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Papri Ghosh

2026-05-08T06:25:14Z

EmanuelNathan: put up basic post more to come

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Papri Ghosh
| image = Papri_Ghosh.jpg
| caption = Ghosh in 2017
| birth_date =
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (people)|Model]]
| spouse(s) = Sandip (m. 2020)
| years_active = 2009–present
}}

'''Papri Ghosh''' is an Indian actress who works predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films and serials.

==Career==
Papri played the lead in the serial ''[[Pandavar Illam]]'' on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. She played a notable role in ''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]'' and played minor roles in films like ''[[Bairavaa]]'' and ''[[Viswasam]]''.<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ajith-film-actress-papri-ghosh-ties-a-knot-in-a-private-ceremony/articleshow/79485849.cms|title=Ajith film actress Papri Ghosh ties a knot in a private ceremony|date=30 November 2020|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/49406/cinema/Kollywood/papri-ghosh-as-the-third-heroin-in-vijays-60th-movie.htm |title=விஜய் படத்தில் வங்கமொழி நடிகை! |last=Dinamalar |date=5 August 2016 |access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2009 ||''[[Kaalbela]]'' || {{Unknown}} || [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]
|Uncredited role
|-
|''Krodh'' || Diya || [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]
|
|-
| 2011 || ''Bandhan'' || Nandini || [[Odia cinema|Odia]] || credited as Priyadarshini Ghosh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDu7_6znROk|title=Bandhan | ବନ୍ଧନ | Odia Full Movie HD | Sambit, Mihir Das, Raimohan | New Film | Sandipan Odia|date=27 June 2024|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''Dillunnodu'' || Simran || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] || credited as Priyadarshini Ghosh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/dilunnodu-movie-review/movie-review/35329180.cms|title=Dilunnodu Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Dilunnodu by Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2015
| ''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]'' || Hema || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
| Anthology film; segment ''Love @ 75''
|-
|| ''Youthful Love'' || {{Unknown}} || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
| credited as Priyadarshini Ghosh
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Beparoyaa]]'' || Brishti || [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]
|
|-
| ''[[Oyee]]'' || Gayathri || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Bairavaa]]'' || Shailaja Venkatesan || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'' || Yamini || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
| <ref name="A"/>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' || Sundar Ramasamy's sister-in-law || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
| photo role
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Viswasam]]''|| Priya || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|<ref name="A"/>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Baby and Baby]]'' || Manikkam's wife || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]'' || Bindya Das || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] ||
|}

== Television ==
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role(s) !! Channel !! Language
|-
| 2018–2020 || ''[[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]]'' || Kanmani Chezhiyan || rowspan="8" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || rowspan="10" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2019-2023 || ''[[Pandavar Illam]]'' || Kayalvizhi Kuttysundaram<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pandavar-illam-fame-papri-ghosh-bakes-her-first-birthday-cake-take-a-look/articleshow/75094340.cms|title=Pandavar Illam fame Papri Ghosh bakes her first birthday cake; take a look|date=11 April 2020|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2020 || ''[[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' || rowspan="5" | Kayalvizhi (Special Appearance)
|-
|''[[Chithi 2]]''
|-
|''[[Magarasi (TV series)|Magarasi]]''
|-
|2021||''[[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|Vanathai Pola]]''
|-
|2022 || ''Aruvi''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023 || ''Thirumagal''||Herself (Extended Special Appearance)
|-
|''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal (TV series)|Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' || Aradhana (Special Appearance) || [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2023–2024 ||''[[Sundari (Tamil TV series)|Sundari]]'' || Usha || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024 || ''Vontari Gulabi''|| Roja || [[Gemini TV]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|[[Gowri (TV series)|''Gowri'']] || Umaiyaal ||rowspan="2"| [[Kalaignar TV]] ||rowspan="2"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2025–Present || ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal (TV series)|Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]''|| Ramya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anil-chowdary-papri-ghosh-and-mounica-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-the-upcoming-show-kaathu-vaakula-rendhu-kadhal/articleshow/121315295.cms|title=Anil Chowdary, Papri Ghosh, and Mounica set to play the titular role in the upcoming show 'Kaathu Vaakula Rendhu Kadhal'|date=21 May 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|}
;Shows
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! Language
|-
|2020||''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''||Guest|| rowspan="11" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || rowspan="11" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan="6"|2021||''Rowdy Baby''||Contestant
|-
|''Therika Vidalama''||Herself
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''||Guest
|-
|''Poova Thalaiya''||Contestant
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''||Guest
|-
|''Natchathira Saval''||Herself
|-
|rowspan="4"|2022||''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''||Guest
|-
|''Maathi Yosi''||rowspan="3" |Contestant
|-
|''Singapenne''
|-
|''Maathi Yosi''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|Paprighoshofficial}}
* {{IMDb name|name=Papri Ghosh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Papri}}
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Yadavindra Gardens

2026-05-05T09:33:37Z

EmanuelNathan: added new post...

{{Short description|Garden in Pinjore, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox park
|name = Yadavindra Gardens
|native_name =
|photo = Pinjore Garden Panchkula.jpg
|image_alt =
|photo_caption = View of the garden from Rang Mahal
|type = [[Mughal garden]]
|location = [[Pinjore]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
|coords ={{coord|30|47|35.9|N|76|54|47.85|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|area = {{convert|40.46|ha|acre}}
|plants =
|species =
|collections =
|opened =
|owner = Haryana Tourism Department
|operator = Haryana Tourism Department
|budget =
|visitors =
|founder = [[Fidai Khan Koka]]
|status =
|website = {{URL|https://panchkula.nic.in/tourist-place/yadavindra_garden_pinjore|panchkula.nic.in}}
}}
[[File:Pinjore Garden Chandigarh India (8).JPG|thumb|260px|Pinjore Gardens]]

'''Yadavindra Gardens''', also known as '''Pinjore Gardens''', is a historic 17th century garden located in [[Pinjore]] city of [[Panchkula district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]]. [[Panchkula|Panchkula city]] is nearby it. It is an example of the [[Mughal gardens]] architectural style, which was renovated by the Patiala dynasty Sikh rulers. The garden was built by [[Fidai Khan Koka|Fidai Khan]], a foster-brother to the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>[https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/the-mughal-gardens-at-pinjore-live-history-india/jwLScTQy8V2mIA?hl=en The Mughal Gardens at Pinjore] Retrieved 31 October 2021.</ref>

==Location==
The garden in the city of Pinjore near the [[Chandigarh–Shimla Expressway|Chandigarh-Shimla Expressway]], near the ancient 8th century open-air archaeological museum site of [[Bhima Devi Temple Site Museum|Bhima Devi Temple Complex]], is {{convert|22|km}} from [[Chandigarh]], {{Convert|87|km|mi}} from [[Shimla]] and {{convert|5|km}} from [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|UNESCO World Heritage]] [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]] and {{convert|255|km}} from [[Delhi]]. It is approachable by road, rail and air from all parts of the country.

==History==
[[File:Pinjore Gardens at night.jpg|thumb|right|The gardens at night]]
[[File:Pinjore Gardens.JPG|thumb|right| [[Mughal Gardens]] in [[Pinjore]] in [[Haryana]]]]
[[File:Yadvindra Mughal Gardens, Pinjore, Haryana.jpeg|thumb|Yadvindra Mughal Gardens, Pinjore, Haryana]]
It was built in the foothills of [[Himalaya]]s as one of the Mughal gardens summer retreat for the [[Aurangzeb]] (r. 1658–1707), who then had his capital at [[Lahore]], by his foster brother and architect Muzaffar Hussain. He was known as [[Nawab]] [[Fidai Khan Koka]] and was also Aurangzeb's [[Master-General of the Ordnance|master of ordnance]].<ref name=ord1>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&dq=fidai+khan+architect&pg=PA567 The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans. Volume 3. Sir Wolseley Haig, pp.567]</ref> He had also supervised the construction of [[Badshahi Mosque]] (1671–73) of [[Lahore]]. It was built during the early days of Aurangzeb's rule but the accurate date is not known. Since the time of Shah Jahan, [[Mughal Empire|mughals]] reserved the pavilions with [[Baluster]]ed columns supporting the [[Trefoil arch|cusped arches]] only for the use of emperor and his immediate family, hence, it was likely built for Aurangzeb's personal use as summer retreat.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&dq=fidai+khan+koka&pg=PA272 Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4, By Catherine Blanshard Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, pp.272]</ref>

In 1775, the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] Amar Singh bought it from the King of [[Sirmur State]] Jagat Prakash.<ref name=harsamvad1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225259/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf |date=29 November 2018 }}, Oct 2018.</ref>

English author-painter [[Constance Villiers-Stuart|C.M. Villiers-Stuart]], who resided in the gardens for a time, included a description in her book on "Gardens of the Great Mughals" (1913). She wrote:

<blockquote>
"A quaint story still survives, how, when at length the work was finished, and Fadai came in state to spend his first summer there, his enjoyment of the garden and its beauties was short-lived; for the Rajas quickly frightened him away. In the districts round Pinjor, and in fact all along the foot of the Himalayas, occasional cases of goitre are to be seen; so from far and wide these poor people were collected by the wily Brahmins, and produced as the ordinary inhabitants of the place. The gardeners all suffered from goitre; every coolie had this dreadful complaint; even the countrywomen carrying up the big flat baskets of fruits and flowers to the zenana terraces were equally disfigured.

The ladies of the harem naturally were horrified; it was bad enough to be brought into these wild outlandish jungles, without this new and added terror. For the poor coolie women, well instructed beforehand, had told how the air and water of Pinjor caused this disease, which no one who lived there long ever escaped. A panic reigned in the zenana; its inmates implored to be removed at once from such a danger; and finally, Fadai Khan had to give way, and take his ladies to some other place less threatening to their beauty.

Had it been the terrible Emperor himself instead of his foster-brother, the cunning Rajas would have met their match. But Fadai Khan, thoroughly deceived, rarely came back to visit his lovely gardens, and the Rajas and their fields were left in peace for a time."
</blockquote>

This stratagem led to the abandonment of the garden by Mughals. Part of the walled outer enclosure of the abandoned garden was demolished in 1793 to build a road. The garden, covered with wild overgrowth, came under the territory ruled by the [[Maharaja of Patiala]] during the 19th century [[British Raj]], who used the garden terraces to grow roses for making [[attar]] perfume for the maharaja. The Maharaja [[Yadavindra Singh]] (1914–74) of the [[Patiala State|princely state of Patiala]] restored the garden to its former splendour. In recent times, it has been renamed as ''Yadavindra Garden'' in his memory, used as a setting for filming [[Bollywood]] movies.

==Architecture==
[[File:Pinjore Mughal Gardens.jpg|thumb|View of the Sheesh Mahal from inside the Rang Mahal at Pinjore Gardens]]
Built in a similar style to [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Bagh]] in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]], the garden has been laid in seven terraces, with the main gate of the garden opening into the highest first terrace, which has a palace built in Rajasthani–Mughal style.<ref name=harsamvad1/> It is called the “''Shish Mahal''” (palace of glass), which is adjoined by a romantic "''Hawa Mahal''" (airy palace). The second terrace with arched doorways has the "''Rang Mahal''" (painted palace). The third terrace has cypress trees and flowerbeds leading to dense groves of fruit trees. The next terrace has the "''Jal Mahal''" (palace of water) with a square fountain bed and a platform to relax. Fountains and tree groves are provided in the next terrace. The lowermost terrace has an open-air theatre, which is designed as a disc-like structure.

==Pinjore Garden Site Museum==
{{main|Bhima Devi Temple Site Museum}}
The garden and the temple complex laid in an open-air museum, set up by [[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums]], are integrated through well-laid-out and well-drained pathways to remove any water logging. The whole complex has been beautifully illuminated at night.

==Pinjore Garden Heritage Train==
A restored heritage train has been introduced to visit all the monuments and the gardens in the complex.

==Fair and festivals==
{{anchor | Mela | Fair | Kisan mela | Kisan Mela | Kissan mela | Kissan Mela | Farmers fair | Farmer's fair | Farmers Fair | Farmer's Fair }}
{{see also | Surajkund#Fair | l1= Surajkund International Crafts Fair | Gita Mahotsav | l2= International Gita Mahotsav at Kurukshetra | Nahar_Singh_Mahal#Current_status | l3= Ballabhgarh Kartik cultural festival | Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University#Fair | l4= Haryana State Farmer's and Agri-tourism Fair }}

Special festivals such as the ''Pinjore Baisakhi festival'' (spring festival) in April, ''Pinjore Mango Mela'' in July and ''Pinjore Heritage Festival'' in December are major annual celebrations at the gardens.

=== Pinjore Baisakhi Festival ===
'''Pinjore Baisakhi Festival''', a two-day spring festival of [[Vaisakhi]] is usually held in April of every year, with regional gourmet food, traditional handlooms and handicrafts, live folk arts and cultural performances, specially by the Haryana State Department of Information, Public Relations & Cultural Affairs at 6 pm.

=== Pinjore Mango Fair ===
'''Pinjore Mango Festival''', a two-days summer mango fair held every second weekend of July since 1992 by [[Haryana Tourism]] and [[Department of Horticulture, Haryana]], at the historical Mughal Gardens at Pinjore to celebrate and promote [[List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities#Fruits|India's status as world's largest producer]] of the ''king of fruits'' [[mango]] by encouraging farmers to adopt technology for increasing production and quality. Hundreds of appetising varieties of mangoes from as far as Maharasthra, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and also from Haryana, Himachal and Punjab arrive here, delighting everyone with their fragrance, taste, hybrid shapes and quality. The festival entails mangoes competition, carts competition for school students, cultural programmes, crafts bazar, food court and evening cultural performances. [[Government of Haryana]] decided to upgrade the festival to an international festival from 2018 onward, by inviting competitive entries, exhibitions and cultural performances from all other nations.

Nearly 4,000 entries are received for the competition across [[List of mango cultivars|different categories of mango]], including nearly 3,500 entries for various species of mango and nearly 500 entries of mango products such as pickle, chutney, jam, pulp, juice, squash and mango leather. These entries are judged by the expert scientists from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]] (Hisar), [[Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal]],<ref name=mhu1>[http://www.mhu.ac.in Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal], official website.</ref> [[Punjab Agricultural University]] (Ludhiana), and [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (Modipuram, UP). The popular varieties in the competition are [[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso]], [[Amrapali (mango)|Amrapali]], [[Chaunsa]], [[Dasheri]], [[Langra]], Malda, [[Mallika (mango)|Malika]], [[Ramkela]] pickle variety, [[Ratol]], Totapuri and many more. ''haryana Kesari'' (for entries from Haryana), ''Hind Kesari'' (for entries from other parts of India) and ''Aam Kesari'' (for entries any part of the world) titles are awarded with winners shield and certificate.

A splash of festivities and colours of Harynavi cultural extravaganza make this event far more popular, this attracting mango enthusiasts from all spheres of life. During the day students from different schools perform various competitive cultural programs, such as dance, music, [[rangoli]], etc. In the evening, artistes from the [[North Zone Cultural Centre]] present a colourful cultural programme of folk songs and dances, such as [[Music of Haryana|Haryanvi music and dance]], [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music]], [[Folk dances of Punjab]], [[Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh|Himachali folk dances]] and [[Indian classical dance]].

=== Pinjore Heritage Festival ===
'''Pinjore Heritage Festival''', a two-day winter festival held every year in the last week of December, showcases exquisite cultural heritage of the state and region with cultural performances, dance and music competitions, craft bazar, food court and evening performances. The garden is decorated with lights, cutouts, platforms, decorated gates and illuminations.

==See also==

* [[History_of_Haryana#Museum|List of Museums in Haryana]]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/memoir-02.php Summary description of the garden, history, architecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007035847/http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/memoir-02.php |date=7 October 2017 }}
*[http://www.sunrisevilla.in/chandigarh/pinjore-gardens.asp Pinjore Gardens near Chandigarh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310224038/http://www.sunrisevilla.in/chandigarh/pinjore-gardens.asp |date=10 March 2013 }}
*[https://archive.org/details/gardensofgreatmu00villiala Online text: ''Gardens of the Great Mughals'' by C.M. Villiers Stuart]
*[http://www.chandigarh.co.uk/excursions/pinjore-garden.html Pinjore Gardens]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100130185156/http://www.pem.org/library/collections/offen The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum]
* [http://www.pixoto.com/images-photography/buildings-and-architecture/public-and-historical/pinjore-garden--4626815817613312 Pinjore garden Jal Mahal]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

{{Forts of Haryana}}
{{Protected areas of Haryana}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Bazaars in India]]
[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Mughal gardens in India]]
[[Category:Mughal terraced gardens]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panchkula district]]
[[Category:Panchkula district]]

United Theological College, Bangalore

2026-05-01T07:33:25Z

EmanuelNathan: added new data...

{{Short description|Protestant seminary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = United Theological College, Bangalore
| native_name =
| image_name = [[File:Crest.webp|200px]]
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = ''SICUT FILIUS HOMINIS NON VENIT MINISTRARI SED MINISTRARE ET DARE ANIMAM SUAM REDEMPTIONEM PRO MULTIS''
| motto_lang = [[Latin]]
| mottoeng = Even as the Son of man is not come to be ministered unto, but to minister and to give his life a redemption for many.
| former_names =
| established = {{start date and age|1910}}
| closed =
| type = [[Seminary]]
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] [[Serampore]] – 712201 [[West Bengal]]
| city = 63, Miller's Road, Benson Town, [[Bengaluru]] 560 006
| canton =
| prefecture =
| province =
| region =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|12|59|45|N|77|35|56|E|type:edu}}
| dean =
| rector =
| director = [[The Right Reverend]] Dr. Royce Manoj Victor, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| head_label = Principal
| head = [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] A. Israel David, CSI
| academic_staff = 10+
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| alumni =
| symbol =
| website = http://www.utc.edu.in/
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''United Theological College (UTC)''' is an [[ecumenical]] [[Mainline Protestant|mainline]] [[seminary]] founded in 1910.<ref>Vijaya Kumar, ''Ecumenical Cooperation of the Missions in Karnataka (India), 1834–1989: A Historical Analysis of the Evangelistic Strategy of the Missions'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 2005, pp.99–105. [https://books.google.com/books?id=a_TrAAAACAAJ&q=ecumenical+cooperation+of+the+missions]</ref> It is situated in the southern city of [[Bangalore]] in the state of [[Karnataka]] in [[South India]] and is affiliated with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]].<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] is a University within the meaning of Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 under which a University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognised by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.</ref> It is a leading ecumenical institution in Bangalore, recognized as the principal center for the development and practice of [[Dalit theology]].

==The College==
Since 1976, it has been granted the status of an [[autonomous]]<ref>O. V. Jathanna, Principal's Report 2007-2008, ''Saplings'', United Theological College, Benson Town, Bengaluru. ''p.'' 2</ref> college under [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Senate of Serampore]]. The college has welcomed world leaders. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited it in 1927 and declared, ''To live the gospel is the most effective way…I can say that the life of service and uttermost simplicity is the best preaching''. India Post released a centenary commemorative stamp in honor of the United Theological College (UTC) on 8 July 2011.

== Motto ==
UTC's motto comes from [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 20:28 in the [[Vulgate]]: ''SICUT FILIUS HOMINIS NON VENIT MINISTRARI SED MINISTRARE ET DARE ANIMAM SUAM REDEMPTIONEM PRO MULTIS'' which translates as "Even as the Son of man is not come to be ministered unto, but to minister and to give his life a redemption for many".<ref>[http://www.latinvulgate.com/verse.aspx?t=1&b=1&c=20 Latin Vulgate]</ref> It is sometimes condensed to ''Not to be Served but to Serve''. In the University emblem the motto is in Greek (not in Latin): ''οὐ... διακονηθῆναι ἀλλὰ διακονῆσαι''

== Courses offered ==
The UTC was granted autonomy in the year 1976 by the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]. The following are the courses offered by the College:<ref name="College">College Handbook 2008–2009.</ref>

* Diploma in Women's Studies
* Certificate Course in Christian Studies
* Diploma for Proficiency in Counselling
* Diploma in Young Men's Christian Association Professional Secretaryship
* [[Bachelor of Divinity]], B.Div.
* [[Master of Theology]], Th.M.
* [[Doctor of Theology]], Th.D.

{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:85%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:35em; max-width:40%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
! style="background:#ccc;"| Succession of [[Old Testament]] Faculty at UTC, Bangalore
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
'''Full-time faculty'''
*1931-1958/1963-1965, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Dagger (typography)|✝]][[M. H. Harrison]], [[Th.M.]] ([[Andover Newton Theological School|ANTS]]),<ref name="Herald"/>
*1959–1993, The Rev. [[E. C. John]], [[Doctorate#Germany|Dr.theol.]] ([[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]]),
*1963–1969, The Rev. [[Samuel Amirtham]], Dr.theol. ([[University of Hamburg|Hamburg]]),
*1972–1978, The Rev. [[G. M. Butterworth]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph. D.]] ([[London University|London]]),
*1973–1978, The Rev. [[Gerhard Wehmeier]], Dr.theol. ([[University of Basel|Basel]]),
*1979–1994, The Rev. [[Theodore N. Swanson]], Ph. D. ([[Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt]]),
*1979-1985, The Rev. Rudolf Ficker, Dr. Theol. (Heidelberg),
*1984–1987, The Rev. [[D. N. Premnath]], [[Doctor of Theology|Th. D.]] ([[Graduate Theological Union|GTU]]),
* The Rev. James Vijayakumar, [[Doctor of Theology|D. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),
* The Rev. D. Jones Muthunayagom, D. Th. (Serampore),
*1993–2000, The Rev. [[Gnana Robinson]], Dr.theol. (Hamburg),
* The Rev. Jules Francis Gomes, Ph. D. ([[Cantab.]]),
* The Rev. K. Jesurathnam, Ph. D. ([[Edinburgh University|Edinburgh]]),
* The Rev. J. R. John Samuel Raj, Dr.theol. (Hamburg)<ref name="Hamburg">Johann Anselm Steiger (Edited), ''500 Jahre Theologie in Hamburg: Hamburg als Zentrum christlicher Theologie und Kultur zwischen Tradition und Zukunft'', Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2005, pp.449, 470, 477.[https://books.google.com/books?id=4TRjk_Qt7WcC&q=rao&pg=PR4]
</ref>
*2016-The Rev. Laila L-Vijayan,<ref>[[Serampore College]].[http://www.seramporecollege.org/theology/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/profile_lailav.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930035722/http://www.seramporecollege.org/theology/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/profile_lailav.pdf |date=30 September 2017 }}</ref> D.Th. (Serampore)
*2017–The Rev. Ch. Vasantha Rao, Dr.theol. (Hamburg)
*2022-The Rev. R. Jeeva Kumar, D.Th. (Serampore)

'''Visiting Faculty'''
*1957, The Rev. [[Norman Henry Snaith]],
*1968, The Rev. [[Victor Premasagar]], Ph.D. ([[University of St. Andrews|St.Andrews]]),
*1979, The Rev. [[Klaus Koch]], Dr.theol. (Heidelberg),
*1986, The Rev. [[John Emerton]], M.A., ([[Oxon.]]),
*1994, The Rev. Martin Krause, Dr.theol. (Hamburg),
*1994, The Rev. Donata Doerfel, Dr.theol. (Hamburg),
*1994–1996, The Rev. [[Henning Graf Reventlow]], Dr.theol. ([[University of Göttingen|Göttingen]]),
*1995–1996, The Rev. Ed Noort, Dr.theol. (Göttingen),
*2007–2010, The Rev. Byron E. Shafer, Ph.D., ([[Harvard University|Harvard]]),
*2007, The Rev. [[:de:Friedemann W. Golka]], Ph.D., (Oxon.),
|}

== Exchange programs ==
The UTC has exchange programs with the Theological Faculty of the [[University of Basel]] [[Switzerland]]<ref>[http://pages.unibas.ch/theologie/MainEnglish.html University of Basel signed by Revd Dr O V Jathanna UTC and Prof Kenneth Brown from New College Edinburgh. Internet, accessed 16 September 2008]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> and the Divinity School of the [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].<ref>Postgraduate Exchange with UTC, Bengaluru. Divinity School, [[University of Edinburgh]]. Internet, accessed 16 September 2008. [http://www.div.ed.ac.uk/Student_exch.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612120435/http://www.div.ed.ac.uk/Student_exch.html |date=12 June 2008 }}</ref> It has a Memorandum of Understanding signed by Revd Dr O V Jathanna and Prof Kenneth Brown with the University of Edinburgh wherein a post-graduate student can study a semester in [[Bengaluru]].

== Publications ==
[[File:Bangalore Seminary - Copy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Bangalore Seminary (1843) From the 'Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle: Vol XXI' (p.193). The London Mission Seminary was established early 19th Century, located at the beginning of Mission Road. This has since been demolished and the land is part of the Mitralaya School Campus]]
[[File:United Theological College Bangalore 2011 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|United Theological College on a 2011 stamp of India]]
* ''[[Bangalore Theological Forum]]'', an academic journal brought out twice a year.<ref name="Pub">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090626215731/http://www.utcbangalore.in/publication-utc.htm Publications]. utcbangalore.in</ref>
* ''Masihi Sevak'', a pastoral magazine with three releases in a year.<ref name="Pub" />
* ''Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints'' an English Translation of the [[Tiruvacakam]], by Francis Kingsbury and GE Phillips (edited by [[Fred Goodwill]])<ref name=Saivite>{{cite book|last1=Kingsbury|first1=F|last2=Phillips|first2=GE|title=Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints (1921)|date=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=132|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/guruguha/MusicResearchLibrary/Books-English/BkE-KingsburyF&PhillipsGE-Hymns-of-Tamil-Saivite-Saints-1921-0103.pdf|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

== Campus life ==
The college had been a recipient of prizes from the Mysore Horticultural Society, Bengaluru for well-maintained gardens and lawns. Good environment for study purpose.

== Library ==
The college has a large theological library including 200-year-old palm leaf manuscripts. The United States Embassy awarded a grant for preservation of these rare palm leaf manuscripts in 2006.<ref>[http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/historictreasuresafcp0907ind.html Protecting Historic Treasures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724173039/http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/historictreasuresafcp0907ind.html |date=24 July 2008 }} Accessed 16 September 2008.</ref>

== Present Faculty ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Present Faculty at the United Theological College with subjects taught<ref>[http://www.utc.edu.in/staff/faculty UTC Faculty Directory]. utc.edu.in</ref>
|-

|-
!Faculty Name
!Gen der
!Domicile
!Highest Degree
!Alma mater
!University
|-
| colspan="6" style="border: 0px solid black; text-align: center;" |Discipline: [[Old Testament]]
|-
|The Rev. D. J. Muthunayagom, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|M
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[D.Th.]]
||Missions Academy, [[Hamburg]] ([[Germany]])/ [[SATHRI]], [[Bangalore]]
|[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
| The Rev. K. Jesurathnam, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]
|M
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Ph.D.]]
|[[New College, Edinburgh|New College]], [[Edinburgh]] ([[Scotland]])
|[[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]
|-
| The Rev. J. R. John Samuel Raj, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|M
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Dr. Theol.]]
|Missions Academy, [[Hamburg]] ([[Germany]])||[[Hamburg University|Hamburg]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="border: 0px solid black; text-align: center;" |Discipline: [[New Testament]]
|-
|The Rev. J. G. Muthuraj, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|M
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Ph.D.]]
|[[University of Durham]], [[Durham, England|Durham]] ([[England]])
|[[University of Durham|Durham]]
|-
|The Rev. J. Jeyakumar, [[Methodist Church in India|MCI]]
|M
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[M.Th.]]
|UTC, Bangalore
||[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
| The Rev. [[Johnson Thomaskutty]]
|M
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Ph.D.]]
|[[Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen]] ([[Holland]])
|[[Nijmegen]]
|-
|The Rev. Dexter S. Maben, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|M
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Dr. Theol.]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130915104757/http://www.bethel.de/kiho Theological Seminary Bethel (''Kirchliche Hochschule Bethel'')], [[Bielefeld]] ([[Germany]])
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130915104757/http://www.bethel.de/kiho Bethel]
|-
| colspan="6" style="border: 0px solid black; text-align: center;" |Discipline: [[Theology]] and [[Ethics]]
|-
|The Rev. R. Sahayadhas, [[India Evangelical Lutheran Church|IELC]]
|M
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[D.Th.]]
|UTC, Bangalore
|[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
|The Rev. George Zachariah, [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|MMTSC]]
|M
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Ph. D]]
||[[Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago|Lutheran School of Theology]], [[Chicago]] ([[United States]])
|[[Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago|LSTC]]
|-
|The Rev. Allan Samuel Palanna, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|M
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Ph.D.]]
|[[University of Kent]], [[Canterbury]] ([[England]])
|[[University of Kent|Kent]]
|-
|The Rev. Mervin Shinoj Boas, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|M
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Ph. D]]
||[[Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago|Lutheran School of Theology]], [[Chicago]] ([[United States]])
|[[Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago|LSTC]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="border: 0px solid black; text-align: center;" |Discipline: [[History of Christianity]]
|-
|The Fr. M. O. John, [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|MOSC]]
|M
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Doctor of Divinity|D. D.]]
|[[University of Vienna]], [[Vienna]] ([[Austria]])<ref>[http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/20688877/1674282185/name/bishop. Malankara Association]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}. yimg.com</ref>
|[[University of Vienna|Vienna]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="border: 0px solid black; text-align: center;" |Discipline: [[Christian mission|Mission]] and [[Ecumenicism]]

|-
|The Prof. Rev. Dr. P.T. George, [[University of Birmingham]]
|M
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[Ph.D.]]
|[[University of Birmingham]], [[Heidelberg]] ([[Germany]])
|[[University of Birmingham|United Kingdom]]
|-
|-
|Rev. Sr. Rani Joseph Mary Sruthi, [[Sisters of Notre Dame of Coesfeld|SND]]
|F
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Ph.D.]]
|[[Pontifical Urban University]], [[Rome]] ([[Italy]])
|[[Pontifical Urban University|Urban]]
|-
|The Rev. Gudrun Löwner, [[Evangelical Church in Germany|EKD]]
|F
|[[Germany]]
|[[Ph.D.]]
|[[Heidelberg University]], [[Heidelberg]] ([[Germany]])
|[[Heidelberg University|Heidelberg]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="border: 0px solid black; text-align: center;" |Discipline: [[Christian Ministry]]
|-
|Dr. Nalini Arles[[Laity]]
|F
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Ph.D.]]
|[[New College, Edinburgh|New College]], [[Edinburgh]] ([[Scotland]])
|[[Edinburgh University|Edinburgh]]
|-
|Dr. Joseph George[[Laity]]
|M
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Th.D.]]
|[[Candler School of Theology]], [[Atlanta]] ([[United States]])
|[[Emory University|Emory]]
|-
|The Rev. Santosh S. Kumar, [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|M
|[[Kerala]]
|[[D.Th.]]
|[[Melbourne College of Divinity]], [[Melbourne]] ([[Australia]])
|[[University of Divinity|Divinity]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="border: 0px solid black; text-align: center;" |Discipline: [[Women's Studies]]
|-
|Dr. Lalrinawmi Ralte[[Laity]]
|F
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[D.Min.]], [[D.Th.]]
|[[Episcopal Divinity School]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] ([[United States]])/ [[SATHRI]], [[Bangalore]]
|[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="border: 0px solid black; text-align: center;" |Discipline: [[Communication]]
|-
|[[Clergy|The Fr.]] Jerry Kurian, [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church|MJSOC]]
|M
|[[Kerala]]
|[[M.Th.]]
|UTC, Bangalore
|[[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="border: 0px solid black; text-align: center;" |Discipline: [[English studies|English]]
|-
|Ms. Geetha Basappa[[Laity]]
|F
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Master of Arts|M.A.]]
|
|
|}

==Succession of Administrators==
Academic administrators who have led the seminary have been designated Principal.<ref>''To Serve Not to be Served 1910–1985'', United Theological College, Bangalore, 1985, p.57. Cited in Merithung Tüngoe, ''Administrators, Missionaries and a World Turned Upside Down'', ETC/ISPCK, Jorhat/New Delhi, 2000, p.78.[https://books.google.com/books?id=vXt_ovtjSvwC&dq=to+serve+not+to+be+served+1910+1985&pg=PP4]</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="border: 5px solid #BBB; margin: .96em 0 0 .9em;"
|- style="font-size: 86%;"
|'''Tenure''' ||'''No.'''||'''Names of Administrators at UTC, Bangalore'''||'''Earned academic credentials ''(highest degree)'''''
|-
|1910–1911||I.||[[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Dagger (typography)|✝]]James Mathers, [[London Missionary Society|LMS]],<ref>Brian Stanley, ''The World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh 1910'', William B. Eerdmans Publishing, Grand Rapids, 2009, p.215.[https://books.google.com/books?id=DGctpiHH-EkC&dq=james+mathers+bangalore&pg=PR10]</ref> [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]],<ref>[[The Expository Times]], Volume 32, 1920, p.189. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SBg4AQAAMAAJ&q=james+mathers+bangalore]</ref>||[[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]]<ref name="Oommen"/><ref name="Kumar">Vijaya Kumar, ''Ecumenical Cooperation of the Missions in Karnataka (India), 1834–1989: A Historical Analysis of the Evangelistic Strategy of the Missions'', ISPCK, New Delhi, 2005, p.102. [https://books.google.com/books?id=a_TrAAAACAAJ&q=ecumenical+cooperation+of+the+missions]</ref>
|-
|1911–1924||II.||The Rev. [[Dagger (typography)|✝]]L. P. Larsen,<ref name="Kumar"/> [[Danish Missionary Society|DMS]],<ref>Henriette Bugge, ''Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840–1900)'', Curzon Press, Richmond, 1994, p.69.[https://books.google.com/books?id=_YhcGxvZvNEC&dq=l.p.larsen+bangalore&pg=PP4]</ref>||[[Master of Arts|M.A.]],<ref name="Oommen">George Oommen, ''The Radical Founding Vision, 1910–11'' in ''[[Bangalore Theological Forum]]'' ''Centenary Issue: Journeying with Jesus: The continuing theological legacy of the United Theological College, 1910–2010'', Volume XLII, Number 2, 8 July 2010, pp.11–12.</ref><ref>[[University of Calcutta]] ''Calendar 1926'', p.483.[https://books.google.com/books?id=nFQ4AAAAMAAJ&q=l.+p.+larsen+M.A.+Bangalore]</ref>
|-
|1924–1930||III.||The Rev. [[Dagger (typography)|✝]]D. S. Herrick, [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|ABCFM]]|| M.A.,<ref>Angus Stewart Woodburne, ''Psychological Tests of Mental Abilities'', Superintendent, Government Press, 1924, p.93. [https://archive.org/details/b29817468 ]</ref>
|-
|1930–1931||IV.||The Rev. [[Dagger (typography)|✝]]W. J. T. Small, [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|WMMS]]||M.A. ([[University of Cambridge|Cantab.]]),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://richmond-college.com/principals/small.html |title=Richmond College, Galle, ''W. J. T. Small'' |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327124512/http://richmond-college.com/principals/small.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|1931–1936||V.||The Rev. [[Dagger (typography)|✝]]W. H. Thorp, WMMS||[[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] ([[University of London|London]]),<ref>''Minutes of Several Conversations – Yearly Conference of the People Called Methodists'', Volume 152, 1895, p.538.[https://books.google.com/books?id=isEQAAAAIAAJ&q=thorp]</ref>
|-
|1936–1937||VI.||The Rev. [[Dagger (typography)|✝]]George Parker,<ref>''Annual Report – American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions'', Volumes 126–132, 1936, p.13. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RHDOAAAAMAAJ&q=george+parker+united+theological+college]</ref> LMS||B. D.
|-
|1937–1954||VII.||The Rev. [[Dagger (typography)|✝]][[M. H. Harrison]], [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|ABCFM]]||[[Th.M.]] ([[Andover Newton Theological School|Andover]]),<ref name="Herald">''The Missionary Herald at Home and Abroad'', Volume 133, Missionary herald, 1937, p.315. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zkPmAAAAMAAJ&q=max+hunter+harrison]</ref>
|-
|1954–1983||VIII.||The Rev. [[Dagger (typography)|✝]][[J. R. Chandran]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]||[[Master of Sacred Theology|S.T.M.]] ([[Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York|Union]]),
|-
|1983–1993||IX.||The Rev. [[Dagger (typography)|✝]][[E. C. John]], CSI||[[Dr. Theol.]] ([[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]]),
|-
|1993–2000||X.||The Rev. [[Dagger (typography)|✝]][[Gnana Robinson]], CSI||Dr. Theol. ([[University of Hamburg|Hamburg]]),
|-
|2000–2008||XI.||The Rev. O. V. Jathanna, CSI||Dr. Theol. ([[University of Basel|Basel]]),<ref>O. V. Jathanna, ''The decisiveness of the Christ-event and the universality of Christianity in a world of religious plurality: with special reference to Hendrik Kraemer and Alfred George Hogg as well as to William Ernest Hocking and Pandipeddi Chenchiah'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt, 1981. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sdYPAQAAIAAJ&q=origen+vasantha+jathanna]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=USfZAAAAMAAJ&q=o.v.jathanna+2000 ''National Council of Churches Review''], Volume 120, 2000, p. 873</ref>
|-
|2008–2009||XII.||The Rev. S. I. Selvanayagam, CSI||[[Doctor of Theology|D. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),<ref>[[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], ''List of the Recipient of the Degree of Doctor of Theology''. [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/hall-of-fame/doctor-of-theology/]</ref>
|-
|2009–2017||XIII.||The Rev. J. R. Samuel Raj, CSI||Dr. Theol. (Hamburg)<ref name="Hamburg"/>
|-
|2017–2025||XIV.||The Rev. Ch. Vasantha Rao, CSI<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.utc.edu.in/18-latest-news/90-rev-dr-chilikuri-vasantha-rao-elected-principal |title=''UTC Bangalore'', Latest News |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133030/http://www.utc.edu.in/18-latest-news/90-rev-dr-chilikuri-vasantha-rao-elected-principal |url-status=dead }}</ref>||Dr. Theol. (Hamburg)<ref name="Hamburg"/>
|-
|2025–||XV.||The Rev. A. Israel David, CSI||D. Th. (Serampore)
|}

==Notable people==
[[File:MAR APREM METROPOLITAN METROPOLITAN OF MALABAR AND ALL INDIA NOW NATHAR KURSIYA.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] [[Mar Aprem Mooken]] specialized in [[History of Christianity]]]]
[[File:Father V.C. Samuel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Church Fathers|Father]] [[V. C. Samuel]] a specialist in [[Christology]]]]
[[File:Lynn de Silva.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pastor]] [[Lynn de Silva]] who struck parallels between [[Christianity]] and [[Buddhism]] and devised [[Lynn de Silva's theology]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Notable alumni with course undertaken and years of study
|-
! Name
! Course
! Years
! Congre- gation
! Domicile
|-
|[[Hospet Sumitra]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1910–13
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Premaka Gurushantha]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1912–16
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Juhanon Mar Thoma]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1917–22
| [[MMTSC]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Emani Sambayya]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1928–32
|[[Church of North India|CNI]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[D. T. Niles]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1929–34
|[[Ceylon Methodist Conference|CMC]]
| [[Sri Lanka]]
|-
|[[H. D. L. Abraham]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1934–37
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[P. Solomon]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1936–40
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[A. E. Inbanathan]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1939–43
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[C. Arangaden]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1940–44
| [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[B. G. Prasada Rao]]
| [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1941–45
|rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1953–56
|-
|[[S. J. Samartha]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1941–45
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[B. Prabhudass]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1941–45
|rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1951–52
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[J. R. Chandran]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1941–44
|rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1944–45
|-
|[[K. Devasahayam]]
|[[M.Th.]]
|1942–43
|[[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Philipose Mar Chrysostom]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1943–46
| [[MMTSC]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Lynn de Silva]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1943–47
|[[Ceylon Methodist Conference|CMC]]
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|-
|[[Solomon Doraiswamy]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1944–46
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Alexander Mar Thoma]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1945–48
| [[MMTSC]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[D. J. Ambalavanar]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1945–50
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|-
|[[B. E. Devaraj]]
|Special course
|1946–47
|[[Church of North India|CNI]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Gaddala Solomon]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1949–52
| rowspan="2" |[[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Refresher course in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] language
|1972–73
|-
|[[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1950–53
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[V. C. Samuel]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1950–53
|[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|MOSC]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Victor Premasagar]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1950–54
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[E. C. John]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1951–54
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[G. B. Devasahayam]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1952–56
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[K. E. Swamidass]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1952–56
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[C. D. Jathanna]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1952–55
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Samuel Amirtham]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1953–56
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Joseph Mar Thoma]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1953–57
| [[MMTSC]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[John Philipose]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1955–58
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Kuzhivelil Mathew|K. V. Mathew]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1957–58
| [[MMTSC]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Gnana Robinson]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1957–60
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1961–63
|-
|[[D. P. Shettian]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1960–61
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Regunta Yesurathnam|R. Yesurathnam]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1963–67
| rowspan="3" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1969–72
|-
|[[Doctor of Theology|D.Th.]]
|1978–82
|-
|[[G. T. Abraham]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1962–66
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[C. L. Furtado]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1962–64
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Arvind P. Nirmal]]
|B.D
|1962- 65
|CNI
|Maharashtra
|-
|[[Kallarakkal Abraham George]]
|[[M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1963–65
|[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|MOSC]]
| [[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Wesley Ariarajah]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1963–66
|[[Methodist Church in Sri Lanka|MCSL]]
| [[Sri Lanka]]
|-
|[[Mar Aprem Mooken]]
|[[M.Th.]]
|1964–66
|[[Assyrian Church of the East|ACE]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[B. P. Sugandhar]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1964–68
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Philipose Mar Eusebius]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1964–66
| [[MMTSC]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[R. S. Sugirtharajah]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1965–69
| rowspan="2" |[[Methodist Church in Sri Lanka|MCSL]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sri Lanka]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[New Testament|NT]])''
|1973–75
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[S. John Theodore]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1966–70
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1972–74
|-
|[[H. S. Wilson]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1967–70
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Basil Rebera]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1967–71
| rowspan="2" |[[Laity]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sri Lanka]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1971–73
|-
|[[Elizabeth Paul]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1967–74
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Timotheas Hembrom]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1968–70
| rowspan="2" |[[Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church|NELC]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1971–73
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[D. I. Hans]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1968–71
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1977–79
|-
|[[P. J. Lawrence]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1968–71
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Paul Rajashekar|J. Paul Rajashekar]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1968–71
| [[India Evangelical Lutheran Church|IELC]]
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[J. W. Gladstone]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1969–72
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1972–74
|-
|[[D. W. Jesudoss]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1970–71
|[[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church|TELC]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sydney Salins]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1970–74
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[New Testament|NT]])''
|1980–82
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[D. Dhanaraj]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1970–74
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1976–78
|-
|[[D. S. Satyaranjan]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[New Testament|NT]])''
|1971–73
|[[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|IPC]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |G. Babu Rao<ref>G. Babu Rao, ''Wisdom Tradition and the Indian Parallels with special reference to Telugu Literature'' in ''Reflections on Theology Today: Papers presented by the ACTC Faculty during the academic year 1988–1989 on Theology and Mission and Ministry of the Church'', ACTC, Hyderabad, 1990.[https://www.religion-online.org/article/wisdom-tradition-and-the-indian-parallels-with-specific-reference-to-telugu-literature/]</ref>
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1971–73<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997'', [[Bangalore]], 1998. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yCvXPgAACAAJ&q=Directory+of+the+United+Theological+College+1910%E2%80%931997]</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars|CBCNC]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Doctoral studies
|1980–82<ref>G. Babu Rao, ''Content Analysis of Theological Syllabi – Old Testament'' in ''Religion and Society'', Volume 32, 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=g.babu+rao+doctoral+studies&btnG=Search+Books]</ref>
|-
|[[Nitoy Achümi]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1971–73
|[[Nagaland Baptist Church Council|NBCC]]
|[[Nagaland]]
|-
|[[Christopher Asir]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1971–75
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[John Sadananda]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1972–74
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Surya Prakash]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1972–76
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[New Testament|NT]])''
|1980–82
|-
|[[D. N. Premnath]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1973–77
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Mani Chacko]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1975–79
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1981–83
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[K. David Udayakumar]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1977–81
| rowspan="2" |[[South Andhra Lutheran Church|SALC]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[New Testament|NT]])''
|1982–85
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ravela Joseph]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1978–80
| rowspan="2" |[[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Doctoral studies
|1983–84
|-
|[[G. Devakadasham]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1979–81
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|N. Sam Yesudhas
|M. Th.
|1979-81
|CSI
|Tamil Nadu
|-
|[[G. D. V. Prasad]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1979–81
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Roger Gaikwad]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1981
|[[Methodist Church in India|MCI]] [[Presbyterian Church of India|PCI]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[G. Dyvasirvadam]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1982–84
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|Doctoral studies
|1992
|-
|[[Chuauthuama]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1983-1987
|[[Presbyterian Church of India|PCI]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Evangeline Anderson Rajkumar|Evangeline Anderson-Rajkumar]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1983–87
| rowspan="2" |[[Arcot Lutheran Church|ALC]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Doctor of Theology|D.Th.]]
|1992–97
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Reuben Mark]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1984–88
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1992–94
|-
|[[Paulson Pulikottil]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th. ''(OT)'']]
|1986-88
|[[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|IPC]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Ch. Victor Moses]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[Old Testament|OT]])''
|1986–88
|[[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Rajula Annie Watson|Annie Watson]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1987–91
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[B. D. Prasada Rao]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1987–89
| [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[H. R. Cabral]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1988–90
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Doctor of Theology|D.Th.]]
|1992–97
|-
|[[Jonadob Nathaniel]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[New Testament|NT]])''
|1988–90
|[[Church of South India|CSI]]
||[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Daniel Sadananda]]
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] ''([[New Testament|NT]])''
|1988–90
| [[Church of South India|CSI]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[A. C. Solomon Raj]]
|[[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]]
|1988–92
| rowspan="2" |[[Church of South India|CSI]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Master of Theology|M.Th.]]
|1998-01
|}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
| author=K. M. Hiwale (Compiled)
| title=Directory of the United Theological College 1910–1997
| year=1998
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=yCvXPgAACAAJ&q=Directory+of+the+United+Theological+College+1910%E2%80%931997
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|United Theological College, Bangalore}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1910]]
[[Category:Reformed church seminaries and theological colleges]]
[[Category:Anglican seminaries and theological colleges]]
[[Category:Presbyterian universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:1910 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Church of South India]]
[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated to the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges|India]]

Afroz Alam Sahil

2026-04-30T00:46:14Z

EmanuelNathan: Started new entry basic info

{{short description|Indian journalist and author (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Afroz Alam Sahil
| image = Afroz_Alam_Sahil_in_2020.jpg
| caption = Afroz Alam Sahil in New Delhi
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1987}}
| birth_place = [[Bettiah]], West Champaran district, Bihar
| birth_name = Afroz Alam
| education = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| alma mater = [[A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] New Delhi
| occupation = Journalist, writer
| website = {{URL|https://www.afrozsahil.in/}}
}}

'''Afroz Alam Sahil''' (born 1987) is an Indian writer and [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] journalist. He is the founder and editor of ''Beyond Headlines'' (BH), an independent online news portal focused on marginalized communities, minorities, and social issues. Sahil is known for his investigative journalism and activism, particularly using RTI to uncover information on government policies, corruption, and social injustices.

== Early life and education ==
Afroz Alam Sahil was born in [[Bettiah]], West Champaran, Bihar,<ref name="Open"/> in 1987. He moved to Delhi in 2005 to pursue a bachelor's degree in Mass Media at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. Later, he joined the university's [[Jamia Millia Islamia#Campus|Mass Communication Research Centre]] (MCRC) for further studies in journalism and documentary filmmaking.<ref name="Open">{{Cite web |last=Polanki |first=Pallavi |date=2010-04-08 |title=The Unstoppable RTI Maverick |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-unstoppable-rti-maverick/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=[[Open The Magazine]] |language=en}}</ref>

After the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], Sahil, who was then a student at Jamia Millia Islamia, highlighted the housing discrimination faced by Muslim students in Delhi. He stated that many Muslim students from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar were denied housing and struggled to find accommodation, with some even dropping out due to these difficulties. In a 2009 interview with The Washington Post, he recalled his personal experience, saying,
"Why was I born a Muslim?" when he saw increasing suspicion against his community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wax |first=Emily |date=2009-04-19 |title=India's Muslims See Bias in Housing |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/national/2009/04/19/indias-muslims-see-bias-in-housing/8d721d82-626d-408a-86d3-d8d610f86c4b/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

== Journalistic career ==
Sahil has reported on issues related to Indian minorities and marginalized communities over the past 15 years and is currently based in [[Istanbul]], Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title=Afroz Alam Sahil - Author Profile |url=https://www.thequint.com/author/1764360/afroz-alam-sahil |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== ''Beyond Headlines'' ===
In 2010, Sahil co-founded ''Beyond Headlines'', an independent news platform focusing on issues that mainstream media often overlooks. Based in [[Batla House]], Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, the platform covers topics related to minorities, farmers, workers, and marginalized communities. The organization operates without any permanent employees and relies on voluntary contributions.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dahiya |first=Surbhi |title=Beyond Headlines: Being the Change |date=2023-08-21 |work=Digital First: Entrepreneurial Journalism in India |pages=0 |editor-last=Dahiya |editor-first=Surbhi |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/46830/chapter-abstract/413491640?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2025-03-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-887965-7}}</ref>

Sahil has stated that he founded ''Beyond Headlines'' due to his dissatisfaction with the editorial policies of mainstream media, which he felt were influenced by corporate and political interests. His platform focuses on reporting news from a perspective that highlights marginalized voices.<ref name="Alternative">{{cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Paramita|title=Alternative media's changing rules of the game, but is it enough?|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date =25 April 2016|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/alternative-media-changing-rules-of-the-game-but-is-it-enough/story-6eoy1bUszsRG4CCXDKz7IM.html|access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

=== RTI journalism and investigative reporting ===
Sahil's [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] journalism has led to various challenges, including threats and legal notices. In an interview, he revealed that he received threatening calls after filing an RTI against a Bihar Member of Parliament regarding the use of public funds. He also stated that students using RTI are sometimes targeted with defamation notices from universities.<ref>{{cite news |title=RTI activists face roadblocks galore |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 June 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/rti-activists-face-roadblocks-galore/articleshow/14412688.cms |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

In 2010, Sahil obtained an autopsy report through the Right to Information (RTI) Act regarding the [[Batla House encounter case|2008 Batla House encounter case]]. The report stated that one of the deceased, Ameen, had died due to "shock and haemorrhage as a result of multiple injuries." Sahil raised questions about the official account, as the police claimed Ameen sustained these injuries after falling while trying to flee the Batla House apartment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Batla autopsy report out |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/batla-autopsy-report-out/story-2WNB5MDXCAMhAIYu5o5OmN.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=19 March 2010 |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

Later, in 2013, Sahil questioned the Delhi Sessions Court's verdict, which convicted Shahzad Ahmad for the murder of Inspector [[Mohan Chand Sharma|M.C. Sharma]] during the same encounter. He argued that while the court had delivered its judgment, legal avenues for appeal were still open.<ref>{{cite news |title=Batla House encounter case: RTI activist questions court's guilty verdict |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/batla-house-encounter-case-rti-activist-questions-court-s-guilty-verdict-update-batla-house-encounter-case-113072500835_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=25 July 2013 |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

In 2010, Sahil also filed an RTI that revealed the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) had spent over ₹11.9 lakh on subscriptions for 45 magazines and 43 daily newspapers during the financial year 2009–2010. This disclosure highlighted government media consumption and expenditure patterns.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM's newspaper bill: Rs 11 lakh |url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/pms-newspaper-bill-rs-11-lakh |newspaper=Governance Now |date=15 June 2010 |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref> Among his notable RTI findings, Sahil discovered that the PMO spent ₹12 lakh on newspaper and magazine subscriptions in 2009–2010, an expenditure that was revealed through his RTI request.<ref>{{cite news |title=Briefly Nation |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 June 2010 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/briefly-nation-42/?ref=archive_pg |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

In 2011, Sahil filed an RTI application seeking details of the communication between the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) regarding the extradition of [[Warren Anderson (American businessman)|Warren Anderson]], then chief of [[Union Carbide]], in connection with the [[Bhopal gas tragedy]]. As a result of his application, the [[Central Information Commission]] (CIC) overruled the MEA's objections and directed it to disclose all related information, citing significant public interest and stating that the sub judice status of the case could not justify withholding records from public disclosure.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anderson extradition: CIC directs MEA to reveal details |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Anderson-extradition-CIC-directs-MEA-to-reveal-details/article13910896.ece |work=The Hindu |date=28 November 2021 |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CIC orders disclosure of info on Anderson's extradition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cic-orders-disclosure-of-info-on-andersons-extradition/articleshow/8671341.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 June 2011 |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Disclose details about Anderson extradition: CIC to MEA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/disclose-details-about-anderson-extradition-cic-to-mea/lite/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=31 May 2011 |access-date=2025-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828101753/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/disclose-details-about-anderson-extradition-cic-to-mea/ |archive-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>

In 2014, a French news channel, [[France 24]], featured Sahil in a report highlighting his RTI-based investigative work. The report stated that his RTI requests to [[Ministry of Health (India)|India's Ministry of Health]] led to a significant reduction in the prices of over 315 essential medicines, with costs dropping between 30% and 70%. This allowed ordinary citizens greater access to affordable healthcare. France 24 recognized Sahil as one of the activists using the RTI Act to combat corruption and promote government transparency.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's anti-corruption movement and the role of RTI activists |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20140115-india-anti-corruption-party-aap-common-man-kejriwal-hazare-general-elections-new-delhi/ |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

In December 2012, Sahil co-founded Insaan International Foundation, a non-profit organization aimed at educating citizens about the Right to Information (RTI) Act and assisting them in effectively following up on their applications. The initiative was launched to empower individuals to demand transparency in governance and to counter bureaucratic obstacles faced by RTI applicants.<ref>{{cite news |author=Siddiqui |first=Furquan Ameen |date=23 March 2013 |title=Nation's young change-makers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nation-s-young-change-makers/story-uSjkTpckbEOuHxwWzExK7O.html |access-date=26 March 2025 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, he expressed skepticism about the [[Central Information Commission]] (CIC) ruling that brought political parties under RTI scrutiny. He pointed out that RTI queries are routinely denied and CIC hearings take years to materialize, making transparency difficult to achieve.<ref>{{cite news |title=RTI activists trash party fears: Scanner on funding and not strategy meetings, petitioners say |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=9 June 2013 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rti-activists-trash-party-fears-scanner-on-funding-and-not-strategy-meetings-petitioners/cid/289059 |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

Sahil has been vocal about the historical significance of the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information (RTI) Act]] and its role in exposing corruption. He has argued that, contrary to popular belief, RTI was not solely an activist-led movement but was also advocated by the [[Press Council of India]], which pushed for greater transparency in governance. In a 2019 interview, he stated, "Many think that RTI was a movement started by a lot of activists. If you look at history, it was the Press Council of India who demanded a tool for seeking information and more transparency."<ref>{{cite web |title=2G to CWG: The RTI amendment will make it harder to unearth corruption |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/07/27/2g-to-cwg-the-rti-amendment-will-make-it-harder-to-unearth-corruption |website=[[Newslaundry]] |date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018092016/https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/07/27/2g-to-cwg-the-rti-amendment-will-make-it-harder-to-unearth-corruption |access-date=26 March 2025|archive-date=18 October 2023 }}</ref>

Sahil has emphasized the RTI Act's crucial role in enabling journalists to hold the government accountable. In 2019, he reiterated the need for strengthening RTI laws to prevent government opacity.<ref>{{cite news |title=RTI fast turning into fight for info: Ex-CIC |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |date=26 November 2019 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/rti-fast-turning-into-fight-for-info-ex-cic-866052 |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

Through investigative reports, Sahil highlighted the neglect of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s historical artifacts, revealing their deterioration due to bureaucratic delays despite multiple official correspondences over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-03 |title=अंबेडकर की निशानियां नष्ट होने की कगार पर |trans-title=Ambedkar's relics on the verge of destruction |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2014/10/141002_ambedkar_museaum_nagpur_pk |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=BBC Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2015, Sahil reported on the growing backlog of RTI appeals and complaints at the Central Information Commission (CIC), highlighting delays that could extend up to several years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-16 |title=आरटीआई के अंबार पर बैठी है सरकार |trans-title=The government is sitting on a pile of RTI requests. |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/05/150515_rti_backlog_afroz_rv |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=[[BBC Hindi]] |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Investigations on Waqf Properties ===
Sahil has extensively investigated issues concerning [[Waqf]] properties, particularly in connection with the [[Delhi Waqf Board]]. His efforts through the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] uncovered significant discrepancies in official waqf records. In 2008, the Delhi Waqf Board listed 1,964 waqf properties in the city, but a federal government statement in 2025 reduced that number to just 1,047.<ref>{{cite news |last=Farooquee |first=Neyaz |title=The endless legal battles over Muslim-donated lands in India|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly84vggk4ro |work=BBC News |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>

Similarly, the number of cemeteries managed by the board has shown a marked decline. While earlier records claimed over 500 cemeteries, later RTI replies indicated only around 400 remained registered, and board officials ultimately acknowledged that merely 70–80 were effectively under their supervision.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-22 |title=دہلی سے غائب ہوتے قبرستان |trans-title=Disappearing Cemeteries of Delhi |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/regional/2014/09/140922_delhi_grave_yard_vanishing_mb |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=BBC Urdu |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="BBCUrdu">{{cite news |title=انڈیا میں وقف قوانین میں ترمیم: 'مقصد مسلمانوں سے جائیدادیں چھیننا ہے، بی جے پی کے پاس ہندو، مسلم کے سوا کچھ نہیں'|trans-title=Amendments to Waqf Laws in India: 'The aim is to take away properties from Muslims; BJP has nothing beyond Hindu-Muslim politics.'|last=Farooqui|first=Niyaz|newspaper=[[BBC Urdu]] |date=8 August 2024|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/c07en333plzo |access-date=27 March 2025|language=ur}}</ref>

Sahil noted that despite the 2013 amendments to the Waqf Act intended to close legal loopholes, issues such as bureaucratic mismanagement and encroachments remained widespread. He emphasized that while the number of listed waqf properties increased due to survey efforts, such data was often misrepresented, and enforcement against illegal occupations remained lax.<ref name="BBCUrdu"/>

In April 2025, Sahil published a report based on his research visit to Turkey, directly challenging claims made by some Indian political leaders that waqf institutions no longer exist in Islamic countries. He documented how Turkey's waqf system, managed by the Directorate General of Foundations, not only persists but plays a central role in social and economic development. His report detailed various types of waqf, including state-sponsored and minority endowments, and contrasted them with the governance challenges facing India's waqf framework.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sahil |first=Afroz Alam |title=Turkey's Living Waqf Legacy Challenges BJP's 'No Waqf Anywhere' Claim |url=https://thewire.in/religion/turkeys-living-waqf-legacy-challenges-bjps-no-waqf-anywhere-claim |website=The Wire |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Investigations on Urdu libraries ===
Sahil has also reported on the declining condition of Urdu libraries in India. In 2015, he wrote an investigative piece for BBC Hindi about the deteriorating state of the [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu|Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu]] library in Patna, Bihar. Once a hub for intellectuals and writers, the library had fallen into disrepair, with rare books and manuscripts either lost or damaged. According to his report, the premises had been encroached upon and were being used for non-literary purposes.<ref>{{cite news |title=लाइब्रेरी बचाने की तमन्ना, जिनके दिल में है|trans-title=The Desire to Save the Library, in Whose Heart It Resides |newspaper=BBC Hindi |date=12 June 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/06/150612_urdu_library_patna_ruin_tk |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Investigation into political funding ===
In 2010, Sahil also revealed through an RTI application that the BJP, while publicly criticising the Congress government for handling the Bhopal gas tragedy and demanding strict action against those responsible, had itself accepted a donation of ₹1 lakh from Dow Chemicals during the financial year 2006–2007. Dow Chemicals had acquired Union Carbide, the company responsible for the Bhopal disaster. The revelation raised questions about political parties' funding sources and potential conflicts of interest.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP weeps for Bhopal victims but accepts donation from Dow Chemicals |url=https://twocircles.net/2010jun08/bjp_weeps_bhopal_victims_accepts_donation_dow_chemicals.html |newspaper=TwoCircles.net |date=9 June 2010 |access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref>

In 2015, Sahil published an investigative report on BBC Hindi exposing that the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had received donations from beef-exporting companies. According to his report, Maharashtra-based Frigorifico Allana Private Limited donated ₹50 lakh to BJP in 2014–15 through cheque. Another meat-exporting company, Indagro Foods Limited, contributed ₹75 lakh in the same financial year. The report also noted a ₹50 lakh donation from Frigerio Conserva Allana Limited. When questioned about these donations, BJP spokespersons stated that they were unaware of the specifics.<ref>{{cite news |title=बीजेपी को बीफ़ से परहेज़, 'चंदे' से नहीं|trans-title=BJP avoids beef, but not 'donations'. |last=Sahil |first=Afroz Alam|newspaper=BBC Hindi |date=15 December 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/12/151215_beef_export_fund_bjp_tk |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Media analysis and international reporting ===
In June 2025, Sahil wrote in ''The Wire'' about how some Indian news outlets misrepresented reports related to Eid al-Adha in [[Turkey]], [[Morocco]], and [[Nepal]], highlighting patterns of misinformation and communal framing in media coverage.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alam Sahil |first=Afroz |title=How Turkey, Morocco and Eid al-Adha Were Misrepresented by Indian Media |url=https://thewire.in/culture/media/how-turkey-morocco-and-eid-al-adha-were-misrepresented-by-indian-media |website=The Wire |date=14 June 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Recent coverage ===
In September 2025, Sahil published a feature in ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' highlighting the experiences of [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]]-based [[Photojournalism|photojournalist]] Momen Faiz during the [[Israel–Gaza conflict]]. The article, part of the series ''Gaza Stories: Voices Under Siege'', documented the challenges faced by journalists reporting under siege and emphasised the global responsibility of media professionals to bear witness.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alam Sahil |first=Afroz |title='“The Scenes of Destruction Are Beyond Words”: Momen Faiz on Bearing Witness in Gaza' |url=https://thewire.in/world/momen-faiz-gaza-journalists |website=The Wire |date=8 September 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>

In the same month, ''Clarion India'' published an opinion piece by journalist Mohammad Alamullah crediting Sahil's early investigative work for exposing inconsistencies in the 2008 Batla House encounter case and for continuing to raise questions about justice and accountability in its aftermath.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alamullah |first=Mohammad |title=17 Years After Infamous Batla House Encounter, Justice Remains Elusive |url=https://clarionindia.net/17-years-after-infamous-batla-house-encounter-justice-remains-elusive/ |website=Clarion India |date=19 September 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Afroz Alam Sahil has authored several books on politics, history, and human rights. His notable works include:
* ''Janne Ka Haq: Suchana Ka Adhikar - Ek Margdarshika'' (in Hindi) – A guidebook on the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information (RTI) Act]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=AG |date=30 January 2011 |title=A guide to RTI: Suchana Ka Adhikar (Hindi) |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/377-a-guide-to-rti-suchana-ka-adhikar-hindi-india/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Pir Muhammad Munis'' (2015) (in Hindi) – A biography of Pir Muhammad Munis, highlighting his contributions to journalism and the [[Champaran Satyagraha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-20 |title=New book on Pir Mohammad Munis launched at his hometown in Bihar |url=https://twocircles.net/2015apr20/1429517107.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-14 |title=Here's The Story Of Pir Muhammad Munis, Hindi Journalist & Unsung Hero Of Champaran Satyagraha |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/on-hindi-diwas-here-s-the-story-of-pir-muhammad-munis-a-hindi-journalist-and-unsung-hero-of-champaran-satyagrah-329625.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=[[Indiatimes]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* ''Sheikh Gulab: Neel Andolan ke Ek Nayak'' (2017) (in Hindi) – A historical account of Sheikh Gulab and his role in the Champaran Indigo Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Raqib Hameed |date=2017-07-20 |title=Afroz Alam Sahil's book on Sheikh Gulab, the man behind the Champaran Indigo movement, aims to set the history right |url=https://twocircles.net/2017jul20/413278.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=[[TwoCircles]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Professor Abdul Bari: Azadi Ki Ladayi Ka Ek Krantikari Yodha'' (2019) (in Hindi) – A biography of [[Abdul Bari (professor)|Abdul Bari]] and his contributions to India's independence movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Ambreen |date=2019-04-04 |title=Book Review: Professor Abdul Bari - Azadi Ki Ladai Ka Ek Krantikari Yoddha |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/book-review-professor-abdul-bari-azadi-ki-ladai-ka-aik-krantikari-yoddha |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Jamia Aur Gandhi'' (2019) (in Hindi) – Explores [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s association with [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and his contributions to the institution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Mahtab |date=29 October 2019 |title=Gandhi, a Lifelong Friend of Jamia Millia Islamia |url=https://thewire.in/education/gandhi-a-lifelong-friend-of-jamia-millia-islamia |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashrafi |first=Naved |date=2019 |title=Jamia Aur Gandhi (Book Review) |url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2021/739/739_books.htm |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.india-seminar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Ayushi |date=2020-10-30 |title=As Jamia turns 100, journalist revisits its beginnings aimed to 'free education from British influence' |url=https://twocircles.net/2020oct30/439637.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Lockdown Diaries: Corona Kaal ke 68 Din'' (2021) (in Hindi) – A collection of his personal observations and analyses during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Unsa |date=2021-02-02 |title=Afroz Alam Sahil on his new book 'Lockdown Diaries' and people who launched it |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/more/literature/afroz-alam-sahil-on-his-new-book-lockdown-diaries-and-people-who-launched-it/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Media contributions ==
Sahil has contributed to various media outlets, including [[BBC Hindi]], [[ThePrint|The Print]], [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]], [[India Times]], [[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]], [[National Herald]], [[Navjivan (newspaper)|Navjivan]], and [[Two Circles|TwoCircles]]. He has also worked with [[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9]] Mumbai and [[United News of India|UNI]] TV.<ref name="beyond">{{cite web |title=Contributors |url=https://beyondheadlines.in/contribtuors/ |website=Beyond Headlines|date=28 February 2011 }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Sahil has received over 20 awards and fellowships for his contributions to journalism and RTI activism.<ref name="beyond"/> In 2011, he was honored with the "TCN Person of the Year 2010" award by TwoCircles.net for his efforts in using RTI to promote transparency and accountability.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anwar |first=Tarique |title=TCN awards Afroz Sahil & Bihar Anjuman |newspaper=The Milli Gazette |date=23 January 2011 |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/348-tcn-awards-afroz-sahil-bihar-anjuman-india-muslim/ |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=MD |date=2010-12-05 |title=TCN is a realization of my dream about Indian Muslims: K Rahman Khan |url=https://twocircles.net/2010dec05/tcn_realization_my_dream_about_indian_muslims_k_rahman_khan.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian journalists]]
* [[List of Jamia Millia Islamia people]]
* [[Champaran]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Farooquee |first=Neyaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7RCuwEACAAJ |title=An Ordinary Man's Guide to Radicalism: Growing Up Muslim in India |date=2020 |publisher=Westland Publications Private Limited |isbn=978-93-86850-51-5 |location=Chennai |pages=180, 241, 253–255 |language=en}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahil, Afroz Alam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Journalists from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Bettiah]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]

Rayya, Amritsar

2026-04-28T18:55:36Z

EmanuelNathan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rayya
| other_name = Rayya
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.54|N|75.23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 0
| population_total = 19567
| population_as_of = 01-03-2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 143112
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01853
| registration_plate = PB-17
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Rayya''' is a city and municipality in [[Amritsar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. Rayya is about 35 km from Amritsar, 45 km from Jalandhar and 5 km from the [[Beas River]].

Political parties like [[Indian National Congress]] have also been in power but not as frequently as the [[Shiromani Akali Dal Party]].

== Notable people ==
{{list missing criteria|date=August 2025}}
Notable individuals from Rayya in terms of Punjab’s politics include:

* [[Jiwan Singh Umranangal]] – Politician and senior leader of the Shiromani Akali Dal, served as Punjab’s Revenue Minister (1968) and Finance Minister (1977).<ref>https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/jeewan-singh-umranangal-legacy</ref>

==Demographics==
The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Rayya town, as of 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Rayya town, 2011 census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389 |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=Census India}} </ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male
|-
|Sikh||10,284||4,964||5,320
|-
|Hindu||4,042||1,873||2,169
|-
|Christian||92||41||51
|-
|Muslim||72||37||35
|-
|Jain||4||3||1
|-
|Other religions||2||0||2
|-
|Not stated||10||5||5
|-
|Total||14,506||6,923||7,583
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.pon.nic.in/open/depts/.../census/HOMEPAGE.HTM
*http://censusindia.gov.in/

{{Amritsar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Amritsar district]]

Kuppambika

2026-04-28T00:13:21Z

EmanuelNathan: Started the article w/ sources!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| reign = 13th century CE
| occupation = Queen, poet
| father = [[Gona Budda Reddy]]
| spouse = [[Malyala Gundadandadeeshudu]]
}}

'''Kuppambika''' ({{langx|te|కుప్పాంబిక}};) was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telanganaview.com/mytg/tg_kavi_kuppambika.php|title=Kuppambika|website=www.telanganaview.com|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118090822/http://telanganaview.com/mytg/tg_kavi_kuppambika.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Biography==
She was the daughter of the king and poet [[Gona Budda Reddy]], who wrote ''Ranganatha Ramayanam'' in Telugu. She was the younger sister of [[Gona Ganna Reddy]] and wife of Malyala Gunda Dandadeeshudu.

After her husband's death, Kuppambika constructed a [[Shiva]] temple Gundeshwaraalayam at [[Bhoothpur|Buddapuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recruitmenttopper.com/telangana-history-bacha-varudhin-dynasty/4104|title=Telangana History Bacha Varudhin dynasty - Recruitment Topper|date=4 April 2016|website=www.recruitmenttopper.com}}</ref> She issued Buddapuram inscriptions in the 13th century. The inscriptions depict her to be the first Telugu woman poet.

A popular poet, [[Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu]] read her poems in front of the people and King [[Krishnadevaraya]]. As mentioned by Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu in his compositions. He took the following poem written in Telugu literature by Kuppambika. It describes the feelings of a girl who transitioned to teenage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ntnews.com/TelanganaNews-in-Telugu/the-first-telugu-poetry-is-kuppambika-1-2-561572.html|title=తొలి తెలుగు కవయిత్రి కుప్పాంబిక|access-date=2018-02-24}}</ref>

<poem>
వనజాతాంబకుడేయు సాయకములన్ వర్జింపగా రాదు, నూ
తన బాల్యాధిక యౌవనంబు మదికిన్ ధైర్యంబు రానీయద
త్యనురక్తిన్ మిముబోంట్లకున్ దెలుప నాహా! సిగ్గుమైకోదు పా
వన వంశంబు స్వతంత్రమీయదు చెలీ! వాంఛల్ తుదల్ముట్టునే
</poem>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:13th-century royalty]]
{{India-poet-stub}}

Chillupar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:27Z

EmanuelNathan: created basic article w/ infobox

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chillupar
| map_image = 328-Chillupar.svg
| mla = [[Rajesh Tripathi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 4,31,450 (2017)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 328
}}

'''Chillupar''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Chillupar in the [[Gorakhpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[India]].

Chillupar is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 328 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Chillupar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chillupar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Kailash Pati
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |Kalp Nath Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Bhirgu Nath Chaturvedi
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]|| Kalp Nath Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Bhirgu Nath Chaturvedi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Hari Shankar Tiwari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}" |
|[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|All India Indira Congress (T)]]
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress}}" |
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress|Loktantrik Congress]]
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Rajesh Tripathi]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rajesh Tripathi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chillupar<ref name="Election2022">{{cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=Vinay Shankar Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Vinay Shankar of SP loses from Chillupar seat |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/vinay-shankar-election-result-2022-live-updates-4855829.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajesh Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:96777}}
|percentage = 42.49
|change = {{increase}}8.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75132}}
|percentage = 32.98
|change = {{increase}}7.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:45729}}
|percentage = 20.08
|change = {{decrease}}15.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Poonam Gupta
|party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|votes = {{formatnum:3090}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1953}}
|percentage = 0.86
|change = {{decrease}}0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21645}}
|percentage = 9.51
|change = {{increase}}7.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227784}}
|percentage = 52.98
|change = {{increase}}1.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]], won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] by defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate Rajesh Tripathi by a margin of 3,359 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chillupar.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><ref name="2017 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2017 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 Assembly Elections: Chillupar<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78177}}
|percentage = 35.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajesh Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:74818}}
|percentage = 33.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ram Bhuwal Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:55422}}
|percentage = 25.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Yogesh Mani Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:3241}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2512}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3359}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:220317}}
|percentage = 51.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = {{increase}}5.08
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Elections: Chillupar<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=9 June 2020|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Tripathi
|votes = 61,639
|percentage = 30.81
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = C P Chand
|votes = 50,486
|percentage = 25.23
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress
|candidate = [[Hari Shankar Tiwari]]
|votes = 45,203
|percentage = 22.59
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = 16,042
|percentage = 8.02
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Narendra
|votes = 5,648
|percentage = 2.82
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shyamlal Yadav
|votes = 4,171
|percentage = 2.08
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Justice Party
|candidate = Amarnath Maurya
|votes = 3,087
|percentage = 1.54
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 12 Candidates
|votes = 13,810
|percentage = 6.90
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,153
|percentage = 5.57
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,00,086
|percentage = 49.98
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Curfew (1994 film)

2026-04-13T08:05:00Z

EmanuelNathan: created basic details first draft

{{Short description|1994 Kannada crime film by Ha Su Rajasekhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Curfew
| image = Curfew94.jpg
| caption = Title card of the film
| director = Ha Su Rajasekhar
| producer = {{plainlist|
*D. K. Ramakrishna
*N. Chinnarajan}}
| studio = Sri Sai Jyothi Creations
| writer = Richard Louis ({{small|Dialogues}})
| screenplay = Ha Su Rajasekhar
| story = L. R. Ranganath Rao
| music = Sadhu Kokila
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Devaraj]]
* [[B. C. Patil]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattatreya]]}}
| released = {{Film date|1994}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| cinematography = Ashok Kashyap
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]
}}
'''''Curfew''''' is a 1994 Indian Kannada [[crime film]] starring [[Devaraj]], [[B. C. Patil]], [[Doddanna]], [[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattatreya]] and Richard Louis in the lead roles with [[Sudharani]] in an extended cameo appearance. Directed by Ha Su Rajasekhar,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/kannada-film-director-ha-su-rajashekhar-dies-772905.html|title=Ha Su Rajasekhar passes away|date=2 November 2019|accessdate=18 June 2020}}</ref> the film produced under Sri Sai Jyothi Creations had background score by [[Sadhu Kokila]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/sadhu-kokila|title=Sadhu Kokila film list}}</ref> Rajasekhar also wrote the screenplay for the story by L. R. Ranganath Rao.

Unlike the usual commercial films produced in India during the 1980s and 1990s, ''Curfew'' did not have any songs, humorous fillers or serious romantic subplots.

== Plot ==
The film begins in [[Udayapur District|Udayapura]], [[Bengaluru]] the same constituency from which an honest politician Sujjan Rao contested for the M. L. A. post eventually becoming the people's favourite Chief Minister. He is secretly disdained by former Home Minister, Palaksha, and his sidekick Venkatesha "Venka". They secretly support an extortion gang after their leader, Dalapathy, is jailed for murder. After receiving enough complaints from the natives of Udayapura regarding the police's ineffectiveness, Sujjan transfers Pradeep to the area as the new Deputy Commissioner. Pradeep was earlier posted as the Circle Inspector in the regional police station until he was trapped in a custodial murder case by Palaksha and got a punishment transfer. The arrival of Pradeep becomes a permanent roadblock for Palaksha's malicious plans and hence decides to seek the help of Dalapathy who owes his jailtime to both Pradeep and Sujjan.

Meanwhile, the people of Udayapura and Shantipura calls for a ''bandh'' after the government fails to take the right steps against alcohol production in the state and asks Sujjan's tutor and freedom fighter Narayan to lead them. Dalapathy who is hospitalised in a hospital in [[Mysuru]] orders his henchmen to manipulate two jobless youngsters, Subbu and Seenu, to help them turn the peaceful ''bandh'' into a violent one. Though they just trigger the events, the other goons terrorise the people by destroying shops and murder. Even Narayan is killed. Though Pradeep arrests the rowdies they manage to escape. Dalapathy who escapes to Bangalore allies with Palaksha and continues to terrorise the people forcing Pradeep to call for a 24-hour curfew in Udayapura and Shantipura.

The next day when the curfew is relieved for two hours for the people to purchase the necessary groceries they are attacked by Dalapathy's goons forcing Pradeep to call for a more rigorous curfew in addition to which a shoot at sight order is issued. To make matters worse Dalapathy bombs the pipeline supplying water to the areas and pits the people dwelling in the slums against police. He also kills an innocent man and makes it look like the police did it. Subbu and Seenu, deeply regretting their actions try to help a sick baby when Subbu gets gunned down by the police. Pradeep, meanwhile, catches the goons from their secret hideout in Udayapura. Later with the help of a journalist, Srinivas, who secretly captured photos of the criminals during the riots Pradeep learns that Dalapathy has escaped from the Mysore prison and travels to [[Mysuru]]. There he learns from the doctor, Murthy, who treated Dalapathy about how the latter's henchman beat up the doctor's wife for refusing to admit him in the hospital eventually threatening him to help Dalapathy escape. Pradeep with the help of Murthy and Srinivas turns Dalapathy against Palaksha and Venka. After killing them he escapes with a [[sniper rifle]] so as to kill Sujjan who has organised a ''padhayatra''. At the end Pradeep saves Sujjan and kills Dalapathy. Sujjan, afterwards, gives a speech on how the people should respect and support the police force. The people of Udayapura, once again, lead a happy life.

== Cast ==
* [[Devaraj]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] Pradeep
* [[B. C. Patil]] as Dalapathi
* [[Doddanna]] as Palaksha
* Richard Louis as Venkatesha
* [[H. G. Dattatreya|Datthatreya]] as [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] Sajjan Rao
* [[G. K. Govinda Rao]] as Narayan
* [[Bank Janardhan]] as Bhatt
* [[Sanketh Kashi]] as Subbu
* Shanthamma as Basanni's mother
* [[Sudharani]] as Sudha (extended cameo)

== Crew ==
# D. K. Ramakrishna, N. Chinnarajan : '''Producer'''
# Ha Su Rajasekhar : '''Screenplay, Direction'''
# L. R. Ranganath Rao : '''Story'''
# Richard Louis : '''Dialogues'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/richard-louis|title=Richard Louis}}</ref>
# Sadhu Kokila : '''Music'''
# Ashok Kashyap : '''Cinematography'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/ashok-kashyap|title=Ashok Kashyap}}</ref>
# Suresh Urs : '''Editor'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/suresh-urs|title=Suresh Urs films}}</ref>
# Suresh : '''Stunts'''

== Release ==
The film received a ''U Certificate'' from the [[Censor Board]]'s regional office at [[Bengaluru]] with the certificate dated 27 October 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.syzygy.in/censor/curfew-celluloid-1|title=Curfew Kannada film Censor Report}}</ref>
The film was a Blockbuster at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/karnataka-state-awards.540/page-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622074818/https://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/karnataka-state-awards.540/page-5|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 June 2020|title=Karnataka State Awards|website=sandalwoodking.rocks|accessdate=18 June 2020|date=20 October 2011|last=aone}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1994 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 action films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]

Monsoon Raaga

2026-03-31T06:11:00Z

EmanuelNathan:

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2022 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Monsoon Raaga
| image =
| caption =
| director = S. Ravindranath
| story = [[Venkatesh Maha]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[C/o Kancharapalem]]'' (Telugu) by [[Venkatesh Maha]]}}
| producer = A. R. Vikhyath
| starring = [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhanajaya]] [[Rachita Ram]]
| narrator =
| music = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = S. K. Rao
| editing = [[Harish Komme]]
| studio = Vikhyath Chitra Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|09|16}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Monsoon Raaga''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by S Ravindranath. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film, ''[[C/o Kancharapalem]]'' (2018), featuring [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhanajaya]] and [[Rachita Ram]]. The music is composed by [[J. Anoop Seelin]]. The film is produced by A R Vikhyath through Vikhyath Chitra Productions. It received positive reviews <ref>{{cite news |title=Monsoon Raaga movie review: Love is in the air
|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/monsoon-raaga-movie-review-love-is-in-the-air/articleshow/94274238.cms|access-date=2022-09-18|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Monsoon Raaga Movie Review: Intense love notes with a soulful climax
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/sep/17/monsoon-raaga-movie-reviewintense-love-notes-with-a-soulful-climax-34755.html|access-date=2022-09-17|work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhanajaya]] as Katte, who works at a wine store
*[[Rachita Ram]] as Asma Begum, a sex worker<ref>{{cite news |title='My role as a sex worker in monsoon raaga is handled with dignity':Rachita Ram|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/sep/14/my-role-as-a-sex-worker-in-monsoon-raaga-is-handled-with-dignity-rachita-ram-2497885.html|access-date=2022-09-14|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rachita Ram: I play a commercial sex worker in Monsoon Raaga, which I took up because I trust the film team |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/may/23/yashashivakumarjoins-the-cast-ofmonsoon-raaga-31661.html|access-date=2022-08-08|work=OTT Play}}</ref>
*Yasha Shivakumar as Raga Sudha, a Brahmin girl <ref>{{cite news |title=Yasha Shivakumar joins the cast of Monsoon Raaga|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/may/23/yashashivakumarjoins-the-cast-ofmonsoon-raaga-31661.html|access-date=2022-05-23|work=OTT Play}}</ref>
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Raju, a bachelor who later marries Hasini
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Hasini, a widow and has a 20-year-old daughter
*Nihal as Sundara
*Sinchana Koteshwar as Suchitra
*Nitesh Nittur as Gopinath
*Viraaj as Dhorey

==Release==
The film was released on 16 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhananjaya and Rachita Ram's Monsoon Raaga gets a new release date|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhananjaya-and-rachita-rams-monsoon-raaga-gets-a-new-release-date/50ec53362b192|access-date=2022-09-02|work=OTT Play}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dhananjaya's Monsoon Raaga gets censored U/A; new release date to be announced shortly
|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhananjayas-monsoon-raaga-gets-censored-u-a-new-release-date-to-be-announced-shortly/d85a93a865679|access-date=2022-08-12|work=OTT Play}}</ref> The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[ZEE5]] and was premiered on 9 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andhare |first=Ajit |date=2022-12-06 |title=What to Watch for week ending December 9 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/061222/what-to-watch-for-week-ending-december-9.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote that "Monsoon Raaga is a slow-moving film that does create some confusion in the beginning, however, the characters steal the show. In a nutshell, Monsoon Raaga makes for a realistic experience for romantic hearts".<ref>{{cite news |title='Monsoon Raaga' review: Intense love notes with a soulful climax |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/sep/17/monsoon-raaga-review-intense-love-notes-with-asoulful-climax-2499073.html |access-date=2022-09-17}}</ref> While comparing it with the original film, Shivani Kava of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote: "This slice-of-life drama remains a notch below the original".<ref>{{cite news |title=Monsoon Raaga review: This slice-of-life drama remains a notch below the original |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/monsoon-raaga-review-slice-life-drama-remains-notch-below-original-167957 |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> Echoing the same, Muralidhara Khajane of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "Despite commendable performances by the cast, the Kannada remake of ‘C/o Kancharapalem’ has been visualised with pure commercial interest, lacking the charm of the original".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2022-09-16 |title='Monsoon Raga' movie review: A soulless celebration of love during the rainy season |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/monsoon-raga-movie-review-a-soulless-celebration-of-love-during-the-rainy-season/article65898566.ece |access-date=2022-12-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15295272}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Slice of life films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Maner, Bihar

2026-03-30T04:06:53Z

EmanuelNathan: put up initial stub w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|Historic town and Sufi pilgrimage site in Patna district, Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maner
| native_name = मनेर
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name = Maner Sharif
| nickname = The Land of Sufi Saints
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = [[File:Maner dargah ... Bihar . INDIA.jpg|250px]]
| image_alt = The Bari Dargah of Maner Sharif
| image_caption = The '''Bari Dargah''' (Tomb of Shah Daulat), a major [[Sufi]] shrine
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Maner in Bihar
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.65|N|84.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| established_title = Historical significance
| established_date = 8th–17th century CE
| founder =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Nagar parishad]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 12.5
| elevation_m = 54
| population_total = 26,912
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 801108
| area_code = 0612
| registration_plate = BR-01
| website = {{URL|patna.nic.in}}
}}

'''Maner''', also known as '''Maner Sharif''', is a historic town and a [[Community development block in India|block]] in [[Patna district]] of [[Bihar]], India. Situated approximately 24 km west of [[Patna]] on [[National Highway 922 (India)|NH-922]], it is renowned for its [[Mughal architecture|Mughal-era]] [[dargah]]s and as an important [[Sufism|Sufi]] pilgrimage center.

== Etymology ==
The ancient name of Maner was ''Maniyar Mathan'', meaning "musical city" in local tradition. The suffix "Sharif" (meaning noble) was added due to its association with Sufi saints.

== History ==
Excavation near Maner in 2012-13 found evidence of habitation as far back as the [[Chalcolithic]] period, including a [[soakage pit]], a drain connected to the pit, and various pottery samples such as jars, bowls, and basins. A later period is attributable to the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture ({{circa}} 700-200 BCE), based on the presence of a few tiny shards of the namesake pottery itself. Various other pottery samples from this period were also found, as well as an iron spearhead and some thirty metal discs apparently made out of an [[alloy]] of copper and lead. Evidence of habitation during the [[Shunga dynasty|Shunga]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]], and post-Gupta periods was also found.<ref name="Indian Archaeology 2012-13">{{cite book |editor-last=Tewari |editor-first=Rakesh |title=Indian Archaeology 2012-13 — A Review |date=2015 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |location=New Delhi |url=https://asi.nic.in/admin/publications/ePublicationReportsDetails/download/16 |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|8-9}}

A now-lost [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate grant]] found at Maner, dated to 11 May 1124, indicates that Maner was the seat of a ''[[pattala (district)|paṭṭalā]]'' (district) at that time. The grant records that the [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gāhaḍavāla]] king [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] donated two villages called Guṇāve and Paḍalī, both in the ''paṭṭalā'' of Maṇiari (i.e. Maner), to a [[brahmin|brāhmaṇa]] named Gaṇeśvaraśarman. The villages of Guṇāve and Paḍalī were presumably located somewhere near Maner, but their exact locations are unknown.<ref name="Majumdar 1922">{{cite journal |last1=Majumdar |first1=N. G. |author1-link=N. G. Majumdar |title=Maner Copperplate of Govindacandra, V. E. 1183 |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1922 |volume=XVIII |pages=81-4 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_and_Proceedings_of_the_Asiatic_S/JB1FAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=maner%20copper%20plate%20inscription&pg=PA81&printsec=frontcover |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>

Later, Maner gained prominence during the medieval period as a center of [[Sufism]]:

* 13th century: Became associated with Sufi saint [[Makhdoom Yahya Maneri]]
* 1608: Death of [[Makhdoom Shah Daulat]], another prominent Sufi saint
* 1616: Construction of ''Bari Dargah'' (Great Shrine) by [[Ibrahim Khan Kakar]], the Mughal governor of Bihar
* 1619: Construction of a mosque by Ibrahim Khan

The town flourished as a center of Islamic learning during the Mughal period.

== Geography ==
Maner is located at {{coord|25.65|N|84.88|E}} on the southern bank of the [[Ganges]] river. The [[Son River]] meets the Ganges at Haldi Chhapra near Maner.

=== Climate ===
Maner has a [[Humid subtropical climate]] (Köppen ''Cwa'') with:
* Hot summers (April–June)
* Monsoon rains (July–September)
* Mild winters (November–February)

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]]:
* Population: 26,912
* Gender ratio: 947 females per 1000 males
* Literacy rate: 71.12% (higher than state average)
* Major languages: [[Magahi language|Magahi]] (94.24%), [[Hindi]] (5.76%)

== Administration ==
Maner is a [[community development block]] consisting of 38 villages. It is part of the [[Maner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maner Assembly constituency]] and [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Landmarks ==
=== Religious sites ===
* '''Bari Dargah''': Tomb of Shah Daulat (1616), fine example of Mughal architecture
* '''Chhoti Dargah''': Tomb of Makhdoom Yahya Maneri
* '''Haldi Chhapra''': Confluence of Son and Ganges rivers
* '''Maner Jain Temple''': Ancient Jain pilgrimage site

=== Other attractions ===
* '''Maner Fort''': Ruins of an ancient fort
* '''British-era bridge''' over Son River

== Culture ==
=== Festivals ===
* '''Urs''': Annual festival at the dargahs attracting thousands
* '''Chhath Puja''': Celebrated at Haldi Chhapra ghat

=== Cuisine ===
* '''Maner ka Laddu''': Famous sweet made with [[ghee]] and [[chhana]]
* Traditional Bihari dishes: [[Litti chokha]], [[Khaja]], [[Thekua]]

== Economy ==
Maner's economy is primarily based on:
* Agriculture (rice, wheat, maize)
* Small-scale industries
* Religious tourism

The town is famous for its sweet shops, particularly '''Maner Sweets''' established in 1935.

== Transport ==
* '''Road''': Connected via NH-922 to Patna and Arrah
* '''Rail''': Nearest station is [[Danapur railway station|Danapur]] (20 km)
* '''Air''': [[Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport]] (30 km)

== Education ==
Notable educational institutions:
* Ram Nagina Singh Inter College (established 1948)
* Government Girls High School
* Maner high school (affiliated to [[Bihar board]])
*Topper classes maner (for class 10th and 12th)

== Notable people ==
* [[Kunal Singh]] - Bhojpuri actor
* [[Ramayan Tiwari]] - Bollywood actor

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://patna.nic.in}}
* [https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/destinations/patna/maner-sharif Maner Sharif on Bihar Tourism]

{{Tourist attractions in Patna}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Patna district]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]

Kashinath Ghanekar

2026-03-26T19:20:13Z

EmanuelNathan: minor expand citations for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian film and stage actor and Doctor (1930–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar
| image = Kashinath-Ghanekar-pic.jpg
| imagesize = 225px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kashinath Ghanekar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|09|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chiplun]], [[Bombay State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|03|02|1930|09|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Amravati]], Maharashtra, India
| education = BDS (Mumbai)
| occupation = Theatre, movie actor
| spouse = Irawati Bhide (divorced) {{marriage|Kanchan Ghanekar|1983}}
| relatives = [[Sulochana Latkar]] (mother-in-law)
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Kashinath Ghanekar''' (14 September 1930 – 2 March 1986<ref name="zeetalkies.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/gossip/uma-prakash-bhende-remember-drkashinath-ghanekar.html|title=Uma & Prakash Bhende Remember Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar|website=ZEE Talkies|access-date=26 May 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701025943/http://www.zeetalkies.com/gossip/uma-prakash-bhende-remember-drkashinath-ghanekar.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianage.com/eventdate.php/Death/2-March-1986 |title=Kashinath Ghanekar, famous stage artist, passed...-- This Day in Indian History of Indian Death 2-March-1986 - IndianAge.Com |access-date=2016-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610115033/http://www.indianage.com/eventdate.php/Death/2-March-1986 |archive-date=2016-06-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) was a popular stage and Film actor also a [[Dentistry|dental]] surgeon.<ref name="zeetalkies.com"/> He won the [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor]] twice for films Paathlag and Deo Manus.

==Early life==
Ghanekar was born in the [[Chiplun]] and did his schooling and higher studies in [[Chiplun]], [[Maharashtra, India]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Personal life==
He married twice. He was married to Irawati M. Bhide,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.nandinihatemane.com/?q=content%2Fdr-kashinath-ghanekar-and-dr-kaka-me|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012110206/http://www.nandinihatemane.com/?q=content%2Fdr-kashinath-ghanekar-and-dr-kaka-me|archive-date=2017-10-12|access-date=2018-10-08}}</ref> a gynaecologist and obstetrician.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tradedeal.co.in/Mumbai/Lal-Baug/DR-Iravati-M-Bhide/detail-2510974 |title=DR.Iravati M.Bhide in Lal Baug Mumbai {{pipe}} Gynaecologist & Obstetrician Doctors {{pipe}} Trade deal |access-date=2016-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629164208/http://tradedeal.co.in/Mumbai/Lal-Baug/DR-Iravati-M-Bhide/detail-2510974 |archive-date=2016-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His first marriage was childless and ended in divorce. He subsequently married a much younger woman, Kanchan, the daughter of Marathi actress [[Sulochana Latkar]]. This marriage was harmonious. After his death Kanchan penned a biography titled ''Nath Ha Maza'', meaning "such was my husband".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Archived copy |id={{ASIN|8177665634|country=in}} }}</ref><ref>[https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-famous-marathi-actor-dr-5901346-PHO.html divyamarathi]</ref>

==Career==
Ghanekar was the first superstar of the Marathi stage with a lot of glamour, and he was the highest paid star from the years 1960 to 1980.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/ani-dr-kashinath-ghanekar-movie-review/articleshow/66564377.cms|title=Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar Movie Review|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=2018-11-26|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126181102/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/ani-dr-kashinath-ghanekar-movie-review/articleshow/66564377.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He appeared in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|last1=Gokulsing|first1=K. Moti|author2-link=Wimal Dissanayake |last2=Wimal Dissanayake|first2=Adjunct Fellow East-West Center Hawaii Scholar in Residence Wimal|last3=Dissanayake|first3=Wimal|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA80|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=2013-04-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136772849|pages=80–|archive-date=28 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628091222/http://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA80|url-status=live}}</ref> in the 1960s. In addition to Marathi stage and movies, he appeared in Hindi movies such as ''[[Abhilasha (1968 film)|Abhilasha]]'' opposite [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] and ''[[Daadi Maa|Dadi Maa]]'' where he played the role of the son of [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Bina Rai]].

The role that made him a popular actor was that of Sambhaji in the play ''Raigadala Jevha Jaag Yete'' (''When Raigad Awakens'') written by the play writer, [[Vasant Kanetkar]]. The most notable character played by him was "Lalya" in the play ''[[Ashroonchi Zhali Phule]]''. Some of the other noted plays he acted in are: Ithe Oshalala Mrutyu, Garambicha Bapu, Anandi Gopal, Shitu, Tujhe Aahe Tujpashi, Sundar Mi Honar and Madhumanjiri.<ref>"Playwright at the centre: Marathi Drama from 1843 to the present"; Author Shanta Gokhale; Seagull Books Publishers. {{ISBN|817046157 X}}</ref>

The film Madhuchandra (in 1968) made Ghanekar, a noted stage actor, a major Marathi film star.<ref>Page 393, Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema; Authors: Ashish Rajyadhyaksha and Paul Willemen; Oxford University Press; c. 2002. {{ISBN|0-85170-669-X}}</ref>
One of his most popular films in Marathi is the mystery movie [[Ha Khel Savlyancha]] with [[Asha Kale]].

==Death and legacy==
Ghanekar died of a heart attack during one of the tours of his plays, at his hotel room at [[Amravati]].

* The ''Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar Natyagruha'', a modern theater with an auditorium, was built by the [[Thane Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Thane Municipal Corporation {{!}} Entertainment | url=https://thanecity.gov.in/page.php?id=20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006023559/http://thanecity.gov.in:80/page.php?id=20 | access-date=2026-03-25 | archive-date=2012-10-06}}</ref>
* In November 2018, [[Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar]] a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language feature film was released; starring [[Subodh Bhave|Subodh Bhave as Dr Ghanekar]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]], [[Sumeet Raghavan]], [[Vaidehi Parashurami]], [[Prasad Oak]], Nandita Dhuri, Anand Ingale and [[Mohan Joshi]] in prominent roles. It is a biographical drama directed by Abhijeet shirish Deshpande.

==Theatre==
Below is a list of stage plays where Ghanekar played a significant role. Year mentioned is when the Play was first performed on a public stage.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name of Play
! Role
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1952
| Shitu
|
|-
| Tujhe Aahe Tujpashi
|
|-
| Sundar Mi Honar
|
|-
| Madhumanjiri
|
|-
| Laxmi Aali Ghara
|
|-
| 1962
| Raygadala jevha jaag yete
| Chh. Sambhaji Maharaj
|-
| 1963
| Ashroonchi Zhali Phule
| Lalya
|-
| 1968
| Ithe Oshalala Mrutyu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1972
| Garambicha Bapu
|
|-
| Guntata Hruday He
|
|-
| 1976
| Anandi Gopal
|
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1952
| Laxmi Aali Ghara
|
|-
| 1953
| Dharm Patni
|
|-
| 1963
| Maratha Tituka Melvava
|
|-
| 1964
| [[Pathlaag|Paathlaag]]
|
|-
| 1965
| Padchaya
|
|-
| 1966
| [[Daadi Maa]] (Hindi)
|
|-
| 1967
| Madhuchandra
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1968
| Ekati
|
|-
| Preet Shikva Mala
|
|-
| [[Abhilasha (1968 film)|Abhilasha]] (Hindi)
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1970
| Deo Manus
|
|-
| Garambicha Bapu
|
|-
| Manla Tar Dev
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1971
| Ajab Tuze Sarkar
|
|-
| Zep
|
|-
| 1975
| Ghar Gangecha Kathi
|
|-
| 1976
| Ha Khel Sawalyancha
|
|-
| 1978
| Chandra Hota sakshila
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|
<ref>{{Citation|title=काशिनाथ घाणेकर यांच्या पत्नी कांचन घाणेकर यांच्याशी गप्पा {{pipe}} ब्रेकफास्ट न्यूज {{pipe}} एबीपी माझा|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CNzhyO2dWM|language=en|access-date=2022-02-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{Citation|title=Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar Special {{pipe}} Rashmi Ghanekar shares some memories of her father's death|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh-tF2JYz6Q|language=en|access-date=2022-02-12}}</ref>
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghanekar, Kashinath}}
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]

Nandigram

2026-03-22T02:51:57Z

EmanuelNathan: put up basic post w/ refs

{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandigram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.01|N|87.99|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.5577
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 5,803
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nandigram''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Nandigram I]] [[Community development block|Community Development Block]] of the [[Haldia subdivision]] in the [[Purba Medinipur district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hdaindia.com/about_us.htm |title=Haldia Development Authority |access-date=5 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031054758/http://www.hdaindia.com/about_us.htm |archive-date=31 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2007, the West Bengal government allowed the [[Salim Group]] to set up a chemical hub at Nandigram under the [[special economic zone]] policy.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225022622/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070104/asp/frontpage/story_7218357.asp The Telegraph - Calcutta : Frontpage Story on Nandigram]</ref> This led to resistance by the villagers resulting in clashes with the police that left 14 villagers dead, and resulted in accusations of [[police brutality]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|3|0|N|88|0|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Haldia subdivision of Purba Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/town, CT: census town, R: rural/urban centre, S: port Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|4|0|N|88|4|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Haldia | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Haldia]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|11|14|N|87|59|18|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Garh |labela2= Kamalpur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Garh Kamalpur]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|21|59|0|N|87|59|0|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Nandigram| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= Nandigram (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|3|25|N|87|56|44|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Ashadtalya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Ashadtalya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|8|56|N|88|5|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Barda| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Barda, Purba Medinipur]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|10|50|N|87|58|40|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Mahishadal| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Mahishadal]] (R)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|7|28|N|88|6|41|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Sutahata | numbered7=N| mark-title7= [[Sutahata]] (N)|shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|4|0|N|88|8|0|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Durgachak | numbered8=N| mark-title8= [[Durgachak]] (N)|shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|3|24|N|87|53|48|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Reyepara| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Reyepara]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|21|54|7|N|87|57|52|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Sona Chura| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sona Chura]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|8|37|N|88|5|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chaitanyapur| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Chaitanyapur]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|12|0|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Geonkhali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Geonkhali]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|11|15|N|88|7|25|E}} | label-pos13=bottom|label13= Kukrahati| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Kukrahati]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|02|30|N|88|5|19|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Haldia Port| numbered14=S| mark-title14= [[Haldia Port]] (S)|shape-color14=#0048BA
|mark-coord15={{coord|22.2273|N|87.9774|E}}| label15=Rupnarayan| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=10| label-pos15=right| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15=none
|mark-coord16={{coord|21.8743|N|88.0554|E}}| label16=Hooghly River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-60| label-pos16=right| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16=none
|mark-coord17={{coord|22.1458|N|87.8548|E}}| label17=Haldi River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=25| label-pos17=right| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17=none
|mark-coord18={{coord|21.9443|N|88.0684|E}}| label18=Nayachar| label-color18 = Black| label-angle18=-60| label-pos18=right| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none}}

===Police station===
Nandigram's police station has jurisdiction over the [[Nandigram I]] and [[Nandigram II]] [[Community development block|community development blocks]]. Nandigram's [[police station]] covers an area of 251.25km2 with a population of 279,285.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 10 November 2016 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/NANDIGRAM |title = Nandigram PS | publisher= Purba Medinipur District Police | access-date = 10 November 2016}}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
79.19% of the Haldia subdivision's population lives in rural areas. Only 20.81% of the population lives in urban areas, and that is the highest proportion of urban population among the four subdivisions in the Purba Medinipur district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Nandigram had a total population of 5,803 of which 2,947 (51%) were males and 2,856 (49%) were females. There were 725 people below the age of 6. The total number of literate people in Nandigram was 4,512 (88.85% of the population over 6 years old).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 15 July 2016}}</ref>

==Notable people==
[[File:Late Trailakyanath Nanda,with Late Giribala Devi.jpg|left|thumb]]
Although this part of Bengal has not been actively highlighted in Indian history during the British period, the area had been a part of active politics from the British era. With the help of the people of Nandigram, "Tamluk" was freed from the British by [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]], [[Ajoy Mukherjee]], [[Sushil Kumar Dhara]], [[Satish Chandra Samanta]] and their friends for a few days (which is the only part of modern India to be freed twice), before India gained independence in 1947.

In post-Independent India, Nandigram had been a centre of learning and played a major part in the development of [[Haldia]], a satellite town of [[Kolkata|Calcutta (Kolkata)]]. Fresh vegetables, rice and fish are supplied to Haldia from Nandigram. The Ganga (Bhagirathi) and [[Haldi River|Haldi]] (downstream of Kanshabati) cover the edges of Nandigram, and the land is fertilised by both the rivers.

==Controversies==
{{Main article|Nandigram violence}}

{{Main article|Maoist involvement during Nandigram protests}}

{{Main article|2021 Nandigram controversy}}

==Transport==
{{Original research|date=July 2018}}
There is no rail connection directly to Nandigram, and roadways are moderately developed. Buses, [[Share taxi|jitney]] ''trekkers'' and van rickshaws are the primary public vehicles inside the villages.

The nearest railway station is Mograjpur, connecting from Digha - Tamluk. The nearest busy bus stop is in Math Chandipur.

Nandigram is connected to Haldia by a [[ferry]]. This ferry service is an important mode of transport for farmers and small traders from Nandigram, who use this service to reach Haldia's market to sell their commodities. Haldia Municipality runs this ferry service.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=235262
|title = Without the ferry, Nandigram remains cut off
|author = Subhendu Ray, Kanchan Chakraborty and Kartik Panda
|publisher = Indian Express
|date = 7 May 2007
|access-date = 27 October 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705203734/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=235262
|archive-date = 5 July 2009
}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Sitananda College's Image.jpg|thumb|[[Sitananda College]], Nandigram]]
Nandigram boasts a diverse educational landscape, catering to students from [[preschool]] to [[Higher education in West Bengal|higher education]]. Five primary schools provide the foundation for learning, while the town's Secondary School, Nandigram BM Girls High School, caters to middle school needs. For higher secondary education, students can attend [[Nandigram Brajamohan Tewary Sikshaniketan|Nandigram BMT Sikshaniketan]]. Additionally, several private [[Kindergarten|KG schools]] offer early childhood education options. Higher education is represented by [[Sitananda College]], also known as Nandigram College, which is affiliated to [[Vidyasagar University]].

==Healthcare==
[[File:Nandigram SSH.jpg|thumb|Nandigram SSH/DH]]
In Nandigram, '''Nandigram Super Speciality Hospital''' serves as the town's main medical facility for specialised care.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Speciality Mess |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20170220-west-bengal-super-speciality-hospitals-block-primary-health-centres-985755-2017-02-14 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=India Today |date=14 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New seven super speciality hospital to be made in WB |url=https://aitcofficial.org/aitc/seven-new-super-speciality-hospitals-coming-up-in-west-bengal/}}</ref> Additionally, two private [[Nursing home|nursing homes]] offer further options for medical needs.

==See also==
*[[Accumulation by dispossession]]
*[[Primitive accumulation of capital]]
*[[Common land]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Purba Medinipur district]]

List of awards and nominations received by Deepika Padukone

2026-03-20T17:58:42Z

EmanuelNathan: further added content to improve readability and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Deepika Padukone
| image = Deepika Padukone at Yonex Sunrise India Open 2018 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Padukone in 2018
| wins = 57
| nominations = 127
|award1='''[[Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress|Smita Patil Memorial Award]]'''
|award1W='''1'''
|award1N= 1
|award2='''[[Filmfare Awards]]'''
|award2W='''3'''
|award2N='''10'''
|award3='''[[Screen Awards]]'''
|award3W='''10'''
|award3N='''17'''
|award4='''[[Zee Cine Awards]]'''
|award4W='''7'''
|award4N='''15'''
|award5='''[[Stardust Awards]]'''
|award5W='''3'''
|award5N='''13'''
|award6='''[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]'''
|award6W='''5'''
|award6N='''11'''
|award7='''[[IIFA Awards]]'''
|award7W='''7'''
|award7N='''15'''
|award8='''[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India]]'''
|award8W='''3'''
|award8N='''3'''
|award9='''[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]'''
|award9W='''6'''
|award9N='''16'''
|award10='''[[People's Choice Awards]]'''
|award10W='''0'''
|award10N='''1'''
|award11='''[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]'''
|award11W='''0'''
|award11N='''5'''
|award12='''[[Teen Choice Awards]]'''
|award12W='''0'''
|award12N='''4'''
|award13='''[[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]'''
|award13W='''2'''
|award13N='''2'''
}}

[[Deepika Padukone]] is an Indian actress who prominently works in [[Hindi films]]. Padukone has received 57 accolades and honors throughout her career which includes three [[Filmfare Awards]], seven [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]], five [[Producers Guild Film Awards]], ten [[Screen Awards]], three [[Stardust Awards]] and seven [[Zee Cine Awards]].

After her film debut in the 2006 [[Kannada film]] ''[[Aishwarya (film)|Aishwarya]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Another Padukone enters Kannada film industry |url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200904120313.htm |access-date=3 February 2013 |work=The Hindu |date=12 April 2009}}</ref> Padukone entered [[Bollywood]] through the blockbuster reincarnation drama ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007), for which she received Best Debut awards at various ceremonies including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] and received her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |title=Top All Time Worldwide Grossers Updated |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=13 October 2013 |date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat= |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> At the [[3rd Asian Film Awards]], she received a nomination for [[Asian Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for her role in the action comedy ''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]'' (2009). Her performances in the romantic comedy-dramas ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' (2009) and ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (2012) earned her recognition at various award ceremonies, including nominations for Best Actress at Filmfare and IIFA.

== Asian Film Awards ==
The [[Asian Film Awards]] are presented annually by the [[Hong Kong International Film Festival|Hong Kong International Film Festival society]] to recognize excellence of those in the [[Cinema of Asia|Asian film industry]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chu |first1=Karen |last2=Brzeski |first2=Patrick |title=Asian Film Awards Announces Ambitious Relaunch With Support From Top Festivals |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/asian-film-awards-announces-ambitious-679233 |access-date=19 December 2014 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=11 February 2014}}</ref> Padukone has received two nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Asian Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Padukone in race for best actress in Asian Film Awards |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-padukone-in-race-for-best-actress-in-asian-film-awards-1145766 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=3rd AFA Nominees & Winners |url=http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2009/eng/nominations.php#b4 |access-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134807/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2009/eng/nominations.php#b4 |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
|}

==BIG Star Entertainment Awards==
The [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]] is an annual event organised by the [[Reliance Broadcast Network]].<ref>{{cite news |title=It's lights, camera, entertainment at the BIG Star Entertainment Awards tonight |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Its-lights-camera-entertainment-at-the-BIG-Star-Entertainment-Awards-tonight/articleshow/45549511.cms |date=18 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Padukone has won six awards from sixteen nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2010
| {{n/a}}
| New Talent of the Decade – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations of BIG Star Entertainment Awards |date=16 December 2010 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6934/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504225809/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6934/ |archive-date=4 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Female
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar12">{{cite web |title=Deepika Padukone bags three BIG Star Entertainment awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/deepika-padukone-bags-three-big-star-entertainment-awards/ |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar12"/>
|-
| rowspan="9"| 2013
| ''[[Race 2]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Film – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar13">{{cite web |title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182337/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5890 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 January 2014 |date=12 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar13"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Most Entertaining Actor (Film) – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar13"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Chennai Express]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstarwins13">{{cite news |title=Deepika Padukone bags three BIG Star Entertainment awards |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/dec/311213-deepika-padukone-bags-three-big-star-entertainment-awards.htm |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=Mid Day |date=31 December 2013 |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127185655/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/dec/311213-deepika-padukone-bags-three-big-star-entertainment-awards.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Film – Female
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstarwins13"/>{{Dead link|date=February 2022}}
|-
| Best Romantic Couple (along with [[Shah Rukh Khan]])
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstarwins13"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor (Film) – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar13"/>
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar13"/>
|-
| Most Entertaining Dancer {for the song "[[Nagada Sang Dhol]]"}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar13"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Film – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar14">{{cite web |title=Big Star Entertainment Awards Nominations List 2014 |url=http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |access-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=Reliance Broadcast Network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216084934/http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php |archive-date=16 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Dancer {for the song "Lovely"}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar14"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Piku]]''
| Most Entertaining Actor (Film) – Female
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar15">{{cite web |title=Winners of the Big Star Entertainment Awards 2015 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9409 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216184325/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9409 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2015 |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Drama Film – Female
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="bigstar15"/>
|}

==CNN-IBN Indian of the Year==
The [[CNN-IBN Indian of the Year]] is an award presented annually by [[CNN-IBN]] since 2006 to Indians who have been judged to have helped strengthen society and build [[Brand India]] during the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianoftheyear.com/about-ioty.php |title=About Indian of the Year |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416115510/http://indianoftheyear.com/about-ioty.php |archive-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Padukone has received one award from two nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
| {{n/a}}
| Special Achievement Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=IOTY: Deepika breaks down after receiving award from father Prakash Padukone |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/440804/deepika-breaks-down-after-receiving-award-from-father-prakash-padukone.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222090020/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/440804/deepika-breaks-down-after-receiving-award-from-father-prakash-padukone.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=20 December 2013 |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{n/a}}
| Entertainment
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN-IBN Indian of the Year Nominees |url=http://www.indianoftheyear.com/nominees-entertainment.php |access-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108141123/http://www.indianoftheyear.com/nominees-entertainment.php |archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref>
|}

== ETC Bollywood Business Awards ==
The '''[[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]''' are presented annually by [[ETC Bollywood Business]] to award [[Bollywood]] films. This is the only award in India which judges films based on their box-office performances.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" width="3%" | Year
! scope="col" width="13%" | Nominated work
! scope="col" width="22%" | Category
! scope="col" width="2%" |
Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|
{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
|''[[Chennai Express]]''
''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''

''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''

''[[Race 2]]''
| Highest Grossing Actress of the Year
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/deepika-aamir-top-the-etc-bollywood-business-awards-2013_149469.html |title=Deepika, Aamir top the ETC Bollywood Business Awards 2013 |date=20 January 2014 |website=Zee News |language=en |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{n/a}}
|Social Queen
|{{won}}
|}

==Filmfare Awards==
The [[Filmfare Awards]] is one of the oldest and most prominent Hindi film award ceremonies. They are presented annually by [[The Times Group]] to honour both artistic and technical excellence.<ref name="timesgroup">{{cite news |title=Times Group takes on IIFA with new film awards |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/times-group-takes-on-iifa-with-new-film-awards-113013000097_1.html |date=30 January 2013 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref> Padukone has won four awards from 10 nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[53rd Filmfare Awards|2008]]
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/23/3610/index.html|title=Winners of 53rd Annual Filmfare Awards|date=23 February 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=23 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122012020/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/23/3610/index.html|archive-date=22 November 2011|agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref><ref name="awards1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/14225/index.html |title=Deepika Padukone: Awards & Nominations |access-date=31 December 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211032553/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/14225/index.html |archive-date=11 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
| [[55th Filmfare Awards|2010]]
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2010 |title=Nominations for 55th Idea Filmfare Awards 2009 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/02/11/5949/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605082010/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/02/11/5949/index.html |archive-date=5 June 2010 |access-date=12 February 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[58th Filmfare Awards|2013]]
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2013 |title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here! |work=Filmfare |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[59th Filmfare Awards|2014]]
| ''[[Chennai Express]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=13 January 2014 |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |work=Filmfare |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela|Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;| <ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2014 |title=Winners of 59th Idea Filmfare Awards |work=Filmfare |url=http://www.filmfare.com/showdetail.php?id=5220 |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[61st Filmfare Awards|2016]]
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;| <ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=Nominations for the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11809.html |access-date=11 January 2016 |publisher=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Piku]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;| <ref>{{cite news |date=15 January 2016 |title=Full list of winners of the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |work=Filmfare |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[64th Filmfare Awards|2019]]
| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com//news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898.html |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[66th Filmfare Awards|2021]]
| ''[[Chhapaak]]''
| style="text-align:center;| <ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2021 |title=Nominations For The 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021 |language=en |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279.html |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[69th Filmfare Awards|2024]]
|[[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']]
|style="text-align:center;| <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Nominations for 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |access-date=17 January 2024 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Indian Film Festival of Melbourne ==
The [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] (IFFM) is an annual [[Cinema of India|Indian film festival]] based in [[Melbourne]], Australia. It is presented by [[Film Victoria]] and the [[State Government of Victoria]], and produced by ''Mind Blowing Films'', a Melbourne-based distributor of Indian cinema across Australia and New Zealand. Padukone has received five nominations.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Nominated work
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela]]''
| rowspan="5" |Best Actress
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iffm.com.au/iffm2017/iffm2016/iffm2015/iffm2014/nominies.html |title=Indian Film Festival Melbourne |website=iffm.com.au |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Piku]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffm.com.au/nominees.html |title=IFFM Nominees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723132708/http://iffm.com.au/nominees.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=13 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffm.com.au/nominees.html |title=IFFM Nominees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819054531/http://www.iffm.com.au/nominees.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Padmaavat]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iffm.com.au/nominees.html |title=Indian Film Festival Melbourne |website=iffm.com.au |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706230919/http://www.iffm.com.au/nominees.html |archive-date=6 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Gehraiyaan]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavati |first=Ravali |date=2 August 2022 |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2022 Nominations: Alia Bhatt's Gangubai Kathiawadi And Suriya's Jai Bhim Make Into The List |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2022-nominations-alia-bhatts-gangubai-kathiawadi-and-suriyas-jai-bhim-make-into-the-list-756106 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==International Indian Film Academy Awards==
The [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] (IIFA Awards) are organised by Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. to honour members of the [[Bollywood]] film industry.<ref name="Dudrah2012">{{cite book |last=Dudrah |first=Rajinder Kumar |title=Bollywood Travels: Culture, Diaspora and Border Crossings in Popular Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWD1N-J9JSoC&pg=PA85 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44740-9 |page=85}}</ref> Padukone has received seven awards from fifteen nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Best Female Debut]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=And the award goes to... |date=9 June 2008 |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/iifa-2008-and-the-award-goes-to/66840-8.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=8 June 2008}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the IIFA Awards 2008 |date=16 April 2008 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/04/16/3780/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725195734/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/04/16/3780/index.html |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2010 |date=8 May 2010 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/05/08/6211/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=13 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119013821/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/05/08/6211/index.html |archive-date=19 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2013 |title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425044822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899 |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=22 February 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014
|''[[Chennai Express]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA 2013: Deepika Padukone misses Ranbir Kapoor |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/iifa-2013/deepika-padukone-misses-ranbir-kapoor-at-iifa-award_138501.htm |publisher=Zee News |date=7 July 2013 |access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|Jodi of the Year {{small|(along with [[Ranbir Kapoor]])}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="IIFA 2014">{{cite web |title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6193 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221101141/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6193 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 February 2014 |date=20 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{N/a}}
| Entertainer of the Year
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| Best Actress
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="IIFA 2014"/>
|-
|{{N/a}}
| Woman of the Year
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of IIFA Awards 2015 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/8494 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608124431/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/8494 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 June 2015 |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| rowspan="3" |Best Actress || {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Check out the IIFA 2016 nominations full list here |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-check-out-the-iifa-2016-nominations-full-list-here-2217259 |access-date=11 October 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=27 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Piku]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=IIFA Awards 2016: Bajirao Mastani to Bajrangi Bhaijaan - Here's the complete list of winners! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-iifa-awards-2016-here-s-the-complete-list-of-all-the-winners-2227982 |access-date=11 October 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=10 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
| {{nom}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-awards-2019-winners-live-updates-6003564 |title=IIFA Awards 2019: Highlights Hosted by Ayushmann Khurrana, IIFA Awards 2019 featured sensational performances by Salman Kham, Ranveer Singh, Sara Ali Khan, Katrina Kaif and Vicky Kaushal among others |year=2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chennai Express]]''
| rowspan="2" |IIFA 20 Years Award for Best Actress
| {{Won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://specialawards.iifa.com/index.html |title=INTRODUCING 5 Special Awards for IIFA 2019, 19 Glorious Years,19 Winners 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820083751/https://specialawards.iifa.com/index.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Piku]]''
| {{nom}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2019 |title=IIFA 2019 nominations: Andhadhun grabs maximum nods, Raazi and Padmaavat follow |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2019-nominations-andhadhun-tops-the-chart-raazi-and-padmaavat-follow-5944184/ |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==NDTV Indian of the Year==
The [[NDTV Indian of the Year]] is an annual award presented by [[NDTV]]. Padukone has received two awards.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2014
| Entertainer of the Year
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepika Padukone wins Entertainer of the Year |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/deepika-padukone-wins-entertainer-of-the-year/319234 |publisher=NDTV |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| Actor of the Year (Female)
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=NDTV Indian Of The Year: Awardees |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/ndtv-indian-of-the-year-awardees-21428 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
|}

==People's Choice Awards India==
The [[People's Choice Awards India]] is the Indian version of the [[People's Choice Awards|American awards show]] recognising Indian film, television, music and sports.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |title=People's Choice Awards to Launch in India |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/peoples-choice-awards-launching-india-381417 |access-date=16 December 2014 |work=The Hollywood Reporters |date=20 October 2012}}</ref> Padukone has received one nomination.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2012
| {{n/a}}
| Favorite Movie Youth Icon
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=People's Choice Awards (India) |url=http://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011729/http://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php |archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref>
|}

==Producers Guild Film Awards==
The [[Producers Guild Film Awards]] (previously known as the Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards) are presented by the Producers Guild to honour and recognise the professional excellence of their peers. Padukone has received five awards from eleven nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title='Chak De..' has a field day at Producers Guild Awards |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-chak-de-has-a-field-day-at-producers-guild-awards-1158103 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=31 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010
| {{n/a}}
| Chevrolet Heartbeat of the Nation (Female)
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Star-studded Apsara Awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/star-studded-apsara-awards-363202-2010-01-11 |work=India Today |date=11 January 2010 |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| rowspan="6" | [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title='Love Aaj Kal' bags 15 nominations at Apsara awards |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/love-aaj-kal-bags-15-nominations-at-apsara-awards/66792 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=Mid Day |date=16 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=8th Apsara Awards - Nominees |url=http://apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| ''[[Chennai Express]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 9th Renault Star Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6035 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119200133/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6035 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="starguild14"/>
|-
| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="starguild14">{{cite web |title=Nominations for 9th Renault Star Guild Awards |date=15 January 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6028 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117021800/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6028 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for 10th Renault Star Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7741 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108165539/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7741 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Finding Fanny]]'' & ''Happy New Year''
| Entertainer of the Year
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepika Padukone, Priyanka Chopra, Alia Bhatt Shine at Star Guild Awards 2015 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-priyanka-chopra-alia-bhatt-shine-at-star-guild-awards-2015-726024 |publisher=NDTV |date=12 January 2015 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress in a Leading Role || {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for 11th Renault Sony Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9444 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083559/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9444 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 December 2015 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Piku]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 11th Renault Star Guild Awards |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bajirao-mastani-wins-big-at-the-guild-awards-2016-ranveer-singh-best-actor-deepika-best-actress/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 December 2015 |access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Screen Awards==
The [[Star Screen Awards]] is a yearly ceremony honouring professional excellence in the Hindi language film industry. Padukone has won ten awards from sixteen nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards1"/>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]] (along with [[Shah Rukh Khan]])
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards1"/>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Nokia 16th Annual Star Screen Awards 2009 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/599/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116065844/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/599/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 January 2014 |date=31 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=D-DAY nears |work=The Indian Express |date=30 December 2010 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dday-nears/730316/0 |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Desi Boyz]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners+of+18th+Annual+Colors+Screen+Awards+2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231050757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners+of+18th+Annual+Colors+Screen+Awards+2012 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vote for your favorite star |date=4 January 2013 |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vote-for-your-favourite-star/1054030/ |access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations: 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105020213/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |date=2 January 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014
| {{n/a}}
| Life Ok Screen Hero Award
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Screen Awards 2014 Winners">{{cite web |title=Winners of 20th Annual Life OK Screen Awards |date=14 January 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116094559/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/6026 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Chennai Express]]'' & ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela]]''
| Best Actress (Popular Choice)
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Screen Awards 2014 Winners"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Screen Awards 2014 Winners"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2015
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Finding Fanny]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="screen2015">{{cite news |title=21st Annual Life OK Screen Awards nominations |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/ |access-date=8 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Best Ensemble Cast
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="screen2015"/>
|-
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| rowspan="2" | Best Actress (Popular Choice)
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120115-screen-awards-2015-live/ |title=Highlights: 21st Life OK Screen Awards: Shahid Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra win Best Actor, 'Queen' Best Film |last=Sharma |first=Sarika |work=The Indian Express |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="screen2016">{{cite news |title=Life OK Screen Awards winners |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/screen-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1263815 |access-date=9 January 2016 |date=9 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Piku]]''
|Best Actress
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="screen2016"/>
|-
| 2017
| {{n/a}}
| Best Style Icon
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 23rd Annual Star Screen Awards 2016 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-23rd-annual-star-screen-awards-2016/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=4 December 2016 |access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Padmaavat]]''
|Best Actress
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/star-screen-awards-2018-full-winners-list-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-rajkummar-rao-walk-away-with-trophies-bollywood-news/332088 |title=Star Screen Awards 2018 FULL winners list: Ranveer Singh, Alia Bhatt, Rajkummar Rao walk away with trophies {{!}} Bollywood News |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=17 December 2018 |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref>
|}

==South Indian International Movie Awards==
[[South Indian International Movie Awards]], rewards the artistic and technical achievements of the [[South Indian film industry]]. Padukone has received one nomination.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| {{pending}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siima.in/vote |title=SIIMA 2025: Check out the nominations details inside |website=South Indian International Movie Awards |date=20 August 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Stardust Awards==
The [[Stardust Awards]] are presented by ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'' magazine. They honour professional excellence in the Hindi film industry. Padukone has won three awards from thirteen nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Stardust Superstar of Tomorrow - Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2008 |date=25 December 2007 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/12/25/3391/index.html |access-date=31 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011234718/http://indiafm.com/features/2007/12/25/3391/index.html |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2010 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/644/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219045100/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/644/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 January 2010 |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011
| ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]''
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Thriller or Action|Best Actress in a Thriller or Action]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust11">{{cite web |title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/22/7034/index.html |date=22 January 2011 |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814215053/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/22/7034/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance|Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust11"/>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2012
| ''[[Aarakshan]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust12">{{cite web |title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213031322/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2012 |date=6 February 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Desi Boyz]]''
|[[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama|Best Actress in a Drama]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust12" />
|-
| {{n/a}}
| Style Icon of The Year
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite video |title=MAX Stardust Awards - Style Icon Of The Year - Deepika Padukone |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkOX0sGW5l8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228145525/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkOX0sGW5l8&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=31 December 2014 |date=25 February 2012 |publisher=SET India}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| Best Actress in a Drama
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4437 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125021050/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4437 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014
| ''[[Finding Fanny]]'' & ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| [[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of Stardust Awards 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7635 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215100048/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7635 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 December 2014 |access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''Finding Fanny''
| [[Stardust Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust2014">{{cite web |title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7612 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210064653/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7612 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''Happy New Year''
| Best Actress in a Thriller or Action
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="stardust2014"/>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Piku]] &'' ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
| Star of the Year – Female
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Aishwarya, Deepika, Akshay : List of winners at Stardust Awards 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-deepika-akshay-list-of-winners-at-stardust-awards-2015/ |access-date=25 January 2016 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2015 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-stardust-awards-2015/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011231452/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-stardust-awards-2015/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 October 2016 |date=15 December 2015}}</ref>
|}

== Asiavision Awards ==
The [[Asiavision Awards]] have been held annually since 2006 to honor the artistes and technicians of Indian cinema and television. Padukone has received one award from this event.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Recipient
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|Deepika Padukone
|Global Icon of India
|{{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|}

== Teen Choice Awards ==
The [[Teen Choice Awards]] is an annual US award ceremony show that airs on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox Network]]. The awards honor the year's biggest achievements in music, movies, sports, television, fashion and other categories, voted by teen viewers.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Nominated work
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
| rowspan="3" |''[[xXx: Return of Xander Cage]]''
|Choice Action Movie Actress
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/teen-choice-awards-2017-nominees |title=The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award |last=Ceron |first=Ella |work=Teen Vogue |access-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Choice Breakout Movie Star
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7865210/teen-choice-awards-2017-nominations-second-wave |title=Selena Gomez Leads Second Wave of Teen Choice Awards 2017 Nominations |magazine=Billboard |access-date=14 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Choice Movie Ship (along with [[Ruby Rose]])
|{{Nom}}
|-
|{{N/a}}
|Choice Female Hottie
|{{Nom}}
|}

== Cosmopolitan Fun Fearless Awards ==
The[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)| Cosmopolitan Fun Fearless Awards]] is an annual award that celebrates achievers. That year featured a notable roster of successful individuals. Padukone has received two awards respectively.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Recipient
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2012
|rowspan="2"|Deepika Padukone
|Most Stylish Female Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/cosmopolitan-fff-awards-winners-all-the-away-93729-2012-02-20 |title=Cosmopolitan awards: Winners all the way |website=India Today |date=21 February 2012 |access-date=21 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|Sexiest Female
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressport.com/uk/news/files/deepika-cosmo-awards-1-16531 |title=Deepika Cosmo Awards 1 |website=Pressport}}</ref>
|}

==Zee Cine Awards==
The [[Zee Cine Awards]] are presented by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] for the Hindi film industry. The awards were inaugurated in 1998 and are a mixture of categories decided on by public votes and by an industry jury. The awards were not presented in 2009 and 2010, but were resumed from 2011. Padukone has won seven awards from Fifteen nominations.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite video |date=26 April 2008 |title=Best Actor Female |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/2008/videos/best-actor-female-1.html |publisher=Zee TV |location=London, England |access-date=14 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214110354/http://www.zeecineawards.com/2008/videos/best-actor-female-1.html |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |last=Mahmood |first=Abdulla |title=Bollywood carnival at Zee Cine Awards |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/bollywood-carnival-at-zee-cine-awards-1.99938 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=Gulf News |date=28 April 2008}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011
| ''[[Break Ke Baad]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html |date=1 January 2011 |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415033726/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html |archive-date=15 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{n/a}}
| International Female Icon
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html |title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2011 |access-date=15 January 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822005736/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7016/index.html |archive-date=22 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| Best Actor – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2013: Vote for your favourite star right away |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/zee-cine-awards-2013-vote-for-your-favourite-star-right-away_125596.html |publisher=Zee News |access-date=9 March 2014 |date=3 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2014
| {{n/a}}
| Dhamakedar Performer
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ZCA 2014 Winners">{{cite web |last=Mudi |first=Aparna |title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: SRK, Deepika win for 'Chennai Express' |date=24 February 2014 |publisher=Zee News |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-live-update_151174.html}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chennai Express]]''
| rowspan="3" | Best Actor – Female
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ZCA 2014">{{cite news |title=Zee Cine Awards: Deepika gets maximum nominations for Best female Actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zee-cine-awards-2014-nominations-out-177583-2014-01-19 |access-date=21 January 2014 |work=India Today |date=20 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela: Ram-Leela]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ZCA 2014 Winners" />
|-
| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ZCA 2014" />
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2016
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Piku]]''
| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor (Critics) – Female]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ZCA 2016">{{cite web |title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2016 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2016/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 October 2016 |date=20 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Cine Awards 2016: Here are the nominations for the awards |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-here-are-the-nominations-for-the-jury-awards-2178867 |access-date=1 November 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=20 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221113341/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-here-are-the-nominations-for-the-jury-awards-2178867 |archive-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="ZCA 2016" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor (Critics) – Female
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/voting/best-actor-female/ |publisher=Zee Television |title=Best Actor Female |access-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208094922/http://www.zeecineawards.com/voting/best-actor-female/ |archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
|{{Won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-cine-awards-2019-winners-list/ |title=ZEE Cine Awards 2019: Winners list 2019 |work=BizAsiaLive |date=19 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Gehraiyaan]]''
|Best Actor – Female
|{{nom}}
|align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
|2024
|''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
|Best Actor – Female
|{{nom}}
|align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|}

==Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India==
The [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India]] is the Indian version of the American awards show recognising Indian Film, TV, Music and Sports.
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width="3%" | Year
! scope="col" width="13%" | Award / Organisation
! scope="col" width="20%" | Category
! scope="col" width="20%" | Result
! scope="col" width="22%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2013
| rowspan="3" | [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India]]
| Most Popular Actress
| {{won}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/1st-kids-choice-awards-india-13/articleshow/25800437.cms |title=1st Kids' Choice Awards India '13 |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| Best Actress (Female) - ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan bags Kids' Icon of the year award, Varun Dhawan-Alia Bhatt best pair |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-bags-kids-icon-of-the-year-award-varun-dhawan-alia-bhatt-best-pair-4413307/ |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
|Power House Performer Of The Year - ''[[Padmaavat]]''
|{{won}}
|align="center"|{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|}

==International honors and media titles==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
|-
! scope="col" width="3%" | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" | Award / Organisation
! scope="col" width="22%" | Category
! scope="col" width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| [[Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity]]
| Gold Lion for Nike's Da Da Ding campaign
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising/cannes-lions-2017wieden-kennedy-wins-film-gold-for-nikes-da-da-ding-with-media-by-mindshare-indias-metal-tally-reaches-40_69407.html |title=Cannes Lions 2017: Wieden & Kennedy wins Film Gold for Nike's Da Da Ding with media by Mindshare; India's metal tally reaches 40 |date=27 June 2017 |access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]
| Invited As New Membership
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/academy-new-members-class-of-2017-1202481404/ |title=Academy Invites Record 774 New Members |date=28 June 2017 |access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Guinness World Records]]''
|Highest Earning Bollywood Actress With 112.8C
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest-earning Bollywood actress (current) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-earning-bollywood-star-female |access-date= |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
| [[World Economic Forum|Crystal Award by World Economic Forum]]
| for her [[The Live Love Laugh Foundation]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/deepika-padukone-feted-with-crystal-award-at-wef-stresses-on-importance-of-mental-health-quotes-martin-luther-king/articleshow/73471900.cms |title=Deepika Padukone feted with Crystal Award at WEF; stresses on importance of mental health, quotes Martin Luther King |date=23 January 2020 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| Make It Large Award (''[[Chhapaak]]'')
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mirchi-awards-2020-full-winners-list-kalank-bags-major-wins-as-deepika-padukone-makes-a-statement/story-0T39x4IZja72Wi893VT21I.html |title=Mirchi Awards 2020 full winners list: Kalank bags major wins as Deepika Padukone makes a statement |date=20 February 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name |nm2138653 |section=awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Awards And Nominations Received By Deepika Padukone}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Padukone, Deepika]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2008]]
[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment-related lists]]
[[Category:Indian film-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of film awards]]
[[Category:Lists of accolades by American film]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian actors]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema-related lists]]

Mailam Assembly constituency

2026-03-15T07:00:44Z

EmanuelNathan:

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 71
| map_image = Constitution-Mailam.svg

| Existence =
| district = [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| mla = [[C. Sivakumar]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Mailam
| electors = 2,20,236<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222104241/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC071.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC071.pdf|access-date= 27 Jan 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref>
| Reservation =
| most_successful_party =
}}

'''Mailam''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, that was formed after constituency [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitations]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008 |url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-15 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 71. Located in [[Viluppuram district]], it comprises portions of the [[Gingee taluk|Gingee]] and [[Tindivanam taluk]]s. It is included in [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. P. Nagarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[R. Masilamani]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=71}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[C. Sivakumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://viluppuram.nic.in/about-district/elected-representatives/|title = Elected Representatives | Viluppuram District, Govt of Tamil Nadu | India}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|46.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.92}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mailam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. Shanmugam]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Vijay Vikram |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =212788 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mailam<ref>{{cite web |title=mailam Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a071|access-date= 25 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Sivakumar]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=81,044 |percentage=46.02% |change=+31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dr. R. Masilamani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,814 |percentage=44.75% |change=+3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Umamaheswari |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,340 |percentage=4.74% |change=+4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sundaresan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,921 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=884 |percentage=0.50% |change=-0.5 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,230 |percentage=1.27% |change=-5.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=176,105 |percentage=79.96% |change= -1.04% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=119 |percentage=0.07% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,236 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mailam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Dr. R. Masilamani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,880 |percentage=41.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Annadurai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,574 |percentage=34.21% |change=-19.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Rajashekaran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=25,711 |percentage=15.02% |change=-25.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Balaji]] |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=10,866 |percentage=6.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,722 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,306 |percentage=7.19% |change=-6.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=171,211 |percentage=81.00% |change= -1.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,372 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mailam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Nagarajan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,656 |percentage=53.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Prakash |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=61,575 |percentage=40.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Elumalai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,844 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vinayagamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,555 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vasanthi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,506 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vijayan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,191 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nedunchezhiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=813 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,081 |percentage=13.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=183,634 |percentage=82.47% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,434 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
*[[Delimitation Commission of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|12.127|79.619|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Stephen Fuchs

2026-03-10T04:42:18Z

EmanuelNathan: added details

{{short description|Austrian anthropologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Stephen Fuchs
| image = Stephen Fuchs (anthropologist).png
| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|04|30}}
| birth_place = [[Bruck an der Mur]], [[Styria]], Austria
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|01|17|1908|04|30}}
| death_place = St. Gabriel, [[Mödling]], Austria
| occupation = [[Anthropologist]]
| known_for = Research on the cultures of [[Tribes of India|tribal]] and [[dalit]] peoples of India
| boards = ex–editorial board member of [[Asian Folklore Studies]]
| awards = [[Austrian Decoration for Science and Art#Cross of Honour for Science and Art, First Class|Cross of Honour for Science and Art, First Class]]
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]] (Ph.D.)
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| influences = [[Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)|Wilhelm Schmidt]]
| discipline = Anthropology
| sub_discipline = {{br separated entries|[[Ethnology]]|[[Ethnography]]}}
| workplaces = Founder and ex–director of Institute of Indian Culture, Mumbai
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests = Ethnology and prehistory of India
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
}}
'''Stephen Fuchs''' (April 30, 1908 – January 17, 2000) was an Austrian Catholic priest, missionary, and [[anthropologist]] who researched the [[ethnology]] and [[Prehistory of India|prehistory]] of India. After obtaining a Ph.D. in ethnology and [[Indology]] from the University of Vienna in 1950, Fuchs moved to India where he assisted in founding the Department of Anthropology at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]] in Bombay.{{refn|group=note|Bombay was officially renamed as Mumbai on 22 November 1995<ref>{{cite book |title=From Ancient to Modern: Religion, Power, and Community in India |edition=2, illustrated |editor1-first=Ishita |editor1-last=Banerjee–Dube |editor2-first=Saurabh |editor2-last=Dube |editor2-link=Saurabh Dube |article=Speaking of Caste? Colonial and Indigenous Interpretations of Caste and Community in Nineteenth–century Bombay |first=Frank F. |last=Conlon |year=2009 |page=308 |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=New Delhi, India; Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0195696622 |lccn=2009341314}}</ref>}} After a brief imprisonment for being misidentified as a German missionary by the British government during World War II, Fuchs founded the Indian Branch of the {{ill|Anthropos Institute|de|Anthropos-Institut}}, later renamed the Institute of Indian Culture. Fuchs, because of health concerns, moved to Austria in 1996 and died at the age of 91 in [[Mödling]], Austria.

In his research, Fuchs conducted field studies in Central India. He focused particularly on the customs and beliefs of modern Indian tribes. Originally when he moved to India, he researched solely the social and cultural customs of modern-day central Indian tribes. After founding the Institute of Indian Culture, Fuchs researched the cultures of ancient India, back to India's original inhabitants.

==Early life and education==
Fuchs was born on 30 April 1908 at [[Bruck an der Mur]] in [[Styria]], Austria. Later, his family moved to [[Graz]], where he studied at the advanced mission high school of the [[Society of the Divine Word]] (SVD) from 1922 to 1927. He joined the SVD's in 1927, and studied philosophy at St. Augustine in Bonn, Germany from 1927 to 1930, and [[theology]] at St. Gabriel in Mödling, Austria from 1930 to 1934. In Mödling, he took linguistics classes from [[Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)|Wilhelm Schmidt]] who taught ethnology and linguistics at the seminary of St. Gabriel. It was after coming in contact with Schmidt that he decided to become an anthropologist.<ref name="N">{{cite journal |first=S. M. |last=Michael |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Knecht |editor2-first=Clark |editor2-last=Chilson |year=2000 |title=Stephen Fuchs SVD (1908–2000): Founder of the Institute of Indian Culture |pages=141–145 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=59 |issue=1 |publisher=Anthropological Institute, Nanzan University |place=Japan |jstor=1179031 |jstor-access=free |issn=0257-9774}}</ref><ref name="NVmbH">{{cite journal |first=Josef |last=Salmen |translator-first=Ernest |translator-last=Brandewie |editor1-first=Othmar |editor1-last=Gächter |editor2-first=Joachim |editor2-last=Piepke |editor3-first=Anton |editor3-last=Quack |year=2000 |title=Fr. Stephen Fuchs (1908–2000) |pages=537–542 |journal=Anthropos |volume=95 |issue=2 |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH |jstor=40465958 |jstor-access=free |issn=0257-9774}}</ref>

Later in 1934, he was ordained and appointed by the SVD's to one of its missions that was opened in 1932 in [[Indore]], (in the modern [[Madhya Pradesh]]), in India. There, he learned English, Hindi, and the local dialects of Madhya Pradesh, before carrying out studies and fieldwork in central India.<ref name="NVmbH"/><ref name="N"/> In 1947, the SVD [[General chapter]] decided that there should be an ethnologist in each of its mission areas, and consequently, he was commissioned by the SVD to study ethnology.<ref name="BP"/> He went back to Austria in 1948 and began studying at the [[University of Vienna]] for a Ph.D. in the fields of ethnology and Indology. He was able to complete his PhD in 1950, just two years, because of the large amount of field material he brought back from India to Austria and the articles he had already published on ethnography.<ref name="N"/> For his Ph.D. dissertation, he studied the Bhumias' ([[Baiga tribe]]'s branch) ritual of "[[horse sacrifice]]" and highlighted the relatedness between [[Aryans]]' [[Ashvamedha]] and their ritual of sacrificing a horse.<ref>{{cite journal |first=S. M. |last=Michael |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Knecht |editor2-first=Clark |editor2-last=Chilson |year=2000 |title=Stephen Fuchs SVD (1908–2000): Founder of the Institute of Indian Culture |page=143 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=59 |issue=1 |publisher=Anthropological Institute, Nanzan University |place=Nagoya, Japan |jstor=1179031 |jstor-access=free |issn=0257-9774 |quote=He was awarded a Doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1950 for his study of the horse sacrifice, an important sacrificial ritual of the Bhumias (a branch of the Baiga tribe). In the dissertation he showed the connection between this ritual and the Ashva Medha horse sacrifice of the Aryans.}}</ref>

==Research==
Along with being an anthropologist, Fuchs was a Catholic priest and missionary. Fuchs saw himself predominately as a scientist and a researcher. Bernd Pflug writes, "It is hard to say who was the more dominant in Fuchs—the missionary or the scholar? There is evidence for both, but looking at his anthropological research as a whole over more than six decades, it seems plausible to argue that the scholar in Fuchs had always the upper hand though this hand was tied to the task of mission." Fuchs believed that he could combine his "missionary work with scholarly contributions to early Indian civilisation".<ref name="BP">{{cite journal |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=20–34 |year=2018 |publisher=[[Indian Sociological Society]] |issn=0038-0229 |first=Bernd |last=Pflug |title=Between Ethnography and Mission in India: The Anthropology of Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.1177/0038022917751975 |s2cid=149400104 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He spent several decades undertaking studies in India on the country's ethnology and prehistory.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Rudolf |last=Rahmann |editor1-first=Joseph |editor1-last=Baumgartner |editor2-first=Rita |editor2-last=Chia |editor3-first=Herman |editor3-last=van Engelen |editor4-first=Wilhelm |editor4-last=Flieger |editor5-first=Joseph |editor5-last=Goertz |editor6-first=Lourdes R. |editor6-last=Quisumbing |editor7-first=Enrique |editor7-last=Schoenig |editor8-first=Leonidas S. |editor8-last=Tan |editor9-first=Lourdes Y. |editor9-last=Varela |editor10-first=Eugene |editor10-last=Verstraelen |display-editors=4 |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=2 |issue=4 |date=December 1974 |page=262 |title=Reviewed Work: The Aboriginal Tribes of India by Stephen Fuchs |publisher=University of San Carlos Publications |place=Cebu City, Philippines |jstor=29791174 |jstor-access=free |quote=The author of this book, Dr. Stephen Fuchs, SVD, is the Acting Director of the Institute of Indian Culture in Bombay. He has worked in the field of Indian ethnology and prehistory for forty years. The extensive experience acquired during this long period has been deepened by his great devotion to his tasks as researcher, lecturer and writer.}}</ref> The [[Tribes of India|tribal]] and "small-scale communities" of India were the primary focus of his research in central India. He did anthropological research on the "earliest inhabitants of India" to elucidate "the prehistory of the 'primitives or aborigines' and the early history of the 'high' cultures of India".<ref name="BP"/>

He was an editorial board member of the [[Asian Folklore Studies]]. He had a "deep fascination" for the cultures of the tribal and dalit peoples of India. Sebastian M. Michael, the director of the Institute of Indian Culture, writes: "...like Wilhelm Schmidt, he was convinced of the need to collect historical material about simple people throughout the world in order to understand humanity. His commitment developed into a veritable love affair with India and her rich tribal and dalit heritage."<ref name="N"/> Wilhelm Schmidt had mentored Fuchs, however, Fuchs dissociated himself from Schmidt's [[Kulturkreis|culture circle]] theory (developed as part of the Vienna School of Ethnology{{refn|group=note|A 20th century anthropology movement}} in the early 1900s) which Pflug considers to be "rigid". According to Pflug, Fuchs "accepted a somewhat more flexible form of [[Cultural area|culture area]] theory".<ref name="BP"/> Josef Salmen viewed him as a [[cultural anthropologist]].<ref name="NVmbH"/>

===Initial research===
Fuchs initiated his studies by researching the [[Chamar]] caste's [[Socio-cultural anthropology|socio–cultural]] life, and wrote his first article in 1937 in ''Anthropos (journal)'' on the customs, marriage, and festivals of the Chamars. He researched central India's tribal communities, including the [[Korkus]] among who he stayed recurrently, learned the [[Korku language]], and garnered data on their customs, festivals, and religious beliefs.<ref name="N"/> He worked among the [[Balahi (caste)|Balahis]] of [[Nimar District|Nimar]] for nearly a decade.<ref name="KD"/> He studied their culture, beliefs, and social organizations.<ref name="KD"/><ref name="WNB"/>

During the second world war, along with other missionaries from Germany, he was designated as an [[enemy alien]] by the [[British Indian Empire|British government in India]] and sent to a prison camp. His research work was halted for the duration of his imprisonment. He was later set free in 1945 after it came to light that he was an Austrian. During his confinement, he went back through the observations and notes that he had assembled on the beliefs and customs of Nimar's Balahis, and later in 1950 in Vienna, published a book titled ''The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India''. After his release in 1945, he began studying the [[Gonds]] and [[Baiga tribe|Baigas]], and resumed studies among the Korkus. Around this time, he developed interest in the Bhumias of [[Mandla district]] in Madhya Pradesh in whose villages he oftentimes stayed for long durations of time. In Madhya Pradesh, he carried out research on the Bhumias, [[Bhils]], [[Bhilala]]s, Balahis, [[Gonds]], Korkus, and sweeper castes; and in [[Uttar Pradesh]], he conducted research on the Chamar people in the [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]] and [[Ballia district|Ballia]] districts. Later, he studied in Austria between 1948 and 1950 for his doctorate degree.<ref name="N"/>

===Later research===
After completing his PhD. in 1950 from Austria, Fuchs moved back to India and assisted in the establishment of the Department of Anthropology at Mumbai's [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], and worked as a lecturer in [[cultural anthropology]] at the college from 1950 to 1954. He later resigned to dedicate all of his time to conduct [[field research]].<ref name="N"/> In 1950, he established the Indian Branch of the Anthropos Institute at Mumbai as its founder and director.<ref name="BP"/> He delivered lectures on the cultures of ancient India at the [[University of Bombay]]<ref name="NVmbH"/>{{refn|group=note|The University of Bombay was officially renamed as the University of Mumbai on 4 September 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=About university |website=University of Mumbai |url=http://archive.mu.ac.in/About%20University.html |place=Mumbai, India |access-date=September 12, 2020}}</ref>}} and was a [[visiting scholar]] of anthropology and [[philosophy of India]] at the [[University of San Carlos]] in the Philippines between 1961 and 1962.<ref name="N"/> The Anthropos Institute in Mumbai was renamed in 1976 as the "Institute of Indian Culture" and later gained recognition as a centre for postgraduate research in anthropology and sociology from the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name="BP"/>

[[Owen Lynch]] noted that Fuchs had researched India's politico–religious movements that had been narrated but not acknowledged as messianic, including the [[Satnampanth]] and [[List of Mahdi claimants|Mahdi movements]]. Fuchs had studied 46 such movements and compiled those movements in his book ''Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions (1965)''. Fuchs supported [[M. N. Srinivas]]'s theory of [[Sanskritization]] by offering examples in the book.<ref name="OML">{{cite journal |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New |volume=69 |issue=3/4 |date=June–August 1967 |pages=395–396 |publisher=Wiley |first=Owen M. |last=Lynch |editor1-first=Ward H. |editor1-last=Goodenough |editor2-first=Ann |editor2-last=Raney |editor3-first=Raymond D. |editor3-last=Fogelson |editor4-first=Gordon D. |editor4-last=Gibson |editor5-first=Robert |editor5-last=Ascher |editor6-first=William H. |editor6-last=Davenport |editor7-first=Harold E. |editor7-last=Driver |editor8-first=Robert H. |editor8-last=Dyson (Jr.) |editor9-first=Dell H. |editor9-last=Hymes |editor10-first=Francis E. |editor10-last=Johnston |editor11-first=Igor |editor11-last=Kopytoff |editor12-first=Ruben E. |editor12-last=Reina |editor13-first=Robert J. |editor13-last=Smith |editor14-first=William C. |editor14-last=Sturtevant |editor15-first=Anthony F. C. |editor15-last=Wallace |editor16-first=Dorothy |editor16-last=Waters |display-editors=4 |title=Reviewed Work: Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.1525/aa.1967.69.3-4.02a00340 |jstor=669958 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Fuchs had argued that the idea of a savior or messiah exists not only in the Biblical Christian thought, but it has persistently surfaced in the Indian religious movements and occurrences through historical and mythological persons of note, e.g. [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Philosophy East and West|East and West]] |volume=24 |issue=3/4 |date=September–December 1974 |page=462 |publisher=[[Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente]] |place=Rome, Italy |first=Massimo |last=Scaligero |editor1-first=Giuseppe |editor1-last=Tucci |editor2-first=Domenico |editor2-last=Faccenna |editor3-first=Lionello |editor3-last=Lanciotti |editor4-first=Maurizio |editor4-last=Taddei |author-link=Massimo Scaligero |editor1-link=Giuseppe Tucci |title=Reviewed Work: Rebellious Prophets. A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions by Stephen Fuchs |jstor=29756030 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

Fuchs researched the ancient history of India, particularly the Aryans, [[Dravidians]] and India's autochthonous peoples, the aborigines who, according to him, represented India's earliest populace.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Josef |last=Salmen |translator-first=Ernest |translator-last=Brandewie |editor1-first=Othmar |editor1-last=Gächter |editor2-first=Joachim |editor2-last=Piepke |editor3-first=Anton |editor3-last=Quack |year=2000 |title=Fr. Stephen Fuchs (1908–2000) |pages=537–542 |journal=Anthropos |volume=95 |issue=2 |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH |jstor=40465958 |jstor-access=free |issn=0257-9774 |quote=Beginning with the Aryans, he traced this history back to the Dravidians and even further back to the original inhabitants of India, to the "primitives or aborigines," as they were often called. These, for Fuchs, were representatives of the earliest inhabitants of India.}}</ref> His anthropological research on the earliest populace of India led him to cast light on the prehistory and early history of India's aborigines and "high" cultures, respectively.<ref name="BP"/> He was of the opinion that the Aryans were migrating to India and Europe from the [[inner Asia|inner Asian regions]] which had resulted in the genesis of the [[Indo-European language family]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Samarth Modku |last=Dahiwale |editor-first=Samarth Modku |editor-last=Dahiwale |others=Department of Sociology, [[University of Pune]] |title=Understanding Indian Society: The Non-Brahmanic Perspective |edition=reprint |type=Conference papers and proceedings |year=2005 |page=161 |publisher=Rawat Publications |place=Jaipur |isbn=978-8170338949 |lccn=2005318244 |oclc=60669219 |quote=Dr Stephen Fuchs' study on the 'Vedic Horse Sacrifice in its Culture-Historical Relations' (1996) also shows that the Aryans have been migrating from inner Asia in India and Europe and thus giving birth to the Indo-European language groups, which includes most European languages and many languages of western Asia, including Sanskrit and Hindi.}}</ref> He believed that to ascertain the origination of the practice of [[untouchability]], the Indologists must "penetrate deeply enough" in the history of the peoples who have had ascendancy in India.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |year=2005 |first=Najibul Hasan |last=Khan |title=Constitutional Safeguards and Protective Measures of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes — A Critical Appraisal |pages=8–9 |website=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/13166/1/T6367.pdf |access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>

==Written work==
Fuchs' ''The Origin of Man and His Culture (1963)'' was reviewed by Harumi Befu of the [[University of Michigan]] who raised concerns over and questioned Fuchs' knowledge of [[paleontology]], racial classification, and the advances in genetics. Befu further noted that Fuchs offered "only stages and no mechanism or process of evolution from one stage to another."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harumi |last=Befu |editor1-first=George D. |editor1-last=Spindler |editor2-first=Louise S. |editor2-last=Spindler |editor3-first=Alan R. |editor3-last=Beals |editor4-first=William C. |editor4-last=Sturtevant |editor5-first=Gordon D. |editor5-last=Gibson |editor6-first=J. Desmond |editor6-last=Clark |editor7-first=Bert A. |editor7-last=Gerow |editor8-first=Eugene A. |editor8-last=Hammel |editor9-first=Dell H. |editor9-last=Hymes |editor10-first=Marvin K. |editor10-last=Opler |editor11-first=Bernard J. |editor11-last=Siegel |editor12-first=Sherwood L. |editor12-last=Washburn |editor13-first=James B. |editor13-last=Watson |editor14-first=Dorothy L. |editor14-last=Ester |editor4-link=William C. Sturtevant |display-editors=4 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=67 |issue=1 |date=February 1965 |pages=170–171 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |title=Reviewed Work: The Origin of Man and His Culture by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.1525/aa.1965.67.1.02a00620 |jstor=668713 |jstor-access=free|doi-access=free }}</ref> Fuchs, however, drew some praise from R. K. Mutatkar for his unbiased approach towards the "discussion of the theory of anthropology" despite taking in the "Indian material"; though, Mutatkar noted that Fuchs attempted to offer "too much" information in a single book, and as a consequence, several key topics got inadequate coverage.<ref>{{cite journal |first=R. K. |last=Mutatkar |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |volume=24 |year=1963–1964 |pages=120–121 |publisher=Vice Chancellor, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University), Pune |title=Reviewed Work: The Origin of Man and His Culture by Stephen Fuchs |jstor=42929806 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

Fuchs' ''Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions (1965)'' was assessed by [[Kenelm Burridge]]<ref name="KB">{{cite journal |journal=Man |series=New |volume=1 |issue=4 |date=December 1966 |pages=585–586 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |place=London, UK |first=Kenelm O. L. |last=Burridge |editor1-first=A. C. |editor1-last=Mayer |editor2-first=J. D. |editor2-last=Evans |editor3-first=B. |editor3-last=Benedict |title=Reviewed Work: Rebellious Prophets: A Study of Messianic Movements in Indian Religions. by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.2307/2798408 |jstor=2798408 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> and Owen Lynch.<ref name="OML"/> Assessing the book, Burridge noted that Fuchs assembled "a wide range of much neglected material on Indian 'messianic' movements".<ref name="KB"/> Lynch stated that Fuchs did "a factual reporting of the data at hand".<ref name="OML"/> [[Indiana University]]'s David Bidney reviewed Fuchs' coauthored book ''Essays in Ethnology (1969)'' that comprises 13 essays, all of which have "historical ethnology as developed by [[Fritz Graebner]], Wilhelm Schmidt, [[Wilhelm Koppers]] and their followers" as the common subject matter. Assessing the essays, Bidney stated that though the authors were focused on the prehistory, they did not "clarify and resolve the basic issues" which their predecessors left for them.<ref>{{cite journal |first=David |last=Bidney |editor1-first=Ward H. |editor1-last=Goodenough |editor2-first=Ronald |editor2-last=Hicks |editor3-first=Raymond D. |editor3-last=Fogelson |editor4-first=Gordon D. |editor4-last=Gibson |editor5-first=Robert |editor5-last=Ascher |editor6-first=William H. |editor6-last=Davenport |editor7-first=Harold E. |editor7-last=Driver |editor8-first=Robert H. |editor8-last=Dyson (Jr.) |editor9-first=Dell H. |editor9-last=Hymes |editor10-first=Francis E. |editor10-last=Johnston |editor11-first=Igor |editor11-last=Kopytoff |editor12-first=Ruben E. |editor12-last=Reina |editor13-first=Robert J. |editor13-last=Smith |editor14-first=Anthony F. C. |editor14-last=Wallace |editor15-first=K.-Peter |editor15-last=Lade |editor1-link=Ward Hunt Goodenough |editor3-link=Raymond D. Fogelson |display-editors=4 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=72 |issue=5 |date=October 1970 |pages=1907–1908 |publisher=Wiley |title=Reviewed Work: Essays in Ethnology by John V. Ferreira, Stephen Fuchs, Klaus Klostermaier |doi=10.1525/aa.1970.72.5.02a00130 |jstor=671426 |jstor-access=free|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''The Korkus of the Vindhya Hills (1988)'' was a volume having Fuchs' research on the "geographical environment and material culture", history, economy, and belief structure of the Korkus. University of Delhi's Sudha Gupta noted that Fuchs had done fieldwork among the tribal people of Vindhya hills region for over 20 years.<ref name="SG">{{cite journal |first=Sudha |last=Gupta |editor1-first=I. J. S. |editor1-last=Bansal |editor2-first=D. K. |editor2-last=Bhattacharya |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=22 |issue=2 |date=December 1992 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Indian Anthropological Association |title=Reviewed Work: Tribal Studies of India Series—T 124. The Korkus of the Vindhya Hills by Stephen Fuchs |jstor=41919696 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> [[Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf]] viewed his research as a "meticulous analysis" of the subject matter.<ref name="CvFH2">{{cite journal |first=Christoph |last=von Fürer-Haimendorf |journal=Anthropos |volume=84 |issue=1/3 |year=1989 |pages=277–278 |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH |title=Reviewed Work: The Korkus of the Vindhya Hills by Stephen Fuchs |jstor=40461720 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

===The Children of Hari (1950)===
Fuchs' ''The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India'' was a [[monograph]]ic anthropological–sociological study on the Balahi people, particularly, of the Nimar district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="DGM"/><ref name="WNB"/>

[[Kathleen Gough]] noted that though Fuchs was affiliated with the [[Vienna School of Ethnology|Viennese school of anthropologists]], he focused on the study material that was collected by his self-research and steered clear of the conjectural history theorized by the Vienna school. Assessing Fuchs' research, she stated that it "surpasses the standards of much Indian [[ethnography]]".<ref name="KG">{{cite journal |journal=Man |volume=51 |date=June 1951 |page=86 |publisher=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |place=London, UK |first=Kathleen |last=Gough |editor-first=M. |editor-last=Fortes |editor-link=Meyer Fortes |title=Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India. by Stephen Fuchs |jstor=2839752 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> [[John Henry Hutton]] noted that though the book was published under the patronage of the University of Vienna and was a part of the ''Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik''{{refn|group=note|''Viennese Contributions to Cultural History and Linguistics''}}, it was free from the "theoretical bias which [had] come to be associated with the Vienna School". He saw the book as the "most detailed and painstakingly factual account" of the Balahis.<ref name="JHH">{{cite journal |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |volume=25 |issue=2 |date=June 1952 |pages=200–202 |publisher=[[Institute of Pacific Relations]] (University of British Columbia) |place=New York, US |first=John Henry |last=Hutton |title=Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari. A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India. by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.2307/2753553 |jstor=2753553 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> [[W. Norman Brown]] stated that, for the most part, Fuchs's study largely focused on the culture of Balahis and noted that Fuchs' coverage of their racial, historical, and geographical background was "too brief".<ref name="WNB">{{cite journal |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=281, ''The Future of Our Natural Resources'' |date=May 1952 |page=245 |publisher=Sage Publications; [[American Academy of Political and Social Science]] |place=Philadelphia, US |first=W. Norman |last=Brown |editor1-first=Thorsten |editor1-last=Sellin |editor2-first=James C. |editor2-last=Charlesworth |editor3-first=Stephen |editor3-last=Raushenbush |editor1-link=Thorsten Sellin |title=Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.1177/000271625228100174 |jstor=1029703 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> [[Kingsley Davis]] noted that he provided an "aptly illustrated" description of the "life-stages", "material culture", "social organizations", and magical and religious beliefs of the Balahis, but "without much theoretical interpretation".<ref name="KD">{{cite journal |journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]] |volume=58 |issue=1 |date=July 1952 |pages=109–110 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |place=Chicago, US |first=Kingsley |last=Davis |editor1-first=Everett C. |editor1-last=Hughes |editor2-first=Herbert |editor2-last=Blumer |editor3-first=Ernest W. |editor3-last=Burgess |editor4-first=Philip M. |editor4-last=Hauser |editor5-first=William F. |editor5-last=Ogburn |editor6-first=Helen MacGill |editor6-last=Hughes |editor1-link=Everett Hughes (sociologist) |editor2-link=Herbert George Blumer |editor3-link=Ernest Watson Burgess |editor4-link=Philip Morris Hauser |editor5-link=William Fielding Ogburn |editor6-link=Helen MacGill Hughes |display-editors=4 |title=Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari: A Study of the Nimar Balahis in the Central Provinces of India. by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.1086/221088 |jstor=2771809 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> [[David G. Mandelbaum]] stated that the purpose of Fuchs' work was "primarily descriptive" and that he made few "historical and analytical" comments in the book. He stated that Fuchs illustrated the "fundamental principles of the classic [[Indian caste system|caste system]]" in "rich detail", but also highlighted some areas of his work where Fuchs appeared unconvincing.<ref name="DGM">{{cite journal |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New |volume=54 |issue=3 |date=July–September 1952 |pages=397–399 |publisher=Wiley |place=Menasha, US |first=David G. |last=Mandelbaum |editor1-first=Melville J. |editor1-last=Herskovits |editor2-first=Alexander |editor2-last=Spoehr |editor3-first=C. W. M. |editor3-last=Hart |editor4-first=W. C. |editor4-last=McKern |editor5-first=Sol |editor5-last=Tax |editor1-link=Melville J. Herskovits |editor2-link=Alexander Spoehr |editor3-link=C. W. M. Hart |editor5-link=Sol Tax |display-editors=4 |title=Reviewed Work: The Children of Hari by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.1525/aa.1952.54.3.02a00160 |jstor=664082 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

===The Aboriginal Tribes of India (1973–74)===
In ''The Aboriginal Tribes of India''{{refn|group=note|This book was originally composed in 1973.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Aboriginal Tribes of India |via=Library of Congress |year=1974 |url=https://lccn.loc.gov/74902196 |access-date=August 21, 2020}}</ref> This book's 1st edition was published in 1973<ref>{{cite journal |first=Soumendra Mohan |last=Patnaik |editor1-first=D. K. |editor1-last=Bhattacharya |editor2-first=V. K. |editor2-last=Srivastava |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=24 |issue=2 |date=December 1994 |pages=94–97 |publisher=Indian Anthropological Association |title=Reviewed Work: THE ABORIGINAL TRIBES OF INDIA (Tribal Studies of India Series T 152) by Stephen Fuchs |jstor=41919755 |jstor-access=free |quote=The book first appeared in the year 1973 and soon became out of print necessitating a second edition which was received with greater warmth by the readers. This is third edition.}}</ref> and 1974.<ref name="iic_p"/>{{rp|8}} Its 2nd and 3rd editions were published in 1977 and 1992, respectively.<ref name="iic_p">{{cite web |title=Institute of Indian Culture: A Profile |website=Institute of Indian Culture |place=Mumbai, India |access-date=July 20, 2020 |url=https://www.iicmumbai.in/IIC_PROFILE.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|8}}}}, Fuchs examined different inward migrations to India including the [[Indo-Aryan migration|arrival of Aryans]]. In the book, he presented research on India's "prehistoric races" of the early, middle and late [[Stone Age]]; the [[Indus Valley civilization]]; and the "post Harappan" era.<ref name="SMP"/> He also researched the tribes from Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, [[Sikkim]]{{refn|group=note|Sikkim became a part of the Republic of India on 16 May 1975<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=Sikkim Becomes An Indian State; Monarchy Ended |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/16/archives/sikkim-becomes-an-indian-state-monarchy-ended.html |date=May 16, 1975 |access-date=December 3, 2020}}</ref>}} and also from India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="GEFL"/> His study included the tribes like the [[Baluchis]], [[Brahuis]], Kafirs, and [[Pathans]]. He also examined the contemporary tribes of Bengal; southern, central, northwestern, northern, northeastern, Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions of India; and some tribes of Nepal.<ref name="SMP"/> Along with the ethnic origins of the Indian subcontinent's aboriginal tribes, his research also focused on their language's general features, art, economy, political organization, religion, social structure. He also inquired into the contemporary changes affecting the life of tribal people.<ref name="CC">{{cite journal |first=Christine |last=Cottam |journal=RAIN |issue=24 |date=February 1978 |page=12 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |title=Reviewed Work: The Aboriginal Tribes of India by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.2307/3032415 |jstor=3032415 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

Edward J. Jay of [[California State University, Hayward]] stated that the book was "encyclopedic" in nature and was based largely upon sources from 19th and early 20th century and cited very few recent studies. Giving an example of Fuchs' lack of archaeological analysis of a subject matter in his study of the middle Stone Age's races, Jay stated that a number of his conclusions were "conjectural" in nature.<ref name="EJJ">{{cite journal |first=Edward J. |last=Jay |editor1-first=Robert A. |editor1-last=Kapp |editor2-first=Daniel S. |editor2-last=Lev |editor3-first=Sharon |editor3-last=Bryan |editor4-first=E. Jane |editor4-last=Keyes |editor2-link=Daniel S. Lev |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=November 1979 |pages=194–196 |publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]] |title=Reviewed Work: The Aboriginal Tribes of India. by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.2307/2053548 |jstor=2053548 |jstor-access=free |issn=0021-9118}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Assessed the edition of the book which was published at New York in the US in 1977 by [[St. Martin's Press]].<ref name="EJJ"/> It was the 2nd edition of the book.<ref name="iic_p"/>{{rp|8}}}} [[Soumendra Mohan Patnaik]] showed disappointment in the book's last chapter on the welfare of the tribal people in India. He stated that "in comparison to other chapters, the last one suffers from the problem of not containing the upto date statistical and census data. It also lacks the contemporary qualitative data on various development plans and programmes."<ref name="SMP">{{cite journal |first=Soumendra Mohan |last=Patnaik |editor1-first=D. K. |editor1-last=Bhattacharya |editor2-first=V. K. |editor2-last=Srivastava |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=24 |issue=2 |date=December 1994 |pages=94–97 |publisher=Indian Anthropological Association |title=Reviewed Work: THE ABORIGINAL TRIBES OF INDIA (Tribal Studies of India Series T 152) by Stephen Fuchs |jstor=41919755 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Assessed the edition of the book which was published at New Delhi in India by Inter-India Publications as part of the ''Tribal Studies of India'' series.<ref name="SMP"/> This was the 3rd and revised edition of the book, and it was published in 1992.<ref name="iic_p"/>{{rp|8}}}} C. von Fürer-Haimendorf noted that Fuchs conducted a large amount of fieldwork in central India for his research on the subject. He stated that the parts of the book built on his field studies reflected "a greater depth of understanding" of the subject "than those based on literary sources".<ref name="CvFH1">{{cite journal |first=C. |last=von Furer-Haimendorf |editor1-first=P. G. |editor1-last=Rivière |editor2-first=P. |editor2-last=Spencer |editor3-first=Valerie G. |editor3-last=Phillips |editor1-link=Peter Rivière |journal=Man |volume=10 |issue=4 |date=December 1975 |page=643 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |title=Reviewed Work: The Aboriginal Tribes of India. by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.2307/2800167 |jstor=2800167 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> According to [[Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi]], Fuchs provided "convincing evidence" of the migrations of the "[[Dravidian languages|Dravida-speaking]] tribes" in the middle of the first millennium CE from India's southern regions to [[Odisha]], Madhya Pradesh, and [[Bihar]]. She stated that Fuch's research was of significance for [[cross-cultural studies]].<ref name="GEFL">{{cite journal |first=Gabriella Eichinger |last=Ferro-Luzzi |journal=Anthropos |volume=71 |issue=1/2 |year=1976 |pages=335–336 |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH |title=Reviewed Work: The Aboriginal Tribes of India by Stephen Fuchs |jstor=40458929 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

===At the Bottom of Indian Society (1981)===
Fuchs' ''At the Bottom of Indian Society: The Harijan and Other Low Castes'' was a companion volume of his previous book ''The Aboriginal Tribes of India'', and it was an outcome of library research on India's all ''[[Harijans]]''. Fuchs investigated the origin of untouchability and hypothesized that it has its origins in the migrations of [[Dravidians]] and Aryans to India. He gave a description of "''Harijans'' and other low castes" in the light of his findings. Fuchs propounded that, "...untouchability is probably an ancient social trait from animal breeding culture which was brought to India by the Aryans and also the Dravidians." Fuchs did not view "ritual purity and impurity" as the underlying principles for the social condition of the untouchables and imposition of untouchability on them as suggested by [[Louis Dumont]], rather he suggested that they were artisans and laborers in the "highly-developed complex farming culture" they had, but their social stature got disparaged due to their pecuniary dependence on the cultivators who maintained a higher social standing.<ref name="YS">{{cite journal |first=Yoshio |last=Sugimoto |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Knecht |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Fuchs |editor3-first=W. Michael |editor3-last=Kelsey |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |year=1983 |pages=314–316 |publisher=Anthropological Institute, Nanzan University |place=Nagoya, Japan |title=Reviewed Work: At the Bottom of Indian Society, the Harijan and Other Low Castes by Stephen Fuchs |doi=10.2307/1178500 |jstor=1178500 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>

Reviewing Fuchs' research, G. E. Ferro-Luzzi noted the Fuchs examined "all the numerous criteria for lowness" and instability of the ''Harijans'' and the people from other lower castes in the Indian [[Social stratification|social stratum]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Gabriella Eichinger |last=Ferro-Luzzi |journal=Anthropos |editor1-first=Louis J. |editor1-last=Luzbetak |editor2-first=Josef Franz |editor2-last=Thiel |editor2-link=:de:Josef Franz Thiel |volume=78 |issue=1/2 |year=1983 |pages=301–302 |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH |title=Reviewed Work: At the Bottom of Indian Society: The Harijan and Other Low Castes by Stephen Fuchs |jstor=40461036 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> [[Yoshio Sugimoto]] questioned Fuchs' categorization of various tribes, castes, communities, and social classes under the umbrella terms like "Untouchables", "Harijan castes", and "Harijan and other low castes". Sugimoto wrote, "we are therefore in the dark as to which term he uses to refer to the category in general."<ref name="YS"/>

==Move to Austria and death==
Fuchs was a cultural anthropologist who excelled at field work and note taking. He is celebrated and honoured for his recording of the cultures of the peoples where he resided. He had an acute ear for language and history. He formed his own method of anthropology and stayed away from the academic assumptions and cultural theories of the Vienna School. He was both praised and criticised for the depth and simplicity of his work. He set strong boundaries for his works, which, to other anthropologists were richly rewarding yet frustrating.

Fuchs moved to Austria in 1996 due to concerns related to health.<ref name="N"/> On 26 March 1998, Fuchs was awarded the ''[[Austrian Decoration for Science and Art#Cross of Honour for Science and Art, First Class|Cross of Honour for Science and Art, First Class]]'' by the government of Austria.<ref name="NVmbH"/> He was awarded the ''Golden Doctor Diploma'' on 14 November 1999 specifically "in recognition of his contribution to the field of Indian Anthropology". The document additionally stated that he "gained the highest merits for the ethnology of India". He died at the age of 91 years on 17 January 2000 at St. Gabriel, Mödling in Austria, and his body is buried at the graveyard of the [[seminary]] where the body of Wilhelm Schmidt is buried.<ref name="N"/>

==Works==
Fuchs wrote 22 books, nearly 150 articles, and many [[monographs]].<ref name="iic-2019">{{cite web |title=IIC's Association with the University Department of Sociology, Mumbai |date=February 2019 |website=Institute of Indian Culture |place=Mumbai, India |access-date=July 20, 2020 |url=https://iicmumbai.in/adminiic/newsletter_image/IIC%20Newsletter%20-%20Feb%202019.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|1–2}}

===Books===
*{{cite book |title=The Vedic Horse Sacrifice: In Its Culture–historical Relations |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |year=1996 |publisher=Inter-India |place=New Delhi |lccn=96901614}}
*{{cite book |title=Das Leben ist ein Tanz. Lieder der Indischen Ureinwohner. Ausgewählt, aus den Stammessprachen Übersetzt und Eingeleitet von Stefan Fuchs |trans-title=Life is a Dance. Songs of the Native Indian People. Selected, Translated from the Tribal Languages and Introduced by Stefan Fuchs |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |editor-first=Martin |editor-last=Kämpchen |editor-link=Martin Kämpchen |year=1990 |publisher=Benziger Verlag |place=Zurich |language=de}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Die Horen, Volume 42, Issues 185–188 |year=1997 |page=226 |publisher=K. Morawietz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQ9ZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22von+Stefan+Fuchs%22 |language=de}}</ref>
*{{cite book |title=The Aboriginal Tribes of India |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |year=1974 |orig-year=1973 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |place=New Delhi |lccn=74902196}}
*{{cite book |title=The Gond and Bhumia of Eastern Mandla |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |year=1960 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |place=London |lccn=60004492}}
*{{cite book |title=Social Origins |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |year=1957 |publisher=Gyanayatan |place=Mumbai |oclc=717104031}}
*{{cite book |title=The Great Synthesis |edition=2nd |series=Light of the East |volume=32 |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |year=1945 |publisher=Catholic Press |place=Ranchi |oclc=41629014}}

===Selected papers===
*{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |chapter=Magic Healing Techniques among the Balahis in Central India |title=Magic, Faith and Healing: Studies in Primitive Psychiatry Today |year=1964}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |editor-first=Ari |editor-last=Kiev |title=Magic, Faith and Healing: Studies in Primitive Psychiatry Today |chapter=Magic healing techniques among the Balahis in central India |edition=2 |year=1964 |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |place=Glencoe, Illinois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJWyAAAAIAAJ&q=Stephen+Fuchs+Magic+Healing+Techniques+among+the+Balahis+in+Central+India}}</ref>
*{{cite journal |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |title=Another Version of the Baiga Creation Myth |journal=Anthropos |volume=47 |issue=3/4 |date=May–August 1952 |pages=607–619 |publisher=[[:de:Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH]] |jstor=40449679 |jstor-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |title=Messianic Movements in Primitive India |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=24 |number=1 |year=1965 |pages=11–62 |publisher=Anthropological Institute, [[Nanzan University]] |doi=10.2307/1177596 |place=Nagoya, Japan |jstor=1177596 |jstor-access=free}}
*{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |title=Land Scarcity and Land Hunger among Some Aboriginal Tribes of Western Central India |year=1972}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Tribal Situation in India: Proceedings of a Seminar |series=Transactions of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Volume 13 |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] |year=1972 |place=Shimla |editor-first=Kumar Suresh |editor-last=Singh |editor-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |article=Land Scarcity and Land Hunger among Some Aboriginal Tribes of Western Central India |pages=367–373 |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |oclc=500343321}}</ref>
*{{cite journal |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |title=Messianic Movements in Tribal India |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15–33 |year=1966}}<ref name="iic_p"/>{{rp|12}}
*{{cite journal |first=Stephen |last=Fuchs |title=The Marriage Rites of the Bhils in the Nimar District |journal=[[Man in India]] |volume=22 |year=1942 |oclc=33288488}}

==See also==
*[[Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev]]
*[[Paul Hockings]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fuchs, Stephen}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:People from Bruck an der Mur]]
[[Category:University of Vienna alumni]]
[[Category:Austrian anthropologists]]
[[Category:20th-century anthropologists]]
[[Category:Anthropology educators]]
[[Category:Divine Word Missionaries Order]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Austrian Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Austrian Indologists]]
[[Category:Cultural anthropologists]]
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Dalit studies]]

Thomas Maurice

2026-03-07T20:56:29Z

EmanuelNathan: added a info

{{Short description|British oriental scholar and historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL}}

'''Thomas Maurice''' (1754 – 30 March 1824) was a British oriental scholar and historian. The son of a schoolmaster, Maurice was educated at the Wesleyan seminary at Bristol before entering [[University College, Oxford]] in 1774, aged 19 (B.A. 1778, M.A. 1808); he was chaplain to the 87th regiment (about 1784), Vicar of [[Wormleighton]], [[Warwickshire]] (1798–1824) and [[Cudham]], Kent (1804–24). Maurice was a noted oriental scholar and historian, and assistant-keeper of MSS at [[British Museum|the British Museum]] (1798–24).<ref>[http://198.82.142.160/spenser/authorrecord.php?action=GET&recordid=33264] {{dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==Life==
Maurice, an English divine and scholar, noted particularly for his studies of the antiquities of India, was born about 1755 at [[Hertford]], where his father was then head-master of the [[Christ's Hospital|Christ's Hospital school]]. After his father's death the family was impoverished by an unfortunate marriage of the widow, and his education proceeded irregularly till [[Samuel Parr|Dr. Parr]], on opening his school at [[Stanmore]], was prevailed on to receive him as a pupil, and treated him with great generosity and kindness. Destined for the Church, he entered at nineteen [[St John's College, Oxford|St. John's College, Oxford]], whence he removed next year to [[University College, Oxford|University College]].

After taking his degree of [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], he was ordained by [[Robert Lowth|bishop Lowth]], and held for some time the curacy of the large parish of Woodford, in Essex, which in 1785 he resigned for a chapel at [[Epping, Essex|Epping]], in order to obtain greater leisure for study. His turn for historical studies had been fostered at University College by his distinguished tutor [[William Scott, 1st Baron Stowell|Lord Stowell]], and he now began to concentrate his attention on the history of India, for treating upon which he made proposals in 1790 in a published letter addressed to the [[East India Company|East India]] directors. The irreligious spirit of the [[French Revolution]], alarming Maurice's mind, induced him to remodel his first work after it was nearly completed, and to devote a considerable proportion of it to dissertations on the [[Hindu mythology]]. In 1791 he came before the public with two volumes of his ''Indian Antiquities'': the rest were brought out at intervals, the completion of the work being mainly owing to the liberality of the [[Baron Sherard|earl of Harborough]]; and the seventh and last volume appeared in 1797. This work remains to our day a trustworthy book of reference. Meantime he had undertaken a ''History of [[Hindustan|Hindostan]],'' the three volumes of which, in [[quarto]], were published in 1795, 1798, 1799, and a second edition appeared in 1821.

In 1798, [[Earl Spencer (peerage)|earl Spencer]] presented him to the [[Clergy house|vicarage]] of [[Wormleighton]], in [[Warwickshire]]; next year he was appointed assistant librarian in the [[British Museum]]; in 1800 [[George Pretyman Tomline|bishop Tomline]] obtained for him the pension that had been held by the poet [[William Cowper|Cowper]]; and in 1804 he received from the [[Lord Chancellor|lord chancellor]] the vicarage of [[Cudham]], in [[Kent]]. His ''Modern History of Hindostan,'' in two volumes, appeared in 1802 and 1804. Several other volumes on Eastern history and theology, and attempts in verse, succeeded this work; and one of his last undertakings was his ''Memoirs, comprehending the History of the Progress of Indian Literature, and Anecdotes of Literary Characters in Britain, during a Period of Thirty Years.'' Of this work the three volumes appeared in 1819, 1820, and 1822. He died on 30 March 1824. See ''English Cyclop.'' s.v.; Allibone, ''Dict. of Brit. and Amer. Authors,'' s.v.; Gorton, ''Biog. Dict.'' s.v.

{{McS|year=}}

==Text records==
* 1775 – The School-Boy, a Poem.
* 1777 – A Monody, sacred to the Memory of Elizabeth, Dutchess of Northumberland.
* 1778 – The Oxonian. A Poem.
* 1779 – Hinda; an Eastern Elegy.
* 1784 – Westminster Abbey: an Elegiac Poem.
* 1795 – An Elegiac and Historical Poem, sacred to the Memory and Virtues of the Honourable Sir William Jones.
* 1806 – Verses, being an Apology for the Errors and Eccentricities of Genius.

==Publications==
* The school-boy, a poem. In imitation of Mr. Phillips's Splendid Shilling. 1775.
* Hagley. A descriptive poem. 1776.
* Netherby: a poem. 1776.
* A monody addressed to the memory of Elizabeth, Duchess of Northumberland. 1777.
* The Oxonian. A poem. 1778.
* Poems and miscellaneous pieces. 1779.
* Westminster Abbey: an elegiac poem. 1784.
* Panthea; or, the Captive bride, a tragedy; founded upon a story in Xenophon. 1789.
* A letter addressed to the ... directors of the [[East India Company]]. 1790.
* An elegiac poem, sacred to the memory and virtues of the Honorable Sir William Jones. 1795.
* Indian antiquities. 7 vols, 1793–1800.
* History of Hindustan. 2 vols, 1795–98; 3 vols, 1820.
* The crisis, or the British Muse to the British minister and nation. 1798.
* Sanscreet fragments, or interesting fragments from the sacred books of the Brahmins. 1798.
* Grove hill: a descriptive poem; with an ode to nature. 1799.
* A dissertation on the oriental trinities. 1800.
* Poems, epistolary, lyric, and elegiacal. 1800.
* The modern history of Hindostan. 2 vols, 1802–10.
* Select poems. 1803.
* Elegy on [[The Right Honourable|Right Honourable]] William Pitt. 1806.
* The fall of the Mogul, a tragedy. With other occasional poems. 1806.
* Richmond Hill: a descriptive and historical poem. 1807.
* Elegiac lines, sacred to the memory of [[Henry Hope]]. 1811.
* Brahminical fraud detected. 1812.
* [[Westminster Abbey]], with other occasional poems. 1813.
* Observations connected with astronomy and [[ancient history]]. 1816.
* Observations on the ruins of Babylon. 1816.
* Observations on the remains of [[ancient Egypt]]ian grandeur and superstition. 1818.
* Memoirs of the author of Indian antiquities, etc. 3 vols, 1819–22.
* A free translation of the [[Oedipus Rex|Oedipus Tyrannus]] of Sophocles. 1822.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*''History of Hindostan''
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=X2sLAAAAIAAJ Vol. 1]
**[https://archive.org/details/MauriceHistoryOfHindostanVol2 Vol. 2]
**[https://archive.org/details/historyofhindost03maurrich Vol. 3]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurice, Thomas}}
[[Category:1754 births]]
[[Category:1824 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English historians]]
[[Category:19th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:English orientalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:18th-century English historians]]
[[Category:18th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]

Kota mandal

2026-03-05T06:46:45Z

EmanuelNathan: Started some pg needs work

{{Short description|Mandal in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kota mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|14|1|30|N|80|2|30|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kota, Andhra Pradesh|Kota]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />
| area_total_km2 = 182.27
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 55226
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| mapframe = yes
| population_urban = 0
| population_rural = 55226
}}

'''Kota mandal''' is one of the [[mandal]] in [[Nellore district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. Its headquarters are located at [[Kota, Andhra Pradesh|Kota]]. The mandal is bounded by [[Muthukur|Muthukur mandal]], [[Chillakur]], [[Ojili]], [[Chittamur]], [[Vakadu]] mandals and it also borders [[Tirupati district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Kota district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/nellore.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608025141/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/nellore.html|archive-date=8 June 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religions in Kota mandal (2011)|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|94.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|4.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.67}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|black|0.23}}|caption=Distribution of religions<ref name=":0" />|float=right}}

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 55,226. The total population constitute 28,337 males and 26,889 females —a sex ratio of 949 females per 1000 males. 5,496 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,773 are boys and 2,723 are girls —a ratio of 982 per 1000. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] constitute 16,505 and 8,963 respectively.<ref name=":1">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/08/2019080553.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore |date=2011 |pages=50–51,378 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> The average literacy rate stands at 66.07% with 71.8% among males and 60.08% among females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/07/2019072494-1.pdf |title=Hand book of Statistics S.P.S. Nellore district 2018 |date=2018 |pages=22,38-39 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Kota mandal was a part of [[Nellore district]] until 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2017 |title=Nellore: 2 girls drown in rough Bay of Bengal waters |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/011217/nellore-2-girls-drown-in-rough-bay-of-bengal-waters.html |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> It was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district effective from 4 April 2022. It is a part of [[Gudur revenue division]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

[[Kota, Andhra Pradesh|Kota]] is the most populated settlement and Illukurupadu is the least populated settlement in the mandal. {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 19 settlements, that includes:<ref name=":1" />
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! Village
|-
| Allampadu
|-
| Chendodu
|-
| Chittodu
|-
| Gudali
|-
| Illukurupadu
|-
| Karlapudi
|-
| Kesavaram
|-
| [[Kota, Andhra Pradesh|Kota]]
|-
| Kothapalem
|-
| Kothapatnam
|-
| Venkanapalem (Lakshmakka Khandriga)
|-
| Maddali
|-
| Nellorepalle
|-
| Putchalapalle
|-
| Rudravaram
|-
| Siddavaram
|-
| Thinnelapudi
|-
| Uthamanellore
|-
| Vanjivaka
|}

'''''Sources:'''''
* ''Census India 2011 (sub districts)''<ref name=sub>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Kota District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=19|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911160628/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=19|archive-date=11 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Revenue Department of AP''<ref>{{cite web|title=Kota mandal villages |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/nellore.pdf |publisher=apland.ap.nic.in |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327152924/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Nellore.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2014 }}</ref>

== Politics ==
Kota mandal is a part of [[Gudur Assembly constituency]] and [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]]. {{As of|2018|1|1}}, the mandal had 29,925 eligible voters with 14,822 male voters and 15,103 female voters.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nellore district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Nellore district]]

Mr. Murder (film)

2026-03-04T03:52:51Z

EmanuelNathan: put up a stub needs work

{{Short description|1969 Hindi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox film
|name= Mr. Murder
|image=
|caption= Director and star Nisar Ahmad Ansari.
|producer= Bundel
|director= N. A. Ansari
|starring= N. A. Ansari Nakhi Jahan Chand Usmani Rajan Kapoor
|music=
|cinematography=
|editing=
|studio= Bundelkhand Filmes
|distributor=
|runtime= 83 minutes
|released= {{Film date|1969|1|1|df=y}}
|country= India
|language= Hindi
}}
'''''Mr. Murder''''' is a 1969 Hindi suspense thriller directed by Nisar Ahmed Ansari and starring himself along with [[Chand Usmani]].

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! Track# !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Hum To Dil Jaan Dono Hi Kho Baithe"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 2
| "Duniya Wale Roop Ke Diwane"
| [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| 3
| "Roop Nagar Ki Phoolwari Me"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 4
| "Sakhi Ri Mujhe Duniya Se"
| Asha Bhosle, Usha Mangeshkar
|-
| 5
| "Thandi Hawaye Behki Adaye"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}
<ref name="Hindi Film Songs">[http://myswar.co/album/mr-murder-1969 Mr. Murder at Hindi Film Songs]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0154905}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mister Murder (film)}}
[[Category:Films scored by Sonik-Omi]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1969 thriller films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1960s-thriller-film-stub}}

Jimmy Nanda

2026-03-04T00:24:52Z

EmanuelNathan: Started basic post w/ infobox!

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Jimmy Nanda
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date=
| title = Gladstag Mrs. India 2007
| competitions =Gladsrag Mrs Indian 2007 (Winner) [[Mrs. Universe|Mrs. Universe 2007]] (Runner-up)
| occupation = Actress, Model
|years_active=2008-}}

'''Jimmy Nanda''' is an Indian actress and model. She won the title of Mrs India in 2007. Nanda made her TV debut in the famous detective series [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]], where she played the role of Inspector Lavanya in 2008.

==Biography==
Nanda hails from [[Ahmedabad]]. She was crowned as Gladsrag Mrs. India 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-wife-s-like-that-1068559 |title=Wife's like that |date=10 December 2006 |accessdate=11 December 2019 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Look: Sanju with Mrs India |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/11look.htm |date=11 December 2006 |accessdate=11 December 2019 |website=rediff.com}}</ref> Later, she took part in [[Mrs. Universe|Mrs. Universe 2007]] and became runner-up of this competition.<ref>{{cite web |title=My favourite table |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20090525-my-favourite-table-739755-2009-05-15 |date=19 March 2009 |accessdate=11 December 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref>

Later, Nanda acted in ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' where she portrayed the role of Inspector Lavanya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Model moves |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080324-model-moves-735719-2008-03-13 |date=15 March 2008 |accessdate=11 December 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Festiva Designers Exhibition in Rajkot – Inaugurated by C.I.D Fame Jimmy Nanda |url=http://ingujarat.net/festiva-designers-exhibition-rajkot-inaugurated-c-d-fame-jimmy-nanda/ |accessdate=11 December 2019 |website=www.ingujarat.net|date=September 2014 }}</ref> She was last seen in the episode no.558. Later, she appeared in a [[Gujarati film]] titled ''Tuu To Gayo'' which was released in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=TUU TO GAYO CAST & CREW |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tuu-to-gayo-30541/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211132934/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tuu-to-gayo-30541/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Music Company to release Gujarati Music first time ever |url=http://m.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/B/4513/zee-music-company-to-release-gujarati-music-first-time-ever.html |date=8 August 2016 |accessdate=11 December 2019 |website=India Blooms |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316073923/https://www.m.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/B/4513/zee-music-company-to-release-gujarati-music-first-time-ever.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A grand music release for Tuu To Gayo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/Grand-music-release-for-Tuu-To-Gayo/articleshow/53624160.cms |date=10 August 2016 |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She also appeared in ''[[Ratanpur (film)|Ratanpur]]'' 2018 which was released in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ratanpur-36531/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211132942/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ratanpur-36531/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=11 December 2019 |title=RATANPUR CAST & CREW |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ratanpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/ratanpur/movieshow/61983160.cms |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cops in Vadodara watch Ratanpur |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/mijaaj+com+english-epaper-mijajeng/cops+in+vadodara+watch+ratanpur-newsid-83986022 |accessdate=11 December 2019 |website=Dailyhunt}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2008 – 2009
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Inspector Lavanya
| [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
| Supporting Role
|-
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
| 2016
| ''Tuu To Gayo''
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Ratanpur (film)|Ratanpur]]''
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanda, Jimmy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Female models from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajahamsa

2026-03-03T18:26:53Z

EmanuelNathan: put up initial stub and citations

{{Short description|1998 Telugu film by Singeetham Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rajahamsa 1998.jpg
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Singeetam Srinivasa Rao '''Dialogues''': Sankaramanchi Parthasarathi
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| studio = [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Limited]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| starring = [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] [[Sakshi Shivanand]]
| editing = Gowtham Raju
| cinematography = K. Prasad
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|02|20}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
}}

'''''Rajahamsa''''' ({{Literal translation|The royal swan}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]. The film stars [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] and [[Sakshi Shivanand]]. Produced by [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation]] the film features a story and screenplay written by Srinivasa Rao, with dialogues penned by Sankaramanchi Parthasarathi. The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].

== Plot ==
Sanjana, the daughter of businessman Ram Prasad, is strongly opposed to the arranged marriage her father has planned for her with the son of his childhood friend. She is in love with Harish and wishes to marry him instead. During a shopping trip, Sanjana encounters her would-be father-in-law, who gives her {{Indian rupee}}50,000 for wedding preparations. Seizing the opportunity, she escapes to [[Srisailam]], hiring a cab driven by Raju, who names his vehicle "Rajahamsa," with the intention of reuniting with Harish. Meanwhile, Raju, a cab driver struggling with a debt of {{Indian rupee}}25,000, accepts Ram Prasad's offer of {{Indian rupee}}25,000 to locate Sanjana and bring her back. Raju tracks her down in Srisailam and forcibly returns her to her father, despite her revealing her unhappiness with the marriage and her love for Harish. Impressed by Raju's efforts, Ram Prasad rewards him with additional money, but Raju is soon overcome with guilt. He returns the money and advises Ram Prasad to allow Sanjana to marry Harish, but his suggestion is met with anger. Unknown to both men, Sanjana overhears their conversation.

Desperate to escape her forced marriage, Sanjana secretly writes to Raju, asking for his help once more. As the family is busy with wedding preparations, Raju arrives with his cab, and Sanjana seizes the chance to flee. She asks Raju to take her to Harish, but their journey is fraught with challenges. Along the way, they encounter her would-be father-in-law and face persistent attempts by Ram Prasad's assistants to capture her. As they navigate these obstacles, Raju becomes more supportive of Sanjana's resolve to reunite with Harish. Their journey also brings them closer, as they develop a mutual respect and understanding. The narrative unfolds as they strive to overcome the barriers in their path and fulfill Sanjana's desire to follow her heart.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Raju
* [[Sakshi Shivanand]] as Sanjana
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Ram Prasad
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as Raju's uncle
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Dr. Murthy (Guest role)
* [[P. L. Narayana]]
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]]
* [[R. S. Shivaji]]
* Indu Anand
* Baby Sreshta
* Krishna Veni
* Neelam
}}

== Production ==
''Rajahamsa'' was directed by veteran filmmaker [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]], known for his distinct storytelling style. The film was produced by [[Amitabh Bachchan Corporation|Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Limited]] (ABCL), a production company founded by noted actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. ''Rajahamsa'' was ABCL's second production in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], following its co-production of [[Gulabi (1995 film)|''Gulabi'']] (1995).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Priyanka |date=2014-09-13 |title=Going regional: How celebs stars are taking to cinema here in a big way |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bollywood-regional-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-amitabh-bachchan-292329-2014-09-13 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095721/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-regional-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-amitabh-bachchan/1/382647.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Singeetam also wrote the story and screenplay for the film, while Sankaramanchi Parthasarathi penned the dialogues.<ref name=":3" /> Sharath Marar served as the executive producer.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR04l2snRDw |title=Rajahamsa Full Movie |access-date=2024-12-16 |via=YouTube |archive-date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216160735/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR04l2snRDw&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }} Credits occur from 0:00 to 3:38</ref>

== Music ==
The music of ''Rajahamsa'' was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajahamsa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/rajahamsa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1406362837 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Apple Music]] |publisher= |language=en-GB}}</ref> Audio soundtrack was released on Melody Makers label.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Rajahamsa |url=https://vintagestore.in/products/rajahamsa-2 |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=Vintagestore.in}}</ref> The song "Rosa Rosa Rosa" became popular.

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajahamsa |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rajahamsa/A3oSzGcYIgQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524003855/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rajahamsa/A3oSzGcYIgQ_ |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=27 March 1998 |publisher= |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQE8aBk6kkA |title=Rajahamsa Jukebox |publisher=[[Aditya Music]] |access-date=2024-12-16 |via=[[YouTube]]}} Credits in video description.</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:45
| title1 = Rosa Rosa Rosa
| length1 = 4:49
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Maharajasree
| length2 = 5:12
| lyrics2 = [[Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra
| title3 = Goppa Chikke Vache
| length3 = 4:59
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| title4 = Mannela Thintivira Krishna
| length4 = 4:54
| lyrics4 = [[Siva Shakthi Datta]]
| extra4 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| title5 = Gundelalona Puttindamma
| length5 = 4:26
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[E. Gayathri]]
| title6 = Hello Saaru
| length6 = 3:25
| lyrics6 = [[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]]
| extra6 = M. M. Keeravani, K. S. Chithra
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Rajahamsa'' was released on 20 February 1998.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raja Hamsa |url=https://indiancine.ma/AQAX/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250102012640/https://indiancine.ma/AQAX/info |archive-date=2 January 2025 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Griddaluru Gopala Rao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' gave the film a positive review, praising its narrative, comedic elements, and the core romantic storyline.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Griddaluru Gopala Rao |date=27 February 1998 |title=రసమయంగా వుంది - రాజహంస! |trans-title=Rajahamsa is enchanting! |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Feb/27-Feb-1998.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203211215/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Feb/27-Feb-1998.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=11 |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Ala Modalaindi

2026-03-03T17:39:14Z

EmanuelNathan: Started the post from scratch

{{short description|2011 film by B.V. Nandini Reddy}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ala Modalaindi
| image = Ala Modalaindi poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Nandini Reddy]]
| producer = K. L. Damodar Prasad
| writer = Nandini Reddy
| starring = [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] [[Nithya Menen]] [[Sneha Ullal]]
| music = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| cinematography = [[Arjun Jena]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio =
| distributor = Sri Ranjith Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|1|21}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|4 crore|link=yes}}<ref name="bs" />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|15 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]] |link=yes}}<ref name="bs" />
}}
'''''Ala Modalaindi''''' ({{translation|'That is how it started'}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]] under the Sri Ranjith Movies banner. It stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Nithya Menen]] (in her [[Telugu language|Telugu]] debut) and [[Sneha Ullal]] with the music composed by [[Kalyani Malik]]. The film's cinematography is performed by [[Arjun Jena]] with editing by [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]].

Released on 21 January 2011, the film opened to favorable reviews by critics and became a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-nandini-reddys-debut-film-ala-modalaindi/20110406.htm |title='Overwhelmed by response for Ala Modalaindi' – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=6 April 2011 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 April 2011|title=Ala Modalaindi reaches its 75-day run|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ala-Modalaindi-reaches-its-75-day-run/articleshow/7978902.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614052926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-14/news-interviews/29416892_1_film-telugu-success|url-status=live|archive-date=14 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|150|m|year=2011|lk=r}} on a budget of {{INRConvert|40|m|year=2011}}.<ref name="bs">{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2013-05-23|title=Camera rolls for 'Ala Modalaindi' Tamil remake|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/camera-rolls-for-ala-modalaindi-tamil-remake-113052300415_1.html|access-date=2020-09-06}}</ref> Reddy won the [[Nandi Award]] for [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] [[SIIMA Award]] for [[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Best Debut Director – Telugu]]. The film is considered one of the "25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade" by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade {{!}} Film Companion|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2019|access-date=2021-06-26|website=www.filmcompanion.in|language=en}}</ref> The film is remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Yennamo Yedho]]'' (2014) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Bhale Jodi (2016 film)|Bhale Jodi]]'' (2016).

==Plot==
The film begins with an accident. Gautam is abducted by John Abraham. On the way, Gautam is forced to narrate his tale as he talks of stopping a marriage and John too talks of preventing a wedding. Hence, the flashback. Gautam is ready to propose to Simran with a bunch of [[roses]], but destiny has other plans. Elsewhere, Nithya is playing [[cricket]] and hits Gautam with her shot. He is then taken to the hospital in the stretcher. Simran falls in love with [[Physician|Dr]]. Anand, who was treating Gautam and they get married eventually. Gautam is invited and leaves for the wedding, but cannot face Simran. When he walks out, he gets drunk and meets a drunk Nithya who actually was in love with Anand. They dance and sing throughout the night before parting ways the next day.

As destiny has it, they happen to meet in a [[pub]] after a few days. Gautam accompanies her everywhere for her daily endeavors. He realises he's in love with her, but before he could tell her, he finds out that she is already engaged. Gautam steps back and stays secluded. Nithya and her fiancé end their engagement over an argument about Gautam. Unaware of this and having moved on, Gautam starts dating a [[Veterinarian|veterinary doctor]] Kavya, but they break up after an altercation. Gautham's mother suddenly passes away after a brain hemorrhage and Kavya visits to express condolences. Nithya realizes that she loves Gautam and goes to his house to pay condolences and to propose to him, but is shocked to see Kavya in his house. Thinking that they both are married, she leaves to Bangalore and accepts the marriage proposal her parents set for her. After realizing Nithya misunderstood him, Gautam and his friends leave for Bangalore to stop the marriage.

On the way to [[Bangalore]], their car stops and Gautam asks for a lift and they accept and that is where he was kidnapped. After a big fight between Gautam and John Abraham, it is revealed that John Abraham was looking for the one who gave Gautam a lift, not Gautam. He helps Gautam to reach the wedding. Gautam's friends, who reach the wedding hall, reveal the truth to Nithya. In order to meet Gautam, Nithya escapes from the wedding and ends up asking John Abraham for a lift, who accepts looking at the [[jewellery]] she is wearing. After listening to her, John realizes that she is the Nithya that Gautam came for. He drives back the car to the wedding hall and Nithya take the gun and kidnaps Gautam. Then after a comical scuffle, Nithya reunites with Gautam.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Gautam
* [[Nithya Menen]] as Nithya
* [[Sneha Ullal]] as Kavya
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as John Abraham
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Revathi, Gautam's mother
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Deepak, Nithya's fiancé
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Gautam
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Nithya's mother
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Sivannarayana, Nithya's uncle
* Mirchi Hemanth as Gautam's friend
* [[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]] as Pinky
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Rowdy
* [[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]] as Rowdy
* Chanti as Rowdy
* [[Uppalapati Narayana Rao]] as Nithya's father
* [[Nandini Reddy]] as Pinky's neighbour (cameo)
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Simran (cameo)
* Kamesh Sista as Dr. Anand (cameo)
{{colend}}

==Release==
The film was released on 21 January 2011.

=== Dubbed versions ===
The film's [[Malayalam]] dubbed version, titled ''Angane Thudangi'',<ref name="malayalasangeetham1">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?6923 |title=Angane Thudangi (2011) [Jassie Gift, Siju Thuravoor] | Angane Thudangi [ജാസ്സി ഗിഫ്റ്റ്‌ ,സിജു തുറവുര്‍ ] |publisher=Malayalasangeetham.info |accessdate=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216103046/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?6923 |archivedate=16 February 2013 }}</ref> is released in [[Kerala]] on 28 July 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10706/angane-thudangi.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713065737/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10706/angane-thudangi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2012 |title=Angane Thudangi – Movie Reviews, Videos, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis on |publisher=Oneindia |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/13760.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728164128/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/13760.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 July 2011 |title=Angane Thudangi Malayalam Movie Preview cinema review stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes |website=IndiaGlitz |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> The film got a wide release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviesmalayalam.com/index.php/malayalam-movies-pics/movie-stills/201-angane-thudangi-stills-malayalam-movie-angane-thudangi-nithya-menon-stills-movie-pics.html |title=Angane Thudangi stills Malayalam movie Angane Thudangi Nithya Menon stills |publisher=Moviesmalayalam.com |accessdate=13 November 2011 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/Review/Angane%20Thudangi%20Review-118-1 |title=Angane Thudangi Malayalam Movie Review, Angane Thudangi Malayalam Film Review, Malayalam Cinema Review, Malayalam Movie Review |publisher=Metromatinee.com |date=28 July 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124040428/http://www.metromatinee.com/Review/Angane%20Thudangi%20Review-118-1 |archive-date=24 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Angane Thudangi'' was the first Malayalam film (though dubbed) to be made available for online viewing on the same day as its release. This arrangement was made by [[Mathrubhumi]], who also released the music for the Malayalam version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/112095/ |title='Angane Thudangi' for online viewers, Malayalam – Mathrubhumi English Movies |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |date=28 July 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126051032/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/112095 |archivedate=26 November 2011 }}</ref> The home video of ''Angane Thudangi'' was released by ''Hot & Sour'' on 2 December 2011.<ref name="Melvilasom">{{cite web|title="Melvilasom", "The Film Star", "Angane Thudangi" VCD/DVD released. |url=http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/12/melvilasom-the-film-star-angane-thudangi-vcddvd-released/ |publisher=Kottaka |accessdate=3 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205021341/http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/12/melvilasom-the-film-star-angane-thudangi-vcddvd-released/ |archivedate=5 December 2011 }}</ref>

==Reception==
''[[Rediff]]'' gave a four star rating, stating "All in all Ala Modalaindi is a fun ride" explaining "Nani and Nithya are at their natural best. Both are so effortless and at ease and share a great chemistry. They are expressive in a range of emotions too."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-ala-modalaindi/20110121.htm|title=Ala Modalaindi is entertaining – Rediff.com Movies|date=21 January 2011|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' also gave a 4/5 star rating, noting "Nandini Reddy's plot is simple but her screenplay is knitted with many twists and turns and that makes the movie a pleasant watch. Nani and Nithya Menen score in performance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ala-modalaindi-review-telugu-14961062.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101221924/http://www.sify.com/movies/ala-modalaindi-review-telugu-14961062.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2013|title=Movie Review:Ala Modalaindi|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref>

Review sites ''IdleBrain'' and ''GreatAndhra'', which also gave 4 ratings, praised the lead pair's performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatandhra.com/viewnews.php?id=26421&cat=1&scat=12|title='Ala Modalaiyindi' Review: Commendable Attempt|date=20 January 2011|publisher=Greatandhra.com|author=Date : 20 January 2011 22:00:00 GMT|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-alamodalaindi.html|title=Ala Modalaindi film review – Telugu cinema Review – Nani & Nitya Menon|date=21 January 2011|publisher=Idlebrain.com|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref>

The film ran for 100 days theatrically.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 May 2011|title=Ala Modalaindi's success party|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/ala-modalaindis-success-party/articleshow/8126783.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614053251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-01/regional/29491113_1_success-party-new-lease-film-personalities|url-status=live|archive-date=14 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Kalyani Malik]] has composed the songs and soundtrack for the film.

===Telugu original soundtrack===

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Performer(s)
|title1 = Cheli Vinamani | extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]] | length1 = 4:18
|lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
|title2 = Innalu Naa Kallu | extra2 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], [[Kalyani Malik]] | length2 = 4:16
|lyrics2 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]
|title3 = Edo Anukunte | extra3 = [[Nithya Menen]], Deepu | length3 = 3:51
|lyrics3 = Lakshmi Bhupal
|title4 = Oo Baby | extra4 = Veena Sahiti | length4 = 4:47
|lyrics4 = Veena Sahithi
|title5 = Ammammo Ammo | extra5 = [[Nithya Menen]], Kalyani Malik | length5 = 4:24
|lyrics5 = Anantha Sriram
}}

===Malayalam dubbed soundtrack===
The music for the Malayalam version was composed by [[Jassie Gift]], based on the tunes in the original film.<ref name="malayalasangeetham1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/12248/ala-modalaindi-as-angane-thudangi-in-malayalam.aspx |title=Nani-Nithya Menen's Angane Thudangi releasing on July 28th |publisher=Ragalahari.com |date=26 July 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> The lyrics for Angane Thudangi were written by Siju Thuravoor.

{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Ammammo Ammo
| extra1 = Najim Arshad, Nithya Menon
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Entho Nedunne
| extra2 = Nithya Menon, Salin
| length2 = 3:41
| title3 = Kandille Nee
| extra3 = Najim Arshad, Sindhu Premkumar
| length3 = 4:28
| title4 = Nenjin Veena Meetti
| extra4 = Jassie Gift
| length4 = 4:09
| title5 = Oh Baby
| extra5 = Ranjini Jose & chorus
| length5 = 3:33
}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Date of ceremony
!Category
!Nominee
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="5" | [[59th Filmfare Awards South|7 July 2012]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|[[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Kalyani Malik]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
for "Ammammo Ammo"
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
for "Ammammo Ammo"
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="7" |[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|22 June 2012]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)|Best Film (Telugu)]]
|''Ala Modalaindi''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=SIIMA nominations for Telugu films - Telugu cinema news|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/siima-nominations.html|access-date=2021-05-15|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director (Telugu)|Best Debut Director (Telugu)]]
|[[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA 2012 Winners Telugu|url=http://siima.in/2012/winners.html|website=[[SIIMA]]|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706025553/http://siima.in/2012/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut (Telugu)|Best Female Debut (Telugu)]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]]
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Best Comedian (Telugu)]]
|[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)|Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
for "Ammammo Ammo"
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Best Music Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Kalyani Malik]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Nandi Awards]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Nandi Awards of 2010|05 August 2011]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]]
|[[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-05|title=Nandi Awards 2010 announced|url=https://www.http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2010.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=IdleBrain|language=en|archive-date=19 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519173408/http://http/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=Nani-Nithya Menen film 'Ala Modalaindi' is a classic millennial Telugu rom-com|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-nithya-menen-film-ala-modalaindi-classic-millennial-telugu-rom-com-132347|access-date=2021-05-15|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1830477}}

{{B. V. Nandini Reddy}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]

Nizhal (film)

2026-03-03T09:44:05Z

EmanuelNathan: put up a stub more to come

{{Short description|2021 film by Appu N. Bhattathiri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nizhal
| image = Nizhal 2021.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Appu N. Bhattathiri]]
| producer = [[Anto Joseph]] Abhijith M. Pillai Badusha Fellini T. P. Ginesh Jose
| writer = S. Sanjeev
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]] [[Nayanthara]]
| music = [[Sooraj S. Kurup]]
| cinematography = Deepak D. Menon
| editing = Appu N. Bhattathiri Arunlal S. P.
| studio = Anto Joseph Film Company Melange Film House Tentpole Movies
| distributor = Aan Mega Media
| released = {{Film date|2021|04|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nizhal''''' ({{IPA|ta|n̪iɻal|pron}}; {{Translation|Shadow}}) is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2021|2021]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by [[Appu N. Bhattathiri]] in his debut and written by S. Sanjeev. It stars [[Kunchacko Boban]] and [[Nayanthara]]. It also features [[Izin Hash]], [[Rony David]], [[Saiju Kurup]] and [[Divya Prabha]] in supporting roles. Appu N. Bhattathiri with Arunlal S. P. edited the film while Deepak D. Menon handled the cinematography. [[Sooraj S. Kurup]] composed the original songs and [[background score]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=M. |first=Athira |date=20 October 2020 |title=Appu N Bhattathiri on directing 'Nizhal' with Nayanthara and Kunchacko Boban |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/appu-n-bhattathiri-on-directing-nizhal-with-nayanthara-and-kunchacko-boban/article32898864.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203043512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/appu-n-bhattathiri-on-directing-nizhal-with-nayanthara-and-kunchacko-boban/article32898864.ece |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film is produced by Anto Joseph Film Company and Melange Film House in association with Tentpole Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2020 |title=First look of Nayanthara from Nizhal unveiled |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/nov/19/first-look-of-nayanthara-from-nizhal-unveiled-2225097.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/nov/19/first-look-of-nayanthara-from-nizhal-unveiled-2225097.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="manorama">{{Cite web |date=18 October 2020 |title=Nayanthara heads back to Mollywood, this time with Kunchacko Boban for Nizhal |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/10/18/nayanthara-kunchacko-boban-team-up-for-nizhal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417082112/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/10/18/nayanthara-kunchacko-boban-team-up-for-nizhal.html |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> Kunchacko Boban plays the role of a [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class|first-class Judicial Magistrate]] for the first time in his career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title=Kunchacko Boban to portray a Judicial Magistrate in 'Nizhal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-to-portray-a-judicial-magistrate-in-nizhal/articleshow/78995454.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518085654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-to-portray-a-judicial-magistrate-in-nizhal/articleshow/78995454.cms |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In the film, John Baby, who is recovering from a traumatic accident, meets Nitin, a young boy who interests him with murder stories. When John explores the possibility of Nitin's stories by mapping the events, it corresponds with the actual incidents.

== Plot ==
The film starts with John Baby, a [[magistrate]], getting into a [[car accident]] in the rain. After being discharged, he is told to temporarily wear a protective face mask until his nose is stable for it to get better. As he resumes his life as a [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class|first-class Judicial Magistrate]], strange things start to happen as he hallucinates, probably from the accident. On the other hand, his friend Shalini, a [[child psychologist]], approaches him with the case of her patient. Nitin, an eight year old [[schoolboy]], shares with his class a murder story. This strikes Baby's interest and he, along with Shalini visits the boy's mother, Sharmila, in order to talk to the boy. Hostile at first, she lets them as he says that the case should have been reported to the police. The boy appears energetic and normal like any other child. Baby decides to search the place mentioned in the boy's story with the help of the police and finds a human skull submerged in a pond.

Following the investigation, Baby gets close to Nitin and Sharmila. Nitin tells another story, and Baby follows the lead and finds out that it is another actual crime. In order to find the source of these stories, Sharmila, Baby and Nitin travel to the house of a person who kept some case files of her late investigator husband, Sachin. That night, when Baby gets disturbing visions again, he walks to Sharmila and Nitin's room only to discover that it was Sharmila who was telling the boy stories of murder in her sleep. After rushing to share this discovery with Shalini and her husband, Baby reveals this fact to Sharmila after he returns. He questions her about her deceased mother to find any connection, much to her annoyance. They meet Viswanathan, the man who took care of Sharmila after her mother's untimely demise. Vishwanathan faints upon recognising her. At the hospital, he reveals that Sharmila's mother was his love interest; however he did not marry her due to her only being recently widowed. He also confesses that he was the one who had committed the murders in the name of the political party in which he was working, and used to confess to Sharmila's mother while she cradled her baby to sleep, thus transmitting the stories to Sharmila's subconscious mind. Baby decides to get him arrested as soon as he is discharged from the hospital. As Sharmila had to go for a video conference, Nithin went with Baby. Sharmila feels sorry for the elderly Vishwanathan, given how much he seemed to repent and how much time had passed, and so she helps him leave before the cops are called. Upon hearing that he has escaped, Baby is dissuaded from calling for a search, for the aforementioned reason, as well as the fact that the party could target them too. Nithin, having overheard some of the conversation, asks who Radhamma (Sharmila's mother) was. He reveals that he knew the story about Radhamma's death. Realisation hits Baby, and he rushes to Sharmila's house.

In the meantime, Vishwanathan shows up at Sharmila's house and reveals to Sharmila that he was the one who killed her mother. As he found out that both she and her son now know the truth, he needs to get rid of them. He attempts to kill her. Luckily, Baby reaches in time to save her from being strangled, but Viswanathan accidentally loses his footing on the balcony and falls to his death.

Baby is free from his visions, whereas Sharmila has started to hallucinate.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as [[Magistrate]] John Baby
* [[Nayanthara]] as Sharmila (Voice dubbed by [[Shakthisree Gopalan]])
* [[Izin Hash]] as Nitin
* [[Divya Prabha]] as Dr. Shalini
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Viswanathan
* [[Rony David]] as Rajan
* [[Prashant Narayanan]] as Mathiyas Pandian
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as CJM Ajith Kumar
* [[Rajesh Hebbar]] as Dr. Basheer
* [[Jolly Chirayath]] as Vathsala
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Lisamma, Baby's Mother
* Siyad Yadu as Kaif
* Aadhya Prasad as Megha
* Aina as Catherine
* [[Vinod Kovoor]] as Constable Sainudheen
* [[Aneesh Gopal]] as Police who spies John Baby
* Shersha Sherief as Police Officer Aftab who helps with swamp case
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Michel
* Renjit Shekar Nair as a [[bus conductor]]
* Dixon Poduthas as SP
* Hariprashanth as Commissioner
* [[Remya Suresh]] as Bhanu
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===

''Nizhal'' is the directorial debut of [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Kerala State Film Award]] winning editor Appu N. Bhattathiri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title='Nizhal' poster shows a mysteriously masked Kunchacko Boban |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nizhal-poster-shows-mysteriously-masked-kunchacko-boban-136736 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622200313/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nizhal-poster-shows-mysteriously-masked-kunchacko-boban-136736 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film is financed by five producers, Anto Joseph, Abhijith M. Pillai, Badusha, Fellini T. P. and Ginesh Jose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2020 |title=Nayanthara and Kunchacko Boban in Appu Bhattathiri's debut directorial 'Nizhal' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nayanthara-and-kunchacko-boban-appu-bhattathiri-s-debut-directorial-nizhal-135611 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415021404/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nayanthara-and-kunchacko-boban-appu-bhattathiri-s-debut-directorial-nizhal-135611 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> It is through producer Fellini, the director approached Kunchacko Boban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2020 |title='Accidental' editor Appu Bhattathiri on directing 'Nizhal', his first film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/accidental-editor-appu-bhattathiri-directing-nizhal-his-first-film-136069 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509180015/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/accidental-editor-appu-bhattathiri-directing-nizhal-his-first-film-136069 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Boban was finalized for his role at the beginning and he suggested Nayanthara to play the female lead.<ref name="hindu" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=Silpa |date=21 October 2020 |title=Exclusive! Appu Bhattathiri: Kunchacko Boban suggested Nayanthara's name for 'Nizhal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-appu-bhattathiri-kunchacko-boban-suggested-nayantharas-name-for-nizhal/articleshow/78790276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211110859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-appu-bhattathiri-kunchacko-boban-suggested-nayantharas-name-for-nizhal/articleshow/78790276.cms |archive-date=11 December 2020 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After reading the script, Nayanthara was impressed and signed the project.<ref name="manorama" />

=== Filming ===
The [[principal photography]] of the film began on 19 October 2020 at [[Kalamassery]] following the [[COVID-19]] protocols.<ref name="hindu" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnakumar |first=G. |date=10 November 2020 |title=Filming plans go for a toss, thanks to COVID curbs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/filming-plans-go-for-a-toss-amidst-covid-restrictions/article33066889.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125042409/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/filming-plans-go-for-a-toss-amidst-covid-restrictions/article33066889.ece |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The filming continued at various locations of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] and [[Alappuzha district]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=18 October 2020 |title=Kunchacko Boban, Nayanthara to lead thriller Nizhal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/18/kunchacko-boban-nayanthara-to-lead-thriller-nizhal-20846.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509175841/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/18/kunchacko-boban-nayanthara-to-lead-thriller-nizhal-20846.html |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2020 |title=Nayanthara-Kunchacko photo from 'Nizhal' shooting released online |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nayanthara-kunchacko-photo-nizhal-shooting-released-online-137396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305073803/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nayanthara-kunchacko-photo-nizhal-shooting-released-online-137396 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The first schedule was completed on 4 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2020 |title=Kunchacko Boban and Nayanthara starrer 'Nizhal' calls it a wrap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-and-nayanthara-starrer-nizhal-calls-it-a-wrap/articleshow/79561671.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115222031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-and-nayanthara-starrer-nizhal-calls-it-a-wrap/articleshow/79561671.cms |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2020 |title=Nayanthara and Kunchacko Boban's 'Nizhal' filming wrapped up |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nayanthara-and-kunchacko-boban-s-nizhal-filming-wrapped-139052 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614173223/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nayanthara-and-kunchacko-boban-s-nizhal-filming-wrapped-139052 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> After wrapping up its [[Kerala]] schedule, the team headed to [[Karnataka]] for its second schedule and continued filming at [[Bangalore]] and [[Hogenakkal Falls|Hogenakkal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2020 |title=Kunchacko Boban shoots in Hogenakkal for Nizhal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-shoots-in-hogenakkal-for-nizhal/articleshow/79679724.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207002055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-shoots-in-hogenakkal-for-nizhal/articleshow/79679724.cms |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on 9 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2021 |title=Nizhal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/nizhal/articleshow/81980461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509174838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/nizhal/articleshow/81980461.cms |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''Film Companion South'' wrote "Kunchacko Boban and Nayanthara are in fine form but ''Nizhal'' is another example of how stars alone cannot make a movie."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=15 May 2021 |title=Nizhal, On Amazon Prime Video With Kunchacko Boban and Nayanthara, Is An Underwhelming Thriller With Interesting Ideas That Don't Come Together |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/nizhal-malayalam-movie-review-amazon-prime-has-a-few-interesting-ideas-that-dont-come-together-kunchacko-boban-nayanthara-baradwaj-rangan |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230224091600/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/nizhal-malayalam-movie-review-amazon-prime-has-a-few-interesting-ideas-that-dont-come-together-kunchacko-boban-nayanthara-baradwaj-rangan |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 writing "There are a few glaring logical holes in the narration that cannot be discussed without spoiling the suspense. The tone of the movie dull as the story fails to live up to the suspense created by the visuals. The script is so weak that it doesn't demand a lot from the actors. While cinematographer Deepak D. Menon's frames move around, the characters remain mostly stationary. For some time it adds to the suspense but as the movie progresses, it sort of becomes repetitive. Especially, Nayanthara remains a pretty face on the screen; an expensive cosmetic addition to the cast. She hardly tries to mimic the nightmarish feeling of a single mother, whose boy is trapped in some kind of a mysterious tangle."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-12 |title=Nizhal movie review: Nayanthara, Kunchacko Boban thriller is high on promise and low on delivery |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nizhal-movie-review-nayanthara-kunchacko-boban-starrer-thriller-is-disappointing-7311024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124074600/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nizhal-movie-review-nayanthara-kunchacko-boban-starrer-thriller-is-disappointing-7311024/ |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 writing "The background score by Sooraj S. Kurup is an interesting aspect of this movie. It is fresh and innovative and blends well with the core of the movie. One instance where he uses the boy's words as background score lifts the entire atmosphere. The well-edited movie has some delightful shots by cinematographer Deepak D. Menon. Go for it if you are a fan of stories involving mind-games."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nizhal Movie Review: A thriller that will keep you guessing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/nizhal/movie-review/81988933.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124074557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/nizhal/movie-review/81988933.cms |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-24 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 2.75 writing "It's a pity that ''Nizhal''’s unusual premise wrestles with so many scripting flaws because the atmospherics in the narrative are on the ball and the mystery remains engaging till the finale. Oh well..."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-17 |title=Nizhal movie review: A solid premise wrestles with flawed scripting in this Nayanthara-Kunchacko Boban thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nizhal-movie-review-a-solid-premise-wrestles-with-flawed-scripting-in-this-nayanthara-kunchacko-boban-thriller-9629101.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124074601/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nizhal-movie-review-a-solid-premise-wrestles-with-flawed-scripting-in-this-nayanthara-kunchacko-boban-thriller-9629101.html |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a negative review writing "Managing to build up the anticipation and to keep the audience guessing until the time of the scriptwriter's choosing would mean half the job done in constructing an effective thriller. But much of the other half rests on how potent that final reveal is. Imagine the feeling when you expect a lion to walk out of a cave, after listening to its majestic roars for some time... and you see a mouse crawling out instead! In ''Nizhal'', in the end, after much anticipation, we get to see something much better than a mouse, but something less than a lion too."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. r |date=2021-04-09 |title='Nizhal' movie review: Starts with a bang, ends with a whimper |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nizhal-movie-review-starts-with-a-bang-ends-with-a-whimper/article34283340.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124074557/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nizhal-movie-review-starts-with-a-bang-ends-with-a-whimper/article34283340.ece |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-24 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[Sify]] gave the film 3/5 writing "''Nizhal'' has its moments for sure but one gets the feeling that it could have been much more with better writing. Having said that, this one is a fine one-time watch."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizhal: .Could have been an engaging watch, with better writing! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nizhal-could-have-been-an-engaging-watch-with-better-writing-review-malayalam-vemeuBihhhbdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412070715/https://www.sify.com/movies/nizhal-could-have-been-an-engaging-watch-with-better-writing-review-malayalam-vemeuBihhhbdf.html |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 writing "In all, ''Nizhal'' certainly scores due to its fresh and novel plot involving a talented kid, but it doesn't deliver more than a decent watch that can surely be seen as a promising directorial debut with controlled expectations."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizhal review: An engaging mystery that could have ended better |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/nizhal-review-an-engaging-mystery-that-could-have-ended-better |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124074557/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/nizhal-review-an-engaging-mystery-that-could-have-ended-better |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film a negative review writing "There is no doubt about Aneesh's comic abilities, but his inclusion felt forced. I wasn't blown away by the final twist either. After the film ended, I asked myself, “That's it?”<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2021 |title='Nizhal' movie review: Kunchacko Boban shines in a bland investigative drama |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/apr/10/nizhal-movie-review-kunchacko-boban-shines-in-a-bland-investigative-drama-2288056.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124074601/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/apr/10/nizhal-movie-review-kunchacko-boban-shines-in-a-bland-investigative-drama-2288056.html |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13298992}}

[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sooraj S. Kurup]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]

Ullozhukku

2026-03-03T09:36:21Z

EmanuelNathan: added a info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ullozhukku poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Christo Tomy]]
| writer = Christo Tomy
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] Honey Trehan Abhishek Chaubey
| starring = [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Shehnad Jalal]]
| editing = [[Kiran Das]]
| music = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| studio = [[RSVP Movies]] MacGuffin Pictures
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=y|2024|6|21}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| gross = {{INR}}4.46 crores<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title='Ullozhukku' box office collections day 34: Parvathy starrer earns Rs 4.46 crores worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ullozhukku-box-office-collections-day-34-parvathy-starrer-earns-rs-4-42-crores-worldwide/articleshow/112018652.cms |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ullozhukku''''' ({{Translation|[[Wiktionary:undercurrent|Undercurrent]]}}) is a 2024 [[India]]n [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Christo Tomy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/ullozhukku-teaser-urvashi-parvathy-thiruvothu-malayalam-movie-1.9609155 |title=എല്ലാ കുടുംബത്തിലും ഒരോ രഹസ്യമുണ്ട്; നിഗൂഢത ഒളിപ്പിച്ച് 'ഉള്ളൊഴുക്ക്' ടീസര്‍ |date=3 June 2024 |publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> The film stars [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], with [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], Prashanth Murali, and Jaya Kurup appearing in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-03 |title=Ullozhukku teaser: Urvashi, Parvathy gear up for a performance showdown in Curry and Cyanide director's next film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ullozhukku-teaser-urvashi-parvathy-gear-up-for-a-performance-showdown-9369829/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/urvashi-parvathy-thiruvothu-come-together-in-christo-tomys-ullozhukku |title=Urvashi, Parvathy Thiruvothu come together in Christo Tomy's Ullozhukku |date=2 June 2024 |publisher=News Minute}}</ref> It was selected for the ''International Competition: Fiction'' strand at the [[2nd Eikhoigi Imphal International Film Festival]] 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://powercorridors.in/imphal-film-festival-unveils-diverse-lineup-with-57-films-showcasing-manipuri-classics/ |title=Imphal Film Festival Unveils Diverse Lineup with 57 Films, Showcasing Manipuri Classics |author=Navin Upadhyay |website=powercorridors.in}}</ref>

In 2025, the film won the [[71st National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for best feature film in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharat |first1=Monali |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 — Complete Winners List |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-winners |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=K |first1=Janani |title=Why female-led Ullozhukku's National Award win feels personal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/why-a-female-led-ullozhukkus-national-award-win-feels-personal-2766077-2025-08-05 |website=India Today |language=en |date=5 August 2025}}</ref>

The screenplay of the film won the Cinestaan India's Storytellers Contest in 2018. Released on 21 June 2024, the film received widespread critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title='Grabbed first prize beating Laapataa Ladies'; Christo Tomy's 'Ullozhukku' that awed Aamir Khan |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1320314&u= |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> It achieved moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mollywood 2024: 207 movies, but only 22 made money; Manjummel Boys dazzled in hit charts |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/12/21/mollywood-2024-big-list-of-films-losses-faced-by-malayalam-film-industry-producers.html |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=Mollywood 2024: 207 movies, but only 22 made money; Manjummel Boys dazzled in hit charts |date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is set in the flooded regions of [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India. Anju is married to Thomaskutty and the two live with Thomaskutty's mother Leelamma. Thomaskutty is chronically ill and dying. Anju has an affair with her former long time lover Rajeev. Anju was forced to marry Thomaskutty after her parents discovered her relationship with Rajeev.

Anju realises that she is pregnant with Rajeev's child. In the meantime Thomaskutty becomes severely ill and passes away. The rain wreaks havoc by flooding the region and delays the funeral. Leelamma discovers Anju's affair and confronts her after which Anju admits that the child is not Thomaskutty's. The truth is soon revealed to Anju's parents, Thomaskutty's sister and aunt. Anju discovers that her mother hid Thomaskutty's illness from her before the wedding.

Anju wants to leave to begin a life with Rajeev after the funeral which keeps getting delayed. Whether she manages to convince the people around her and how they react form the crux of the movie.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Leelamma
*[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] as Anju
*[[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] as Rajeev (voice [[Dubbing#ADR/post-sync|dubbed]] by [[Roshan Mathew]])
* Veenah Naair as Sister Rosamma
*Prashanth Murali as Thomaskutty
*[[Shebin Benson]] as Juman (Rajeev's friend)
*[[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as George
*Jaya Kurup as Jiji
*Smruthi Anish as Sheba, Thomaskutty's elder sister
*Alexander Attupuram as Leelamma's neighbour
{{colend}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Ullozhukku'' released in theatres on 21 June 2024 to overwhelming positive response, garnering praise for the direction and performances of Urvashi and Parvathy. The film had a good word of mouth publicity and turned out to be a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/urvashi-parvathy-thiruvothu-come-together-in-christo-tomys-ullozhukku |title=Urvashi, Parvathy Thiruvothu come together in Christo Tomy's Ullozhukku |date=2 June 2024 |publisher=News Minute}}</ref>

===Marketing===
Prior to the film's release, Urvashi promoted the film on the TV show [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 6|''Bigg Boss'' (season 6)]], hosted by [[Mohanlal]]. She entered the Bigg Boss House on Day 88, met the contestants and shared details about the film.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

===Home media===
The digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] (India only) and [http://Simplysouth.tv Simply South OTT] (Outside India). It began streaming on Simply South from 26 July 2024 excluding India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ullozhukku-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-urvashi-and-parvathy-thiruvothu-starrer-drama-flick-outside-of-india-1332475 |title=Ullozhukku OTT release: When and where to watch Urvashi and Parvathy Thiruvothu starrer drama flick outside of India |date=26 July 2024 |publisher=Pinkvilla}}</ref> In India, the film started streaming through [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 2 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/ullozhukku-ott-update-when-and-where-to-watch-urvasi-parvathy-movie-203076 |title=Ullozhukku Ott: 'ഉള്ളൊഴുക്ക്' ഇനി ഒടിടിയിലേക്ക്, സ്ട്രീമിങ് എവിടെ, എപ്പോൾ? |date=24 July 2024 |publisher=Zee News Malayalam}}</ref> After its streaming rights on [[Amazon Prime Video]] expired, the film was acquired by [[Netflix]] and began streaming there from 26 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ullozhukku-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-parvathy-thiruvothu-urvashi-starrer-film-online-1399366 |title=Ullozhukku OTT Release: When and where to watch Parvathy Thiruvothu, Urvashi starrer film online |date=23 December 2025|publisher=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

==Reception==
On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 100% of 7 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.7/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullozhukku {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ullozhukku |access-date=2025-01-30 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 4/5 stars and observed "What makes ''Ullozhukku'' worth recommending is its ability to surrender to the surprises and yet grow with its characters."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullozhukku Review: Must Watch! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/ullozhukku-review/20240624.htm |date=24 June 2024 |website=Rediff}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> S R Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Urvashi’s powerhouse performance carries this haunting drama".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ullozhukku' movie review: Urvashi's powerhouse performance carries this haunting drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ullozhukku-movie-review-urvashis-powerhouse-performance-carries-this-haunting-drama/article68316205.ece |date=23 June 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and reviewed "Urvashi's superb presence & range carries this beautiful emotional story".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullozhukku Movie Review : Urvashi's superb presence & range carries this beautiful emotional story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ullozhukku/movie-review/111171426.cms |date=21 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 4/5 stars and observed "A subtle and profound drama backed by incredible Urvashi and Parvathy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullozhukku movie review: A subtle and profound drama backed by incredible Urvashi and Parvathy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ullozhukku-movie-review-a-subtle-and-profound-drama-backed-by-incredible-urvashi-and-parvathy-9406251/ |date=21 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated 4/5 stars and wrote "Urvashi, Parvathy are brilliant in Ullozhukku, a tense exploration of family dynamics".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullozhukku review:Urvashi, Parvathy are brilliant in Ullozhukku, a tense exploration of family dynamics |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/urvashi-parvathy-are-brilliant-in-ullozhukku-a-tense-exploration-of-family-dynamics |date=21 June 2024 |website=The News Minute}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 4/5 stars and reviewed "The 'undercurrent' in this film comes to life with Urvashi and Parvathy's sheer brilliant performance".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullozhukku movie review:The 'undercurrent' in this film comes to life with Urvashi and Parvathy's sheer brilliant performance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ullozhukku-movie-review-the-undercurrent-in-this-film-comes-to-life-with-urvashi-and-parvathys-sheer-brilliant-performance-13784882.html |date=22 June 2024 |website=First Post}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Swathi P Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "Urvashi dominates in must-watch tale of empathy and love: 'Ullozhukku' rivets from start to finish".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urvashi dominates in must-watch tale of empathy and love: 'Ullozhukku' rivets from start to finish {{!}} Movie Review {{!}} Onmanorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/06/21/ullozhukku-movie-review-urvashi-parvathy-thiruvothu-christo-tomy-malayalam-film.html |date=21 June 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> Aswathy Gopalakrishnan of ''[[Film Companion]]'' reviewed "an astounding urvashi headlines a tender film on love that defies conventions".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullozhukku Review: An Astounding Urvashi Headlines A Tender Film On Love That Defies Conventions |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/ullozhukku-review-an-astounding-urvashi-headlines-a-tender-film-parvathy-malayalam-movie |date=21 June 2024 |website=Film Companion}}</ref>

==Accolades==
;[[71st National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] - [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB]]}}</ref>

;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2023 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-state-film-awards-2023-winners-1.9816901 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - Urvashi
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]] - [[Roshan Mathew]] (dubbed for [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]])
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Best Sound Design]] - [[Jayadevan Chakkadath]], Anil Radhakrishnan
; [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne#2024|Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
* Best Actress – [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Kartik Aaryan, Kabir Khan win big honours at IFFM 2024 for 'Chandu Champion' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Aug/17/kartik-aaryan-kabir-khan-win-big-honours-at-iffm-2024-for-chandu-champion |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|32537777}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]

Devan (film)

2026-03-03T04:38:39Z

EmanuelNathan: improved formatting for consistency

{{Short description|2002 film by C. Arunpandian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devan
| image = Devan poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Arun Pandian]]
| producer = Arun Pandian
| writer = Arun Pandian
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] Arun Pandian [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = P. Selvakumar
| editing = B. S. Vasu Saleem
| distributor =
| studio = Friends Creations
| released = {{Film date|2002|06|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Devan''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Arun Pandian]] marking his debut as a director. The film stars himself in the title role being his 50th project as an actor<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/moments-to-cherish/article28570983.ece|title=Moments to cherish|date=2002-05-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023214559/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/moments-to-cherish/article28570983.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and an ensemble supporting cast including [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], while actors [[Vijayakanth]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] appeared in extended cameo roles. Sai Kumar made his Tamil debut with this film. The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The film was released on 14 June 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film opens with Alex Devan murdering photographer Jeeva in cold blood in the latter's house. Jeeva strategically positions a video camera to capture the impending murder, but Devan's face is not captured on it. Jeeva shouts out the name of his killer before dying, but the audio is lost at that point.

While the police search for the killer, Devan zeroes in on Chetta Raghu as his next target. He follows Chetta to Chandigarh but is apprehended by CBI officer Rathnavel. Rathnavel is a tasked with bringing down hoarders and black marketers of India's staple grains. Once Rathnavel realises that Chetta is a mastermind of the hoarding operation, he begins to help Devan, even hiring successful lawyer Chakravarthy to fight for him.

The flashback shows that Devan's sister Jacqueline was killed by Chetta. Earlier, Chetta and Devan were friends, but Chetta stalks and harasses Jacqueline. He peeps on her when she is bathing, and when she finds out about it, she slaps him in public. Chetta decides to take revenge. On Jacqueline's wedding day, he drugs her and sends her to church in the bridal costume with no dress underneath. Chetta then grabs her costume from the car, thus rendering her completely naked in public. He then shoots her and her groom. Devan is framed for the crime and wants to avenge his sister's death.

In the end, Chetta is killed.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijayakanth]] as Rathnavel [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Deputy Director CBI (Extended Cameo)
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as [[Lawyer]] Chakravarthy (Extended Cameo)
* [[Arun Pandian]] as Alex Devan
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Uma
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Jacqueline, Devan's sister (Extended Cameo)
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Saravanan
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Chetta Raghu
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Police commissioner
* [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Chandran (guest appearance)
* [[Senthil]] as Police officer (guest appearance)
* [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as the [[Inspector|Police inspector]]
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Jeeva (guest appearance)
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Kaalimuthu
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Politician
* Karikalan as Inspector Ravikumar
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Police Officer
* Rajmohan as Shiva
* Nandha as Nandha
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Public Prosecutor Anantharaman
* Bayilvan Ranganathan as Parrot astrologer
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as a Company worker
* Marthandan as a Company worker
* [[Citizen Mani]] as Mani
* Boys Rajan as Travel agent
* Mudhalvan Rajendran as the Police inspector
* Srilatha as a Company worker
* Minnal Deepa as Bhavana
}}

==Production==
The film was Arun Pandian's 50th film as actor and debut film as director. The climax scene was shot in [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], at the harbour, where underwater sequences were shot, using helicopters and ships, 3000 tractors, 50 buses, and 200 camels. Says Arun Pandian, "It's a story that I penned about 10 years back. Earlier when I casually talked to Vijayakanth about my intention of directing a film he had said that he would definitely act whenever I directed it. I reminded him of it and he promptly agreed. He was confident and didn't have any apprehension that I being the actor-director would give more footage to myself!".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/devan1.asp |title=Devan |website=Chennai Online |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021220194859/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/devan1.asp |archive-date=20 December 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/16/stories/2001111600660200.htm |title=The Hindu : An action filled suspense drama |website=hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030929101856/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/16/stories/2001111600660200.htm |archive-date=29 September 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vijayakanth]] made a special appearance, and charged no remuneration for doing so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Sankaran |date=8 February 2024 |title=கேப்டன் விஜயகாந்த் சம்பளமே வாங்காமல் நடித்துக் கொடுத்த படங்கள்!.. அட இவ்வளவு இருக்கா?.. |url=https://cinereporters.com/captain-vijayakanth-acted-the-movies-without-salary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214053830/https://cinereporters.com/captain-vijayakanth-acted-the-movies-without-salary/ |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack and background score were composed by music director [[Ilaiyaraaja]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/devan|title=Devan Songs|access-date=2021-10-14|publisher=Gaana|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026204829/https://gaana.com/album/devan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/devan-songs-T0004958|title=Devan songs download|work=Raaga|access-date=4 November 2023|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104115546/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/devan-songs-T0004958|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Intha Ezhai Geetham" || Ilaiyaraaja || rowspan=6|Palani Bharathi
|-
| 2 || "Kanda Kanda Pasanga" || [[S. N. Surendar]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| 3 || "Sexy Bomb" || [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]], [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]], Viji Manuel
|-
| 4 || "Teenagela" || Mathangi, [[Febi Mani]]
|-
| 5 || "Thaalaattum Kaatre" || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| 6 || "Thaalaattum Kaatre" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|}

==Release and reception==
A reviewer wrote:"An interesting screenplay, with suspense, action, vendetta and patriotism weaved in, the male characters are well-etched, and the female characters given just enough scope to justify their presence in the film. Only that the film is a bit too lengthy and could have been trimmed a little".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lavan.fateback.com/Cinema%20Section/Devan.html |title=Devan Movie Review |work=lavan.fateback |access-date=21 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040812085038/http://lavan.fateback.com/Cinema%20Section/Devan.html |archive-date=12 August 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chennaionline.com wrote "‘Devan’ is an impressive debut by actor-turned-director Arun Pandian".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov194.asp |title=Devan |website=Chennai Online |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406033954/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov194.asp |archive-date=6 April 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote "There is a laudable theme that has been touched upon and, of course, plenty of action. Probably proper pruning and crisp narration would have done "Devan" a world of good".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/devan/article28571102.ece | title=Devan | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 June 2002 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231104115038/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/devan/article28571102.ece|archive-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "Story, Screenplay, Produced and Directed by- Arun Pandian. He had done a good job as he blended suspense and realistic screenplay very well initially, but as soon as Vijayakanth makes his entry, Arun Pandian begins to loose his grip on the screenplay. Even a newborn could easily predict the next step that he intends to take when the court releases him. The screenplay is so predictable and routine. However, all these drawbacks are very well covered up by the excellent performances by the lead artists and the magnificent cinematography of Selvakumar. These two factors have together rescued 'Devan' from being an utter disaster".<ref>{{cite web|title=Devan|website=Cinesouth|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/devan.shtml|access-date=20 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021216214643/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/devan.shtml|archive-date=16 December 2002}}</ref>

The film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Mass'' with [[Srihari]] replacing Karthik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/mass/telugu/mass-movie-reviews-2044-2.html|title=Mass review: Mass (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12465770|Devan}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Odisha]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:2002 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kakinada]]

Sacred Hearts' School, Mangaluru

2026-02-22T17:50:36Z

EmanuelNathan: added new entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sacred Hearts' School
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| location =
| address =
| region =
| city = [[Mangaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postal_code =
| zipcode =
| country1 =
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.853916|74.896424|region:IN-KA_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype =
| fundingtype =
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| denomination =
| patron =
| established = 1943
| founded =
| grades =
}}
'''Sacred Hearts' School''' is a school situated at [[Kulshekar]] locality in [[Mangaluru]] city of [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/a-test-of-skill-and-endurance/article6407771.ece|title=A test of skill and endurance |date=13 September 2014|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|author=Raghava M}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/rain-makes-it-more-exciting-for-children/article2251354.ece|title=Rain makes it more exciting for children |date=19 July 2011|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/an-irresistible-offer-on-sunny-days/article2614536.ece|title=An irresistible offer on sunny days|date=10 November 2011|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|author=Anisha Sheth}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/students-leave-a-mark-with-different-writing-styles/article17899203.ece|title=Students leave a mark with different writing styles|date=10 April 2017|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Department-of-Public-Instruction-Dakshina-Kannada-Zilla-Panchayat-and-Sacred-Hearts-High-School-Kulshekar-is-organising-a-two-day-state-level-netball-tournament-for-high-school-students-at-the-school-ground-here-from-November-19-In-all-1344-students-from-25-teams-representing-various-educational-districts-of-the-state-will-vie-for-top-honours-in-the-boys-and-girls-section-in-the-under-14-and-under-17-age-group-categories-/articleshow/10739860.cms|title=Department of Public Instruction, Dakshina Kannada Zilla Panchayat and Sacred Heart's High School, Kulshekar is organizing a two-day state level Netball tournament for high school students at the school ground here from November 19|date=15 November 2011|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|author=Jaideep Shenoy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=648741|title=Mangaluru: Sacred Hearts' English Medium School celebrates colourful Annual Day|date=30 November 2019|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld|author=Dayanand Kukkaje}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=591735|title=Mangaluru: Orientation of BES Educators held at Sacred Hearts' School|date=27 May 2019|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=599105|title=Mangaluru: Young Students Movement - Training and election held|date=22 June 2019|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=486552|title=M'luru: Sacred Hearts' Hr Pry (Eng Med) School, Kulshekar hosts vibrant annual day|date=16 December 2017|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=520208|title=Red Bricks Palm Hills – Prudent choice, ready to occupy by October|date=23 July 2018|accessdate=18 January 2020|newspaper=Daijiworld}}</ref> It was established on 31 May 1943.<ref name='bes'>{{cite web |url=https://www.besadmin.org/our-institutions/western-province/91-13-st-joseph-s-orphanage-high-school-santibastwad-belgaum|title=Sacred Hearts’ High School, Kulshekar, Mangalore (Estd: 1943) |accessdate=18 January 2020 |publisher=Bethany Educational Society}}</ref> This school is run by the Bethany Educational Society.<ref name='bes'/>

==History==
The school was started on 31 May 1943 by Msgr. R.F.C. Mascarenhas.<ref name='bes'/> The Sacred Hearts’ Secondary School (as it was then called) was inaugurated on 4 June 1943.<ref name='bes'/> The first batch from the school appeared for the SSLC Examination in 1947.<ref name='bes'/> The first 3 Headmistresses of this school were Smt. Laxmi Bai (1943–44), Sr. Bertha (1944–45) and Sr. Macrina (1945).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bethanymangaloreprovince.org/index.php/ministry/educational-institutions/high-schools/10-02-sacred-hearts-high-school-kulshekar|title=Sisters of the little flower of Bethany - Sacred Hearts' High School, Kulshekar|accessdate=18 January 2020|publisher=Bethany Mangalore Province}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Schools in Mangalore]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Schools in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in India]]

Wanakbori Thermal Power Station

2026-02-21T05:31:12Z

EmanuelNathan: fix intro after review and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Building in India gujarat dist kheda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Wanakbori Thermal Power Station
| name_official =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = 
| country = India
| location = [[Wanakbori]], [[Mahisagar Ta. GALTESHWAR district|Kheda]], [[Gujarat]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = 1982
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = GSECL
| operator = [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|GSECL]]
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational = 7 X 210 MW and 1x800 MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 2,270 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website = {{URL|gsecl.in}}
}}
'''Wanakbori Thermal Power Station''' is a [[coal]]-fired power station in [[Gujarat]], India. It is located on the bank of [[Mahi River]] in Wanakbori in [[Mahisagar district]]. There are eight units at this location, seven of each 210 MW and one of 800 MW capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsecl.in/wanakbori.html|title=wanakbori Thermal Power Station|publisher=Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|access-date=26 August 2010|archive-date=25 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325172850/http://www.gsecl.in/wanakbori.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| Stage I || 1 || 210 || March 1982 || Running
|-
| Stage I || 2 || 210 || January, 1983 || Running
|-
| Stage I || 3 || 210 || March, 1984 || Running
|-
| Stage 2 || 4 || 210 || March, 1986 || Running
|-
| Stage 2 || 5 || 210 || September 1986 || Running
|-
| Stage 2 || 6 || 210 || November 1987 || Running
|-
| Stage 3 || 7 || 210 || December 1998 || Running
|-
| Stage 4 || 8 || 800 || October 2019 || Running
|-
|}

[[GSECL]] had recently entrusted [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] with an order for setting up an 800 MW supercritical coal-based project at Wanakbori in [[Gujarat]] on EPC basis.<ref>http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bhel-bags-rs-3500-crore-order-for-ther mal-plantgujarat_1182652.html</ref> BHEL has completed the construction activities and the 800 MW was declared as commercially operational on 12 October 2019 at 14:00.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [[Gandhinagar Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Ukai Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Sikka Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Dhuvaran Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Kutch Thermal Power Station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Power Plants of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Kheda district]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1982]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

American Chai

2026-02-19T00:01:57Z

EmanuelNathan: small enhanced formatting per standard format further and corrected details based on references

{{short description|2001 film by Anurag Mehta}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = American Chai
| image = File:American_Chai_2001_Movie_Poster.jpg
| writer = Anurag Mehta
| screenplay = Anurag Mehta
| starring = Aalok Mehta [[Aasif Mandvi]] [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Sheetal Sheth]]
| director = Anurag Mehta
| distributor = Dream Merchant Pictures Fusion Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|01|25|Slamdance Film Festival|2002|04|05}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
}}
'''''American Chai''''' is a 2001 [[comedy-drama]] film written and directed by Indian American director Anurag Mehta. His brother, Aalok Mehta, played the starring role opposite [[Sheetal Sheth]], who had previously starred in the similar genre film ''ABCD''. The film also had a minor role played by [[Paresh Rawal]].

The film deals with an [[Indian American]] student who wants to pursue his love of music over the more "typical" academic endeavors of Indian Americans (e.g., medicine, engineering, and law).

The film won the Audience Award at the 2001 [[Slamdance Film Festival]], with the ''[[New York Post]]'' describing it as a "slight but sweet film".

==Premise==

Sureel is a first generation Indian American college graduating senior music major whose controlling father still believes that he is pre-med. His desires in life conflict with both his family's traditional values, and the usual Indian way of assimilating into the United States by becoming a doctor or engineer. As graduation approaches, he has an opportunity to be nationally recognized for his music which will simplify telling his father the truth.

==Cast==

*Aalok Mehta – Sureel
*[[Sheetal Sheth]] – Maya
*[[Aasif Mandvi]] – Engineering Sam
*Josh Ackrman – Toby
*[[Ajay Naidu]] – Hari
*[[Paresh Rawal]] - Sureel's Dad
*Bharti Desai - Sureel's Mom
*[[Akshay Oberoi]] – Neel
*Rajiv Reddy – Young Sureel
*Jamie Hurley - Jen
*Reena Shah – Sejal
*Anand Chulani – Raju
*Jill Anderson – Lisa
*Kyle Koehl – Young Boy
*Marlee Kattler – Young Girl

The [[Philadelphia]]-based hip-hop band [[Fathead (band)|Fathead]] also appears in the film.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|264355|American Chai}}

[[Category:2001 American films]]
[[Category:2001 English-language films]]
[[Category:2001 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2001 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama films about Asian Americans]]
[[Category:English-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Films by Desi directors]]

{{India-film-stub}}
{{2000s-comedy-drama-film-stub}}
{{2000s-US-film-stub}}

Neelum Sharma

2026-02-09T04:53:07Z

EmanuelNathan: reworked information for consistency and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian anchor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Neelum Sharma
| honorific_suffix =
| image = NeelumSharma 2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 7 March 1969
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|08|17|1969|03|07|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]]
[[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]
[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| occupation =[[News presenter|News Anchor]], Journalist
| years_active = 1995 to 2019
| spouse = Anil Kapoor (Not to be confused with the [[Anil Kapoor|actor of the same name]])
| children = Neelabh Kapoor
| awards = Aadhi Abadi Women Achievers Award 2010
Media Maharathi 2013
[[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] 2019
}}
'''Neelum Sharma''' (7 March 1969 – 17 August 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/veteran-doordarshan-news-anchor-neelum-sharma-passes-away-at-50-after-battling-cancer-2274075.html|title=Veteran Doordarshan News Anchor Neelum Sharma Passes Away at 50 After Battling Cancer|website=News18|date=17 August 2019 }}</ref> was an Indian anchor who was most well known as one of the founding anchors of [[Doordarshan]] and was a recipient of the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]], the highest civilian award for women in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ddnews.gov.in/national/doordarshan-anchor-and-nari-shakti-award-winner-neelum-sharma-passes-away|title=Doordarshan Anchor and Nari Shakti Award Winner Neelum Sharma passes away|date=17 August 2019|website=DD News|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/veteran-dd-news-anchor-neelum-sharma-is-no-more-98916.html|title=Veteran DD News anchor Neelum Sharma is no more|date=17 August 2019|website=Exchange4Media|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Dr. Rashmi Tiwari chosen as one of the Tejaswinis by DD News with Neelam Sharma.jpg|thumb|Dr. [[Rashmi Tiwari]] (right) one of the Tejaswinis with Neelam Sharma (left)|left]]
Through her show ''Tejaswini'', Neelum focused on women achievers of India.<ref name=":0" /> She was also a documentary filmmaker, having over 60 films to her name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/india-news/neelum-sharma-senior-dd-news-anchor-passes-away-article-234363.html|title=Neelum Sharma, senior DD News anchor, passes away, journalists pay tributes|date=17 August 2019|website=[[News Nation]]|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> She started her career with Doordarshan in 1995 and was associated with the channel for over 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dd-news-anchor-neelum-sharma-passes-away-5913243/|title=DD News anchor Neelum Sharma passes away|date=2019-08-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> She died on 17 August 2019 at the age of 50 due to cancer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/10786468_Veteran-DD-News-anchor-Neelum-Sharma-dies.html|title=Veteran DD News anchor Neelum Sharma dies|date=17 August 2019|work=Press Trust of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817144227/http://www.ptinews.com/news/10786468_Veteran-DD-News-anchor-Neelum-Sharma-dies.html|archive-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Neelum}}
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Deaths from breast cancer in India]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Mass Communication alumni]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 winners]]

{{India-journalist-stub}}

Basin Bridge Junction railway station

2026-02-06T08:34:41Z

EmanuelNathan: Started initial article more to come

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Basin Bridge Junction
| type = {{ubl |[[Indian Railways]] |[[Chennai Suburban Railway]]}}
| style = Indian Railways
| image = View of BBQ junction.JPG
| image_caption = View of Basin Bridge railway junction
| address = [[Pulianthope]], Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.10230|N|80.27143|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{ubl |[[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Chennai–Bengaluru]] |[[Howrah–Chennai main line|Chennai–Howrah]] |[[Mumbai–Chennai line|Chennai–Mumbai]] |[[New Delhi–Chennai main line|Chennai–New Delhi]]}}
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 7
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 8
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 13 April 1979<ref>{{cite web|title=IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004|url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=IRFCA|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref>
| accessible =
| code = BBQ
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| former = South Indian Railway
| passengers = 10,000/day
<ref>{{cite news
| title = Go northwest, but don't take a train
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 27 April 2013
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2013/04/27&ID=Ar00600
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130630104528/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2013/04/27&ID=Ar00600
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 30 June 2013
| access-date = 28 April 2013
}}</ref>
| pass_year = 2013
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}

'''Basin Bridge Junction''' is a [[Railway stations in Chennai|railway station]] in [[Chennai]], India. It comes under the purview of the [[Chennai railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Railway List of Stations |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=1 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is the first station on the lines originating from [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]], and as Central is a [[terminal station]], the various lines branch out from the nearby Basin Bridge station.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vydhianathan |first=S. |title=Second terminal at Chennai Central proposed |date=26 October 2004 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/26/stories/2004102610770100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041201070212/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/26/stories/2004102610770100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> It is located at [[Pulianthope]] near the confluence on the [[Otteri Nullah]] and [[Buckingham Canal]].

A coach maintenance depot and train care centre is located close to the station. It is the largest train care centre under the Southern Railway, and is equipped with 14 pit lines including two lines to accommodate 24-coach trains, and the rest designed to park 18-coach trains.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]] |url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,494 |access-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424084130/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C304%2C374%2C492%2C494 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V. |title=Railway staff battle muck, indifference |date=9 July 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-09/chennai/32603604_1_basin-bridge-special-trains-pit-lines |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103092906/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-09/chennai/32603604_1_basin-bridge-special-trains-pit-lines |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Train care centre in Chennai needs thorough overhaul |date=31 July 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-31/chennai/32961094_1_southern-railway-pit-lines-train |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-31/chennai/32961094_1_southern-railway-pit-lines-train |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> It also has a trip shed for housing [[electric locomotives]], located to the north of the train care centre.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saqaf |first=Syed Muthahar |author2=R. Rajaram |title=Electric locomotive trip shed at Tiruchi junction |location=Chennai |date=23 August 2010 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/23/stories/2010082355420600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827215427/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/23/stories/2010082355420600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref>

The station is covered by an Integrated Security Surveillance System project implemented in 2012.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Chennai: Suburban railway stations to come under CCTV surveillance
| work= [[The New Indian Express]]
| date = 18 July 2012
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-suburban-railway-stations-to-come-under-cctv-surveillance/272054-62-130.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231320/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-suburban-railway-stations-to-come-under-cctv-surveillance/272054-62-130.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 11 November 2013
| access-date = 14 January 2014}}</ref>

{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, North|Basin Bridge|Chennai Central|Korukkupet|2|2.22}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Basin Bridge|Chennai Central|Vyasarpadi Cabin|2|2.22}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West North|Basin Bridge|Chennai Central|Vyasarpadi Cabin|2|2.22}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-27T20:17:59Z

EmanuelNathan: brief expand information for clarity additionally and updated info

{{Short description|State assembly election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1977
| next_election = 1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1988
| seats_for_election = 60 seats in the Assembly
| election_date = 1 May 1983
| image_size = 100x100px

| party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Nripen Chakraborty.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Nripen Chakraborty]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Pramodenagar Assembly constituency|Pramodenagar]]
| last_election1 = 51
| seats1 = 37
| seat_change1 ={{decrease}} 14
| popular_vote1 = 433,608
| percentage1 = 46.78%

| party2 = Indian National Congress
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =-
| leaders_seat2 =-
| last_election2 = 0
| seats2 = 12
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 12
| popular_vote2 = 282,859
| percentage2 = 30.51%

| party3 = Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti
| image3 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''TUS'''</div>
| leader3 =-
| leaders_seat3 =-
| last_election3 = 4
| seats3 = 6
| seat_change3 ={{increase}} 2
| popular_vote3 = 97,039
| percentage3 = 10.47%


| map_image = Tripura map.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Tripura]] district map

| title = [[Chief Minister of Tripura|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Nripen Chakraborty]]
| before_party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| after_election = [[Nripen Chakraborty]]
| after_party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| majority_seats = 31
}}
[[File:Tripura in India.png|thumb|right|[[Tripura]]]]

The 1983 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] election took place on 1 May 1983, to elect the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) from each of the 60 Assembly constituencies in Tripura, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sec.tripura.gov.in/|title=Official Website of State Election Commission, Government of Tripura, India|website=sec.tripura.gov.in}}</ref>

The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))]], led by [[Nripen Chakraborty]], won 37 seats and formed the Government in [[Tripura]].

==Highlights==
Election for all 60 assembly constituencies of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] were conducted in a single phase, on February 15, 1993.

=== Participating Political Parties ===
{|class="wikitable
!Partytype Abbreviation
!Party
!
|-
|colspan="3"|National Parties
|-
|1||BJP ||Bhartiya Janta Party
|-
|2||CPI ||Communist Party of India
|-
|3||CPM ||Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|-
|4||ICS ||Indian Congress (Socialist)
|-
|5||INC ||Indian National Congress
|-
|6||JNP ||Janata Party
|-
|colspan="3"|State Parties
|-
|7||FBL ||All India Forward BlocK
|-
|8||RSP ||Revolutionary Socialist Party
|-
|9||TUS ||Tripura Upajati Zuba Samiti
|-
|colspan="3"|Independents
|-
|10||IND||Independent
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/|title=List of Participating Political Parties}}</ref>

=== No. of Constituencies ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Type of Constituencies
! GEN
! SC
! ST
! Total
|-
| No. of Constituencies
| 33
| 7
| 20
| 60
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/|title=Constituencies-Tripura}}</ref>

=== Electors ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Men
! Women
! Total
|-
| No.of Electors
| 579,123
| 555,134
| 1,134,257
|-
| No.of Electors who Voted
| 495,281
| 446,504
| 941,785
|-
| Polling Percentage
| 85.52%
| 80.43%
| 83.03%
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/|title=Total No.of Electors}}</ref>

=== Performance of Women Candidates ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Men
! Women
! Total
|-
| No.of Contestants
| 195
| 11
| 206
|-
| Elected
| 56
| 04
| 60
|}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/|title=Performance of Women candidates Vs Men candidates}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Politics of India}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Tripura Legislative Assembly 1983.svg]]
|-
! Party
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! No. of votes
! % of votes
! 1977 Seats
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4
| 0
| 578
| 0.06%
| -
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1
| 0
| 7,657
| 0.83%
| 0
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 56
| 37
| 433,608
| 46.78%
| 51
|-
| [[Indian Congress Secular]]
| 3
| 0
| 540
| 0.06%
| -
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 45
| 12
| 282,859
| 30.51%
| 0
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 5
| 0
| 515
| 0.06%
| 0
|-
| [[All India Forward Block]]
| 1
| 0
| 6,549
| 0.71%
| 1
|-
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 2
| 2
| 15,218
| 1.64%
| 2
|-
| [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
| 14
| 6
| 97,039
| 10.47%
| 4
|-
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 75
| 3
| 82,443
| 8.89%
| 2
|-
! Total
! 206
! 60
! 927,006
!
!
|-
|colspan=10|Source: ECI<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1983/|title=1983 Tripura Election result}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Simna Assembly constituency|Simna]]||83.41%||Abhiram Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||9,206||65.23%||Kripa Rani Debbarma||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||4,828||34.21%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''4,378'''
|-
|2||[[Mohanpur Assembly constituency|Mohanpur]]||80.89%||Dhirendra Chandra Debnath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,568||45.07%||Radharaman Debnath||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||5,953||40.85%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''615'''
|-
|3||[[Bamutia Assembly constituency|Bamutia]]||85.47%||[[Haricharan Sarkar]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,417||50.79%||Prafulla Kumar Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,023||48.09%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''394'''
|-
|4||[[Barjala Assembly constituency|Barjala]]||83.66%||Gouri Bhattacharjee||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||8,160||49.3%||Basana Chakraborty||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,904||29.63%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''3,256'''
|-
|5||[[Khayerpur Assembly constituency|Khayerpur]]||83.34%||[[Sudhir Ranjan Majumder]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,539||52.98%||Akhil Debnath||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,321||45.43%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,218'''
|-
|6||[[Agartala Assembly constituency|Agartala]]||80.44%||[[Manik Sarkar]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||10,623||52.18%||Promode Ranjandas Gupta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,485||46.59%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,138'''
|-
|7||[[Ramnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]||80.24%||[[Biren Dutta]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||8,026||50.8%||Amar Ranjan Gupta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,640||48.35%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''386'''
|-
|8||[[Town Bordowali Assembly constituency|Town Bordowali]]||79.31%||[[Ashok Kumar Bhattacharya]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,689||52.95%||[[Brajagopal Roy]]||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||6,549||45.1%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,140'''
|-
|9||[[Banamalipur Assembly constituency|Banamalipur]]||82.11%||[[Sukhamoy Sen Gupta]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,883||52.43%||[[Bibekananda Bhowmik]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||5,913||45.04%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''970'''
|-
|10||[[Majlishpur Assembly constituency|Majlishpur]]||83.16%||[[Khagen Das]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,397||44.21%||Ranjit Saha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,901||33.87%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,496'''
|-
|11||[[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]||81.%||[[Rashiram Debbarma]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||9,861||56.04%||Amiya Kumar Debbarma||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||7,594||43.16%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,267'''
|-
|12||[[Takarjala Assembly constituency|Takarjala]]||79.35%||[[Sudhanwa Debbarma]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||9,029||59.83%||Suriya Kumar Debbarma||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||5,930||39.29%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''3,099'''
|-
|13||[[Pratapgarh, Tripura Assembly constituency|Pratapgarh]]||85.63%||[[Anil Sarkar]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||12,736||58.4%||Monomohan Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,758||40.16%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''3,978'''
|-
|14||[[Badharghat Assembly constituency|Badharghat]]||82.65%||Jadab Majumder||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||11,244||56.37%||Niranjan Paul||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,551||42.87%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,693'''
|-
|15||[[Kamalasagar Assembly constituency|Kamalasagar]]||84.88%||[[Matilal Sarkar]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,601||50.85%||Monoranjan Laskar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,170||47.97%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''431'''
|-
|16||[[Bishalgarh Assembly constituency|Bishalgarh]]||84.65%||[[Bhanu Lal Saha]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,340||51.54%||[[Samir Ranjan Barman]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,900||48.46%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''440'''
|-
|17||[[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]]||81.76%||[[Budha Debbarma]]||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||8,011||50.18%||[[Niranjan Debbarma]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,198||45.09%||style="background:{{party color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}"|'''813'''
|-
|18||[[Charilam Assembly constituency|Charilam]]||83.44%||[[Parimal Chandra Saha]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,528||52.7%||Braja Gopal Bhowmik||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,302||45.12%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,226'''
|-
|19||[[Boxanagar Assembly constituency|Boxanagar]]||88.79%||Araber Rahaman||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,022||51.21%||Munsur Ali||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,648||48.49%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''374'''
|-
|20||[[Nalchar Assembly constituency|Nalchar]]||89.03%||Narayan Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,420||49.94%||Sumanta Kumar Das||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,210||48.53%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''210'''
|-
|21||[[Sonamura Assembly constituency|Sonamura]]||87.97%||Rashik Lal Roy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,264||51.55%||[[Subal Rudra]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,623||47.%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''641'''
|-
|22||[[Dhanpur Assembly constituency|Dhanpur]]||89.26%||[[Samar Chowdhury]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||8,795||54.02%||Brajendra Kumar Ghosh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,487||45.98%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,308'''
|-
|23||[[Ramchandraghat Assembly constituency|Ramchandraghat]]||87.55%||[[Dasarath Deb]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||11,451||86.89%||Bathsailyamani Jamatia||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||1,728||13.11%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''9,723'''
|-
|24||[[Khowai Assembly constituency|Khowai]]||88.15%||[[Samir Deb Sarkar]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||5,777||45.18%||Sukhamoy Kar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,587||28.05%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,190'''
|-
|25||[[Asharambari Assembly constituency|Asharambari]]||85.91%||[[Bidya Chandra Debbarma]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||11,360||79.67%||Kishalaya Kanti Debbarma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,591||11.16%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''9,769'''
|-
|26||[[Pramodenagar Assembly constituency|Pramodenagar]]||87.6%||[[Nripen Chakraborty]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||10,845||60.87%||Siromani Roy||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||5,212||29.25%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''5,633'''
|-
|27||[[Kalyanpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]||84.93%||Makhan Lal Chakraborty||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,064||49.%||Debabrata Datta||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,566||31.67%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,498'''
|-
|28||[[Krishnapur Assembly constituency|Krishnapur]]||71.86%||Kali Kumar Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,267||54.29%||Maharaja Kumar Sahadeb Bikaram Kishore Debbarma||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,059||37.8%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,208'''
|-
|29||[[Teliamura Assembly constituency|Teliamura]]||83.15%||Gita Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,835||42.48%||Jitendra Sarkar||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||5,984||37.19%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''851'''
|-
|30||[[Bagma Assembly constituency|Bagma]]||81.6%||Rati Mohan Jamaitia||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||10,157||62.93%||Gunapada Jamatia||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||5,506||34.11%||style="background:{{party color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}"|'''4,651'''
|-
|31||[[Salgarh Assembly constituency|Salgarh]]||87.11%||Gopal Chandra Das||{{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}||8,148||53.21%||Kamini Kumar Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,032||45.92%||style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|'''1,116'''
|-
|32||[[Radhakishorpur Assembly constituency|Radhakishorpur]]||84.17%||Jogesh Chakraborty||{{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}||7,070||51.44%||Bhanu Gopal Baisnab||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,590||47.95%||style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|'''480'''
|-
|33||[[Matarbari Assembly constituency|Matarbari]]||86.26%||[[Maharani Bibhu Kumari Devi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,195||57.41%||[[Madhab Saha]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,625||41.36%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,570'''
|-
|34||[[Kakraban Assembly constituency|Kakraban]]||87.28%||[[Keshab Chandra Majumder]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||8,256||52.%||Nanik Chandra Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,521||47.37%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''735'''
|-
|35||[[Rajnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]||87.29%||Nakul Das||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||10,144||54.83%||Bhuban Mohan Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,951||42.98%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,193'''
|-
|36||[[Belonia Assembly constituency|Belonia]]||87.18%||[[Manoranjan Majumder]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,081||50.75%||[[Jitendra Lal Das]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||7,657||48.08%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''424'''
|-
|37||[[Santirbazar Assembly constituency|Santirbazar]]||83.85%||[[Shyama Charan Tripura]]||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||10,478||55.63%||Narayan Chandra Kar||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,759||41.19%||style="background:{{party color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}"|'''2,719'''
|-
|38||[[Hrishyamukh Assembly constituency|Hrishyamukh]]||90.43%||[[Badal Chowdhury]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||9,204||53.87%||Amal Mallik||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,703||45.08%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,501'''
|-
|39||[[Jolaibari Assembly constituency|Jolaibari]]||83.61%||[[Kashi Ram Reang]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,718||51.9%||[[Brajamohan Jamatia]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,227||48.1%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''491'''
|-
|40||[[Manu Assembly constituency|Manu]]||83.5%||Angju Mog||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,304||55.2%||Jitendra Kumar Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||8,362||44.8%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,942'''
|-
|41||[[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]||87.5%||Sunil Kumar Chowdhury||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||9,118||52.55%||Adhir Chandra Bhaumik||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,981||46.%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,137'''
|-
|42||[[Ampinagar Assembly constituency|Ampinagar]]||75.29%||[[Nagendra Jamatia]]||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||9,449||58.99%||Madhu Sudan Kalai||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||4,941||30.84%||style="background:{{party color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}"|'''4,508'''
|-
|43||[[Birganj Assembly constituency|Birganj]]||79.77%||Jawhar Saha||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,747||48.54%||Syjmal Kanti Saha||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,352||35.25%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''2,395'''
|-
|44||[[Raima Valley Assembly constituency|Raima Valley]]||71.66%||Rabindra Debbarma||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||7,772||51.82%||Anand Mohan Reaja||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,225||48.18%||style="background:{{party color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}"|'''547'''
|-
|45||[[Kamalpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]]||89.17%||Bimal Singha||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,674||59.48%||Kanak Ranjan Ghosh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,161||40.%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,513'''
|-
|46||[[Surma Assembly constituency|Surma]]||86.82%||Rudreswar Das||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,763||51.45%||Harendra Chandra Das||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,215||41.19%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,548'''
|-
|47||[[Salema Assembly constituency|Salema]]||84.5%||Dinesh Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||8,032||51.65%||Bijoy Kumar Jamatia||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||6,761||43.48%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,271'''
|-
|48||[[Kulai Assembly constituency|Kulai]]||78.96%||Diba Chandra Harangkhal||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||8,419||50.78%||Kamini Debbarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,480||45.12%||style="background:{{party color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}"|'''939'''
|-
|49||[[Chawamanu Assembly constituency|Chawamanu]]||75.94%||[[Purna Mohan Tripura]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,662||50.24%||Jadumohan Tripura||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||6,598||49.76%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''64'''
|-
|50||[[Pabiachhara Assembly constituency|Pabiachhara]]||81.19%||Bidhu Bhusan Malakar||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,544||50.6%||Subal Chandra Biswas||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,413||43.02%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,131'''
|-
|51||[[Fatikroy Assembly constituency|Fatikroy]]||86.31%||Tarani Mohan Singha||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,580||51.65%||Radhika Ranjan Gupta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,898||40.19%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,682'''
|-
|52||[[Chandipur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]||88.38%||Baidyanath Majumdar||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||9,066||54.64%||Birajit Sinha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,398||44.59%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,668'''
|-
|53||[[Kailashahar Assembly constituency|Kailashahar]]||83.9%||Syed Basit Ali||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,116||50.82%||Tapan Chakraborty||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,487||46.88%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''629'''
|-
|54||[[Kurti Assembly constituency|Kurti]]||79.5%||Faizur Rahaman||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,738||57.78%||Abdul Razak Bisharad||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,794||35.79%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''2,944'''
|-
|55||[[Kadamtala Assembly constituency|Kadamtala]]||76.63%||Samir Kumar Nath||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||5,061||40.81%||Jyotirmoy Nath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,727||38.11%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''334'''
|-
|56||[[Dharmanagar Assembly constituency|Dharmanagar]]||79.09%||Amarendra Sarma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,309||51.59%||Binay Bhushan Ray||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,570||39.31%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,739'''
|-
|57||[[Jubarajnagar Assembly constituency|Jubarajnagar]]||84.5%||Ram Kumar Nath||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,074||45.23%||Prasanna Kumar Nath||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,225||31.46%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,849'''
|-
|58||[[Pencharthal Assembly constituency|Pencharthal]]||77.93%||Ratna Prava Das||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||5,343||34.84%||Mohan Lal Chakma||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||5,000||32.6%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''343'''
|-
|59||[[Panisagar Assembly constituency|Panisagar]]||79.32%||Subodh Chandra Das||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,642||53.45%||Bibekananda Chakraborty||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,047||24.52%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''3,595'''
|-
|60||[[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency|Kanchanpur]]||72.88%||Len Prasad Malsai||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||6,052||43.21%||[[Drao Kumar Reang]]||{{party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}||4,321||30.85%||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''1,731'''
|}

==Government Formation==
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))]] won 37 out of 60 seats in the 60-seat Legislative Assembly. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won 12 seats in the Legislative Assembly. [[Nripen Chakraborty]] of the CPI-M formed a government as Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indiatripura-1949-present/|title=43. India/Tripura (1949-present)|website=uca.edu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tripura elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tripura]]
[[Category:1983 State Assembly elections in India|Tripura]]

History of Raigad district

2026-01-26T21:45:14Z

EmanuelNathan: Started new place basic info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
This article details the '''history of Raigad district'''. Raigad District is a district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located in the Konkan region. The Kulaba district was renamed after Raigad, the fort which was the former capital of the [[Maratha]] ruler [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]. The fort is surrounded by dense forest in the interior regions of the district, on a west-facing spur of the [[Western Ghats]] of Sahyadri range. The name was changed during the regime of Chief Minister [[A. R. Antulay]] on 1 January 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marathimati.net/raigad-district/ |title=रायगड जिल्हा |access-date=15 December 2017 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006122128/https://www.marathimati.net/raigad-district/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early history==
Kolaba Ports of Ceul, Mahad Chodeganv and Rajpuri in [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira]] were probably centres of trade from the earliest historical times (B. C. 225). The trade-in those times must have been through the openings of the Sahyadris by the Bor, Devasthali, Kumbha and Sevtya passes. It is probable that at that time the entire Kolaba coast was ruled by a power which had its sway over both the Konkan and the Deccan and trade in the ports mentioned above shrank from foreign commerce to local traffic when Kolaba became part of Gujarat ruled by a local Chief.<ref>For early trade details see Thana Statistical Account XIII, 404 note 3-Also see Stanley's Barbosa p. 69.</ref> From the days of the 1st century after Christ, Buddhist caves have been located in Ceul, Pal and Kol near [[Mahad]] as well as Kuda near [[Rajpuri, Raigad|Rajpuri]]. Along with these historical places, [[Ghodeganv]] may also be mentioned as a centre of trade. [[Ptolemy]]'s Simulla or Timula (A. D. 150) and possibly [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]'s Perimula (A. D. 77) are identical with [[Cemulla]] or Ceul. The earliest Hindu reference to this Cemulla (i.e, Ceul) is found in two Kanheri cave inscriptions of the beginning of the 2nd century after Christ.<ref>Bombay Gazetteer, XIV, 172, 189.</ref>

===Local Rulers===
Among the twenty-eight inscriptions found at the [[Kuda Caves]] so far, five record gifts by connections of Khandapalita, the Mahabhoja,<ref>Burgess' ''Archaeological Survey of Western India, Separate Pamphlet'', X.3–21</ref> the Chief of Mandava, who probably belonged to a local dynasty with its capital at [[Mandad]] about a mile north of Kuda. Similarly, an inscription in the [[Pale Caves]] contains a reference to a Prince of a [[Kambojas|Kamboja dynasty]] as ruling somewhere in Kolaba at about the same time.<ref>9, 14, 15, 17. Dr. Burgess' Archaeological Survey, X 2.</ref> It is not certain whether these local dynasties were independent or subordinate to the [[Satavahanas]], who at this time had their capital at [[Paithan]] near [[Ahmadnagar]] and at [[Kolhapur]].

===Kshatrapas===
The [[Kusana]] emperor [[Kaniska I]] extended his power over Central and Western India at about the end of the 1st century A. D. Ksaharata Bhumaka is the earlier known Ksatrapa who was put in charge of the south-western part of the empire of the Kusanas of Kaniska's house. This Ksatrapa Bhumaka was succeeded by Nahapana who flourished about the period 60 CE. Jain Works are unanimous in that Nahapana ruled Ujjain for 40 years while the inscriptions made by Ushavadata evince that Nahapana ruled for 46 years. Thus, Nahapana must have captured Ujjain in his 6th regnal year. Periplus of 60 CE evince that Nahapana was ruling Ujjain, thus fixing his regnal period from around 54 CE to 100 CE. In the earlier records [[Nahapana]] is called Ksatrapa although his precise relation with Bhuumaka is not known. On the coins. Nahapana is invariably called Rajan, a title which probably indicates that he assumed independence. During his reign, [[Rsabhadatta]], his son-in-law, extended his sway over the northern part of Konkan. In about AD 125 the Satavahana King [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] defeated Nahapana and annexed the southern provinces of the Ksaharata dominion. In the inscriptions found in caves at Naneghat (near [[Junnar]]), this king is described as 'Khakharatvamsaniravsesakala', i.e, the person who uprooted the entire family of Ksatrapas and 'Sakayavanapallavanisudana.', i.e, the destroyer of [[Sakas]], [[Yavanas]] and [[Pallavas]].

===Kardamakas===
After the overthrow of Nahapana, the Scythian family of the [[Kardamaka]]s established its authority in Western India under [[Chastana|Castana]], the son of Yasamotika. Inscriptions discovered at Andhan in Kaccha evince that in the Saka year 52 (A. D. 130-31) Raja Castana was ruling jointly with his grandson Rudradaman. Castana was the Mahaksatrapa and Rudradaman, the Ksatrapa.<ref>Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan-The Age of Imperial Unity p. 183.</ref> There is evidence to show that the Sakas under Rudradaman succeeded in defeating the Satavahana king and thereby, recovering most of the northern districts of the dominions of Satakarni originally conquered from Nahapana. Junagad inscription of Rudradaman speaks of him as the lord of many countries including Akora, Avanti, Anupa, Aparanta, Saurastra and Anarta (i.e, Dvaraka in Kathiavad). Most of these were conquered from Gautamiputra when Rudradaman was probably a Ksatrapa under his grandfather.

[[Rudradaman]] came to the throne sometime after AD 130. We know much about the reign of this powerful ruler with the help of the important historical document in Junagad inscription dated in the Saka year 72 (A. D. 150-51). The subject for the [[prashasti|prasasti]] here is the reconstruction of the dam of the Sudarsana lake which during his time was wiped away by a terrible cyclone. Rudradaman's rule appears to have extended over the whole of the Ksaharata dominions with the only exception of Nasik and Poona districts. Besides being a great conqueror and administrator, he was a great patron of Sanskrit literature. In his reign and due to his influence Kardamakas entered into matrimonial alliances with the families of Satavahanas of Daksinapatha, of the Iksvakus of Andhrapatha and also of the Licchhavis of Vaisali. Successors of Rudradaman were, however, unable to retain their hold on the province of Aparanta probably on account of the pressure of Satavahanas at the end of the 2nd century AD.

===Satavahanas===
Satavahanas came to power in trans-Vindhyan India during the 1st century B. C. Kings of this illustrious family were styled as Lords of Daksinapatha. According to Indian literary tradition, the Satavahanas had their capital at [[Pratisthana]] now identified with modern [[Paithan]] on the [[Godavari]] in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]. Ptolemy's Geography also confirms this view. [[Puranas]] use the expression Andhrabhrtya in case of the members of this family. This has given rise to a controversy.<ref>For the controversy, see the Age of Imperial Unity, Pages 192–193</ref> (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan).] among scholars. In this connection, it can be pointed out that Satavahana might be the name of kula or family; while Andhra can be considered to be the name of a jati or a tribe.

====Simuka and his successors====
The chronology of the Satavahanas has also been a matter of dispute. According to Pauranic passages, Simuka, the founder of this dynasty, distinguished himself by overthrowing Susarman, the last of the Kanva kings who ruled for 45 years, after extirpating the last Shunga king Devabhuti. On this basis, Simuka can be assigned to the 1st century B. C. which is also confirmed by the palaeography of the Naneghat, Nasik, Sanci and Hathigumpha inscriptions referring to Simuka as well as his immediate successors, namely, Krsna and Satakarni. Both of these are known through inscriptions. The Hathigurhpha inscription shows that Satakarni I must have exercised his sway over a large empire. It probably included Northern Konkan and also Kathiavad. The Naneghat inscription speaks of Nayanika, the wife of this king claiming to have celebrated numerous Vedic sacrifices. Here a mention has been made of her. sons Vedisri and Saktisri also. Elder Saraganus noted in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (written between A. D. 70 and 80) probably refers to this Satakarni I. Periplus suggests that the Northern Konkan passed from Satakarni to Sandares some time about the middle of the 1st century CE. This Satakarni, appears to have been a descendant of Satakarni I. The period of about a century that intervened between Satakarni I (end of the 1st century) and that of Gautamiputra Satarkarni (beginning of the 2nd century CE) seems to have witnessed a temporary eclipse of the Satavahana power owing to the encroachment of the Sakas.

====106–130 CE====
[[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] is styled as 'Saka-yavana-pallava- nisudana' and 'Satavahana-kula-yasa-pratisthapanakara'. Extirpation of the Ksaharata dynasty was his outstanding achievement. A Nasik inscription of the eighteenth year of his reign (roughly coinciding with AD 124-25) is seen recording a grant of some land that belonged to Rsabhadatta, Nahapana's son-in-law. This grant was issued from a "Victorious camp of the army that was gaining success",<ref>For the interpretation of the relevant passage, see Select Inscriptions bearing on Indian History and Civilisation, Part I, P. 191, by D. C. Sircar, Calcutta, 1942. Also see Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, Bombay III, pp. 79–81.</ref> and the king at that time was stationed at a place called Benakataka in the Govardhana (Nasik) district. On the strength of this inscription, it is possible to say that the direct rule of this king extended over the whole land from the Krsna in the south to Malva and Kathiavad in the north and from Berar in the east to the Konkan in the west. Last epigraphic record of this king which belongs to the twenty-fourth year of his reign was issued jointly by him along with his mother Gautami Balasri who is styled as one, "whose son is living". Soon after this charter being issued, the king seems to have died and was succeeded by his son Vasisthaputra Pulumavi (the name is written as Pulumayi). Hence the reign of this king can be roughly assigned to the period A. D. 106–130. Before his death, this king had lost some of the districts that he had conquered from Nahapana to another Scythian dynasty of the Kardamakas, already referred to above.

Among the successors of this illustrious king, Yajnasri Satakarni or better Yajna Satakarni (A. D. 174–203) deserves mention. This king is known from inscriptions at Nasik (seventh year of his reign), Kanheri (16th year of the rule) and Cinna-Ganjan in the Krsna district (27th year of his reign). Silver coins of this king found at Sopara (Ancient Surparaka, the capital of Aparanta) have the head of the king on the obverse; while the reverse type is a combination of the Ujjain and hill symbols with the rayed Sun, a constant feature of the coins of the Sakas of Western India. Yajna, by far, was the last great king of the family, who succeeded in ousting Sakas; but soon after his death, the decline of the Satavahanas started and the empire appears to have been split up into a number of separate units under different princes of the royal blood.

===Ptolemy, 150 CE===
From the days of the geographer Ptolemy (135–150 CE) Konkan, the part of the west coast, is known to the Greeks. Information about Western India was supplied to this geographer by Greeks, who had known Symulla, probably Ceul, as one of the trading centres.<ref>Ptolemy I XVII, [[Bertius]]'s Edition 17.</ref> Ptolemy's account of India suffers from the confusion due to his mistaken idea of the Indian coast stretching (according to him) east and west instead of north and south. In his division of Ariake, i.e, the Maratha country, he refers to Sadan's Ariake (a word of doubtful meaning) or the north Konkan and Pirate Ariake or the south Konkan. He mentions three places in Kolaba; the cape and mart of Symulla (i.e, Ceul), Hippokura, south of Symulla and Balepatna not far from Hippokura. These three can be identified respectively with the south point of Bombay Harbour and the mart of modern Ceul, Goreganv or Ghodeganv six miles south of Manganv and modern Mahad respectively. Details about the trade of the Greeks attracted towards the emporium of Symulla or Ceul are, however, not available from Ptolemy.

===Periplus===
The author of Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (70 and 80 AD) mentions Sopara (Ouppara), Kalyan (Kalliena), Ceul (Semulla) and Palpattan or Pal near Mahad (Palaiptama).<ref>The date is fixed in Reinaud's Paper translated in Indian Antiquary, December, 1879.</ref> Direct commerce with Egypt in articles of food, sesame, oil, etc, at this time, appears to have declined from the Konkan ports; yet considerable trade was carried on. During the 2nd and 3rd centuries places from Kolaba like Ceul were thus famous centres of trade. Satakarni's rule over Konkan only confirms this.

===Vakatakas of Vatsagulma, 300–500===
Vakatakas held sway over many parts of the Deccan after the fall of Satavahanas and before the rise of [[Chalukyas]] in the middle of the 6th century. [[Vindhyasakti]], the founder of this dynasty, is mentioned in the Ajintha inscription of the time of Harisena. Unfortunately not much is known about the precise extent of Vindhyasakati's dominion. His own Maharaja Haritiputra Pravarasena I, described as samrat in some records, distinguished himself by performing various sacrifices like Agnistoma, Atiratra, Vajapeya, etc. The earliest epigraphic record of these Vakatakas of Vatsagulma occurs in the Basim grant of Dharma-Maharaja Vindhyasakti II, the great-grandson of Vindyasakti I, grandson of Pravarsena I and the son of Dharma-Maharaja Sarvasena. According to the Ajintha inscription he secured a victory over the king of Kuntala about the middle of the 4th century. The son of this king, Devasena is referred to in glowing terms in the inscription mentioned above. Devasena's son Harisena was one Of the most powerful rulers of his time. He, as is read in Ajintha record, spread his influence in many countries like Kuntala, Kosala including Trikuta, i.e, Traikutaka territories, about the Northern Konkan. The Ajintha inscription was caused to be incised by Varahadeva, a saciva of this king. Vakatakas were lovers of learning and great patrons of art and literature.

===Mauryas and Nalas,500–600===
During the 6th century, Raigad district along with the Northern Konkan coast was probably ruled by [[Mauryas of Puri|Mauryas]] and Nala Chiefs as Kirtivarman (550–567), the first of the [[Chalukyas]] who conquered Konkan is described as ''the night of death to the Nalas and Mauryas''.<ref>Indian Antiquary VIII. 24.</ref> From an inscribed stone of the 5th and the 6th century (brought from Vada in Thana), it appears that a Maurya King Suketuvarman was then ruling in Konkan. More is a name quite common among [[Marathas]], Kunbis and Rolls of Kolaba. Probably here can be traced the name Maurya. Two small landing places of the name of More in [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]] and in Karanja can be taken as relics of the Maurya power formerly existing in Konkan.

The Rithapur copper plate inscription<ref>Epigraphica Indica XIX p. 100.</ref> records the grant of a village called ''Kadambagiri'' by Maharaja Bhavattavarman while he had gone on a pilgrimage to Prayag. This copper plate, according to experts, is assigned to the first half of the 6th century. The name Bhavattavarman is probably a Prakrtised form of Bhavadattavaraman who is called ''Nala-nrpa-vamsa-prasuta''. The expression Mahesvarmanhasenatisra-rajya-vibhava used in the case of this king indicates that he had obtained royal fortune through the grace of Mahesvara (Siva) and Mahasena (Skanda-Kartikeya). The king's banner bore the tri-pataka. Although the charter is dated in the king's eleventh regnal year, the grant, however, is said to have been made for the spiritual benefit of his own parents by Maharaja Arthapati-bhattaraka, now taken to be the grandson of Bhavadattavarman. A Nala inscription recently discovered<ref>Journal of the Bihar Research Society, Patna, XXXIV, 33.</ref> in the Umarkot thana, old Jaypore State, Orissa records a grant made by Maharaja Arthapati-bhattaraka. The father of this Arthapati was probably one Skandavarman (the name is doubtful due to the reading which is not clear) described as the son of Bhavadatta of the Nala family (identical with Bhavattavarman referred to above). This is known from Nala inscription<ref>Epigraphica Indica XXI, p. 155.</ref> in verse found at Podagadh in the old Jaypore State not far from the borders of the old Bastar State. Another trace of these Nalas occurs in the local story of Nala Raja who married his daughter to the Malahg or Arab devotee, who gave his name to Malahggad hill.<ref>Bombay Gazetteer, XIII, 420 and XIV under Vada and [[Malanggad]].</ref> Epigraphic and numismatic materials indicate that originally the territories of Nalas were in Bastar-Jaypore region. In the first half of the 6th century, they extended their power at the expense of the Vakatakas. Thus these Maurya and Nala kings retained Konkan under their control even after the Chalukya king [[Kirtivarman I|Kirtivarman]]; until finally Konkan was conquered by [[Pulakeshin II]] (610–640), the grandson of Kirtivarman who describes his general Candadanda as a great wave which drove before it the watery stores of the pools, which are the Mauryas.<ref>Arch. Sur. Ref. III-26.</ref>

After having made his position secure at home, [[Pulakeshin II]] launched on a career of conquest for the subjugation of his neighbours. A graphic account of his victories is given in the ''[[Aihole]] prasasti'', composed by the Jain poet "[[Ravikirti]]", who claimed equality of fame with Bharavi and Kalidasa, at the completion of a shrine of Jinendra in A. D. 634-35. In the south Pulakeshin II besieged and reduced Vanavasi, the capital of the [[Kadambas]] who had been formerly subdued by his father. Then the [[Gangas]] of South Mysore and the [[Alupas]], who are supposed to have ruled at Humca in [[Shimoga district]] of [[Karnataka|Mysore]], were compelled to submit, probably because they were allies of the Kadambas. After the struggle, the Ganga king Durvinita Konganivrddha son of Avinitakongani, appears to have given one of his daughters in marriage to the Chalukya conqueror.<ref>But of, pp. 242, 269.</ref> The Mauryas of the Konkan, previously subdued by his father, were overwhelmed and the city of Puri (either Gharapuri, i.e, the island of Elephanta near Bombay, or Rajpuri near Janjira), which was located in the Arabian Sea and was probably the Maurya capital, was invaded by Pulakeshin's battleships and was captured. Further to the north the Latas, [[Malavas]] and [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjaras]] were subdued. Pulakeshin's success in the Gujarat region is indicated by the establishment of a Chalukya viceroy. The Kaira grant issued from [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Vijayapura]] in A. D. 643 by the Chalukya Raja Vijayaraja or Vijayavarmaraja, son of Raja Buddhavarmaraja surnamed Vallabharanavikranta, and grandson of Jayasimha, records the grant of the village of Pariyaya (Pariya in [[Surat district]]) to the priests and religious students of Jambusaras (Jambusar in the [[Varuch district]]). The Bagumra (old Baroda State) grant of the Sendraka Chief Prthivi-vallabha Nikumbhallasakti (son of Adityasakti and grandson of Bhanusakti), dated AD 655 and recording a gift of land in the Treyannahara visaya (district round Ten near Bardoli), shows that the Chalukyas were succeeded in the viceroyalty of the Gujarat region by the Sendrakas related to Pulakeshin's mother. The non-mention of the overlord in both the records is probably due to the temporary eclipse of the [[Badami]] house after Pulakeshin's death in 642.

===Traikutakas===
A reference to Traikutakas is also opportune in the history of Kolaba. These kings derived their family name from the Trikuta hill in Aparanta, i.e, Northern Konkan. One of the Traikutaka kings is actually described as ruling over Aparanta. Coins of these kings have been found in Southern Gujarat, Konkan as well as Maratha countries on the other side of Ghats. These kings used the era of A. D. 248-49, which probably speaks of their relation with [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]]s or [[Ahirs]]. The Candravalli inscription<ref>Mysore Archaeological Report 1929 No 1 p. 50.</ref> refers to the separate conflict of Abhiras as well as Traikutakas with the [[Kadambas|Kadamba]] king [[Mayurasharma|Mayurasarman]] who ruled about the middle of the 4th century. Kalidasa's Raghuvamsa written in the 4th or 5th century contains a veiled reference to the Traikutaka kingdom of Aparanta. Indradatta, his son Daharasena (at times Daharangana) and the latter's son Vyaghrasena (at times Vyaghragana) are three Traikutaka Maharajas who ruled in 5th century A. D. as is evinced by epigraphic as well as numismatic evidence. Among the Maharaja Daharasena's copper plate grant is issued from the victory camp at Amraka and is dated in the year 207 (455 A. D.). This was found at Pardi about 50 miles from Surat. This king appears to have performed Asvamedha sacrifice. Surat grant of his son, Vyaghrasena was issued from Aniruddhapura in the year 241, i.e, 489 A. D. He, like his father, was a Vaisnava and is described as the Lord of Aparanta. The Traikutakas were always at war with Mauryas; and both of them had to accept the supremacy of [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]] in the second half of the 6th century. The Kalachuris, however, were subdued by the [[Badami Chalukyas|Chalukyas of Badami]] of the 6th century. Thus the Chalukya king [[Mangalesha]] (597-98 to 610–11) claims to have put to flight Buddharaja, the son of Kalachuri Sankaragana.

[[Kirtivarman I]] died in 597-98, probably leaving several minor children, and the throne, therefore, passed to his younger brother or step-brother [[Mangalesha]] (A. D. 597-98 to 610–11), also known as Mahgalisa (sic), Mahgalaraja, and Mahgalisvara. The new king enjoyed the virudas ''Rana-vikranta'' and ''Uru-rana-vikranta'', besides ''Prthivivallabha'' or ''Sri-prthivivallabha''. Mangalesha has been described as a Paramabhagavata, i.e, devout worshipper of the Bhagavat (Visnu). The victory over the Katachhuris ([[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]]) and the conquest of Revatidvipa, referred to in the [[Aihole inscriptions|Aihole inscription]] and echoed in the Kauthem grant, were his greatest e achievements. According to the Nerur grant and [[Mahakuta Pillar|Mahakuta pillar inscription]], the Kalachuri king Buddha, son of Sankaragana, was defeated before the 12th of April, A. D. 602, and his entire possessions were appropriated, when the Chalukya king was desirous of conquering the northern region. Buddharaja was in possession of Nasik district as late as AD 608. The struggle between the Chalukyas and Kalachuris, therefore, appears to have continued for some years, after which the former came into complete possession of the central and northern Maratha country. The Nerur grant of [[Mangalesha]] also refers to the killing of the Chalukya Chief Svamiraja who was apparently ruling in the Konkan and was said to have been famous for his victories in eighteen battles. Most probably this Svamiraja was placed in the Konkan by Kirtivarman I as his viceroy; and he sided with [[Pulakeshin II]] in his struggle against Mangalesha. It is also not unlikely that Svamiraja had his headquarters at Revatldvipa in the waters of the Western or Arabian Sea (i.e, the fortified promontory of Redi to the south of Vengurla in the Ratnagiri district), which is said to have been conquered by Mangalesha, and that the conqueror appointed Indravarman of the Bappura (i.e, Batpura) lineage, apparently related to his own mother, as the new Governor of the region. According to a Goa grant, Satyashraya-Dhruvaraja-Indravarman was ruling four visayas or mandalas with his headquarters at Revatldvipa in January 610 or 611 A. D, which was the twentieth year of his government, and granted a village in the Khetahara desa (Khed taluka in the Ratnagiri district) with the permission of the Chalukya emperor of Badami. It is usually believed that Indravarman was placed as a viceroy in the Konkan by Kirtivarman I about A. D. 590, the first year of the former's rule according to the Goa grant. But possibly he was ruling as a subordinate ruler elsewhere and was stationed at Revatldvipa only after the conquest of that place by Mangalesha sometime after A. D. 597-98. It was as a result of the difficult days through which the Chalukya emperor was passing about this time that he appears to have become bold enough to issue the charter, dated in his own regnal year.

About the end of Mangalesha's reign there was a civil war between him and his nephew Pulakeshin II, son of Kirtivarman. The cause of the quarrel, according to the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II, was Mangalesha's attempt to secure the succession for his own son. As a result of this war Mangalesha lost his life and the throne of [[Badami]] passed to [[Pulakeshin II]]. The son of Mangalesha, not mentioned by name in the [[Aihole inscriptions|Aihole epigraph]], is usually identified with Satyashraya-Dhruvaraja-Indravarman of the Goa grant. But even though his title "an ornament of the original great Bappura (Batpura) lineage" may be explained by the suggestion that his mother was a Bappura princess, the fact that Indravarman acknowledged in January AD 610 or 611 the supremacy of Maharaja Sri-prthivi-vallabha, identified with Pulakeshin II, renders the theory unlikely; because Pulakeshin II could have hardly allowed his inveterate enemy and rival to the throne to be kept in the important position of the viceroy of the Konkan districts. As, however, Pulakeshin's first regnal year corresponds to Saka 532 (expired) while the date of the Goa grant is Saka 532 (current or expired) the identification of Maharaja Sriprthivi-vallabha, overlord of Satyashraya-Dhruvaraja-Indravarman, with Mangalesha is not beyond the bounds of possibility. ''The victory of Chalukyas was completed in the clays of the celebrated [[Pulakeshin II]] who came to power after [[Mangalesha]]''.

===Shilaharas, 765–1260===
History of Raigad district during the 7th century is still wrapped up in obscurity. We only know that Hiuen-Tsang (640 AD) mentions Cimolo which is the same as Ceul. During the latter half of the 8th century Silaharas rose to power in Konkan and the rule of the branches of this family continued up to the 13th century with only temporary interruptions. Now history informs us that three Silahara houses<ref>For a detailed information of the Shilaharas, see ' Shilaharas of Western India'-Dr. A. S. Altekar (Indian Culture Vol. II, No. 3).</ref> ruled in Western India. The oldest, out of these, ruled over Southern Konkan from 765 to 920. Silaharas of Northern Konkan popularly known as Silaharas of Thana rose to eminence at about 800 AD. and ruled for a period of four centuries. The third branch was mostly ruling the territories now included in Satara and Belganv districts as well as those in the former Kolhapur State. This house, which rose in prominence at the end of the 10th century, did not extend the sphere of its influence over Kohkan or Kolaba.

All along, Silaharas were feudatories in status. They owed their allegiance first to the Rastrakutas, then to Chalukyas as well as Kadambas and finally to the Yadavas of Devgiri. Rulers of these houses claim to have descended from Jimutavahana. Jimuta vahana, according to the traditional story, offered himself as ahara or food for Garuda on the Sila fixed for the purpose, for saving the life of the serpent Sankhacuda.<ref>The story is dramatised by Shri Harsha in his Sanskrit Drama Nagananda.</ref> Hence the descendants came to be known as Silaharas. This explanation is curious and unable to convince historians. Probably the original name was a Prakrt one like Selara and the change was made with a view to giving antiquity to it and connect it with the Pauranic hero, i.e, Jimutavahana. Silaharas of Thana and Kolhapur style themselves as tagarapuravaradhisvara and have the common garudalanchana. The identity of tagarapura still remains a matter of conjecture. Fleet's view that ancient tagara is the same as Ter about 95 miles south-east of Paithan<ref>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1901, p. 337.</ref> appeared to be the near-most approach to truth. The fact that tagara is the home of Silaharas is proved on the strength of the Karakandacariu of Kanakamaramum published by Prof. Hiralal Jain.<ref>Prof. Hiralal Jain's Article in Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, XVI, pp. 1–11.</ref> The relation of the three branches of Silaharas remains a moot question.

====Shilaharas of South Konkan, 765–1015====
History of this house is known through one record, namely, the Kharepatan plates of Rattaraja [Epigraphica Indica, III, p. 292.] issued in 1008 AD. Rattaraja was the last ruler of this dynasty. The document is extremely important as it not only gives the genealogy of the ten ancestors of Rattaraja, but mentions their specific exploits also. The date of the founder can be inferred from the fact that he was feudatory of the Rastrakuta emperor Krsna I (758 to 773 AD). By 765 AD Krsna I had established his power over Konkan and it was probably handed over to Sanaphulla, the founder of this dynasty. Allowing 25 years for each reign, as is the custom, the Chronology<ref>The Chronology is given by Dr. A. S. Altekar in ' Shilaharas of Western India'.</ref> would be as follows:-

Sanaphulla (765 to 795)
Dhammayira (795 to 820)
Aiyaparaja (820 to 845)
Avasara I (845 to 870)
Adityavarman (870 to 895)
Avasara II (895 to 920)
Indraraja (920 to 945)
Bhima (945 to 970)
Avasara III (970 to 995)
Rattaraja (995 to 1020)

Soon after the issue of the plates (referred to above) in 1008 A. D, the rule of Konkan passed over to the later Chalukyas.

The Kharepatan plates declare that the founder, namely, Sanaphulla obtained lordship over the territory between Sahya mountain and the sea through the favour of Krsnaraja.<ref>Kharepatan plates of Rattaraja-see Krishnarajaprasadavan-Samudratira sahyantadeshasamsadanobhavat.</ref> Sana-phulla's son Dhammayira is known to have built a fort at Vallipattana on the Western Coast.<ref>Epigraphica Indica, III, p. 294, n. 8.</ref> Aiyaparaja secured victory at Candrapuri, i.e, Candor near Goa.<ref>Kharepatan plates-see " Tasmadaiyaparajo bhutvijigishugunanvitah Snatas-chandrapurasannanalikeramibunasa yeh ".</ref> The reign of Avasara I proved to be uneventful. His son Adityavarman, described to be as brilliant as the Sun in valour, became known on account of the help offered to the kings of Candrapuri (modern Goa) and Cemulya (modern Ceul), 30 miles to the south of Bombay. This shows that the rule of Silaharas had spread over the whole of Konkan. At this time, Laghu Kapardi the ruler of the Thana branch, was just a boy and hence the help given to the feudatory ruler of Ceul must have been at his expense. Avasara II only continued the policy of his father. Indraraja's son Bhima is styled as 'rahuvadgrasta candramandala' because he overthrew the petty ruler of Candor. At this time the Kadamba ruler Sasthadeva and his son Caturbhuja were trying to overthrow the Rastrakuta rule. This explains Bhima's opposition to Candrapuri or Candor. Avasara III, no doubt, ruled in troubled times, but had no contribution of his to make. Finally, Rattaraja, loyal to the Rastrakutas, was compelled to transfer his allegiance to Taila II.<ref>Miraj plate of Jagadekamalla, Balvantam cholam nirghatya saptakon-kanadhishvaranam sarvasvam grihitva uttaradigvijayartham Kolhapurasami-samavasitavijayaskhandhavare-Indian Antiquary, VIII, p. 18.</ref>

====Northern Konkan 800–1240====
Regarding this branch, sufficient historical evidence is available. In addition to five copper plates and six stone inscriptions already published, there are a dozen inscriptions that refer to rulers of this branch. Thana was the capital of these feudatories. Hence they are known as Silaharas of Thana.

Founder of this house was Kapardi,<ref>For the Chronology of these Shilaharas, see ' Shilaharas of Western India' by Dr. A. S. Altekar.</ref> one of the most valiant lieutenants of the Rastrakuta emperor Govinda III (794 to 813 A. D.) in many a battle. Govinda, therefore, rewarded him with rulership over Northern Konkan. Kharepatan plate of Anantadev<ref>Indian Antiquary, IX, p. 63.</ref> (1095 A. D.) described him as "a daring hero like Sahasanka". Kanheri inscription, dated 843 A. D. speaks of Pulasakti, his son, having obtained lordship over Konkan through Rastrakuta Amoghavarsa's favour; but it appears to be more customary than real. Originally the grant was made to Kapardi who ruled from 800 to 825 A. D. Description of Pulasakti's exploits in Kanheri plates<ref name="Indian Antiquary, IX, p. 33">Indian Antiquary, IX, p. 33.</ref> is conventional. Kapardi II (850 to 880 AD) is more known as Laghu-Kapardi. Thana plate of Arikesarin<ref>Asiatic Researches, Vol. I p. 358.</ref> speaks of the fact that the enemies of Laghu-Kapardi were afraid of him in childhood also. This is more conventional than real. Two records of this king only tell us that he was a feudatory of Amoghavarsa I. It is in the reign of this king that Silaharas of the south spread their influence over Goa. It may be mentioned here that Kapardi II submitted to the Kalachuri ruler Kokalla.<ref>Age of Imperial Unity, p. 97.</ref> His son Vappuvanna was not an able ruler. But Vappuvanna's eldest son Jhanja (910 to 930) is known to be the ruler of Samur or Ceul from the statement of the Arab historian Al Masudi in 916<ref>Prairies d'or II 85.</ref> Kharepatan plates inform that this king built 12 Siva temples. Sangamner plates of this king were, however, issued in 1000. His younger brother Goggi (930 to 945) is compared with Drona and Bhishma in the Kharepatan plates; but no exploit of his is mentioned. His son Vajjada I (945 to 975) remained loyal to the Rastrakutas even though the empire was overthrown in 973.

Bhadan copper plate grant of Aparajita Mrganka (975 to 1010) issued in 997 speaks of his rule over the whole of Konkan which comprised Thana and Kolaba districts. In these plates, this king expresses sorrow for the overthrow of the Rastrakuta empire, but does not accept the supremacy of the Chalukyas. Samantadhipati is his title. A verse in the Kharepatan plates of Anantadeva (in 1095) refers to the help that this Aparajita gave to a ruler named Gomma as well as to the fact that he enabled Aiyapadeva to retain his kingdom. This verse also refers to the fact that this Aparajita granted protection to king Bhillama II, a scion of the Yadava family. The statement in Navasahasankacaritam that Paramara received help from a king of Vidyadharas confirms this. As Paramaras were avowed enemies of Chalukyas and as these Silaharas bad only unwillingly accepted the supremacy of Chalukyas, this is probable. We know of Salyasraya, the successor of Taila to have launched an attack on Aparajita soon after the retirement of Colas. It is, here, pertinent to remember, that the Canarese Ranna claims that Satyashraya routed the lord of Konkan. He speaks of Aparajita, i.e, king of Konkan as 'Hemmed in by ocean on one side and Satyashraya routed the lord of Konkan. He speaks of Aparajita, poetic exaggeration; nevertheless, it is safe to assume that Aparajita was defeated by Satyashraya. Soon after this, Aparajita died.

The assumption that there was a war of succession between the two sons of Aparajita, viz, Vajjada II and Arikesarin, is based on the ambiguous words<ref>Cf. tasmadabhudvajjadadevanama tato graja Kesari Keshirajascha.</ref> used in Bhandup plates. Other documents, however, do not support it. The eulogy of Vajjada II (1010 to 1015 A. D.) and the statement that Arikesarin was his younger brother, made in Thana plates of Arikesarin go against this, it is sometimes argued that [[Sindhuraja]]'s intervention in Konkan was intended to establish the legitimate heir, viz, Arikesarin to the throne, but the argument does not hold much water. The fact that Vajjada's son succeeded Arikesarin also belies any war of succession. It is true that Vajjada's reign was very short. A queen of the Kadamba King Chattadeva by name Kundaladcvi is known to be the daughter of King Vacchaya of Thani (i.e, Thana<ref>Hangal Inscription-Epigraphica Indica XV p. 333.</ref>) Now as Chattadeva's rule is assigned to the period from 980 to 1031 A. D, it is possible to identify Vacchaya with this Vajjada II. It is probable that Arikesarin (1015 to 1025 A. D.) might have been a regent of Cittaraja, i.e, Vajjada's son who was just a child at the time.<ref>Bhandup plates say about Chittaraja-Shilaharavamsho sishunapi yena paramunnatimunnatena.</ref> Arikesarin had to work against heavy odds. The acceptance of the Chalukya supremacy on the part of his father had estranged Paramara King Bhoja who consequently attacked northern Konkan as Bhoja is described as the Lord of Konkan (Konkanadhipati) in Bansvara plates<ref>Epigraphica Indica, XI, p. 182.</ref> issued on 3 January 1020 A. D. as well as in Betma plates<ref>Cf. Konkanagrahanavijayaparvani, Epigraphica Indica XVIII p. 320.</ref> issued in September 1020 A. D. In 1024 A. D. (Miraj plates) Chalukya King Jayasimha II is reported to be ready to march against Northern Konkan, but whether he succeeded in subduing Arikesarin or Cittaraja is uncertain.<ref>However, The Struggle for Empire, page 166, states that he recovered Northern Konkan before 1024 and not in 1024. " Sometime before A.D. 1024 Jayasimha II and his 'general Chavanarasa reconquered Konkan, apparently after defeating the Paramara Bhoja".</ref>

In the reign of Cittaraja (1025 to 1040 A. D.), clouds began to gather over Silahara supremacy due to the Kadaihbas of Goa. Kadamba King Sasthadeva II claims to have conquered both southern and northern Konkan.<ref>Narendra Inscription A-Epigraphica Indica XIII; p.1.316.</ref> It appears that Cittaraja succeeded in retaining Northern Konkan because he accepted Kadamba supremacy. The attack of Kadambas was facilitated by King Gorika's (Silahara house of Kolhapur) invasion of Thana at this time. 'Dayadavyasana' helping the conquest of Konkan referred to in Kharepatan plates of Anantadeva, probably alludes to this war between these two Silahara houses. Cittaraja built the beautiful Siva temple at Ambarnath near Kalyan. In the days of his son Mammuni (1040 to 1070 A. D.), Kadambas were becoming extremely powerful and he was prudent enough to offer his daughter to him.<ref>Narendra Inscription-Epigraphies Indica XIII p. 310.</ref> It may also be mentioned that Someshvara I, the Chalukya ruler, defeated Mammuni and placed his own nominee on the throne of Northern Konkan. "How long Someshvara kept Konkan under his control cannot be determined." (The Struggle for Empire, p. 171). During his reign Ambarnath temple appears to have been repaired.<ref>Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, XII, p. 329.</ref> Anantadeva (1070 to 1110 A. D.), the son of the elder brother of Mammuni, happened to be an ambitious ruler. His Kharepatan plates<ref name="Indian Antiquary, IX, p. 33"/> indicate that he routed the enemies of his house. This enemy possibly is Guhalla II of the Kadambas who was expelled by Anantadeva and who took the title of 'pascimasamudradhipati', i.e, 'the lord of the western ocean' and the ruler of entire Konkan with 1,400 villages.<ref>Indian Antiquary, IX, p. 35.</ref> It is, however, stated in the Struggle for Empire, page 171, that the adversaries of Anantadeva were the Chalukyas. It is true that Silaharas had become weak due to the attack and victory of Gonka (1020 to 1050 A. D.) described as the 'Lord of Konkan' in his grandson's record<ref name="Royal Asiatic Society p. 281">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, IV, p. 281.</ref> so as to become an easy target for Kadambas; but it seems that Anantadeva defeated the Kadamba ruler Guhalladeva III (1180 A. D.) as the Kharepatan plate describes him as "Casting into the ocean of the edge of his sword those fierce heaps of sin who, at a time of misfortune due to hostility of relatives, obtained power, devastated the land of the Konkan, harassing Gods and Brahmanas.<ref name="Royal Asiatic Society p. 281"/>

Apararka I (1110 to 1140 A. D.) son of Anantadeva is found issuing land grants without any reference to the Kadambas in 1118–19 and 1127–28 A. D.<ref>Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute V p. 169.</ref> as well as in 1129–30 A. D.<ref>Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society XXI p. 506-16.</ref> and 1138–39 A. D.<ref>Festageate der Dr. Jacobi, pp. 189–93.</ref> Hence the assumption that the Kadamba ruler Vijayaditya who styled himself as the 'torch for the jewels of the land of Konkan' had annexed the Silahara kingdom appears to have no basis.<ref>Vijayaditya seems to have revolted against the Chalukya; but was defeated and made to submit. The Struggle for Empire, pp. 175–176</ref> Anantadeva's Vadavalli plates issued in 1127–28 graphically describe the demon Cittuka invading the country, Apararka with a single horse and sword plunging into the battlefield and harassing the enemy to such an extent that he could neither fight nor flee and took refuge with the Mlecchas.<ref>Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, XX, p. 508.</ref> This probably refers to the Kadamba ruler Jayakesin II (1125–1147 A. D.) who styled himself as the Lord of Southern as well as Northern Konkan.<ref>Narendra Inscription (1125 A.D.)-Epigraphica Indica, XIII, p. 316.</ref> It may also be mentioned that Jayakesin strengthened his position by marrying the daughter of Vikramaditya VI, the Chalukya ruler. He ruled jointly with his queen as a subordinate of the Chalukyas.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) ''The Struggle for Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p. 176</ref> Jayakesin's success must have been a very short-lived one as another inscription of his issued only five months later fails to mention Kaverikadvipa or Northern Konkan among his dominions.<ref>Referred to by Fleet Bombay Gazetteers, I-ii, p. 568 No. 6.</ref> Hence Vadavalli plates can be assumed as describing a fact which resulted in Apararka throwing off the Kadamba yoke. He later on is seen sending an embassy to Kasmir as is confirmed by Srikanthcarita written by Mankha in the lifetime of the Kasmir King Jayasimha who died in 1150 A. D. Colophon of Apararkatika on Yajnavalkyasmrti states that it was composed by Aparaditya, a Silahara king born in the family of Jimutavahana belonging to the Vidyadhara stock.<ref>Cf. " Iti shrividyadhara-vamsaprabhava srishilahara-narendrajimutavaha-nanvaya-shrimadaparaditya-virachite yajnavalkyadharmashastranibandhe prayscittadhyah trtiyah.</ref> Internal evidence shows that the author flourished between Vijnanesvara (1110 A. D.) and Devana-bhatta (1225 A. D.). Hence Aparaditya has to be identified with Aparaditya I (1110–1140 A. D.) or Aparaditya II (1170–1195 A. D.). It is more probable that he is this Aparaditya or Apararka who was introduced by Tejahkantha in Kasmir assembly through this book. Of course, whether he himself has written it or his protege has fathered his work upon him, cannot be determined at present, since Vadavalli plates are silent on this point.

The relation of Harapaladeva (1140–1155) with Apararka is not known. Bombay Gazetteer refers to three inscriptions of this King, dated 1149, 1150 and 1153 A. D.<ref>Journal of Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, XII, p. 333</ref> One of these from Agasi is dated Saka year 1078 Mdrgasirsa Suddha Pratipada which corresponds to 22 November 1150 A. D. Mallikarjuna (1155–1170 A. D.) is known through his Prince of Wales Museum inscription hailing from Ciplun (Saka year, 1079 Pausa Vadya Caturdasi, i.e, 2 December 1157), where his rule over Ratnagiri is spoken of. In his reign, his northern neighbour Chalukya Kumarapala of Gujarat invaded the Silahara kingdom as is known from the description of war in Kumarapalacaritam Canto VI, 47–72. Although in the first battle at Navasari in Surat district the General of Kumarapala was defeated, yet Mallikarjuna was slain in the second battle. Hence Kumarapalacaritam includes Konkan among the provinces ruled by the King Kumarapala. But Parel inscription of Mallikarjuna's successor, Aparaditya II (1170–1195 A. D.) dated 1180 A. D. describes him as 'maharajadhirajakonkan-cakra-varti'. This indicates that the Silaharas soon overthrew the Chalukya yoke. Kesiraja, the next Silahara ruler, is referred to in two unpublished inscriptions, one dated 1203 and the other dated 1238 A. D.<ref>Bombay Gazetteers, Vol. I, ii, p. 20, n. 3.</ref> From the latter, it is known that Kesiraja was the son of Aparaditya II. Although this king ruled for 40 years, it is clear that Yadavas of Devgiri by this time, extended their power over the Deccan and Kesiraja was forced to accept Yadava suzerainty. Last Silahara ruler was Someshvara (1240–1265 A. D.) two of whose stone inscriptions<ref>Bombay Gazetteers, Vol. I, ii, p. 21,. n. 1.</ref> are dated 1259 A. D. and 1260 A. D. Hemadri states that the Yadava ruler Mahadeva (Saka, 1182–1193, i.e, 1260–1271 A. D.) defeated and killed the King of Konkan named Soma.<ref>Cf. Rajaprashasti I from Hemadri's Vratakhanda (Chaturvarga Chintamani Sardham Jananya sahe jivitena someshsvarayapi rajyam, V. 49.</ref> Last known date of Someshvara is 1260 A. D. Hemadri's statement shows that Someshvara was first defeated on land, then took to ships and there appears to have met his death by being drowned. It is said that "even the sea did not protect him" and that "he betook himself to the submarine fire thinking the fire of Mahadeva's prowess to be more unbearable."<ref>Cf. Hemadri etataipratapo bahiramburaseraurvantarepyasti kutah prayami. Chiran bimrshyeti yadiyavairi someshvaro vadavameva yatah.</ref> Thus in 1273 A. D. Thana plates published by Mr. Wathen<ref>Journal of the Royal Asratic Society (Old Series), Vol. V, pp. 177–78.</ref> speak of a Yadava Governor ruling over the Kingdom of Silaharas. So it is clear that Konkan was annexed to the territories of the Yadavas.

Among the Silaharas of Kolhapur who ruled over Satara and Belganv districts from 1000 to 1215 A. D., Gonka deserves mention here, as he is described as the Lord of Karhad (Karad), Mairifvja (Miraj) and Konkan [Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. IV, p. 281, Sanskrit Transcript.]. Dayadavyasana referred to in the record of Anantadeva possibly refers to Gonka's conquest of at least of portions of Northern Konkan and a part of Kolaba district. Gandaraditya of this house claims to be the undisputed King of Konkan. During his reign Apararka I of the Thana branch appears to have been temporarily ousted by Jayakesin II of Goa. A record of Vijayaditya, son of Gandaraditya states that he had restored the Lord of Sthanaka or Thana to his kingdom.<ref>Transactions of the Literary Society of Bombay, III p. 393.</ref> It appears, therefore, that Gandaraditya had asked his son to help Apararka II, who defeated Jayakesin II in 1127 A. D. Vijayaditya (1140 to 1175 A. D.) had also helped Chalukya Paramadideva in his war with Kalachuris. In fact, he played the role of a kingmaker. His son Bhoja II (1175 to 1215 A. D.) assumed all imperial titles, but received a crushing blow from the ambitious Yadava ruler Sihghana (1210 A. D.) who is described as the "Garuda putting to flight the serpent in the form of the King Bhoja".<ref>Cf. 'parnala-nilaya-prabdlai-bhajarbhupala-vyala-vidravana-vihangarajah '. Quoted in Bombay Gazetteers, Vol. I, ii, p. 254, n. 1.</ref>

==Yadavas of Devgiri==
Viceroys of the Yadavas of Devgiri, ruled<ref>Indian Antiquary, IX, 44.</ref> over the Deccan including Konkan as well as Kolaba from the days of Sihghana (1200 to 1247) down to Ramacandra or Ramadeva (1271–1310) and his son Sankara (1311–1313). Ramacandra as is well known, was taken prisoner by Malik Kafur, the General of Ala-ud-din, in the battle at Devagiri in 1307 AD. In Saka, 1235, i.e, 1313 A. D, Malik Kafur sent again to the Deccan for subduing Tailahgana put Ramacandra's son Sahkara also to death and fixed his residence at Devagiri. The revolt of Harapala, the son-in-law of Ramcandra was suppressed finally by Mubarak, the third son of [[Ala-ud-din Khilji]] in 1317, who seized and inhumanly burnt him alive.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) ''The Struggle for Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p. 196.</ref> From this time the [[Delhi sultanate]] have held ports in Kolaba. Ceul was one of such ports.<ref>Briggs' Ferishta, II, 295.</ref> It must be said in fairness to Vijayanagar or Anegundi kings that they maintained control over many parts of Kolaba up to 1377. In fact, before Musalman domination, the south Konkan including present Raigad district was under the control of a Lingayat dynasty called the Kanara gings, whose headquarters were at Anegundi. By the end of the 14th century, however, the whole of Konkan including Kolaba, came under the thumb of the [[Delhi sultanate]].

==Formation of Kolaba district==
Kolaba district was split from [[Thane district]] in 1869. According to the 1872 census Kolaba district had a population of just over 3,50,000 people, with 94% of the population being Hindus, and most of the remaining population being Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://raigad.nic.in/DG/1883/population_census.html#1 |title=1883 Kolaba district Gazetteer |access-date=5 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023210/http://raigad.nic.in/DG/1883/population_census.html#1 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1881 the population was about 382,000 with 95% of the population being Hindus.

However, at this point, the northernmost parts of modern Raigad district were retained in [[Thane district]]. Panvel, just across the bay from [[Mumbai]] was not put in Kolaba district until 1883, and [[Karjat]], an area in the north-east corner of modern Raigad district was not placed in Kolaba until 1891.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Raigad District}}
[[Category:History of Maharashtra by district|Raigad]]
[[Category:Raigad district]]

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{{Wiktionary}}

[[File:EA_Iusers_2008.png | thumb | right | alt=alt=Refer to caption | Area Cartogram: Internet Users in East Asia, 2008]]
The term '''''netizen''''' is a [[portmanteau]] of the [[English language|English]] words ''[[internet]]'' and ''[[citizen]]'',<ref name="Vendetti2020">{{cite book|author=Tyler Vendetti|title=The Illustrated Compendium of Weirdly Specific Words: Including Bumbledom, Jumentous, Spaghettification, and More|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FabODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70|date=3 March 2020|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|isbn=978-1-73251-266-5|pages=70–|access-date=March 28, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507032245/https://books.google.com/books?id=FabODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70|url-status=live}}</ref> as in a "citizen of the net" or "net citizen."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Seese|first1=Michael|isbn=978-1600051326|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3noNR3IfSpgC&q=citizen+of+the+net&pg=PA130|title=Scrappy Information Security|year=2009|publisher=Happy About |access-date=5 June 2015|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905151414/https://books.google.com/books?id=3noNR3IfSpgC&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=citizen+of+the+net|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hauben|first1=Michael|title=The Expanding Commonwealth of Learning: Printing and the Net|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/CS/printing.txt|website=columbia.edu|access-date=5 June 2015|archive-date=May 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501082710/http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/CS/printing.txt|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hauben|first1=Michael F.|title=The Netizens and Community Networks - Presented at the Hypernetwork '95 Beppu Bay Conference|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/text/bbc95spch.txt|access-date=6 June 2015|date=24 November 1995|archive-date=October 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009111930/http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/text/bbc95spch.txt|url-status=live}}</ref> It describes a person<ref name="amelia">{{cite web|last1=DeLoach|first1=Amelia|title=What Does it Mean to be a Netizen?|url=http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/sep/callnet.html|access-date=6 June 2015|date=September 1996|archive-date=January 11, 1997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970111062019/http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/sep/callnet.html|url-status=live}}</ref> actively involved in [[Online community|online communities]] or the Internet in general.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/netizen ''netizen''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421223939/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/netizen |date=April 21, 2012 }}, Dictionary.com</ref><ref name=Hauben>[http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/ch106.x01 ''The Net and Netizens by Michael Hauben''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604214312/http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/ch106.x01 |date=June 4, 2011 }}, Columbia University.</ref>

The term also commonly implies an interest and active engagement in improving the internet, making it an intellectual and a social resource,<ref name="amelia"/> or its surrounding political structures, especially in regard to [[open access]], [[net neutrality]] and [[Freedom of speech#The Internet and information society|free speech]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212636,00.html |title=''What is netizen? definition'' |access-date=October 2, 2011 |archive-date=April 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429115816/http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212636,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The term was widely adopted in the mid-1990s as a way to describe those who inhabit the new geography of the internet.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Steven John|title=Global Issues and Ethical Considerations in Human Enhancement Technologies|date=April 30, 2014|isbn=978-1466660106|page=4|publisher=IGI Global |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBGXBQAAQBAJ&q=netizen+inhabit&pg=PA4|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Internet pioneer and author [[Michael F. Hauben]] is credited with coining and popularizing the term.<ref name="amelia"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Butler|first1=Simon|title=Michael F. Hauben|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/your_columbians/michael_hauben.html|website=c250.columbia.edu|access-date=6 June 2015|archive-date=August 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814060737/http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/your_columbians/michael_hauben.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hauben|first1=Ronda|title=Internet PIONEER Michael Hauben|url=http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/IEC/hauben.html|website=edu-cyberpg.com|access-date=6 June 2015|archive-date=January 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122200440/https://edu-cyberpg.com/IEC/hauben.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="heise">{{cite web|last1=Horvath|first1=John|title=Death of a Netizen|url=http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/9/9180/1.html|publisher=Heise Online|access-date=6 June 2015|date=27 July 2001|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162800/http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/9/9180/1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="regis">{{cite web|last1=Orlowski|first1=Andrew|title=Michael Hauben, Netizen mati, dies|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/06/30/michael_hauben_netizen_dies/|publisher=The Register|access-date=6 June 2015|date=30 June 2001|archive-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810133714/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/06/30/michael_hauben_netizen_dies//|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Determining factor==
In general, any individual who has access to the internet has the potential to be classified as a netizen. In the 21st century, this is made possible by the global connectivity of the internet. People can physically be located in one country but connected to most of the world via a global network.<ref name="heise"/>

There is a clear distinction between netizens and people who come online to use the internet. A netizen is described as an individual who actively seek to contribute to the development of the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a Netizen? |url=http://www.easytechjunkie.com/what-is-a-netizen.htm |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Easy Tech Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Netizens are not individuals who go online for personal gain or profit, but instead actively seeks to make the internet a better place.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hauben|first1=Michael|last2=Hauben|first2=Ronda|title=Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet|isbn=978-0-8186-7706-9|pages=2–3|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/66/08186770/0818677066-1.pdf|chapter=Preface: What is a Netizen|date=May 11, 1997|publisher=Wiley |access-date=June 6, 2015|archive-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212194809/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/66/08186770/0818677066-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="heise"/>

A term used to classify internet users who do not actively contribute to the development of the internet is "[[lurker]]". Lurkers cannot be classified as netizens, as although they do not actively harm the internet, they do not contribute either.<ref>{{cite web|last1=DeLoach|first1=Amelia|title=What is a Netizen?|url=http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/sep/netizen.html|access-date=6 June 2015|date=September 1996|archive-date=July 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710233024/http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1996/sep/netizen.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=The need for a Netizens Association|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/text/netizen-a-call.html|access-date=8 July 2015|date=March 1996|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053200/http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/text/netizen-a-call.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hauben|first1=Michael|last2=Hauben|first2=Ronda|title=What is a Netizen?|url=http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/606/527|journal=First Monday|access-date=8 July 2015|date=November 1995|doi=10.5210/fm.v3i7.606|archive-date=July 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709182603/http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/606/527|url-status=live |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Besides, lurkers seemed to be more critical of the technological elements enabling communities whereas posters appeared to be more critical of users who hampered community creation by making rude or unpleasant comments. Additionally, discussions indicate that both lurkers and posters had distinct motives for lurking and might modify their engagement behaviours based on how they understand the community from various online groups, despite the fact that engagement between those who post and those who lurk was different in the communities studied.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Jiawen |last2=Dawson |first2=Kara |date=2023-04-05 |title=Differences in sense of community and participation between lurkers and posters in informal online education-related communities |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2023.2196571 |journal=Behaviour & Information Technology |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=929–942 |doi=10.1080/0144929x.2023.2196571 |s2cid=257993277 |issn=0144-929X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==In China==
{{See also|Internet in China}}{{Expand Chinese|date=April 2024|topic=cult|section=yes}}
In [[Mandarin Chinese]], the terms ''wǎngmín'' ({{zh|t=網民|s=网民}}, literally "netizen" or "net folks") and ''wǎngyǒu'' ({{zh|t=網友|s=网友}}, literally "net friend" or "net mate") are commonly used terms meaning "internet users", and the English word ''netizen'' is used by [[mainland China]]-based [[English language]] media to translate both terms, resulting in the frequent appearance of that English word in media reporting about China, far more frequently than the use of the word in other contexts.<ref name=":0">Brian Fung, "[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/netizen-why-is-this-goofy-sounding-word-so-important-in-china/263245/ 'Netizen': Why Is This Goofy-Sounding Word So Important in China?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116002158/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/netizen-why-is-this-goofy-sounding-word-so-important-in-china/263245/ |date=November 16, 2017 }}", ''The Atlantic'', 11 October 2012</ref><ref>Matt Schiavenza, "[https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/enough-with-the-word-netizen/279969/ Enough with the word "Netizen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729043129/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/enough-with-the-word-netizen/279969/ |date=July 29, 2018 }}", ''The Atlantic'', 25 September 2013</ref>

== Netizen Prize==
{{main|Reporters Without Borders#Netizen Prize}}
The international nonprofit organisation [[Reporters Without Borders]] awards an annual [[Reporters Without Borders#Netizen Prize|Netizen Prize]] in recognition to an internet user, [[blogger]], [[cyber-dissident]], or group who has helped to promote freedom of expression on the internet.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Day Against Cyber-Censorship: new "Enemies of the Internet" list |url=https://en.rsf.org/nawaat-reporters-without-borders-11-03-2011,39776.html |website=rsf.org |access-date=6 June 2015 |date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628212148/http://en.rsf.org/nawaat-reporters-without-borders-11-03-2011%2C39776.html |archive-date=28 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Netizen Prize 2012: nominees |url=https://en.rsf.org/netizen-prize-2012-27-02-2012,41938.html |access-date=6 June 2015 |date=27 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421213301/http://en.rsf.org/netizen-prize-2012-27-02-2012%2C41938.html |archive-date=21 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Manea|first1=Elham|title=Reporters Without Borders award Raif Badawi the Netizen Prize for 2014|url=http://gmablog.org/2014/11/05/reporters-without-borders-award-raif-badawi-the-netizen-prize-for-2014/|website=gmablog.org|access-date=6 June 2015|date=5 November 2014|archive-date=February 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215131344/https://gmablog.org/2014/11/05/reporters-without-borders-award-raif-badawi-the-netizen-prize-for-2014/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Digital citizen]] – citizens (of the physical space) using the Internet as a tool in order to engage in society, politics, and government participation<ref>Mossberger, Karen. "Digital Citizenship - The Internet, Society and Participation" by [[Karen Mossberger]], [[Caroline Tolbert|Caroline J. Tolbert]], and Ramona S. McNeal. 23 November 2011. {{ISBN|978-0819456069}}</ref>
* [[Digital native]] – a person who has grown up in the information age
* [[Netiquette]] – social conventions for online communities
* [[Cyberspace]] – the new societal territory that is inhabited by Netizens
* [[Information Age]]
* [[Internet age]]
* [[Internet culture]]
* {{slink|Internet#Users}}
* [[Network society]]
* [[Active citizenship]] – the concept that citizens have certain roles and responsibilities to society and the environment and should actively participate
* [[Social Age]]
* [[List of Internet pioneers]] – those who helped erect the theoretical and technological foundation of the Internet (instead of improving its content, utility or political aspects)
* [[Participatory culture]] – a culture in which the public does not act merely as consumers and voters, but also as contributors, producers and active participants
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|first1=Michael |last1=Hauben |first2=Ronda |last2=Hauben|first3=Tom |last3=Truscott|title=Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet (Perspectives)|publisher=Wiley-IEEE Computer Society P|date=1997-04-27|isbn=0-8186-7706-6|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/text/WhatIsNetizen.html The Mysterious Netizen]

[[Category:Information society]]
[[Category:Information Age]]
[[Category:Internet terminology]]
[[Category:Social influence]]
[[Category:Cyberspace]]
[[Category:Hyperreality]]
[[Category:Virtual communities]]
[[Category:Citizenship]]

Sandhya Sangeet

2026-01-11T22:32:46Z

EmanuelNathan: added details

{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Sandhya Sangeet
| image = সন্ধ্যা সঙ্গীত-রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর (page 1 crop).jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Title page of the 1st edition
| author = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig = সন্ধ্যা সঙ্গীত
| orig_lang_code = bn
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[British Raj|British India]]
| language = Bengali
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = Poetry
| set_in =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1882
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''Sandhya Sangeet''''' ({{langx|bn|সন্ধ্যা সঙ্গীত}}) is a poetry book written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1882.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Hariom |year=2004 |chapter=Rabindranath Tagore's Poetic Perspective: A Critical Query |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Mohit Kumar |title=Studies on Rabindranath Tagore |volume=1 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |pages=71–80 |isbn=9788126903085}}</ref><ref>History of Bengali Literature, Dr. Dulal Chakraborty, July - 2007, Bani Bitan. (in Bengali)</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কবিগুরুর সাহিত্যকর্ম |url=https://www.risingbd.com/art-literature/news/60738 |access-date=2020-07-28 |work=RisingBD.com |date=9 August 2014 |language=bn}}</ref> In English it was translated as ''Evening Songs''.<ref name="ROY2017">{{cite book |author=Kshittis Roy |title=Rabindranath Tagore - A Life Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GUuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39 |year=2017 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2505-6 |pages=39–}}</ref> The book was followed by Tagore's another poetry collection ''[[Prabhat Sangeet]]'' (1883).<ref name="Fraser2019">{{cite book |author=Bashabi Fraser |author-link=Bashabi Fraser |title=Rabindranath Tagore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3uhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 |year=2019 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-178-8 |pages=91–}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of works by Rabindranath Tagore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rabindranath Tagore|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1882 poems]]
[[Category:1882 poetry books]]
[[Category:1882 in British India]]
[[Category:Poetry collections by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Bengali poetry]]
[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]

K.V. Prasad

2026-01-06T04:35:49Z

EmanuelNathan: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[K. V. Prasad]]

Ayesha Ferdaus

2025-11-04T19:30:17Z

EmanuelNathan: further improved details based on references

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ayesha Ferdaus
|native_name = আয়েশা ফেরদৌস
|primeminister = [[Sheikh Hasina]]
|office = Member of Parliament of [[Noakhali-6]]
|term = 2nd
|term_start = 2014
|predecessor = [[Mohammad Fazlul Azim]]
|birth_date = {{birth_date and age|07 April 1961}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency 273_11th_En |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/3834-constituency-273-11th-en |access-date=2021-05-29 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212749/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/3834-constituency-273-11th-en |archive-date=2021-06-02}}</ref>
|birth_place = Noakhali
|spouse = Mohammad Ali
|party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
|committees = Standing Committee on the [[Ministry of Social Welfare (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Social Welfare]]
}}

'''Ayesha Ferdaus''' is a Bangladesh [[Awami League]] politician and member of parliament from [[Noakhali-6]].

==Biography==
Ayesha Ferdaus completed her education up to the undergraduate level. A business woman, she competed as an independent candidate in the 2009 Bangladesh general election. She lost to [[Mohammad Fazlul Azim]], another independent candidate. She challenged his victory in the Bangladesh High Court in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC stays HC order against MP Azim |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-207753 |accessdate=17 November 2017 |work=The Daily Star |date=24 October 2011 |language=en}}</ref> She was nominated from Noakhali-6 constituency which falls into the [[Hatiya Upazila]] of Noakhali District in 2014 Bangladesh general election as a candidate of the Bangladesh Awami League.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh Election Result 2014 Ayesha Ferdous Noakhali-6 |url=http://election.dhakatribune.com/members/view/234 |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=election.dhakatribune.com |publisher=Dhaka Tribune |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117122320/http://election.dhakatribune.com/members/view/234 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She was nominated after her husband, Mohammad Ali, was declared by the [[Bangladesh Election Commission]] returning officer as being unfit for office and as a result could not be nominated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Women aspirants for JS seats reach new high |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-68795 |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=The Daily Star |date=26 December 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Ayesha Ferdaus was helping the government of Bangladesh relocate the [[Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh]] to [[Thengar Char|Bhasan Char]], [[Noakhali District]]. According to her, the government will build the required facilities and services to house the Rohingyas in the island.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhashan Char being prepared for rehabilitation of the Rohingya |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2017/09/27/bhashan-char-prepared-rehabilitation-rohingya/ |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> She is a member of the parliamentary standing committee on the [[Ministry of Social Welfare (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Social Welfare]].<ref>{{cite news |title=JS body for increasing allocation for social safety net |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/95188/2017-05-19 |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=The Independent}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Her husband, Mohammad Ali, is a former member of parliament. A case was filed against her husband after [[Jubo League]] leader Riaz Uddin was killed during the Awami League fractional clashes on 30 August 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=4 'bullet-hit' in Noakhali AL infighting |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/4-bullet-hit-noakhali-al-infighting-1458328 |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=The Daily Star |date=6 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferdaus, Ayesha}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Noakhali District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]

{{Chittagong-AL-politician-stub}}

2020 elections in India

2025-09-23T15:41:29Z

EmanuelNathan: added info

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2019 elections in India
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = 2020
| next_election = 2021 elections in India
| next_year = 2021
}}

Elections in India in 2020 included by-elections to the [[Lok Sabha]], elections to the [[Rajya Sabha]] for 73 Seats, elections to [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|state legislative assemblies]] of 3 states and numerous other by-elections to state legislative assemblies, councils and local bodies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=27 Aug 2019}}</ref>

==Legislative assembly elections==
[[File:2020 Indian States Legislative assembly elections.png|thumb|300px|2020 Indian Election Result Map]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date(s)
! State/UT
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 8 February 2020
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|[[File:IN-DL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=4 | 28 October 2020, 3 & 7 November 2020
| rowspan=4 |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|rowspan=2| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|rowspan=4|[[File:IN-BR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan=2|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}"|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|bgcolor="{{party color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}"|
|[[Vikassheel Insaan Party]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

== Lok Sabha by-elections ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State/UT
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
!Remarks
|-
!1
| 7 November 2020
|[[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|[[Sunil Kumar (Valmiki Nagar)|Sunil Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|Death of [[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-28 |title=JD(U)'s Valmikinagar MP Baidyanath Prasad Mahto passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-jdus-valmikinagar-mp-baidyanath-prasad-mahto-passes-away/articleshow/74407428.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Legislative Assembly by-elections==
=== [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 3 November 2020
| [[Marwahi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Marwahi]]
| [[Ajit Jogi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janta Congress Chhattisgarh}}"|
|[[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Krishna Kumar Dhruw]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="8" | 3 November 2020
| [[Abdasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abdasa]]
| Pradyumansinh Jadeja
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Pradyumansinh Jadeja
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 2
|[[Limdi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Limdi]]
| [[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kiritsinh Rana]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 3
| [[Morbi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Morbi]]
| Brijesh Merja
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Brijesh Merja
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!4
|[[Dhari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhari]]
| J. V. Kakadiya
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| J. V. Kakadiya
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!5
|[[Gadhada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gadhada]]
| Pravin Maru
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Atmaram Parmar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!6
|[[Karjan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karjan]]
| Akshay Patel
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Akshay Patel
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!7
|[[Dang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dang]]
| Mangalbhai Gavit
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|Vijaybhai Patel
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!8
| [[Kaparada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kaparada]]
| Jitubhai Chaudhari
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Jitubhai Chaudhari
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 3 November 2020
| [[Baroda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baroda]]
| Krishan Hooda
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Indu Raj Narwal
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="2"| 3 November 2020
| [[Dumka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
| [[Hemant Soren]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| [[Basant Soren]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
!2
| [[Bermo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bermo]]
| Rajendra Prasad Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Kumar Jaimangal (Anup Singh)
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

=== [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="2" | 3 November 2020
|[[Sira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sira]]
|B Sathyanarayana
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|[[Rajesh Gowda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Rajarajeshwarinagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]]
|[[Munirathna]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Munirathna]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] ===
{{Main|2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="28" | [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|3 November 2020]]
| [[Joura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Joura]]
| [[Banwari Lal Sharma]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Subedar Singh Rajodha]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Sumawali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sumaoli]]
|[[Adal Singh Kansana]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Ajab Singh Kushwah]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!3
|[[Morena (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
|[[Raghuraj Singh Kansana]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Rakesh Mavai]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!4
|[[Dimani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dimani]]
|[[Girraj Dandotiya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Ravindra Singh Tomar Bhidosa
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!5
|[[Ambah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambah]]
|[[Kamlesh Jatav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Kamlesh Jatav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!6
|[[Mehgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mehgaon]]
| [[O. P. S. Bhadoria]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[O. P. S. Bhadoria]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!7
|[[Gohad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gohad]]
|[[Ranvir Jatav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Mevaram Jatav
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!8
|[[Gwalior (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
|[[Pradhumn Singh Tomar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Pradhumn Singh Tomar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!9
|[[Gwalior East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior East]]
|[[Munnalal Goyal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Satish Sikarwar
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!10
|[[Dabra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dabra]]
|[[Imarti Devi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Suresh Raje
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!11
|[[Bhander (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhander]]
|[[Raksha Santram Saroniya]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Raksha Santram Saroniya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!12
|[[Karera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karera]]
|[[Jasmant Jatav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Pragilal Jatav
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!13
|[[Pohari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pohari]]
|[[Suresh Dhakad]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Suresh Dhakad]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!14
|[[Bamori (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bamori]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Sisodia]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Sisodia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!15
|[[Ashok Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashok Nagar]]
|[[Jaipal Singh Jajji]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Jaipal Singh Jajji]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!16
|[[Mungaoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mungaoli]]
|[[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!17
|[[Surkhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surkhi]]
| [[Govind Singh Rajput]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Govind Singh Rajput]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!18
| [[Malhara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malhara]]
|[[Pradyuman Singh Lodhi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Pradyuman Singh Lodhi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!19
|[[Anuppur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anuppur]]
|[[Bisahulal Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Bisahulal Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!20
|[[Sanchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanchi]]
|[[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Prabhuram Choudhary]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!21
| [[Biaora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biaora]]
| Govardhan Dangi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Amlyahat Ramchandra Dangi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!22
| [[Agar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agar]]
| [[Manohar Untwal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Vipin Wankhede
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!23
|[[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipliya]]
|[[Manoj Choudhary]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Manoj Choudhary]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!24
|[[Mandhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandhata]]
|[[Narayan Patel (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Narayan Patel]]
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Narayan Patel (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Narayan Patel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!25
|[[Nepanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nepanagar]]
|[[Sumitra Devi Kasdekar]]
|bgcolor=#00BBFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Sumitra Devi Kasdekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!26
|[[Badnawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badnawar]]
|[[Rajvardhan Singh Dattigaon|Rajvardhan Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Rajvardhan Singh Dattigaon|Rajvardhan Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!27
|[[Sanwer (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanwer]]
|[[Tulsiram Silawat]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Tulsiram Silawat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!28
|[[Suwasra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suwasra]]
|[[Hardeep Singh Dang]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Hardeep Singh Dang]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]] ===
{{Main|2020 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-elections}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
! 1
|rowspan="5" | [[2020 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-elections|7 November 2020]]
| [[Wangoi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangoi]]
| [[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Oinam Lukhoi Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 2
| [[Lilong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lilong]]
| Muhammad Abdul Nasir
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Y. Antas Khan
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! 3
| [[Wangjing Tentha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangjing Tentha]]
| [[Paonam Brojen]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Paonam Brojen]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 4
| [[Saitu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saitu]]
| [[Ngamthang Haokip]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Ngamthang Haokip]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 5
| [[Singhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singhat]]
| [[Ginsuanhau Zou]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Ginsuanhau Zou]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="2" | 3 November 2020
| [[Southern Angami-I (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Southern Angami-I]]
| [[Vikho-o Yhoshü]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
|Medo Yhokha
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}"|
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Pungro Kiphire (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pungro Kiphire]]
| [[T. Torechu]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}"|
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|T Yangseo Sangtam
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

=== [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|rowspan="2" | 3 November 2020
| [[Balasore (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balasore]]
| [[Madanmohan Dutta]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| Swarup Kumar Das
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
!2
| [[Tirtol]]
| [[Bishnu Charan Das]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| Bijaya Shankar Das
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|}

=== [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]] ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| 3 November 2020
| [[Dubbak (Assembly constituency)|Dubbak]]
| Solipeta Ramalinga Reddy
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[Raghunandan Rao|Madhavaneni Raghunandan Rao]]
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
| rowspan="7" | 3 November 2020
|[[Naugawan Sadat (Assembly constituency)|Naugawan Sadat]]
| [[Chetan Chauhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Sangeeta Chauhan
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!2
|[[Bulandshahr (Assembly constituency)|Bulandshahr]]
| [[Virendra Singh Sirohi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Usha Sirohi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!3
|[[Tundla (Assembly constituency)|Tundla]]
|[[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Prempal Singh Dhangar
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!4
|[[Bangarmau (Assembly constituency)|Bangarmau]]
|[[Kuldeep Singh Sengar]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Shrikant Katiyar
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!5
|[[Ghatampur (Assembly constituency)|Ghatampur]]
| [[Kamal Rani Varun]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Upendra Nath Paswan
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!6
|[[Deoria (Assembly constituency)|Deoria]]
| [[Janmejay Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Satyaprakash Mani Tripathi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
!7
|[[Malhani (Assembly constituency)|Malhani]]
|[[Parasnath Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Lucky Yadav
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

== Local body elections ==



=== Ladakh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Autonomous Council
!colspan=2|Government before
!colspan=2|Government after
|-
| 26 October 2020
| [[2020 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh election|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==See also==
* [[2020 Indian Rajya Sabha elections]]
* [[2019 elections in India]]
* [[2021 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

*[http://eci.gov.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2020 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Simulbari Tea Garden

2025-08-25T15:20:20Z

EmanuelNathan: small fix formatting per standard format also and fixed typos for consistency

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simulbari Tea Garden
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.796478|N|88.308452|E||display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,160
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Simulbari Tea Garden''' is a village in the [[Kurseong (community development block)|Kurseong]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Kurseong subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=370| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|57|0|N|88|20|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the north-eastern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Rangli Rangliot CD block) and Kurseong subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|27|1|20|N|88|21|21|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Rangli Rangliot| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Rangli Rangliot]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|2|10|N|88|22|0|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2=Takdah| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Takdah]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|3|30|N|88|23|12|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Peshok TG| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Peshok Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|0|30|N|88|24|13|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4=Teesta Valley TG| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Teesta Valley Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|48|35|N|88|15|38|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5=Longview TG| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Longview Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|57|57|N|88|22|20|E}}| labelpos6=right| label6=Mangpu| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Mangpu]] (R)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|16|40|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Monteviot TG| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Monteviot Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|49|30|N|88|17|22|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Rohini TG| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Rohini Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|21|35|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Sukna| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Sukna, Darjeeling]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|50|25|N|88|19|45|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Tindharia| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Tindharia]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|52|5|N|88|17|55|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Giddapahar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Giddapahar]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|47|42|N|88|18|15|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Simulbari TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= Simulbari Tea Garden (R)|shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|56|11|N|88|28|2|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Sittong| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Sittong]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|49|N|88|28|22|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Sevoke| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Sevoke]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|52|15|N|88|15|50|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Ambootia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Ambootia]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|49|30|N|88|19|0|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Cart Road| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Cart Road]] (CT) | shape-color16=#800000
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|53|30|N|88|17|30|E}}| label-pos17=left |label17=Kurseong| numbered17=M| mark-title17= [[Kurseong]] (M)| shape-color17=#800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|5|55|N|88|20|50|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Glenburn TE| numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Glenburn Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|4|28|N|88|22|10|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Lopchu TE| numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Lopchu Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|51|25|N|88|14|8|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Balasun TE| numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[Balasun Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|51|15|N|88|17|0|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Castleton TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[Castleton Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|53|35|N|88|20|0|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Goomtee TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Goomtee Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|54|35|N|88|20|20|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Jungpana TE| numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[Jungpana Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|50|30|N|88|16|20|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Makaibari TE| numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[Makaibari Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|55|30|N|88|17|50|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Margaret’s Hope TE| numbered25=TE| mark-title25= [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color25=#87A96B
|mark-coord26={{coord|26|52|25|N|88|26|20|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Mahananda |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22
|mark-coord27={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|31|0|E}}|label27=Teesta River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=45| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none
|mark-coord28={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|23|30|E}}|label28=Mahananda|labela28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|17|0|E}}|label29= Balason River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=35| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|9|0|N|88|11|50|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-161| arc-gapA=-4| arc-radiusA=0.7
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|7|0|E}}|arc-textB= NEPAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=60| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4 }}

===Location===
Simulbari Tea Garden is located at {{coord|26.796478|N|88.308452|E||display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the eastern portion of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] and a small portion of the terai region in its eastern and southern fringes, all of it in the Darjeeling district. In the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the [[Kurseong subdivision]] 58.41% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 41.59% lives in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = https://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = Darjeeling | work =District Profile - General Information | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 21 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 21 March 2020}}</ref> There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting [[Darjeeling tea]]. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | title = Darjeeling Tea| publisher = District administration |accessdate = 21 March 2020}}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 21 March 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked on the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Simulbari Tea Garden had a total population of 4,160 of which 2,079 (50%) were males and 2,081 (50%) were females. There were 499 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Simulbari Tea Garden was 2,039 (49.01% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 20 March 2020 }}</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Dooars-Terai tea gardens}}
Simulbari Tea Garden, located in the terai region, was locked out in February 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://newsmen.in/news/siliguri-tea-garden-lockout-leaves-1200-jobless/ | title = Siliguri Tea Garden Lockout Leaves 1200 Jobless | publisher = Newsmen, 25 February 2019. |accessdate = 10 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kurseong}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Villages in Darjeeling district]]

Anil–Babu

2025-08-25T04:15:58Z

EmanuelNathan: Started the stub basic info

{{Short description|Indian filmmaking duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| occupation = [[Film director]]s
| years_active = 1992–2004
}}
[[Anil (director)|Anil]] and [[Babu Narayanan|Babu]] were a director duo.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/what-makes-director-anil-upset/articleshow/13267561.cms | title=What makes director Anil upset? - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 January 2017 }}</ref> Anil and Babu both individually directed two films before they directed several films together from 1992 to 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-babu-narayanan-passes-away/article28225392.ece | title=Babu, of Malayalam director duo Anil-Babu, no more | newspaper=The Hindu | date=29 June 2019 | last1=Kumar | first1=P. k Ajith }}</ref> They worked together for most of their career. While Anil directed nine films after 2004 Babu only directed one. Babu died in 2019.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jun/30/friends-family-bid-adieu-to-babu-1997297.html | title=Friends, family bid adieu to Babu | date=29 June 2019 | newspaper=The New Indian Express | accessdate=28 June 2025 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
|-
|rowspan=3|1992
||''Ponnaramthottathe Rajavu''
|-
||''[[Mantrikacheppu]]''
|-
|''[[Welcome to Kodaikanal]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|1993
||''[[Injakkadan Mathai & Sons]]''
|-
|''[[Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-sakshal-sreeman-chathunni-a-friend-extraordinaire/articleshow/88903421.cms|title=#FilmyFriday: Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni: A friend extraordinaire|website=[[The Times of India]]|last=Rajan|first=Silpa|date=14 January 2022|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|1994||''Sthreedhanam''
|-
|''[[Kudumba Vishesham]]''
|-
|rowspan=3|1995||''[[Achan Kombathu Amma Varampathu]]''
|-
|''[[Radholsavam]]''
|-
| ''[[Street (film)|Street]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|1996||''[[Harbour (film)|Harbour]]''
|-
|''[[Aramana Veedum Anjoorekkarum]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|1997||''[[Mannadiar Penninu Chenkotta Checkan]]''
|-
|''[[Kaliyoonjal]]''
|-
|1998||''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]''
|-
|1999||''[[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattabhishekam]]''
|-
|2000||''[[Ingane Oru Nilapakshi]]''
|-
|2001||''[[Uthaman (2001 film)|Uthaman]]''
|-
|2002||''[[Pakalppooram]]''
|-
|rowspan=2|2003||''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]''
|-
|''[[Valkannadi]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004||''Kusruthi''
|-
|''Parayam''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anil-Babu}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian filmmaking duos]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriting duos]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

GSAT-6A

2025-08-03T04:55:37Z

EmanuelNathan: revised

{{Short description|Indian telecommunications satellite}}
{{Infobox spaceflight|auto=all
| name = GSAT-6A
| image = GSAT-6A_Undergoing_Acoustic_Test.jpg
| image_caption =

| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communications]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-6a}}
| COSPAR_ID = 2018-027A
| SATCAT = 43241
| mission_duration = Planned: 10 years

| spacecraft_bus = [[I-2K]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]] [[Space Applications Centre]]
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|2117|kg}}
| power = 3,119 watts
| dimensions = {{convert|1.53|xx|1.65|xx|2.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}

| launch_date = {{start date text|29 March 2018, 11:26}} [[UTC]]<ref name="isro" />
| launch_rocket = [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV Mk.II]] F08
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhawan]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|SLP]]
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| entered_service =Failed before being operational

| disposal_type =
| deactivated =

| orbit_epoch = April 11, 2018<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=43241|title=GSAT-6A Satellite details 2018-027A NORAD 43241|publisher=N2YO|date=11 April 2018|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit|Geostationary]]
| orbit_slot = 83°E (Planned)

| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|29580|km|nmi|sp=us}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|36367|km|nmi|sp=us}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_inclination = 3.29 degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_semimajor = {{convert|37552|km|nmi|sp=us}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_eccentricity = 0.1383056<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_period = 20.8 hours<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_RAAN = 158.9 degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_arg_periapsis = 184.72 degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_mean_anomaly = 125.81 degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_mean_motion = 1.19302622<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_rev_number = 17<ref name="n2yo"/>
| apsis = gee

| trans_band =
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth =
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage = India
| trans_TWTA =
| trans_EIRP =
| trans_HPBW =
| programme = [[GSAT]]
| previous_mission = [[GSAT-17]]
| next_mission = [[GSAT-11]]
}}
'''GSAT-6A''' was a communication satellite launched by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). It featured a {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=on}} unfurlable [[S band|S-band]] antenna similar to the one used on [[GSAT-6]].<ref name="isro">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-6a |title=GSAT-6A |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330013057/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-6a |url-status=dead }}</ref> Around 17 minutes after lift-off, the three stage [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] Mk.II rocket flying on GSLV F08 mission successfully injected the satellite into a [[Geostationary transfer orbit|geosynchronous]] transfer orbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-mar-2018/gslv-successfully-launches-gsat-6a-satellite|title=GSLV Successfully Launches GSAT-6A Satellite|access-date=2018-11-14|archive-date=2018-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114182227/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-mar-2018/gslv-successfully-launches-gsat-6a-satellite|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to power failure during its orbit raising burns the communication was lost with GSAT-6A<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/030418/gsat-6a-is-not-traceable-sources.html|title=GSAT-6A: 30 years on, ISRO loses another satellite to power failure|date=2018-04-03}}</ref><ref name=ToI_20180410/> before it could reach its final circular geostationary orbit (GSO).

==History==
GSAT-6A was launched to complement [[GSAT-6]] satellite which was launched in August 2015 by ISRO. The cost of building GSAT-6A was around ₹270 [[crore]].<ref name="NDTV20180529">{{cite news |title=ISRO Twin Satellites To Boost Communication For Security Establishment |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-twin-satellites-to-boost-communication-for-security-establishment-1829967 |access-date=1 November 2019 |date=29 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="CAG1">{{cite web |title=Report on hybrid satellite digital multimedia broadcasting service agreement with Devas|url=https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Compliance_Scientic_Department_Multimedia_Broadcasting_Service_4_2012_chap_5.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101152329/https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Compliance_Scientic_Department_Multimedia_Broadcasting_Service_4_2012_chap_5.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2019|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="CAG_2">{{cite web |title=Report on hybrid satellite digital multimedia broadcasting service agreement with Devas|url=https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Compliance_Scientic_Department_Multimedia_Broadcasting_Service_4_2012_chap_2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101152530/https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Compliance_Scientic_Department_Multimedia_Broadcasting_Service_4_2012_chap_2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2019|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> GSAT-6A was to provide mobile communication services to the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-most-powerful-communications-satellite-gsat-6a-to-launch-soon-1830292 | title= India's new satellite to boost armed forces | publisher= NDTV, edited by -Suraj Sarkar 1805|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

== Launch ==
[[File:GSLV-F08 Liftoff 6.jpg|thumb|left|GSLV F08 launch from SLP]]
GSLV-F08 carrying GSAT-6A spacecraft was launched from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Second Launch Pad|Second Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] on 29 March 2018, 11:26 UTC and after flight of 17 minutes 45 seconds,<ref name="sfn-20180329">{{cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/03/29/india-tests-upgraded-engine-tech-in-successful-communications-satellite-launch/|title=India tests upgraded engine tech in successful communications satellite launch|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=29 March 2018|access-date=30 March 2018|publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> placed GSAT-6A into its planned [[geostationary transfer orbit]] with {{Convert|36692.5|km||abbr=}} apogee, {{Convert|169.4|km||abbr=}} perigee and orbital inclination of 20.64°. GSAT-6A spacecraft deployed its solar array after separation from CUS and established contact with ground station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-mar-2018/gslv-successfully-launches-gsat-6a-satellite|title=GSLV Successfully Launches GSAT-6A Satellite - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-11-01|archive-date=2018-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114182227/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-mar-2018/gslv-successfully-launches-gsat-6a-satellite|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On GSLV-F08, a High Thrust [[Vikas engine]] (HTVE) was inducted on second stage (GS2) of GSLV with 6% higher thrust than before.<ref name="GSLV_F08_GSAT_6A_Brochure">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Publications/Brochures/GSLVF08GSAT6A.pdf|title=GSLV F08/GSAT-6A Brochure|publisher=ISRO|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/mar/28/with-eye-on-lunar-mission-isro-to-test-high-thrust-vikas-engine-1793608.html|title=With eye on lunar mission, ISRO to test high-thrust Vikas engine|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> The improved engine increased the [[payload]] capability of the vehicle.<ref name="sfn-20180329" /> The electrohydraulic [[High Redundancy Actuation|actuation]] system on second stage was also replaced with simpler and robust electromechanical system.<ref name=":0" /> The Cryogenic Upper Stage of GSLV F08 performed a burn to depletion for the first time. Officials said any improvement done to the vehicle would be incorporated into GSLV's future missions.<ref name="sfn-20180329" />

===Loss of communication===

The first orbit raising maneuver for GSAT-6A was carried out as planned on 30 March 2018 by firing the [[Liquid Apogee Motor]] (LAM) for 2188 seconds from 09:22 AM IST. The second orbit raising maneuver was carried out at 10:00 AM on 31 March 2018. As the satellite was on-course for its third and final orbit raising maneuver on 1 April 2018, communication with it was lost and the spacecraft was temporarily untraceable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-mar-2018/first-orbit-raising-operation-of-gsat-6a-satellite-has-been-successfully-carried|title=The first orbit raising operation of GSAT-6A Satellite has been successfully carried out by LAM Engine firing for 2188 sec from 09:22hr IST on March 30, 2018. - ISRO|access-date=April 1, 2018|archive-date=April 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144444/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-mar-2018/first-orbit-raising-operation-of-gsat-6a-satellite-has-been-successfully-carried|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-apr-2018/status-update-of-gsat-6a|title=The second orbit raising operation of GSAT-6A satellite has been successfully carried out by LAM Engine firing for about 53 minutes on March 31, 2018 in the morning. - ISRO|access-date=April 1, 2018|archive-date=April 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401065043/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-apr-2018/status-update-of-gsat-6a|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ToI_20180410>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/we-now-knows-exact-location-of-gsat-6a-communication-satellite-says-isro-chief/articleshow/63701803.cms|title=We now know the exact location of GSAT-6A communication satellite, says Isro chief|newspaper=The Times of India |date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> After regaining its track,<ref>{{cite news |title=We now know the exact location of GSAT-6A communication satellite, says Isro chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/we-now-knows-exact-location-of-gsat-6a-communication-satellite-says-isro-chief/articleshow/63701803.cms |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> efforts to re-establish communication with the satellite could not succeed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chandrayaan-2 to be launched in January-March window in 2019 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/indias-2nd-lunar-mission-on-january-3-with-lander-rover/articleshow/65376670.cms |access-date=1 November 2019 |date=12 August 2018 |quote=Asked about GSAT 6A, with which communication had been lost after its launch in March 31 this year, he said ISRO has not given up hope and was still trying to establish radar contact with the satellite. "We have not given up hope. We will wait till a year," he said when asked how much time ISRO would take to announce that the GSAT 6A was a failed mission.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-says-contact-with-gsat-6a-lost-second-setback-in-seven-months/articleshow/63565348.cms|title=ISRO loses contact with GSAT-6A, trying to establish link |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=April 1, 2018}}</ref> Power system malfunction was suspected to be the reason behind loss of contact.<ref>{{Cite news|last=D.s|first=Madhumathi|date=2018-08-11|title=We averted a possible debacle: ISRO chairman|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-averted-a-possible-debacle-isro-chairman/article24660014.ece|access-date=2022-02-03|issn=0971-751X|quote=GSAT-11 had the same set of power system configuration that two older satellites had. RISAT-1 died prematurely and GSAT-6A lost communication contact soon after launch on March 29 because of suspected power system failure, harnesses etc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-01|title=Power failure haunts ISRO again as it loses contact with GSAT-6A satellite|url=https://theprint.in/defence/power-failure-haunts-isro-again-as-it-loses-contact-with-gsat-6a-satellite/46282/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Major Setback, Contact With Satellite GSAT-6A Lost, Confirms ISRO|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-s-communications-satellite-gsat-6a-suffers-setback-in-space-sources-1831250|access-date=2022-02-03|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Satellite replacement ===
ISRO will launch [[GSAT-32]] satellite as replacement for GSAT-6A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/isro-to-launch-gsat-32-satellite-in-october-2019-to-replace-the-silent-gsat-6a-4951441.html|title=ISRO to launch GSAT-32 satellite in October 2019 to replace the silent GSAT-6A|website=Tech2|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-25|date=2018-08-13}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Integrated Space Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{GSAT satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2018}}

{{Commons category|GSAT-6A}}

[[Category:GSAT satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2018]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]]

Firoza Begam

2025-05-26T11:22:47Z

EmanuelNathan: created new post needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Firoza Begam''' (born 1969)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Firoza Begam(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RANINAGAR(MURSHIDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1782 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She is a former two time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raninagar Assembly constituency]] in [[Murshidabad district]]. She won seat in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tiruvannamalai Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Tiruvannamalai Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-tiruvannamalai-constituency-63.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Raninagar Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Abdul Soumik Hossain of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/raninagar-election-result-2021-live-updates-raninagar-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695891.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Begam is from [[Raninagar]], Murshidabad district, West Bengal. She married Mohammed Aminul Islam. She completed her MA at [[North Bengal University|University of North Bengal]] in 1992. She served as a headmistress of Pulinda Girls High School and her husband is also a headmaster of Nazirpur Esserpara High School.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Begam won from Raninagar Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. She polled votes and defeated her nearest rival, Maksuda Begum of the [[All India Forward Bloc]], by a margin of 1,089 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Raninagar profile: Congress' Firoza Begam has held seat since 2011 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-raninagar-profile-congress-firoza-begam-has-held-seat-since-2011-9399861.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> She retained the seat for the Indian National Congress winning the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election defeating Humayun Kabir of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] by a margin of 48,382 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raninagar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/raninagar-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Raninagar Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Raninagar assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/raninagar-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-raninagar-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9155101.htm |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> She lost the next election to [[Abdul Soumik Hossain]] of the All India Trinamool Congress by a margin of 79,702 votes in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Begam, Firoza}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:University of North Bengal alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Jangil

2025-05-03T23:11:15Z

EmanuelNathan: improve references to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Indigenous people of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Jangil
| native_name_lang = None
| image = Jangil huts by MV Portman, c 1890s.png
| image_caption = A photograph of Jangil huts taken by Maurice Vidal Portman in the 1890s
| population = Extinct by 1920s
| languages = Jangil<ref name=":1" />
| religions = [[Animism]]
| related_groups = Other [[Andamanese peoples]]
}}

The '''Jangil''' (also '''Rutland Jarawa''' or '''Rutland Onge''') were one of the [[Indigenous peoples]] of the [[Andaman Islands]] in [[India]]. They lived in the interior of [[Rutland Island]], and were given the name Rutland Jarawa because it was supposed that they were related to the neighboring [[Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] people.

Very little information about the Jangil community is known<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Pramod |date=20 January 2012 |title=Descriptive and typological study of Jarawa |url=https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_1896628/component/file_1896627/content |journal=School of Language, Literature & Culture Studies |pages=}}</ref> and they are believed to have become extinct sometime in the early 1900s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013-05-20 |title=George Webber's Lonely Islands, Chapter 8: The Tribes, Section: The Jangil |url=http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520161055/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#jangil |archive-date=2013-05-20 |access-date=2017-06-28}}</ref>

== Terminology ==
An issue in evaluating the classification and history of the Jangil is the inconsistent terminology used to refer to the [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese tribes]]. Specifically, the words "[[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]" and "[[Onge]]" were often used interchangeably between the 19th century and the 1930s, so the identity of the "Rutland Jarawa" reported during this time period is not clear.<ref name=":1" />

[[Anvita Abbi|Abbi]] (2008)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbi |first=Anvita |date=2008 |title=Is Great Andamanese genealogically and typologically distinct from Onge and Jarawa? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222414027 |journal=Language Sciences}}</ref> and Kumar (2012)<ref name=":0" /> classify the Jarawa, Onge, [[Sentinelese]], and Jangil people under the label "Onge-Jarawa." The 1931 census of India refers to these four tribes as "clans" of Jarawa, with Jangil being described as "a fourth clan of Jarawas of which nothing has been seen since 1907."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1931 |title=Census of India, 1931 The Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/18965/GIPE-016864.pdf?sequence=3 |journal=Census of India |volume=II}}</ref>

A [[Great Andamanese]] legend about how their ancestors discovered fire used the word "Jangil" to refer to their ancestors. One of the Great Andamanese subtribes, the [[Aka-Bea language|Aka-Bea]], referred to the Jarawa of [[South Andaman Island|South Andaman]] as "Jangil." [[Maurice Vidal Portman|Portman]] (1914) suggested that the Aka-Bea used this word because they "may have regarded the tribe as resembling their ancestors in their customs."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Portman |first=M. V. |url=http://archive.org/details/notesonlanguage00portgoog |title=Notes on the languages of the south Andaman group of tribes |publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing, India |year=1898 |isbn=9781017635386}}</ref>

== Culture and contact ==
Ever since the Jangil were first encountered and documented in the mid-19th century, direct contacts with them remained scarce and they generally sought to avoid such encounters. There are only a few reported instances where outsiders (the [[British Raj|British]] and [[Demographics of India|Indian]] settlers) encountered individuals from the group, the last such case being in 1907. Expeditions sent to the interior of the island in the 1920s failed to find any signs of current habitation. Their disappearance and extinction were most likely the result of introduced [[disease]]s to which they had no natural [[immune system|immunity]].

A picture taken in the 1890s depicted Jangil huts that resembled those of the Sentinelese and Onge, but not of the Great Andamanese or Jarawa. No photographs of Jangil individuals are known to exist.<ref name=":1" />

== Language ==
{{Infobox language
| name = Jangil
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Ongan languages|Ongan]] (presumed)
| extinct = by 1920s
| ethnicity = Jangil
| region = [[Rutland Island]]
| iso3 = none
| glotto = none
| acceptance = unattested
| mapcaption = The distributions of different Andamanese peoples, languages, and dialects at the time of British contact compared to the present-day.
| map = Distribution of different Andamanese peoples, languages, and dialects at the time of British contact compared to the present day.png
| states = [[India]]
}}

The Jangil language is [[Attested language|unattested]] and therefore technically [[Unclassifiable language|unclassifiable]].

British naval officer [[Maurice Vidal Portman]] made contact with a captured Jangil man named Habia in July 1884. Habia spoke a language that was distinct from, but similar to, [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]. Portman suggested that Jangil and Jarawa most likely descended from the same original [[proto-language]].<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Andamanese languages}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1920s disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:History of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Ongan languages]]
[[Category:Extinct Indigenous peoples]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century]]

Jayaraj (name)

2024-12-12T21:41:06Z

EmanuelNathan: Started initial details w/ refs!

{{Infobox given name
| name = Jayaraj
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation = Jeyarāj
| gender = Male
| meaning = King of victory
| region = Southern India North-eastern Sri Lanka
| language = Tamil Malayalam
| origin =
| alternative spelling = Jeyaraj Jayaraja Jayarajah Jayarajan
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names =
| name day =
| derived =
| languageorigin =
| variant =
| shortform =
| petname =
| cognate =
| derivative =
| seealso =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jayaraj''' or '''Jeyaraj''' ({{langx|ta|ஜெயராஜ்}}' {{langx|ml|ജയരാജ്}}) is a [[South India]]n male [[given name]]. Due to the [[Indian name#South Indian names|South Indian tradition]] of using [[patronymic surname]]s it may also be a [[surname]] for males and females. The name literally translates to "king of victory / victory king".

==Notable people==
===Given name===
* [[Jayaraj]] (born 1960), Indian filmmaker
* [[Jeyaraj Fernandopulle]] (1953–2008), Sri Lankan politician
* [[E. P. Jayarajan]], Indian politician
* [[M. P. Jayaraj]] (1946–1989), Indian criminal
* [[M. V. Jayarajan]], Indian politician
* [[P. Jayarajan]], Indian politician
*[[Jayaraj Warrier]], Indian (Malayalam) stand-up comedian

===Surname===
* [[Ajitha Jayarajan]], Indian politician
* [[Harris Jayaraj]] (born 1975), Indian composer

==See also==
* [[Jayarajadevi]]
* {{In title|Jayaraj}}
* {{In title|Jeyaraj}}

{{Given name}}
{{Surname}}

[[Category:Tamil masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Manali Refinery

2024-11-19T08:37:57Z

EmanuelNathan: put up some bio needs work

{{Short description|Oil refinery in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox oil refinery
| name = Manali Refinery
| image =
| caption =
| location_map = Tamil Nadu#India
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text = The location of the Manali Refinery in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|13|09|37.6|N|80|16|39.1|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| city = [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]], [[Chennai]]
| operator =
| owner = [[Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited]]
| founded = {{Start date|1969}}
| capacity = 10.5 MMTPA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL) |url=https://iocl.com/chennai-petroleum-corporation-limited |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=iocl.com}}</ref>
}}
'''Manali Refinery''' is an [[oil refinery]] operated by [[Chennai Petroleum Corporation]], it operates in [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]], [[Chennai]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] since 1969. It is said to be one of the oldest refineries in [[southern India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPCL Manali Refinery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/cpcl-manali-refinery/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> It has a capacity of 10.5 million [[tonne]]s per year and is capable to produce [[fuel]], [[lubricant|lube]], [[wax]], [[petrochemical]] feedstocks,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL), Profile, Latest News, Press Release, MOU, CSR |url=https://www.psuconnect.in/company/chennai-petroleum-corporation-limited/15 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.psuconnect.in}}</ref> [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas]], Motor Spirit, High Speed Diesel, Superior Kerosene Oil, [[Jet fuel|Aviation Turbine Fuel]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://cpcl.co.in/business/refinery/manali-refinery/ Manali Refinery]
* [https://mopng.gov.in/en/refining/cpcl CPCL Refining]


[[Category:Oil refineries in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:Indian Oil Corporation buildings and structures]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Energy in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1969]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Dugarajapatnam Port

2024-07-06T14:35:16Z

EmanuelNathan: added info

{{Short description|Proposed port in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Port
| name = Dugarajapatnam Port
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| country = [[India]]
| location = Dugarajapatnam, [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|14.056|N|80.145|E|display=inline,title}}
| opened =
| operated =
| owner = [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]], [[Government of India]]
| type =
| sizewater =
| sizeland =
| size =
| berths =
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle =
| leader =
| blankdetailstitle1 = Relocated
| blankdetails1 = to
| blankdetailstitle2 =
| blankdetails2 =
| blankdetailstitle3 =
| blankdetails3 =
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage =
| containervolume =
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| revenue =
| profit =
| blankstatstitle1 =
| blankstats1 =
| blankstatstitle2 =
| blankstats2 =
| blankstatstitle3 =
| blankstats3 =
| website =
}}

'''Dugarajapatnam Port''' is a proposed seaport in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh, India]]. Construction was expected to start in 2020 and finish in 2023. It will be controlled by the Union government, alongside [[Visakhapatnam Port]] in the state of Andhra Pradesh, and would cost nearly {{INRConvert|8000|c}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dugarajapatnam Port to get 5,000 acres land to start with|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/dugarajapatnam-port-to-get-5000-acres-land-to-start-with/article4707874.ece|accessdate=26 July 2014|work=The Hindu|date=12 May 2013|location=NELLORE}}</ref> The port is set up under India's [[Companies Act 1956]] with [[equity participation]] of the [[government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=P.Manoj|title=Dugarajapatnam in Andhra Pradesh to have new major port|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/bOhk7gMjTCGnUqamWzNYAM/Dugarajapatnam-in-Andhra-Pradesh-to-have-new-major-port.html|accessdate=26 July 2014|work=Live Mint and The Wall Street Journal|date=10 May 2013}}</ref>

== Relocation ==

The construction encountered certain objections as the sensitive ecosystem of [[Pulicat Lake]] and the satellite launching station [[ISRO]] of [[Sriharikota]] are very near to Duggarajapatnam. After environmental and forest clearances, the location was shifted to Vagarru at Tupilipalem village. Tupilipalem is located 20 km from Dugarajapatnam, but the port will be still be referred to as Dugarajapatnam Port.<ref name=port>{{cite news|title=Decks cleared for Dugarajapatnam port|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Decks-cleared-for-Dugarajapatnam-port/articleshow/30299638.cms|accessdate=9 July 2014|work=Times of India|date=13 February 2013}}</ref> The district administration is taking steps to acquire approximately {{convert|5028|acres|ha|abbr=on}} of land at the new location.<ref name=port />

==References==
<references />

{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nellore district]]
[[Category:Transport in Nellore district]]

Jindal Vijaynagar Airport

2024-02-24T21:17:53Z

EmanuelNathan: quick update

#REDIRECT [[Jindal Vijayanagar Airport]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sceptre (Indian band)

2023-08-17T17:50:02Z

EmanuelNathan: added new data...

{{multiple issues|
{{notability|Music|date=November 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2014}}
}}{{Short description|Indian thrash metal band}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sceptre
| years_active = 1998 to present
| origin = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| genre = [[Thrash metal]]
| label = [[Counter Culture Records]]
| website = http://sceptreindia.bandcamp.com/
| current_members = Gilroy Fernandes, Aniket Waghmode, Janus Sayal and Gary Gracious.
}}

'''Sceptre''' is an Indian [[thrash metal]] band formed in 1998, in Mumbai. They draw their prime influences from bands such as [[Slayer]], [[Pantera]], [[Sepultura]] and [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]].

Its current members include Gilroy Fernandes on guitars, Aniket Waghmode on drums, Janus Sayal on bass and Gary Gracious on vocals

In the recent years the band portrayed their cause for fighting violence against women in their album ''Age of Calamity''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brogan |first=Jacob |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/03/fighting-violence-against-women-in-india-with-heavy-metal/283963/ |title=Fighting Violence Against Women in India With Heavy Metal |publisher=The Atlantic |date=2014-03-10 |accessdate=2015-02-19}}</ref>

==Early years==
Sceptre's original line up consisted of Teemeer, Amar Negi Aniket and Janus. Ajay Kumaran Vispy Homavazir, Amar Negi, Sanju Aguiar, Frank Pawar and Samron Jude<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metal-temple.com/site/catalogues/entry/musicians/interview-samron-jude.htm|title=Metal-Temple}}</ref> are all ex-members of Sceptre.
Gilroy formerly played in Naked Earth, before shifting to Sceptre. Through the years, Sceptre gained popularity by performing in various concerts, including Independence Rock.

==Discography==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
===''Sceptre''===
1) Nuclear 04:07 
2) Revolution 04:55 
3) Charred 03:55 
4) Twilight's End

===''Now or Never''===
1) Oceans of Dreams 01:41 
2) ...Incomplete 03:55 
3) Nuclear 04:02 
4) Now or Never 03:43 
5) Enemy 04:52 
6) Charred 03:41 
7) Twilight's End 01:48 
8) Quicksand 04:11 
9) Search 05:20 
10) Circles of Silence 03:23 
11) Revolution 04:02

===''Age of Calamity''===
1) Solitude 01:28 
2) Age of Calamity 04:05 
3) Wrath of God 04:45 
4) Prophesy Deceit 03:38 
5) Lake of the Traitor 04:49 
6) Fatal Delay 04:12 
7) 7 Seals 04:19 
8) Parasites (of the State) 03:29 
9) Judgement Day (End - A New Beginning) 01:51 
10) Lest We Forget (bonus track) 06:04
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Indian rock]]
*[[Kryptos (band)]]
*[[Bhayanak Maut]]
*[[Nicotine (band)]]
*[[Inner Sanctum (band)]]
*[[Demonic Resurrection]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Sceptre/71116 Metal Archives]
* [http://www.reverbnation.com/sceptre Reverbnation ]

[[Category:Indian heavy metal musical groups]]

Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi

2022-02-21T23:28:48Z

EmanuelNathan: put up the post needs work

#REDIRECT [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]