<ref>{{cite web|title=Selections 2015|url=http://enimation.si/program/Enimation_Little_Elephant_2015.pdf|website=Enimation.si}}</ref> Kratka Forma – The International Festival of Short Films 2015, Serbia and the [[Arlington International Film Festival]].It was the only Indian film to be a winner in the Global Independent Film Awards, United States in August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Independent Film Awards August winners|url=http://www.dailynewsdetroit.com/item/latest-news/7918/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030219/http://www.dailynewsdetroit.com/item/latest-news/7918/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGU|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 November 2015|website=Daily News Detroit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Independent Film Awards August winners|url=http://couponjunki.com/global-independent-film-awards-august-2015-winners/|website=Coupon Junki}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Independent Film Awards Winners|url=http://cyberbookin.com/global-independent-film-awards-august-2015-winners/|website=Cyberbookin}}</ref> It was the only selection from India at many international film festivals including the [[Chicago International Film Festival|51st Chicago International Film Festival – Cine Youth]] 2015, USA and Kratka Forma – The International Festival of Short Films<ref>{{cite web|title=Kratka Forma Selections 2015|url=http://kratkaforma.kcgm.org.rs/images/stories/dokumenta/selekcija/f.pdf|website=Kratka Forma}}</ref> 2015, Serbia. [[Adventures of Malia]] was the only film directed by an Under 18-year-old at the Twister Alley Film Festival 2015, USA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kid Flix|url=http://www.twisteralleyfilmfestival.com/kid-flix.html|website=Twister Alley Film Festival 2015}}</ref>

Shubhavi is the youngest animator and film director in India to have had film screenings in over 30 international [[film festivals]].

== Filmography as director ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Year
|-
| ''[[Adventures of Malia]]'' || 2015
|}

== Filmography as animator ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Year
|-
| [[Adventures of Malia]] || 2015
|-
| Viborg Animation Festival-''Short animation'' || 2012
|-
| ZAP || 2011
|}

== Film awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- style="background:#94bfd3;"
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| '''Awards and nominations for ''Shubhavi Arya'''''
|-
! Year !! Association !! Country !! Award category !! Status !! Film !! Role
|-
| 2015 || ColorTape International Film Festival || {{Flagu|Australia}} || Foreign Film – ''Honorary Mention'' || {{Won}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || Twister Alley International Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|title=Kids Flix 2015|url=http://www.twisteralleyfilmfestival.com/kid-flix.html|website=Twister Alley International Film Festival}}</ref> || {{Flagu|United States}} || Best Family Short || {{Nom}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || Twister Alley International Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|title=Kids Flix 2015|url=http://www.twisteralleyfilmfestival.com/kid-flix.html|website=Twister Alley International Film Festival}}</ref> || {{Flagu|United States}} || Best Animated Short || {{Nom}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || Awareness Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|title=Selections 2015|url=http://theawarenessfestival.wix.com/awarenessfestival#!selections-2015/c1hw9|website=Awareness Film Festival}}</ref> || {{Flagu|United States}} || Merit Award of Awareness || {{Won}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || TOFUZI – 7th International Festival of Animation Films || {{Flagu|Georgia}} || Best Children Film || {{Nom}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || Global Independent Film Awards<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Independent Film Awards Winners|url=http://rethinkingtaxes.com/global-independent-film-awards-august-2015-winners/|website=Rethinking Taxes|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105032108/http://rethinkingtaxes.com/global-independent-film-awards-august-2015-winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Washington News World|url=http://www.washingtonnewsworld.com/item/entertainment/8283/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGUST-2015-WINNERS|website=GLOBAL INDEPENDENT FILM AWARDS AUGUST 2015 WINNERS|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125004017/http://www.washingtonnewsworld.com/item/entertainment/8283/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGUST-2015-WINNERS|url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{Flagu|United States}} || Best Environmental Film || {{Nom}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || Global Independent Film Awards<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Independent Film Awards Winners|url=http://rethinkingtaxes.com/global-independent-film-awards-august-2015-winners/|website=Rethinking Taxes|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105032108/http://rethinkingtaxes.com/global-independent-film-awards-august-2015-winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Washington News World|url=http://www.washingtonnewsworld.com/item/entertainment/8283/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGUST-2015-WINNERS|website=GLOBAL INDEPENDENT FILM AWARDS AUGUST 2015 WINNERS|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125004017/http://www.washingtonnewsworld.com/item/entertainment/8283/GLOBAL-INDEPENDENT-FILM-AWARDS-AUGUST-2015-WINNERS|url-status=dead}}</ref> || {{Flagu|United States}} || Best Under 18 Filmmaker || {{Won}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || Phoenix Film Festival Melbourne || {{Flagu|Australia}} || Best Animation || {{Nom}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || Phoenix Film Festival Melbourne || {{Flagu|Australia}} || Best Student Film || {{Nom}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || Phoenix Film Festival Melbourne || {{Flagu|Australia}} || Best of New Filmmakers || {{Nom}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2015 || 9th International Chinh India Kids Film Festival and Forum || {{Flagu|India}} || Kids for Kids || {{Nom}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|-
| 2016 || Scout Film Festival || {{Flagu|United States}} || Best in Animation || {{Nom}} || [[Adventures of Malia]] || Director/Animator
|}

== Non-film work ==
Shubhavi is accomplished in artistic roller skating and figure skating.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dlf City News|url=http://www.dlf.in/dlf/wcm/connect/a5c5564e-33f8-46b5-8e6a-b22780cc6267/February+-+2015+Edition.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=a5c5564e-33f8-46b5-8e6a-b22780cc6267|website=Dlf City News Magazine}}</ref> She is a silver medalist in the Asian Open Roller Skating Championship and is a National level figure skater.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Ice Skating Championship|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/national-ice-skating-championship/articleshow/45777434.cms|website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dlf City News|url=http://www.dlf.in/dlf/wcm/connect/a5c5564e-33f8-46b5-8e6a-b22780cc6267/February+-+2015+Edition.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=a5c5564e-33f8-46b5-8e6a-b22780cc6267|website=Dlf City News}}</ref> She was the trainer and mentor for figure skating for the Indian delegation to [[Special Olympics World Games|Winter Special Olympics World Games]] 2013 in South Korea. The Indian team in figure skating won a gold medal, two silver medals and two bronze medals that year at the [[Special Olympics World Games|Winter Special Olympics World Games]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Olympics Winter Games|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/indians-win-20-medal-in-special-olympics-world-winter-games/20130203.htm|website=Rediff}}</ref> Shubhavi also does ballet.

Shubhavi is fond of writing and advocacy related works. Shubhavi has been a member of the [[STAND: A Student Anti-Genocide Coalition|STAND]] Student Leadership Team since 2014. She is also a daily content contributor for Hello Flo<ref>{{cite web|title=Author Shubhavi Arya|url=http://blog.helloflo.com/author/shubhaviarya/|website=Hello Flo}}</ref> and magazine writer for Her Culture<ref>{{cite web|title=Magazine staff|url=http://www.herculture.org/shubhaviarya/|website=Her Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Her Culture Magazine|url=https://www.joomag.com/magazine/her-culture-bi-monthy-magazine-august-september-2015/0549853001438828177?page=9|website=Joomag}}</ref> and has written several articles for both. She is also a member of the American Society of News Editors-School Journalism.org Student Advisory Board.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Advisory Board|url=http://www.schooljournalism.org/schools/advisory-board/|website=School Journalism.Org}}</ref>

She has also chaired several Model United Nations Conferences including the [[Harvard Model United Nations]], [[Yale International Relations Association#Model UN Affiliation|Yale Model United Nations]] and Model United Nations of Lubeck.<ref>{{cite web|title=MUNOL ECOSOC Report|url=http://www.munol.org/uploads/ResearchReports/2014/ECOSOC%20-%20Enhancing%20human%20resource%20development%20particularly%20in%20the%20area%20of%20volunteer%20work.pdf|website=MUNOL}}</ref> She was the Communications and Public Relations Manager for the Asian region in Reims International Model United Nations, France, a university level conference.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reims International Model UN Recap|url=http://bestdelegate.com/reims-international-model-united-nations-2014-recap/|website=Best Delegate|date=3 April 2014 }}</ref> In 2012, she also won Verbal Commendation Award at the [[UWC Mahindra College|United World College]] MUN.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congratulations to Shubhavi Arya MUN Conference Verbal Commendation Award Recipient|url=http://www.cis.edu.sg/cf_news/view.cfm?newsid=259|website=Canadian International School| date=18 April 2023 }}</ref>

She is talented in visual arts and painting. Her paintings have been held at several exhibitions including 'Tvak', 'Yellow Spring'<ref>{{cite web|title=Shows|url=http://www.escapismart.com/events|website=Escapism Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=yellow spring exhibition|url=http://allevents.in/new%20delhi/jitendra-padam-jain-yellow-spring-an-art-exhibition/80003143615778|website=all events}}</ref> and 'Sync'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sree Arts presents Sync|url=http://www.delhievents.com/2013/04/sree-arts-presents-harmony-with-art.html|website=Delhi Events}}</ref> She received Most Promising Artist Award for the 'Yellow Spring' exhibition. In 2013, she won international painting competition "Achieve Thru Art Singapore".<ref>{{cite web|title=Multi-Talented: Shubhavi Arya|url=http://www.dlf.in/dlf/wcm/connect/a5c5564e-33f8-46b5-8e6a-b22780cc6267/February+-+2015+Edition.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=a5c5564e-33f8-46b5-8e6a-b22780cc6267|website=Dlf City News}}</ref> More than 400,000 students in Singapore, approximately 100 nationalities participated in this visual art competition to win air tickets to 12 destinations around the world. Shubhavi's artwork 'Religions' was a winner of destination [[Chennai]], India<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Chennai, India winners|url=http://www.achievethruart.com/singapore/chennai-india-winners|website=Achieve Thru Art}}</ref> and her artwork 'Women of Different Countries' was a winner of destination [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai, India winners 2013|url=http://www.achievethruart.com/singapore/mumbai-india-winners|website=Achieve Thru Art Singapore}}</ref> Her artwork 'Festivals' was a winner of destination [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi, India winners|url=http://www.achievethruart.com/singapore/delhi-india-winners|website=Achieve Thru Art}}</ref> She received 6 return tickets from Singapore to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Chennai]] as well as a $20 Changi Airport shopping voucher in the prize. In 2011, she also won second prize in India worth INR 10,000 in the 'Think Sydney Think Singapore Airlines' contest by [[Singapore Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards|url=http://www.shubhaviarya.com|website=Shubhavi Arya official site}}</ref> She is also pursuing a Diploma in painting from Rabindra Bharti University, India.

She has also spoken at several blood donation camps, Indian election campaigns and volunteered in many national campaigns of the [[Government of India]] including the [[Pulse Polio |Pulse Polio Immunization Program]], [[Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana]]''(Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl Child)'' and [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]''(Indian Sanitation Mission)''.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.shubhaviarya.com/ Official Site of Shubhavi Arya]
* {{IMDb name|7122145}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/AdventuresofMalia/ Facebook page of Adventures of Malia]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya, Shubhavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian animators]]
[[Category:Indian animated film directors]]
[[Category:Indian animated film producers]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women animators]]
[[Category:Stop motion animators]]
[[Category:Film directors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Delhi]]
[[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women animated film directors]]

Sansar Chand

2025-10-10T05:25:05Z

EmmettAlbritton: general improve content for consistency and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Ruler of Kangra state (c. 1765 – 1824)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}'''Sansar Chand''' (c. 1765 – 1824) was a Rajput ruler of the [[Katoch]] dynasty of the erstwhile [[Kangra State]] in what is now the [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sansar Chand
| title = Maharaja of [[Kangra State|Kangra]]
| image = Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra.jpg
| succession = Maharaja of [[Kangra State]]
| reign = 1758–1824
| predecessor = Ghamand Chand
| successor = Anirudh Chand
| death_date = 1824
| death_place = [[Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh]]
| issue = Anirudh Chand [[Jodhbir Chand]]
| spouse 1 = Prasanna Devi
| dynasty = [[Katoch|Katoch dynasty]]
}}

==Early life==
[[File:Miniature painting of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra State as a young boy during his childhood.jpg|thumb|Miniature painting of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra State as a young boy during his childhood]]
Sansar Chand was a scion of the [[Katoch]] dynasty, which ruled [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] for centuries until they were ousted by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the early 17th century. In 1758, Sansar Chand's grandfather, Ghamand Chand, was appointed governor of [[Jalandhar]] by [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]]. Sansar Chand rallied an army, ousted the Mughal governor of Kangra, Saifu Ali Khan Kaymkhani, and regained possession of his patrimony. Sansar Chand did a lot of work for the welfare of people mainly residing in nearby places apart from Kangra like [[Palampur]], [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]. He built many water distributaries. The water was used for farming and livestock.

==Military career==

=== Conflict with hilly states ===
In the historic Battle of Rehlu (1794), the [[Chamba State|Chamba chief]], in collaboration with the [[Nurpur kingdom|Raja of Nurpur]], confronted the formidable forces of Sansar Chand, supported by the [[Guler State|chief of Guler]]. This pivotal clash unfolded in the Rehlu region, near present-day [[Rait, Himachal Pradesh|Rait]] village. There, Sansar Chand orchestrated a surprise attack that proved to be decisive. The intensity of the battle was palpable, and amidst the chaos, Raja Raj Singh of Chamba met his demise on the battlefield, at Nerti. His death dealt a severe blow to the ''Chamba-Nurpur alliance'', ultimately leading to the rout of their combined forces. As a consequence of the Battle of Rehlu, the territory of Rohlu passed into the hands of the Katoch chief. This contributed to the expansion of Sansar Chand's influence in the region. Despite the victory, the Rehlu fort remained under the control of Chamba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=R.K. |url=https://archive.org/details/1975-himachal-past-present-future/page/85/mode/2up |title=Himachal–Past, Present & Future |publisher=[[Himachal Pradesh University]] |year=1975 |pages=84–85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZsIAAAAQAAJ&dq=nerti+kangra&pg=PA55 |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District, 1883 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company Limited |year=1883 |pages=61–62 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Conflict with Sikhs and Gurkhas ====
[[File:Kangra painting of a darbar (court) scene with Sansar Chand of Kangra and Jai Singh Kanhaiya, circa 18th or 19th century.webp|thumb|Kangra painting of a darbar (court) scene with Sansar Chand of Kangra and Jai Singh Kanhaiya, circa 18th or 19th century]]
During the campaign, Sansar Chand and his mercenary force overran other nearby principalities and compelled the submission of their rulers. He reigned over a relatively large part of present-day Himachal Pradesh for some two decades, but his ambitions brought him into conflict with the Gurkhas ruling the then-nascent state of [[Nepal]]. The Gorkhas and the recently humbled hill-states allied to invade Kangra in 1806. Sansar Chand was defeated and left with no territory beyond the immediate vicinity of the [[Kangra Fort|fortress of Kangra]]. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, the Gorkhas could not capture [[Kangra Fort]] which came under Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1809. One of his forts is situated in the city of [[Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh|Nadaun]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://himachal.nic.in/contprintcont.php?lid=11142&lang=1&dpt_id=219&cont=131&level=0&linkid=3710 |title=History - Government of Himachal Pradesh, India}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2021}}

==Later years==
Sansar Chand retired to the estates thus conferred upon him by Ranjit Singh and devoted his remaining years to cultural pursuits. He died in 1824, and was succeeded in his estates and titles by his son Anirudh Chand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/snapshort-histories/sansar-chand-the-emperor-of-the-hills/|title=Sansar Chand – The Emperor Of The Hills|date=17 October 2017 }}</ref> The estate, which came under British suzerainty in 1846, was held by the progeny of Anirudh Chand until 1947, when it acceded unto the [[Dominion of India]].

==Personal life==
Apart from his son Anirudh Chand, Sansar Chand had two daughters by his wife, Prasanna Devi. Both of them were wed to the Raja Sudarshan Shah of [[Tehri Garhwal]]. Sansar Chand also had issue by his second wife, a commoner Rajput lady Gulab Dasi;also a son Raja [[Jodhbir Chand]] who established princely state of [[Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh|Nadaun]]. This is where Maharaja Sansar Chand spent his last days.

==Legacy==
He is remembered as a patron of the arts, and the [[Kangra paintings]].

A museum to honour Maharaja Sansar Chand has been set up by the members of the [[Katoch]] Dynasty. The museum is located near the [[Kangra Fort]] and houses the private collection of the Royal Family of Kangra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/mirasis-song-in-praise-of-raja-sansar-chand-667301|title=Mirasi's song in praise of Raja Sansar Chand}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[History of Himachal Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{History HP}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sansar Chand, Raja}}
[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1760s births]]
[[Category:1823 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]

Dhamdaha (community development block)

2025-08-26T05:09:54Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding a entry and citations

{{Short description|Block of Purnia District, Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox place
| name = Dhamdaha
| settlement_type = [[List of subdistricts in India|Block]]
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|48|57|N|87|10|29|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Purnia district|Purnia]]
| parts_type = Villages
| parts = 72
| area_total_km2 = 345.55
| elevation_m = 39
| population_total = 288084
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}
'''Dhamdaha''' is a block of [[Purnia district|Purnia District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsil {{!}} Purnea District {{!}} India |url=https://purnea.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Its seat of government is located in the village of [[Dhamdaha]]. In 2011, the block has a total population of 288,084.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Dhamdaha is located on the western portion of [[Purnia district|Purnia District]]. Its average elevation is at 39 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhamdaha topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-7dmqt6/Dhamdaha/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
Dhamdaha has the 72 following villages under its administration:<ref name=":0" />{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Aurahi
* Bansipurandaha
* Bansipurandaha Milik
* Bardela
* Barkona
* Barkona Milik
* Bela Champawati
* Bela Gobind
* Bhawani Chak
* Bhutia
* Bishunpur Milik
* Bishunpur Milik
* Bishunpur Milik
* Bishunpur Patti
* Champawati
* Champawati Milik
* Chandrahi
* Chikni
* Dakaiha
* Damaili
* Damgari
* [[Dhamdaha]]
* Dharbia
* Dumaria
* Dumaria Chakla
* Gandharap
* Garail Milik
* Halapur
* Hanumani Chakla
* Harpur
* Hemai Patti
* Hemai Patti urf. Kukraun
* Itahari
* Kajra
* Khanua
* Kishunpur Balua
* Kishunpur Balua
* Kishunpur Balua Milik
* Kishunpur Balua Milik
* Kuari
* Kuari
* Kukraun
* Kukraun
* Kukraun Milik
* Madhonagar
* Majhua Fatehganj
* Mali
* Miliki
* Milki
* Mir Milik
* Mir Milik
* Mogalia Purandaha
* Mogalia Purandaha Milik
* Nirpur
* Parasbani
* Phulkahi
* Pirankar
* Rajghat Grarail
* Rampur Chakla
* Rangpura
* Rupaspur Khagha
* Sarsi Istamrar
* Sasri Istamrar Milik
* Satmi
* Sihuli
* Singhara Patti
* Sukhsena
* Sukhsena Milik
* Tarauni Milik
* Thari
* Turki Khagha
* Utna
{{div col end}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religion in Dhamdaha|titlebar=#F6F6F6|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|84.32}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|14.55}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|white|0.26}}
{{bar percent|other|grey|0.88}}}}As of 2011, there are 55,911 households and 288,084 residents in Dhamdaha Block. Out of the total population, 150,332 are males and 137,752 are females. The total literacy rate is 43.17%, with 49.97% of the male population and 35.97% of the female population being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Purnia district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in Purnia district]]

Alajangi Jogarao

2025-07-29T09:45:36Z

EmmettAlbritton:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Alajangi Jogarao''' (born 1973)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Alajangi Jogarao(YSRCP):Constituency- PARVATHIPURAM (SC)(VIZIANAGARAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=437 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[YSR Congress Party]] from Parvathipuram Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-11-26 |title=67th State Level Archery Competition Kicks Off in Parvathipuram Manyam District |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/261123/67th-state-level-archery-competition-kicks-off-in-parvathipuram-manyam.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvathipuram Constituency Election Results 2019: Parvathipuram Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/parvathipuram |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Parvathipuram Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Alajangi Joga Rao of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/parvathipuram-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153243.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He defeated Bobbili Chiranjeevulu by a margin of 24,199 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvathipuram Assembly Election 2024: Parvathipuram Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/parvathipuram-constituency-result-1012 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jogarao is from Parvathipuram, Parvathipuram Manyam district, Andhra Pradesh. He is the son of late Sathyam. He completed his MTech at Punjab University through distance education in 2003. His wife is a secondary grade teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jogarao joined YSR Congress Party and was given the MLA ticket for the first time in 2019 to contest from the Parvathipuram constituency and made a winning debut in the assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-23 |title=Parvathipuram: Sitting MLA Falls In His Own Trap |url=https://www.m9.news/politics/parvathipuram-sitting-mla-alajangi-jogarao-falls-in-his-own-trap/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref> He worked for laying a road to Chakkarapalli village in Balijapet mandal and was felicitated through 'Palabhishekam' (showering of milk) by the villagers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-10 |title=Villagers in Parvathipuram give YSRCP MLA Joga Rao milk bath |url=https://www.newstap.in/video/villagers-in-parvathipuram-give-ysrcp-mla-joga-rao-milk-bath-1480171 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref>

He won from Parvathipuram Assembly constituency representing the YSRCP in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 75,304 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bobbili Chiranjeevulu of the [[Telugu Desam Party]], by a margin of 24, 199 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvathipuram Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/parvathipuram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He lost the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Bonela Vijaya Chandra]] of the TDP by a margin of 24,414 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvathipuram (SC) Constituency Election Results 2024: Parvathipuram (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/parvathipuram |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joga Rao, Alajangi}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Vithalrao Hande

2025-07-27T14:12:04Z

EmmettAlbritton: Created some bio more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Leader of the Opposition Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 23 December 1988
| term_end = 20 December 1990
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| predecessor = [[R. S. Gavai]]
| successor = [[R. S. Gavai]]
| office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 8 July 1986
| term_end1 = 7 July 1992
| constituency1 = ''elected by Members of Legislative Assembly''
| term_start2 = 1968
| term_end2 = 1974
| constituency2 = ''elected by Members of Legislative Assembly''
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 1977
| term_end3 = 1980
| predecessor3 = [[B. R. Kavade]]
| successor3 = [[Pratap Wagh]]
| constituency3 = [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
| office4 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 1957
| term_end4 = 1962
| predecessor4 = ''Inaugural holder''
| successor4 = Vasant Naik
| constituency4 = [[Nashik Assembly constituency|Nashik]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|10|1}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-senior-peasants-and-workers-party-leader-vithalrao-hande-is-no-more-1324613 | title=Senior Peasants and Workers Party leader Vithalrao Hande is no more | publisher=Daily News and Analysis | date=19 November 2023 | accessdate=5 November 2023}}</ref>
| birth_place = Adgaon Taluk [[Nasik district]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|11|18|1920|10|1}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
| spouse = Sushila Hande
| children = 4 daughters
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2387.htm
}}

'''Vithalrao Ganpatrao Hande''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] as a member of the [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/repeating-winning-act-tough-task-for-mps-in-nashik-ls-poll-119040800547_1.html | title=Repeating winning act tough task for MPs in Nashik LS poll | publisher=Business Standard | date=8 April 2019 | accessdate=5 Mar 2023}}</ref><ref name="Vohra 1992 p. 164">{{cite book | last=Vohra | first=G. | title=The New Political Elite | publisher=Daya Publishing House | series=The New Political Elite | issue=v. 1 | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-7035-109-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3yn7-VMxV0C&pg=PA164 | access-date=5 Mar 2023 | page=164}}</ref><ref name="Reed 1973 p. ">{{cite book | last=Reed | first=Sir Stanley | title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who | publisher=Times of India Press | year=1973 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmDVAAAAMAAJ | access-date=5 Mar 2023 | page=347}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2387.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Peasants and Workers Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

Aqua Line

2025-07-21T01:50:29Z

EmmettAlbritton:

The '''Aqua Line''' is a name common to a number of rail systems around the world. It can refer to:

* [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)]] Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
* [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)]] Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)]] Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
* [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)]] Pune, Maharashtra, India
* [[Aqua Line (Namma Metro)]] Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
* [[Canada Line]] Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
* [[E Line (Los Angeles Metro)]] Los Angeles, California, United States of America
* [[Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line]] Tokyo Bay, Japan
* [[Mexico City Metro Line 4]], Mexico

{{Color lines (dab)}}

Bolisetti Srinivas

2025-06-11T05:26:21Z

EmmettAlbritton:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Bolisetti Srinivas''' is an Indian politician of the [[Jana Sena Party]] and a Member of Legislative Assembly to the [[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency]]. He won the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections in 2024<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Assembly Constituency |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0162.htm}}</ref> and was appointed whip on 12 November 2024.<ref name="AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 November 2024 |title=AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173223/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=12 November 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref>

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Bolisetti Srinivas
|office1 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|term_start1 = 4 June 2024
|constituency1 = [[Tadepalligudem (Assembly constituency)|Tadepalligudem]]
|predecessor1 = [[Kottu Satyanarayana]]
|office2 = Chairman of [[Tadepalligudem Municipality]]
|term_start2 = 2014
|term_end2 = 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, Bolisetti}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}

Sohryngkham Assembly constituency

2025-05-09T13:34:11Z

EmmettAlbritton: Created the pg from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sohryngkham
| type= SLA
| state = Meghalaya
| established = 1972
| abolished = 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 23,474
| mla = Charles Pyngrope
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Sohryngkham Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || G. Nilliemncap || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Grosswell Mylliemngap || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=3 | Sanbor Swell Lyngdoh || {{Full party name with color|Public Demands Implementation Convention|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | Charles Pyngrope || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohryngkham<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Charles Pyngrope |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,639 |percentage=46.99% |change={{increase}}18.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Osaphi Smithson Jyrwa |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=5,458 |percentage=26.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David Kharsati |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,810 |percentage=18.57% |change={{increase}}7.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandonbok Pyngrope |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,219 |percentage=5.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manosha Warjri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=387 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,181 |percentage=20.38% |change= {{increase}}18.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,513 |percentage=87.39% |change= {{increase}}16.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,474 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohryngkham<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Charles Pyngrope |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,388 |percentage=28.93% |change={{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Ulysses Nongrum |party=Independent politician |votes=4,161 |percentage=27.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanbor Swell Lyngdoh |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=3,530 |percentage=23.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David Kharsati |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,612 |percentage=10.63% |change={{decrease}}25.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Campbell Kharsati |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,475 |percentage=9.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=227 |percentage=1.50% |change= {{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,166 |percentage=71.39% |change= {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,244 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}7.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohryngkham<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanbor Swell Lyngdoh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,746 |percentage=36.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dapmain Khyriemmujat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,736 |percentage=36.05% |change={{increase}}20.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Campbell Kharsati |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=3,313 |percentage=25.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John K. Umnuid |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=280 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Helington Mukhim |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=64 |percentage=0.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10 |percentage=0.08% |change= {{decrease}}10.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,139 |percentage=71.52% |change= {{decrease}}10.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,727 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Public Demands Implementation Convention |swing= {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohryngkham<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanbor Swell Lyngdoh |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=4,967 |percentage=37.10% |change={{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dapmain Khyriemmujat |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=3,536 |percentage=26.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Protoasius Pungrope |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,090 |percentage=15.61% |change={{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Justgrain Myrboh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,294 |percentage=9.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Watklet Pyngrope |party=Independent politician |votes=582 |percentage=4.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raginald Susngi |party=Independent politician |votes=430 |percentage=3.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roy Rojes Warlarpih |party=Independent politician |votes=307 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,431 |percentage=10.69% |change= {{decrease}}2.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,387 |percentage=82.51% |change= {{increase}}3.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,576 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Public Demands Implementation Convention |loser=Public Demands Implementation Convention |swing= {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohryngkham<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanbor Swell Lyngdoh |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=3,709 |percentage=35.75% |change={{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Protoasius Pungrope |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,322 |percentage=22.38% |change={{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dapmain Khyriemmujat |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,283 |percentage=22.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Mylliemngap |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,034 |percentage=19.60% |change={{increase}}12.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bendro Najiar |party=Independent politician |votes=27 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,387 |percentage=13.37% |change= {{increase}}2.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,375 |percentage=78.98% |change= {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,414 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Public Demands Implementation Convention |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohryngkham<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Grosswell Mylliemngap |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,942 |percentage=38.92% |change={{decrease}}5.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dringson E. Shallam |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=2,099 |percentage=27.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bormanik Kharpran |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,358 |percentage=17.96% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naramai Langstieh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=514 |percentage=6.80% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edward R. Sohtun |party=Independent politician |votes=374 |percentage=4.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grayneson Mawthoh |party=Independent politician |votes=273 |percentage=3.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=843 |percentage=11.15% |change= {{decrease}}8.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,560 |percentage=76.08% |change= {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,345 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}5.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohryngkham<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Grosswell Mylliemngap |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,779 |percentage=43.95% |change={{increase}}27.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dringson E. Shallam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,513 |percentage=23.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Finongkynrih |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,143 |percentage=18.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holdel Kharumnuin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=427 |percentage=6.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bendrowell Najiar |party=Independent politician |votes=284 |percentage=4.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Booth |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,266 |percentage=20.02% |change= {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,323 |percentage=67.10% |change= {{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,692 |ref = |change= {{increase}}44.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohryngkham<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Nilliemncap |party=Independent politician |votes=1,412 |percentage=37.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dlein Kharumnuid |party=Independent politician |votes=821 |percentage=22.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Firster Nongkynrih |party=Independent politician |votes=683 |percentage=18.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokendro Dkhar |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=620 |percentage=16.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bendro Najiat |party=Independent politician |votes=192 |percentage=5.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=591 |percentage=15.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,728 |percentage=56.97% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,710 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}

Dharni taluka

2025-04-30T14:21:11Z

EmmettAlbritton: adding a info from scratch

{{Infobox settlement

| name = Dharni Taluka
| settlement_type = [[Tehsils of India|Taluka]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regions and Divisions of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Dharni, Amravati|Dharni]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Tahsildar
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1495.55
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 184665
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| population_blank2_title =
| population_blank2 =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Literacy rate
| blank_info_sec1 = 64.49%
| blank1_name_sec1 = Sex ratio
| blank1_info_sec1 = 967
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
}}

'''Dharni''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Amravati district]], Maharashtra, India. It lies in the [[Satpura Range]] and is heavily forested and mainly tribal. Its headquarters are at [[Dharni, Amravati|Dharni]]. [[Melghat|Melghat Tiger Reserve]] is part of this taluk.

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dharni taluka (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|5.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|1.31}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.40}}
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, the taluka had a population of 184,665, of which 15,761 (8.53%) lived in urban areas. Dharni had a sex ratio of 967 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 64.49% for the population 7 years and above. 14.81% of the population was under 6 years of age. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 4.28% and 77.00% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book: Amravati |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/776/download/2754/DH_2011_2707_PART_A_DCHB_AMRAVATI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Dharni taluka (2011)<ref name="langs"/>
|label1 = [[Korku language|Korku]] |value1 = 68.93 |color1 = darkorchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 8.55 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 6.72 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] |value4 = 4.40 |color4 = darkturquoise
|label5 = [[Nimadi language|Nimadi]] |value5 = 3.87 |color5 = lightcoral
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 3.36 |color6 = green
|label7 = Others |value7 = 4.17 |color7 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 68.93% of the population spoke [[Korku language|Korku]], 8.55% [[Hindi]], 6.72% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 4.40% [[Gondi language|Gondi]], 3.87% [[Nimadi language|Nimadi]] and 3.36% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Amravati district]]