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Jegadeshwari. K.

2026-05-07T20:25:32Z

ElmoPedder14: started!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Jegadeshwari. K.''' (born 1986) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jegadeshwari. K(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- RAJAPALAYAM(VIRUDHUNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=1090 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Rajapalayam in [[Virudhunagar district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jegadeshwari. K, RAJAPALAYAM constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/jegadeshwari-k-1090/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

Jegadeshwari first became an MLA winning on debut in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency]] representing the TVK Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Rajapalayam election result LIVE: Jegadeshwari K of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajapalayam-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072220.html |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Rajapalayam Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Updates: DMK candidate leads in Tamil Nadu seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/rajapalayam-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-dmks-s-thangapandian-and-tvks-k-jagadeeswari-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130702999.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajapalayam Election Result 2026 LIVE: Rajapalayam MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/rajapalayam-assembly-elections-tn-202/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:K., Jegadeshwari}}

[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]

Neelakuyil (TV series)

2026-05-03T19:09:17Z

ElmoPedder14:

{{more citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Neelakuyil serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator = Thanuja
| based_on = [[Ishti Kutum]]
| writer = Pradeep Milroy Peter
| director = Biju Varghese <br> C.J Baskar
| starring = {{plainlist|[[Sathya SK]]<br>Chandana Shetty <br>Snisha Chandran
}}
| theme_music_composer = Rajiv Atthul
| editor = E.Danasekaran
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 211
| list_episodes =
| producer = Thakkolam Thanikasalam
| cinematography = Ramesh Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Ross Petals Entertainment
| first_aired = {{start date|2018|12|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|8|24|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Ishti Kutum]]'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]])
| channel = [[Star Vijay]]<br>[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV HD]]
| screenplay = S. Ashok Kumar
}}

'''''Neelakuyil''''' ({{translation|''The Blue Cuckoo''}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series starring [[Sathya SK]], Chandana Shetty, and Snisha Chandran. It was aired on [[Vijay TV]] from 17 December 2018 till 24 August 2019 for 211 episodes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-sathya-makes-his-tv-debut-with-neela-kuyil/articleshow/67141695.cms|title=Upcoming New Vijay TV Serial "Neelakuyil"|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 December 2018 }}</ref> The Show was produced by Ross Petals Entertainment. The series was the official remake of [[Hindi language|Hindi]] drama ''[[Mohi (TV series)|Mohi]]''. It is an remake of the [[Malayalam]] serial ''[[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|Neelakkuyil]]''.

==Synopsis==
Chittu (Snisha Chandran), a simple tribal love-girl is cogently married to Jaisurya (Sathya), a young and intelligent journalist from the city. Surya has decided to marry Rani (Chandana Shetty) after a seven-year love affair. But the events that happen in forest just before their wedding engagement change everything. Surya is forced to marry Chittu, a tribal woman, when the villagers find them together in a hut on his visit to [[Poombarai]] forest. Unable to tell the truth, he brings Chittu home as a servant to help his ailing mother. However, secrets reveal that Rani and Chittu are half-sisters later on as story progress. The show ends with Rani sacrificing her love for Chittu's life, reuniting with Jaisurya.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Sathya SK as Jaisurya (Surya)
* Chandana Shetty as Rani: Surya's wife
* [[Snisha Chandran]] as Chittu: Rani's sister

;People around Surya
* Sabitha Nair as Kalyani: Surya's mother
* Sathish as 'Captain': Surya's uncle
* [[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]] as Chandramathi: Surya's auntie
* Gracy as Swathi: Surya's cousin
* Vasanth Gopinath as Saravanan
* Karishma Srinivasan as Jayanthi

;People around Rani
* [[Rekha Ratheesh]] as Radhamani: Rani's mother
* V.R. Thilagam as Sathyavathi: Sharath Chandran's mother

;People around Chittu (Tribals)
* Ruthu as Deivanai: Chittu's mother
* [[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as Deivanai's mother
* Vaani as Sarojini: Surya's housekeeper

==Casting==
[[Malayalam]] actress Snisha Chandran who appeared in ''[[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|Neelakkuyil]]'' was selected to reprise her role as the tribal girl. Sathya<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-sathya-makes-his-tv-debut-with-neela-kuyil/articleshow/67141695.cms|title=Actor Sathya makes his TV debut with Neela Kuyil|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=18 December 2018 }}</ref> made his Tamil serial debut as well as [[Telugu language|Telugu]] actress Chandhana Shetty.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ChVVPxA8yo|title=நீல குயீல் விரைவில்|access-date=2018-12-22|language=ta}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:18%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:22%;"| Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Ishti Kutum]]'' <br> ইষ্টি কুটুম
|24 October 2011
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|13 December 2015
|Original
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Mohi (TV series)|Mohi]]'' <br> मोही
|10 August 2015
|[[StarPlus]]
|27 February 2016
| rowspan="6" |Remake
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|Neelakkuyil]]'' <br> നീലക്കുയിൽ
|26 February 2018
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|6 April 2020
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Neelakuyil'' <br> நீல குயீல்
|17 December 2018
|[[Star Vijay]]
|24 August 2019
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Imlie]]'' <br> इमली
|16 November 2020
|[[StarPlus]]
|rowspan="2"|Ongoing
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Malli Nindu Jabili]]'' <br> మల్లి నిండు జాబిలి
|28 February 2022
|[[Star Maa]]
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Kunya Rajachi Ga Tu Rani]]'' <br> कुन्या राजाची गं तू राणी
|18 July 2023
|[[Star Pravah]]
|16 March 2024
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10195926}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Bengali-languages television series]]

Amareshwar Temple

2026-04-28T10:16:31Z

ElmoPedder14: Adding New Place

{{citation style|date=March 2026}}
{{Short description|Hindu temple in Aurad, Karnataka}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Amareshwar Temple
| native_name = ಶ್ರೀ ಅಮರೇಶ್ವರ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ
| native_name_lang = kn
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Protected monument (ASI KA-BD-03) <ref name="Bidar Gazetteer">{{Cite book |title=Bidar District Gazetteer |chapter=Chapter 17 |publisher=Karnataka Gazetteer |year=2011}}</ref>


| religious_affiliation =
| deity = [[Shiva]] as '''Amareshwar''' <ref name="Saakshatka">{{Cite web |url=https://saakshatv.com/history-of-amareshwar-temple |title=Historical Study |publisher=Saakshatka |date=2021-11-12 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>
| tradition = Shaivism
| governing_body = {{ubl|• [[Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments Department|HRCE]]<ref name="HRCE Records">{{Cite web |url=https://itms.kar.nic.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=354 |title=Temple Records |publisher=Govt of Karnataka |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>|• [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]]}}
| festivals = {{ubl|• [[Maha Shivaratri]] (75k+ attendees, 2017) <ref name="Vijay Karnataka">{{Cite news |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/bidar/articleshow/57333370.cms |title=2017 Rituals |publisher=Vijay Karnataka |date=2017-03-12 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>|• Rathotsava (25ft chariot) <ref name="Kannada Prabha">{{Cite news |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.in/aurad-amareshwar-rathotsava |title=Rathotsava |publisher=Kannada Prabha |date=2024-03-10 |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>}}


| location = Aurad
| district = [[Bidar district|Bidar]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.2538|77.4145|display=inline,title}} <ref name="Aurad Heritage">{{Cite web |url=http://auradtown.mrc.gov.in/en/town-tour |title=Heritage Circuit |publisher=Aurad Municipal Council |access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>


| architecture_style = [[Vesara]]<ref name="Bidar Gazetteer"/>
| founded_by = [[Kalyani Chalukyas]]<ref name="Saakshatka"/>
| year_completed = c. 1075 CE
| materials = Chloritic schist <ref name="Bidar Archives">{{Cite book |title=Bidar Photo Archives |publisher=Karnataka Gazetteer |page=37 |year=1972}}</ref>


| website = [http://hrce.karnataka.gov.in Official HRCE Portal]
}}

'''Amareshwar Temple''', also known as, '''Udbhavalinga Amareshwar Temple''', is a Hindu temple located in Aurad of Bidar district in the Indian state of Karnataka.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Ali A:yé Lígang

2026-04-27T13:30:44Z

ElmoPedder14: Adding Bio

{{Short description|Indigenous festival in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| image = File:Mising girls dancing During Ali-Aye-Ligang.jpg
| imagesize = frameless
| caption = Mising girls dancing during Ali Aye Ligang
| begins = First Wednesday of Ginmur (a month of Mising calendar fall in mid of Month February)
| ends =
| date =
| frequency = Annually
| location = [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| first =
| last =
| participants =
| attendance =
| footnotes =
| organised = [[Mising people]]
}}
'''Ali A:yé Lígang''' a festival associated with agriculture, celebrated by the [[Mising people|Mising]] people on the occasion of the beginning of the Ahu [[Paddy field|paddy]] cultivation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themishingsassam.com/MIshing_Portrait_traditional_23.htm |title=Misings_Portrait_traditional |publisher=Themishingsassam.com |accessdate=2013-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306221240/http://www.themishingsassam.com/MIshing_Portrait_traditional_23.htm |archive-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The festival marks onset of sowing seeds.

==Etymology==
The name of the festival is made up of three terms: "ali" means [[legumes]], "a:yé" - seed, and "lígang" means to sow. Meaning the season 'To sow legumes seeds'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/ali-ai-ligang-being-celebrated-in-assam_687690.html |title=Ali-ai-Ligang being celebrated in Assam |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2011-02-16 |accessdate=2013-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vedanti.com/News/festivals_of_mishing_tribes_of_a.htm |title=Festivals of Mishing Tribes of Assam |publisher=Vedanti.com |date=2011-01-20 |accessdate=2013-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305222638/http://www.vedanti.com/News/festivals_of_mishing_tribes_of_a.htm |archive-date=5 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Time of the festival==
[[File:Ali Aye Ligang celebration.jpg|thumb|Ali Aye Ligang festival]]

The festival begins on "Ligange lange", the first Wednesday of "Gimur Polo", which occurs in February in the [[Gregorian calendar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northeastblog.in/north-east-india/today-is-ali-ai-ligang-festival-for-mishings-in-assam/ |title=Today is Ali Aye Ligang Festival for Misings in Assam |publisher=Northeastblog.in |date=2011-02-16 |accessdate=2013-04-10 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094450/http://www.northeastblog.in/north-east-india/today-is-ali-ai-ligang-festival-for-mishings-in-assam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtourism.org/festival.php |title=Welcome to Assam Tourism Official website of Deptt. of Tourism, Assam, India |publisher=Assamtourism.org |date= |accessdate=2013-04-10}}</ref> or on Wednesday of the month of [[Fagun]] of the [[Assamese calendar]] and in the month of February in English calendar which lasts for five days. Its 2016 date was 2 February.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Restricted.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108090922/http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Restricted.htm |archive-date=8 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Celebration and activities==
In this festival, young people of the community in particular participate ''Gumraag Soman'' and dance to the tune of folk songs and melodious ''[[Oi Nitom]]''. The first day of the festival is marked by the ceremonial start of paddy sowing and throughout the festival many others activities such as ploughing and tree cutting are forbidden.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/02/16/aliai-ligang-being-celebrated-inassam-aid0126.html |title=Ali-aye-Ligang being celebrated in Assam - Oneindia News |publisher=Oneindia |date=2011-02-16 |access-date=2013-04-10 }}</ref>

===Feast===
The last day of festival called as ''Lilen'' is observed with a grand community feast. During this festival, Misings indulge in great banquet with ''Po:ro [[Apong]]'' or ''Nogin Apong'' (homemade Rice beer) with various dishes, especially made with pork meat. ''[[Purang apin]]'' (packed boiled rice) a traditionally prepared dish is served during Ali A:yé Lígang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mipun |first=Jatin |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1993%20The%20Mishings%20(Miris)%20of%20Assam--Development%20of%20a%20New%20Lifestyle%20by%20Mipun%20s.pdf |title=The Mishings (Miris) of Assam--Development of a New Lifestyle |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=1993 |isbn= 9789362806604 |pages=27}}</ref>

===Songs & music===
The songs of Ali A:yé Lígang do not remain restricted to the songs of youth alone. The subjects and themes of the songs are varied. They include the life of a man, his sufferings in this life and his death. Apart from them, the songs describe the matters of individual love and affection including joy and pain. Mainly the songs of the festival speak of the various experiences of the Misings in their day-to-day life. The Music composed for these festivals consists of instruments like the [[drum|dhul]], [[cymbal|taal]], [[gong]] and gungang ([[gagana]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationkhazana.com/hosur-information/ali-ai-ligang-festival-miris.html |title=Ali- ai- Ligang: The Festival of the Mishings |publisher=Informationkhazana.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530220402/http://www.informationkhazana.com/hosur-information/ali-ai-ligang-festival-miris.html |archive-date=30 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Dance forms===
In this festival a popular dance is performed by the young Mising people which is known as "Gumrag". The formal dance of the festival starts from the easternmost house of the village. In the end, extending towards the field and the river. This dance is performed by encircling the courtyard of the house of the villagers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==See also==
* [[Porag]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|6C0U8urFufQ|Ali-Aye-Ligang Dance show}}
* [http://www.assamtimes.org/node/5862 Ali-aye-Ligang is celebrated in Sivasagar district], https://www.recipesandroots.ca/roots/ali-aye-ligang-the-mising-communitys-harvest-festival-of-food-and-fellowship.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131208032936/http://themishingsassam.com/photos117.htm Photos at the themishingsassam.com]
*[https://www.insidene.com/ali-ai-ligang-dates-history-foods-details/ Ali Ai Ligang]: Everything you need to know about the Mising spring extravaganza

{{Assam}}

[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:Spring festivals in India]]
[[Category:February observances]]
[[Category:Mising people]]

Gaurav Tiwari

2026-04-26T16:26:30Z

ElmoPedder14: Started New Post Initial Version.

{{Short description|Indian ghost hunter (1984–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gaurav Tiwari
| image = Gaurav_Tiwari.jpg
| caption = Tiwari in 2002
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1984|9|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna, Rajkot]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|7|7|1984|9|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dwarka, Delhi]], India
| occupation = [[ghost hunting|Paranormal investigator]], [[Pilot]], [[UFO]]logist, [[Television presenter]], [[Actor]]
| organization = Indian Paranormal Society
| years_active =
| spouse =
| landscape =
}}

'''Gaurav Tiwari''' (2 September 1984 – 7 July 2016) was an Indian [[Ghost hunting|paranormal investigator]], [[UFO|UFO field investigator]] and ParaNexus representative in India who appeared on television shows such as [[MTV]] Girl's Night Out with [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]], ''Haunted Weekends'' with [[Sunny Leone]], [[Aaj Tak]], Live India, News 24, Star TV, Zee TV, [[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]], [[Syfy]]'s '[[Haunting: Australia]]', and Sony TV's [[Bhoot Aaya]]. Tiwari was also a guest on paranormal radio shows and CEO and Founder of the Indian Paranormal Society.

== Early life ==

Tiwari was born on 2 September 1984, he was an ordained minister of Metaphysical Church of Humanistic Science.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Manisha |title=This man hosted India's first paranormal show, talked to ghosts, left girls at haunted places, died mysteriously at... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gaurav-tiwari-who-hosted-india-first-paranormal-show-girls-night-out-haunted-places-found-dead-mysterious-circ-3074709 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref> He made cameo appearances in the [[Hindi]] films [[16 December (film)|16 December]] and [[Tango Charlie]]. At the age of 21, he went to [[Florida]] to pursue his career in aviation, and later became interested in [[Paranormal]] investigation and [[Parapsychology]].<ref name=IT />

== Career ==

Tiwari appeared on ''MTV Girls Night Out'' directed by [[Sajeed A.]] This show was India's first horror/paranormal reality show and it also won the Best Reality Show at the [[Asian Television Awards]], Singapore, 2011. A similar show/repeat was Haunted weekends with Sunny Leone.<ref name=":0" />

===''Bhoot Aaya investigation''===
Tiwari appeared as a paranormal expert and lead investigator in ''[[Bhoot Aaya]]'' describing the alleged paranormal activity.<ref name=":0" />

===''Haunting: Australia''===
Tiwari appeared in the [[SyFy]] series ''[[Haunting: Australia]]'' along with fellow [[ghost hunting|ghost hunters]] Robb Demarest, [[Ian Lawman]], Ray Jordan, Rayleen Kable and Allen Tiller.<ref name="Variety">{{cite web |last1=Shulz |first1=Lisa |title=Syfy Acquires Unscripted Paranormal Series 'Haunting: Australia' |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/syfy-acquires-unscripted-paranormal-series-haunting-australia-1201426534/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=12 May 2020}}</ref>

===''MTV He Ticket''===
Tiwari appeared as a mentor in one of the episodes of 'MTV He Ticket' where he guided the contestants at Bhangarh Fort.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-11 |title=Delhi: Ghost-buster Gaurav Tiwari found dead under the mysterious circumstances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gaurav-tiwari-paranormal-investigator-foung-dead-mysteriously-328664-2016-07-11 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Tiwari's Death ==
Tiwari was found dead of asphyxiation at his Dwarka home on July 7, 2016, prompting speculation in various media by fans and paranormal enthusiasts that his death was caused by vengeful spirits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/gaurav-tiwari-indian-ghost-busters-mysterious-death-is-magnet-for-paranormal-theories-2911340.html|title=Gaurav Tiwari: Indian ghost buster's mysterious death is magnet for paranormal theories – Firstpost|date=24 July 2016|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=ToI>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Paranormal-society-founder-dies-mysteriously-in-Dwarka-home/articleshow/53146053.cms|title=Paranormal society founder dies mysteriously in Dwarka home|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=IT>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=July 12, 2016|title=Delhi: Ghost-buster Gaurav Tiwari found dead under mysterious circumstances|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gaurav-tiwari-paranormal-investigator-foung-dead-mysteriously-328664-2016-07-11|access-date=|website=}}</ref> However, following an autopsy, Delhi Police determined that Tiwari committed suicide by hanging himself inside his bathroom and that his death did not involve any foul play.<ref name="et">{{cite web |title=No foul play, Paranormal Society founder Gaurav Tiwari committed suicide: Police|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/no-foul-play-paranormal-society-founder-gaurav-tiwari-committed-suicide-police/articleshow/53169665.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=28 July 2020}}</ref> According to Surender Kumar, DCP (South-West), "It is a clear case of suicide. He hanged himself in the bathroom using his wife's dupatta on Thursday night." Police investigating his death said that Tiwari "had no major projects lined up for the future" and what projects he had "brought in little money, but it was barely enough". This led to frequent disagreements with his family, and according to police, "his family, in fact, wanted him to take up a conventional job".<ref>{{cite web |title=It's a clear case of suicide: police on ghostbuster's death in Dwarka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/It%E2%80%99s-a-clear-case-of-suicide-police-on-ghostbuster%E2%80%99s-death-in-Dwarka/article14483780.ece |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''[[Bhay: The Gaurav Tiwari Mystery]]'', a television series based on his life was released on 12 december 2025
.

==References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20130613044221/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Erasing-the-fear-of-paranormal/2013/06/10/article1627525.ece Erasing the Fear of Paranormal], ''[[The New Indian Express]]''.
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20121210013805/http://www.natgeotraveller.in/magazine/navigate/india%E2%80%99s-most-haunted India's Most Haunted], ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic Magazine]]''.
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20121004235505/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/A-Delhiite-in-letter-and-in-spirit/Article1-820451.aspx Delhi and Paranormal Research], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 3 March 2012.
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319023325/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20110316201103160639098581a4b471c/Ghostbusters-at-work.html Ghost Hunters at Work], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 6 March 2011.
# [http://www.paranexus.org/index.php?action=blog&bact=memberart&member=229&blogid=6&article=117&where=Member_Article Gaurav Tiwari's articles] on ParaNexus

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Gaurav}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Commercial aviators]]
[[Category:Paranormal investigators]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]
[[Category:2016 suicides]]

Chandra Sarathi Behera

2026-04-23T07:39:06Z

ElmoPedder14: Started Basic Data and Citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salipur]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Kalindi Behera
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| constituency1 = [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| term_end1 = 2014
}}
[[File:Chandra_Sarathi_Behera.jpg|thumb|alt=Chandra Sarathi Behera,Politician from Odisha|Chandra Sarathi Behera,Politician from Odisha]]
'''Chandra Sarathi Behera''' is an Indian politician from Odisha who was elected three times to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]], representing the Salipur Assembly constituency,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Salipur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/salipur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916705.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and in [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing the Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency, as a member of the Biju Janata Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuttack Sadar Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Cuttack Sadar Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/cuttack-sadar-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Cuttack Sadar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/cuttack-sadar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916635.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behera, Chandra Sarathi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

The Secret of Devkaali

2026-04-22T19:52:09Z

ElmoPedder14: Starting new biography...

{{Short description|Indian thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Secret of Devkaali
| image = The Secret of Devkaali.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Niraj Chauhan
| writer = Neha Mahendra Soni
| producer = {{Ubl|Niraj Chauhan
|Prince Chauhan}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|* Niraj Chauhan
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
* Kabir Anshuman
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
* ⁠[[Prashant Narayanan]]
* Ramkrishan Dhakad
* Bhumika Gurrang
* ⁠[[Zarina Wahab]]}}
Shiv Prateek
| cinematography = Mukesh Tiwari
| editing =
Shailendra Kumar
| music = Ali Aslam Shah
| studio = Chauhan Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|04|18|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2025/the-secret-of-devkaali-release-date-sanjay-mishra-mahesh-manjrekar-and-niraj-starrer-is-set-to-re-449737.html|title=The Secret of Devkaali Release Date | Sanjay Mishra, Mahesh And Niraj Starrer Is Set To Release On April 18|date=18 March 2025|website=Filmibeat|accessdate=21 March 2025}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''The Secret of Devkaali''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language mythological thriller starring [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and Niraj Chauhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/neeraj-chauhan-in-the-secret-of-devkaali-mahesh-manjrekar-tmovk-dskc-2081346-2024-10-25|title='द सीक्रेट ऑफ देवकाली' में छाए नीरज चौहान, देखकर फैन्स हुए इम्प्रेस, लॉन्च हुआ पोस्टर|date=25 October 2024|website=आज तक|accessdate=21 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mahesh-manjrekar-starrer-secret-devkaali-ropes-internet-sensation-niraj-chauhan-lead/|title=Mahesh Manjrekar starrer The Secret of Devkaali ropes in internet sensation Niraj Chauhan as lead : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 October 2024|accessdate=21 March 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in the village of Devkaali, the story follows Madhav Tyagi, who becomes an instrument of divine intervention to uncover a long-hidden secret. The village is home to two primary clans—Kring and Pariyaar. Over time, Hemant Acharya, the son of the village head, manipulates the Pariyaar community for his personal gain, causing a divide that leads to conflict. As tensions rise and injustices grow, the legend of the Goddess intervening to restore balance takes form through Madhav. The film unfolds his journey to challenge oppression and uncover the truth behind the village's deep-rooted curse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/videos/entertainment-videos/the-secret-of-devkaali-new-poster-release-sanjay-mishra-movie-release-on-this-date-video-119151846|title=The Secret of Devkaali Release Date: दमदार पोस्टर के साथ सामने आई फिल्म की रिलीज डेट|date=18 March 2025|website=Times Now Navbharat|accessdate=21 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.etnownews.com/entertainment/the-secret-of-devkaali-teaser-out-niraj-chauhan-film-will-be-release-on-18th-april-article-119151114|title=The Secret of Devkaali: टीजर आ गया! इस दिन सिनेमाघरों में दस्तक देगी नीरज चौहान की फिल्म|date=18 March 2025|website=ET Now Swadesh|accessdate=21 March 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Niraj Chauhan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/niraj-chauhan-joins-mahesh-manjrekar-in-the-secret-of-devkali/articleshow/114505158.cms|title=Niraj Chauhan joins Mahesh Manjrekar in 'The Secret of Devkali'|work=The Times of India |date=23 October 2024|accessdate=21 March 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
* Bhumika Gurung<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/actress-bhumika-gurung-secret-devkaali-my-skin-tone-was-altered-match-film-s-colour-palette#google_vignette|title=Actress Bhumika Gurung on 'The Secret Of Devkaali': My skin tone was altered to match the film's colour palette|date=7 February 2025|website=Sakshi Post|accessdate=21 March 2025}}</ref>
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
* Ramkrishan Dhakad
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
* [[Prashant Narayanan]]
* Anshuman Pandey
* Anoushka Chauhan
* Amit Lekhwani
* Abhi Chothani
* [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
* Mohammed Umar
* Shiv Prateek

== Reception ==
Kusumika Das of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "Despite a few pacing issues and moments of melodrama, the film succeeds in delivering a meaningful message wrapped in folklore."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Secret Of Devkaali Movie Review: Niraj Chauhan's Film Is A Mythical Drama Rooted In Social Conflict |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/the-secret-of-devkaali-movie-review-niraj-chauhan-film-is-a-mythical-drama-rooted-in-social-conflict-review-151445144/ |work=Times Now |date=18 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Giving the same rating, Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote, "''The Secret of Devkaali'' scores high due to its brilliantly executed climax and star performances".<ref>{{cite news |title=The Secret of Devkaali movie review: A gripping & compelling mythological thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-secret-of-devkaali-movie-review-a-gripping-compelling-mythological-thriller-13880909.html/ |work=Firstpost |date=18 April 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref> The film had a [[limited theatrical release]] and performed poorly at the box office, collecting approximately ₹0.25 crore in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Secret Of Devkaali Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-secret-of-devkaali/box-office/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|30022888}}
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/the-secret-of-devkaali/movieshow/118610274.cms The Secret of Devkaali]
*https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-secret-of-devkaali

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secret of Devkaali, The}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]

Bommai (1964 film)

2026-04-16T12:53:22Z

ElmoPedder14: Started First Data and Citations.

{{short description|1964 film by S. Balachander}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bommai
| image = Bommai 1964 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[S. Balachander]]
| writer = Ve. Lakshmanan (dialogue)
| producer = S. Balachander
| starring = {{ubl|[[S. Balachander]]|[[L. Vijayalakshmi]]|[[V. S. Raghavan]]}}
| cinematography = N. Prakash
| editing = K. Govintha Swami
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />S. Balachander<br />'''Background score:'''<br />D. B. Ramachandran
| studio = SB Creations
| released = {{film date|1964|9|25|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bommai''''' ({{translation|The Doll}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]], directed by [[S. Balachander]]. Featuring a walking-talking doll as the main character, the film had an ensemble cast of newcomers, while [[S. Balachander]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]] and [[V. S. Raghavan]] appeared in prominent roles. The film is based on [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s 1936 British film ''[[Sabotage (1936 film)|Sabotage]]'' (an adaptation of [[Joseph Conrad]]'s 1907 novel ''[[The Secret Agent]]''). It was released on 25 September 1964.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
Somasundaram([[S. Balachander]]), a wealthy businessman, summons his office staff members and bids farewell to Aanandan, Mani, Sampath([[Pattom Sadan|Sadan]]), and Prabhakar as he plans to go to Singapore from Chennai shortly. But Somasundaram refuses to disclose the exact reason for the journey and said it would take about 10 days. He met his business partner, Jagadish([[V. S. Raghavan]]), on his way to the airport and said goodbye to him too. It is revealed to us that Jagadish is related to a murder case in Singapore a few years ago, before joining as a partner at Somasundaram's business. Jagadish sensing this, Somasundaram's Singapore journey may lead to the end of his business partnership, as the murder issue would come to light. So, as a team, Mani, Sampath, and Prabhakar join hands with Jagadish to kill Somasundaram. Prabhakar plants a powerful bomb and fixes it inside a walking doll. They plan to give the doll to Somasundaram at the airport and ask him to present it to the particular address in Singapore. The address card is pasted on the stomach of the doll. So when Somasundaram pulls out the card, it triggers the lever, and the bomb will explode within seconds.

The trio goes to the airport in a hurry, and their car breaks down in the middle. So Mani and Sampath hire a taxi and go to the airport. Due to a misunderstanding, they left the doll in the taxi. When Prabhakar arrives at the airport and hears this out, he spills the secret without noticing Aanandan is nearby. A kind-hearted Aanandan goes in search of that taxi to find the bomb doll with Prabhakar's sister, Mallika([[L. Vijayalakshmi]]).

The doll in the taxi goes to a family, an orphanage, a blind beggar, and finally to a doll shop. Meanwhile, Jagadish's group also searches for that taxi to retrieve the doll, but it goes in vain. So they abducted Aanand, as he knows their plan and would go to the police. Prabhakar says that if there were more time for flight departure, he would make another bomb doll similar to this, as it requires just half an hour. At the time the doorbell rings, to everyone's surprise, Somasundaram stands in front of Jagadish. He says the flight is rerouted to Chennai due to some technical problems, and one hour is left for the next flight. Though Somasundaram didn't want to go to Singapore again, Jagadish compelled him so that they could repeat their plan as scheduled this time.

So Sampath is sent to buy a new doll from the shop to fix the bomb inside it. There he finds the same doll that they had already planted the bomb. Unknown to this, Sampath buys the doll and brings it. In between, the group prepared a new bomb and attached it to another doll. The team goes to the airport, meets Somasundaram, and hands him the newly made doll. While returning, a doubt had arisen that the bought doll was the one that they had made earlier. When Jagadish checks the doll and finds the address card, everyone is shocked. Sampath pulls out the card in anxiety, and the bomb explodes inside the car and kills all of them instantly. Back in the airport, Somasundaram is saved by the taxi driver, who knows all of these with the help of Mallika and Aanandan.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[S. Balachander]] as Somasundaram{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=222}}
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Mallika{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=223}}
* Ramesh as Anandan{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=222}}
* [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam|Lakshmirajam]]
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Jagadish{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=222}}
* Srinivasan as Prabhakar{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=222}}
* Maali as Mani{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=222}}
* [[Pattom Sadan|Sadan]] as Sampath{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=222}}
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Manikkam{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=223}}
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Manikkam's mother{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=223}}
* [[P. D. Sambandam]]
* Anandan
* Murthi
* Shoba
}}

== Production ==
Balachander, who was known for his critically acclaimed suspense thriller films ''[[Andha Naal]]'' (1954) and ''[[Avana Ivan!?]]'' (1962) made ''Bommai'' on the same genre.<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1990 |title=Bang On With The Bioscope |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiYqAQAAIAAJ&q=bommai |url-status=live |magazine=Sruti |issue=65–76 |pages=34–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829094313/https://books.google.com/books?id=XiYqAQAAIAAJ&q=bommai |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> The film was inspired by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s 1936 British film ''[[Sabotage (1936 film)|Sabotage]]''.<ref name="hindu1" /> Balachander made a few changes in the script to suit the tastes of Tamil audience. A walking-talking doll, which carries the bomb, played the main character in Bommai. To cast the doll, Balachander was in search for a long time and even tried one from the United States. Incidentally, while shopping in [[Parry's Corner]], he found the right doll in a roadside shop and bought it.{{Sfn|Sampath|2012|pp=76–77}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1963 |title=S. Balachander's "BOMMAI" (Doll) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxjbm_UarNIC&q=s+balachander%27s+bommai |url-status=live |magazine=Conservative |volume=3 |page=40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829094313/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxjbm_UarNIC&q=s+balachander%27s+bommai |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> While Balachander wrote the story and screenplay, his friend Ve. Lakshmanan wrote the dialogues.<ref name="hindu1" /> Rochelle Shah appeared as an actress, this being the only film she ever acted in.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Rochelle |date=21 January 2016 |title=A maestro for a best friend |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rochelle-shah-on-the-multifaceted-s-balachander-on-his-birth-anniversary-jan-18/article8134761.ece |access-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121150626/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rochelle-shah-on-the-multifaceted-s-balachander-on-his-birth-anniversary-jan-18/article8134761.ece |archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> ''Bommai'' is the first Tamil film in which the director introduces the cast and crew verbally, rather than using [[Motion picture credits|film credits]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Dharma |date=12 April 2016 |title=Celebrating S. Balachander |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/celebrating-s-balachander/article8466506.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831163920/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/celebrating-s-balachander/article8466506.ece |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack consisted of six songs, all written by Balachander's associate Ve. Lakshmanan. The music for songs, was composed by Balachander himself, while the [[background score]] was composed by D. B. Ramachandran. The philosophical song "Neeyum Bommai Naanum Bommai" marked the playback singing debut of [[K. J. Yesudas]] in [[Tamil cinema]].{{Sfn|Sampath|2012|p=76}} In 2014, when the song was recreated for ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'', Yesudas recorded the same for ''Moodar Koodam'', coincidentally marking his completion of 50 years in the Tamil film music industry.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=KJ Yesudas achieves a rare feat |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/KJ-Yesudas-achieves-a-rare-feat-imagegallery-1-Kollywood-mkepSwabgdcsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609195357/http://www.sify.com/movies/KJ-Yesudas-achieves-a-rare-feat-imagegallery-1-Kollywood-mkepSwabgdcsi.html |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=13 September 2013 |title=Review: Moodar Koodam is hilarious |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-moodar-koodam-is-hilarious/20130913.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215040313/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-moodar-koodam-is-hilarious/20130913.htm |archive-date=15 February 2014 |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The following song list was adapted from a book authored by G. Neelamegam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 2 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2016 |location=Chennai |language=ta}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration
|-
| "Engo Pirandhavaraam" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:29
|-
| "Thathi Thathi Nadandhuvarum Thangapapa" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:27
|-
| "Nee Thaan Selvam Nee Thaan Amudham" || P. Susheela || 04:07
|-
| "Kanne Iruttudhu Kaade Adaikkudhu" || Harihara Subramaniam & K. Veeramani ||
|-
| "Neeyum Bommai Naanum Bommai" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 03:40
|-
| "Kaiyaruge Kaniyirukka" || Renuka ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
Although completed and censored in 1963,<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=29 October 2011 |title=Blast from the Past – Bommai 1964 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-bommai-1964/article2579729.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131012081118/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-bommai-1964/article2579729.ece |archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> the film was released only on 25 September the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964/1964 – பொம்மை – எஸ்.பி.கிரியேஷன்ஸ் |trans-title=1964/1964 – Bommai – S.B.Creations |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails25.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125004241/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails25.asp |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 1964 |title=Many choices for Tamil film fans |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cH9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v50NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1184%2C2909957 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709133832/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cH9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v50NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1184%2C2909957 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote though "the film fails to grip"; however "A neat, tidy, suspense packet". The reviewer praised the film's cinematography but criticised the background score and editing.<ref name="tie">{{Cite news |date=2 October 1964 |title='Bommai' is a tidy suspense packet |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jY9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1657%2C1655324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709133709/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jY9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1657%2C1655324 |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> On 11 October 1964, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote, "You will not realise how time flies by watching this film".{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=224}} The film completed 100 days in many theatres in [[Madras]]. Its commercial success helped Balachander recover from the loss incurred on his previous film ''Avana Ivan''.{{Sfn|Sampath|2012|p=63}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sampath |first=Vikram |title=Voice of the Veena S Balachander |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-291-2969-7}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0154246}}

{{S. Balachander}}
{{The Secret Agent}}

[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1964 thriller films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films about dolls]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of British films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films based on The Secret Agent]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]

Kovvur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:15Z

ElmoPedder14: done!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kovvur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (54-Kovvur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kovvur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 54
| mla = [[Muppidi Venkateswara Rao]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 176,409
}}
'''Kovvur''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[East Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=19, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Muppidi Venkateswara Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kovvur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kovvur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916539.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 176,409 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== History ==
It is considered a stronghold of [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]], which won all the election battles here since its inception in 1983 except in 1999 when congress won with sufficient majority. Currently, Taneti Vanita (YSR Congress) is the present Kovvur constituency's MLA, who won 2019 Assembly elections against Vangalapudi Anitha (TDP) with a majority of 25,248 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/sites/109882/-Vemuluru.aspx |title=View Previous Years Question Papers |website=www.indiastudychannel.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312053221/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/sites/109882/-Vemuluru.aspx |archive-date=2012-03-12}} </ref>

== Mandals ==

The three mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Kovvur]]
|-
| [[Chagallu, West Godavari district|Chagallu]]
|-
| [[Tallapudi]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
|[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kovvur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency | title=Kovvur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency }}</ref>
| P. Sreeramachandra Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| rowspan=2 |Alluri Bapineedu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| K. B. Rayudu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Alla Hanumantha Rao
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Munshi Abdul Aziz
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| G. S. Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| T. V. Rama Rao
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[K. S. Jawahar]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Taneti Vanitha]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Muppidi Venkateswara Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pinnamaneeni Sreeramachandra Rao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=32,655 |percentage=17.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alluri Bapineedu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,930 |percentage=14.08% |change=14.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mallapudi Rajeswara Rao |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=22,664 |percentage=12.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalaputi Adeyya |party=Independent politician |votes=22,459 |percentage=12.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pendyala Sree Ramachandra Venkatakrishna Ranga Rao |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=21,440 |percentage=11.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Sreenivasa Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,091 |percentage=9.82% |change=9.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaigala Suryachandra Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=13,744 |percentage=7.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Erlapati Venkanna |party=Republican Party of India |votes=12,570 |percentage=6.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeedigunta Suryanarayana Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=5,698 |percentage=3.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jonnalagadda Sreenivasa Sastry |party=Independent politician |votes=4,950 |percentage=2.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venpala Venkateswara Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=3,994 |percentage=2.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,725 |percentage=3.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,84,195 |percentage=136.86% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,587 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
<section end="Assembly Election 1955"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Alluri Bapineedu|votes=47,730|percentage=31.66|change={{increase}}17.58}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Taneti Veeraraghavulu|votes=42,357|percentage=28.10|change={{decrease}}2.16}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Cholla Chittaranjan|votes=28,806|percentage=19.11|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Pinnamaneeni Rao|votes=24,207|percentage=16.06|change={{decrease}}1.67}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kalaputi Adeyya|votes=3,856|percentage=2.56|change={{decrease}}9.63}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Socialist Party|candidate=Kandavalli Sudarsanam|votes=3,789|percentage=2.51|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=61,281|percentage=40.65|change={{increase}}37}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=150,745|percentage=143.44|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1955"/>

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Alluri Bapineedu
|votes = 27,873
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Koduri Krishnarao|votes=27,666|percentage=|change=-}}
{{Election box majority||votes=207|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=55,539|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
<section end="Assembly Election 1967"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K. B. Rayudu|votes=34,556|percentage=52.70|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. Bapineedu|votes=30,168|percentage=46.01|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=A. Khani|votes=472|percentage=0.72|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=P.S.R Rao|votes=372|percentage=0.57|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,388|percentage=6.69|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=65,568|percentage=83.94|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1967"/>

=== 1972 ===
<section end="Assembly Election 1972"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Alla Hanumantha Rao|votes=32,228|percentage=46.16|change={{decrease}}12.3}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kuntamukkujla Buchirayunu|votes=30,616|percentage=43.85|change={{decrease}}2.16}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Yinnamuri Ranganayakulu|votes=3,526|percentage=5.05|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kanuri Gandhi|votes=2,480|percentage=3.55|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Maddukuri Brahmandau|votes=741|percentage=1.06|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pinnomashiv R.C. Rao|votes=225|percentage=0.32|change={{decrease}}0.25}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,612|percentage=2.31|change={{decrease}}4.38}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=69,816|percentage=74.42|change={{decrease}}9.52}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1972"/>

=== 1978 ===
<section end="Assembly Election 1985"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=Munshi Abdul Aziz|votes=37,046|percentage=44.1|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Alluri Choudary|votes=35,428|percentage=42.2|change={{increase}}18.3}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Krishna Rao Mullapudi|votes=9,783|percentage=11.6|change={{decrease}}32.25}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Immamuri Rangayakulu|votes=750|percentage=0.9|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Peethala Tatayya|votes=700|percentage=0.8|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Rama Somayajulu Kalluri|votes=311|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,618|percentage=1.9|change={{decrease}}0.41}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=85,402 |percentage=80.2|change={{increase}}5.78}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1978"/>

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=65,893|percentage=79.3%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Munshi Abdul Aziz|party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,983|percentage=13.2%|change={{decrease}}30.9% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Threeparala Laxmi|party=Janata Party|votes=2,809|percentage=3.4%|change={{decrease}}38.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chaparla Rao|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,161|percentage=1.34%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kuntamukkala Satyanarayana|party=Indian Congress (J)|votes=1,046|percentage=1.3%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tatapudi Krishivara Rao|party=Independent|votes=479|percentage=0.6%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peethala Thatayya|party=Independent|votes=238|percentage=0.3%|change= {{decrease}}0.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maddukuri Brahamanandam|party=Independent|votes=196|percentage=0.2%|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Potru Krishna Rangarao|party=Independent|votes=171|percentage=0.2%|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Posina Satyanarayana|party=Independent|votes=94|percentage=0.1%|change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=54,910|percentage=65%|change={{increase}}63.1}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,472|percentage=72.3%|change={{decrease}}7.9}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors =116,815|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
<section end="Assembly Election 1985"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao]]|votes=61,899|percentage=67|change={{decrease}}12.3}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Immanni Rao|votes=29,116|percentage=31.5|change={{increase}}18.3}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Yelamanchili Mukundarao|votes=454|percentage=0.5|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Md. Fijulla|votes=395|percentage=0.4|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gangisetti Musileswararao|votes=373|percentage=0.4|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kundula Venkatrao|votes=172|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=32,783|percentage=35.1|change={{decrease}}29.9}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=93,526|percentage=71.7|change={{decrease}}0.6}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1985"/>

=== 1989 ===
<section end="Assembly Election 1989"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao]]|votes=60,116|percentage=52.9|change={{decrease}}14.1}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rafiulla Baig|votes=52,824|percentage=46.4|change={{increase}}14.9}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Lakshmi Penmatcha|votes=466|percentage=0.4|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Veeramalla Krishna|votes=217|percentage=0.2|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Anupindi Rao|votes=136|percentage=0.1|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=7,292|percentage=6.3|change={{decrease}}28.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=116,32|percentage=77.8|change={{increase}}6.1}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1989"/>

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Pendyala Rao|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=66,395|percentage=55.2%|change={{increase}}2.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=G.S. Rao|party=Indian National Congress|votes=50,153|percentage=41.7%|change={{decrease}}4.7%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Santha Bethala|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,832|percentage=1.5%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shaik Subhani|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=513|percentage=0.4%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Guduri Sarveswararao|party=Independent|votes=460|percentage=0.4%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kethagani Pichayya|party=Independent|votes=378|percentage=0.4%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Velicheti Ramakrishna|party=Independent|votes=212|percentage=0.2%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jayaraju Komarapu|party=Independent|votes=167|percentage=0.1%|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maddipatla Satyanarayana|party=Marxist Communist Party of India (SRIVASTAVA)|votes=99|percentage=0.1%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kommireddi Ramarao|party=Independent|votes=78|percentage=0.1%|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Balusu Rao|party=Independent|votes=64|percentage=0.1%|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Edupuganti Ramarao|party=Independent|votes=22|percentage=0.0%|change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=16,242|percentage=13.3%|change={{increase}}7}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=122,091|percentage=77.6%|change={{decrease}}0.2}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors =157,309|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G.S. Rao |party=Indian National Congress|votes=63,721|percentage=51%|change={{increase}}9.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alluri Bapineedu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,930 |percentage=14.08% |change=14.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pendyala Rao|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=57,185|percentage=45.8%|change={{decrease}}9.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Borra Rao|party=Independent|votes=3,073|percentage=2.5%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P.V. Rao|party=Independent|votes=279|percentage=0.2%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gandham Rao|party=Independent|votes=240|percentage=0.2%|change=9.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kurasala Murthy|party=Independent|votes=170|percentage=0.1%|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dayana Rama Krishna|party=Independent|votes=107|percentage=0.1%|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Valavala Sarva Rayudu|party=Independent|votes=53|percentage=0.0% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kodamanchili Rao|party=Independent|votes=49|percentage=0.0%|change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=6,536|percentage=5.1%|change={{decrease}}8.2}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=128,921|percentage=76.6%|change={{decrease}}1}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors =168,316|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pendyala Venkata Krishna Rao]]
|votes = 65,329
|percentage = 48.26
|change = +2.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=G S Rao|votes=63,998|percentage=47.27|change=-3.76}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,331|percentage=28.89|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=135,378|percentage=79.52|change=+5.33}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = T V Rama Rao
|votes = 55,669
|percentage = 41.80
|change = -6.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Koyye Moshenu Raju]]|votes=40,191|percentage=30.18|change=-17.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Bunga Saradhi|votes=29,285|percentage=21.99|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,478|percentage=11.62|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=133,179|percentage=83.78|change=+4.26}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kothapalli Samuel Jawahar]]
|votes = 74,661
|percentage = 51.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Taneti Vanitha]]
|votes = 61,916
|percentage = 43.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,745
|percentage = 8.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 143,910
|percentage = 85.30
|change = +1.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Taneti Vanitha]]
|votes = 79,892
|percentage = 52.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Vangalapudi Anitha]]|votes=54,644|percentage=35.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ravi Kumar Murthy Tamballapalli|votes=11,677|percentage=7.65|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=25,248|percentage=16.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,52,611|percentage=86.41|change=0.1}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovvur}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Muppidi Venkateswara Rao]]|votes=92,743 |percentage=58.29|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Talari Venkat Rao]]|votes=58,797 |percentage=36.95|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Arigela Aruna Kumari|votes=1,897 |percentage=1.19|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2,465 |percentage=1.55|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=33,946|percentage=21.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,59,111|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|17.01|81.73|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Vikrant Pandey

2026-04-13T22:30:13Z

ElmoPedder14: Starting a info

{{Short description|Secretary to the Chief Minister of Gujarat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikrant Pandey
| honorific_suffix = IAS
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|04|22}}
| birth_place = [[Bakani]], Jhalawar district, [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| education = ([[MBBS]]) [[Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College]]
| occupation = [[Civil servant]]
| office = Secretary to the Chief Minister of Gujarat
| term_start = May 2025
| predecessor = Avantika Singh Aulakh
| image =
}}

'''Vikrant Pandey''' (born 22 April 1979) is an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of the 2005 batch from [[Gujarat]] cadre. In May 2025, he was appointed as the Secretary to the [[List of chief ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]], returning to the state's administration after a six-years of central deputation.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Vikrant Pandey returns to Gujarat as secretary to CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vikrant-pandey-returns-to-gujarat-as-secretary-to-cm/articleshow/121299459.cms |work=The Times of India |date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pandey hails from [[Bakani]], a town in the [[Jhalawar district]] of [[Rajasthan]]. He completed his MBBS from [[Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College]] in Jodhpur. After briefly practicing medicine, he transitioned to the civil services, clearing the [[UPSC Civil Services Examination]] and joining the IAS in 2005.<ref name="Secretariat">{{cite web |title=Dr. Vikrant Pandey: Doctor-Turned-IAS Officer Now Leads As Secretary To Gujarat CM |url=https://thesecretariat.in/article/dr-vikrant-pandey-doctor-turned-ias-officer-now-leads-as-secretary-to-gujarat-cm |website=The Secretariat |date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=कोटा |first=दिनेश कश्यप |date=2024-05-13 |title=हिंदी मीडियम स्टूडेंट IAS विक्रांत पांडे कैसे बने UPSC टापर? बताए सक्सेस के स्पेशल टिप्स |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/kota-alumni-meet-2024-ias-vikrant-pandey-gave-upsc-success-tips-hindi-medium-students-ann-2688316 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pandey began his administrative career in Gujarat, serving as District Collector in several districts, including Rajkot, Bharuch, Valsad, and Ahmedabad.<ref name="Secretariat"/> During his tenure as Bharuch Collector, he was recognized with the Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Public Administration.<ref name="Buckstopper">{{cite web |title=Native of Rajasthan IAS Vikrant Pandey appointed as secretary to Gujarat CM |url=https://www.thebuckstopper.com/native-of-rajasthan-ias-vikrant-pandey-appointed-as-secretary-to-gujarat-cm/ |website=The Buck Stopper |date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025}}</ref>

In November 2019, Pandey was deputed to the Ministry of Home Affairs, where he served as Director in the Inter-State Council Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2019-11-28 |title=Gujarat cadre IAS Vikrant Pandey moved to Centre; KK Nirala to replace him as Ahmedabad district collector |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2019/11/28/gujarat-cadre-ias-vikrant-pandey-moved-to-centre-kk-nirala-to-replace-him-as-ahmedabad-district-collector/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=Gujarat: एक और IAS की केन्द्र में प्रतिनियुक्ति {{!}} Gujarat, IAS officer, Dr Vikrant Pandey, central deputation |url=https://www.patrika.com/ahmedabad-news/gujarat-ias-officer-dr-vikrant-pandey-central-deputation-5446784 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> He held this position until December 2024, after which he was appointed as the Resident Commissioner of Gujarat in New Delhi.<ref name="Secretariat"/>

In May 2025, Pandey was appointed as the Secretary to the Chief Minister of Gujarat, returning to the state's administrative framework after six years.<ref name="TOI"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=Gujarat govt appoints new Secretary to Chief Minister, Vikrant Pandey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-secretary-chief-minister-vikrant-pandey-10017637/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-05-20 |title=IAS Vikrant Pandey transferred to Gujarat CMO, IAS Avantika Aulakh promoted |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/05/20/ias-vikrant-pandey-transferred-to-gujarat-cmo-ias-avantika-aulakh-promoted/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Vikrant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Axis Max Life Insurance

2026-04-13T13:09:23Z

ElmoPedder14: Adding New Details

{{short description|Indian life insurance company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Axis Max Life Insurance
| logo = Max Life Insurance.svg
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|2001}}
| type = [[Joint venture]]
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]], India
| key_people = Mr Sumit Madan (Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer) , Mr Amrit Singh (Director and Chief Financial Officer) , Mr Anurag Chauhan (General Counsel and Company Secretary)
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| products = {{ubl|[[Life insurance]] |[[Term life insurance]] |[[Unit-linked insurance plan]] |[[Endowment policy]] |Money-back policy |[[Whole life insurance]] | [[Retirement plans]] }}
| owner = {{ubl|[[Max Group|Max Financial Services]] (80%)|[[Axis Bank]] (20%)<ref>{{cite news |title=Overview of Max Life |url=https://www.maxfinancialservices.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/INVESTORPRESENTATIONMAXFINANCIAL.pdf |access-date=20 January 2023 |work=Max Financial Services}}</ref>}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.axismaxlife.com/}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=A STUDY ON INSURANCE MARKETING AND AXIS MAX LIFE INSURANCE PLAN IN THANJAVAUR DISTRICT |url=https://iaraindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/7-A-STUDY-ON-INSURANCE-MARKETING-AND-AXIS-MAX-LIFE-INSURANCE-PLAN-IN-THANJAVAUR-DISTRICT-P-JAMBULINGAM-C-THIRUCHELVAM.pdf |website=Iaraindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis of Life Insurance Industry in India |url=https://www.canarahsbclife.com/content/dam/chli/pdfs/investor-relations/industry-report.pdf |website=.canarahsbclife.com}}</ref>
}}
'''Axis Max Life Insurance Limited''' (formerly known as '''Max New York Life Insurance Company Limited''' and '''Max Life Insurance Company Limited''') is an Indian [[life insurance]] company headquartered at [[New Delhi]], and the largest non-bank private-sector life insurer in India. It is an 80:20 [[joint venture]] between [[Max Group|Max Financial Services]] and [[Axis Bank]]. The company is a subsidiary of the publicly listed [[Max Financial Services]]. It was founded in 2000 after the liberalization of the [[Insurance in India|insurance sector in India]] and its operations began in 2001.

== History ==
Max Life Insurance started as a joint venture between Max Financial Services and [[Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group]]. The former owned 68% of the company while the latter owned 26%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mitsui-buys-max-life-stake--rs-2731-cr/967400/|title=Mitsui buys Max Life stake @Rs 2,731 cr - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|language=en-gb|access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> After forming the joint venture partnership with Mitsui Sumitomo, Max Life changed its name from Max New York Life in 2012. In February 2016, [[Axis Bank]] held a 6% share in Max Life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/axis-bank-hikes-stake-in-max-life-to-5-99-116022901219_1.html|title=Axis Bank hikes stake in Max Life to 5.99%|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=29 February 2016|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> On 13 December 2024, Max Life Insurance rebranded itself to Axis Max Life Insurance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-13 |title=Max Life Insurance Rebrands to Axis Max Life Insurance |url=https://www.maxlifeinsurance.com/static-page/assets/homepage/Website%20Filing-%20Press%20release-%20Max%20Life%20Insurance%20Rebrands%20to%20Axis%20Max%20Life%20Insurance%20Championing%20the%20spirit%20of%20Double%20Bharosa.pdf |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Axis Max Life Insurance}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.axismaxlife.com/}}

{{Max Group}}
{{Insurance in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Life insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Max Group]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Delhi]]

Triptii Dimri

2026-04-12T06:35:06Z

ElmoPedder14: Starting a data

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1994)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Triptii Dimri
| image = Triptii Dimri snapped outside Leap Club in Santacruz.jpg
| caption = Dimri in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|02|23|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2021 |title=EXCLUSIVE: "Before becoming an actor, I used to wish for that one opportunity to work in the film industry"- Triptii Dimri ahead of her birthday |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-becoming-actor-used-wish-one-opportunity-work-film-industry-triptii-dimri-ahead-birthday/ |access-date=24 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113822/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-becoming-actor-used-wish-one-opportunity-work-film-industry-triptii-dimri-ahead-birthday/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| alma_mater = [[Sri Aurobindo College]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017{{endash}}present
| height =
}}

'''Triptii Dimri''' (born 23 February 1994) is an Indian actress who works in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]]. She had her first lead role in the romantic drama ''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' (2018) but gained critical recognition for her performances in [[Anvita Dutt]]'s films ''[[Bulbbul]]'' (2020) and ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]'' (2022), with the former earning her a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]].

She gained popularity with a supporting role in the top-grossing action film ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023), earning a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]], and has since starred in the comedy films [[Bad Newz (film)|''Bad Newz'']] and ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]'' (both 2024). In 2021, Dimri was featured in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list.

==Early life==
Triptii Dimri was born in New Delhi on 23 February 1994 in a [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] family to Meenakshi and Dinesh Dimri. Her family is from [[Chamoli district|Chamoli, Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-20 |title=Tripti Dimri revisits her hometown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tripti-dimri-revisits-her-hometown/articleshow/66295089.cms |access-date=2026-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Dimri graduated from [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]] in [[Firozabad|Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh]]. She went on to study [[psychology]] at [[Sri Aurobindo College]] and acting at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Dhruvi Soni |date=30 September 2023 |title=Triptii Dimri sets Bali on fire with sizzling poolside photos; see post |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/triptii-dimri-sets-bali-fire-sizzling-poolside-photos-see-post/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125165822/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/triptii-dimri-sets-bali-fire-sizzling-poolside-photos-see-post/ |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripti Dimri revisits her hometown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tripti-dimri-revisits-her-hometown/articleshow/66295089.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 December 2023 |date=20 October 2018 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209212715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tripti-dimri-revisits-her-hometown/articleshow/66295089.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-scene-stealer-from-bulbbul/20200709.htm |title=Meet the Scene Stealer from Bulbbul |author=Ronjita Kulkarni |date=9 July 2020 |website=rediff.com}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early work and critical recognition (2017–2022)===
[[File:Avinash tiwary event photo (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dimri with co-star [[Avinash Tiwary]] promoting [[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|''Laila'' ''Majnu'']] in 2018]]

After a role as an extra in [[Mom (film)|''Mom'']] (2017), Dimri had her first lead role in [[Shreyas Talpade]]'s directorial debut, the comedy ''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]'', starring [[Sunny Deol]], [[Bobby Deol]] and Talpade in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/77848-lesser-known-facts-about-tripti-dimri-from-bulbbul.html |title=6 Lesser-Known Facts About Tripti Dimri |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=MensXP |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427055611/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/77848-lesser-known-facts-about-tripti-dimri-from-bulbbul.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An official remake of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''[[Poshter Boyz]]'', it featured her as Talpade's love interest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poster Boys: Bobby Deol's comeback also stars Sunny Deol, Shreyas Talpade. Will it be as good as its original Poshter Boyz? |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/poster-boys-bobby-deol-comeback-also-stars-sunny-deol-shreyas-talpade-will-it-be-as-good-as-its-original-poshter-boyz-see-pic-4604698/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618211247/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/poster-boys-bobby-deol-comeback-also-stars-sunny-deol-shreyas-talpade-will-it-be-as-good-as-its-original-poshter-boyz-see-pic-4604698/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Tripti Dimri on her breakout performance in Bulbbul: It's motivated me to do more work with honesty |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tripti-dimri-on-her-breakout-performance-in-bulbbul-its-motivated-me-to-do-more-work-with-honesty-8537971.html |access-date=17 July 2021 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429041610/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tripti-dimri-on-her-breakout-performance-in-bulbbul-its-motivated-me-to-do-more-work-with-honesty-8537971.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted that Dimri's performance was overshadowed by others in the ensemble cast, yet found her to be "decent".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=8 September 2017 |title=Poster Boys Movie Review: Poster Boys manages to tickle your funny bone and also neatly embeds a social message. Sadly the lack of promotions and limited shows with odd timings may end up playing spoilsport. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/poster-boys/critic-review/poster-boys-movie-review/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208214042/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/poster-boys/critic-review/poster-boys-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She next appeared in a leading role in the critically acclaimed romantic drama ''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' (2018), opposite [[Avinash Tiwary]]. In her review for ''[[Firstpost]],'' [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] noted that she "imbued her Laila with an edge that made the character's constant flirtations with danger believable".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/laila-majnu-movie-review-avinash-tiwary-is-star-material-but-why-riddle-an-epic-with-bollywood-cliches-5134381.html/ |work=Firstpost |title=Laila Majnu movie review: Avinash Tiwary is star material, but why riddle an epic with Bollywood clichés? |date=7 September 2018 |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427062444/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/laila-majnu-movie-review-avinash-tiwary-is-star-material-but-why-riddle-an-epic-with-bollywood-cliches-5134381.html/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Following its release digitally, many outlets assigned the film [[cult status]] despite its initial commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Laila Majnu To Rockstar, Hindi Films That Earned Cult Status Over The Years |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/triptii-dimri-avinash-tiwary-laila-majnu-to-rockstar-hindi-films-that-earned-cult-status-over-the-years-1709179 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=ABP Live |date=9 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023617/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/triptii-dimri-avinash-tiwary-laila-majnu-to-rockstar-hindi-films-that-earned-cult-status-over-the-years-1709179 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2024 |title=Avinash Tiwary, Triptii Dimri's 2018 disaster Laila Majnu set to surpass original box office collection in re-release |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/avinash-tiwary-triptii-dimri-imtiaz-ali-2018-disaster-laila-majnu-original-box-office-collection-re-release-9507982/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023617/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/avinash-tiwary-triptii-dimri-imtiaz-ali-2018-disaster-laila-majnu-original-box-office-collection-re-release-9507982/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This film had no stars, bombed at box office, earned just Rs 3.2 crore, then became hit after... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-this-film-laila-majnu-no-stars-bombed-at-box-office-rs-32-crore-hit-re-release-tripti-dimri-avinash-tiwary-3101849 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023617/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-this-film-laila-majnu-no-stars-bombed-at-box-office-rs-32-crore-hit-re-release-tripti-dimri-avinash-tiwary-3101849 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dimri later admitted to struggling to cope with the films failure at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Triptii Dimri Recalls How Her Dreams Were Shattered After Laila Majnu Failure: 'Thought I Won't Be Able To Step Down & Buy Vegetables' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/triptii-dimri-recalls-how-her-dreams-were-shattered-after-laila-majnu-failure-thought-i-wont-be-able-to-step-down-buy-vegetables |access-date=9 August 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809022935/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/triptii-dimri-recalls-how-her-dreams-were-shattered-after-laila-majnu-failure-thought-i-wont-be-able-to-step-down-buy-vegetables |url-status=live }}</ref>

After a short hiatus, Dimri achieved her breakthrough as the protagonist in [[Anvita Dutt]]'s 2020 supernatural drama ''[[Bulbbul]]'', reuniting with Tiwari for a second time. Produced by [[Anushka Sharma]], the film was met with positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A feminist fable |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/review-bulbbul-on-netflix/cid/1783474 |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923171641/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/review-bulbbul-on-netflix/cid/1783474 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "From the vulnerable and the innocent to the transformation into the mysterious tease, Dimri is a stunner who speaks volumes with her eyes. And the audience can do little but stay enraptured".<ref>{{cite news |date=24 June 2020 |title=Bulbbul: strikes at the putrid core of patriarchy |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/bulbbul-strikes-at-the-putrid-core-of-patriarchy/article31908801.ece#:~:text=Bulbbul%2C%20a%20child%20bride%2C%20arrives,relationships%2C%20dysfunctional%20families%20and%20perversions. |access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> Her performance earned her a [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Actress in a Web Original Film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Complete winners' list – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-winners-so-far/articleshow/79812177.cms |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101163542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-winners-so-far/articleshow/79812177.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Dimri reunited with Dutt to star in the title role of her critically acclaimed drama ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2021 |title=Babil Khan's debut film 'Qala' announced, Irrfan Khan's son to star opposite Tripti Dimri in Anushka Sharma production |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-babil-khan-debut-film-qala-announcement-teaser-first-look-out-irrfan-khan-son-to-star-alongside-triptii-dimri-in-anushka-sharma-production-2885762/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410190352/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-babil-khan-debut-film-qala-announcement-teaser-first-look-out-irrfan-khan-son-to-star-alongside-triptii-dimri-in-anushka-sharma-production-2885762/ |archive-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> Dimri stated that she intentionally chose to star in ''Qala'' to diversify her filmography and challenge herself by exploring genres she had not previously worked in.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2022 |title='Qala' actress Tripti Dimri feels experimenting and stepping out of comfort zone is essential for improving acting skills |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/qala-actress-tripti-dimri-feels-experimenting-and-stepping-out-of-comfort-zone-is-essential-for-improving-acting-skills/articleshow/95991960.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208214042/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/qala-actress-tripti-dimri-feels-experimenting-and-stepping-out-of-comfort-zone-is-essential-for-improving-acting-skills/articleshow/95991960.cms |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=8 December 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Her performance as an aspiring [[playback singer]] struggling to maintain her position in the music industry received praise.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/qala-movie-review-anvitaa-dutts-mother-daughter-tale-is-poignant-and-admirable/article66215167.ece |title='Qala' movie review: Anvitaa Dutt's mother-daughter tale is poignant and admirable |work=The Hindu |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193548/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/qala-movie-review-anvitaa-dutts-mother-daughter-tale-is-poignant-and-admirable/article66215167.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanatanu Das of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' found Dimri to be "in fine form" but added that "her character is frustratingly one-note and delivered mostly in the same anxious wavelength".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2022 |title=Qala movie review: Anvitaa Dutt's film struggles to rise above its parts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/qala-movie-review-anvitaa-dutt-s-film-struggles-to-rise-above-its-parts-101669883219179.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209141133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/qala-movie-review-anvitaa-dutt-s-film-struggles-to-rise-above-its-parts-101669883219179.html |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Commercial breakthrough (2023–present)===
Dimri appeared in a brief role in the top-grossing action drama ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023), starring [[Ranbir Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Tripti Dimri cast as Ranbir Kapoor's mistress in Animal |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/tripti-dimri-cast-as-ranbir-kapoors-mistress-in-animal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427112248/https://www.easterneye.biz/tripti-dimri-cast-as-ranbir-kapoors-mistress-in-animal/ |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=Eastern Eye |language=en}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''Hindustan Times'' was appreciative of Dimri's short appearance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |title=Animal movie review: Ranbir Kapoor's action tale is flawed, overtly violent and misogynistic; yet it entertains |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoors-action-tale-is-flawed-overtly-violent-and-misogynist-yet-it-entertains-101701415512247.html |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201115617/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoors-action-tale-is-flawed-overtly-violent-and-misogynist-yet-it-entertains-101701415512247.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film proved to be a significant advancement in Dimri's career with her role gaining her wider recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Animal: Triptii Dimri's Instagram followers grow by a massive 320% since starring in Ranbir Kapoor film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-triptii-dimri-gains-2-million-instagram-followers-ranbir-kapoor-101702030961545.html |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208113714/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-triptii-dimri-gains-2-million-instagram-followers-ranbir-kapoor-101702030961545.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="ff69nom">{{cite news|title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html|magazine=[[Filmfare]]|date=15 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193555/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She credited the success of ''Animal'' with providing her access to a wider variety of roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2023 |title=Triptii Dimri Says She Is 'Getting Sleepless Nights' After Ranbir Kapoor's Film Animal Changed Her Life |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/66334/tripti-dimri-says-she-is-getting-sleepless-nights-after-ranbir-kapoors-film-animal-changed-her-life |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Mashable India |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721225821/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/66334/tripti-dimri-says-she-is-getting-sleepless-nights-after-ranbir-kapoors-film-animal-changed-her-life |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Tripti Dimri snapped at Laila Majnu film's re-release in cinemas in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Dimri in 2024|upright|left]]In the following year, Dimri had three releases. She starred alongside [[Vicky Kaushal]] and [[Ammy Virk]] in ''[[Bad Newz (film)|Bad Newz]]'', a comedy about [[heteropaternal superfecundation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bad-newz-trailer-vicky-kaushal-and-ammy-virk-triptii-dimri-comedic-kalesh-9420927/|title=Bad Newz trailer: Vicky Kaushal and Ammy Virk have comedic 'kalesh' over Triptii Dimri, trailer reveals film's big twist|work=The Indian Express|date=28 June 2024|access-date=28 June 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628124224/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bad-newz-trailer-vicky-kaushal-and-ammy-virk-triptii-dimri-comedic-kalesh-9420927/|url-status=live}}</ref> She admitted to finding the comedy genre challenging, having grown accustomed to working in dramatic pieces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Triptii Dimri On Trying Comedy In Bad Newz: "Was Difficult For Me" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/triptii-dimri-it-is-really-important-to-keep-doing-different-things-6110430 |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808140132/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/triptii-dimri-it-is-really-important-to-keep-doing-different-things-6110430 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[NDTV]]'s [[Saibal Chatterjee]] found her lacking in her portrayal of a "befuddled character".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|title=Bad Newz Review: Film Relies On Vicky Kaushal To Pull It Out Of The Fire|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bad-newz-review-film-relies-on-vicky-kaushal-to-pull-it-out-of-the-fire-2-stars-6138473|website=NDTV|date=19 July 2024|access-date=19 July 2024|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721181806/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bad-newz-review-film-relies-on-vicky-kaushal-to-pull-it-out-of-the-fire-2-stars-6138473|url-status=live}}</ref> Rahul Desai of [[Film Companion]] particularly lamented the diminished depth of Dimri's character, especially when compared to her more substantial roles in ''Bulbbul'' and ''Qala''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bad Newz review – racy Bollywood romcom breaks new ground with parenting shenanigans {{!}} Movies {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/article/2024/jul/22/bad-newz-review-bollywood-romcom-is-less-daring-than-it-thinks |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]]|date=22 July 2024 |last1=Felperin |first1=Leslie }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=19 July 2024 |title=Bad Newz Review: It's Vicky Kaushal vs Bollywood Nostalgia and Pop-Cultural Winks |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/bad-newz-review-its-vicky-kaushal-vs-bollywood-nostalgia-and-pop-cultural-winks |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805183023/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/bad-newz-review-its-vicky-kaushal-vs-bollywood-nostalgia-and-pop-cultural-winks |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]'', Dimri and [[Rajkummar Rao]] played newlyweds in 1997 searching for their missing sex tape.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2023 |title=Rajkummar Rao, Triptii Dimri to star in 'Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/article67356373.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131180919/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-to-star-in-vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/article67356373.ece |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Dimri faced criticism and social media trolling for her dancing abilities in a song from the film, "Mere Mehboob";<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Triptii Dimri reacts to 'Mere Mehboob' trolling, being told she can't act because her 'eyes don't emote': 'Can't be good at everything' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/triptii-dimri-reacts-to-mere-mehboob-trolling-being-told-she-cant-act-because-her-eyes-dont-emote-9597276/lite/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001040528/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/triptii-dimri-reacts-to-mere-mehboob-trolling-being-told-she-cant-act-because-her-eyes-dont-emote-9597276/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> she acknowledged it as a learning experience while trying something new.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Triptii Dimri on being trolled for Mere Mehboob dance: Can't be good at everything |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/triptii-dimri-on-being-trolled-for-mere-mehboob-dance-cant-be-good-at-everything-2609176-2024-10-01 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004171056/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/triptii-dimri-on-being-trolled-for-mere-mehboob-dance-cant-be-good-at-everything-2609176-2024-10-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Quint]]''{{'s}} Pratikshya Mishra was appreciative of Rao and Dimri's abilities and chemistry in a poorly written film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=11 October 2024 |title=Review: 'Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video' Tries too Hard to Basically Do Nothing |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-full-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-raaj-shaandilyaa-film-comedy |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=TheQuint |archive-date=8 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108113501/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/movie-reviews/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-full-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-raaj-shaandilyaa-film-comedy#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhavna Agarwal of ''[[India Today]]'' criticised her comic timing in both ''Bad Newz'' and ''Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Bhavna |title=Vicky Aur Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video review: Rajkummar-Triptii's film is a yawnfest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vicky-aur-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-film-is-a-yawnfest-2615107-2024-10-11 |work=India Today |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206165110/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vicky-aur-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-rajkummar-rao-triptii-dimri-film-is-a-yawnfest-2615107-2024-10-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> It underperformed commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2024 |title=Box Office: Rajkummar Rao Hit Flop Movie List |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-rajkummar-rao-hit-flop-movie-list-1362458 |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

The following month, Dimri starred alongside [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Vidya Balan]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]] in the comedy horror sequel ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]].'' Reviewers for ''The Hindu'' and [[Rediff.com]] dismissed her as ornamental.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=1 November 2024 |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' movie review: Madhuri Dixit and Vidya Balan are underutilised in this drab horror comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-movie-review-madhuri-dixit-and-vidya-balan-are-underutilised-in-this-drab-horror-comedy/article68819601.ece/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126152845/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-movie-review-madhuri-dixit-and-vidya-balan-are-underutilised-this-drab-horror-comedy/article68819601.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Review: Horror, Hamming And Heart |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-review/20241101.htm#google_vignette |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=2 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102160309/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-review/20241101.htm#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Bad Newz'' and ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' ranked among the [[List of Hindi films of 2024|highest-grossing Hindi films of 2024]], with the latter earning {{INRConvert|4.17|b}} worldwide.<ref name="ww24">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2024/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2024|access-date=3 December 2024|website=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116042452/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2024/|url-status=live}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee observed that Dimri "faces a very real risk of over-exposure" due to the number of films she has appeared in consecutively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video Review: An Ungainly Mess That Sways Between The Absurd And Asinine |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-an-ungainly-mess-that-sways-between-the-absurd-and-asinine-1-star-6765334 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115021958/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video-review-an-ungainly-mess-that-sways-between-the-absurd-and-asinine-1-star-6765334/amp/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, Dimri starred opposite [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] in the spiritual sequel ''[[Dhadak 2]]'', a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018)''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Sanghamitra |date=27 May 2024 |title=Triptii Dimri and Siddhant Chaturvedi to star in Dhadak 2 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/triptii-dimri-and-siddhant-chaturvedi-to-star-in-dhadak-2/cid/2022766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527090312/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/triptii-dimri-and-siddhant-chaturvedi-to-star-in-dhadak-2/cid/2022766 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>'' She played Vidhi, a girl that becomes romantically involved with a boy from a lower caste at her college. Critics commended her performance for breaking away from the typecasting she faced following her role in ''Animal''.<ref>Review of ''Dhadak 2'':
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhadak-2-review-siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-s-film-jolts-you-from-all-kinds-of-delusion-1754017846574|title=Dhadak 2 movie review: Siddhant Chaturvedi, Triptii Dimri's film jolts you from all kinds of delusion|last=Sen|first=Shomini|date=1 August 2025|access-date=29 November 2025|work=[[WION]]}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimris-dhadak-2-movie-review-an-affecting-love-story-about-caste-humiliation-and-honour-13916575.html|title=Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri's 'Dhadak 2' movie review: An affecting love story about caste, humiliation, and honour|last=Mathur|first=Vinamra|date=31 July 2025|access-date=29 November 2025|work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2025 |title=Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri's 'Dhadak 2' movie review: An affecting love story about caste, humiliation, and honour |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimris-dhadak-2-movie-review-an-affecting-love-story-about-caste-humiliation-and-honour-13916575.html |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Despite its positive critical reception, ''Dhadak 2'' failed at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2025 |title='Dhadak 2' Box Office collection day 6: Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri's starrer mints over Rs 15 crore; falls behind 'Saiyaara' and 'Son of Sardaar 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/dhadak-2-box-office-collection-day-6-siddhant-chaturvedi-and-triptii-dimris-starrer-mints-over-rs-15-crore-falls-behind-saiyaara-and-son-of-sardaar-2/articleshow/123152818.cms |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The following year, Dimri starred opposite [[Shahid Kapoor]] in [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s romantic action film ''[[O'Romeo]]'' (2026), an adaptation of Sapna Didi's segment of the novel ''[[Mafia Queens of Mumbai]]'' by [[S. Hussain Zaidi|Hussain Zaidi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mankad|first=Himesh|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-shahid-kapoor-and-triptii-dimri-to-start-sajid-nadiadwala-and-vishal-bhardwajs-arjun-ustara-on-january-6-1361612|title=Shahid Kapoor and Triptii Dimri to start Sajid Nadiadwala and Vishal Bhardwaj's Arjun Ustara on January 6|date=6 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2024|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|archive-date=7 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207105440/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-shahid-kapoor-and-triptii-dimri-to-start-sajid-nadiadwala-and-vishal-bhardwajs-arjun-ustara-on-january-6-1361612|url-status=live}}</ref> In a mixed review for ''[[NDTV]]'', [[Saibal Chatterjee]] praised Dimri's abilities as the [[femme fatale]], describing her performance as a woman seeking vengeance for her husband's murder as "strikingly convincing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=13 February 2026 |title=O'Romeo Review: Shahid Kapoor Film Is Vivid, Visceral And Visually Varied |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/oromeo-review-shahid-kapoor-film-is-vivid-visceral-and-visually-varied-3-5-stars-10998741 |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> However, [[The Hollywood Reporter|''The Hollywood Reporter India'']]'s Rahul Desai analysed that the actress risks being typecast "as someone who can portray a mix of subservience and agency", given her repeated depiction of emotionally vulnerable yet strong-willed women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘O’Romeo’ Movie Review: A Curiously Ineffective Vishal Bhardwaj Special |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/oromeo-movie-review-a-curiously-ineffective-vishal-bhardwaj-shahid-kapoor-special |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> It was unsuccessful commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-27 |title=Is O Romeo a hit or a flop? As Shahid Kapoor, Vishal Bhardwaj film earns ₹100 crore, its box office performance decoded |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/is-o-romeo-a-hit-or-a-flop-as-shahid-kapoor-vishal-bhardwaj-film-crosses-100-crore-we-box-office-performance-decoded-101772180956444.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She will next feature opposite [[Prabhas]] in [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]'s ''Spirit'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-05-24 |title=Triptii Dimri joins Prabhas in Bhushan Kumar and Sandeep Reddy Vanga’s next film SPIRIT : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/triptii-dimri-joins-prabhas-sandeep-reddy-vanga-next-film-spirit/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |language=en}}</ref> and with [[Madhuri Dixit]] in the comedy film ''Maa Behen'' for Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Behen Teaser: Madhuri Dixit, Triptii Dimri Spice Up This Comedy Drama |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/web-series/news/web-series/maa-behen-teaser-madhuri-dixit-triptii-dimri-spice-up-this-comedy-drama-81439.amp |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
== In the media ==
Dimri was featured by ''[[Forbes|Forbes Asia]]'' in their [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] list of 2021.<ref name="TDFI">{{cite web |title=Forbes India 30 Under 30 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/30-under-30-2021/1901/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716164446/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/30-under-30-2021/1901/all |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=Forbes India}}</ref> She ranked 8th in [[Rediff.com]]'s list of Bollywood Best Actresses of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/-2020s-10-best-actresses-yearend/20201231.htm |title=2020's 10 Best Actresses |date=31 December 2020 |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417030655/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/-2020s-10-best-actresses-yearend/20201231.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She ranked 20th in ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s 50 Most Desirable Women List of 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Times Most Desirable Woman of 2020 – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608013431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-woman-of-2020-rhea-chakraborty-living-through-a-trial-by-fire-gracefully/articleshow/83312150.cms}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Race 2]]''
|Background dancer in the song "Party On My Mind"
|Uncredited appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी एंटरटेनमेंट |title=बैकग्राउंड डांसर थी ये हसीना, अब किया टॉप एक्ट्रेस को रिप्लेस |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood-dhadak-2-fame-tripti-dimri-used-to-work-as-background-dancer-she-did-work-in-race-2-replaced-deepika-paduknoe-2979156 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana 2]]''
|Background dancer in the song "YPD 2"
|Uncredited appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]''
| Swati
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Fans spot 'Animal' star Tripti Dimri in 'Mom' with Sajal Aly |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2450383/fans-spot-latest-obsession-animal-star-tripti-dimri-in-mom-with-sajal-aly |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218062633/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2450383/fans-spot-latest-obsession-animal-star-tripti-dimri-in-mom-with-sajal-aly |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]''
| Riya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2022 |title=Tripti Dimri: "I'm trying different genres to better my craft" |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/qala-actor-tripti-dimri-im-trying-different-genres-to-better-my-craft-8305598/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217133614/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/qala-actor-tripti-dimri-im-trying-different-genres-to-better-my-craft-8305598/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
|''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]''
| Laila
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripti Dimri detached from herself for 'Laila Majnu' role |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/tripti-dimri-detached-from-herself-for-laila-majnu-role-2139003.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217133621/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/tripti-dimri-detached-from-herself-for-laila-majnu-role-2139003.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Bulbbul]]''
| Bulbbul
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripti Dimri talks about Bulbbul, her dream role and more |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/tripti-dimri-talks-about-bulbbul-her-dream-role-and-more-45483.html |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605040320/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/tripti-dimri-talks-about-bulbbul-her-dream-role-and-more-45483.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
| Qala Manjushree
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Tripti Dimri completes first schedule of Netflix film Qala, says 'super happy to join enthusiastic team' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/tripti-dimri-completes-first-schedule-of-netflixs-qala-says-super-happy-to-join-enthusiastic-team-7270283/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508155622/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/tripti-dimri-completes-first-schedule-of-netflixs-qala-says-super-happy-to-join-enthusiastic-team-7270283/ |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=13 April 2021 |website=The Indian Express|date=12 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
| Zoya
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Triptii Dimri opens up on what she learnt from her Animal co-star Ranbir Kapoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/triptii-dimri-opens-up-on-what-she-learnt-from-her-animal-co-star-ranbir-kapoor/articleshow/95890431.cms |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217133608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/triptii-dimri-opens-up-on-what-she-learnt-from-her-animal-co-star-ranbir-kapoor/articleshow/95890431.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
| ''[[Bad Newz (film)|Bad Newz]]''
| Saloni Bagga
|
| <ref name="badnewz">{{Cite web|title=Vicky Kaushal, Triptii Dimri, Ammy Virk to star in Bad Newz; see announcement video|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-triptii-dimri-ammy-virk-star-bad-newz-see-announcement-video/|date=18 March 2024|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=18 March 2024|archive-date=18 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318123613/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-triptii-dimri-ammy-virk-star-bad-newz-see-announcement-video/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
| Vidya
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/movieshow/104009617.cms |access-date=26 October 2023 |date=28 September 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/vicky-vidya-ka-woh-wala-video/movieshow/104009617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''
| Rajkumari Meera / Rajkumari Madhulika Devi
|Dual role
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Vidya Balan Joins Kartik Aaryan And Triptii Dimri As 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' Begins Shooting|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidya-balan-joins-kartik-aaryan-and-triptii-dimri-as-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-begins-shooting/articleshow/108395638.cms|access-date=11 March 2024|date=11 March 2024|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311112139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidya-balan-joins-kartik-aaryan-and-triptii-dimri-as-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-begins-shooting/articleshow/108395638.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2025
| ''[[Dhadak 2]]''
| Vidhi Bharadwaj
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siddhant Chaturvedi and Triptii Dimri to lead Dhadak 2; set to release in theatres on November 22, 2024|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-lead-dhadak-2-set-release-theatres-november-22-2024/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=27 May 2024|access-date=27 May 2024|archive-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527073607/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/siddhant-chaturvedi-triptii-dimri-lead-dhadak-2-set-release-theatres-november-22-2024/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
| ''[[O'Romeo]]''
| Afsha Qureshi / Rani Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2025 |title=Shahid Kapoor drops FIRST photo from the sets of Sajid Nadiadwala, Vishal Bhardwaj film| website= Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-drops-first-photo-sets-sajid-nadiadwala-vishal-bhardwaj-film/ |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Ma Behen}}
| Jaya
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2025 |title=Madhuri Dixit and Triptii Dimri celebrate wrap of Ma Behen as film gears up for release| website= Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/madhuri-dixit-triptii-dimri-celebrate-wrap-ma-behen-film-gears-release/ |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2027
| {{Pending film|Spirit}}
|TBA
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2025 |title=Triptii Dimri replaces Deepika Padukone in Prabhas and Sandeep Reddy Vanga's 'Spirit'; netizens 'scream' with joy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/triptii-dimri-replaces-deepika-padukone-in-prabhas-and-sandeep-reddy-vangas-spirit-netizens-scream-with-joy/articleshow/121382369.cms |access-date=5 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| [[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|2020]]
| [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Web Original Film
|''[[Bulbbul]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-tripti-dimri-bags-best-actor-in-web-original-film-female-for-bulbbul/articleshow/79816701.cms |title=FlyX Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Tripti Dimri bags best actor in a web original film (female) for Bulbbul |work=The Times of India |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629073333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-tripti-dimri-bags-best-actor-in-web-original-film-female-for-bulbbul/articleshow/79816701.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| rowspan="2"|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Breakthrough Talent (Female)
| {{NA}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Style Icons Awards Nominations Of the Year 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/nominees-2023.php |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425133949/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/nominees-2023.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Most Stylish Haute Stepper
| {{NA}}
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Web Original Film
|''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/|website=Filmfare|date=26 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110000751/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[69th Filmfare Awards|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="ff69nom"/>
|-
| rowspan=3|2024
| rowspan="3"|Bollywood Hungama Style Icons
| Most Stylish Ground-Breaking Star of the Year
| {{NA}}
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons 2024 Winners|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-style-icons-2024-winners-ajay-devgn-janhvi-kapoor-karan-johar-triptii-dimri-celebrities-win-big/|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=3 May 2024|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502234032/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-style-icons-2024-winners-ajay-devgn-janhvi-kapoor-karan-johar-triptii-dimri-celebrities-win-big/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Most Stylish Power-Packed Performer of the Year (Female)
| {{NA}}
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 April 2024 |title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons 2024: Nominations for Most Stylish Power-Packed Performer of the Year (Female) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bollywood-hungama-style-icons-summit-awards-2024-nominations-stylish-power-packed-performer-year-female/ |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425134100/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bollywood-hungama-style-icons-summit-awards-2024-nominations-stylish-power-packed-performer-year-female/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Most Stylish Leading Entertainer of the Year (Female)
| {{NA}}
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons 2024 Nominees |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/nominees.php |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231219/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/nominees.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Films|Bollywood}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dimri, Tripti}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

North East Games

2026-04-09T06:00:40Z

ElmoPedder14: Made basic post initial version

{{Short description|Multi-sport event held in Northeast India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title = North East Games
| current_season = 2026 North East Games
| last_season =
| logo =
| map = Northeast india.png
| map_caption = 
| game = [[Multi-sport event]]
| formerly = North East Olympic Games
| inaugural = [[2018 North East Olympic Games]]
}}

The '''North East Games''' formerly known as<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=6 March 2024 |title='Olympic' dropped from NE Olympic Association, NE Olympic Games |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/olympic-dropped-from-ne-olympic-association-ne-olympic-games/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=}}</ref> '''North East Olympic Games''' ('''NEOG''') are a [[Multi-sport event]] held in [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Abhishek |date=17 November 2022 |title=North East Olympic Games: The first mile of Meghalaya's road to sporting success |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/north-east-olympic-games-2022-meghalaya-road-to-sporting-success/article66147463.ece |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2022 |title=Meghalaya to host upcoming North East Olympics Games from October 30 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/meghalaya-to-host-upcoming-north-east-olympics-games-from-october-30-101660189397057.html |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The eight states of the region compete in each edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=Shillong hosts 2nd edition of North East Olympic Games 2022 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/shillong-hosts-2nd-edition-north-east-olympic-games-2022-469202-2022-11-11 |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>

[[Manipur]] became the champion in the three consecutive years of the [[2018 North East Olympic Games|2018]], [[2022 North East Olympic Games|2022]] and [[2024 North East Olympic Games|2024]] Northeast Games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-emerge-overall-champions-in-first-north-east-olympic-games-5422429/|title=Manipur emerge overall champions in first North East Olympic games|last=Levion|first=Jimmy|date=28 October 2018|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=3rd North East Games Manipur crowned overall champions for third successive time |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Top_Stories_2024.3rd_North_East_Games_Manipur_crowned_overall_champions_for_third_successive_time |work=e-pao.net |date=24 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=North East Games 2024: Manipur retains Championship title |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/sports/north-east-games-2024-manipur-retains-championship-title?fbclid=IwAR3abbMKXEHLzo563B0APOcCP1SPtFwMLYqHN9XRDXAlAqzZr7xJ6DA5VGs |work=Imphal Free Press |date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325043911/https://www.ifp.co.in/sports/north-east-games-2024-manipur-retains-championship-title?fbclid=IwAR3abbMKXEHLzo563B0APOcCP1SPtFwMLYqHN9XRDXAlAqzZr7xJ6DA5VGs |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manipur secures 3rd consecutive victory at Northeast games |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-secures-3rd-consecutive-victory-at-northeast-games-940044-2024-03-24 |work=India Today NE |date=24 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>

Manipur has won the most medals in the first two editions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2022 |title=Manipur tops NEOG for second consecutive time |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/11/17/manipur-tops-neog-for-second-consecutive-time/ |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Uniindia News |title=2nd North East Olympic Games 2022 ends with Manipur triumphant |url=http://www.uniindia.com/2nd-north-east-olympic-games-2022-ends-with-manipur-triumphant/sports/news/2862289.html |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=}}</ref> In third edition, [[Assam]] won most medals and Manipur was declared overall champion as they bagged most gold medals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2024|title=North East Games 2024: Manipur Emerges As Overall Champion|url=https://nagalandpage.com/north-east-games-2024-manipur-emerges-as-overall-champion/ |access-date=19 April 2024|website=nagalandpage.com|language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 March 2024 |title=NEWS ON AIR |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/3rd-edition-of-north-east-games-2024-begins-in-nagaland/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
Initially this tournament was named as North East Olympic Games after the governing body, North East Olympic Association, but in 2024, the [[Indian Olympic Association]] directed the North East Olympic Committee to remove the "Olympic" tag from its name as that was a registered trademark under the [[Olympic Charter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=NOA removes "Olympic rings" from emblem of 3rd North East Olympic Games |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/noa-removes-olympic-rings-from-emblem-of-3rd-north-east-games-2024/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=nagalandtribune.in}}</ref>

In May 2025, it was announced that [[Khelo India]] will develop an annual North-East Games competition under its brand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khelo India To Have Exclusive Nort-Eastern Games Soon: Sports Minister {{!}} Sports News |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/khelo-india-to-have-exclusive-nort-eastern-games-soon-sports-minister-ws-dl-9351053.html |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== List of Editions ==
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#2874A6; color:white;"| Year
!style="background:#2874A6; color:white;"| Edition
!style="background:#2874A6; color:white;"| Host
!style="background:#2874A6; color:white;"| Start date
!style="background:#2874A6; color:white;"| End date
!style="background:#2874A6; color:white;"| Winner
|-
| 2018
| [[2018 North East Olympic Games|1st]]
| [[Manipur at the North East Games|Manipur]]
| 24 October
| 28 October
| Manipur
|-
| 2022
| [[2022 North East Olympic Games|2nd]]
| [[Meghalaya]]
| 30 October
| 6 November
| Manipur
|-
| 2024
| [[2024 North East Olympic Games|3rd]]
| [[Nagaland]]
| 18 March
| 23 March
| Manipur
|-
| 2026
| [[2026 North East Games|4th]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 12 October
| 18 October
| [[To be declared|TBD]]
|}
== See also ==
* [[2022 North East Olympic Games]]
* [[Manipur at the North East Games]]
* [[Manipur Olympic Games]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:North East Games|*]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events in India]]

Ganda Singh (historian)

2026-04-08T04:23:09Z

ElmoPedder14: Started Initial Bio From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian historian (1900–1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Ganda Singh
| image = Portrait photograph of the Sikh historian Ganda Singh as a young man.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait photograph of the Sikh historian Ganda Singh during his time as a writer for the Phulwadi magazine and his appointment as a professor of Sikh history at Khalsa College, Amritsar.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1900|11|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hariana]], [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[British Punjab]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|11|27|1900|11|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Patiala|Patiala, Punjab, India]]
| occupation = Punjabi historian
| spouse =
}}
'''Ganda Singh''' (15 November 1900 – 27 December 1987)<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh (OBE.) |first=Ranjit |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sikh_Achievers/qfuDnpVlmlcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Ganda+Singh+%252227+December+1987%2522&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover |title=Sikh Achievers |date=2008 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=978-81-7010-365-3 |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] and Sikh historian and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ganda Singh (Dr.) |url=https://www.singhbrothers.com/en/ganda-singh |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=Singh Brothers}}</ref> In addition to scores of research papers, booklets and pamphlets, he published over two dozen full-length volumes of historical value.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfuDnpVlmlcC&dq=Dr+Ganda+Singh&pg=PA43 Sikh Achievers,page-43]</ref> He was the founding director of the [[Punjab State Archives]] under [[Yadavindra Singh|Maharaja Yadvinder Singh]] of Patiala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Jangveer |date=28 January 2003 |title=Playing with Punjab’s archival records |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030129/main9.htm |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> He was also the first leader of the [[Sikh History Research Centre]], affiliated with [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh History Research Centre Establishment & Heads |url=https://shrckca.org/sikh-history-research-centre/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Sikh History Research Centre}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ganda Singh was born on 15 November 1900, at Hariana, a town in [[Hoshiarpur district]] of [[British Punjab]] to parents Jawala Singh and Hukam Devi.<ref name=":0" /> His primary-level education was at a local village school.<ref name=":0" /> He was schooled in the local Government Middle School and then the D.A.V. Middle School. He matriculated from Government High School, Hoshiarpur.<ref name=":0" /> Then he went to the [[Forman Christian College]], Lahore.<ref name=":0" />

However, he would soon leave the college to pursue a career in the British Indian Army, being stationed at locations such as Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and Iraq.<ref name=":0" /> In 1921, he left the military and landed a job at the [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company]] in Abadan, Iran, where he worked from 1921 to 1930.<ref name=":0" /> During his time at the oil company, he came into contact with a fellow employee, who was a manager, by the name of Arnold Wilson, who had been a foremost scholar of the era.<ref name=":0" /> Ganda assisted Wilson in his creation of a bibliography covering Iran.<ref name=":0" />

These early intrigues into academia, plus personal visits to Europe, piqued Ganda's interest in seeking a walk of life in historical research work.<ref name=":0" /> Ganda returned to his homeland in 1930 and took up a position as a contributor and writer for the ''Phulwari'' periodical published by Giani Hira Singh in Lahore.<ref name=":0" />

He was wedded to Amar Kaur, who was also known by an alias as 'Inder Kaur'.<ref name=":0" />

==Researcher and historian==
In October 1931 began Ganda Singh's long and fruitful career as a researcher and historian. The [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] placed him in charge of its newly created Sikh History Research Department, a position he kept till 1949.<ref name=":0" /> During this period he travelled extensively, rummaging various public libraries, archives and private collections throughout India in quest of materials on Sikh history, enriching the library of his department.<ref name=":0" /> He visited libraries and literary collections in locations such as Rampur, Bankipur, Patna, Kolkata and Delhi to source written material (rare books and manuscripts) of historical importance to bring back to his college.<ref name=":0" /> He also brought out several books and articles based on these.

In 1938, he had been appointed a corresponding member of Indian Historical Records Commission of Government of India, and was a full member of the Commission from 1950 to 1956.

In 1949, he was appointed Director of Archives and Curator of Museum under the Government of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]].<ref name=":0" /> He was responsible for collecting and compiling the written material (files, records, literature, etc) from eight princely states.<ref name=":0" /> In 1950 he received the additional charge of Director of the Punjabi Department. His thesis on Afghan warlord [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] earned him the degree of [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD) from the [[Panjab University|Punjab University]], Chandigarh, in 1954, as well as much applause from scholars and historians, including [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]].<ref name=":0" />

Ganda Singh was principal of the Khalsa College, Patiala, when he was invited by the [[Punjabi University]], Patiala, to organize its Department of Punjab Historical Studies. in 1965, he set up Punjab History Conference. In 1967, he launched the University's journal, the biannual ''The Panjab Past and Present'', of which he was the editor.<ref name=":0" />

He was nominated member of Punjab Regional Committee for the Survey of Historical Records, Government of Punjab, Lahore, and of [[India Office Records|Indian Historical Records Commission]], Government of India. He was secretary of the Committee for the History of Freedom Movement in PEPSU, Patiala, and chairman of the Regional Records Survey Committee for History of Freedom Movement, Shimla/Patiala, from November 1957 to December 1962. He held membership of [[The Asiatic Society]], Calcutta, Indian Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] and [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]], Pune. He presided over the medieval section of Punjab History Conference session of the Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, held at Shillong in 1974 as well as over its 13th session held at Panaji (Goa) in 1975. In 1974, he presided the 35th session of Indian History Congress at Jadavpur.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

==Awards==
The Government of India honoured him with [[Padma Bhushan]] award in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1984-1984&Name=Ganda%20Singh&Award=Padma%20Bhushan|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> However, he returned this award to protest the government's actions during [[Operation Blue Star]].<ref name=":0" />

He had two [[honorary degree]]s of [[Doctor of Letters]] awarded to him, by [[Aligarh Muslim University]] on 19 December 1964 and by [[Punjabi University]] on 25 February 1978.<ref name=":0" />

The Punjab Government invested him with the Award for Literature on 31 March 1963. On 28 March 1964, the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] officially commended him. ''"Sikh Educational Conference"'' honoured him during its 52nd annual session held at Kanpur on 25–27 October 1974, and Punjabi University, Patiala, at the annual session of the Punjab History Conference held during November 1976. The University also brought out during the same year an anthology, Essays in Honour of Ganda Singh, edited by his old pupil Professor Harbans Singh. The Indian History Congress during its Silver Jubilee session held at Panaji (Goa) on 27 November 1987 honoured him as one of the five distinguished historians of India.{{fact|date=May 2020}}

==Death==
Ganda Singh died at Patiala on 27 December 1987.<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
He donated his entire personal collection of rare books, maps, documents and manuscripts, which occupied several rooms of his modest residence on the Lower Mall at Patiala, to Punjabi University, Patiala.{{fact|date=May 2020}} His knowledge and grasp of the Persian language allowed him to analyze many historical Persian works that were previously unknown or inaccessible to scholars of Sikhism due to the language barrier.<ref name=":0" />

== Bibliography ==
Source: <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2022 |title=Dr. Ganda Singh |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/dr-ganda-singh |website=Sikh Research Institute}}</ref>

=== Research papers, articles, and books in English ===

* Proceedings of The Indian Historical Records Commission
* The Persian Akhbars in The Alienation Office, Poona (Vol. 16, 1939)
* Some New Light on the Treaty of Bhyrowal (16 December 1846) thrown by the private letters of Sir Henry Hardinge (Vol. 17, 1940)
* Nanak Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the 17th Century (Vol. 19(2); August 1940; pp 195–219)
* Last Days of Guru Gobind Singh (Vol. 20(1); April 1941; pp 120–32)
* Akhbarat-I-Lahaur-o-Multan (Vol. 21 December 1944)
* The Punjab News in the Akhbar-I-Darbar-I-Mualla (Vol. 24, February 1948)
* The Journal of Indian History
* Some Correspondence of Maharaja Duleep Singh (Vol. 27(1); April 1949; pp 1-23)
* The Origin of the Hindu-Sikh Tension in The Punjab (Vol. 39(1); April 1961; pp 119–23)
* Three Letters of Maharani Jind Kaur (Vol. 42(1); April 1964; pp 265–80)
* Social and Religious Movements in the Punjab in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Dr. S.P. Sen (Ed.) Dr. Ganda Singh (Author)
* A Brief Account Of The Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh's Death at Nanded - An Examination Of Succession Theories
* A Diary Of The Partition Days 1947, The Panjab in 1839–40: Selections from the Punjab Akhbars
* History of The Gurdwara Shahidganj, Lahore, From its Origin To November 1935 Compiled From Original Sources, Judicial Records and Contemporary Materials
* Importance Of Hair And Turban To The Sikhs - Dr. Ganda Singh Tract No. 396,
* Some Confidential Papers of The Akali Movement
* Life of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records
* Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence (History of the Freedom Movement in the Punjab Volume III)
* Punjab Intelligence, etc. preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi
* The Indian Mutiny of 1857 and the Sikhs
* The Sikhs and Their Religion, Bhagat Lakshman Singh Autobiography - Dr. Ganda Singh (Edited and Annotated), Dr. Ganda Singh Memorial Trust, Gurmat Parkash, SGPC, Amritsar.

=== Books in Punjabi ===

* Guru Gobind Singh Ji di Bani Vich Karam-Yog; January 1997
* Kukian di Vithya Vol.1, Afghanistan da Safar, Amarnama (Pharsi Mool, Panjabi Utara tey Arth) Dr. Ganda Singh (Ed.)

=== Bibliographies ===

* A Bibliography of Patiala and East Panjab States Union
* Bibliography Of Sikh Religious And Historical Literature
* Guru Nanak's Works: A Bibliography
* The National Bibliography of Indian Literature (1901–1953) Vol. 3 (Panjabi)

== See also ==

* [[Sikh Studies]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ganda}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Indian historians]]
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Khalsa College, Amritsar]]
[[Category:Punjabi University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]

1947 Jammu massacres

2026-03-26T07:46:27Z

ElmoPedder14: further add lead based on references also and added references

{{Short description|Genocidal massacres in Jammu}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| date = October 1947 – November 1947
| place = Jammu province, Princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| goals = [[Genocide]],<ref>{{harvnb|Copland, The Abdullah Factor|loc=p. 254 (citation 119)}}: "... the census reveals that the Muslim population of Jammu dropped (as a result of emigration, genocide and other factors) from 61 per cent to 38 per cent between 1941 and 1961."</ref> [[ethnic cleansing]]<ref name="Bhasin"/>{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=179, 183}}{{sfn|Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947|2016|p=150}}<ref name="Noorani"/>
| methods = [[Riot]]ing, [[pogrom]], [[arson]], [[mass rape]]
| side1 = * [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]<ref name="Bhasin">
{{Cite news |last=Ved Bhasin |author-link=Ved Bhasin |title=Jammu 1947 |newspaper=Kashmir Life |date=17 November 2015 |url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/}}
</ref><ref name="Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 182, 183">{{harvnb|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=182, 183}}; {{harvnb|Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947|2016|p=149}}</ref>
* [[Akali Dal|Akalis]]{{sfn|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|pp=25–26}}
* Jammu Hindus
| side2 = * Jammu Muslims
| fatalities = {{flowlist}}
* 20,000–100,000 Muslims{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}}
* A large number of Hindus and Sikhs in Rajouri,<ref name="Bhasin" /> and in Mirpur.{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}}
{{endflowlist}}
}}
[[File:Jammu and Kashmir in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg|thumb|right|305px|The Jammu province of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1946) consisted of the Poonch, Mirpur, Riasi, Jammu, Kathua, and Udhampur districts]]

After the [[Partition of India]], during October–November 1947 in the [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], many Muslims were massacred and others driven away to [[West Punjab]]. The killings were carried out by extremist [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s, aided and abetted by the forces of [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]].{{sfn|Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu?|2001}} The activists of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) played a key role in planning and executing the riots.<ref name="Bhasin">
{{Cite news |last=Ved Bhasin |author-link=Ved Bhasin |title=Jammu 1947 |newspaper=Kashmir Life |date=17 November 2015 |url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/}}
</ref><ref name="Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath 2009 182, 183"/> An estimated 20,000–100,000 Muslims were massacred.{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}} Subsequently, many non-Muslims were massacred by Pakistani tribesmen, in the [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] region of today's [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistani administered Kashmir]],{{efn|[[Christopher Snedden]] writes of unverifiable allegations of 20,000 non-Muslims killed in Mirpur.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=56}}}}{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=97}} and also in the [[Rajauri|Rajouri]] area of Jammu division.<ref name="Bhasin" />

== Background ==
{{further|1947 Poonch Rebellion}}
[[File:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1944.jpg|thumb|219x219px|[[Maharaja Hari Singh]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]]]
At the time of the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the British abandoned their [[suzerainty]] over the [[princely states]], which were left with the options of joining India or Pakistan or remaining independent. [[Hari Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of Jammu and Kashmir, indicated his preference to remain independent of the new dominions. All the major political groups of the state supported the Maharaja's decision, except for the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]], which declared in favour of accession to Pakistan on 19 July 1947.<ref>{{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |author-link=Balraj Puri |title=The Question of Accession |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=11 |pages=4–6 |date=November 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA4 |quote="Eventually they agreed on a modified resolution which 'respectfully and fervently appealed to the Maharaja Bahadur to declare internal autonomy of the State... and accede to the Dominion of Pakistan... However, the General Council did not challenge the maharaja's right to take a decision on accession, and it acknowledged that his rights should be protected even after acceding to Pakistan."}}</ref> The Muslim Conference was popular among Muslims in the Jammu province of the state. It was closely allied with the [[All-India Muslim League]], which was set to inherit Pakistan.

[[Sardar Ibrahim]], the Muslim Conference leader from Poonch used a raising head of unrest fuelled by economic grievances, turning it into a [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|rebellion]] against the Maharaja and demanding accession to Pakistan. Soon Pakistan got involved. On 12 September 1947, the Pakistani prime minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] called a meeting in Lahore where it was decided to support the rebels and to launch an invasion from Pakistan. A 'GHQ Azad' was established under Major General [[Zaman Kiani]] (formerly of the [[Indian National Army]]) in [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], which started conducting raids against the Jammu border.

=== Communal situation in the State ===
Maharaja Hari Singh was seen by informed observers as liberal and non-sectarian, even though, in the run-up to the [[Partition of India|Partition]], he was believed to have come under the influence of the [[Arya Samaj]].<ref>
{{harvnb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=64}}: "Hari Singh, it may be said to his credit, was a liberal-minded ruler when he ascended the throne and remained so till 1931 when to his great misfortune, the political awakening among Muslims touched great heights and led to the demand for responsible government... Hari Singh was prepared to be liberal; he was prepared to give better treatment to his Muslim subjects than they had received before, but he was not prepared for radical political reforms."
</ref><ref>
{{harvnb|Abdullah, Flames of Chinar|1993|p=91}}: "The Maharaja had always appeared to be free from religious prejudices. He was close to his Muslim courtiers especially Nawab Khusro Jung, Abdul Rahman Afandi and Sahibzada Noor Mohammad. But things took a drastic turn at the time when the ''shuddhi'' and ''tabligh'' movements gathered force.... the Maharaja moved closer to the Arya Samaj camp."</ref> At least a third of the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces|state army]] and over half of its police force was Muslim. Both the army and police were headed by British officers until 3 October (Major General [[Henry Lawrence Scott]], Chief of Staff, and Richard Powell, Inspector General of Police).<ref>
{{harvnb|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|pp=54–55}}: "Two-fifths of his state forces and the majority of his police were Muslims. The Chief of Staff--the second in command--of the state forces was a Muslim, as was the chief of police in Jammu."
</ref>{{sfn|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010}} After they stepped down, they were replaced by 'Hindu officers', according to British reports.{{sfn|Ankit, October 1947|2010|p=9}} The Jammu Brigade and the Jammu police were still headed by Muslim officers (Brigadier Khuda Baksh, commanding the Jammu Brigade,<ref>
{{citation |last=Parkash |first=Dewan Ram |title=Fight for Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kc_AAAAMAAJ |year=1948 |publisher=Tagore Memorial Publications |location=New Delhi |page=32}}: A State government press release dated 16 October 1947 stated, "The State has already exposed the canard that the army in Jammu consisted only of Sikhs and Dogras by pointing out that the force is mixed in composition and commanded by Brigadier Khuda Baksh."
</ref> and Mian Abdul Rashid, Senior Superintendent of Police).<ref>
{{harvnb|Amanullah Khan, Free Kashmir|1970|p=92}}: "One day when I came back from my morning prayers, I was told at home that Mian Aziz, brother of Mian Abdul Rashid, Senior Superintendent of Police, Jammu had come to my house and left a message for me to see him."
</ref><ref>
{{citation |author=Lok Sabha |title=Lok Sabha Debates, Volume 12, Issues 27–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl5PAQAAMAAJ |date=January 1963 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=5965}}: Shri Kirit Bikram Deb Burman: Will the Minister of HOME AFFAIRS be pleased to state:
: (a) whether it is a fact that Ex-Inspector General of Police of Jammu and Kashmir State has migrated to Pakistan and his name is Mian Abdul Rashid; and
: (b) whether the said Ex-Inspector General has been appointed intelligence Chief of Azad Kashmir?
The Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs (Shri Datar):
: (a) Yes.
: (b) The Government of India have no information. The Pakistan press has, however, denied this report.</ref>

From June 1946 onwards, the Muslim Conference is reported to have tightened its connections with Pakistan's Muslim League, importing its leaders into the state and starting to train 'National Guards'. Its new leaders ([[Agha Shaukat Ali]] for general secretary and [[Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas]] for president) were "working up anti-Hindu sentiments under the guise of uniting all Muslims", according to the British Resident in Kashmir.{{sfn|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=14}} The Resident also reported that, in March 1947, [[Pir of Manki Sharif]] (from the [[North-West Frontier Province]]) sent his agents to prepare the people for a 'holy crusade' to be carried out by frontier tribes soon after the departure of the British.{{sfn|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|pp=15–16}}

Also in March 1947, following the [[1947 Rawalpindi massacres|massacres in Rawalpindi]], large numbers of Hindus and Sikhs from [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Sialkot]] started arriving in Jammu, bringing "harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities in West Punjab". According to scholar Ilyas Chattha, this eventually provoked counter-violence on Jammu Muslims, which had "many parallels with that in Sialkot".{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=179}}<ref name="Noorani">{{Cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm|title=Horrors of Partition|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|date=25 February 2012|issue=4|volume=29|author-link=A. G. Noorani|newspaper=Frontline}}
</ref> Scholar [[Prem Shankar Jha]] states that, though the arrival of refugees caused considerable unease in Jammu, the city remained free of communal disturbances till the end of September 1947.<ref>
{{harvnb|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=10}};
{{harvnb|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=11}}
</ref>

During August–September 1947, roughly 100,000 Muslims from East Punjab and an equal number of non-Muslims from West Punjab were safely escorted through Jammu by [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]].{{sfn|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010|p=44}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|loc=p. 19: "[Henry Lawrence] Scott, in fact, pointed out in his report to London that Kashmir had remained free of communal trouble despite the fact that the state troops had escorted 100,000 Muslims through Jammu territory on their way to Pakistan, an equal number of Sikhs and Hindus going the other way and that Poonch had become a temporary place of refuge for around 60,000 refugees, mainly Hindus and Sikhs from west Punjab."}}

== Violence against Jammu Muslims ==
According to scholar Ian Copland, the Jammu and Kashmir administration carried out a pogrom against its Muslim subjects in Jammu partly out of revenge for the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|Poonch rebellion]] that started earlier.{{sfn|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 143]}}

Some observers state that a main aim of Hari Singh and his administration was to alter the demographics of the region by eliminating the Muslim population, in order to ensure a Hindu majority in the region.<ref name="Bhasin" />{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=179, 183}}<ref name="Noorani" />

Scholar Ilyas Chattha and Jammu journalist [[Ved Bhasin]] blame the mishandling of law and order by Maharaja Hari Singh and his armed forces in Jammu, for the large scale communal violence in the region.<ref name=Noorani /><ref name=Bhasin />

=== Massacres ===
On 14 October, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] activists and the [[Akali Dal|Akalis]] attacked various villages of Jammu district—Amrey, Cheak, Atmapur and Kochpura—and after killing some Muslims, looted their possessions and set their houses on fire.{{sfn|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|pp=25–26}}{{sfn|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998|pp=115-116, note 90}} There was mass killing of Muslims in and around Jammu city. The state troops led the attacks. The state officials provided arms and ammunition to the rioters. The administration had demobilised many Muslim soldiers in the state army and had discharged Muslim police officers.{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=180, 182}}{{efn|According to the accounts of refugees, the Maharaja was "in person commanding all the forces which were ethnically cleansing the Muslims".{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=183}}{{sfn|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood|2005|p=156}}
}} Most of the Muslims outside the Muslim dominated areas were killed by the communal rioters who moved in vehicles with arms and ammunition, though the city was officially put under curfew.<ref>
{{citation |last=Bhasin |first=Ved |author-link=Ved Bhasin |title=Jammu 1947 |publisher=[[Kashmir Life]] |date=17 November 2015 |url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/ |quote=The curfew, it appeared, was meant only to check the movement of Muslims.}}
</ref> Many [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] men and women who used to supply milk to the city from the surrounding villages were reportedly massacred en route. It is said that the Ramnagar reserve in Jammu was littered with the dead bodies of Gujjar men, women and children. In the Muslim localities of [[Jammu|Jammu city]], ''Talab Khatikan'' and ''Mohalla Ustad'', Muslims were surrounded and were denied water supply and food. The Muslims in Talab Khatikan area had joined to defend themselves with the arms they could gather, who later received support from the Muslim Conference. They were eventually asked to surrender and the administration asked them to go to Pakistan for their safety. These Muslims and others who wanted to go to Sialkot, in thousands, were loaded in numerous trucks and were escorted by the troops in the first week of November. When they reached the outskirts of the city, they were pulled out and killed by armed Sikhs and RSS men, while abducting the women.<ref name="Bhasin" />{{sfn|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|pp=25–26}}{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=183}}

There were also reports of large-scale massacres of Muslims in Udhampur district, particularly in proper [[Udhampur]], [[Chenani]], Ramnagar, [[Bhadrawah|Bhaderwah]] and [[Reasi]] areas. Killing of numerous Muslims was reported from Chhamb, Deva Batala, Manawsar and other parts of [[Akhnoor]] with many people fleeing to Pakistan or moving to Jammu. In [[Kathua]] district and [[Billawar]] area, there was extensive killing of Muslims with women being raped and abducted.<ref name="Bhasin"/><ref name="Ahmad">
{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Khalid Bashir |title=circa 1947: A Long Story |newspaper=Kashmir Life |date=5 November 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/circa-1947-a-long-story-67652/}}
</ref>

On 16 November 1947, [[Sheikh Abdullah]] arrived in Jammu and a refugee camp was set up in ''Mohalla Ustad''.<ref name=Bhasin />

=== Observations ===
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 85%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |"To recall those days of communal orgy my only objective is to point out that a communalist and killer has no religion. It was the humanity that was the victim of communal fanatics... we should better learn appropriate lessons from history and not allow the communal fanatics of one or the other community to vitiate the atmosphere and disturb communal peace and harmony."
— [[Ved Bhasin]], who witnessed the Jammu violence in 1947.<ref name=Bhasin />
|}
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] commented on the situation in Jammu on 25 December 1947 in his speech at a prayer meeting in New Delhi: "The Hindus and Sikhs of Jammu and those who had gone there from outside killed Muslims. The Maharaja of Kashmir is responsible for what is happening there…A large number of Muslims have been killed there and Muslim women have been dishonoured."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baIYX6OGINoC|title=The second assassination of Gandhi? by Ram Puniyani|publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors|year=2003|isbn=9788174951489|pages=91, 92|chapter=Document Twenty}}</ref>

According to Ved Bhasin and scholar Ilyas Chattha, the Jammu riots were executed by members of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) who were joined by the refugees from West Pakistan, and were supported strongly by Hari Singh and his administration with a main aim to change the demographic composition of Jammu region and ensure a non-Muslim majority. Bhasin states, the riots were "clearly" planned by the activists of RSS.<ref name=Bhasin />{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=182, 183}} Observers have noted that the [[Akali Dal|Akali]] Sikhs and some former members of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) also participated in this violence along with the RSS and state forces.{{sfn|Copland, The Abdullah Factor|p=244}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Impact of Partition: Refugees in Pakistan: Struggle for Empowerment and State's Response |last=Hassan |first=Amtul |date=2006 |publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies |isbn=9788173046988 |pages=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnHaAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Nation, the State, and Indian Identity |last1=Dutta |first1=Madhusree |last2=Flavia |last3=Adarkar |first3=Neera |date=1996 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788185604091 |pages=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clVkXbbcrhIC&pg=PA145}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition |last=Hajari |first=Nisid |date=2015 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=9780547669243 |pages=209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJGdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209}}</ref>

Bhasin says that the massacres took place in the presence of the then Jammu and Kashmir's Prime Minister [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] and the governor of Jammu, Lala Chet Ram Chopra, and that some of those who led these riots in Udhampur and Bhaderwah later joined the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] with some of them also serving as ministers.<ref name=Bhasin />{{efn|{{citation |last1=Ved Bhasin |title=Jammu 1947 |date=17 November 2015 |url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/ |publisher=[[Kashmir Life]] |author1-link=Ved Bhasin }}: "Another incident that I recall is about Mr [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] who told a delegation of Hindus who met him in the palace when he arrived in Jammu that now when the power is being transferred to the people they should better demand parity. When one of them associated with National Conference asked how can they demand parity when there is so much difference in population ratio. Pointing to the Ramnagar rakh below, where some bodies of Muslims were still lying he said "the population ratio too can change".}}

=== Estimates of people killed and displaced ===
An early official calculation made in Pakistan, using headcount data, estimated 50,000 Muslims killed.{{sfn|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood|2005|pp=153–154}} A team of two [[English people|Englishmen]] jointly commissioned by the governments of India and Pakistan investigated seven major incidents of violence between 20 October – 9 November 1947, estimating 70,000 deaths.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=52–53}} Scholar Ian Copland estimated total deaths to be around 80,000,{{sfn|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood|2005|p=153}} while Ved Bhasin estimated them to be around 100,000.<ref name="Ahmad" /> Scholar [[Christopher Snedden]] says, the number of Muslims killed were between 20,000 and 100,000.{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}} Justice [[Muhammad Yusuf Saraf|Yusuf Saraf]] estimates them to be between 20,000 and 30,000.{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=133}}

Much higher figures were reported by newspapers at that time. A report by a special correspondent of ''The Times'', published on 10 August 1948, stated that a total of 237,000 Muslims were either killed or migrated to Pakistan.{{sfn|Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu?|2001}}{{efn|To quote 10 August 1948 report published in ''[[The Times]]'': {{blockquote|"237,000 Muslims were systematically exterminated – unless they escaped to Pakistan along the border – by the forces of the Dogra State headed by the Maharaja in person and aided by Hindus and Sikhs. This happened in October 1947, five days before the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Pathan invasion]] and nine days before the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Maharaja’s accession to India]]."}} The number of 237,000 was out of 411,000 Muslims said to have lived in the 'eastern Jammu' province. No calculations for the exact figure were given and the figure was not broken down into deaths and escapes. The 'Special Correspondent' that authored the report is later identified as Frederick Paul Mainprice, the former Assistant Political Agent of the [[Gilgit Agency]], who worked as a Deputy Secretary for the Pakistan government during 1948–49 "specialising on the Kashmir problem".{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=55, 330}}<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/oldsite/brrrkg/archive/papers/handlist/Handlist_M.htm |title=MAINPRICE PAPERS |publisher=South Asian Studies Archive, University of Cambridge |access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref>}} The editor of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' Ian Stephens claimed that 500,000 Muslims, "the entire Muslim element of the population", was eliminated and 200,000 "just disappeared".{{sfn|Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu?|2001|p=121}} Scholar Ian Copland finds these figures dubious.{{efn|{{harvnb|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood|2005|p=153}}: "None of these figures, however, are authoritative.... And the ''Times'' man, too, seems to have harboured Pakistani sympathies and, more importantly, offers no clues as to the source of his information."}}

The Pakistani newspaper ''[[Nawa-i-Waqt]]'' reported that more than 100,000 Jammu refugees had arrived in [[Sialkot]] by 20 November 1947.{{sfn|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=185}} Snedden, on the other hand, cites a "comprehensive report" in ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', which said that 200,000 Muslims went as refugees to Pakistan in October–November 1947.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=56}} An unidentified organisation in Pakistan counted refugees from Jammu and Kashmir during May–July 1949, and found 333,964 refugees from the Indian-held parts of the state.{{sfn|Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu?|2001|p=125}} Of these, an estimated 100,000 refugees returned to their homes in 1949–1950, leaving an estimated 233,964 refugees in Pakistan.<ref name="Saraf returnees"/> Based on the electoral rolls of [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] in 1970, the number that remained in Pakistan is estimated to be in the range 219,718 – 259,047.<ref>{{harvnb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=133}}: "In the 1970 elections for A.K. President as well as the Legislative Assembly, the number of voters from Jammu province, residing in Pakistan, was 2,29,152. The population percentage of voters for Pakistan elections which were held in the same year was about 50%. It would take the population figures of Jammu refugees in Pakistan in 1970 to about five lakhs." [Based on the population growth rates of Pakistan given (1941–1951: 17.9%, 1951–1961: 26.9%, 1961–1972: 52.1%), this corresponds to a population level of 219,718 in 1941 and 259,047 in 1951.]</ref>

== Violence against Hindus and Sikhs in Rajouri and Mirpur ==
Muslims in the western districts of [[Poonch jagir]] began an agitation against taxes in mid-1947, which escalated into an armed rebellion against Hari Singh's government, and expanded to [[Mirpur district]].{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|pp=164–167}} In October 1947, a force of [[Pathan]] tribesman crossed into Kashmir from Pakistan's [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] and the adjoining princely states and [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal areas]].{{sfn|Bhatia|2020|pp=80–82}} The rebels took control of most of the countryside in these districts by the end of the month, driving non-Muslims to seek shelter in towns where the State troops were garrisoned. Beginning on 24 October, the towns themselves fell to the rebels: [[Bhimber]] (24 October), [[Rajauri]] (7 November), and [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] (25 November).{{sfn|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=97}}

=== Rajouri ===
Rajouri was held by the "Azad Kashmir forces", or rebels from Poonch, and the raiders, until April 1948, when the town was taken by the Indian armed forces.{{sfn|Bhatia|2020|pp=80–82}} The Hindus facing this persecution included the town's residents as well as those displaced from the surrounding countryside.{{sfn|Bhatia|2020|pp=80–82}} Some Hindus were able to escape, while others were sheltered by sympathetic Muslims.{{sfn|Bhatia|2020|pp=80–82}} Mass suicides and killings, including by beheading or poisoning, occurred among women, sometimes at the hands of men in their family. These were the result of fears that they would be sexually abused by the raiders.{{sfn|Bhatia|2020|pp=80–82}} The capture of Rajouri from the raiders is commemorated on 13 April,<ref>
{{cite news |title=The day Rajouri was recaptured |last=Maini |first=K.D. |date=12 April 2015 |website=dailyexcelsior.com |publisher=Daily Excelsior |access-date=19 October 2020 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/the-day-rajouri-was-recaptured/}}
</ref> and a monument was erected to honour the incident in the town.{{sfn|Bhatia|2020|pp=80–82}}

=== Mirpur ===
After the Indian army repelled the Pashtun raiders from near [[Srinagar]] on 25 November, the raiders turned to [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]], in present-day [[Azad Kashmir]].{{sfn|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|p=28}} Political scientist [[Christopher Snedden]] writes of unverifiable allegations that 20,000 non-Muslims were killed on and shortly after 25 November in Mirpur, and a further 2500 were abducted.{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=56}}{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}} In the district of Mirpur and nearby regions of [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]], Hindu and Sikh women were also raped and abducted.{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}} November 25 is now commemorated as "Mirpur Day" in Indian-administered Kashmir.{{sfn|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|p=30}}

== Population figures ==
The table below compares the 1941 percentage of Muslim population with the present percentage for the Indian-administered part of the [[Jammu Division|Jammu province]] and gives figures for estimated 'loss' of Muslims, due to deaths as well as migration.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Region
! 1941 Population{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=28}}
! 1941 Muslim proportion{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=28}}
! 2011 Muslim proportion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |publisher=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |title=C-1 Population by religious community (2011 Census) |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>
! Loss of Muslims (est){{efn|These figures are notional. They represent the number of Muslims lost to the state, due to either deaths or out-migration, so that the 2011 demographic percentage could have been obtained. It is derived by multiplying the 1941 population figure by the factor (1941 percentage – 2011 percentage)/(100 – 2011 percentage). If there was in-migration of Muslims or if the Muslim population grew at faster rate than the rest, these figures would be underestimates. If there was in-migration of non-Muslims, these figures would be overestimates.}}
|-
| Jammu District{{efn|The 1947 Jammu district is now divided into [[Jammu district|Jammu]] and [[Samba district|Samba]] districts}}
|| 431,362 || 39.6% || 7.1% || 151,010
|-
| Kathua District || 177,672 || 25.3% || 10.4% || 29,567
|-
| Udhampur District (inc. Chenani){{efn|The 1947 Udhampur district is now divided into [[Ramban district|Ramban]], [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]], [[Doda district|Doda]] and [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]] districts}}
|| 306,013 || 42.7% || 41.5% || 5,975
|-
| Reasi District{{efn|The 1947 Reasi district is now divided into [[Reasi district|Reasi]] and [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]] districts}}
|| 257,903 || 68.1% || 58.4% || 59,804
|--
| Jammu province<br/>(exc. [[History of Poonch District|Poonch]] and [[Mirpur district#History|Mirpur]]) || 1,172,950 || 44.5% || 27.9% || 246,356
|--
| [[Poonch jagir]] || 421,828 || 90.0% || 90.4% || –
|}
[[File: Jammu & Kashmir Distrikte.svg|thumb|right|Present day district map of Jammu and Kashmir]]
Scholar Ian Copland tries to estimate how many Muslims might have been killed in the Jammu violence based on demographic data. If the headcount figure of 333,964 refugees from the Indian-administered parts of the state{{sfn|Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu?|2001|p=125}} is used to calculate an estimate, one ends up with a surplus rather than a deficit.{{sfn|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood|2005|p=153}}{{efn|An even higher figure of 500,000 Muslim refugees was reported in ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' on 2 January 1951.{{sfn|Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu?|2001|p=125}} Scholar Ilyas Chattha has claimed that over 1 million Muslims were uprooted owing to the violence.{{sfn|Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947|2016|p=145}} Evidently, such high figures are not supported by the demographic data.}} However, Justice [[Muhammad Yusuf Saraf|Yusuf Saraf]] estimates that 100,000 Jammu refugees returned to their homes in 1949–1950.<ref name="Saraf returnees">{{harvnb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=481}}: "Towards the middle of 1949, a movement for return started on a small scale which gained momentum by the end of 1950. A fair estimate of the returnees is about a hundred thousand. Sheikh Abdullah's Government re-settled them on their abandoned properties, advanced taqqavi loans and appointed a special staff to look after their problems."</ref>{{efn|Jammu and Kashmir government has claimed that 200,000 refugees returned.<ref>{{citation |title=Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–50: An Account of Activities of First Three Years of Sheikh Abdullah's Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjHHO3z_1_wC |year=1951 |publisher=Printed at the Ranbir Government Press |page=90}}</ref>}} If we deduct this 100,000 from the original headcount figure, the estimate of Muslims killed would be a few tens of thousands.{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=133}}{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}}

The table below compares the 1941 percentage of 'Hindu & Sikh' population (H/S population) with that in 1951 for the areas of Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] (comprising 89 per cent of the Mirpur District, 60 per cent of the Poonch Jagir and 87 per cent of the Muzaffarabad District).{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=167}}
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Region
! 1941 Population{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=28}}
! 1941 H/S proportion{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=28}}
! 1951 Population{{sfn|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=161}}{{efn|Figures from the 1951 census of Pakistan. They only cover the areas that came under Pakistani control.}}
! 1951 H/S proportion<ref>{{harvnb|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}: "By 1951, of the former approximately 114,000 non-Muslims who in 1941 had lived in areas that later came to comprise Azad Kashmir... only a paltry 790 non-Muslims remained."</ref>
! Loss of Hindus/Sikhs (est)
|-
| [[Mirpur district#History|Mirpur District]]
|| 386,655 || 19.6% || 371,459 || – || 15,196
|-
| [[Poonch Jagir]]
|| 421,828 || 10.0% || 293,723 || – || 128,105
|-
| [[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad District]]
|| 264,671 || 7.1% || 220,971 || – || 43,700
|-
|--
| Azad Kashmir Districts{{efn|Mirpur and Poonch were part of the Jammu province in the princely state whereas Muzaffarabad was part of the Kashmir province.}}
|| 1,073,154 || 12.7% || 886,153 || 0.09% || 113,210
|--
|}
The Government of Jammu and Kashmir rehabilitated 36,384 refugee families from Azad Kashmir territories.<ref>Naseer Ganai, [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/the-forgotten-refugees-from-west-pakistan-in-jammu-news-305404 The Forgotten Refugees From West Pakistan In Jammu], ''Outlook'', 18 January 2024.</ref> With an average household size of 4.95,{{efn|In the 1941 census, the Mirpur district had a population of 547,917 people living in 124,133 households; the Poonch district had a population of 421,828 people in 78,523 households; and the Muzaffarabad district had a population of 264,671 in 46,783 households.<ref name="1941 census">{{cite book |last=Wreford |first=R.G. |title=Jammu and Kashmir, Part III |series=[[1941 Census of India]] |year=1941}}</ref>}} that gives an estimated population of 180,100 people that were killed or displaced from these territories.{{efn|This figure is higher than the figure from the 1941 census, possibly because it would have included the Hindu and Sikh populations displaced from [[Hazara Division|Hazara District]] and [[Rawalpindi Division]] who had been given refuge by the Maharaja's administration prior to the Pakistani tribal invasion.<ref>{{harvp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|pp=56–57}}; {{harvp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=61}}</ref>}} It would not cover the families that might have been completely eliminated by the Azad rebels and tribal raiders.

== See also ==
*[[Persecution of Muslims]]
*[[Violence against Muslims in India]]
*[[Timeline of the Kashmir conflict]]
*[[Kashmir conflict]]
*[[Partition of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{citation |first=Sheikh Mohammad |last=Abdullah |authorlink=Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah |title=Flames of the Chinar: an autobiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dC1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670853182 |ref={{sfnref|Abdullah, Flames of Chinar|1993}}}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir |magazine=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yUy7QpJp7MC |date=May 2010 |pages=44–49 |via=issuu.com |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010}} }}
* {{cite magazine |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=October 1947 |magazine=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=11 |date=November 2010 |pages=9– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA9 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, October 1947|2010}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Mohita |title=Rethinking Conflict at the Margins: Dalits and Borderland Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir: Going Beyond the Dominant Discourse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxzhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |year=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-83602-9}}
* {{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1625-9 |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom|2013}}}}
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas Ahmad |title=Partition and Its Aftermath: Violence, Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio-Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities, 1947–1961 |date=September 2009 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366712/ |publisher=Centre for Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, School of Humanities, University of Southampton |access-date=16 February 2016 |ref={{sfnref|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009}}}}
:*Since republished as {{cite book |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas |title=Partition and Locality: Violence, Migration and Development in Gujranwala and Sialkot 1947–1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780199061723}}
* {{cite book |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas |chapter=The Long Shadow of 1947: Partition, Violence and Displacement in Jammu & Kashmir |editor1=Amritjit Singh |editor2=Nalini Iyer |editor3=Rahul K. Gairola |title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |year=2016 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4 |pages=143–156|ref={{sfnref|Chattha, The Long Shadow of 1947|2016}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Copland |first=Ian |chapter=The Abdullah Factor: Kashmiri Muslims and the Crisis of 1947 |editor=D. A. Low |title=Political Inheritance of Pakistan |year=1991 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349115563 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254 |ref={{sfnref|Copland, The Abdullah Factor}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900-1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 |year=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-00598-3 |pages=153– |ref={{sfnref|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood|2005}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |date=2012 |orig-year=first published 1968 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |authorlink=Prem Shankar Jha |title=Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBORQgAACAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563766-3 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996}}}}
** {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |title=The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kluAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566486-7 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Khan |first=Amanullah |authorlink=Amanullah Khan (JKLF) |title=Free Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY4l0rB0Ut0C |year=1970 |location=Karachi |publisher=Central Printing Press |ref={{sfnref|Amanullah Khan, Free Kashmir|1970}}}}
* {{citation |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=The First Kashmir War Revisited |journal=India Review |volume=7 |number=2 |pages=115–154 |doi=10.1080/14736480802055455 |date=May 2008 |s2cid=155030407 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Luv |title=Across the Line of Control: Inside Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Hurst |year=2012 |isbn=9781849041737 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYVcuqYr5FIC&pg=PA25 |ref={{sfnref|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India: A Strategic History of the Nehru Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |orig-date=1979 |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |location=Mirpur |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3541 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=What happened to Muslims in Jammu? Local identity, '"the massacre" of 1947' and the roots of the 'Kashmir problem' |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=24 |number=2 |year=2001 |pages=111–134 |doi=10.1080/00856400108723454 |s2cid=143991832 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, What happened to Muslims in Jammu?|2001}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |year=2013 |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Pakistan: A Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC |year=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-21606-1 |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* Khalid Bashir Ahmad, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190403180443/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/jammu-1947-tales-of-bloodshed/179823.html Jammu 1947: Tales of Bloodshed], Greater Kashmir, 5 November 2014.

{{Kashmir conflict}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu massacres, 1947}}
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres in Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1947]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:20th century in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th century in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
[[Category:October 1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:November 1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:1947 murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Crime in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Wartime sexual violence in Asia]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Rape in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mass kidnappings]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in Pakistan]]

Daltonganj railway station

2026-03-25T18:47:25Z

ElmoPedder14: Started First Data V1.

{{short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Daltonganj Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = DTORS.jpg
| image_caption = Daltonganj railway station entry gate
| address = [[Medininagar]], [[Palamu district]], Jharkhand
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.03329|N|86.07452|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|224.00|m|ft}}
| line = [[Barkakana-Son Nagar line]]
| other =
| structure = In development
| platform = 3+1
| tracks = 6
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| classification = '''NSG‑4'''<ref>{{cite web |title=New Category of Stations |url=https://ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1576658252236-New%20Catagory%20of%20stations.pdf |publisher=East Central Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Double electrified 1992
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DTO
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| division = Dhanbad
}}
| owned = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| former = East Indian Railway
| passengers = 27,000 per day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| route_map = {{Barkakana–Son Nagar line}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India
| map_dot_label = Daltonganj railway station
| map_caption = Location in [[Jharkhand]]##Location in India
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
}}

'''Daltonganj railway station''' (station code: '''DTO''') is a railway station serving the cities of [[Medininagar]] and Palamu in Palamu district of the Indian state of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DaltonGanj Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone – Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/daltonganj-dto/1116 |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2025 |title=Two toilets on platform no. 1 of Daltonganj railway station non-functional |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/two-toilets-on-platform-no-1-of-daltonganj-railway-station-non-functional/articleshow/125988374.cms |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is also the headquarters of the Palamu division of the [[East Central Railway Zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Reach {{!}} Palamu {{!}} India |url=https://palamu.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> Daltonganj is a major station on the CIC route and will be a primary hub on the Ranchi–New Delhi route after the opening of the Ranchi–Tori rail line{{When|date=December 2025}}. Major trains such as the [[Ranchi Rajdhani Express]], [[Muri Express]], [[Sambalpur–Varanasi Express]], [[Palamu Express]], [[Ranchi–Varanasi Express]], [[Ranchi–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express]], [[Triveni Express]], [[Ahmedabad Kolkata Express]], [[Jharkhand Swarna Jayanti Express]], [[Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express]], and [[Shaktipunj Express]] also stop here.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail board approves new travel route for Rajdhani Express |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/rail-board-approves-new-travel-route-for-rajdhani-express/85996201 |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=ETInfra.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Daltonganj to Daltonganj Trains |url=https://erail.in/ |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=erail.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Passengers demand longer stop of 4 trains at Daltonganj station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/passengers-demand-longer-stop-of-4-trains-at-daltonganj-station/articleshow/104271110.cms |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Daltonganj has trains running frequently to [[Ranchi]], Delhi, Kolkata, Varanasi, and Patna.

==History==
{{Expand section|date=April 2012|small=no}}
[[File:Daltonganj platform.jpg|180px|thumb| station platform no 2]]
[[File:NDLS-Kanpur-.DDU-Daltonganj-Ranchi railway route.gif|180px|thumb| New Delhi to Ranchi via Daltonganj]]

In 2003, the Dhanbad division was carved out from the existing Dhanbad railway division of the [[Eastern Railway Zone]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Daltonganj station on a weak platform|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111019/jsp/jharkhand/story_14640750.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021104347/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111019/jsp/jharkhand/story_14640750.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=26 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=19 October 2011|location=Calcutta|first=Santosh K.|last=Kiro}}</ref> As of 2012, Daltonganj station is being renovated and developed in the lines of {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}}. The ceilings of the Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS) and the Passenger Reservation System (PRS) are being beautified with scenery.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} The facade of the Daltonganj station was embellished in February 2012.<ref name=achievements2012>{{cite web|title=ACHIEVEMENTS DURING THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY 2012|url=http://www.serranchi.org/about/pdf/achievement.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328052858/https://www.serranchi.org/about/pdf/achievement.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2022|publisher=South Eastern Railway Dhanbad|access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

==Connections==
[[File:Daltonganj station bord.jpg|150px|thumb|Station sign]]

Daltonganj station is located close to a bus terminal and a domestic airport providing transport to important destinations in Jharkhand. The nearest airports to Daltonganj station are:

# [[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] – {{Convert|168|km}}
# [[Gaya Airport]] – {{Convert|181|km}}
# [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] – {{Convert|310|km}}
# [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]] – {{Convert|575|km}}

==Trains==
Several local electric passenger trains also run from Daltonganj to neighbouring destinations at frequent intervals.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train name !! Train number!! Source !! Destination
|-
| Bsb Rnc Express || 18612 || Varanasi Junction ||Ranchi
|-
| Sbp Bsb Express || 18311 || Ranchi || Varanasi Junction
|-
| Aii Koaa Special || 03138 || Ajmer Junction ||Howrah Junction
|-
| Shaktipunj Express || 11447 || Howrah Junction || Jabalpur Junction
|-
|Shaktipunj Express
|11448
|Jabalpur
|Howrah
|-
|Jharkhand S J E
|12874
|ANVT
|Hatia
|-
| Jharkhand S J E || 12873 || Hatia || Anand Vihar Trm
|-
|RNC Garibnwaz E
|18632
|Ajmer
|Ranchi
|-
| RNC Garibnwaz E || 18631 || Ranchi || Ajmer Junction
|-
| Sbp Bsb Express || 18311 || Sambalpur || Varanasi Junction
|-
|Tatanagar–Jammu tawi
|18101
|Tatanagar
|Jammu Tawi
|-
| Rou Muri Jat Express || 18109 || Rourkela || Jammu Tawi
|-
| Tribeni Express || 84369 || Barwadih Junction || Bareilly
|-
|Ranchi Varanasi Exp
|18611
|Ranchi
|Varanasi
|-
|RNC–NDLS Raj Exp
|12453
|Ranchi
|New Delhi
|-
|RNC–NDLS G Rath Exp
|12877
|Ranchi
|New Delhi
|-
|Palamu Express
|13347
|Barkakana Jn
|Patna Jn
|-
|Sare Jahan Se Accha Exp
|19413
|Kolkata
|Ahemdabad
|-
|Santragachi Ajmer Exp
|18009
|Santragachi
|Ajmer
|-
|Ranchi Rajdhani
|12454
|New Delhi
|Ranchi
|-
|Ranchi Chopan Exp
|18613
|Ranchi
|Chopan
|}

==See also==
* [[Daltonganj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Daltonganj}}
* [http://daltonganjcity.com/ Official website of Palamau District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127053351/http://www.daltonganjcity.com/ |date=27 November 2021 }}

{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Palamu district]]
[[Category:Medininagar]]
[[Category:Dhanbad railway division]]

Plutarch

2026-03-24T05:51:36Z

ElmoPedder14: minor edit

{{Short description|Greek philosopher and historian (c. AD 40 – 120s)}}
{{distinguish|Plutocracy{{!}}Plutarchy}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Plutarch
| image = Portrait of a philosopher, maybe Plutarch, 2nd century BC, AM Delphi, 0135.jpg
| caption = 2nd-century bust from Delphi sometimes identified as Plutarch
| birth_date = before AD 50
| birth_place = [[Chaeronea]], [[Boeotia]]
| death_date = after AD 120
| death_place = [[Delphi]], [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocis]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Biographer]]|essayist|[[philosopher]]|[[priest]]|diplomat|[[magistrate]]}}
|school_tradition = [[Middle Platonism]]
|notable_works = ''[[Parallel Lives]]''<br />''[[Moralia]]''
|region = [[Ancient philosophy]]
|era = [[Ancient Roman philosophy]]
|main_interests = [[Epistemology]], [[ethics]], [[history]], [[metaphysics]]
}}
'''Plutarch''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|l|uː|t|ɑr|k}}; {{langx|grc|Πλούταρχος}}, ''Ploútarchos'', {{IPA|grc-x-koine|ˈplúːtarkʰos|lang|link=yes}}; before AD 50 – after 120{{sfn|Russell|2012}}) was a Greek and later Roman [[Middle Platonist]] philosopher,{{sfn|Dillon|1996|p=184}} historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the [[Temple of Apollo (Delphi)|Temple of Apollo]] in [[Delphi]]. He is known primarily for his ''[[Parallel Lives]]'', a series of biographies of illustrious Greeks and Romans, and ''[[Moralia]]'', a collection of essays and speeches.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy|title=Plutarch }}</ref> Upon becoming a [[Roman citizen]], he was possibly named '''Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus''' ({{lang|grc|Λούκιος Μέστριος Πλούταρχος}}).{{sfn|Russell|2012}}{{efn|It was common practice for "new Romans" to adopt the name of their patrons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salway |first=Benet |author-link=Benet Salway |date=1994 |title=What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700 |journal=[[Journal of Roman Studies]] |volume=84 |pages=137–140 |doi=10.2307/300873 |jstor=300873 |s2cid=162435434}}</ref>}}

== Family ==
Plutarch was born to a prominent family in the small town of [[Chaeronea]],{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=13}} about {{convert|30|km}} east of [[Delphi]], in the Greek region of [[Boeotia]]. His family was long established in the town; his father was named Autobulus and his grandfather was named [[Lamprias]].{{sfn|Russell|2012}} His brothers, Timon and Lamprias, are frequently mentioned in his essays and dialogues, which speak of Timon in particular in the most affectionate terms.

== Studies and life ==
Plutarch studied [[mathematics]] and [[philosophy]] in [[Roman Athens|Athens]] under [[Ammonius of Athens|Ammonius]] from AD 66 to 67.<ref name="eb">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Plutarch|volume=21|pages=857–860|last1=Paley|first1=Frederick Apthorp|author1-link=Frederick Apthorp Paley|last2=Mitchell|first2=John Malcolm|short=1}}</ref> He attended the games of Delphi where the emperor [[Nero]] competed and possibly met prominent Romans, including future emperor [[Vespasian]].{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=14}} At some point, Plutarch received [[Roman citizenship]]. His sponsor was [[Lucius Mestrius Florus]], who was an associate of the new emperor Vespasian, as evidenced by his new name, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus.{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=14}} As a Roman citizen, Plutarch would have been of the [[Equestrian (Roman)|equestrian]] order. He visited Rome some time {{circa|AD 70}} with Florus, who served also as a historical source for his ''Life of Otho''.<ref>Plutarch, ''Otho'' 14.1</ref>{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=14}} Plutarch was on familiar terms with a number of Roman nobles, particularly the consulars [[Quintus Sosius Senecio]], [[Titus Avidius Quietus]], and [[Arulenus Rusticus]], all of whom appear in his works.{{sfn|Jones|1971|p=20-27}}

[[File:Plutarch and herm.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a philosopher alongside a [[Herm (sculpture)|hermaic]] [[stele]] dedicated to Plutarch at the [[Delphi Archaeological Museum]]]]
Plutarch lived most of his life at Chaeronea, and was initiated into the [[Greco-Roman mysteries|mysteries]] of the Greek god [[Apollo]]. He probably took part in the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/32/the-eleusinian-mysteries-the-rites-of-demeter/|title=The Eleusinian Mysteries: The Rites of Demeter|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|date=18 January 2012 |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> During his visit to Rome, he may have been part of a municipal embassy for [[Delphi]]: around the same time, Vespasian granted Delphi various municipal rights and privileges.{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=15}} Some time {{circa|AD 95}}, Plutarch was made one of the two sanctuary priests for the temple of Apollo at Delphi; the site had declined considerably since the classical Greek period. Around the same time in the 90s, Delphi experienced a construction boom, financed by Greek patrons and possible imperial support.{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=20}} There was a portrait bust dedicated to Plutarch for his efforts in helping to revive the Delphic shrines.{{sfn|Russell|2012}} The portrait of a philosopher exhibited at the exit of the [[Delphi Archaeological Museum|Archaeological Museum of Delphi]] dates to the 2nd century; due to its inscription, in the past it had been identified with Plutarch. The man, although bearded, is depicted at a relatively young age: His hair and beard are rendered in coarse volumes and thin incisions. The gaze is deep, due to the heavy eyelids and the incised pupils.<ref>{{cite web |title=SELECTED EXHIBITS – Archaeological Site of Delphi – Museum of Delphi |url=https://delphi.culture.gr/museum/selected-exhibits/ |website=Delphi.culture.gr |publisher=Delphi Archaeological Museum |access-date=26 October 2022 |date=11 December 2019}}</ref> A fragmentary [[Herm (sculpture)|hermaic]] [[stele]] ''next'' to the portrait probably did once bear a portrait of Plutarch, since it is inscribed, "The Delphians, along with the Chaeroneans, dedicated this (image of) Plutarch, following the precepts of the Amphictyony" ({{lang|grc|"Δελφοὶ Χαιρωνεῦσιν ὁμοῦ Πλούταρχον ἔθηκαν}} | {{lang|grc|τοῖς Ἀμφικτυόνων δόγμασι πειθόμενοι}}").<ref>''Syll.''<sup>3</sup> 843=''CID'' 4, no. 151 {{full citation needed|date=July 2021}}</ref>

In addition to his duties as a priest of the [[Temple of Apollo (Delphi)|Delphic temple]], Plutarch was also a [[magistrate]] at Chaeronea and he represented his home town on various missions to foreign countries during his early adult years. Plutarch held the office of [[archon]] in his native municipality, probably only an annual one which he likely served more than once.<ref>{{cite book|title=Plutarch's Lives|last=Clough|first=Arthur Hugh|year=1864|publisher=Liberty Library of Constitutional Classics|chapter-url=http://www.constitution.org/rom/plutarch/intro.htm|chapter=Introduction }}</ref> Plutarch was [[epimeletes]] (manager) of the [[Amphictyonic League]] for at least five terms, from 107 to 127, in which role he was responsible for organising the [[Pythian Games]]. He mentions this service in his work, ''Whether an Old Man Should Engage in Public Affairs'' (17 = ''Moralia'' 792f).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=West |first1=Allen B. |title=Notes on Achaean Prosopography and Chronology |journal=Classical Philology |date=1928 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=262–267|doi=10.1086/361044 |jstor=263715 |s2cid=161334831 |issn=0009-837X}}</ref> According to the 8th/9th-century historian [[George Syncellus]], late in Plutarch's life, Emperor [[Hadrian]] appointed him nominal [[Procurator (ancient Rome)|procurator]] of [[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]] – which entitled him to wear the vestments and ornaments of a consul.{{sfn|Russell|2001}}

Plutarch and his wife, Timoxena,<ref>[[Joannes Rualdus|Rualdus]], ''Life of Plutarchus'' 1624</ref> had at least four sons and one daughter, although two died in childhood. A letter is still extant, addressed by Plutarch to his wife, bidding her not to grieve too much at the death of their two-year-old daughter, who was named Timoxena after her mother, which also mentions the loss of a young son, Chaeron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plutarch, Consolatio ad uxorem, section 5 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0310:section=5 |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=Perseus Digital Library}}</ref> Two sons, named Autoboulos and Plutarch, appear in a number of Plutarch's works; Plutarch's treatise on Plato's ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' is dedicated to them.{{sfn|Jones|1971|p=11}} It is likely that a third son, named Soklaros after Plutarch's confidant Soklaros of Tithora, survived to adulthood as well, although he is not mentioned in Plutarch's later works; a Lucius Mestrius Soclarus, who shares Plutarch's Latin family name, appears in an inscription in Boeotia from the time of [[Trajan]].<ref>The inscription is in [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/42003?bookid=8&location=1698 ''Inscriptiones Graecae'', 9.1.61], see the note in {{harvnb|Jones|1971|p=22}} Older scholarship tended assume Soklaros was not a son or died young because he did not appear in any dedications.</ref> Traditionally, the surviving catalog of Plutarch's works is ascribed to another son, named Lamprias after Plutarch's grandfather;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|translator-last=Whitehead|translator-first=David|date=8 September 2001|url=http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/lambda/96|title=Lamprias|encyclopedia=Suda|access-date=7 May 2024|via=Department of Computer Science at the University of Kentucky}}</ref> most modern scholars believe this tradition is a later interpolation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Konrat |title=Plutarchos von Chaironeia |publisher=Alfred Druckenmuller |year=1964 |location=Stuttgart |page=60 |language=de}}</ref> His family remained in Greece down to at least the fourth century, producing a number of philosophers and authors.{{sfn|Jones|1971|p=11}} [[Apuleius]], author of ''[[The Golden Ass]]'', made his fictional protagonist a descendant of Plutarch.<ref>''The Golden Ass'' 1.2</ref>

It is not known in which year Plutarch died. Gregory Crane estimates that he died {{circa}} 125,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perseus Encyclopedia, Pachynum, Pison, Plutarch |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0004:alphabetic+letter=P:entry+group=12:entry=plutarch |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> while the 1911 edition of [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] estimates that he died {{circa}} 120.<ref name="eb" /> As of the 21st century, Encyclopædia Britannica gives Plutarch's death year as "after 119".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2025 |title=Plutarch – Biographer, Historian, Philosopher {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plutarch/Reputation-and-influence |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
===''Parallel Lives''===
{{Main|Parallel Lives}}

Plutarch's best-known work is the ''Parallel Lives'', a series of [[biography|biographies]] of illustrious Greeks and Romans, arranged in pairs to illuminate their common [[morality|moral]] virtues and vices, thus it being more of an insight into human nature than a [[History|historical]] account. As is explained in the opening paragraph of his ''Life of Alexander'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Plutarch|title=The life of Alexander|page=1}}</ref> Plutarch was not concerned with history so much as the influence of character, good or bad, on the lives and destinies of men. Whereas sometimes he barely touched on epoch-making events, he devoted much space to charming anecdote and incidental triviality, reasoning that this often said far more for his subjects than even their most famous accomplishments. He sought to provide rounded portraits, likening his craft to that of a painter; indeed, he went to tremendous lengths (often leading to tenuous comparisons) to draw [[Physiognomy|parallels between physical appearance]] and [[moral character]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

The surviving ''Lives'' contain 23 pairs, each with one Greek life and one Roman life, as well as four unpaired single lives. Some of the ''Lives'', such as those of [[Heracles]], [[Philip II of Macedon]], [[Epaminondas]], [[Scipio Africanus]], [[Scipio Aemilianus]] and possibly [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus]] no longer exist; many of the remaining ''Lives'' are truncated, contain obvious [[lacuna (manuscripts)|lacunae]] or have been tampered with by later writers.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Extant ''Lives'' include those on [[Solon]], [[Themistocles]], [[Aristides]], [[Agesilaus II]], [[Pericles]], [[Alcibiades]], [[Nicias]], [[Demosthenes]], [[Pelopidas]], [[Philopoemen]], [[Timoleon]], [[Dion of Syracuse]], [[Eumenes]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]], [[Romulus]], [[Numa Pompilius]], [[Gaius Marcius Coriolanus|Coriolanus]], [[Theseus]], [[Aemilius Paullus]], [[Tiberius Gracchus]], [[Gaius Gracchus]], [[Gaius Marius]], [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], [[Sertorius]], [[Lucullus]], [[Pompey]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Cicero]], [[Cato the Elder]], [[Cato the Younger]], [[Mark Antony]], and [[Marcus Junius Brutus]].

====''Life of Alexander''====
{{quote box|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=30em
|"It is not ''histories'' I am writing, but ''lives''; and in the most glorious deeds there is not always an indication of virtue or vice, indeed a small thing like a phrase or a jest often makes a greater revelation of a character than battles where thousands die."|''Life of Alexander'' }}
Plutarch's ''Life of Alexander'', written as a parallel to that of Julius Caesar, is one of five extant tertiary sources on the Macedonian conqueror [[Alexander the Great]]. It includes [[anecdote]]s and descriptions of events that appear in no other source, just as Plutarch's portrait of [[Numa Pompilius]], the putative second king of Rome, holds much that is unique on the early [[Roman calendar]]. Plutarch devotes a great deal of space to Alexander's drive and desire, and strives to determine how much of it was presaged in his youth. He also draws extensively on the work of [[Lysippos]], Alexander's favourite [[sculptor]], to provide what is probably the fullest and most accurate description of the conqueror's physical appearance. When it comes to his character, Plutarch emphasizes his unusual degree of self-control and scorn for luxury: "He desired not pleasure or wealth, but only excellence and glory." As the narrative progresses, the subject incurs less admiration from his biographer and the deeds that it recounts become less savoury. The murder of [[Cleitus the Black]], which Alexander instantly and deeply regretted, is commonly cited to this end.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====''Life of Caesar''====
Together with [[Suetonius]]'s ''[[The Twelve Caesars]]'', and [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s own works [[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|''de Bello Gallico'']] and ''[[Commentarii de Bello Civili|de Bello Civili]]'', the ''Life of Caesar'' is the main account of [[Julius Caesar]]'s feats by ancient historians. Plutarch starts by telling of the audacity of Caesar and his refusal to dismiss [[Lucius Cornelius Cinna|Cinna's]] daughter, [[Cornelia (wife of Caesar)|Cornelia]]. Other important parts are those containing his military deeds, accounts of battles and Caesar's capacity of inspiring the soldiers.

Plutarch's life shows few differences from Suetonius' work and Caesar's own works (see ''[[De Bello Gallico]]'' and ''[[De Bello Civili]]''). Sometimes, Plutarch quotes directly from the ''De Bello Gallico'' and even tells us of the moments when Caesar was dictating his works. In the final part of this life, Plutarch recounts details of [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|Caesar's assassination]]. It ends by telling the destiny of his murderers, just after a detailed account of the scene when a [[Ghost|phantom]] appeared to [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Brutus]] at night.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Plutarch|title=The life of Caesar}}</ref>

====''Life of Pyrrhus''====
Plutarch's ''Life of Pyrrhus'' is a key text because it is the main historical account on Roman history for the period from 293 to 264 BCE, for which both [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus|Dionysius]]' and [[Livy]]'s texts are lost.<ref name=TJCornell>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=T.J. |year=1995 |title=The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC) |publisher=Routledge |page=3 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

===''Moralia''===
{{Main|Moralia}}

The remainder of Plutarch's surviving work is collected under the title of the ''Moralia'' (loosely translated as ''Customs and Mores''). It is an eclectic collection of seventy-eight essays and transcribed speeches, including "Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon" (a dialogue on the possible causes for such an appearance and a source for Galileo's own work),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bakker & Palmerino |title=Motion to the Center or Motion to the Whole? Plutarch's Views on Gravity and Their Influence on Galileo |journal=Isis |date=2020 |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=217–238 |doi=10.1086/709138 |s2cid=219925047 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/709138|hdl=2066/219256 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> "On Fraternal Affection" (a discourse on honour and affection of siblings toward each other), "On the Fortune or the Virtue of [[Alexander the Great]]" (an important adjunct to his Life of the great king), and "On the Worship of [[Isis]] and [[Osiris]]" (a crucial source of information on [[ancient Egyptian religion]]);<ref>(but which according to Erasmus referred to the Thessalonians){{cite web|url=http://altreligion.about.com/library/texts/bl_isisandosiris.htm|title=Isis and Osiris|access-date=10 December 2006|last=Plutarch|others=Frank Cole Babbitt (trans.)|archive-date=14 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914104237/http://altreligion.about.com/library/texts/bl_isisandosiris.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> more philosophical treatises, such as "On the Decline of the Oracles", "On the Delays of the Divine Vengeance", and "On Peace of Mind"; and lighter fare, such as "[[Odysseus]] and Gryllus", a humorous [[dialogue]] between [[Homer]]'s Odysseus and one of [[Circe]]'s enchanted pigs.

====Pseudepigrapha====
{{Main|Pseudo-Plutarch}}

Some editions of the ''Moralia'' include several works now known to have been falsely attributed to Plutarch. Among these are the ''Lives of the Ten Orators'', a series of biographies of the [[Attic orators]] based on [[Caecilius of Calacte]]; ''On the Opinions of the Philosophers'', ''On Fate'', and ''On Music''.<ref name=Blank>{{cite book| last= Blank| first= D.| year= 2011| chapter= 'Plutarch' and the Sophistry of 'Noble Lineage'| editor-first= J. |editor-last= Martínez | title= Fakes and Forgers of Classical Literature| location= Madrid| publisher= Ediciones Clásicas| pages= 33–60}}</ref> These works are all attributed to a single, unknown author, referred to as "[[Pseudo-Plutarch]]".<ref name="Blank"/> Pseudo-Plutarch lived sometime between the third and fourth centuries AD. Despite being falsely attributed, the works are still considered to possess historical value.<ref>{{cite book| first= Don E.| last= Marietta| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz-8PsrT32AC |title= Introduction to Ancient Philosophy| publisher= M.E. Sharpe| year= 1998| page= 190 |number= 11| isbn= 978-0-7656-0216-9}}</ref>

===Lives of the Roman emperors===
Plutarch's first biographical works were the Lives of the Roman Emperors from [[Augustus]] to [[Vitellius]]. These early emperors' biographies were probably published under the [[Flavian dynasty]] or during the reign of Nerva (AD 96–98). Of these, only the Lives of [[Galba]] and [[Otho]] survive. The Lives of [[Tiberius]] and [[Nero]] are extant only as fragments, provided by Damascius<ref>(Life of Tiberius, cf. his Life of Isidore) Ziegler, Konrad, Plutarchos von Chaironeia (Stuttgart 1964), 258. Citation translated by the author.</ref> as well as Plutarch himself,<ref>Life of Nero, cf. Galba 2.1</ref> respectively. There is reason to believe that the two Lives still extant, those of Galba and Otho, "ought to be considered as a single work." Therefore, they do not form a part of the Plutarchian canon of single biographies – as represented by the Life of [[Aratus of Sicyon]] and the Life of [[Artaxerxes II of Persia|Artaxerxes II]] (the biographies of [[Hesiod]], [[Pindar]], [[Crates (comic poet)|Crates]] and Daiphantus were lost). ''Galba-Otho'' can be found in the appendix to Plutarch's ''Parallel Lives'' as well as in various Moralia manuscripts, most prominently in [[Maximus Planudes]]' edition where Galba and Otho appear as ''Opera'' XXV and XXVI. Thus it seems reasonable to maintain that ''Galba-Otho'' was from early on considered as an illustration of a moral-ethical approach.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Lost works===
The [[Lost literary work|lost works]] of Plutarch are determined by references in his own texts to them and from other authors' references over time. Parts of the ''Lives'' and what would be considered parts of the ''Moralia'' have been lost. The 'Catalogue of Lamprias', an ancient list of works attributed to Plutarch, lists 227 works, of which 78 have come down to us.{{sfn|Russell|2012}} The Romans loved the ''Lives''. Enough copies were written out over the centuries so that a copy of most of the lives has survived to the present day, but there are traces of twelve more Lives that are now lost.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Parallel Lives|publisher=Loeb Classical Library Edition|edition=Vol. I|year=1914|chapter=Translator's Introduction|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Introduction*.html }}</ref> Plutarch's general procedure for the ''Lives'' was to write the life of a prominent Greek, then cast about for a suitable Roman parallel, and end with a brief comparison of the Greek and Roman lives. Currently, only 19 of the parallel lives end with a comparison, while possibly they all did at one time. Also missing are many of his ''Lives'' which appear in a list of his writings: those of Hercules, the first pair of ''Parallel Lives'', [[Scipio Africanus]] and [[Epaminondas]], and the companions to the four solo biographies, as well as biographies of important figures such as [[Augustus]], [[Claudius]] and [[Nero]].<ref name="NewCriterion">{{cite web|last=Kimball|first=Roger|title=Plutarch & the issue of character|url=http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/19/dec00/plutarch.htm|publisher=The New Criterion Online|access-date=11 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116200602/http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/19/dec00/plutarch.htm|archive-date=16 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-classics.com/plutarch.htm|title=Plutarch – His Life and Legacy|access-date=10 December 2006|last=McCutchen|first=Wilmot H. |website=e-classics.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205061217/http://e-classics.com/plutarch.htm|archive-date=5 December 2006}}</ref> Lost works that would have been part of the ''Moralia'' include "Whether One Who [[epoche|Suspends Judgment on Everything]] Is Condemned to Inaction", "On [[Pyrrho]]'s Ten Modes", and "On the Difference between the [[Pyrrhonism|Pyrrhonians]] and the [[Academic Skepticism|Academics]]".<ref>Mauro Bonazzi, "[https://www.academia.edu/2362682/Plutarch_on_the_Difference_between_Academics_and_Pyrrhonists_in_Oxford_Studies_in_Ancient_Philosophy_43_2012_pp._271-298 Plutarch on the Differences Between the Pyrrhonists and Academics]", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 2012.</ref>

==Philosophy==
{{quote box
| bgcolor = #c6dbf7
| width = 30em|"The [[soul]], being eternal, after [[death]] is like a caged bird that has been released. If it has been a long time in the body, and has become tame by many affairs and long habit, the soul will immediately take another body and once again become involved in the troubles of the world. The worst thing about old age is that the soul's memory of the other world grows dim, while at the same time its attachment to things of this world becomes so strong that the soul tends to retain the form that it had in the body. But that soul which remains only a short time within a body, until liberated by the higher powers, quickly recovers its fire and goes on to higher things."|Plutarch ("The Consolation", ''Moralia'')
}}
Plutarch was a [[Middle Platonism|Platonist]], but was open to the influence of the [[Peripatetics]], and in some details even to [[Stoicism]] despite his criticism of their principles.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} He rejected only [[Epicureanism]] absolutely.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} He attached little importance to theoretical questions and doubted the possibility of ever solving them.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} He was more interested in moral and religious questions.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}}

In opposition to Stoic materialism and Epicurean atheism he cherished a pure idea of [[God]] that was more in accordance with [[Plato]].{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} He adopted a second principle (''[[Dyad (Greek philosophy)|Dyad]]'') in order to explain the phenomenal world.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} This principle he sought, however, not in any indeterminate matter but in the evil [[Anima mundi|world-soul]] which has from the beginning been bound up with matter, but in the creation was filled with reason and arranged by it.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} Thus it was transformed into the divine soul of the world, but continued to operate as the source of all evil.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} He elevated God above the finite world, and thus [[Daemon (mythology)|daemons]] became for him agents of God's influence on the world. He strongly defends freedom of the will, and the immortality of the soul.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}}

Platonic-Peripatetic [[ethics]] were upheld by Plutarch against the opposing theories of the Stoics and Epicureans.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} The most characteristic feature of Plutarch's ethics is its close connection with religion.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} However pure Plutarch's idea of God is, and however vivid his description of the vice and corruption which superstition causes, his warm religious feelings and his distrust of human powers of knowledge led him to believe that God comes to our aid by direct revelations, which we perceive the more clearly the more completely that we refrain in "enthusiasm" from all action; this made it possible for him to justify popular belief in [[divination]] in the way which had long been usual among the Stoics.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}}

His attitude to popular religion was similar. The gods of different peoples are merely different names for one and the same divine Being and the powers that serve it.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} The [[Greek mythology|myths]] contain philosophical truths which can be interpreted allegorically.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} Thus, Plutarch sought to combine the philosophical and religious conception of things and to remain as close as possible to tradition.{{sfn|Zeller|1931}} Plutarch was the teacher of [[Favorinus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Richter |first1=Daniel S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZ47DwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Second Sophistic |last2=Johnson |first2=William Allen |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-983747-2 |page=552 |language=en}}</ref>

Plutarch was a [[vegetarian]], although how long and how strictly he adhered to this diet is unclear.<ref name="newmyer">{{cite journal |last=Newmyer |first=Stephen |date=1992 |title=Plutarch on Justice Toward Animals: Ancient Insights on a Modern Debate |url=https://journals.co.za/content/scholia/1/1/EJC128293 |journal=Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=38–54 |access-date=5 September 2020}}</ref> He wrote about the [[ethics of meat-eating]] in two discourses in ''Moralia''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Plutarch |title=Moralia |url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-eating_flesh/1957/pb_LCL406.539.xml |chapter=On the Eating of Flesh}}</ref>

==Influence==
[[File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_111r_3.png|thumb|Plutarch in the ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'' ]]
[[File:Plutarch of Chaeronea-03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Modern portrait at [[Chaeronea]], based on the bust from Delphi]]
There are multiple translations of ''Parallel Lives'' into Latin, most notably the one titled "Pour le Dauphin" (French for "for the [[dauphin of France|Crown Prince]]") written by a scribe in the court of [[Louis XV]] of France, and a 1470 [[Ulrich Han]] translation. In 1519, Hieronymus Emser translated ''De capienda ex inimicis utilitate'' (''wie ym eyner seinen veyndt nutz machen kan'', Leipzig). The biographies were translated by Gottlob Benedict von Schirach (1743–1804) and printed in Vienna by Franz Haas (1776–1780). Plutarch's ''Lives'' and ''Moralia'' were translated into German by [[Johann Friedrich Salomon Kaltwasser]].

===France and England===
Plutarch's writings had an enormous influence on [[English Literature|English]] and [[French literature]].

[[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]]'s ''[[Essays (Montaigne)|Essays]]'' draw extensively on Plutarch's ''Moralia'' and are consciously modelled on the Greek's easygoing and discursive inquiries into science, manners, customs and beliefs. ''Essays'' contains more than 400 references to Plutarch and his works.<ref name="NewCriterion" />

[[Jacques Amyot]]'s translations brought Plutarch's works to French readers. He went to Italy and studied the Vatican text of Plutarch, from which he published a French translation of the ''Lives'' in 1559 and ''Moralia'' in 1572, which were widely read by educated Europe.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Amyot, Jacques | volume= 01 | page = 901 |quote= He was thus enabled to go to Italy to study the Vatican text of Plutarch, on the translation on whose Lives (1559; 1565) he had been some time engaged.}}</ref> Amyot's translations had as deep an impression in England as France, because [[Sir Thomas North]] later published his English translation of the ''Lives'' in 1579 based on Amyot's French translation instead of the original Greek.<ref>Denton, John. “Renaissance Translation Strategies and the Manipulation of a Classical Text. Plutarch from Jacques Amyot to Thomas North”. Europe Et Traduction, edited by Michel Ballard, Artois Presses Université, 1998, https://doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.6433.</ref> [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] paraphrased parts of [[Thomas North]]'s translation of selected ''Lives'' in [[Shakespeare's plays|his plays]], and occasionally quoted from them verbatim.{{sfn|Honigmann|1959}}

The complete ''Moralia'' was first translated into English from the original Greek by [[Philemon Holland]] in 1603. In 1683, [[John Dryden]] began a life of Plutarch and oversaw a translation of the ''Lives'' by several hands and based on the original Greek. This translation has been reworked and revised several times, most recently in the 19th century by the English poet and classicist [[Arthur Hugh Clough]] (first published in 1859). One contemporary publisher of this version is [[Modern Library]]. Another is ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' in association with the University of Chicago, {{ISBN|0-85229-163-9}}, 1952, {{LCCN|5510323}}. In 1770, English brothers [[John Langhorne (poet)|John]] and [[William Langhorne (clergyman)|William Langhorne]] published "Plutarch's ''Lives'' from the original Greek, with notes critical and historical, and a new life of Plutarch" in 6 volumes and dedicated to Lord Folkestone. Their translation was re-edited by Archdeacon Wrangham in the year 1813.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] quotes Plutarch in the 1762 ''[[Emile, or On Education]]'', a treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship. Rousseau introduces a passage from Plutarch in support of his position against eating meat: {{"'}}You ask me', said Plutarch, 'why [[Pythagoras]] abstained from eating the flesh of beasts...{{'"}}<ref>[[Jean Jacques Rousseau]], ''[[Emile, or on Education|Emile]]'' ([[Barbara Foxley]], tr.), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.23766/page/n132/mode/1up p.118] (London: [[J.M. Dent]] & Sons, 1955) (retrieved 8 March 2026).</ref>

[[James Boswell]] quoted Plutarch on writing lives, rather than biographies, in the introduction to his own ''[[Life of Samuel Johnson]]''.<ref>[[James Boswell]], ''[[Life of Samuel Johnson]], LL.D.'', ([[Ernest Rhys]], ed.) [https://archive.org/details/lifeofsamueljohn00boswuoft/page/9/mode/1up Vol.I, p.9] (London: [[J.M. Dent]], 1906) (retrieved 8 March 2026).</ref>
===America===
Plutarch is the most frequently named of the ancient historians in the [[Federalist Papers]]. [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and the [[transcendentalists]] were greatly influenced by the ''Moralia'' and in his glowing introduction to the five-volume, 19th-century edition, he called the ''Lives'' "a bible for heroes".<ref>{{cite book|last=Emerson|first=Ralph Waldo|editor=William W. Goodwin|title=Plutarch's Morals|year=1870|publisher=Sampson, Low|location=London|page=xxi|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[6615 Plutarchos]]
* [[Plutarchia (wasp)|''Plutarchia'' (wasp)]]
* [[Plutarchia (plant)|''Plutarchia'' (plant)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|colwidth=25em|small=yes}}
* {{cite book |first=J.M. |last=Dillon |author-link=John M. Dillon |year=1996 |title=The Middle Platonists: 80 B.C. to A.D. 220 |place=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-8316-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Honigmann |first=E.A.J. |year=1959 |title=Shakespeare's Plutarch |journal=[[Shakespeare Quarterly]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=25–33|doi=10.2307/2867020 |jstor=2867020 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=C.P. |year=1971 |title=Plutarch and Rome |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-814363-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=D.A. |orig-date=1972 |year=2001 |title=Plutarch |publisher=Duckworth Publishing |isbn=978-1-85399-620-7}}
* {{cite dictionary |last=Russell |first=Donald |year=2012 |title=Plutarch |editor-first1=Simon |editor-last1=Hornblower |editor-first2=Antony |editor-last2=Spawforth |editor-first3=Esther |editor-last3=Eidinow |dictionary=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |edition=4th |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=959667246 |isbn=978-0-19-954556-8 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5141 |pages=1165–1166}}
* {{cite book |last=Stadter |first=Philip A. |year=2014 |section=Plutarch and Rome |editor-last=Beck |editor-first=Mark |title=A Companion to Plutarch |series=Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World |pages=13–31 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-9431-0 |lccn=2013028283 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Zeller |first1=Eduard |title=Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy: 13th Edition, Revised by Wilhelm Nestle |date=1931 |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trubner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGfw0AEACAAJ |pages = 306–308 |access-date=18 December 2024 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|colwidth=25em|small=yes}}
* {{cite conference |last=Beck |first=Mark |date=1996 |title=Anecdote and the representation of Plutarch's ethos |book-title=Rhetorical theory and praxis in Plutarch |conference=The IVt International Congress of the International Plutarch Society |place=Leuven, Belgium |editor-first=Luc |editor-last=van der Stockt |pages=15–32 |series=Collection d'Études Classiques |volume=11 |publication-place=Leuven, Belgium |publisher=Peeters |publication-date=2000}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Beck |editor-first=Mark |year=2014 |title=A Companion to Plutarch |series=Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World |place=Malden, MA / Oxford, UK |publisher=Blackwell}}
* {{cite book |last=Beneker |first=Jeffrey |year=2012 |title=The passionate Statesman: ''Eros'' and politics in Plutarch's Lives |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Simon |year=1994 |title=Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brenk |first1=Frederick E. |last2=Roig Lanzillotta |first2=Lautaro |title=Plutarch on literature, Graeco-Roman religion, Jews and Christians |date=2023 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden; Boston |isbn=9789004531956}}
* {{cite book |last=Duff |first=Timothy |orig-date=1999 |year=2002 |title=Plutarch's Lives: Exploring Virtue and Vice |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-925274-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Georgiadou |first=Aristoula |year=1992 |section=Idealistic and realistic portraiture in the Lives of Plutarch |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung |volume=2.33.6 |series=Sprache und Literatur: Allgemeines zur Literatur des 2. Jahrhunderts und einzelne Autoren der trajanischen und frühhadrianischen Zeit |editor-first=Wolfgang |editor-last=Haase |pages=4616–4623 |publication-place=Berlin, DE / New York, NY |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gill |first=Christopher |year=1983 |title=The question of character-development: Plutarch and Tacitus |journal=Classical Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=469–487 |doi=10.1017/S0009838800034741 |s2cid=170532855}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ginestí Rosell |first1=Anna |title=Dialogpoetik der Quaestiones Convivales von Plutarch |date=2023 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |location=Göttingen |isbn=9783525361566}}
* {{cite book |last1=Guerrier |first1=Olivier |title=Visages singuliers du Plutarque humaniste. Autour d'Amyot et de la réception des Moralia et des Vies à la Renaissance |date=2023 |publisher=Les Belles Lettres |location=Paris |isbn=9782251454344}}
* {{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Edith |year=1957 |title=The Echo of Greece |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-00231-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/echoofgreece00edit/page/194 194] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/echoofgreece00edit/page/194}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Humble |editor-first=Noreen |year=2010 |title=Plutarch's Lives: Parallelism and purpose |place=Swansea, UK |publisher=Classical Press of Wales}}
* {{cite book |last=McInerney |first=Jeremy |year=2003 |section=Plutarch's manly women |title=Andreia: Studies in manliness and courage in classical Athens |editor1-first=Ralph M. |editor1-last=Rosen |editor2-first=Ineke |editor2-last=Sluiter |pages=319–344 |series=Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Supplementum |volume=238 |place=Leiden, NL / Boston, MA |publisher=Brill}}
* {{cite book |last=Mossman |first=Judith |year=2015 |section=Dressed for success? Clothing in Plutarch's Demetrius |title=Fame and infamy: Essays for Christopher Pelling on characterization and Roman biography and historiography |editor1-first=Rhiannon |editor1-last=Ash |editor2-first=Judith |editor2-last=Mossman |editor3-first=Frances B. |editor3-last=Titchener |pages=149–160 |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Nikolaidis |editor-first=Anastasios G. |year=2008 |title=The unity of Plutarch's work: ''Moralia'' themes in the ''Lives'', features of the ''Lives'' in the ''Moralia'' |place=Berlin, DE / New York, NY |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}
* {{cite book |last=Pelling |first=Christopher |year=2002 |title=Plutarch and History: Eighteen studies |place=Swansea, UK |publisher=Classical Press of Wales |isbn=0-7156-3128-4 |oclc=50552352}}
* {{cite book |last=Roskam |first=Geert |title=Plutarch |year=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-009-10822-5}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Scardigli |editor-first=Barbara |year=1995 |title=Essays on Plutarch's ''Lives'' |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Clarendon}}
* {{cite conference |last=Stadter |first=Philip |date=26–28 May 1994 |title=Anecdotes and the thematic structure of Plutarchean biography |book-title=Estudios sobre Plutarco: Aspectos formales |conference=IV Simposio español sobre Plutarco |place=Salamanca, ES |editor1-first=José Antonio |editor1-last=Fernández Delgado |editor2-first=Francisca |editor2-last=Pordomingo Pardo |pages=291–303 |publication-place=Madrid, ES |publisher=Ediciones Clásicas |publication-date=1996}}
* {{cite book |last=Stadter |first=Philip A. |year=2015 |section=The rhetoric of virtue in Plutarch's ''Lives'' |title=Plutarch and his Roman Readers |pages=231–245 |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Titchener |editor1-first=Frances B. |editor2-last=Zadorojnyi |editor2-first=Alexei V. |title=The Cambridge companion to Plutarch |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge New York, NY |isbn=9780521766227}}
* {{cite book |last=van Hoof |first=Lieve |author-link=Lieve Van Hoof |year=2010 |title=Plutarch's Practical Ethics: The social dynamics of philosophy |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wardman |first=Alan E. |year=1967 |title=Description of personal appearance in Plutarch and Suetonius: The use of statues as evidence |journal=Classical Quarterly |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=414–420 |doi=10.1017/S0009838800028512 |s2cid=170633095}}
* {{cite book |last=Wardman |first=Alan |year=1974 |title=Plutarch's ''Lives'' |publisher=Elek |isbn=0-236-17622-6 |page=274}}
* {{cite book |last=Zadorojnyi |first=Alexei V. |year=2012 |section=Mimesis and the (plu)past in Plutarch's ''Lives'' |title=Time and Narrative in Ancient Historiography: The "plupast" from Herodotus to Appian |editor1-first=Jonas |editor1-last=Grethlein |editor2-first=Christopher B. |editor2-last=Krebs |pages=175–198 |place=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{wikisource|el|Συγγραφέας:Πλούταρχος|Πλούταρχος}}
{{commons category}}
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Plutarch
|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}

;Plutarch's works
* Plutarch in the [https://www.loebclassics.com/browse?t1=author.plutarch Loeb Classical Library]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=342 | name=Plutarch}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Plutarch" OR "Plutarchus")}}
* {{Librivox author |id=13}}
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus:collection:Greco-Roman Perseus Digital Library]
* Plutarch on [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/home.html LacusCurtius]
* Didot edition of Plutarch's works in Greek, with Latin translation (1857–1876): [https://archive.org/details/plutarchivitaep00doehgoog vol. 1 (Lives, pt. 1)], [https://books.google.com/books?id=OUYJAQAAIAAJ vol. 2 (Lives, pt. 2)], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1DAAAAYAAJ vol. 3 (Moralia, pt. 1)], [https://books.google.com/books?id=s56zAAAAMAAJ vol. 4 (Moralia, pt. 2)], [https://books.google.com/books?id=txNgAAAAMAAJ vol. 5 (fragmenta et spuria)] (also [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?adva=1&adv=1&tri=title_sort&t_relation=%22Notice+d%27ensemble+%3A+http%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb37341822f%22&q=plutarchi+vitae&lang=en via BNF])

;Secondary material
* {{cite SEP |url-id=plutarch |title=Plutarch |last=Karamanolis |first=George}}
* [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/plutarch/ Plutarch of Chaeronea] by Jona Lendering at Livius
* [http://www.usu.edu/history/ploutarchos/index.htm The International Plutarch Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511164545/http://www.usu.edu/history/ploutarchos/index.htm |date=11 May 2008 }}
* [http://bennozuiddam.com/Plutarch%20and%20God-eclipse%20in%20Christian%20Theology,%20Ploutarchos%202008,2009.pdf The relevance of Plutarch's book ''De Defectu Oraculorum'' for Christian Theology (Ploutarchos, Journal of the International Plutarch Society)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008133535/http://bennozuiddam.com/Plutarch%20and%20God-eclipse%20in%20Christian%20Theology,%20Ploutarchos%202008,2009.pdf |date=8 October 2018 }}

{{Plutarch}}
{{Platonists}}
{{Ancient Greece topics}}
{{Ancient Rome topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Plutarch| ]]
[[Category:46 births]]
[[Category:120s deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century Romans]]
[[Category:2nd-century Romans]]
[[Category:1st-century Greek philosophers]]
[[Category:2nd-century Greek philosophers]]
[[Category:1st-century historians]]
[[Category:2nd-century historians]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman antiquarians]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek biographers]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek essayists]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman biographers]]
[[Category:Greek-language historians from the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Ancient Boeotians]]
[[Category:Middle Platonists]]
[[Category:Roman-era Greek priests]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Historians of ancient Greece]]

Garbharakshambigai Temple

2026-03-12T03:08:39Z

ElmoPedder14:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Garbarakshambigai Temple
| image = Gopuram view from Temple tank.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|52|5|N|79|16|32|E|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Thirukkarugavoor
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| location = [[Papanasam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Mullaivananathar<br/>([[Shiva]])
Garbharakshambigai<br/>([[Parvathi]])
| facade_direction = East
| temple_tank = Ksheera Kundam (Milk Pond)
| tower =
| festivals= Vaikasi Visagam, Navarathiri
| architecture = [[Tamilan architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions = 31
| year_completed = 6th century
| creator =
| website = https://garbarakshambigaitemple.com/
}}

'''Garbharakshambigai Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] located in Thirukarukavoor, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>''Census of India, 1961, Volume 7; Volume 9''</ref> The temple is located {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Papanasam]], {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} south west of [[Kumbakonam]], {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Saliyamangalam]], {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} north east of [[Thanjavur]] and on the southern bank of [[Vettar River]].<ref name="pillai12">[[#Pillai|Pillai 2000]], pp. 12-16</ref> Nearest railway station is Papanasam Railway Station, which is 6.7 km from the temple. Temple is also located very close (3 km) to National Highways 36 connecting [[Thanjavur]] and [[Kumbakonam]], making it easily accessible by road also. Constructed in the [[Chola architecture|Chola style of architecture]], the temple is believed to have been built during the [[Cholas]] period in the 7th century. Shiva is worshipped as Mullaivananathar and his consort [[Parvathi]] as Garbharakshambigai.

The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered [[Rajagopuram]], the gateway tower.

The temple is open from 6 am - 1 pm and 4 pm - 8:00 pm on all days. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Vaikasi Visagam for Mullaivananathar, Adipooram and Navarathri uthsavam for Ambal, Annabishekam, Kanthasashti, Karthigai Mahadeepam, Karthigai Sunday theerthavari and Panguni Uthram are some of the prominent festivals celebrated. Abhishekam using 1008 conches is performed to Lord Shiva on all Sundays in the Tamil month of Karthikai (Nov-Dec).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sri Garbarakshambigai & Sri Mullaivananathar Temple at Thirukarukavur |url=https://www.dharisanam.com/temples/sri-mullaivananathar-temple-at-thirukkarukavur}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. Garbharakshambigai is believed to have saved a fetus of her devotee (Vedhikai, wife of Sage Nithruvan)<ref name=":0" /> and hence the temple is frequented by people praying for child birth.

==Legend==
[[File:Tirukarugavoor4.JPG|alt=Depiction of the legend|250px|thumb|left|Sculpture indicating the legend]]
The place is also called Tirukalavur, Mullaivanam, Mathavipuram and Garabapuri. Since Mathavi is the temple tree, it is called Mathavipuram (Mullaivanam); ''Karu'' means fetus, ''Ka'' means to save, and ''oor'' mean village - Since the fetus is believed to be saved by the temple deity, the village is called Tirukarukavoor.<ref name="pillai12"/><ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=28}}</ref> As per Hindu legend, a sage named Niruthuvar was living near the banks of river Vennar along with his wife Vedikai. One day, when the sage went out, another sage named Orthuvapathar arrived at their house seeking food. Vedika was pregnant then and due to tiredness, she was taking time to bring food. Orthuvapathar felt that the lady inside the house was humiliating him and he cursed her due to which the fetus was killed. Vedikai prayed to Ambigai for relief, who appeared as Garbharakshambigai and protected the fetus in a pot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=K.R. |author2=Bithika Mukerji |title=Hindu spirituality: Postclassical and modern |year=2003 |publisher=Cross Road Publishing Company |location=USA |isbn=81-208-1937-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC&q=vaitheeswaran+koil&pg=PA425|page=425}}</ref> The child was born at the right time, who was named Naithruvan. From then on, the presiding deity is worshiped by people seeking child birth.<ref name=Malai>{{cite news|title=கருவினைக் காத்தருளும் திருக்கருகாவூர் கர்ப்பரட்சாம்பிகை கோவில்|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2016/06/01071152/1015719/Garbarakshambigai-Temple-Thirukarugavur.vpf|publisher=Malaimalar|accessdate=11 July 2021|date=1 June 2016|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711072949/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2016/06/01071152/1015719/Garbarakshambigai-Temple-Thirukarugavur.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The temple has 31 inscriptions dating from the Chola period from the reigns of Koperi Varman, [[Rajaraja I]], [[Rajendra Chola I]] and [[Kulottunga I|Kulothunga Chola]].<ref name="pillai26"/> The inscriptions record the grants of the temple by the kings. The inscriptions are found on the walls of the temple, sanctum and also in the halls. The inscriptions are recorded in numbers 100, 102 and 110 in ''South Indian Inscriptions, Volume III, Part III''.<ref name="pillai26"/> The inscription from the 21st year of [[Parantaka I]] records the grant of 1.5 ''veli'' of land (roughly 6 acres of land) by an individual named Vilayanattevan for maintaining ghee lamps of the temple. Another inscription from the 20th regnal year of the same king indicates a donation of 13 ''veli'' (roughly 52 acres of land) by a devotee named Tiruchitrambala Udayar to meet the expenses of the temple. The temple has additions from various ruling empires during the subsequent eras.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&dq=tirukarugavur&pg=PA35|page=35|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|isbn=9789380325910|last1=B. S. |first1=Chandrababu|last2= S. |first2=Ganeshram|last3= C.| first3=Bhavani}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 2048 | height1 = 1536
| width2 = 2048 | height2 = 1536
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Lord Dakshinamoorthy.JPG
|image2=Tirukarugavoor5.JPG
|footer=Shrines within the temple
}}
Thirukarukavoor Temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]] and is located near [[Papanasam]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The nearest railway station is in [[Papanasam]], about 3 kilometres from the place. The nearest airport is in [[Trichy]]. Thirukarukavoor is situated in [[Thirukkarugavur]], a village located on the banks of [[Vettar River]], a tributary of [[River Cauveri]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=81}}</ref> People from Chennai and northern parts of Tamil Nadu may reach Kumbakonam and from there to Thirukarukavoor. People from east and southern parts of Tamil Nadu must reach Thanjavur and from there to Thirukarukavoor. The temple is one of the prominent and most visited temples in the district.<ref name="TN">{{cite web|title=What to see - Thanjavur district attractions|url=http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/whattoseetou.html|publisher=Thanjavur District Administration|access-date=2013-07-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518021412/http://www.thanjavur.tn.nic.in/whattoseetou.html|archive-date=2013-05-18}}</ref> The temple has a 5-tier Raja[[gopuram]] and an outer ''[[prakaram]]''(closed precincts of a temple). The temple is 460 ft by 284 ft and has a ''[[rajagopuram|gopuram]]'' facing east and also has an entrance facing south.<ref name="pillai12"/> There is a garden in the southern side and a Vasantha Mandapam in the north.<ref name="pillai12"/> The sanctum of Mullaivananathar is in the second precinct and the shrine of Amman is located parallel to the Swami shrine. The shrine is Nandi is located in front of Swami, with the Palipeeda and Dwajasthambam located right behind the Nandi.<ref name="pillai12"/> There is a Nataraja hall and a yagasalai. There are separate shrines for [[Nataraja]], [[Somaskanda]], [[Ganesha|Karpaga Vinayagar]] and [[Navagraha]]s.<ref name="pillai12"/> There are separate shrines for [[Sekkizhar]], [[Nalvar]], Santhanachariar, [[Dakshinamurthy]], Nrithivu Nayakkar, [[Ardhanarishvara|Arthanariswarar]], [[Mahalakshmi]], [[Arumugam]], [[Brahma]], [[Durga]] and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswarar]].<ref name="pillai12"/> There are four water bodies associated with the temple. Sheerakundam (Parkulam) is the temple tank located opposite to the temple and the water is believed to be born out of the milk of [[Kamadenu]], the sacred cow.<ref name="pillai17">[[#Pillai|Pillai 2000]], pp. 17-19</ref> Sathyakupam is a well located in between the shrines of Swami and Amman. Brahma Theertham is a tank located north east of the temple - Nataraja gives theerthavari during Karthigai Thivatharai in this tank.<ref name="pillai17"/> Vritha Kaveri is the branch of Kaveri, Vettaru (also called Mullivay) - the stepshore is the bank for many of the temple occasions.<ref name="pillai17"/> The temple tree, Mullai tree is located in between the Swami shrine and Chandikeswarar shrine.<ref name="pillai17"/> In 2020, a hall for Annadhanam was added by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Department, by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/dec/08/18-eb-sub-stations-worth-rs-300-crore-inaugurated-2233243.html|title=18 EB sub-stations worth Rs 300 crore inaugurated|date=8 December 2020|accessdate=15 August 2021}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 2048 | height1 = 1536
| width2 = 2048 | height2 = 1536
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Tirukarugavoor3.JPG
|image2=Tirukkarukavur1.jpeg
|footer=Sculptures and temple tank
}}
The temple finds mention in ''[[Tevaram]]'', the 7th century 12 volume Saiva canonical work by Tamil saints, namely [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]] and [[Campantar]]. It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] glorified in the Saiva canon.<ref name="pillai23">[[#Pillai|Pillai 2000]], pp. 23-24</ref> The temple also finds mention in ''[[Periya Puranam]]'' by Sezhkizhar, ''Siva Ksehtra Sivanamaga Kalivenba'' by Umapathi Sivam and ''Vinnapakali Venba'' by [[Ramalinga Adigal]].<ref name="pillai23"/> ''Thalapuranam'' by Ambalavana Pandaram, ''Nanmaimalai'' & ''Rettaimanimalai'' by Veerabathra swamigal, ''Pathirru Panthathi'' by Govindaswami Pillai, ''Vadamozhi Slogangal'' by Anatharama Dikshithar and ''Amman thothirangal Tamilpattu'' by T.S. Vaithiyanathan are some of the religious works associated with the temple.<ref name="pillai23"/> The temple is one of the five Pancha Aranya Sthalams, the temples named after forest. Aranyam means forest and the following five temples at different forests Thanjavur / Kumbakonam / Thiruvarur region are revered as "Pancha Aranya Sthalams".The five temples are Mullaivananathar Temple at Tirukkarugavur – Mullai vanam, Satchi Nathar Temple at Avalivanallur – Paadhiri vanam, Paathaaleswarar Temple at Thiru Aradaipperumpazhi (Haridwara mangalam) – Vanni vanam, Aapathsahayeswarar Temple at Thiru Erumpoolai (Alangudi) – Poolai vanam and Vilvavaneswarar Temple at Thirukollam Pudhur – Vilva vanam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pancha Aranya Stalams|url=http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc099.php|publisher=Shaivam.org|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143304/http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc099.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vaikasi Visagam for Mullaivananathar, Adipooram and Navarathri uthsavam for Ambal, Annabishekam, Kanthasashti, Karthigai Mahadeepam, Karthigai Sunday theerthavari and Panguni Uthram are some of the prominent festivals celebrated.<ref name="pillai26">[[#Pillai|Pillai 2000]], pp. 26</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Mullaivananathar Tirukoil Varalaru|last =Pillai|first=M. Sivaguru|edition=6th|year=2000|publisher=Thirukoil Veliyeedu|ref=Pillai}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=14056/ Official Website of Sri Garbarakshambigai Temple]

{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{Hindu Temples of Kumbakonam}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

X Zone

2026-03-08T23:27:33Z

ElmoPedder14: small changes

{{short description|Indian horror television series}}
{{about|the TV series|the video game|X-Zone}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime = 45 minutes
| country = India
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1998|06|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2000|10|30|df=yes}}
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 126
| num_seasons = 1
| genre = 
}}

'''''X Zone''''' is an Indian television series aired on [[Zee TV]] from 8 June 1998 to 30 October 2000. It was the Indian version of [[The X-Files|X-Files]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov29/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Re telling X files in Hindi|last=|first=|date=1998-11-29|website=www.tribuneindia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Directors like [[Anurag Basu]], [[Tulsi Ramsay]], [[Shyam Ramsay]], [[Kushan Nandy]], [[Vivek Agnihotri]], [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]], [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]], [[Ketan Mehta]] directed the episodes of X Zone. It used to air every Monday at night.

==List of episodes==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Cast
!Producers
!Directors
|-
|1
! Gaddaar
|[[Deepak Tijori]], [[Nivedita Bhattacharya]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
|Ashwin Dhirai, Shashikant Shah
|Ricky Sandhu
|-
|2-3
!Grahan
|[[Anju Mahendru]], Param Vir, [[Vaishnavi Mahant]], Vaidehi Amrute, Narendra Gupta, [[Sanjay Batra]], [[Mulraj Rajda]]
|Alka Shamsi
|Shahab Shamsi
|-
|4-7
!Neha
|[[Mohan Kapoor]], [[Nivedita Bhattacharya]], [[Smita Bansal]], [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]], Savita Bajaj, Rakesh Thareja, Noopur as Neha
|[[Pallavi Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct04/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Big star of small screen|last=|first=|date=1998-10-04|website=www.tribuneindia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
|[[Vivek Agnihotri]]
|-
|8-12
!Sikander
|[[Kumar Gaurav]] as Sikander, [[Mohan Kapoor]] as Rann Bahadur Thapa, [[Shruti Ulfat]] as Natasha, [[Rajesh Khera]] as The Mean Chief, [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Navin Bawa, Brij Bhushan Sawhney as Ravi Mishra, [[Asif Basra]] as Pammi Teddy, Candice Gracy as Master Gandhar
|[[Pallavi Joshi]]
|[[Vivek Agnihotri]]
|-
|13-14
!Ansh
|Rakhee Malhotra, [[Niki Aneja Walia]], Naresh Suri, [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Dinesh Kaushik]], [[Mahesh Thakur]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Shiva Rindani]], [[Ragesh Asthana]]
|
|
|-
|15-16
!Sunanda
|Harsha Mehra, [[Mehul Buch]], [[Shashi Kumar]], Paresh Panchmatia, Sujata Thakkar, Apurva Achharya, Kukul Tarmastar, Tulsi Rajda, Bharat Bhatt, Mahesh Vakil, Daivi, Devarshi, Homi Wadia
|Nikita Shah
|Homi Wadia
|-
|17
! The Locked Room
|[[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Sweta Keswani]], [[Firdaus Dadi]], Kajol Chakravorty, Abhay Mane
|[[Kiran Shroff]], [[Kushan Nandy]]
|[[Kushan Nandy]]
|-
|18
!Dark Memories
|[[Rajeev Verma]], [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)|Vishal Singh]], Vaidehi Amrute, Minal Patel, [[Ravi Kale]], Chaitrali Chirmule, Deepak Sharma, Dilip Darbar, Shahroz Khan
|Rajeev Tandon
|[[Swapna Waghmare Joshi]]
|-
|19-20
! Raat aur Din
|[[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Pavan Malhotra]], [[Shruti Ulfat]], Ashish Duggal, [[Ragesh Asthana]], Suhas Khandke, [[Pramod Moutho]]
|Alka Shamsi
|Shahab Shamsi
|-
|21-22
! Dead Again
|[[Iravati Harshe]] as Surabhi, [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Inspector Keval Mansingh, Sujata as Sister Christene, Ankush Mohla as Theodor Marx, Vicky Ahuja
|Glen Barretto, Ankush Mohla
|Glen Barretto, Ankush Mohla
|-
|23-24
!Dahak
|[[Arif Zakaria]], Sukanya Kulkarni, [[Ravi Gossain]], Vaibhavi Raut, Siraj Mustafa Khan, Manmeet Gulzar
|Aneesh Dev
|Rajesh Ransinghe
|-
|25
! Ward No. 13
|[[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Anju Mahendru]], [[Deepak Deulkar]], [[Dinesh Kaushik]], Pankaj Kalra, Yogesh
|Alka Shamsi
|Shahab Shamsi
|-
|26-27
! Cheherey
|[[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Iravati Harshe]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], Saurabh Dubey
|Rajeev Mehta
|Deepak Malwankar
|-
|28-31
! Kashish
|[[Navin Nischol]], Meenal Patel, Rajasi Behere, [[Shivani Gosain]], Shirin Merchant, Mohankant, [[Abha Parmar]], Vandana Sajnani, Ritvika Dey, Ashwin Kaushal
|Nikita Shah
|Deepak Bawaskar
|-
|32-33
!Mrityu
|[[Bhavana Balsavar|Bhavana Balsaver]], [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj]], [[Achint Kaur]], Lilaver Tendulkar, [[Hemant Pandey]], Jogi, Avinash Kharshikar, Hamid Khan, Master Akash, Master Samrat, Ashalasa Shinde, Sujata, Nirmala, P.D. Awasare, Rajinder Mehra, Karan Shah, Jaya Mathur
|Karan Shah
|Karan Shah
|-
|34-35
!Anjaan
|Aparna Tilak, [[Beena Banerjee|Beena]], [[Darshan Jariwala]], Manish Nagpal
|Ashish Jalan
|[[Ketan Mehta]]
|-
|36-37
!Vashikaran
|[[Parmeet Sethi]], [[Papiya Sengupta|Papia Sengupta]], [[Reena Kapoor]], Pramathesh Mehta, Suresh Gor, Khushboo
|Nikita Shah
|[[Homi Wadia]]
|-
|38-39
! Ghungroo !
|[[Salim Ghouse]] as Krishna Amma, [[Mukesh Jadhav]] as Tara, Bunty Sharma as Chameli, Ashok Sharma as Iqbal Hakim, Laxminarayan Tripathi as Champa
|Rajeev Mehta
|David Atkins
|-
|40-41
!Kudrat
|Vishal Singh, [[R. Madhavan]], Seema Shetty
|Aneesh Dev
|Rajesh Ranshinge
|-
|42-43
!Talaash
|[[Anil Dhawan]], [[Nishigandha Wad]], [[Dinesh Kaushik]], [[Jaya Bhattacharya]], [[Smita Bansal]], Rushali Arora, Jaya Mathur, [[Kanika Shivpuri]], [[Mehul Buch]]
|Alka Shamsi
|Shahab Shamsi
|-
|44-45
!The Caves Of Rangiri
|[[Pallavi Joshi]], [[Manish Choudhary|Manish Choudhari]], Dilip Pawle
|Preeti Bubna Ali, Arif Ali
|[[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
|-
|46-47
!Woh Kaun Tha
|[[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Papiya Sengupta|Papia Sengupta]]
|Vinta Nanda
|Gaurav Saxena
|-
|48-49
!Ateet
|[[Bhavna Balsavar]], [[Mohan Kapoor]], [[Achint Kaur]], [[Pratima Kazmi]]
|
|
|-
|50
!Baat Ek Raat Ki
|[[Kay Kay Menon|Kay Kay]], [[Mulraj Rajda]], [[Ashok Lokhande]],
|
|
|-
|51
! Bhram ?
|Sukanya Mone, [[Sanjay Mone]], Shyama Deshpande, Candida Fernandes, Yogesh Pagare
|Two's Company
|Glen Barretto, Ankush Mohla
|-
|52
! Abhishaap
|[[Nandita Puri]], Bhaveen Gosain, Vinod Nagpal, [[Alefia Kapadia|Alefia Aftab Kapadia]]
|
|Ray C
|-
|53-54
!Asthiyaan
|Shaukat Baig, Arpana Sharma, Ashok Sharma, [[Zafar Karachiwala]], Dilip Thadekeshwar, Juhu Sinha, Gagan Gupta, Deepak Chand
|Rajeev Mehta
|Pavan S. Kaul
|-
|55-56
!Karma
|[[Anita Kulkarni]], [[Lalit Mohan Tiwari|Lalit Tiwari]], Ashok Laath, Abhay Chopra, Sagar Arya, [[Sanjeev Seth]], Sanjay Gandhi, Chunnu Mehra, Zubeda
|Vinta Nanda
|Vinta Nanda, [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
|-
|57-58
!Dafan
|[[Nitesh Pandey]], [[Ravi Gossain]], [[Yash Tonk]], [[Sushma]], [[Kartika Rane]]
|
|
|-
|59
!Woh Raat
|[[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]], [[Sangita Ghosh|Sangeeta Ghosh]], [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Ritu Raj]], [[Gajendra Chauhan]], [[Kanika Shivpuri]], [[Rajeeta Kochhar]], Vilas Raaj, [[Poonam Dasgupta|Poonam Das Gupta]]
|[[Tulsi Ramsay]], [[Shyam Ramsay|Shayam Ramsay]]
|Deepak Ramsay
|-
|60
!Gumrah
|Divya Jagdale, [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], Meenakshi Gupta, Rupesh Thapliyal, Jaspir Thandi
|Two's Company
|Glen Barretto, Ankush Mohla
|-
|61-62
!Caretaker
|[[Alyy Khan|Aly Khan]], [[Sweta Keswani|Shweta Keshwani]], Malvika Singh
|
|
|-
|63-64
!Khwaab
|Aparna Tilak, [[Varun Badola]], [[Nakul Vaid|Nakul S Vaid]], Madhu Malti, Rachna Goel, Mukesh Ahuja, Mohit K Jha
|Deepa Sahi
|[[Ketan Mehta]]
|-
|65
!Hairat
|Priyanka as Meenakshi, [[Anup Soni]] as Aniket, [[Manasi Salvi|Mansi Salvi]] as Kavita, [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Pande, [[Ashok Lokhande]] as Jatashankar, Jyotsna, Sarvendar Singh
|Ricky Sinha, Harsha Sinha
|Deepak Bawaskar
|-
|66-67
!Whitelight
|[[Niki Aneja Walia|Nikki Aneja]], Naveen Bawa, [[Tanaaz Irani|Tanaz Currim]], [[Kay Kay Menon|Kay Kay]], Kamal Jain, Master Kinshuk
|[[Pallavi Joshi]]
|[[Vivek Agnihotri]]
|-
|68-69
!Shareer
|[[Kanwarjit Paintal]], [[Navni Parihar]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Ritu raj]]
|
|
|-
|70-71
!Rakshak
|Nasir Khan, [[Alefia Kapadia|Alifia Kapadia]], Sagar Arya, [[Mukesh Jadhav]]
|Two's Company
|Glen Barretto, Ankush Mohla
|-
|72
!Mangni
|Beena, Arundhati Ganorkar, Pamela Mukherjee, [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
|Mallika Jalan
|Rabiranjan Maitra
|-
|73-74
!Zidd
| [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Gajraj Rao]], [[Poonam Narula]], [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]], [[Jaya Bhattacharya]], Amitanshu Jain
|Preety Bubna Ali, Arif Ali
|[[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
|-
|75-76
!Fear
| [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], [[Anupam Shyam]], [[Murli Sharma]], Meenakshi Gupta
|
|
|-
|77-78
!Vishesh
| [[Deepa Parab]], Nupur Alankar, Bakul Thakkar, [[Joy Sengupta]], Shakti Joshi, Ramesh Rai, [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]], Rekha Rao
|
|
|-
|79-80
!Coma
| [[Joy Sengupta]], [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]]
|
|
|-
|81
!666
| [[Vrajesh Hirjee]], [[Murli Sharma]], [[Uttara Baokar]], [[Ashwini Kalsekar]], [[Shivani Gosain]], [[Shilpa Saklani]], [[Manav Kaul]]
|
|
|-
|82-83
!Planchette
| [[Poonam Narula]], [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]], [[Shital Thakkar]], Vandana Sajnani, [[Prithvi Zutshi]], [[Pratima Kazmi]], Amla Rai, Rani Sharma
|Deepak Bhalla
|Anik Ghosh
|-
|84
!Saath Phere
| Raman Trikha, [[Yatin Karyekar]], Arpita Pandey, [[Nausheen Ali Sardar]], Sai Ballal
|
|
|-
|85-86
!Madhyam
| [[Juhi Parmar]], [[Sandhya Mridul]], Sujata, Sagar Arya
|
|
|-
|87-88
!Drishti
| [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]], Anita Kulkarni, Arya Rawal, Vandana Marathe, Jaswinder Gardner
|
|
|-
|89-90
!Shraap
| Kanchan, [[Deepraj Rana]], Khyaati Khandke Keswani, Vandana Sajnani, [[Mehul Buch]],
|
|
|-
|91
!Wild Rose
| Ravee Gupta
|
|
|-
|92
!12 O'Clock
|
|
|
|-
|93
!Shamshaan
| [[Ayub Khan]], [[Vaishnavi Mahant]], Manjeet Kullar, [[Arun Bali]], Nandita Thakur
|
|
|-
|94
!Jwala
| [[Bhairavi Raichura]], [[Aamir Bashir]], Suhita Thatte, [[Joy Sengupta]]
|
|
|-
|95
!A True Story
| Ravi Khanvilkar, [[Parag Deshpande]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Kishori Shahane]]
|
|
|-
|96
!Mukti
| [[Suchitra Pillai]], [[Gufi Paintal]], [[Vrajesh Hirjee]], [[Pratima Kazmi]]
|
|
|-
|97
!Ashaant
| [[Shama Deshpande]], [[Gufi Paintal]], Lata Haya, Nayan Bhatt, Suresh Gaur, Rakesh Vyas, Shridhar Parab, Siddharth Ravrani
|Nikita Shah
|[[Homi Wadia]]
|-
|98
!Bhavishya
| [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]], Chitrapama Bannerjee, [[Mouli Ganguly]]
|
|
|-
|99
!Sculptor
| [[Atul Agnihotri]], Ramesh Rai, Mandeep Bhandar, Bakul Thakkar, Gayatri Jariwala
|
|
|-
|100
!Milan
| [[Murli Sharma]], [[Achint Kaur]], [[Sucheta Khanna]], Abhay Mane,
|
|
|-
|101
!13 Days
| Meenakshi Gupta, [[Anup Soni]], Vishnu Singh
|
|
|-
|102
!Raniya
| Chitrapama Bannerjee, [[Shishir Sharma]], Nandita Puri, [[Virendra Saxena]],
|
|
|-
|103
!Woh 7 Din
| Shonali Malhotra, [[Ragesh Asthana]]
|
|
|-
|104
!Ilaaka
| Kashish Kaul
|
|
|-
|105
!The Return Of Woh
| Aparna Tilak, [[Sweta Keswani]], [[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]]
|
|
|-
|106
!Sauda
| [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]].[[Kay Kay Menon]], Mandeep Bhandar, Meenal Patel, [[Ashwini Kalsekar]], [[Murli Sharma]]
|
|
|-
|107
!Aaina
| [[Adi Irani]], [[Neelima Azeem]], [[Payal Nair]], [[Anjali Mukhi]]
|
|
|-
|108
!Angela
| [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], Ravee Gupta, Mangala Kenkre
|
|
|-
|109
!Believe It Or Not
| [[Harsh Chhaya]], [[Shadaab Khan]], [[Ravi Gossain]], [[Jaya Bhattacharya]], [[Kitu Gidwani]], [[Anang Desai]]
|
|
|-
|110
!Gunah
| Ajay Mankotia, Usha Bachani, Indira Krishnan, [[Shiva Rindani]], Ritwika Dey, Pooja Ghai Rawal
|
|
|-
|111
!Author
| Divya Jagdale, Deepan C. Vartak [[Ananya Khare]], [[Iqbal Azad]], [[Ami Trivedi]],
|
|
|-
|112
!Janam
| Sajni Hanspal, [[Dolly Sohi]], [[Pramod Mouthu]]
|
|
|-
|113
!Suhaag
| [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], Vishwanath, [[Vaishali Thakkar]], Vipra Rawal, Suhita Thatte
|
|
|-
|114
!Apshagun
| Anupam Bhattacharya, Seema Shetty, [[Prithvi Zutshi]], [[Anju Mahendru]], Gayatri Jariwala, [[Murli Sharma]]
|
|
|-
|115
!Mad Man's Diary
| [[Rajesh Khera]], [[Mehul Buch]], [[Sucheta Khanna]], [[Pratima Kazmi]],
|
|-
|116
!Kasara Ghaat
| [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Prachi Shah]], Meenakshi Gupta, Sahiba Khan
|
|
|-
|117
!Bees Saal Baad
| S.Madan, [[Purbi Joshi]], [[Sadhana Singh]]
|
|
|-
|118
!Nisachar
| [[Ajinkya Deo]], [[Murli Sharma]]
|
|
|-
|119
!Haqeeqat
| [[Sucheta Khanna]], Poornima, Meenakshi Verma, Gunn, [[Raj Zutshi]]
|
|
|-
| 120
! Saheli
| [[Shakti Anand]] as Rakesh Jindal, [[Kuljeet Randhawa]] as Karishma, [[Nilanjana Sharma]] as Pooja, [[Murli Sharma]] as Dr. Gomes
|
|
|-
|121
!Kirdar
| [[Achint Kaur]], [[Irrfan Khan]]
|Inhouse Productions
|
|-
|122
!6½
| [[Aditya Srivastava]], [[Murli Sharma]], [[Anirudh Agarwal]], [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]], [[Lata Sabharwal]], Gayatri Jariwala
|
|
|-
|123
!The Sweeper 🧹
| [[Vrajesh Hirjee]], Sameer Khakkar, [[Suhasini Mulay]], Meenakshi Verma, Candida Fernandes
|
|
|-
|124-125
!Kabza
| [[Salil Ankola]], [[Durga Jasraj]]
|
|
|-
|126
!Mangalsutra
| [[Raj Zutshi]], [[Sonia Kapoor]], [[Uday Tikekar]]
|
|
|}

==Production==
For ''Woh Kaun Tha'' this was the first time in 10 years that a TV serial crew had gone deep into the so-called affected areas - Srinagar, Gulmarg and [[Pahalgam]] of Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19990517-after-big-screen-small-screen-returns-to-kashmir-valley-780885-1999-05-17|title=After big screen, small screen returns to Kashmir Valley|website=India Today}}</ref>

Talaash was the story of Kusum who hallucinates about a girl killed in her college and had recurrent nightmares.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19990419-go-west-directed-by-edward-buzzell-at-tnt-780715-1999-04-19|title=Go West, directed by Edward Buzzell at TNT|author=Namrata Joshi |date=April 19, 1999 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

===Casting===

[[Tanaaz Irani|Tanaz Currim]] in ''Whitelight'' played the wife of a colonel who is possessed by an evil spirit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000102/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

[[Kumar Gaurav]] played the role of an amnesiac in story '''Sikandar'', who pieces together his past to realize he is the world's most dreaded terrorist'. The story was based on [[Carlos the Jackal|Carlos]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19981019-kumar-gaurav-back-in-action-to-play-terrorist-in-tv-serial-sikandar-827214-1999-10-19|title=Kumar Gaurav back in action, to play terrorist in TV serial Sikandar|author=Namrata Joshi |date=October 19, 1999 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

[[Vrajesh Hirjee|Brijesh Hirjee]] played Dracula in an episode in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010816/main7.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Glitz 'n' glamour|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1634528}}

[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:1998 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2002 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:The X-Files (franchise)]]

Bindy Johal

2026-03-08T05:43:58Z

ElmoPedder14: quick fixed structure as per guidelines and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Canadian criminal (1971–1998)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Bindy Johal
| image_name = BindyJohalImage.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| birth_name = Bhupinder Singh Johal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1971|01|14}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1998|12|20|1971|01|17}}
| death_place = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada
| alias = Bindy
| charge = * [[money laundering]]<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />
* [[aggravated assault]]<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />
* [[extortion]]<ref name="Langton p. 47" />
* [[first degree murder]]<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />
* illegal debt collection<ref name="Langton p. 47" />
* [[obstruction of justice]]<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />
* [[possession of a weapon|possession of dangerous weapons]]<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />
* [[second degree murder]]<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />
* [[attempted murder]]<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />
| conviction = * [[possession of a weapon|possession of dangerous weapons]]<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />
* [[racketeering]]<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />
* [[extortion]]<ref name="Langton p. 47" />
| conviction_penalty =
| conviction_status =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[crime boss]]|[[Gangster]]|[[Drug lord]]}}
| parents =
}}

'''Bhupinder''' "'''Bindy'''" '''Singh Johal''' (January 14, 1971 – December 20, 1998) was an [[Indo-Canadian]] gangster from [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]. A self-confessed drug kingpin,<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web|title=Arrest of Southeast Asian Mobsters in Vancouver Could Be A Serious Blow To Indo-Canadian Gangsters|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jun/24us4.htm|work=Rediff on the net|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=May 22, 2012|author=Arthur J Pais|date=June 24, 1999}}</ref> he was known for his outspoken nature, blatant disregard for authority and his longtime rivalry with his former [[Punjabi-Canadian organized crime|Punjabi Mafia]] Bosses turned rivals; Robbie Kandola and the Dosanjh Brothers, who led a rival Punjabi Mafia faction, while Johal controlled his own faction alongside international [[Drug lord]] [[Ranjit Cheema]].<ref>{{cite web |title=B.C. Liberal regrets supporting trafficker |url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/b-c-liberal-regrets-supporting-trafficker-1.323585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112040829/http://bc.ctvnews.ca/b-c-liberal-regrets-supporting-trafficker-1.323585 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 12, 2014 |website=British Columbia |language=en |date=September 10, 2008}}</ref> On December 20, 1998, Johal was fatally shot in the back of the head at a crowded nightclub in Vancouver.<ref>{{Citation|title=BC gangster Bindy Johal shot on crowded nightclub dancefloor| date=November 22, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_Hwzsx39UI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/6_Hwzsx39UI| archive-date=December 12, 2021 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=May 8, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Early life==
Johal was born in 1971 (although some sources have noted 1972 and 1973) in [[Shankar Nakodar Punjab, India]] to a [[Jatt Sikh]] family of the [[Johal]] clan. He immigrated to Vancouver, British Columbia with his family at the age of four. His parents separated and he was raised by his mother.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.3390/rel11050228 | doi-access=free | title=The Legacies of Bindy Johal: The Contemporary Folk Devil or Sympathetic Hero | date=2020 | last1=Pabla | first1=Manjit | journal=Religions | volume=11 | issue=5 | page=228 }}</ref> He was increasingly temperamental, resented discipline, and had a lack of respect and remorse for others.<ref name="Langton pp. 40, 42">{{cite book|author=Jerry Langton|title=The Notorious Bacon Brothers: Inside Gang Warfare on Vancouver Streets|date=January 25, 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-40457-7|pages=40, 42}}</ref> He suffered from severe depression when his parents cut his hair after an armed assault in [[Canada]] in the aftermath of the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi]], which happened miles away in [[Delhi]], his mother said, "That was the only time I saw another expression of his other than anger and silence."<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2022 |title=After Moosewala's murder, spotlight back on (Punjabi) gangs of Canada |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/after-moosewalas-murder-spotlight-back-on-punjabi-gangs-of-canada-7991686/ |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Johal was considered to be a "problem child" by his teachers.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=42}} One of Johal's teachers, Rob Sandhu, stated: "When he came into Grade 8, it didn't seem like he had any problems. It seems these kids are not being flagged. But teachers are raising these issues, so why aren't we acting on it?"{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=42}}

Although he did well in school and was even on the honour roll, he was expelled from [[Sir Charles Tupper Secondary School]] and sentenced to 60 days in jail after he "brutally" assaulted his vice-principal in 1989.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=42}} Johal tried to justify his behaviour at his trial in a defence that the journalist [[Jerry Langton]] wrote "smacked of cold-blooded cynicism" by saying that as an Indo-Canadian that he was the victim of a racist society and he was only just lashing out against society by beating up his vice-principal so severely that he had to go to the hospital emergency room to save his life.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=42}} The judge at Johal's trial rejected this defence.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=42}} The judge noted there was no evidence that the vice-principal was a racist and that whatever slights and insults Johal may have endured from others was no excuse for the assault.

Having moved to [[Richmond, British Columbia]], Johal enrolled in [[Matthew McNair Secondary School|McNair Secondary School]].{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=42}} Johal smashed in the window of a car using a baseball bat and was convicted of [[possession of a weapon|possession of a dangerous weapon]].{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=42}} Johal enrolled in college, but dropped out after his first semester to begin his criminal career. Johal joined a once Hispanic gang called ''Los Diablos'' ("The Devils").{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=43}} As the membership of ''Los Diablos'' became more Indo-Canadian, the gang was renamed as the Punjabi Mafia.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=43}} He built a reputation as a hit-man working for Jimmy and Ron Dosanjh, both of whom he would later betray and have killed.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref name="Langton pp. 40, 42" /> Johal also started to sell cocaine.{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=429}}

On March 14, 1991, a Colombian drug trafficker, Teodoro Salcedo, was murdered in Vancouver{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=43}} Jimsher "Jimmy" Dosanjh was arrested and charged with the murder.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=44}} While Dosanjh was in jail awaiting his trial which ended with his acquittal, Johal took advantage of his absence to make himself leader of the gang.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=44}} Johal and his gang hijacked trucks carrying electronics and automobiles landed at the port of Vancouver, which he sold on the black market.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=44}} A television documentary at the time estimated that Johal had an annual income of $4 million.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=44}}

Bindy reportedly had [[antisocial personality disorder]] which may account for why he was so quick to kill those close to him. He didn't keep close friends and was extremely callous to his associates.<ref name=" Schneider p. 480" /><ref name=" Langton p. 47" /> According to Constable Spencer, "All he was concerned about was himself, he was very narcissistic in nature and had a general hatred of people. Bindy actually met Bal Buttar, one of his close associates, in prison when he was in his twenties. They never knew each other growing up and from Bal's statements, Bindy made it very clear that they were not friends, but business partners as he did with everyone else in his group."<ref name="Bonnie Fournier 96"/> He attended school with [[Harjit Sajjan]], who later became the Canadian [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of Defense]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bramham |first=Daphne |date=September 18, 2012 |title=Who are we? Part 12: In defence of the rights of others (with video) |url=https://vancouversun.com/life/who-are-we-part-12-in-defence-of-the-rights-of-others-with-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918145648/https://vancouversun.com/life/who-are-we-part-12-in-defence-of-the-rights-of-others-with-video |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |access-date=November 5, 2015 |website=www.vancouversun.com |publisher=[[Vancouver Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy.com">{{cite web |date=November 5, 2015 |title=Canada's New Defense Minister Made His Own Gas Mask to Work With His Sikh Beard |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/05/canadas-new-defense-minister-made-his-own-gas-mask-to-work-with-his-sikh-beard/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218104937/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/05/canadas-new-defense-minister-made-his-own-gas-mask-to-work-with-his-sikh-beard/ |archive-date=February 18, 2017 |access-date=March 7, 2017 |work=Foreign Policy}}</ref>

==Dosanjh murders==
Johal was responsible in the murders of gangster brothers Ron Dosanjh and Jimmy Dosanjh.<ref name="Columbian Services" /><ref name=Brown /> Jimmy Dosanjh was killed in February 1994, and Ron was killed in April 1994.<ref name="Brown">{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-197153.html | author=DeNeen L. Brown | title=Vancouver Struggles With Gang Violence; Long Cycle of Drug-Related Homicides Plagues Indian Immigrant Community | work=The Washington Post (accessed via HighBeam Research) | publisher=Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive | date=July 22, 2004 | accessdate=June 17, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430180741/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-197153.html | archive-date=April 30, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Johal knew that Jimmy Dosanjh had taken out a contract to kill him for over [[Canadian dollar|C$]]230,000, according to Crown prosecutors.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /> {{#tag:ref|On April 24, 1994, Johal's neighbour, Glen Olson, was shot and killed when walking his dog. Police believe that the assassins mistakenly killed Olson, and the intended victim was Johal.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />|group="nb"}} The hitman whom Jimmy Dosanjh hired to kill Johal instead approached him and made a deal for more money to kill Dosanjh.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=44}} On February 25, 1994, Dosanjh went into a back alley to inspect some stolen electronics when he was ambushed and killed by his own men, whose true loyalty was to Johal.{{sfn|Langton|2015|p=269}} Afterwards remarked "This Jimmy Dosanjh, they portrayed him as a hit-man this that. Personally from what I've seen of him on the street I don't think he could have hit his way out of a paper bag."

In a television interview, Ranjit "Ron" Dosanjh told a television crew that if he saw Johal at his house, he’d “shoot him between the eyes".{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=46}} Johal when asked to comment about the remark by another television crew snapped back: "Basically, I just want these guys to know you got another thing coming, bitch! I'm still around!"{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=46}} On April 19, 1994, Ron Dosanjh was killed in his red pick-up truck while waiting for a traffic light when a car pulled alongside and a man opened fire with an AK-47 assault rifle.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=46}} Dosanjh took several bullets to his face, killing him instantly; his truck veered wildly and crashed into a tree.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=46}} On April 24, 1994, Johal's neighbour, Greg Olson, who was walking his dog, was killed in a case of mistaken identity.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=46}} On April 25, 1994, Johal was charged with two counts of first-degree murder in connection with the Dosanjh murders along with Sarbjit Gill, Rajinder "Big Raj" Benji, Michael Kim Budai, Sun News Lai, Preet "Peter" Sarbjit Gill, and Kim "Phil" Ho-Sik, whom the Crown alleged to be the actual gunman who killed the Dosanjh brothers.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=46}}

Because of the required security for the trial, it was one of the most expensive trials in Canadian history.<ref name="Brown" /> His former brother-in-law, Peter Gill, was also accused. The accused, including Gill and Johal, were acquitted. During and following the trial, Gill had an affair with [[Gillian Guess]], an active juror on the trial.<ref name="Columbian Services">{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | title=Murder Illustrates Vancouver B.C. Drug Problem | work=The Columbian (accessed via HighBeam Research) |location=Vancouver, WA | publisher=McClatchy-Tribune Information Services | date=January 3, 1999 | accessdate=June 17, 2013 | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19438240.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013143002/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19438240.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 13, 2013 }}</ref> Guess was sentenced to 18 months after being convicted of obstruction of justice.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /> Gill was tried and convicted of the same crime and sentenced to six years in prison.<ref name="Langton p. 47">{{cite book|author=Jerry Langton|title=The Notorious Bacon Brothers: Inside Gang Warfare on Vancouver Streets|date=January 25, 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-40457-7|page=47}}</ref> The Crown appealed the acquittal of Johal and other defendants,{{#tag:ref|Other defendants include: Raj Benji, Mike Budai, Peter Gill, Phil Kim, and Sun News Lal,<ref>{{cite news | author=The Associated Press | title=Tuesday's Canada News Briefs | work=AP Online (accessed via HighBeam Research) | publisher=Press Association, Inc. | date=April 11, 2000 | accessdate=June 17, 2013 | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-25787150.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611030546/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-25787150.html | archive-date=June 11, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|group="nb"}} but Johal was killed before the new trial began.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /> Gill was not retried.<ref name="Langton p. 47" />

==The Punjabi Mafia and Johal's criminal activity==
The [[Indo-Canadian organized crime|Punjabi Mafia]] is a loosely affilicated criminal organization originating in British Columbia with gang members. The gang, initially being liberal in its membership, became more ethnocentric over time, some subgroups excepted. These groups are still active and notorious in Vancouver and have been since the early 1990s.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref name="Langton p. 47" /> They have been linked to the [[Independent Soldiers]] (IS), [[Red Scorpions]], [[Lotus Triads]], [[Hells Angels]], and the [[United Nations (gang)|United Nations]] (UN) gang in Canada, although several members of the Independent Soldiers can also be grouped as part of the mafia as well.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref name="Langton p. 47" /><ref name="Vancouver Sun">{{cite web | url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=5244eb47-1c5a-4ad3-9633-ea7416889807 | title=Notorious gang hitman Bal Buttar succumbs to infection at age 35 | publisher=canada.com | work=Vancouver Sun | date=November 5, 2011 | accessdate=June 17, 2013 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121044132/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastnews/story.html?id=5244eb47-1c5a-4ad3-9633-ea7416889807 | archivedate=January 21, 2014 }}</ref> Bindy Johal was accepted into the Punjabi Mafia in the early 1990s most likely through [[Ranjit Cheema]] or Ron Dosanjh. Ranjit Cheema and Ron Dosanjh were among the few who had full control of the criminal organization.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news | title=How the Canadian dream turned bloody | work=Hindustan Times (accessed via HighBeam Research) |location=New Delhi, India | publisher=McClatchy-Tribune Information Services |date=August 7, 2011 | accessdate=June 17, 2013 | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2418630621.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430180744/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2418630621.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=April 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jerry Langton|title=The Notorious Bacon Brothers: Inside Gang Warfare on Vancouver Streets|date=January 25, 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-40457-7|page=40}}</ref>

According to Johal's former lieutenant Bal Buttar,{{#tag:ref|Bal Buttar had been shot in the head in August 2001, which left him a quadriplegic.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" />|group="nb"}} Punjabi Mafia hitmen claimed contracts in B.C. They are responsible for dozens of murders in Canada in the 90s alone and the majority of those murders still remain unsolved.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref name="Langton p. 47" /> Buttar admitted to performing several executions alongside Bindy, as well as the unsuccessful attempt to kill Johal's associate and former brother-in-law, Preet Sarbjit "Peter" Gill.<ref name="Vancouver Sun" /> However, Buttar was shocked when Bindy said he wanted his own cousin killed. "I thought this guy was kidding, but he was actually being serious, he wanted to take him out."<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref name="Langton p. 47" /> Buttar was suspected of being behind the hit on Robbie Kandola outside his Coal Harbour penthouse. He believed Kandola was the one responsible for his younger brother's death. He is also suspected to be the one behind Bindy's death. It is still up for debate whether he was killed because Bal feared Bindy would kill him or because Ranj and other major players turned on him.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref name="Langton p. 47" /> He was charged with [[Assault#Aggravated assault|aggravated assault]] for beating two men in a bar with a broken beer bottle in 1997.<ref name=" Schneider p. 480" /> When imprisoned, Johal was labelled a "menace to society."<ref name="Bonnie Fournier 96">{{cite book|author=Bonnie Fournier|title=Mugged, Drugged and Shrugged: The Wrong Side of the Eastside|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qvj-oZ0jWaEC&pg=PA96|accessdate=June 17, 2013|date=November 2010|publisher=Trafford Publishing (UK) Limited|isbn=978-1-4251-2506-6|page=96}}</ref>

Johal was earning approximately $500,000–$900,000 a week in his prime through various illegal activities including murder for hire, debt collecting, and drug dealing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indo-Canadian gangster Ranjit Cheema killed|url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/news/indo-canadian-gangster-ranjit-singh-cheema-killed/40547|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130618035242/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/news/indo-canadian-gangster-ranjit-singh-cheema-killed/40547|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 18, 2013|work=Punjab Newsline Network|publisher=AA Newsline Pvt|accessdate=May 22, 2012|date=May 6, 2012}}</ref> He was also affiliated to the Buttar brothers who were well known across the [[Lower Mainland]] for their brutal gangland slayings.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref name="Langton p. 47" /> Even so, Johal coldly told Buttar: "You listen to me. If you take care of things at your end, I'll be happy with you, brother. If you fuck me over, I'll kill you. Right?".{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=47}} Johal's chosen instrument was a hit squad which Johal named "The Elite" consisting of five Indo-Canadian hit men.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=47}} Buttar later stated that "The Elite" hit squad was responsible for 25 murders over a five year period.{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=480}} Johal had a "legendary" bad temper, known for his frequent outbursts of violent rage, which led him to be convicted in 1997 of attacking two men in a bar fight with a broken beer bottle.{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=480}} Johal had convictions for obstruction of justice, possession of dangerous weapons, and aggravated assault.{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=480}}

A Chinese-Canadian rival drug dealer, Randy Chan was [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] on October 25, 1996, and Johal was charged with his kidnapping.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/11us.htm | title=Rediff on the NeT: Vancouver nightlife hit two months after killing of Indian drug dealer }}</ref> Reportedly Chan had been kidnapped by Roman Mann, one of Johal's associates.<ref name=Rediff /> Mann was angry with the quality of the cocaine that Chan had just sold him, which he stated was very diluted despite the premium price.{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=480}} Chan was held captive for 50<ref name=Rediff /> or 56 hours,<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /> part of which was spent in an automobile trunk. Johal phoned Chan's older brother, Raymond, to tell him that if he wanted to see his brother alive again, to give him 5 kilograms of cocaine in exchange for his brothers' life.{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=480}} Johal negotiated Chan's release with his brother to be in exchange for $500,000 paid by the Lotus triads to the Punjabi Mafia faction of Johal. Chan's brother was Raymond Chan, a gang member of the [[List of Chinese criminal organizations|Chinese criminal organization]] called the [[Triad (underground society)|"Lotus"]].<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref name=Rediff />{{#tag:ref|Roman Mann, also charged in the kidnapping of Randy Chan, was killed before the kidnapping trial was set to commence, allegedly by Bindy. He reportedly had wanted to get out of the Punjabi Mafia due to the increasing danger of being in the gang following the shooting of a Hells Angels clubhouse; He was beaten by Johal when he expressed his plan. Mann was shot in the back of the head and his body was found under the Queensborough Bridge. In 2003, a group of men had beaten Raymond Chan to death.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Jerry Langton|title=The Notorious Bacon Brothers: Inside Gang Warfare on Vancouver Streets|date=January 25, 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-40457-7|page=50}}</ref>|group="nb"}}

Johal made no effort to disguise the fact that he was a gangster, and would threaten the lives of rivals in interviews with television crews.{{sfn|Langton|2015|p=271}} Johal became a [[folk hero]] in the Lower Mainland, being admired for his success as a gangster, and many of the young men who joined organized crime admitted that it was Johal's example that inspired them to turn to crime.{{sfn|Langton|2015|p=271}} One gangster who wished to remain anonymous told the academic Arthur J. Pais: "To many young people in the immigrant community who feel that Canadian society does not give them enough chance to succeed, joining gangsters is an exercise in building their self-esteem. Why do you think Bindy Johal was a hero to many young Indo-Canadians. His legend had spread wide in the past few years among Indians not only here but also in Toronto and Montreal, New York and San Francisco. He stood up to his school principles, he beat up those who called him racial names{{Mdash}}and he was making a lot of money even though he was in his mid-twenties. He drove fancy cars, he had girls falling over him".{{sfn|Langton|2015|p=271}}

His gang was responsible for several murders. The first one killed was Amarjit Singh Dheil who was shot dead while leaving the Marpole-Oakridge Community Centre on January 19, 1997, after watching a hockey game.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=48}} Dheil was an associate of the Dosanjh brothers, and Johal wanted to see all of the associates of the Dosanjh brothers killed least they try to avenge them.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=48}} On October 21, 1997, "The Elite" killed Gorinder Singh Khun Khun as he leaving his home.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=48}} Khun Khun had attended high school alongside Johal, and considered him a friend.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=48}} Johal in a moment of paranoia was convinced that Khun Khun was involved in the Olson murder, which led him to order Khun Khun's murder.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=48}} On July 1, 1998, Johal had "The Elite" kill Vinuse News MacKenzie.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=48}} The reason for MacKenzie's murder was eliminate a romantic rival for the affections of a woman who preferred Mackenzie over Johal.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=48}}

On September 19, 1998, a member of the gang, Derek Chand Shankar, insulted Johal, calling him an "idiot" and a "baby" after Johal stated he was felt too tired to go to a nightclub.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=48-49}} Later the same night, Johal showed up at the nightclub and asked Buttar where Shankar was.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=49}} Buttar stated that he was drunk and sleeping in a truck in the parking lot.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=49}} Despite knowing that Johal was planning to kill Shankar, Buttar drove the truck to the Queensborough Bridge in New Westminster.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=49}} As Shankar was waking up from his stupor, Johal shot him.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=49}} On November 29, 1998, Johal's associate, Roman "Danny" Mann expressed the wish to leave the gang, leading to Johal to punch him out in fury.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=50}} Later the same night, Mann's body was found in an empty industrial lot in Burnaby with a single bullet through his head.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=50}} When Buttar asked Johal about the murder, he stated: "Blame it on the H.A. [Hells Angels]".{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=50}} Johal then asked Buttar if he wanted to go to a nightclub with him.{{sfn|Langton|2013|p=50}}

==Death==
On Sunday, December 20, 1998, Johal was dancing at the Palladium nightclub in Vancouver when he was shot from behind at 4:30 a.m. He was rushed to [[Vancouver General Hospital]] where he died 4 hours later. No witnesses were able to describe the assailant.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/notorious-gangster-executed-in-vancouver-nightclub-1.162026 | title=Notorious gangster executed in Vancouver nightclub | website=cbc.ca | date=1998-12-20}}</ref><ref name="Schneider p. 480">{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Schneider|title=Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada|date= December 9, 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-83500-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO8jKSn25DAC&pg=PA480 480]}}</ref><ref name="Langton p. 59">{{cite book|author=Jerry Langton|title=The Notorious Bacon Brothers: Inside Gang Warfare on Vancouver Streets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ISWelHjVWMC&pg=PT62|accessdate=June 16, 2013|date=January 25, 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-40457-7|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Danny Gold and Sean |title=PodcastOne: The Punjabi Mafia and the Indian-Canadian Celeb Hitman Bindy Johal |url=https://www.podcastone.com/episode/The-Punjabi-Mafia-and-the-Indian-Canadian-Celeb-Hitman-Bindy-Johal |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=www.podcastone.com |language=en}}</ref> Four months before Johal's death, "at least three of Johal's associates had also been killed", with each killing alleged to be connected to Bindy, according to the confessions of Bal Buttar.<ref name="Schneider p. 480" /> In 2004, before he died, Bal Buttar told a reporter that he ordered the assassination of Johal, fearing that if he didn't do it, Johal would have had him murdered.{{sfn|Langton|2015|p=271}} The kidnapping trial was set to commence within two months of his murder; Buttar would have served up to 10 years if he had been convicted.<ref name=Rediff /> Buttar was never convicted in the murder of Johal due to his blind and quadriplegic state.<ref>{{cite news | title=Gangster who 'killed for a living' jailed | work=Hindustan Times (accessed via HighBeam Research) | location=New Delhi, India | publisher=McClatchy-Tribune Information Services | date=December 4, 2009 | accessdate= June 17, 2013 | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1915027941.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106075451/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1915027941.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=November 6, 2013 }}</ref>

[[Kash Heed]], commanding officer of the 3rd Police District in Vancouver, stated that it was really disappointing that someone as bright and intelligent as Johal would turn to a life of crime. He added that young people who want to emulate gangsters like Bindy see the benefits of being a criminal, but do not see the danger of putting their lives at risk.<ref name=Brown />

==See also==
* [[List of unsolved murders (1980–1999)]]
* ''[[Beeba Boys]]'', fictionalized film inspired by real crimes including those committed by Bindy Johal

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Books==
* {{cite book |last1=Langton |first1=Jerry |title=The Notorious Bacon Brothers : inside gang warfare on Vancouver streets |date=2013 |publisher=J. Wiley and Sons Canada |location=Etobicoke, Ont. |isbn=978-1118388679}}
*{{cite book |last1=Langton |first1=Jerry |title=Cold War How Organized Crime Works in Canada and Why It's About to Get More Violent |date=2015 |publisher=HarperColllins |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-4434-3255-9}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://vancouversun.com/story.html?id=1997832 Archive photo of Bindy Johal]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johal, Bindy}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:1990s murders in Canada]]
[[Category:1998 crimes in Canada]]
[[Category:1998 murders in North America]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:Canadian crime bosses]]
[[Category:Canadian male criminals]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian murderers]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Criminals from British Columbia]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Indian crime bosses]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian criminals]]
[[Category:Indo-Canadian organized crime]]
[[Category:Murdered Canadian gangsters]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian gangsters]]
[[Category:Organized crime in Vancouver]]
[[Category:People acquitted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of racketeering]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Vancouver]]
[[Category:People murdered in British Columbia]]
[[Category:People murdered by Canadian organized crime]]
[[Category:People with antisocial personality disorder]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian drug traffickers]]
[[Category:Torturers]]
[[Category:Canadian kidnappers]]

Muchataga Mugguru

2026-03-03T22:01:19Z

ElmoPedder14: Creating a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muchataga Mugguru
| image = Muchataga Mugguru.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[D. V. Narasa Raju]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = S. S. Creations Unit
| screenplay = Relangi Narasimha Rao
| producer = Yarlagadda Surendra <br /> [[D. Ramanaidu]] {{small|(Presents)}}
| director = [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
| starring = [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]<br />[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]<br />[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]<br />[[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = S. Harinath
| editing = D. Raja Gopal
| studio = S. S. Creations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0271650/ |title=Muchataga Mugguru (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1985|5|10}}
| runtime = 135 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' Muchataga Mugguru''''' is a 1985 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language comedy film directed by [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Muchataga-Mugguru/17107 |title=Muchataga Mugguru (Direction) |work=Know Your Films}}</ref> Produced by Yarlagadda Surendra and presented by [[D. Ramanaidu]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Muchataga Mugguru (Banner) |url=http://spicyonion.com/title/muchataga-mugguru-telugu-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810084818/http://spicyonion.com/title/muchataga-mugguru-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 August 2016 |work=Spicy Onion}}</ref> the film stars [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]], [[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]] with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/muchchatagaa-mugguru-movie/17389 |title=Muchataga Mugguru (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com}}</ref> The film was recorded as a ''Super Hit'' at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/7625?ed=Tolly |title=Muchataga Mugguru (Review) |work=The Cine Bay}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with two orphan siblings, Radha & Vani, who live as tenants in a house owned by Linga Rao. He is a mercenary & flirty who snubs & pesters them for rent, but his wife Seshamma dotes on them. Radha works as a steno in a firm whose general manager is a beast of lust, which she endures for her livelihood. Vaani is a callow function as an inept sales girl and constantly receives customer rebukes. Rambabu, a young charm & newcomer to the town in quest of a post and rented house at moderate. Fortuitously gets acquainted with the sisters while securing Vani from danger. The rent burden is due; the sisters like to share half the portion with him, and the three spend a blissful time. They forge Rambabu as their maternal uncle's son before Linga Rao. Gradually, Rambabu & Radha crush.

Meanwhile, Vani gains an able-making customer, Ramesh, and invites him home to make a purchase, but the guys fail to see each other. Once Rambabu approaches a handicraft emporium for employment, he breaks a costly idol and flees. Simultaneously, the two CBI officers behind Rambabu confound them when Ramesh arrives, and he absconds in the lady's guise. Upon getting home, Rambabu startles CBI Officers reappear. They announce that under his mate Nutan Prasad's hunt, he is on the higher official's extortion allegation. Destiny makes Nutan Prasad Seshamma's sibling, who has already landed therein, overhear their conversation. After they leave, Nutan Prasad rebukes Rambabu, and both have a mutual comprehension since he holds Rambabu's secret. The next day, Ramesh shows up and falls for Vani. Parallelly, an affluent woman, Rama Devi, who speaks the incoherent lingo of [[Telugu language|Telugu]], appoints Rambabu as her secretary. Though her acts & language vex him, he suffers due to his career for wealth. Rambabu makes Rama Devi's acquaintance with Nutan Prasad by forging him as a film director, discerning her passion, and they, too, reciprocate.

The three couples have a hilarious time. As a glimpse, Rambabu mocks Linga Rao and subdues the General Manager's annoyance, which ends comically. Astonishingly, Rambabu detects Radha & Vani are indeed his maternal aunt's daughters. Their grandfather Kutumbayya ostracizes her for knitting their father without approval. Rambabu also gazes their detests on Kutumbayya for excluding them as alone, regardless of their parent's death. He notifies Kutumabaiah, who regretfully turns up unbeknownst and backs gaining their affection. Following this, Vani slips and pains with a minor injury, but all confusion is that she is terminally ill. Whereat, Kutumbayya rushes, divulges the actuality, and they embrace him. At last, everyone reaches the hospital after a baffling drama, and the truth unwraps. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of three turtle doves.

==Cast==
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Rambabu
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Ramesh
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Radha
*[[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]] as Vaani
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Kutumbayya
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Nutan Prasad
*[[Allu Rama Lingaiah|Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Linga Rao
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] as General Manager
*Devadas Kanakala as Doctor
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Rama Devi
*Mamatha as Sachu
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Seshamma

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Muchataga Mugguru
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1985
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 16:17
| label = AVM Audio
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = [[Swati (1984 film)|Swathi]]
| prev_year = 1985
| next_title = Siksha
| next_year = 1985
}}

Music as composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. Music was released on AVM Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Muchataga Mugguram"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|4:12
|-
|2
|"Chinuku Vachi Thakala"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:56
|-
|3
|"Oho Tharaka"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:26
|-
|4
|"Konga Konga"
|Madhapeddi Ramesh, N. Babu, Manju, Ramola
|3:43
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*

==External links==
{{Relangi Narasimha Rao}}

[[Category:1985 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]

Vellathooval

2026-03-03T21:31:36Z

ElmoPedder14: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vellathooval
| image = Vellathooval film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer = C. M. Raji
| writer = John Paul
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rejith Menon]]<br /> [[Nithya Menen|Nithya]]<br />[[Lalu Alex]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing =
| distributor = [[Mulakuppadam Release]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|5|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vellathooval''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Malayalam movie]] by [[I. V. Sasi]] and also the last film done by him, starring [[Rejith Menon]], [[Nithya Menen|Nithya]] and [[Lalu Alex]]. It is about a crazy girl and her journey with a poor friend.

== Plot ==
Jiya, daughter of James and Lisa and Mrs Koshi's granddaughter, enjoyed her teenage years like a 'Vellathooval' (white feather). She is very conservative and has her own views. After Manu's father's death, his mother marries Zachariah. Manu gets fed up with his life, as Zachariah is always drunk and tortures both Manu and his mom. So Manu fights with him and leaves home. He thinks he might become a murderer if he stays at home. Meantime, Jiya also leaves her home, after a fight with her mother. She goes with Manu. Manu advises Jiya to go back home many times, but she didn't agree with him. Simultaneously, Jiya and Manu became very good friends but society misunderstood their relationship and considered them lovers. Her uncle the City Police Commissioner Abi and his teams search every corner for them. At last, a drunken young college mate Willy attacks Manu, and in order to save him, Jiya stabs Willy in the stomach. He dies in the hospital. Willy's friends and police follow Jiya and Manu. Jiya realises her mistake and surrenders herself to police and also saves Manu from Willy's friends. The movie ends showing Jiya staying in jail.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Rejith Menon]] as Manu
* [[Nithya Menen|Nithya]] as Jiya James
* [[Lalu Alex]] as James
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Sofiya
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Father Puthusheri
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Lizy James
* [[Athmiya Rajan]] as Reshmi
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as City Police Commissioner Aby IPS
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as ASI Shambu Sharma
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Zachariah
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Sheela Aby
* Manju Satheesh as Nileena
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Mrs. Koshy
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Highrange Jaanu
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[I. V. Sasi]] wanted to make a film on teenagers without intimacy and decided to cast relative newcomers.<ref name="M">{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/43461/ |title=കൗമാരം തൂവല്‍പോലെ, Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219063633/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/43461/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text=The lives of today's teenagers are like ''Vellathooval'' (white feathers). That feather will fly under the influence of whatever force. It will land on flowers and thorns. That white feather is present throughout the film. You will understand how the white feather is related to the story of the film if you watch the film.|source=[[I. V. Sasi]] on the film's title, 2009<ref name="M"/>}}

== Reception ==

Sify.com wrote "In all fairness, the fact that there is a storyline with some messages in the film. As you come out of the theatres, the immediate feeling will be that things could have been really different with better visuals, haunting music, and a tighter script. On simpler terms, Vellathooval would have been an okay movie, if it had come at least two decades ago!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vellathooval-review-malayalam-pclxe7bejgcij.html|title= Review - Vellathooval|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=2 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102094505/http://www.sify.com/movies/vellathooval-review-malayalam-pclxe7bejgcij.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha from [[Rediff.com]] wrote "In conclusion, Vellathooval is disappointing considering there are veterans like director I V Sasi and writer John Paul associated with it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vellathooval/20090525.htm|title= Vellathooval is a let-down|website=Rediff.com|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915064222/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vellathooval/20090525.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1442391}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Mugham (film)

2026-03-03T04:44:10Z

ElmoPedder14: Creating entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mugham
| director = [[Gnana Rajasekaran]]
| writer = Gnana Rajasekaran
| producer = [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Kalaipuli International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|10|1|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mugham''''' ({{translation|Face}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Gnana Rajasekaran]]. The film stars [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], while [[Manivannan]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] play supporting roles. It was released on 1 October 1999 and did poorly at the box office.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2023}}
Ranganathan aka Rangan is a deformed man and therefore lives a tough life. He is kicked out of jobs, gets ill-treated constantly, and the girl he loves hates him. Then one day, Rangan goes back home and decides to put on a mask on his face. With the mask, Rangan generates followers, becomes a film star, and his new wife Malini loves him solely for his handsome face. Nearing the end, Rangan takes off the Mask for a moment and expects that people would respect him for who he is on the inside. His wife walks in, sees his ugly face, and throws him out, mistaking him for a robber. Rangan's former followers throw him to the side. Deciding that only beauty can bring him respect, Rangan puts the mask back on and lives the life of an actor.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Rangan
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Malini
*[[Manivannan]] as Muthannan
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
*[[Jon Dough]] as Jon, an American tourist
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
*[[Dave Cummings]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Dhamu]]
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*[[Fathima Babu]]
*[[Ajay Rathnam]]
*Raviraj
*[[Peeli Sivam]]
*Monica
*Shobana
}}

== Production ==
Nassar's appearance in the film was achieved through computer graphics supervised by [[Trotsky Marudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=26 July 1999 |title=Handsome is... |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/26ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017021503/https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/26ss.htm |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''Mugam'' was released on 1 October 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=mugam ( 1999 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=mugam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029133951/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=mugam |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated the lack of fight sequences, song and dance sequences and an antagonist. He also appreciated Sreeram's cinematography and Lenin-Vijayan's editing, Nassar's performance and concluded, "A different film not only for the masses but also for the classes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=15 October 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Mugam / F.I.R |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/10/15/stories/09150222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604225836/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/10/15/stories/09150222.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Aurangzeb of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the cinematography, music and art direction but was critical of the film as it fails to connect.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஒளரங்கசீப் |date=24 October 1999 |title=முகம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-10-24/page/n93/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230312041935/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-10-24/page/n93/mode/2up |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=18 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=92–93 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

The film did poorly at the box office and was played on television within a month of release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhanam |first=Gokul |title=Gokul's Tamil Cinema News |url=http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/gcnnov99.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100234/http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/gcnnov99.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=20 March 2012 |website=oocities.org}}</ref> Post-release, Nassar mentioned that the role had seemed interesting when it was first narrated to him, but as the project progressed he lost interest and just followed the director's instructions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Actor Naser |url=http://tmcafe.com/interview/naser/nasser_interview.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010702185543/http://tmcafe.com/interview/naser/nasser_interview.htm |archive-date=2 July 2001 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Tamil Movie Cafe}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gnana Rajasekaran]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Nithya Ravindar

2026-03-01T15:30:33Z

ElmoPedder14:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nithya Ravindar
| image =
| birth_name = Nithya Shanthi
| birth_place = 
| birth_date = 
| spouse = K.Ravindran <br/>(m.1987-present)
| children = Arjun <br/> Janani
| other names = Shanthi
| occupation = Actress, Dubbing artist
| years active = 1969-Present
}}
'''Nithya Ravindar''' is an Indian actress and dubbing artist who works primarily in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and television.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/tv-actress-nithya-ravindhar-talks-about-her-career|title = "ஸ்கூல் படிக்கறப்ப என்கிட்ட மத்த குழந்தைகளை பழக விடமாட்டாங்க!"- நினைவுகள் பகிரும் நித்யா ரவிந்திரன்| date=9 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/129005-actress-nithya-ravindhar-talks-about-her-acting-career-and-personal-life|title = "'இந்த ஜூஸு யாருக்கு'ங்கிற நளினியின் வாய்ஸ் என்னுடையது!" நித்யா ரவீந்தர்| date=27 June 2018 }}</ref>

==Background and career==

Her father was a government employee and mother was a house wife. Her father had a drama troupe and she started as child artist in her father's dramas. She has one younger sister, Jayasree and one elder sister, Kalyani . She had her primary education from Stella Matutina College of Education, Chennai till eighth grade. Due to shortage in attendance she shifted to Government girls high school. She dropped her studies at ninth grade since she became busy with movies by then.
Nithya started her film career as a child artist in ''Kuruthikkalam'', a Malayalam movie in 1969. She went on to act in few movies as a child artist and later became a heroine in Malayalam cinema. She had acted in few [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] movies as well. She is married to Ravindran, a Cameraman in Tamil movies. The couple has a daughter, Janani and a son, Arjun.<ref>{{Citation|title=Actress Nithya in Manam Thirumbuthe (21/03/2015)| date=22 March 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1DHKkP6yxY|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> She is a voice artist also in Tamil-language films.

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel
|-
|||''Kurangu Manasu''||||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|||''Kanniyam Kirthika Sivakavitha''||||[[Malayalam]]||[[DD Malayalam|Doordarshan]]
|-
|1986||''Here is Crazy''||||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan=2|[[DD Podhigai|Doordarshan]]
|-
|1988||''Ladies Hostel''||Manka
|-
|1989|| ''Smrithikal''|| ||[[Malayalam]]||[[DD Malayalam|Doordarshan]]
|-
|1995–1996||''Raghuvamsam''||||rowspan=15|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan=15|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|1996–1998||''Costly Mapillai''||
|-
|1996||''[[Marmadesam]]''||
|-
|1997–2002||''Nimmadhi Ungal Choice 5'' ||
|-
|1998||''Jannal - Sila Nijangal Sila Nyayangal''||
|-
|1998–1999|| ''Akshaya'' || Anandhi
|-
|rowspan=3|1999–2002||''Galatta Kudumbam''||
|-
|''Sondhamae Endrallum''||
|-
|''Pushpanjali''||
|-
|2000–2001 ||''Anandha Bhavan''|| Jaya
|-
|2001–2002||''Soolam''||
|-
|2001–2004||''Velan''||
|-
|2001–2002||''Kelunga Maamiyare''||
|-
|2001–2004||''Alai Osai''||
|-
|rowspan=2|2001||''[[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]]''||Seetha
|-
|''Jyothi''||Madhangi||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2002–2004||''Amma''|| ||rowspan=9|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''[[Agal Vilakkugal]]''||
|-
|''Kungumam''||
|-
|rowspan=2|2002–2003||''Veetukku Veedu Looty''||Chellamma aka Pachaiyamma||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|''Sigaram''|| ||rowspan=4|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2003||''Appa''||
|-
|rowspan=2|2003–2007||''Therkappu Kalai Theeratha''||
|-
|''Avargal''||
|-
|rowspan=3|2004||''Shakthi''|| ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|''Akka''||||rowspan=2|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||rowspan=2|[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|''Deivam''||
|-
|rowspan=2|2004–2006||''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (TV series)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]''||Sivagami||rowspan=52|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan=4|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Kannavaruvagga''||
|-
|rowspan=3|2004–2007||''Sorgam''
|-
|''Raja Rajeshwari''
|-
|''[[Kalki (TV series)|Kalki]]''|| ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2004–2008||''Imsai Arasigal''|| ||rowspan=6|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2005||''Nisha Kanthi''||
|-
|rowspan=5|2005–2006||''Manaivi''||
|-
|''Deerga Sumangali''||
|-
|''Selvangal''||
|-
|''Alli Rajjiyam'' || Kokila
|-
|''Nilavai Pidippom''|| ||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|rowspan=5|2005–2007||''Mugangal''|| ||rowspan=5|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Malargal''|| Saradha
|-
|''Muhurtham''||
|-
|''Vepilaikari''|| |
|-
|''Nimmadhi''||
|-
|2005–2008||''[[Aarthi (TV series)|Aarthi]]''|| ||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2006||''Athu Matum Ragasiyam'' ||||rowspan=7|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2006–2007||''Surya'' ||
|-
|2006–2008||''[[Chellamadi Nee Enakku]]''||
|-
|rowspan=2|2007||''Paasam''||
|-
|''Naanayam''||
|-
|2007–2010||''Vasantham''|| Kamakshi
|-
|2008||''Nagavalli''|| Bhagyarathi
|-
|2008||''Simran Thirai''|| ||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2008||''Azhagana Natkal''|| ||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2008–2011||''[[Geethanjali (2008 TV series)|Geethanjali]]''|| || [[Raj TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2009–2010||''Senthoora Poove''|| ||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Thirupavai''|| Mythili
|-
|2009||''Rudra''|| Menaka ||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2009–2012||''[[Uravugal]]''||Rajeshwari||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2009–2010||''[[Megala (TV series)|Megala]]''||
|-
|''[[Karunamanjari]]''|| ||rowspan=2|[[Raj TV]]
|-
|2009–2011||''Kodi Mullai''||
|-
|rowspan=3|2010–2012||''Anupallavi''|| Gayathri ||rowspan=6|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Pondati Thevai'' || Maami
|-
|''[[Mama Maaple]]'' ||
|-
|2011–2013||''Marudhani''||
|-
|2011–2016||''[[Azhagi (TV series)|Azhagi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/i-receive-immense-love-from-audience-only-through-serials-nithya-ravindar/articleshow/63270213.cms|title=I receive immense love from audience only through serials: Nithya Ravindar|date=13 March 2018|accessdate=6 March 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>|| Major Amma
|-
|2011–2014||''[[Ilavarasi (TV series)|Ilavarasi]]''||Shyamala
|-
|2012–2014||''[[Paartha Gnabagam Illayo]]''|| ||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2012|| ''Veediyal Pudithu - Micro Thodar Macro Sinthanaigal''|| || [[Raj TV]]
|-
|2013||''[[Uthiripookkal (TV series)|Uthiripookal]]''||Manomami||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2013–2016||''[[Devathai (2013 TV series)|Devathai]]''||
|-
|2013–2014||''[[Kurinji Malar]]''||Lakshmi||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2014–2015||''Vaazhve Dhaayam''||||[[DD Podhigai|Doordarshan]]
|-
|2014||''Karai (10 Mani Kathaigal)''|| ||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2014–2015||''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]''||Savithri
|-
|2015–2016||''[[Sabitha Engira Sabapathi]]''|| Saraswathi ||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2015||''[[Apoorva Raagangal (TV series)|Apoorva Raagangal]]''|| Karpagam || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''[[Priyasaki (TV series)|Priyasaki]]''||Damayanthi||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2017–2018||''Okariki Okaru''|| ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2018–2020||''[[Minnale (TV series)|Minnale]]''||Amudha||rowspan=13|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2018||''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]]''||Sivagami Ammal||rowspan=2|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2018–2019||''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]''|| Yamuna
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Rasaathi (TV series)|Rasaathi]]''||Saraswathi ||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2020–2021||''[[Kannana Kanne (TV series)|Kannana Kanne]]''||Pushpa
|-
|2021||''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''|| Kamala || [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]''|| Visalatchi || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Thalattu (TV series)|Thalattu]]''||Peri Aayi||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2023||''[[Priyamaana Thozhi (2022 TV series)|Priyamaana Thozhi]]''||Periyyayi
|-
|2024–present||[[Lakshmi (2024 TV series)|''Lakshmi'']]|| Gowri
|-
|2025|| ''[[Office (2025 TV series)|Office]]'' || Paari's mother || [[JioHotstar]]
|-
|2025–present || ''[[Ayali (2025 TV series)|Ayali]]'' || Padma || rowspan=2|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2026–present || ''[[Gettimelam]]'' || Lakshmi
|}

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1969|| ''[[Kuruthikkalam]]'' || ||Malayalam||
|-
| 1978 || ''Mariamman Thiruvizha''|| || Tamil ||
|-
|1979||''Pambaram''|| ||Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1980||''[[Kudumbam Oru Kadambam]]'' ||Mythili ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Savithiri (1980 film)|Savithiri]]'' || ||Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Lorry (film)|Lorry]]''|| Rani|| Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla]]''|| Raseena|| Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Ashwaradham]]''|| Shanti ||Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1981 || ''Rani''|| || Tamil ||
|-
|''Mayilppeeli'' || ||Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="10" |1982 || ''[[Anthiveyilile Ponnu]]'' || ||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Paanjajanyam]]'' || Sarada|| Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Theerpu]]'' ||Seetha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kurukkante Kalyanam]]'' || Sainaba || Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]''||Usha || Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Football (film)|Football]]''|| || Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Post Mortem (1982 film)|Post Mortem]]''|| || Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Chiriyo Chiri]]''|| Neena ||Malayalam||
|-
|''Snehapoorvam Meera''|| || Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Velicham Vitharunna Penkutty]]'' || Nithya|| Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1983 || ''[[Naseema]]'' || Usha ||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Coolie (1983 Malayalam film)|Coolie]]'' ||Santhi ||Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Antha Sila Naatkal]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Theeram Thedunna Thira]]''||Nurse ||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Ee Yugam]]'' ||Geetha ||Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Oru Swakaryam]]''||Kanakam ||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Kattathe Kilikkoodu]]''|| ||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]''|| Suryam's sister||Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1984||''[[Onnum Mindatha Bharya]]''||Roohiya ||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Guruvaayoorappa]]'' ||Bhama||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Vetta]]'' ||||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Swathi (1984 film)|Swathi]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Vepraalam]]''||Anu ||Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Dhavani Kanavugal]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 || ''[[Uyarndha Ullam]]''|| || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Chillu Kottaram]]''|| || Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Nyayam Meere Cheppali]]''|| Prabhakar's sister|| Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986||''Manavudu Danavudu''|| || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Sirivennela]]''|| Samyuktha ||Telugu || credited as Samyuktha
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987||''[[Aalappirandhavan]]''|| || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Swayamkrushi]]''|| || Telugu ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Raktha Samharam'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Naan Petha Magane]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1999||''[[Kudumba Sangili]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| 2000||''[[Alaipayuthey]]''|| Nair's wife ||Tamil ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Sigamani Ramamani]]'' || Sundaramoorthy's wife || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002||''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''|| Rajeswari's mother||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Mutham]]''|| Sudha's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' || Sivagami || Tamil ||
|-
|''Vadakku Vaasal''|| Murali's sister||Tamil ||
|-
| 2004||''[[Vaanam Vasappadum]]''|| Ganesan's wife||Tamil ||
|-
| 2009||''[[Kannukulle]]'' || || Tamil
|-
| 2010||''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]''|| Bharatham Sundaram||Tamil ||
|-
| 2014||''[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]'' || Mugilan's Mother ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017||''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' || Thenmozhi's mother ||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Onaaigal Jakkiradhai]]'' || Anjali's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| 2019|| ''[[Puppy (2019 film)|Puppy]]'' || Prabhu's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Atrangi Re]]'' || Vishu's mother || Hindi ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Naai Sekar]]'' || Sekar's mother || Tamil ||
|-
|}

==Dubbing credits==

===Movies===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! For Whom
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Engeyo Ketta Kural]]'' || Adult Meena
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1988 || ''[[En Thangachi Padichava]]'' || [[Rupini]]
|-
| ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || [[Shantipriya|Nishanthi]]
|-
| ''Dhayam Onnu'' || [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990 || ''Anthi Varum Neram'' || [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
|-
| ''[[Urudhi Mozhi]]'' || Shanthini
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 || ''[[Anbu Sangili]]'' || Subisha
|-
| ''[[Oorellam Un Pattu]]'' || [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1992 || ''[[Annaamalai]]'' || [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|-
| ''[[Government Mappillai]]'' || [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]
|-
| ''Chinna Poovai Killathe'' || [[Aamani|Meenakshi]]
|-
| ''[[Daddy (1992 film)|Daddy]]'' || [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]]
|-
| ''[[Suyamariyadhai]]'' || [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]]
|-
| ''Kizhaku Veluthachu'' || [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
|-
| ''[[Vaaname Ellai]]'' || [[Ramya Krishnan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]'' || [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
|-
| ''[[Mutha Mestri|Manbumigu Mestri]]'' || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!|Anbalayam]]'' || [[Renuka Shahane]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995 || ''[[Atha Maga Rathiname]]'' || [[Viji]]
|-
| ''[[Pasumpon]]'' || [[Shenbaga]]
|-
| [[Baashha|''Baasha'']] || [[Shenbaga]]
|-
| [[Alluda Majaka|''Rowdy Boss'']] || [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1996 || ''[[Vaikarai Pookkal]]'' || Dharani
|-
| ''[[Thedi Vandha Raasa]]'' || [[Ilavarasi]]
|-
| ''[[Pudhu Nilavu]]'' || [[Ilavarasi]]
|-
| ''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]'' ||
[[Anju Aravind]]
|-
| ''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || [[Anju (actress)|Anju]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]'' || [[Kalaranjini]]
|-
| ''[[Vivasaayi Magan]]'' || Anuja
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Snegithiye]]'' || Ishita Arun
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002 || ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]
|-
| ''[[Bagavathi]]'' || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
| ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' || [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]'' || [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005 || ''[[Jithan]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[London (2005 Indian film)|London]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Sukran]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Priyasakhi]]'' || [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2006 || ''[[Paramasivan]]'' || [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|-
| ''[[Kadhale En Kadhale]]'' || [[Chitra Shenoy]]
|-
| ''[[Amirtham]]'' || [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|-
| ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]] ''|| [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|-
| ''[[Adaikalam]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2007 || ''[[Manikanda]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''18 Vayasu Puyale'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Kuttrapathirikai]]'' || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|-
| [[Veerappu]] || [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
|-
| ''[[Mudhal Kanave]]'' || [[Rajyalakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008 || ''[[Kaalai]]'' || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
| ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (Tamil Dubbed Version) || [[Poonam Sinha]]
|-
| ''[[Maanavan Ninaithal]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Azhagu Nilayam]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''Iru Nadhigal'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Mariyadhai]]'' || [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
|-
| ''[[Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Kathai (film)|Kathai]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011 || ''[[Nagaram Marupakkam]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''Ponnar Shankar'' || [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|-
| ''[[Seedan]]'' || [[Sheela (actress)|Sheela]]
|-
| ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' || [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Thaandavam]] (Telugu dubbed version) || [[Saranya Ponvannan]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Agathinai]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Kalai Vendhan]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Saagasam]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Ka Ka Ka Po]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| ''[[Thozha (2016 film)|Thozha]]'' || [[Jayasudha]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Singam 3]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kasu Mela Kasu]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' || [[Malavika Avinash]]
|-
| 2020 || ''Ayya Ullen Ayya'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 || ''[[Maara]]'' || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
| ''[[Thalaivi]]'' || [[Bhagyashree]]
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Valimai]]'' || [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
|-
| ''[[Visithiran]]'' || [[Sudha Chandran]]
|-
| 2023 || ''Paatti Sollai Thattathe'' || [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! For Whom
|-
|1995||''Vizhuthugal''||Rani
|-
|1998–1999||''Akshaya''||Babitha
|-
|2000–2022||''All Tamil serials''||[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|-
|2000–2001||''[[Krishnadasi (2000 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''||[[Anju (actress)|Anju]]
|-
|2001-2002|| Kelunga Mamiyare Neengalum Marumagal Than || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2002||''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]''||[[Jyothi Lakshmi]]
|-
|''Nambikkai''||Janavi
|-
|2003–2004||''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]''||[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
|-
|2006–2007||''Raja Rajeswari''||[[Venniradai Nirmala]]
|-
|2009||''Arasi''||[[Sudha Chandran]]
|-
|2009–2010||''Rudra''||[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
|-
|2009–2013||''[[Thangam (TV series)|Thangam]]'' || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
|2013 || ''[[Rajakumari (TV series)|Rajakumari]]'' || [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
|-
|2013–2017||''[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]'' || [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
|2019||''[[Chandrakumari]]''||[[Viji Chandrasekhar]]
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain (TV series)|Kandukondain Kandukondain]]''||[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
|2020||''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]''|| [[Vinaya Prasad]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2020–2021||''[[Suryavamsam (TV series)|Suryavamsam]]'' ||[[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]
|-
|''[[Thirumathi Hitler]]''||[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2021||''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukena Veli]]''||[[Malavika Avinash]]
|-
|''[[Jothi (TV series)|Jothi]]''|| [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
|''Vellamal''||[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Enga Veetu Meenatchi (TV series)|Enga Veetu Meenatchi]]''||[[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2240629}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Nithya Nithya at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravindran, Nithya}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]

Thiruparankundram Dargah

2026-02-21T10:22:15Z

ElmoPedder14: Page refined with updated information

{{short description|Sufi shrine and mosque complex in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Thiruparankundram Dargah
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Thirupparankundram Dargah on top of the Hills.jpg
| caption = A view of the dargah
| image_upright =
| alt =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque and dargah in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location = [[Thiruparankundram]], [[Madurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.8764|N|78.0693|E|region:IN-TA|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| sect = [[Sufism]]
| festivals = {{ubl|[[Eid al-Adha|Eid]]|[[Eid al-Fitr|Ramadan]]|Santhanakoodu}}
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Dargah]] and [[mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 14th century CE
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = 1
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = 12
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| designated =
}}
The '''Thiruparankundram Dargah''', also known as '''Thirupparankundram malai Dargah''', is a [[dargah]] ([[Sufi]] shrine) located in [[Thiruparankundram]], [[Madurai district]] of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Located on the northeastern side of the Tirupparankundram hillock, the complex was built in the 14th century CE as a memorial for Sikandar Shah, the last ruler of the [[Madurai Sultanate]], and was expanded in the later years.<ref name="Open">{{cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/politics-features/the-hill-that-remembers|title=The Hill that Remembers|date=14 February 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]}}</ref><ref name="Outlook">{{cite web |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/spiritual/madurais-thiruparankundram-hills-stand-as-confluence-of-religions |title=Madurai's Thiruparankundram Hills Stand As Confluence Of Religions |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=22 August 2023 |access-date=1 February 2025 }}</ref> The death anniversary of Sikandar Badusha is commemorated as the Santhanakoodu festival on the 17th night of the [[Islamic month]] of [[Rajab]] every [[Hijri year]].<ref name="PT">{{cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/tamil-nadu/tiruparankundram-hill-rituals-naming-dispute-201627|title=The sacred hill of Madurai: Two faiths and one dispute|date=13 August 2025|work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai|The Federal]]|access-date=1 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dargahinfo.com/DargahDetails.aspx?DargahID=212 |title=Thiruparankundram Dargah |work=Dargah Info |date=2019 |access-date=1 February 2025 }}</ref>

== History ==
Sikandar Shah, the last ruler of the [[Madurai Sultanate]], was killed by Kumara Kampana in the war with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the 14th century CE. After the war, the followers of Shah, who was believed to be a [[Sufi mystic]], built a memorial for him atop the hill, which was expanded in the later years.<ref name="Open"/><ref name="Outlook"/>

While the hill and the surrounding areas, which also hosts several [[Hindu temples]] including the [[Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Thiruparankundram|Murugan Temple complex]], and [[Tamil Jain|Jain]] relics, has seen coexistence of various religious practices over the years, it been a subject of occasional dispute since the early 20th century.<ref name="PT"/><ref name="Open"/> Adjudicating in a related dispute, in October 2025, the [[Madras High Court]] declared that the hill was a protected monument as declared by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1908 and 1923, and affirmed the ownership of the hill to the temple excluding the {{cvt|0.33|acre}} of land on which the [[dargah]] is located. It also upheld a ruling that banned [[animal sacrifice]] at the site, while permitting the annual Santhanakoodu festival, and restricted prayers at the dargah to the occasions of [[Eid al-adha|Eid]] and [[Eid al-Fitr|Ramadan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/india/madras-hc-upholds-temples-rights-over-thiruparankundram-hill-bans-animal-sacrifice-ws-l-9633602.html|title=Madras HC Upholds Temple’s Rights Over Thiruparankundram Hill, Bans Animal Sacrifice|date=13 October 2025|work=[[News18]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Full side view.jpg|Side view of the dargah (2013)
Door and plaque at Thirupparankundram Dargah.jpg|Entrance to the dargah
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of dargahs in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[Samanar Hills]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Tirupparankundram Dargah}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:14th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Erwadi-related dargahs]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Madurai]]
[[Category:Thiruparankundram]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madurai]]
[[Category:Ziyarat]]
[[Category:Sufism in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]
[[Category:Sufi mosques in India]]

Padmapriya Janakiraman

2026-02-20T15:03:32Z

ElmoPedder14: cleanup

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], yesteryear Kannada actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmapriya Janakiraman
| image = Padmapriya_2008.jpg
| caption = Padmapriya in 2008
| birth_name = Padmapriya Janakiraman
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|02|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Model (person)|Model]]}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Jasmine Shah|2014}}
| othername = Priya
| years_active = 2004–2017
<br/>2022–present
}}
'''Padmapriya Janakiraman''', better known [[mononymous]]ly as '''Padmapriya''', is an Indian actress who mainly appears in Malayalam films.<ref name="Multi-faceted artiste">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/04/22/stories/2009042250540100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125092109/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/04/22/stories/2009042250540100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Multi-faceted artiste |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 November 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=22 April 2009}}</ref> Padmapriya made her acting debut in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' in 2004.<ref name="The Hindu 2009-09-29">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2009 |title=Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 September 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=29 September 2009}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Padmapriya hails from [[Delhi]] and was born to Janakiraman, a distinguished [[brigadier]] in the [[Indian Army]], and Vijaya, both of [[Tamils|Tamilian]] descent.<ref name="Multi-faceted artiste"/>{{Failed verification|date=July 2021}}<ref name="Padmapriya — I have a soft corner for Siddharth">{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-08-04/padmapriya-28-02-08.html |title=Padmapriya – "I have a soft corner for Siddharth" |website=Behindwoods |access-date=14 November 2009}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2021}}

She did her schooling at [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Tirumalagiri]], [[Secunderabad]], Telangana <ref name="Multi-faceted artiste"/> and studied at [[Loyola Academy, Secunderabad|Loyola Academy]], [[Alwal]], Secunderabad, from which she graduated with a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com degree]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.primetimeprism.com/interviews/padmapriya.html |title=Padma Priya |publisher=primetimeprism.com |access-date=14 November 2009 |archive-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419180751/http://www.primetimeprism.com/interviews/padmapriya.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Later, she pursued an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA degree]] in finance at [[KIAMS]], [[Harihar]]. She was then working for [[GE Capital]] as a risk consultant in [[Bangalore]] and [[Gurgaon]].<ref name="Padmapriya — I have a soft corner for Siddharth"/> After GE she was with Symphony in Bangalore. During her free-time, she ventured into modelling, which would later pave her way to the film business and acting. She has also won Miss Andhra Pradesh in 2001.<ref name="Multi-faceted artiste"/> While studying in 12th class in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Padmapriya did a music album.<ref name="yentha1">[http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/padmapriya-an-army-kid-turned-actor Padmapriya: An Army Kid Turned Actor – Trivandrum News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124657/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/padmapriya-an-army-kid-turned-actor |date=1 August 2018 }}. Yentha.com (6 January 2012). Retrieved 31 March 2012.</ref>

She also holds a PG Diploma in Environmental Law from [[National Law School of India University]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} and Masters in Public Administration from [[New York University]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Career ==

Padmapriya made her acting debut in the 2004 [[Telugu film]] ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'', a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]]''. She played the role of a sexually exploited poor sister of a blind man in the film. Padmapriya says, she accepted this offer "for the sake of friendship".<ref name="yentha1"/> This made possible her entry into the [[Malayalam film industry]] in the same year, starring in the film ''[[Kaazhcha]]'' alongside [[Mammootty]]. For her portrayal of a mother of a young girl, who struggles to accommodate another child, a victim of the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|Gujarat earthquake]], she received rave reviews and the [[Asianet Film Awards#Best New Face of the Year (Female)|Asianet Award for Best Female New Face of the Year]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050416150042/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/03/19/stories/2005031900620200.htm Life Kochi : Kazhcha bags Asianet award for best film]. The Hindu (19 March 2005). Retrieved 31 March 2012.</ref>

In 2005, she acted in her first Tamil-language film, ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'', a drama that dealt with familial bond, depicting a father-son relationship, in which she was paired opposite actor-director [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]. She played a simple college girl in the film, which garnered highly positive reviews and won several awards at major Indian award ceremonies, including a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] ([[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|for Best Film on Family Welfare]]). Padmapriya herself was awarded the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Filmfare Award for Best Debut Actress]] for her critically acclaimed performance.<ref name="`Anniyan` sweeps Filmfare Awards!">{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14287128 |title='Anniyan' sweeps Filmfare Awards! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110054123/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14287128 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She next starred in the Malayalam film ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' again alongside Mammootty. The [[comedy film]], featuring also [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and [[Sindhu Menon]], was a success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/11slid2.htm |title=Malayalam cinema ready for Vishu |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=14 November 2009}}</ref>

In 2006, she appeared in 6 films. Her first release that year was ''Vadakkum Nathan'', which Padmapriya considers as her debut film, citing: "I started taking this career seriously with that movie".<ref name="yentha1"/> She next starred in the Tamil film ''[[Pattiyal]]'', in which she portrayed a salesgirl at a garment company. The [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]-directed gangster film, in which she shared screen space with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] and [[Pooja Umashankar]], was a commercial and critical success, becoming one of the highest-grossing Tamil films of the year. Later that year, she acted in the Malayalam-language film ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'' and ''Yes Your Honour'', which both were well appreciated by critics. Padmapriya's performance in both the films received positive reviews, particularly her portrayal as Poongodi, a street beggar, in the former fetched her rave accolades and earned her several awards including a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Filmfare Best Actress Award]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091101124336/http://sify.com/movies/Pretty-Padmapriya-is-back-imagegallery-tollywood-jj4lcehbeif.html Pretty Padmapriya is back]. Sify.com. Retrieved 31 March 2012.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120710171223/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-27/news-interviews/27967892_1_mammootty-roles-malayalam 'What's the harm in using your body']. ''The Times of India''. (27 August 2007). Retrieved 31 March 2012.</ref>

In 2007, she had 7 releases, the first being ''[[Anchil Oral Arjunan]]''. Next she starred in ''[[Veeralipattu (2007 film)|Veeralipattu]]'' and ''[[Satham Podathey]]'', a Tamil film. The latter was a [[psychological thriller]] directed by [[Vasanth]], where she enacted the role of a helpless wife, who gets kidnapped by her former husband, whom she had divorced due to his alcohol addiction.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Following ''Satham Podathey'', she appeared in the films ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]'' in Malayalam, directed by [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] and ''[[Mirugam]]'' in Tamil, directed by [[Samy (director)|Samy]]. In ''Naalu Pennungal'', which fetched its director the [[National Film Award for Best Direction]], she played the role of a [[street prostitution|street prostitute]], whilst in ''Mirugam'', she played a [[tomboy|tomboyish wife]] to a ruffian, who behaves like an animal, for which she won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award (Special Prizes)|Tamil Nadu State Film Special Award for Best Actress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130619025630/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamilnadu-state-awards-2007-2008-announced-news-tamil-kkfr09fffbg.html Tamil Nadu state awards (2007, 2008) announced!]. Sify.com (29 September 2009). Retrieved 31 March 2012.</ref>

In 2010, Padmapriya debuted into Hindi films by playing a bar owner in ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'',<ref name="I'm stuck in period films: Padmapriya">{{cite news |last1=Vijayakumar |first1=Sindhu |date=12 April 2009 |title=I'm stuck in period films: Padmapriya |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Regional-Stars/Im--stuck-in-peroid-films-Padmapriya/articleshow/4388860.cms |access-date=14 November 2009}}</ref> as well as into Kannada films as a human rights activist in ''[[Thamassu]]''.<ref name="Sify">{{cite web |title=Shivrajkumar & Padmapriya in Thamassu |url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=14917158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104223030/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=14917158 |archive-date=4 November 2009 |access-date=14 November 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She also starred in the Tamil cowboy-based film ''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]'' as an army officer's daughter,''<ref name="I'm stuck in period films: Padmapriya" />'' and in the Malayalam [[Kutty Srank|Kutty Shrank]] with [[Mammootty]]. In 2011, she starred in [[Naayika]] with a performance that won critical acclaim.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120711022655/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-03/news-interviews/30583780_1_padmapriya-roles-instinct I follow my instinct: Padmapriya]. ''The Times of India''. (3 January 2012). Retrieved 31 March 2012.</ref> NDTV wrote that her "beauty and acting skills helped in portraying the role to perfection and 'young Gracy' ends as the saving 'grace' of the film". She has acted in some advertisements.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2012 |title=Movie review: Malayalam film Nayika |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?id=ENTEN20110188942&keyword=regional&section=Movies&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711044802/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?id=ENTEN20110188942&keyword=regional&section=Movies&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA |archive-date=11 July 2012 |work=Movies.ndtv.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 12 November 2014, Padmapriya married Jasmine Shah in [[Mumbai]]. He is from Gujarat and works as the Policy Head for South Asia at [[Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]], which is headquartered in [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Padmapriya gets married |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/leading-actress-padmapriya-gets-married.html |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> She met him while both were pursuing their Master's from [[New York University]] and [[Columbia University]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern actress Padmapriya gets hitched |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/southern-actress-padmapriya-gets-hitched_1497731.html |publisher=Zee News |access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=3|2004 || ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' || Vasanthi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||Debut film; credited as Priya
|-
| ''[[Kaazhcha]]'' || Lakshmi Madhavan || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Amrutham (film)|Amrutham]]'' || Sainaba Gopinathan ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2005 || ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'' || Vasanthi Ramalingam || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{Won}} -[[Filmfare Best Female Debut (South)|Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut - Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Rajamanikyam]]'' || Malli || rowspan="2" |Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan=6|2006 || ''[[Vadakkumnadhan]]'' || Meera ||
|-
| ''[[Pattiyal]]'' || Saroja ||Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Ashwaroodan]]'' || Sitalakshmi || rowspan="5" |Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam]]'' || Sophia ||
|-
| ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'' || Poongodi || {{Won}} -[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]]
|-
| ''[[Yes Your Honour]]'' || Maya Ravishankar ||
|-
| rowspan=6|2007 || ''[[Veeralipattu (2007 film)|Veeralipattu]]'' || Pooja ||
|-
| ''[[Satham Podathey]]'' || Bhanumathi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]'' || Usha || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]'' || Kunnipennu ||
|-
| ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]'' || Susan Mary Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Mirugam]]'' || Azhagama Ayyanar || Tamil || {{Won}} - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]
|-
| rowspan=2|2008 || ''[[Pachamarathanalil]]'' || Anu Sachidanandan || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Laptop (2008 film)|Laptop]]'' || Payal ||
|-
| rowspan=5|2009 || ''[[Pokkisham]]'' || Nadira || Tamil || {{Won}} - [[Tamil Nadu State Flim Award For Best Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Katha Parayum Theruvoram]]'' ||Neeraja || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kana Kanmani]]'' || Maya Roy ||
|-
| ''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' || Neeli || {{Won}} - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]<br />[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)]]
|-
| ''[[Boomi Malayalam]]'' || Fousia || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan=5|2010 || ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'' || Madhu || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]'' || Pappali || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Andari Bandhuvaya]]'' || Paddu || Telugu || Also playback singer for "Jama Chattuki Jamakayalu"
|-
| ''[[Thamassu]]'' || Dr. Shanthi || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kutty Srank]]'' || Revamma || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2011 || ''[[Aidondla Aidu]]'' || Shantha || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' || Indhu || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Snehaveedu]]'' || Sunanda ||
|-
| ''[[Naayika]]'' || Gracy ||
|-
| rowspan=7|2012 || ''[[Aparajita Tumi]]'' || Kuhu || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||
|-
| ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'' || Sherly || rowspan="9" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Manjadikuru]]'' || Roja || rowspan="2" | Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' ||[[Item number]]
|-
| ''[[No. 66 Madhura Bus]]'' || Soorya Padmam ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan Megharoopan]]'' || Ammini ||
|-
| ''[[Poppins]]'' || Kantha ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2013 || ''[[Maad Dad]]'' || Dr. Rasiya ||
|-
| ''[[Papilio Buddha (film)|Papilio Buddha]]'' || Collector ||
|-
| ''[[Ladies and Gentleman]]'' || Jyothy ||
|-
| ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' || Evita || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Bramman]]'' || [[Item number]] || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' || Rahel || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2017 || ''[[Tiyaan]]'' || Vasundhara Devi||
|-
| ''[[Patel S. I. R.]]'' || Rajeswari / Raaji || Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' || Seema || Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Chef (2017 film)|Chef]]'' || Radha Menon || Hindi||
|-
| rowspan=2|2022 || ''[[Oru Thekkan Thallu Case]]'' || Rukmini || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|Wonder Women]]''
| Veni
| [[English language|English]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025
| ''Yuva Sapnon Ka Safar''
| Gowri
|Multilingual (mainly English)
|Anthology series<br>Segment: ''Backstage''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Backstage review: Anjali Menon's film is a gentle take on the fragilities of friendship|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/backstage-review-anjali-menons-film-is-a-gentle-take-on-the-fragilities-of-friendship|website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=23 May 2025|date=25 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dear Maa''
| Ahana Nair
| Bengali
| Cameo appearance
|-
|}

== Awards ==

[[National Film Awards]]
* 2010 - [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]] – [[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassiraja]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100153330&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=52287&pfrom=Movies |title=National Film Awards for 3 Idiots, Big B |publisher=[[NDTV|NDTV Movies]] |access-date=16 September 2010 |date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713003730/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20100153330&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=52287&pfrom=Movies |archive-date=13 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]]
*2007 - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] – ''[[Mirugam]]''<ref name="The Hindu 2009-09-29"/>
*2009 - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] - ''[[Pokkisham]]''
[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
*2006 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] – ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]''
*2009 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] – ''[[Pazhassiraja]]''

[[Filmfare Award South]]
*2005 - [[Filmfare Best Female Debut (South)|Best Female Debut (South)]] – ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]''
*2006 - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]] – ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]''
*2009 - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]] – ''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassiraja]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Padmapriya Janakiraman}}
* {{IMDb name|1728792}}
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{FilmfareMalayalamBestActress}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janakiraman, Padmapriya}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Dancers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Ved Prakash Sharma

2026-02-12T03:24:29Z

ElmoPedder14: Starting biography...

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{infobox person
|name = Ved Prakash Sharma
|image =
|birth_date= {{birth date|df=yes|1955|06|10}}
|birth_place= [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|death_date= {{death date and age|df=yes|2017|2|17|1955|06|10}}
|death_place= Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
|occupation = Novelist, scriptwriter
}}

'''Ved Prakash Sharma''' (10 June 1955 – 17 February 2017) was an Indian writer of novels and screenplays in [[Hindi]]. He was born in [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh, where he completed his graduation from NAS Degree College. After beginning his professional career as a [[ghost writer]], he went on to write 176 novels (ghostwriting around 23 novels of them). ''Dahekte Shaher'' (1973) was the first novel for which he was credited. He primarily wrote [[detective novel]]s, among them ''Kalyug ki Ramayan'' and ''Vardi Wala Gunda'' were his famous works. The main characters in his detective novels were Vijay, Vikas, Raghunath, Alphanse, Vibha Jindal, Keshav Pandit and Raina.

From the mid 80s to 2001 he authored several novels with themes of social issues, intrigue in relationships, mercenary motives, greed, betrayal, affairs and conspiracy. These stories contained many plot twists and surprises in the end, and were well received by readers. In the 1990s he was considered the top novelist of the genre. According to his ''[[Times of India]]'' obituary, his 1992 novel ''Vardi Wala Gunda'' "broke all records and sold 15 lakh copies on the very first day of its release",<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/famous-hindi-novelist-ved-prakash-sharma-dies-at-61/articleshow/57223609.cms | title=Famous Hindi novelist Ved Prakash Sharma dies at 61 | first=Ishita | last=Bhatia | date=19 February 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=19 July 2018 }}</ref> while it reported overall sales of "80 million copies".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Hindi-novelist-Ved-Prakash-Sharma-dies/article17327485.ece | title= Hindi novelist Ved Prakash Sharma dies | date=19 February 2017 | first=Mohammad | last=Ali | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=19 July 2018 }}</ref>

Sharma also made several contributions to [[Bollywood]], the Hindi film industry in India. His novel ''Bahu Maange Insaaf'' was adapted for film ''Bahu Ki Awaaz'' in 1985, while ''[[Anaam]]'' (1992) too was based on his work. Sharma also contributed to two installments in the [[Khiladi (film series)|''Khiladi'' series]] of [[Akshay Kumar]] films—''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]'' (1995) and ''[[International Khiladi]]'' (1999). In 2010 [[Zee TV]] aired ''[[Keshav Pandit (TV series)|Keshav Pandit]]'', a series based on the character created by Sharma. He founded [[Tulsi Comics]] and also created few comic characters like ''Jambu''.

Sharma was awarded the Meerut Ratna twice (1992 and 1994). He had received various state-level awards including the Natraj Bhushan Award in 2008 and the Natraj Award in 1995.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1022183}}
*[https://m.aajtak.in/india-today-hindi/profile/story/ved-prakash-sharma-profile-of-novelist-727698-2013-04-18 Ved Prakash Sharma - Profile of Novelist]. [[Aaj Tak]].
*[http://wap.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/plots-of-gold-111081300032_1.html Plots of Gold]. [[Business Standard]].
* [http://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/digital-era-spelling-doom-for-hindi-pulp-fiction-books-feature-115011100274_1.html Digital-era Spelling Doom for Hindi Pulp Fiction Books]. Business Standard.
*[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview-with-hindi-fiction-writer-ved-prakash-sharma/article7904398.ece Interview with Hindi fiction writer Ved Prakash Sharma]. [[The Hindu]].

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ved Prakash}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Pulp fiction writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]

Machilipatnam railway station

2026-02-09T04:41:34Z

ElmoPedder14: Creating a entry

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Machilipatnam
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Booking office and reservation counter at the Machilipatnam railway station.jpg
| image_caption = Booking office and reservation counter at the new building of Machilipatnam railway station
| address = Machilipatnam, Krishna district., Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|16.17188|N|81.13839|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|14|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Gudivada–Machilipatnam branch line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Available
| opened = 4 Feb, 1908
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MTM
| zone = [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Vijayawada}}
}}
| owned =
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Gudivada–Machilipatnam branch line |left=Chilakalapudi}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Machilipatnam railway station''' (station code:MTM<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2015-16/Station_Code(1).pdf|website=Portal of Indian Railways |access-date=29 April 2019 |page=46 |format=PDF |date=2015}}</ref>) located in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], serves [[Machilipatnam]] in [[Krishna district]]. It is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|access-date=18 January 2016|page=7|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|title=Stations on the Gudivada–Machilipatnam section|date=12 September 2009|website=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry|publisher=Ministry of Indian Railways|page=6|format=PDF|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150809/http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Vijayawada–Machilipatnam line was scheduled to be doubled by 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/14/stories/2011041463170800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419212617/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/14/stories/2011041463170800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2011|title=Vijayawada Railway Division earnings cross Rs. 2,000 crores mark|date=14 April 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=2013-01-25}}</ref> Machilipatnam railway station is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-5 (NSG-5)'' station in the [[Vijayawada railway division]].<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213|title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW)|access-date=23 April 2019|website=South Central Railway}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2012–13, a survey report was submitted for new Machilipatnam–Repalle railway line.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surveys |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1438144370646-Annexure-1.pdf |website=South Central Railway, Indian Railways |access-date=3 May 2019 |page=14 |format=PDF |date=24 July 2015}}</ref>

== Classification ==
In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Machilipatnam is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-5 (NSG-5)'' railway station.<ref name="station_categories" /> Based on the re–categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017–18 and 2022–23, an NSG–5 category station earns between {{₹|1}}–{{₹|10}} [[crore]] and handles {{Nowrap|1–2 million}} passengers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Categorization of Railway Stations |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174916 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=20 May 2019 |date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== Station amenities ==

It is one of the 38 stations in the division to be equipped with Automatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVMs).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Special |title=SCR introduces mobile paper ticketing facility in 38 stations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/SCR-introduces-mobile-paper-ticketing-facility-in-38-stations/article17099376.ece |access-date=5 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=27 January 2017 }}</ref>

== Originating express trains ==

All trains originating from Machilipatnam must pass through Gudivada Jn.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Train no.
!Train Name!! Destination !! Departure !! Running
!Route
|-
|17208
|Sai nagar Shiridi Weekly Express
|Sai nagar shiridi.
|06:50
|Tue
|Gudivada Jn., Vijayawada Jn., Kazipet Jn., Charlapalli., Vikarabad Jn., Latur road Jn., Parbhani Jn., Aurangabad ., Nagarsol ., Manmad Jn
|-
|17211
|[[Kondaveedu Express]]
|Yesvantpur Jn.
|15:55
|Mon, Wed, Fri
|Gudivada Jn., Vijayawada Jn., Guntur Jn., Nandyal Jn., Dhone, Dharmavaram Jn., Hindupur
|-
|17215
|Machilipatnam-Dharmavaram Express
|Dharmavaram.
|19:50
|All Days
|Gudivada Jn., Vijayawada Jn., Guntur Jn., Nandyal Jn., Yerraguntla Jn., Gooty Fort., Anantapur.
|-
|12749
|Machilipatnam-Bidar Super Fast Express
|Bidar
|20:45
|All Days
|Gudivada Jn., Vijayawada Jn., Kazipet Jn., Secunderabad Jn., Vikarabad Jn.
|-
|17219
|Visakhapatnam Express
|Visakhapatnam Jn.
|21:25
|All Days
|Gudivada Jn., Bhimavaram Jn., Nidadavolu Jn., Rajahmundry, Tuni
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Gudivada–Machilipatnam branch line|left=Chilakalapudi}}

{{South Coast Railway zone}}
{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1908]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Vijayawada railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Machilipatnam]]

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

2026-02-08T05:06:27Z

ElmoPedder14: fix section to improve readability and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Nuclear power plant in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
| image = Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Unit 1 and 2.jpg
| image_caption =
| country = India
| location =
| coordinates = {{coord|8|10|08|N|77|42|45|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| cost = Units 1 & 2: {{INRConvert|22462|c|2|year=2001|mode=historical}} in 2001 prices<ref>[https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2017/Report_No.38_of_2017_-_Performance_Audit_on_Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Project,_Units_I_and_II_Department_of_Atomic_Energy.pdf Performance Audit on Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project, Units I and II] (original link) | [https://web.archive.org/web/20241002131259/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2017/Report_No.38_of_2017_-_Performance_Audit_on_Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Project,_Units_I_and_II_Department_of_Atomic_Energy.pdf Archived link]</ref><br/>
Units 3 & 4: {{INRConvert|39849|c|2|year=2017|mode=historical}} in 2017 prices<br/>
Units 5 & 6: {{INRConvert|49621|c|2|year=2020|mode=historical}} in 2020 prices
| owner = [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]]
| operator =
| employees =
| status =
| construction_began = Unit 1: {{Start date|df=yes|2002|03|31}}<br/> Unit 2: {{Start date|df=yes|2002|07|4}}<br/>Units 3 & 4: {{Start date|df=yes|2017|06|29}}<br/>Unit 5: {{Start date|df=yes|2021|06|29}}<br/>Unit 6: {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|20}}
| commissioned = Unit 1: {{Start date|df=yes|2013|10|22}}<br/>Unit 2: {{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|15}}
| decommissioned = 
| np_reactors = 6
| np_reactor_type = [[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]]
| np_reactor_supplier = [[Rosatom]]
| ps_cooling_source = [[Laccadive Sea]]
| ps_thermal_capacity = 2 × 3000 MW<sub>th</sub>
| ps_cooling_towers =
| ps_units_operational = 2 × 1000 MW (gross)
| ps_units_decommissioned =
| ps_units_uc = 4 × 1000 MW (gross)
| ps_units_manu_model = [[VVER|VVER-1000/412]]
| ps_units_planned =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 2000
| ps_annual_generation = * '''Unit 1''': 7584.740 GWh (2023) <ref>[https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=852 PRIS - Unit 1 Statistics]</ref>
* '''Unit 2''': 5988.250 GWh (2023) <ref>[https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=853 PRIS - Unit 2 Statistics]</ref>
| ps_electrical_cap_fac = 68.27% (2020–21)<ref name="npp_capfactor_2020-21">{{cite web |title=Monthly Genration Reports Actual for Apr-2021 : Central Sector Nuclear |url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/generation/18%20col%20act/2021/MAR//18%20col%20act-10_2021-MAR.pdf |website=National Power Portal |publisher=Central Electricity Authority |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.npcil.nic.in/main/ConstructionDetail.aspx?ReactorID=77 Nuclear Power Corporation of India]
}}

'''Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant''' (or '''Kudankulam NPP''' or '''KKNPP''') is the largest<ref>{{Cite web|title=Construction of unit 5 & 6 of India's largest nuclear power plant in Kudankulam commences|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688|access-date=2022-02-17|website=WION|language=en}}</ref> [[Nuclear power plant|nuclear power station]] in India, situated in [[Kudankulam]] in the [[Tirunelveli district]] of the southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Construction on the plant began on 31 March 2002,<ref name="iaea.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=852 |title=PRIS – Albert's-1 – Reactor Details |publisher=Iaea.org |date=2002-03-31 |access-date=2013-07-29}}</ref> but faced several delays due to opposition from local fishermen.<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/commercial-operation-of-kudankulam-plant-delayed-further-113011300023_1.html |title=Commercial operation of Kudankulam plant delayed further |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=2013-01-13 |access-date=2013-07-14}}</ref><ref name=professor>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130209/jsp/nation/story_16541617.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322090610/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130209/jsp/nation/story_16541617.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2014|title=The professor and the politics in anti-nuclear crucible}}</ref> KKNPP is scheduled to have six [[VVER|VVER-1000]] reactors built in collaboration with [[Atomstroyexport]], the Russian state company and [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]] (NPCIL), with an installed capacity of 6,000 MW of electricity.<ref name="frontline1">{{cite web|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/kudankulam-ready-for-more/article9266675.ece |title=Kudankulam ready for more |publisher=Frontline |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>

Unit 1 was synchronized with the southern power grid on 22 October 2013 and since then, has been generating electricity at its warranted limit of 1,000 MW.<ref name="thehindubusinessline1">{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/kudankulam-unit-1-synchronised-with-southern-power-grid/article5260352.ece |title= Wait for Kudankulam power ends; unit 1 linked to grid |work= [[Business Line]] |date= 2013-10-22 |access-date= 2013-12-06}}</ref>

The original cost of the two units was {{INR}} 13,171 [[crore]], but it was later revised to {{INR}} 17,270 crore.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project, Units I and II |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2017/Report_No.38_of_2017_-_Performance_Audit_on_Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Project%2C_Units_I_and_II_Department_of_Atomic_Energy.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002131259/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2017/Report_No.38_of_2017_-_Performance_Audit_on_Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Project,_Units_I_and_II_Department_of_Atomic_Energy.pdf |archive-date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]}}</ref> The cost was revised again to ₹22,462 crore ($4.76 billion in USD 2001) in 2014 due to increased expenses related to Interest During Construction (IDC), labor costs, operational expenses, and the deployment of Russian specialists at Kudankulam.<ref name=":3" />

Russia advanced a credit of {{INR}} 6,416 crore (US$0.97 billion) for both the units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/ready-to-run/article4944731.ece?homepage=true |title=Ready to run |publisher=Frontline |date=9 August 2013 |access-date=2013-07-29}}</ref> Unit 2 attained criticality on 10 July 2016 and was synchronized with the electricity grid on August 29 of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=KUDANKULAM-2 |url=https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211210239/https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=853 |archive-date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2024-12-11}}</ref>

In 2015, Nuclear Power Corporation Ltd (NPCIL) announced a price of {{Indian Rupee}} 4.29/[[Kilowatt hour|kW·h]] (6.4 ¢/kW·h) for energy delivered from Kudankulam nuclear power plant.<ref>{{cite news
| url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kudankulam-power-to-cost-4-29/unit/articleshow/45712143.cms
| title = Kudankulam power to cost 4.29/unit
| author = B.Sivakumar
| newspaper = The Times of India
| date = 25 January 2015
| access-date = 9 September 2015
}}</ref>

The ground-breaking ceremony for construction of units 3 & 4 was performed on 17 February 2016. Due to technology changes, inflation and insistence of the supplier and operator for additional liability insurance the construction cost of units 3 & 4 amounted to twice the cost of units 1 & 2 and was later revised to be {{INRConvert|39849|c|2|year=2017|mode=historical}}.<ref name="pib_cost_3456">{{cite news |title=Nuclear Power Plants |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1605939 |access-date=16 April 2021 |work=Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India |agency=Press Information Bureau |date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-03/news/56685094_1_kudankulam-nuclear-power-plant-units-liability-issue
| title = Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant: Cost of units 3, 4 surpasses Rs 39,000 crore
| date = 3 December 2014
| website = [[The Economic Times]]
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160310165918/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-03/news/56685094_1_kudankulam-nuclear-power-plant-units-liability-issue
| archive-date = 10 March 2016
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 21 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kudankulam-units-3-4-cost-more-than-doubles-over-liability-issues/article6658451.ece
| title = Kudankulam units 3, 4 cost more than doubles over liability issues
| date = 3 December 2014
| website = www.thehindu.com
| publisher = [[The Hindu]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141203164113/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kudankulam-units-3-4-cost-more-than-doubles-over-liability-issues/article6658451.ece
| archive-date = 3 December 2014
| url-status = live
| access-date = 21 July 2016}}</ref>
A budget of {{INRConvert|49621|c|2|year=2020|mode=historical}} has been approved for construction of Units 5 & 6.<ref name="pib_cost_3456"/>

==History==
===Background===
[[File:Kudankulam NPP.jpg|left|thumb|Kudankulum under construction, 14 April 2009]]
An intergovernmental agreement (IGA) on the project was signed on 20 November 1988 by the Prime Minister of India, [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and the [[USSR|Soviet]] head of state, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], for the construction of two reactors. The project remained in limbo for a decade due to the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].<ref name="frontline1"/> There were also objections from the [[United States]], on the grounds that the agreement did not meet the 1992 terms of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG).<ref name="rusnuclear">[http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/exports/rusind/react.htm Nuclear Exports to India from Russia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401111116/http://www.nti.org/db/nisprofs/russia/exports/rusind/react.htm |date=1 April 2007 }}</ref> [[M. R. Srinivasan]], [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC) Chairman from 1987 to 1990, called the project "a non-starter". However, the project was revived on 21 June 1998.<ref name="frontline1"/>

===Construction===
Construction began on 31 March 2002, with the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd]] (NPCIL) predicting that the first unit would be operational in March 2007, instead of the original target of December 2007.<ref name="frontline1"/>

A small [[port]] became operational in Kudankulam on 14 January 2004. This port was established to receive [[barge]]s carrying over-sized [[light water reactor]] equipment from ships anchored at a distance of {{convert|1.5|km}}. Until 2004, materials had to be brought in via road from the port of [[Thoothukudi]], risking damage during transportation.<ref name="koodam4">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/01/17/stories/2004011700940600.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : Kudankulam port becomes operational|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref> In 2008, negotiations on building four additional reactors at the site began. Though the capacity of these reactors had not been declared, it was expected that the capacity of each reactor will be 1,200 MW (1.2 GW).<ref>{{cite news | url = http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31900120080212 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080215005841/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-31900120080212 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 15 February 2008 | title = Russia, India edge closer to major nuclear deal | author = Dmitry Sergeev | work = Reuters | date = 1 February 2008 | access-date =1 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20081203/884/twl-india-russia-to-sign-deal-on-new-nuc_1.html | title = India, Russia to sign deal on new nuclear reactors | access-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206080407/http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20081203/884/twl-india-russia-to-sign-deal-on-new-nuc_1.html |archive-date=6 December 2008 }}</ref> The new reactors would bring the total capacity of the power plant to 6,800 MW (6.8 GW). These reactors never entered the planning phase after being proposed, mostly due to protests and due to other reasons. No such units are currently planned or under construction.

The ground-breaking ceremony for construction of third and fourth units was performed on 17 February 2016 and [[AERB]] authorised the first pour of concrete on 19 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/bhoomi-pooja-performed-for-kudankulam-3rd-4th-units_1856550.html |title = Bhoomi pooja performed for Kudankulam 3rd, 4th units |publisher = Zee Media Corporation Ltd. |date = 17 February 2016 | access-date = 18 February 2016}}</ref> Construction of the third and fourth units started on 29 June 2017.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=KUDANKULAM-4 |url=https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211211107/https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=1060 |archive-date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=}}</ref> AERB granted excavation permit for Unit 5 and 6 in 14 November 2018 and concerete pour begun in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Surendra|title=Make in India push: India likely to produce nuclear fuel with Russia's help|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/make-in-india-push-india-likely-to-produce-n-fuel-with-russias-help/articleshow/70982319.cms|access-date=24 September 2019|website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="aerb_56">{{cite web |title=e-Newsletter, October – December 2018 |url=https://www.aerb.gov.in/images/PDF/e-Newsletter-Oct-Dec-2018-R7.pdf |website=Atomic Energy Regulatory Board |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="fpc_34">{{cite web|date=23 June 2017|title=AERB grants FPC clearance for Kudankulam units 3 and 4|url=https://www.aerb.gov.in/storage/images/PDF/p23062017.pdf|access-date=16 April 2021|website=Atomic Energy Regulatory Board}}</ref> Construction of units 5 and 6 commenced on 29 June 2021. Unit 5 is expected to be ready for commissioning in December 2026, while unit 6 is expected to be ready by September 2027.

===Cyber-attack===
In 2019, NPCIL confirmed identification of [[malware]] in the internet connected administrative network but said that the critical internal network was [[Air gap (networking)|isolated]]. KKNPP officials had earlier termed reports on the [[Cyberattack|cyber attack]] as false. The malware was linked to the [[North Korea]] based [[Lazarus Group]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/confirmed-north-korean-malware-found-on-indian-nuclear-plants-network/|title=Confirmed: North Korean malware found on Indian nuclear plant's network|date=30 October 2019|newspaper=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref>

== Contract Details ==
Rosatom has been awarded the Engineering and Procurement (EP) contract for the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, with the Indian side responsible for the construction and commissioning.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Rosatom issues clarification on Rooppur plant; says it never discloses project cost |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/rosatom-issues-clarification-rooppur-plant-cost-says-it-never-discloses-project-expenses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240911170527/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/rosatom-issues-clarification-rooppur-plant-cost-says-it-never-discloses-project-expenses |archive-date=2024-09-11 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> This differs from the contract Rosatom was awarded in Bangladesh for [[Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant]], which encompassed [[Engineering, procurement, and construction|Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC)]] as well as the commissioning of the plant.<ref name=":4" />

The Indian firm [[Larsen & Toubro|Larsen and Toubro]] has been awarded the construction contract, which includes the development of the reactor building, reactor auxiliary building, turbine building, diesel generator building, and other buildings associated with safety.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-18 |title=L&T Construction to build two units of Kudankulam nuclear power project |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lt-construction-to-build-two-units-of-kudankulam-nuclear-power-project-11613627437494.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250508091512/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lt-construction-to-build-two-units-of-kudankulam-nuclear-power-project-11613627437494.html |archive-date=2025-05-08 |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

==Design and specification==
The reactors are [[pressurised water reactor]] of Russian design, model [[VVER|VVER-1000/V-412]] referred also as [[AES-92]]. Thermal capacity is 3,000 MW, gross electrical capacity is 1,000 MW with a net capacity of 917 MW.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.rosatom.ru/upload/iblock/0be/0be1220af25741375138ecd1afb18743.pdf
| title = The VVER today – Evolution – Design – Safety
| date = 2014
| website = www.rosatom.ru
| publisher = [[Rosatom]]
| pages = 11–12
| type = PDF
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160721014654/http://www.rosatom.ru/upload/iblock/0be/0be1220af25741375138ecd1afb18743.pdf
| archive-date=21 July 2016| url-status = live
| access-date = 21 July 2016}}</ref> Construction is by NPCIL and [[Atomstroyexport]]. The plant is the largest nuclear power generation complex in India producing a cumulative 2 GW of electric power.<ref name="companyname">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/10/12/stories/2008101251200100.htm|title=NPCIL to go into details with 4 reactor suppliers}}</ref> Both units are water-cooled, water-moderated [[Pressurized water reactors]].<ref name="reactypes">{{cite web|url=http://www.icjt.org/npp/podrobnosti.php?drzava=11&lokacija=628|title=Nuclear Power Plant Type|access-date=28 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320083312/http://www.icjt.org/npp/podrobnosti.php?drzava=11&lokacija=628|archive-date=20 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=npcil-kun12>{{cite web| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/koodankulam-to-start-production-in-40-days/940736/|title= Koodankulam to start production in 40 days|date= 24 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=wnn-kudankulam>{{cite web
| url = http://www.npcil.nic.in/kapp.asp
| title = Kudankulam Atomic Power Project 1 & 2 and
| access-date =1 June 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515211047/http://www.npcil.nic.in/kapp.asp  |archive-date = 15 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="koodam1" >{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1919/19190980.htm |title=History of the Kudankulam Project |access-date=28 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080514153031/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1919/19190980.htm |archive-date=14 May 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Operations==
The first reactor of the plant attained criticality on 13 July 2013 and was connected to the grid three months later.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kudankulam-nuclear-plant-goes-critical/articleshow/21061780.cms |title=Kudankulam nuclear plant goes critical |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2013-07-14 |access-date=2013-07-14}} {{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/birds-started-nesting-in-area-surrounding-npp-of-kudankulam-5770977289_1.html|title=Birds started nesting in area surrounding NPP of Kudankulam|date=2 September 2013|publisher=India Info Online|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=KUDANKULAM-1 |url=https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211211027/https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=852 |archive-date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2024-12-11}}</ref> It started commercial operation from 31 December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Kudankulam-reactor-attains-full-capacity/article11640228.ece|title=Kudankulam reactor attains full capacity|first=A.|last=Sudhakar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The second unit achieved criticality on 10 July 2016 and was connected to the grid in August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/india.aspx |title=Nuclear Power in India | Indian Nuclear Energy - World Nuclear Association |access-date=2016-09-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160906112259/http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/india.aspx |archive-date= 6 September 2016 }}</ref> Commercial operation started on 15 October 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20161015/1479295038.html|title=Путин и Моди запустили второй энергоблок АЭС "Куданкулам"|date=15 October 2016|website=РИА Новости}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=KUDANKULAM-2 |url=https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211210239/https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=853 |archive-date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website= |publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] (KSEB) board members have approved signing of a [[power purchase agreement]] (PPA) with the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) for sourcing electricity from the Kudankulam nuclear power project (KKNPP).

Unit 1 was shut down in June 2015 for refuelling and annual maintenance. On 21 January 2016, the reactor restarted and was connected to grid on 30 January.<ref>{{cite news
| url =http://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/kudankulam-nuclear-plant-restarts-generation-1277488
| title=Kudankulam Nuclear-Plant Restarts Generation
| work=NDTV | date=15 February 2016 | access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref>

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Site Director D. S. Choudhary stated on 26 January 2018 that units 1 and 2 of the nuclear plant had generated a combined total of 22,800 million units since they began functioning.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kudankulam nuclear reactors generated 22,800 million units|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kudankulam-nuclear-reactors-generated-22800-million-units/article22539654.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=19 February 2018|language=en-IN|date=28 January 2018}}</ref>

In October 2025, the Central electricity regulatory body granted permission to NPCIL to use 50MWe from Units 1 and 2 for the commissioning of units 3 and 4. According to the plant director, unit 3 is expected to be commissioned in 2026.

==Opposition==
People had been opposing the plant since its proposal in 1979. The proposal however, was halted because of the protests. It was brought back in 2000, and construction started under the government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-decade-on-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-protesters-say-still-face-ordeal-101654455406226.html | title=A decade on, Kudankulam nuclear plant protesters say still face ordeal | date=6 June 2022 }}</ref>

In 2011, thousands from the vicinity of the plant protested against it, fearing a nuclear disaster, in the wake of the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]]<ref name=nzh11>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/environment/news/article.cfm?c_id=39&objectid=10762102 |title=Indian activists fear nuclear plant accident |author=Rahul Bedi |date=28 October 2011 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref> According to the protesters, evacuation of people in the event of a nuclear disaster would be impossible.<ref name="sathishmls1">{{cite web|url=https://www.transcend.org/tms/2011/08/thirteen-reasons-why-we-do-not-want-the-koodankulam-nuclear-power-project/|title=Thirteen Reasons Why We Do Not Want the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Project|website=TRANSCEND Media Service}}</ref> According to S P Udayakumar, of the [[People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy]], "the nuclear plant is unsafe". However, in 2012, the chief of India's nuclear energy programme, Dr [[Srikumar Banerjee]], called the plant "one of the safest" in the world.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/kudankulam-one-of-safest-reactors-lanka-s-fears-unfounded-india-s-nuclear-chief-196617 | title=Kudankulam one of safest reactors, Lanka's fears unfounded: India's nuclear chief | work=NDTV | date=12 April 2012 | access-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> In December 2012, ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that hundreds of villagers in the region were largely ignorant of the risks and benefits of the plant.<ref name="Hindu Fear ignorance">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/at-kudankulams-core-is-fear-ignorance-and-anger/article4154421.ece | title=At Kudankulam's core is fear, ignorance and anger | date=2 December 2012 | access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>

A public interest litigation (PIL) was filed in 2011 with the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] asking for nuclear power development to be delayed until safety concerns were independently assessed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3889&Itemid=614 |title=India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concerns |author=Siddharth Srivastava |date=27 October 2011 |work=Asia Sentinel |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215238/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3889&Itemid=614 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india-nuclear-energy-expansion-grassroots-uprising-jaitapur-maharashtra-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-fukushima |title=Prospects Dim for India's Nuclear Power Expansion as Grassroots Uprising Spreads |author=Ranjit Devraj |date=25 October 2011 |work=Inside Climate News }}</ref> In May 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the plant, stating that the nuclear power plant was in the larger public interest.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/kudankulam-verdict-for-this-village-renewed-protests-or-tacit-acceptance-363471 | title=Kudankulam verdict: for this village, renewed protests or tacit acceptance | work=NDTV | date=6 May 2013 | access-date=3 October 2013}}</ref>

In March 2012, nearly 200 [[anti-nuclear]] protesters were detained for a few hours by the police. The protesters were set to join protests objecting resumption of work of one of two 1 GW reactors, a day after the local government restarted work on the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120320-nearly-200-arrested-india-nuclear-protest |title=Nearly 200 arrested in India nuclear protest |date=20 March 2012 |work=France24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531034131/http://www.france24.com/en/20120320-nearly-200-arrested-india-nuclear-protest |archive-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref>

There have also been rallies and protests in favour of commissioning this nuclear power plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2898930.ece |title=Rally seeks power generation at Kudankulam plant|date=16 February 2012|work=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2926774.ece |title=Blood donation camp in support of N-plant|date=24 February 2012|work=The Hindu }}</ref>

On, 24 February 2012, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] blamed foreign [[NGO]]s for protests at the power plant. News agencies reported that three NGOs had diverted donations earmarked for religious and social causes to the protests, in violation of foreign exchange regulations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/foreign-ngos-behind-kudankulam-protests-pm/story-eKdHevXTKMXvCpqBpTo5uL.html |title=5 NGOs diverted foreign funds to fuel Kudankulam stir|date=24 February 2012|work=hindustantimes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kudankulam-protests-3-ngos-lose-licence-for-diverting-funds-224821.html|title=Kudankulam protests: 3 NGOs lose licence for diverting funds|website=Firstpost|date=25 February 2012 }}</ref>

Supporters of the power plant in Idinthakarai village have been targeted by opponents using [[improvised explosive device]]s.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sudipto Mondal|title=Explosions at village near Kudankulam plant: Reports|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523002413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2014|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

The [[Church of South India]] and the [[National Council of Churches]] opposed the power plant and supported the protests against it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/churches-back-kudankulam-stir/article4122068.ece|title=Churches back Kudankulam stir|date=22 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Supporters of the power plant and the government have alleged that the protest against the power plant was instigated by churches and funded by foreign sources. The protestors dismissed the allegation of foreign funding, but said that seeking support from church was "natural" as many protestors were Christian localities living in the vicinity of the Reactor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Biswajit |last2=G. S. Mudur |title=The professor and the politics in anti-nuclear crucible |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-professor-and-the-politics-in-anti-nuclear-crucible/cid/332630 |work=The Telegraph |date=9 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

===Response from officials===
Former chairman of [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]] Srinivasan said, "The Fukushima plant was built on a beach-front, but the Kudankulam was constructed on a solid terrain and that too keeping all the safety aspects in mind. Also, we are not in a tsunami prone area. The plants in Kudankulam have a double containment system which can withstand high pressure. At least {{Indian Rupee}} 14,000 crore has been spent. If we don't operate the plant immediately, it will affect the economic stability of our country".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kudankulam-plant-is-safe-Srinivasan/articleshow/10722534.cms|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120718093302/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-14/chennai/30397314_1_kudankulam-fukushima-nuclear-power|url-status= live|archive-date= 18 July 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|title= Kudankulam plant is safe: Srinivasan |date=14 November 2011 }}</ref>

A centre panel constituted by the Government of India, which did a survey of the safety features in the plant, vouched for the safety of the Kudankulam reactors. Dr Muthunayagam, who headed the panel, said that the protesters asked for some documents which are not related to the safety of the reactor.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2640076.ece|title= Kudankulam reactors safest: Central panel|date=19 November 2011 |work=The Hindu }}</ref> Nuclear scientist and principal scientific adviser to the federal Government of India [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]] has said "We have learnt lessons from the Fukushima nuclear accident, particularly on the post-shut-down cooling system", and also added Fukushima nuclear accident should not deter or inhibit India from pursuing a safe civil nuclear programme.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2947436.ece |title= R. Chidambaram bats for Kudankulam |date=12 March 2012 |work=The Hindu }}</ref>

The Tamil Nadu state government formed a four-member expert panel which submitted a report to the government after inspecting the safety features of the plant. The Tamil Nadu government in the wake of the acute power shortages in the state has ordered in favour of the commissioning of the plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_kudankulam-nuclear-power-plant-issue-ends_1664495 |title=Kudankulam nuclear power plant issue ends – India – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=19 March 2012 |access-date=2012-11-17}}</ref>

==Allocation of power==
Government of India announced the power allocation from the two units of the reactor on 29 August 2013.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98899 Press Information Bureau English Releases]. Pib.nic.in. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Beneficiary !! Power (MW)
|-
| Tamil Nadu || 925 MW
|-
| Karnataka || 442 MW
|-
| Kerala || 266 MW
|-
| Puducherry || 67 MW
|-
| For commissioning of units 3 and 4 || 50 MW
|-
| Unallotted || 250 MW
|-
| Total || 2,000 MW
|}
As of 1 December 2021, the government is considering to increase its capability to 6,000 MW, on completion of KKNPP-3 & 4 (2 x 1,000 MW) and KKNPP-5 & 6 (2 x 1,000 MW) which are presently under construction.

==Kudankulam Alley==
The town council of [[Volgodonsk]], [[Rostov Oblast]] named a lane located next to the [[Atommash]] plant as Kudankulam Alley in November 2018. The plant, which is owned by [[Rosatom]], manufactures equipment for the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Now, a Kudankulam lane in Russia |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2018/11/02/now-kudankulam-lane-russia.html |website=The Week |access-date=27 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Units ==
{{mw-datatable}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable"
! rowspan="2" |Phase
! rowspan="2" |Unit<br/>No.
! colspan="2" |Reactor
! rowspan="2" |Status
! colspan="2" |Capacity in MWe
! rowspan="2" |Construction start
! rowspan="2" |First [[Criticality (status)|criticality]]
! rowspan="2" |Grid Connection
! rowspan="2" |Commercial operation
! rowspan="2" |Closure
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Type ||Model ||Net ||Gross
|-
| rowspan="2"| I
|1
|[[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] || [[VVER#VVER-1000|VVER-1000]]
|{{yes|Operational}}
|917 ||1000
|31 March 2002
|13 July 2013
|22 October 2013
|31 December 2014
| {{N/A}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2
|[[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] ||[[VVER-1000]]
|{{yes|Operational}}
|917 ||1000
|4 July 2002
|10 July 2016
|29 August 2016
|31 March 2017
| {{N/A}}
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="2"| II
|3
|[[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] ||[[VVER|VVER-1000]]
|{{partial|Under Construction}}
|917||1000
|29 June 2017
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| 2026(planned)
| {{N/A}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|4
|[[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] ||[[VVER-1000]]
|{{partial|Under Construction}}
|917||1000
|23 October 2017
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2"| III
|5
|[[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] ||[[VVER-1000]]
|{{partial|Under Construction}}
|917||1000
|29 June 2021
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
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| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-30|title=Construction of Kudankulam nuclear reactors 5 and 6 begins|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/construction-of-kudankulam-nuclear-reactors-5-and-6-begins/article35046691.ece|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] || [[VVER-1000]]
|{{partial|Under Construction}}
|917 || 1000
|20 December 2021
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|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Nuclear technology|Energy}}
* [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]]
* [[Nuclear power in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.npcil.nic.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd]
*[http://www.selectourfuture.org/map/ta/ Navigation map of the Nuclear Plant (Tamil language)]

{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Power Plants of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Nuclear power stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Nuclear power stations with proposed reactors]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Nuclear power stations using VVER reactors]]
[[Category:Anti-nuclear movement in India]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cybercrime in India]]

Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram

2026-02-04T17:31:47Z

ElmoPedder14: Starting new location

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Varadharaja Perumal Temple
| image = Varadharaja Perumal Temple 8.jpg
| alt =
| caption =[[Gopurams]] of the temple
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|49|08.4|N|79|43|30.7|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Varadharaja_Perumal_Temple,_Kanchipuram&params=12_49_08.4_N_79_43_30.7_E_type:landmark_region:IN]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram District|Kanchipuram]]
| locale = [[Kanchipuram]]
| elevation_m = 102.94
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Varadharaja Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
* Perundevi Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
}}
| festivals=
| tower = {{Plainlist|
* Punyakoti Vimanam
* Kalyana Koti Vimanam
}}
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 10th century
| creator = [[Chola]] Kings, later [[Nayaks of Thanjavur]]
| website =
|temple_tank = Anantha Theertham
}}

'''Varadharaja Perumal Temple''', also called '''Hastagiri''', '''Attiyuran,''' '''Attigiri, ''' '''Perarulalan Perumal temple, ''' '''Kanchi koil, ''' '''Thirukatchi, ''' or ''' Perumal koil ''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located in the city of [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is one of the [[Divya Desams]], the 108 temples of Vishnu believed to have been visited by the 12 poet saints, or the [[Alwars|Alvars]].<ref>''Hindu Pilgrimage: A Journey Through the Holy Places of Hindus All Over India''. Sunita Pant Bansal. page 82</ref> It is located in a suburb of Kanchipuram known as the [[Vishnu]] [[Kanchi]] that is a home for many famous Vishnu temples. One of the greatest Hindu scholars of Vaishnava [[Vishishtadvaita]] philosophy, [[Ramanuja]], is believed to have resided in this temple.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/varakanc.html |title = The Templenet Encyclopedia – Varadaraja Perumal Temple at Kanchipuram}}</ref>

The temple along with [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswarar Temple]] and [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] in Kanchipuram is popularly known as ''Mumurtivasam'' (abode of trio),<ref name="Rao154">Rao 2008, p. 154</ref> while Srirangam is referred to as: 'Koil' (meaning: "temple") and [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupati]] as: 'Malai' (Meaning: "hill"). Among the Divya Desams, Kanchipuram Varadharaja Perumal temple is known as: 'Perumal Koil'. This is one of the most sacred places for [[Vaishnavite]]s. The fourth of the [[Divya Desams]] that completes this series is [[Melukote]], which is known as Thirunarayanapuram. [[Vaishnavite]]s believe that visiting all four places without a break will guarantee one a place in ''[[Vaikuntha|paramapadam]]''.

There is a temple of Varadharajaswamy in [[Kurmai]] of [[Palamaner]] mandal called the Kurma Varadharaja Swamy Temple and in [[Yadamari]] of [[Yadamari]] mandal called the Indrapuri Varadharaja Swamy Temple, both in [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== Legend ==
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According to Hindu legend, [[Saraswati]] cursed the king of celestial deities, [[Indra]], to become an elephant and roam around the place. He was relieved of the curse with the divine power of Vishnu, who appeared as the mount, Hastagiri. ''Hastagiri'' indicates a mount/hill in the form of elephant. [[Indra]], the king of the devas, is believed to have installed the silver and golden lizards in the temple, who were the witness of the ordeal, after being released from the curse of the goddess [[Saraswati]].<ref name="Rao106">Rao 2008, p. 106</ref> [[Brahma]] performed a ''[[yagna]]'' here, the site of which was about to be washed away by the fast flowing river Vegavati (Saraswati in the form of river), known today as the [[Palar River]]. The temple deity, Vishnu, laid himself flat to stay the flow and the ''yagna'' was successfully performed. Vishnu emerged with brilliance of thousand Suns as Varadharajaswamy inside the athi tree, and stayed here permanently until he was submerged in nearby tank since the deity came from yagna done by Brahma (Historically speaking, his placement may have been due to fear of invasion by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]).<ref name="Rao106" /> As is the case with the association of South Indian temples with a sacred tree, a name of the temple, Attigiri, is derived from the a''tti'' tree ([[fig]]), considered sacred to [[Vaishnava]]s as well as other Hindus.<ref>Hopkins 2000, p. 272</ref> There is the replacement stone deity found inside the temple, next to the Narasimha shrine. The stone deity is called Devaraja Perumal, whose worship is equated to the Adi Athi Varadharaja Perumal (original idol made from fig tree), that is, two idols being inhabited by the same deity.

According to a Hindu legend, [[Brahma]], the Hindu god of creation, separated with his wife [[Saraswathi|Saraswati]] over a misunderstanding. He performed the [[ashvamedha]] sacrifice, seeking boons from Vishnu. Vishnu was pleased by the devotion, and came out from under the earth as a boar, making Saraswati unite with Brahma. Another legend states that the disciples of the sage Gautama were cursed to become lizards. They resided in the temple, and were relieved of the curse by the divine grace of Vishnu. There is a panel in the temple where the two lizards are depicted in the roof of the temple.<ref name=census>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|last=C.|first=Chandramouli}}</ref>

Thirukkachi Nambigal (also known as Kanchi Purnar) was an ardent devotee of this temple. He used to bring flowers everyday from [[Poovirundhavalli]], where he maintained a garden. He performed the rituals of the ''Aalavatta Kaingariyam'', waving to produce breeze with the help of a hand fan. It is believed that Vishnu as Varadharaja used to converse with him, while he was performing the ritual.

Nambi also composed the Devarajaashtakam (a Sanskrit poem of 8 verses) for the presiding deity. [[Ramanuja]], an influential Vaishnava preceptor, is regarded to have received answers to his six questions from Varadharaja. through Thirukkachi Nambigal.

== History ==
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The temple has around 350 inscriptions from various dynasties like [[Chola]], [[Pandya]], Kandavarayas, [[Chera]]s, [[Kakatiya]], [[Sambuvaraya]], [[Hoysala]] and [[Vijayanagara]] indicating various donations to the temple and also the political situation of Kanchipuram.<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams volume one Divyadesams in Tondai Nadu|first=M.S.|last=Ramesh|location=Tirpuati|year=1993|publisher=Tirupati Tirumala Devastanams|page=44}}</ref><ref name="Ramaswamy">Ramaswamy 2007, p. 273</ref> Varadharaja Perumal Temple was renovated by the [[Cholas]] in 1053<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df043.html |title = Abodes of Vishnu – Thirukkachchi}}</ref> and it was expanded during the reigns of the great [[Chola]] kings [[Kulottunga Chola I]] and [[Vikrama Chola]]. In the 14th century another wall and a [[gopura]] was built by the later Chola kings. When a [[Mughul]] invasion was expected in 1688, the main image of the deity was sent to [[Udayarpalayam]], now part of [[Tiruchirappalli district]].<ref name="Rao108" /> It was brought back with greater difficulty after the involvement of local preceptor who enlisted the services of general Todarmal.<ref name="Rao108" /> [[Robert Clive]], the British general during the colonial period visited the ''Garuda seva'' festival and presented a valuable necklace (now termed Clive ''Maharkandi''), which is adorned during a special occasion every year.<ref name="Rao108" /> At present the administration is carried out by Hindu Religious and Endowment of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Palanithurai">Palanithurai 2004, p. 64</ref>

The old inscriptions and records of the temple states that several leaders like Vyasatirtha and Satya-Vijaya Tirtha from the [[Dvaita]] school of Vedanta had evinced interest in this temple. An epigraph of the temple datable to 1511 CE records that the Dvaita saint and Kulaguru of [[Krishnadevaraya]], [[Vyasatirtha]] presented a village and serpant vehicle to Varadharaja Temple and instituted a festival in honour of Vijayanagara king [[Krishnadevaraya]]. Another record dated 1726 CE mentions that another Dvaita saint and Peetadhipathi of [[Uttaradi Matha]] by the name Satyavijaya Tirtha was honoured in the temple with some privileges.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myK8ZYEIu4YC&pg=PA137|title=Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture|author=K.V. Raman|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2003|page=137|isbn=9788170170266}}</ref> As Raghava Iyengar mentions in his work ''Sasana Tamil Kavi Saritham'', an inscription at the temple indicates that [[Parimelalhagar]], who wrote his commentary of the [[Tirukkural]] around 1271–1272 CE, belonged to the lineage of priests of [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Ulagalandha Perumal temple]].{{sfn|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009|pp=26–29}}

[[File:Tamil saint.jpg|thumb|View of the ''rajagopuram'' from near a pillar at the entrance]]
There are inscriptions dated 1532 CE (record 544 of 1919) indicating the gift of number of villages made by Achutaraya.<ref name="Vridd" /> Vira Narasingaraya Saluva Nayaka who was directed by Achutaraya broke the royal order by giving more lands to Ekambaranathar temple than the Varadharaja Swamy temple against the instruction of an equal gift to either of the temples. Achutaraya on hearing this equally distributed the lands to both the temples.<ref name="Vridd">V. 1995, p. 19</ref> There is an inscription from the 13th century from the Hoysalas, indicating a gift of a crown to the presiding deity. During the 17th century, the temple was under the attacks from the [[Mughals]], spearheaded by [[Aurangzeb]]. The deities of the temple were ported to Udayarpalayam in modern-day [[Tiruchirappalli district]] during 1688. It was only during 1710 that the situation was ripe for the deities to be returned. But the chieftain of Udayarpalayam opposed the move and only after the intervention of Paramahamsa Parivajakacharya Attan Jeer, the deities were returned. The event is commemorated as a festival in the temple.<ref name=census />

The Thathacharyas are the custodians<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Kanchipuram|title = Kanchipuram - Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia}}</ref> of the Kanchipuram Perarulalan Kovil popularly known as Varadharaja Perumal temple. They are the Pradhana Acharya Purushas in the protocol to receive and deliver the temple honours. In retrospection Tirumalai Nambi's<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/26/stories/13260494.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> son Tirukkurukai Piran Pillan was ordained by Ramanuja himself as the first and foremost among the 74 Peetadhipathis to propagate Visishtadwaita philosophy after him. Pillan was also chosen by Ramanuja as the competent person to write the commentary on the [[Tiruvaymoli]]. The annotation of Tiruvaymoli thus brought out by Pillan<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/24/stories/13240901.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> under the behest of Ramanuja is called the famous 'Araiyarpadi' the first gloss in Manipravala, an elegant mixture of Tamil and Sanskrit words, on the Divya Prabhandam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=16914|title = பெரிய திருமலை நம்பி!}}</ref> After Pillan, Tirumalai Srinivasacharya Thathacharya in the fifth generation of Thathacharyas was installed by Sri Vedanta Desika as the Sri Kariyam of the Devaraja Swamy Kovil. Since then the office of Sri Kariyam is institutionalised in the diligence and devotion of the Thathacharyas to the Varadharaja Perumal temple in Kanchipuram. [[Lakshmi Kumara Thathachariar]] inherited this mantle from his ancestors and made epoch making contributions to the temple annals. He was the Sri Kariya Durandhara – a phrase connoting absolute dedication and authority – of the temple affairs. Simultaneously he was also the Raja Guru of the Vijayanagar king Venkatapathi Deva Maharaj. In Ayengarkulam, a village named after him near Kanchipuram, he built a tank and temple to Sri Rama and Hanuman.

The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref>[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]</ref> having the Thathachariars as the Honorary Trustees.

== Architecture ==
[[File:Varadaraja Perumal Temple Kanchipuram (26).jpg|Images in the temple|250px|thumb|left]]
The temple is present in Chinna Kanchipuram, a locality in the Eastern side of [[Kanchipuram]], a [[South Indian]] town in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=46}}</ref> The temple covers an area of {{convert|23.5|acre|ha|adj=on|order=flip}}, showcasing the architectural skills of ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis in temple architecture, and is famous for its holiness and ancient history. It is the biggest temple in Kanchi, with most perumals, largest area, and largest gopuram. The temple has three outer precincts (''[[prakaram]]s''), namely, ''Alvar Prakaram'', ''Madai Palli Prakaram'' and ''Thiru Malai Prakaram''.<ref name="Rao107" /> There are 32 shrines, 19 ''vimanams'' (towers), 389 pillared halls (most having the lion type ''yali'' sculpture)<ref>Davidson 2002, p. 305</ref> and sacred tanks some of which located outside the complex.<ref name="Rao107" /><ref>N. 2000, p. 93</ref> The temple tank is called Anantha Theertham.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=46}}</ref> There are 96 ornate sculpted pillars depicting various legends of ''[[Mahabharat]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]''. The most notable sculptures are of [[Rati]], [[Manmatha]], [[Lakshmi Narayana]], [[Lakshmi Narasimha]], Lakshmi Varaha, and Lakshmi Hayagreeva.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=piranmalai&pg=PA106|page=33|last=Pillai|first=S. Subramania|publisher=MJP Publisher|year=2019|isbn=978-81-8094-432-1}}</ref>

The main sanctum faces west and can be entered through a {{convert|130|ft|m|order=flip}}-tall, 7-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'' (main gateway tower).<ref name="Rao106">Rao 2008, p. 106</ref> The image of the presiding deity is designed in such a way that on the 15th day after Chitra Purnima, the rays of the Sun fall on the idol.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy – Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=432}}</ref> The hill, called Hastagiri, is {{convert|360|m|ft}} long by {{convert|240|m|ft}}.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrimage Centres|last=Harshananda|first=Swami|ref=Harsha|edition=second|publisher=Ramakrishna Math|location=Bangalore|year=2012|isbn=978-81-7907-053-6|page=62}}</ref> The eastern ''gopuram'' is taller than the western ''gopuram'', which is contrasting to large temples where the ''rajagopuram'' is the tallest one.<ref name="Rao106" /> One of the most famous architectural pieces in the temple is the huge stone chain sculpted in a single stone.<ref name="tourist">Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu 2007, pp. 76-77.</ref> There is a 100 pillared hall<ref name="Schreitmüller">Schreitmüller, p. 545</ref> which has sculptures depicting ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. It is a masterpiece of [[Vijayanagar empire|Vijayanagara]] architecture.<ref name="Rao107" /><ref name="tourist" />

Hastagiri has murals of the late [[Vijayanagara Empire]] on the ceiling.<ref name="Rao107">Rao 2008, p. 107</ref> Another significant features of the temple are beautifully carved lizards and gilded with gold, over the sanctum.<ref name="tourist" /><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/varadaraja.htm |title = Gateway to Kanchipuram district – Varadaraja Temple |access-date = 26 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130730053553/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/varadaraja.htm |archive-date = 30 July 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]]'' over the sanctum of Varadharaja Swami is called ''Punyakoti Vimanam'' and the one over Perundevi Thayar shrine is called ''Kalyana Koti Vimanam''.<ref name="Rao106" />

Apart from the main stone idol, the temple has the wooden image of Varadharajaswamy made of Atthi or the fig tree and preserved under water in a secret chamber. It is brought out for worship once every 40 years.<ref name="Rao105">Rao 2008, p. 105</ref> The festivities last 48 days after which it is immersed in the water and stored for the next 40 years. It is believed that there is a heavy downpour after the idol is immersed to fill the tank. The presiding deity is a {{convert|10|ft|m|order=flip}} tall idol made of granite in standing posture, while Thayar is a {{convert|4|ft|m|order=flip}} image in sitting posture.<ref name=census /> There is a shrine of [[Narasimha]] on the hillock.<ref name="Rao107" /> The origin of the mask of Narasimha is mysterious and believed to possess inexplicable powers.<ref>Massey 2004, p. 91</ref>

In the second precinct downstairs contains four shrines, of which the important one is of Malayala Nachiar (Kerala consort), presumably built during the [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] kings in the early 14th century.<ref name="Rao107" /> There are images of [[Azhwars|Alvars]] and [[Ramanuja]] in the second precinct.<ref name=Hindu />

The third precinct has the shrine of Goddess Perundevi Thayar; it is customary for devotees to visit the shrine first before visiting the main Perumal shrine.<ref name="Rao108" /> There are four small pillared halls, identical in structure, called Thulabara Mandapas built during the 1532 for a ceremony of [[Achyuta Deva Raya|Achyutaraya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="Rao108" />

The seven precincts are called Pradakshina Padha, Hastagiri Pradakshana, Madapalli Pragara, Alavandar Pragara, and Alvar Thiruveedhi. The Alavandar Pragara houses lot of shrines of the temple. The temple has two towers on the eastern and western sides, which are {{convert|180|ft|m|order=flip}} and {{convert|160|ft|m|order=flip}} tall respectively. There is a hundred pillared hall, which has ornate carvings, notable of which being a stone chain. The temple car is believed to have been donated by [[Krishnadevaraya]] in 1517 CE. There are paintings in the temple commissioned during the 16th century during the rule of Vijayanagara kings.<ref name=census />

There is a shrine of Chakratalvar on the eastern side of the temple tank. This is biggest chakrathazhvar in India. The image of Chakratalvar ([[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshana]]) in the temple is depicted with six hands. There festival image of the temple has seven different images of Sudarshana depicted within the same chakra. There are two entrances to the shrine as the two images are considered to be separate. The shrine is believed to have been constructed during the time of Kulothunga III during 1191 CE by Ilavalagan Kalingarayan of Nettur as seen from the inscriptions in the temple. The later additions are presumably made by the [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]] during the 13th or early part of 14th century. The kings also added pillared columns in the leading hall sculpted with figures from [[Ramayana]] and various forms of [[Vishnu]].<ref name=Madhavan>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2007]], pp. 87-88</ref>

== Literature ==
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The temple is often mentioned as the divine source of [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] literature. Thirumangai Alvar spent all his wealth and taxes towards the building of the temple and the king punished him for not paying the taxes, and losing wealth of the kingdom. A divine voice informed the king in his dreams that he can pickup wealth from a nearby place and relieve Thirumangai Alvar. Thirukachi Nambi was an ardent devotee of Varadharaja. He used to come a long way everyday to the temple to offer his worship. During his old age, he was privileged to converse with god. [[Ramanuja]], the preceptor of [[Vishishtadvaita]] philosophy, was tricked by his master and was plotted to be killed. But by the grace of divinity, he was masked as a hunter and escape the event. He later came back to the temple to the making of the Vaishnava philosophy.<ref name=census />

[[Vedanta Desika]], the revered polymath next only to [[Ramanuja]] mentions the annual ten-day festival celebrated in May.<ref name="Rao108" /> In one of the verses, he extols the deity:
::"''He is the single root-source for this entire universe,''
::''beginning with space, and all other elements;''
::''like the pupil in the eye of the Vedas.''"<ref>Hopkins 2000, pp. 108-109</ref>

The temple also finds mention in the [[Thirtha prabandha|Thirtha Prabandha]], a travelogue with descriptions of pilgrim centers throughout India written by Sri [[Vadirajatirtha|Vadiraja Swamy]].

[[Tyagaraja]] and [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], the celebrated composers of the 18th century created compositions on the festival.<ref name="Rao108">Rao 2008, p. 108</ref> [[Thirumangai Alvar]] wrote four pasurams (hymns), [[Bhoothathalvar]] wrote two, and [[Peyalvar]] penned one.

Sri Alluri Venkatadri Swamigal composed more than 200 keerthanams about Varadharaja Perumal.

== Festival and religious practices ==
The temple follows the [[Pancaratra]] agama and [[Vadakalai]] tradition. This temple is the strictest [[pancharatra]] agama temple in the world. The deities of this temple wear symbols of [[Vadakalai]] tradition, which can also be found on the [[gopuram]], [[temple chariot]], vahanas, [[temple tank]], and numerous [[Wall|walls]]. The priests exclusively belong to the [[Vadakalai]] tradition and the [[Vedic]] recitation is under the rights of the [[Lakshmi Kumara Tatacharya|thathacharyas]], who follow the [[Vadakalai]] tradition. The [[vadakalai]] tradition also had [[theertham]] rights of the temple. The [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]] recitation is not recited anymore because of kalai fighting.(except rare occasions) Only followers of the [[vadakalai]] tradition allowed by the thathacharyas are allowed to partake in Vedic recital.

Desika prabandams is recited when [[Tiruthanka]] desikar visits the temple once a year. Adaikalapthu is the desika prabandha that celebrates this temple. Desika stotrams are also recited in every utsavam. Vedanta desikar and Lakshmi Kumara thathacharya gets arulapaadu(announcement) with temple’s shataari whenever perumal goes four side his [[Garbhagriha|sanctum]].

This is the only major srivaishnava temple with priority to [[Vedas|vedam]] in Tamil Nadu, with the largest vedam recitation group in any [[divyadesam]] in Tamil Nadu, second most being [[Devanathaswamy temple, Thiruvanthipuram|Thiruvaheendrapuram]]. 3 azhvars have sung about this perumal. (Boothath, Pey, Thirumangai)<ref>{{Cite web | title=Jayankondam Varatharaja Perumal Temple {{!}} Tamil Nadu | url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/jayankondam-varatharaja-perumal-temple | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331120927/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/jayankondam-varatharaja-perumal-temple | access-date=2025-08-18 | archive-date=2023-03-31}}</ref>

The temple is famous for its huge umbrella used during festive occasions. During the ''bhramotsavam'' (major festival) in [[Tamil calendar|Vaigasi]] (May/June), thousands of people throng the temple and that increases twofold during the ''Garuda Vahanam'' and the [[Temple car|Ther]] Thiruvila, the chariot procession.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

=== Atthi Varadhar ===
[[File:Vasantha Mantapam.jpg|thumb|Vasantha Mantapam, where Atthi Varadar is worshipped for 48 days after every 40 years.]]
Atthi Varadharaja Perumal (Atthi Varadar), the {{convert|10|ft|m|order=flip}} deity image, is made of the ''Atthi'' or the [[Ficus|fig tree]], and is stored in an underground chamber inside the temple tank which is called the Anantha Sarovaram/ Anantha Saras. It is brought out to worship for 48 days after every 40 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/athi-varadar-devotees-seek-hassle-free-online-booking/article28308001.ece|title=Athi Varadar devotees seek hassle-free online booking|date=2019-07-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/retrieval-of-kanchi-athivaradar-a-deitys-tryst-with-history/article28182955.ece|title=Retrieval of Kanchi Athivaradar: a deity's tryst with history|last=Narasimhan|first=T. a|date=2019-06-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is worshipped in the ''Vasantha Mantapam,'' which located in the south-west corner of the temple. The Aththi Varadar is worshipped in sleeping posture (''Kidantha Thirukkolam'' or ''Sayana Kolam)'' in the first 24 days, followed by standing position (''Nindra Thirukkolam)'' in the next 24 days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Worshipping Lord Athi Varadar at Kanchipuram – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/worshipping-lord-athi-varadar-at-kanchipuram/articleshow/70056554.cms|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The icon, which was the presiding deity earlier, was hidden in the 16th century to protect from invaders; however replaced by the current stone central icon when the wooden icon could not be traced. In 1709, the icon was accidentally rediscovered when the temple tank was emptied; thereafter the tradition of worshipping the deity once in 40 years was established.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-29|title=After 40 years under water, Kancheepuram temple deity to open for devotees from July 1|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-40-years-under-water-kancheepuram-temple-deity-open-devotees-july-1-104508|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

The festival was last held from 1 July to 17 Aug in 2019. The next Atthi Varadar festival will be held in 2059.

Earlier documented dates about the rise are:

* 2 July 1979<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over 50k throng Athi Varadar temple on 2nd day|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/jul/03/over-50k-throng-athi-varadar-temple-on-2nd-day-1998646.html|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* 12 July 1939
* June 1892
* Aug 1854

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Varadharajar3.jpg|Gopuram View
File:Varadharajar4.jpg|Theertham Tank
File:Varadharajar5.jpg|Temple Corridor
File:Varadaraja Perumal1.jpg|Close-up of a [[warhorse]]
File:Varadaraja Perumal3.jpg|Carving of cavalry on a pillar in the 100-pillar hall
File:Varadharaja Perumal Temple Gopuram View At Night.jpg|Gopuram View at Night
File:Garuda Sevai.jpg|Garuda Sevai of Kanchi Varadaraja Perumal during Annual vaikasi brahmothsavam.
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist
| colwidth = 20em
| refs =dinesh
}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation|last1=Davidson|ref=Davidson|first1=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia |publisher=University of California, Santa Barbara|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&q=varadaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA305|year=2002|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan|last=Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-0-5|year=2007|ref=Madhavan}}
* {{Citation |last=Gaur|ref=Gaur|first=Mahendra |title=Indian affairs annual, Volume 2|year=2005|publisher=Kalpaz Publications| location =Delhi|isbn=81-7835-461-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYrKxHOXv34C&q=varadaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA200}}
* {{cite book | last = Gopalakrishnamachariyar | first = V. M. | title = திருக்குறள் (மூலமும் பரிமேலழகர் உரையும்) [Tirukkural (Moolamum Perimelalhagar Uraiyum)] | publisher = Uma Padhippagam | edition= 1 | date = 2009 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Gopalakrishnamachariyar, 2009}} }}
* {{cite book|last=Hopkins|ref=Hopkins|first=Steven|title=Singing the body of God: the hymns of Vedāntadeśika in their South Indian tradition|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802930-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6teBA7bmFwC&q=varadaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA272}}
* {{cite book
| last = Massey
| ref = Massey
| first = Reginald
| title = India's dances: their history, technique, and repertoire
| publisher = Abhinav Publications
| year = 2004
| isbn = 9788170174349
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Lif-Ct05aVgC&q=varadaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA91
}}
* {{Cite book
| first = Jayapalan
| last = N.
| ref=N.
| title = History of India (from National Movement To Present Day)
| publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
| volume = IV
| year = 2001
| location = New Delhi, India
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&q=varadaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA93
| isbn = 81-7156-928-5
}}
* {{Citation |last=Palanithurai|ref=Palanithurai|first=Ganapathy |title=Rural transformation and peoples entitlements|year=2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company| location =New Delhi|isbn=81-8069-058-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oq6nXvB8vIIC&q=varadaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA64}}
* {{Citation |last=Rao|ref=Rao|first=P.V.L. Narasimha |title=Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples|year=2008|publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.| location =New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5018-104-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&q=varadaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA105}}
* {{Citation |last=Ramaswamy|ref=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.| location =United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=varadaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA271}}
* {{Citation |last=Schreitmüller|ref=Schreitmüller|first=Karen |title=India |year=2009|publisher=Karl Baedeker Verlag | location =Germany |isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&q=varadaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA545}}.
* {{Citation |last=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|ref=Tourist |title=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2007|publisher=T. Krishna Press | location =Chennai |isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&q=thiruvanaikaval&pg=PA76}}.
* {{Citation |last=V.|ref=V.|first=Vriddhagirisan|title=Nayaks of Tanjore |year=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services | location =New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0996-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC&q=conjeevaram+temple&pg=PA17}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/varadaraja.htm/ Local government page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104000601/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/varadaraja.htm |date=4 November 2006 }}
* [http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df043.html Indian temples article]
* [http://sss.vn.ua/india/tamilnadu/kanchipuram/varadaraja_en.htm Photos of Varadharaja temple, 1280x960]
* [http://www.divyadesam.com/hindu/temples/kanchipuram/tirukanchi-temple.shtml About Kanchipuram Divya Desam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017122115/http://hindu.com/fr/2005/06/03/stories/2005060300460300.htm News report on Brahmotsavam]

{{Vaishnavism}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Perumal temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

Nickelodeon Sonic

2026-02-04T15:03:18Z

ElmoPedder14: basic cleanup intro for consistency and updated info per sources

{{short description|Indian children's television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sonic
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2025
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|12|20}}
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[SDTV]]
| area = {{ubl|India|[[Nepal]]|[[Bangladesh]]}}
| former_names = Sonic Nickelodeon (2011-2016)<br>Nickelodeon Sonic (2016-2025)
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| parent = [[Nickelodeon]]
| country = India
| language = {{plainlist|
* [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| sister_channels = {{ubl|[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nick]]|[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nick HD+]]|[[Nick Jr. (Indian TV channel)|Nick Jr.]]}}
| website = {{url|https://www.sonicgang.com}}
| online_serv_1 = [[Airtel Digital TV]]<br>(India)
| online_chan_1 = SD & HD
| online_serv_2 = [[JioTV]]<br>(India)
| online_chan_2 = SD & HD
| online_serv_3 = [[JioHotstar]]<br>(India)
| online_chan_3 = HD
}}
'''Sonic''' (formerly '''Nickelodeon Sonic''', '''Sonic Nickelodeon''') is an Indian children's pay television channel based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. it is owned by [[Disney Star|JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Disney India]] and [[Viacom18]] under license from [[Paramount Skydance|Paramount Skydance Corporation]] as part of [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon India]] Network.<ref name=Lau>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/dec/dec102.php|title=Sonic launches on 20 Dec; ropes in Akshay Kumar as brand ambassador|date=14 December 2011|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> After {{time interval|20 December 2011|December 2020}} on the air, Sonic became the fourth most watched channel across all genres with [[Audience measurement|TRP]] in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barc trp data|title=Barc report. DATA Week 39: Saturday, 26th September 2020 To Friday, 2nd October 2020 |url=https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|access-date=5 October 2020|website=barcindia.co.in}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Viacom18]] launched the channel in December 2011 in [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/32329_Viacom18-to-launch-Sonic-its-fifth-television-channel|title=Viacom18 to launch Sonic, its fifth television channel|website=www.afaqs.com|date=30 November 2011 |language=en|access-date=2018-01-15}}</ref> When it launched, the channel mostly aired action shows like ''[[Power Rangers]]'', [[Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness|''Kung Fu Panda'']] and [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'']]. On 3 May 2016, the channel was rebranded with the tag line "Destination of high decibel comedy and action", and was given a new logo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/nick-rebrands-their-kids-channel-sonic-with-refreshing-new-logo-and-their-successful-show-shiva|title=Nick rebrands their kids channel Sonic with refreshing new logo and their successful show 'Shiva' - AnimationXpressAnimationXpress|website=www.animationxpress.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-22}}</ref>

Since the rebrand, the channel has shifted its focus to comedy and started producing some original local shows.

Sonic Nickelodeon began broadcasting in Bengali, Malayalam, Marathi, Kannada and Gujarati languages from 2 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nickalive.net/2020/01/nickelodeon-india-and-sonic-adds-four.html |title=Nickelodeon India and Sonic Adds Four New Local Language Feeds |date=2020-02-29 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=NickALive!}}</ref>

== Programming ==
{{Main|List of programmes broadcast by Nickelodeon Sonic}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.sonicgang.com/}}

{{Nickelodeon India}}
{{Nickelodeon}}

[[Category:Nickelodeon|Sonic]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon India]]
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian animation]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore

2026-01-26T05:23:58Z

ElmoPedder14: Adding A Data

{{Short description|Catholic archdiocese in Pondicherry and Cuddalore, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Archdiocese
| name = Pondicherry and Cuddalore
| latin = Archidioecesis Pondicheriensis et Cuddalorensis
| local = {{ubl
| {{normal|{{lang|fr|Archidiocèse de Pondichéry et Cuddalore}}}}
| {{normal|{{lang|ta|புதுவை கடலூர் உயர் மறைமாவட்டம்}}}}
}}
| border = Catholic
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =

| country = [[India]]
| territory =
| province = Pondicherry and Cuddalore
| metropolitan =
| area_km2 = 15,250
| area_footnotes = <ref name="catholic-hierarchy.dpocu"/>
| population = 8,170,086{{efn|name="ap2022"|''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' (2022) via ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''<ref name="catholic-hierarchy.dpocu"/>}}
| population_as_of = 2021
| catholics = 400,361{{efn|name="ap2022"}}
| catholics_percent = {{percentage|400,361|8,170,086|1|%=}}
| parishes = 105{{efn|name="ap2022"}}
| churches = 
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite]]
| established = {{start date and age|1776}}
| cathedral = [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception]]
| priests = 234 (183 diocesan; 51 religious){{efn|name="ap2022"}}
| language =
| calendar = [[Indian national calendar of the Roman Rite|Indian national calendar]]

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
| metro_archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]
| emeritus_archbishops =
| vicar_general =
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = {{indented plainlist|
* '''[[Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]''': [[Lawrence Pius Dorairaj]]
* '''[[Diocese of Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam]]''': {{nowrap|[[Jeevanandam Amalanathan]]}}
* '''[[Diocese of Salem|Salem]]''': [[Arulselvam Rayappan]]
* '''[[Diocese of Tanjore|Tanjore]]''': ''[[Sagayaraj Thamburaj]]''
}}
| auxiliary_bishops =
| apostolic_admin =

| map = Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pondicherry_Cuddalore.jpg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| website = {{URL|pondicherryarchdiocese.org}}
}}

The '''Metropolitan Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore''' ({{langx|la|Archidioecesis Pondicheriensis et Cuddalorensis}}) is a [[Latin Church|Latin]] [[metropolitan see]] of the [[Catholic Church]] of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Cuddalore]] in India.

==History==
{{Unsourced | section|date=April 2024}}

===The Mission of The Capuchins And The Jesuits ===
French Capuchins were the first missionaries to Pondicherry in 1632.<ref name=CPI>{{cite web |url= https://ofmcapkerala.org/about-us/capuchin-history-in-india/ |title= Capuchins in India |author= |date= |website= Capuchin Provincialate, St Francis of Assisi, India |publisher= |access-date= November 20, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> Two more groups of Capuchins arrived in the following decades and they established a mission there in 1674. <ref name=TH>{{cite web |url= https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany/article12572732.ece |title= Madras Miscellany |author= |date= 7 November 2016 |website= The Hindu |publisher= |access-date= November 20, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> The great ancestor of this Archdiocese is the Carnatic Mission, which was started around the year 1700 as [[Mission sui iuris]]. This Carnatic Mission was known as Missions of the Coromandel Coast and also as the [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] Mission.

Before the establishment of the Carnatic Mission in 1700, the Jesuit Fathers of the [[Madurai]] Mission, especially [[John de Britto]], entered the [[Gingee]] kingdom after 1660, and preached the Gospel up to the [[Palar River]], south of [[Chennai|Madras]]. Members of various religious orders, looked after the spiritual needs of the European communities in their trading centres along the coastal areas, including [[Cuddalore]] and [[Parangipettai|Porto Novo]].

The French [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]] first settled in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] in 1674 and the French Jesuits, expelled from [[Thailand|Siam]] also took refuge with the Capuchins in Pondicherry in 1688. In 1693, the Dutch chased away all the religious groups from Pondicherry, and they were only able to return in 1699. While the Capuchins were looking after the Europeans in Pondicherry, the French Jesuits organized the Carnatic Mission for the Indian people.

===The Boundaries Of the Carnatic Mission===
The boundaries of the Carnatic mission were as follows:
* To the south and west, the [[Pennaiyar River]], beyond which were the [[Madurai]] and [[Mysore]] missions
* To the east, the [[Bay of Bengal]]
* To the north, [[Kurnool]], including the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari]] areas near the coast.

===Jesuits Replaced By Foreign Mission Fathers===
The continual wars in the 18th century, the ruin of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] town in 1761 and the suppression of the [[Society of Jesus]] in 1773, badly hit the vast Carnatic Mission.
In 1776, the French Jesuit fathers were replaced at the order of [[Holy See|Rome]] by the foreign Mission French Fathers. Although the Bishop of these new missionaries had all the power of jurisdiction, he was not given the title "Vicar Apostolic", but instead called the "Superior of the Mission of the Coromandel Coast". Rome successively gave him the jurisdiction over the [[Madurai]], [[Coimbatore]] and [[Mysore]] areas, affected by the suppression of the Society of Jesus. By 1800, the extent of the Carnatic Mission was immense, but the labourers were very few.

===The First Vicar Apostolic And The First Archbishop===
The Carnatic Mission was reorganized when new [[apostolic vicariates]] were created: [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1832, [[Madurai]] in 1836, and the vicariates of [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Mysore]] and [[Coimbatore]] in 1845.

[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] became an apostolic vicariate of the Coromandel coast, on 1 September 1836, with Mgr. Bonnand as its first vicar apostolic. This apostolic vicariate was raised to an archbishopric on 1 September 1886.<ref name=CCBIFK>{{cite web |url= https://ccbi.in/bishop-francis-kalist-appointed-new-archbishop-of-pondicherry/ |title= Bishop Francis Kalist Appointed New Archbishop of Pondicherry |author= |date= 19 March 2022 |website= Conference of Catholic Bishops in India |publisher= |access-date= November 20, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> Mgr. Laouenan was the first archbishop.

Subsequently, subdivisions of the archdiocese took place, creating the new dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam]] in 1899 and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem]] in 1930. In 1928, a great part of the present diocese of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore|Vellore]] was separated from Pondicherry and attached to the archdiocese of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras and Mylapore]]. On a reorganisation of the archdiocese by [[Holy See|Rome]] in 1969, the Madurantagam taluk of [[Kanchipuram district]] was transferred to Madras, and [[Tiruvannamalai taluk]] to Vellore.

===The Final Formation===
As the archdiocese of Pondicherry extended over the [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] union territory and the [[South Arcot]] district of [[Madras State]], on 7 August 1953 it was given a new title by [[Holy See|Rome]]: the "Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore".

Originally, the archdiocese included the former French settlements of Pondicherry, [[Karaikal]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Mahé, India|Mahe]], and [[Yanam]]. Another ex-French settlement was also looked after by the [[Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales|MSFS]] Fathers in [[Visakhapatnam]]. Chandannagar was re-allocated to the archdiocese of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Calcutta]], now [[Kolkata]], and Mahé to the [[Kerala]] diocese of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Calicut|Calicut]], now [[Kozhikode]], in 1949.

The present archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore extends over the [[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]] and [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]] districts of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and the [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] (excluding [[Chidambaram]] and [[Kattumannarkoil]] taluks) and [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]] districts of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==21st century==
With a land area of 11,348 square kilometers, the Archdiocese of Pondicherry-Cuddalore extends over the [[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]] and [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]] civil districts of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] union territory and the civil districts of [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] and [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state. In 2001, the total population of the area was 6,151,891. Ethnic groups in the territory include the [[Tamil people|Tamils]] and [[French people|French]].

In 2022, the diocese had 3,99,461 Catholic faithful across 105 parishes, as well as 187 diocesan clergy, 84 religious priests and 1,035 religious sisters; the church also ran 311 educational institutions.<ref name=CCBIFK />

==Leadership==
===Superior of Karnatic Mission / Pondicherry===
* [[Pierre Brigot]] (1776–1791)
* [[Nicolas Champenois]] (1791–1801)

===Vicars Apostolic===
* [[Louis-Charles-Auguste Hébert]] (1810–1835)
* [[Clément Bonnand]], M.E.P. (3 April 1850 – 21 March 1861)
* [[Joseph-Isidore Godelle]], M.E.P. (21 March 1861 – 15 July 1867)
* [[François-Jean-Marie Laouënan]], M.E.P. (24 July 1868 – 29 September 1892)

===Archbishops===
* [[Joseph-Adolphe Gandy]], M.E.P. (29 September 1892 – 25 March 1909)
* [[Elie-Jean-Joseph Morel]], M.E.P. (11 May 1909 – 16 August 1929)
* [[Auguste-Siméon Colas]], M.E.P. (24 June 1930 – 28 October 1955)
* [[Ambrose Rayappan]] (28 November 1955 – 17 March 1973)
* [[Venmani S. Selvanather]] (17 March 1973 - 18 February 1992)
* [[Michael Augustine (bishop)|Michael Augustine]] (18 February 1992 – 10 June 2004 )
* [[Antony Anandarayar]] (10 June 2004 – 27 January 2021)
* [[Francis Kalist]] (19 March 2022 – Incumbent) <ref name=CCBIFK />

===Apostolic Administrator===

* Bishop [[Peter Abir Antonisamy]] (27 January 2021 - 19 March 2022). Upon the resignation of Archbishop Antony Anandarayar, for the first time in the history of Archdiocese, an Apostolic Administrator was appointed by Pope Francis. Bishop [[Peter Abir Antonisamy]] (Bishop of Sulthanpet) was appointed as the Apostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese. He ceased to be the Apostolic Administrator by the appointment of Most. Rev. Francis Kalist as Archbishop of Pondicherry and Cuddalore.

==Bishops and Cardinals from this Archdiocese==

===Bishops===
The following bishops were ordained to priesthood for Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore and later were appointed as Bishops of various dioceses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archdiocesepondicherry.com/History_%20Archdiocese_1.html |title=Archdiocese Official Website |access-date=30 January 2011 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155219/http://www.archdiocesepondicherry.com/History_%20Archdiocese_1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are:
* [[Ubagarasamy Bernadeth]], Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Coimbatore|Coimbatore]] (1940)
* [[Joseph Mark Gopu]], Auxiliary Bishop of Pondicherry (1948), Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] (1953)
* [[Joseph S. Thumma]], Bishop of [[Diocese of Vijayawada|Vijayawada]] (1970)
* [[Michael Duraisamy]], Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem]] (1974)
* [[Michael Augustine (bishop)|Archbishop Michael Augustine]], Auxiliary Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras-Mylapore]] (1978), Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore|Vellore]] (1981) and Archbishop of Pondicherry (1992)
* [[Antony Anandarayar]], Bishop of Ooty (1997) and Archbishop of Pondicherry (2004)
* [[Yvon Ambrose]], Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuticorin|Tuticorin]] (2005)
* [[Peter Abir Antonisamy]], Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sultanpet|Sultanpet]] (2013) <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.rvasia.org/asian-news/indian-diocese-pondicherry-cuddalore-gets-new-archbishop |title= Indian Diocese of Pondicherry-Cuddalore gets new archbishop |author= |date= 21 March 2022 |website= Radio Veritas India |publisher= |access-date= November 20, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>
* [[Arulselvam Rayappan]], Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem]] (2021)

The following are the bishops who are native of the Archdiocese of Pondicherry but were ordained as priests in another diocese or religious order:
*Archbishop [[Malayappan Chinnappa]], S.D.B., Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore|Vellore]] (1992), Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras-Mylapore]] (2005).
*Bishop Anthonysamy Neethinathan, (Clergy of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Madras-Mylapore]]) Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chingleput|Chinglepet]] (2002)

===Cardinal===
* [[Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy]] (1985–2014)

==Suffragan dioceses==
[[Suffragan diocese]]s of this archdiocese are:<ref name=CCBIFK />

* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore|Tanjore]]

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Fr. Louis Savinien Dupuis, MEP<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed - CCBI|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>
* Servant of God Fr. Michael [Michele] Ansaldo<ref>{{Cite web |title=1805 |url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1805.htm |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=newsaints.faithweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Michael Ansaldo - Servant of God Michael Ansaldo |url=https://michaelansaldo.org/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{anli|Apostolic Prefecture of French Colonies in India}}
* {{anli|Catholic Bishops' Conference of India}}
* {{anli|Catholic Church in India}}
* {{anli|List of Catholic dioceses in India}}
* {{anli|Syro-Malabar Church}}
* {{anli|Syro-Malankara Catholic Church}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="catholic-hierarchy.dpocu">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dpocu.html |title=Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore |encyclopedia=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |date=19 February 2024 |publisher=David M. Cheney |access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://pondicherryarchdiocese.org/}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/pond0.htm Metropolitan Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore, India profile] at [http://gcatholic.org GCatholic]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dpocu.html Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore profile] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|{{sup|{{small|[''self-published'']}}}}]]
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309110745/http://pondyarchdiocese.org/ |date=9 March 2008 }}

{{Geographic location
|title = '''Adjacent Dioceses'''
|Centre = Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore
|N = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chingleput|Diocese of Chingleput]]
|NE = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]]
|E = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|SE =
|S = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore|Diocese of Tanjore]]
|SW = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam|Diocese of Kumbakonam]]
|W = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Diocese of Salem]]
|NW = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore|Diocese of Vellore]]
}}

{{RC Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pondicherry And Cuddalore}}
[[Category:Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore| ]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India|Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1776 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1776]]

England Lions cricket team in India in 2018–19

2026-01-15T17:06:02Z

ElmoPedder14: expanded citations per sources and fixed typos

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = England Lions cricket team in India in 2018-19
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India A
| team2_image = Flag of England.svg
| team2_name = England Lions
| from_date = 18 January
| to_date = 16 February 2019
| team1_captain = [[Ajinkya Rahane]]<small>(1st, 2nd and 3rd One day matches)</small><br>[[Ankit Bawne]]<small> (4th and 5th One day matches and 1st Test</small>)<br>[[K. L. Rahul]]<small> (2nd Test</small>)
| team2_captain = [[Sam Billings]]
| no_of_FCs = 2 (4-day)
| team1_FCs_won = 1
| team2_FCs_won = 0
| team1_FCs_most_runs = [[Priyank Panchal]] (256)<ref name="FCRun">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12814;type=series|title=Records. England Lions in India Unofficial Test Series, 2018–19. Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
| team2_FCs_most_runs = [[Ben Duckett]] (175)<ref name="FCRun"/>
| team1_FCs_most_wickets = [[Navdeep Saini]] (9)<ref name="FCWkt">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12814;type=series|title=Records. England Lions in India Unofficial Test Series, 2018–19. Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
| team2_FCs_most_wickets = [[Zak Chappell]] (7)<ref name="FCWkt"/>
| player_of_FC_series =
| no_of_LAs = 5
| team1_LAs_won = 4
| team2_LAs_won = 1
| team1_LAs_most_runs = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (150)<ref name="ODRun">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12813;type=series|title=Records. England Lions in India Unofficial ODI Series, 2018–19. Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
| team2_LAs_most_runs = [[Sam Billings]] (156)<ref name="ODRun"/>
| team1_LAs_most_wickets = [[Axar Patel]] (8)<ref name="ODWkt">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12813;type=series|title=Records. England Lions in India Unofficial ODI Series, 2018–19. Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
| team2_LAs_most_wickets = [[Lewis Gregory]] (8)<ref name="ODWkt"/>
| player_of_LA_series =
}}
The [[England Lions cricket team]] toured India in January and February 2019 to play two [[first-class cricket|first-class matches]] and five [[List-A cricket|List-A matches]] against the [[India A cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2787/england-lions-tour-of-india-2019/matches|title=Lions to tour India, Schedule and Itinerary out|access-date=27 December 2018|work=Cricbuzz}}</ref> India A won the unofficial ODI series 4–1,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/duckett-leads-england-lions-to-consolation-one-wicket-win-over-india-a-2020639.html|title=Duckett Leads England Lions to Consolation Win, India A Secure Series 4-1|date=31 January 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|work=CricketNext(News18)}}</ref> and the unofficial Test series 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/india-a-wallop-england-lions-by-an-innings-in-second-unofficial-test-2037655.html|title=India A Wallop England Lions by an Innings in Second Unofficial Test|date=15 February 2019|access-date=15 February 2019|work=CricketNext(News18)}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Unofficial ODIs
!colspan=2|Unofficial Tests
|-
|-
!{{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]<ref name="indsqu1">{{cite web|title=Rahane, Bawne to lead India A against England Lions|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/106215/rahane-bawne-to-lead-india-a-against-england-lions|work=Cricbuzz|date=19 January 2019|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
!{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]]<ref name="engsqu">{{cite web|title=Ben Duckett returns to England Lions squad for India tour|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/105709/ben-duckett-returns-to-england-lions-squad-for-india-tour|work=Cricbuzz|date=18 December 2018|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="engrep">{{cite web|title=Will Jacks and Tom Moores win maiden England Lions call-ups|url=https://www.wisden.com/stories/news-stories/will-jacks-tom-moores-win-maiden-england-lions-call-ups|work=Wisden|date=12 January 2019|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref>
!{{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]<ref>{{cite web|title=KL Rahul picked for India A's four-day game; Bawne to lead|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25883437/kl-rahul-picked-india-four-day-game-bawne-lead|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=31 January 2019|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Karun Nair added to India A squad for next clash against England Lions|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/106569/karun-nair-added-to-india-a-squad-for-next-clash-against-england-lions|work=Cricbuzz|date=7 February 2019|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
!{{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]]<ref name="engsqu"/><ref name="engrep"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]]) <small>(1st, 2nd and 3rd One day matches)</small>
* [[Ankit Bawne]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]]) <small> (for 4th and 5th One day matches</small>)
* [[Anmolpreet Singh]]
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Hanuma Vihari]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Krunal Pandya]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Mayank Markande]]
* [[Jayant Yadav]]
* [[Siddarth Kaul]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Ricky Bhui]]
* [[Siddhesh Lad]]
* [[Himmat Singh (cricketer)|Himmat Singh]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Deepak Hooda]]
* [[Rahul Chahar]]
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[K. L. Rahul]]
|
* [[Sam Billings]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Dominic Bess]]
* [[Danny Briggs]]
* [[Matthew Carter (cricketer)|Matthew Carter]]
* [[Zak Chappell]]
* <s>[[Joe Clarke (cricketer)|Joe Clarke]]</s>
* [[Alex Davies (cricketer)|Alex Davies]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ben Duckett]]
* [[Lewis Gregory]]
* [[Sam Hain]]
* <s>[[Tom Kohler-Cadmore]]</s>
* <s>[[Saqib Mahmood (cricketer, born 1997)|Saqib Mahmood]]</s>
* [[Jamie Overton]]
* [[Ollie Pope]]
* [[Jamie Porter]]
* [[Will Jacks]]
* <s>[[Tom Moores]]</s>
* [[Tom Bailey (cricketer)|Tom Bailey]]
* [[Steven Mullaney]]
|
* [[Ankit Bawne]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]]) <small> (for 1st Test</small>)
* [[K. L. Rahul]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]]) <small> (for 2nd Test</small>)
* [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]]
* [[Priyank Panchal]]
* [[Ricky Bhui]]
* [[Siddhesh Lad]]
* [[K. S. Bharat]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Jalaj Saxena]]
* [[Shahbaz Nadeem]]
* [[Mayank Markande]]
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Varun Aaron]]
* [[Karun Nair]]
|
* [[Sam Billings]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Tom Bailey (cricketer)|Tom Bailey]]
* [[Dominic Bess]]
* [[Danny Briggs]]
* [[Zak Chappell]]
* <s>[[Joe Clarke (cricketer)|Joe Clarke]]</s>
* [[Alex Davies (cricketer)|Alex Davies]]([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ben Duckett]]
* [[Lewis Gregory]]
* [[Sam Hain]]
* [[Max Holden (cricketer)|Max Holden]]
* <s>[[Tom Kohler-Cadmore]]</s>
* [[Jamie Overton]]
* [[Ollie Pope]]
* [[Jamie Porter]]
* [[Amar Virdi]]
* [[Will Jacks]]
* [[Tom Moores]]
|}

[[Joe Clarke (cricketer)|Joe Clarke]] and [[Tom Kohler-Cadmore]] were dropped from the squad after their involvement in the [[Alex Hepburn (cricketer)|Alex Hepburn]] rape trial, detailing their “sexual conquests” on WhatsApp, was revealed. They were replaced by [[Will Jacks]] and [[Tom Moores]].<ref name="engrep"/> [[Tom Bailey (cricketer)|Tom Bailey]] was added to unofficial ODI squad after [[Saqib Mahmood (cricketer, born 1997)|Saqib Mahmood]]'s visa was delayed due to his Pakistani heritage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan heritage causes India visa delay for England Lion Saqib Mahmood|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25786195/pakistan-heritage-causes-india-visa-delay-england-lion-saqib-mahmood|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 January 2019|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref> Saqib was eventually withdrawn from the team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oman national team gets BCCI invite to play in India, but Pakistani-origin players face visa issues|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/cricket/oman-get-bcci-invite-but-have-pak-origin-players/articleshow/67730857.cms|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=28 January 2019|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> [[Steven Mullaney]] replaced [[Tom Moores]] in the unofficial ODI squad after Moores suffered a leg injury which ruled him out of the team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steven Mullaney added to Lions squad to face India A|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25808737/steven-mullaney-added-lions-squad-face-india-a|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 January 2019|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> [[K. L. Rahul]] was added to the unofficial ODI squad after his [[K. L. Rahul#Suspension|suspension]] was provisionally lifted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hardik Pandya asked to join India squad in New Zealand|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/106310/hardik-pandya-asked-to-join-india-squad-in-new-zealand-kl-rahul-koffee-with-karan-johar-new-zealand-vs-india|work=Cricbuzz|date=24 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref>

==Tour Match (List-A)==
===1st One-Day Warm-up Match: Indian Board's President's XI vs England Lions===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 January 2019
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Board President's XI (India)|Board President's XI]]
| score1 = 255/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Alex Davies (cricketer)|Alex Davies]] 100 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Mayank Markande]] 3/41 (10 overs)
| score2 = 256/6 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 110 (125)
| wickets2 = [[Zak Chappell]] 3/53 (10 overs)
| result = Board President's XI won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/scorecard/1172083 Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Sabyasachi Sarkar (Ind) and Akshay Marathe (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = England Lions won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd One-Day Warm-up Match: Indian Board's President's XI vs England Lions===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 January 2019
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Board President's XI (India)|Board President's XI]]
| score1 = 104 (22.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sam Billings]] 52 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Pankaj Jaiswal]] 4/16 (6 overs)
| score2 = 105/5 (21.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 36[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets2 = [[Jamie Porter]] 5/36 (9 overs)
| result = Board President's XI won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/scorecard/1172077 Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Sabyasachi Sarkar (Ind) and Akshay Marathe (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Board President's XI won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==India 'A' vs England Lions List-A Series==
===1st Unofficial ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 January 2019
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]
| score1 = 285/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sam Billings]] 108[[not out|*]] (104)
| wickets1 = [[Mayank Markande]] 2/45 (9 overs)
| score2 = 288/7 (49.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 59 (87)
| wickets2 = [[Zak Chappell]] 3/84 (10 overs)
| result = India A won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/scorecard/1169338 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ishan Kishan]] (Ind-A)
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd Unofficial ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 January 2019
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]]
| score1 = 303/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 92 (83)
| wickets1 = [[Zak Chappell]] 2/47 (8 overs)
| score2 = 165 (37.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Alex Davies (cricketer)|Alex Davies]] 48 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Mayank Markande]] 3/32 (8.4 overs)
| result = India A won by 138 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/scorecard/1169339 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Hanuma Vihari]] (Ind-A)
| toss = England Lions won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd Unofficial ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 January 2019
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]]
| score1 = 172 (47.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 39 (65)
| wickets1 = [[Jamie Overton]] 3/34 (7.1 overs)
| score2 = 112 (30.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ben Duckett]] 39 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 4/21 (5.5 overs)
| result = India A won by 60 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/scorecard/1169340 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Krunal Pandya]] (Ind-A)
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===4th Unofficial ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 January 2019
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]
| score1 = 221/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ollie Pope]] 65 (103)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/49 (10 overs)
| score2 = 222/4 (46.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 73[[not out|*]] (76)
| wickets2 = [[Will Jacks]] 2/35 (10 overs)
| result = India A won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/scorecard/1169341 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rishabh Pant]] (Ind-A)
| toss = England Lions won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===5th Unofficial ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 January 2019
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]]
| score1 = 121 (35 overs)
| runs1 = [[Siddhesh Lad]] 36 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Jamie Overton]] 3/24 (7 overs)
| score2 = 125/9 (30.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ben Duckett]] 71[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets2 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 3/25 (5 overs)
| result = Eng Lions won by 1 wicket
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/scorecard/1169342 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ben Duckett]] (Eng Lions)
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Tour Match (First-Class)==
===Two-Day Warm-up Match: Indian Board's President's XI vs England Lions===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3 – 4 February 2019
| team1 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}
| team2 ={{flagicon|IND}} [[Board President's XI (India)|Board President's XI]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 145/6 (60 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sam Hain]] 40[[not out|*]] (118)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ankit Rajpoot]] 4/20 (9 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 134/5 (30 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 40[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jamie Porter]] 2/22 (5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 83/2 (30 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Will Jacks]] 21[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Aniket Choudhary]] 1/17 (5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 246/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (59.3 overs) ([[Follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 55[[not out|*]] (55)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Dominic Bess]] 2/51 (11 overs)

| result = Board President's XI won by 152 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/game/1173587/indian-board-presidents-xi-vs-england-lions-tour-match-eng-lions-in-india-2018-19 Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Xavier's College Ground]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Chandrakant Mhase (Ind) and Ravi Subramaniam Iyer (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Board President's XI won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Before the beginning of the match, it was decided that England Lions will bat 60 overs first and then India Board President's XI 30 overs on day 1, and vice versa on day 2.
}}

==India 'A' vs England Lions First-Class Series==
===1st Unofficial Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 7 – 10 February 2019
| team1 = [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]] {{flagicon|ENG}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India A cricket team|India A]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 340 (104.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ben Duckett]] 80 (118)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Navdeep Saini]] 5/79 (23.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 540/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (134.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Priyank Panchal]] 206 (313)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Zak Chappell]] 3/105 (24 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 214/5 (82 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ollie Pope]] 63 (122)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jalaj Saxena]] 2/56 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/scorecard/1169343 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Krishnagiri Stadium]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd Unofficial Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 13 – 16 February 2019
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]] {{flagicon|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England Lions cricket team|England Lions]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 392 (114.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]] 117 (222)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Zak Chappell]] 4/60 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 144 (48 .4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ollie Pope]] 25 (30)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Navdeep Saini]] 3/30 (10 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 180 (53.3 overs) ([[Follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ben Duckett]] 50 (61)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mayank Markande]] 5/31 (10.3 overs)

| result = India A won by an innings and 68 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19084/scorecard/1169344 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Srikantadatta Narasimha Raja Wadeyar Ground]], [[Mysore]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind) and [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/19084/eng-lions-in-india-2018-19 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{2018–19 in Indian cricket}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:England Lions cricket team in India in 2018-19}}
[[Category:A team cricket]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2019 in English cricket]]

The 65 Lakh Heist

2026-01-15T06:10:52Z

ElmoPedder14: general fix intro based on references and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Book by Surender Mohan Pathak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = The 65 Lakh Heist
| image = Pathakbookcover.jpg
| caption = First English edition 2010
| author = [[Surender Mohan Pathak]]
| cover_artist = Shelle Studio
| country = India
| language = English
| genre = [[Crime Fiction]]
| published = 1977 ([[Blaft Books]])
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| pages = 216 (English)
| isbn = 978-81-906056-5-6
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Daylight Robbery (novel)|Daylight Robbery]]
}}

'''''The 65 Lakh Heist''''' is first English version (translated by Sudarshan Purohit)<ref>Sudarshan Purohit is a Bangalore based computer engineer. The next book was ''Daylight Robbery'' another Vimal adventure</ref> of a [[Surender Mohan Pathak]] book. The [[Hindi]] crime thriller ([[:hi:पैंसठ लाख की डकैती]], ''Painsatth Lakh ki Dacoity'')<ref name=" ">{{cite web | last = Orthofer| first = M.A. | title = The 65 Lakh Heist by Surender Mohan Pathak | website = The Complete Review | date = April 10, 2010 | url = https://www.complete-review.com/reviews/hindi/pathaks.htm | access-date = August 26, 2025}}</ref> was first published in 1977. It was the fourth book in the Vimal series.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/desi-cool/432995/ Desi Cool] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328234753/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/desi-cool/432995/ |date=28 March 2010 }}</ref>

The novel begun the trend of [[anti-hero]]ism in Indian [[pulp magazine|pulp fiction]] and was very controversial.

==Synopsis==
Vimal is blackmailed into joining a conspiracy to break into the vault of Bharat Bank at [[Amritsar]] to loot 6.5 million [[Indian rupee|rupees]] (65 [[lakh]]) inside it.<ref>[http://www.spinetinglermag.com/2010/04/01/asian-crime-fiction-the-cage-by-kenzo-kitakata-and-the-65-lakh-heist-by-surender-mohan-pathak/ Review in Spintingler Magazine]</ref>

The conspiracy is the brainchild of Mayaram Bawa, a veteran vault-buster who is preparing to pull off the biggest heist of his career before he retires from his life of crime. For this purpose, he blackmails into submission an innocent-looking [[chauffeur]] called Vimal (whose actual name is Sardar Surender Singh Sohal), a criminal wanted for [[embezzlement]] in [[Allahabad]] (he did not do it), murder of Lady Shanta Gokuldas in [[Bombay]] (he had to do it to prevent [[rape]] and death of a girl), the robbery of [[gate money]] at Anna Stadium [[Madras]] (he was [[blackmail]]ed into it). Bawa's deal is straight—say no and go to jail or say yes and get his share.

Bawa, with the help of Vimal and his partners Laab Singh (alias Matar Paneer) and Karamchand, successfully break into the vault and take away 6.5 million until an unfortunate circumstance forces them to flee the crime scene in a hurry.

Having got the money (mainly due to Vimal's brilliant efforts), Bawa shows his true colours, running away with the entire loot and ruthlessly killing the innocent Karamchand and the jovial Laabh Singh "Matar Paneer". Vimal narrowly escapes being killed due to his presence of mind, but needs to trace down Bawa. The trail brings him face to face with Harnam Singh Grewal, the top gun of [[Punjab (Indian state)|Punjab]] [[organised crime|underworld]] and a ruthless giant of a man. Grewal gets wind of the robbery and starts searching for Mayaram Bawa to snatch the loot from him.

Bawa takes refuge with his childhood friend Khanna, who is completely unaware of his criminal antecedents. Fearing capture by the police or being traced by Vimal (he is still unaware of Grewal's sinister designs), he leaves in a hurry. Grewal follows the trail to Khanna's residence, brutally murdering the man of the house and brutally torturing Mrs. Khanna.

In the meanwhile, Vimal manages to trace Mayaram Bawa to the residence of a young lady named Neelam in Chandigarh.
He finally catches Bawa and punishes him by breaking his legs. Bawa's life is spared due to mercy of Neelam, who is now in love with Vimal (the two eventually get married).

The novel ends with Vimal entering the Khanna residence, where a bullet that hits him in the spine leaves Grewal paralysed neck down. Unfortunately, Grewal does not know where the money went as the only person who knew it was Mr. Khanna, who died after being brutal thrashed by him. With nothing left to gain, Vimal leaves the scene, leaving Grewal to the mercy of the humiliated Mrs. Khanna.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |last=anushreemajumdar |date=Feb 8, 2010 |title=Chills and Thrills |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/chills-and-thrills/576771/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004045531/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/chills-and-thrills/576771/ |archive-date=Oct 4, 2012 |website=Express India}}
* {{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Sudipta |date=May 30, 2010 |title=Desi popular trash, now in angrezi |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/desi-popular-trash-now-in-angrezi/626790/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418193026/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/desi-popular-trash-now-in-angrezi/626790 |archive-date=Apr 18, 2016 |website=Financial Express}}

{{Use British English|date=October 2010}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:65 Lakh Heist The}}
[[Category:Indian crime novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Surender Mohan Pathak]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:1977 Indian novels]]

Abhimanyu Temple, Vayotthidam

2026-01-08T04:39:11Z

ElmoPedder14: Adding A Place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in India}}{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vadayothidam Abhimanyu Temple
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|11.663425361225244|75.72030143656244}}

| country = India
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kozhikode district]]
| location = [[Mokeri]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Abhimanyu]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Kerala]]
}}
The '''Vadayothidam Abhimanyu Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in Vadayothidam, near [[Mokeri]], [[Kozhikode district]], Kerala, India.<ref name="mathrubhumi-1">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=ഉത്സവം: അഭിമന്യുക്ഷേത്രം പുനഃപ്രതിഷ്ഠയ്ക്കായി ഒരുങ്ങുന്നു |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/news/kozhikode-1.8332302 |website=mathrubhumi |language=ml |access-date=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429192223/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/news/kozhikode-1.8332302 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="keralakaumudi-1">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=വടയോത്തിടം അഭിമന്യു ക്ഷേത്രോത്സവം സപ്ലിമെന്റ് പ്രകാശനം ചെയ്തു |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news//news.php?id=1017382&u=local-news-kozhikode |website=keralakaumudi |language=ml |access-date=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2023-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429193144/https://keralakaumudi.com/news//news.php?id=1017382&u=local-news-kozhikode |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> And, it is the only temple in Kerala for [[Abhimanyu]].<ref name="mathrubhumi-1" />

== Festivals ==
One of the most renowned festivals held at the temple is Prathishtadinam, which takes place in March.<ref name="mathrubhumi-2">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=വടയോത്തിടം അഭിമന്യുക്ഷേത്രംപുനഃപ്രതിഷ്ഠ ഇന്ന് |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/news/kozhikode-1.8358653 |website=mathrubhumi |language=ml |access-date=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2023-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502083545/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/news/kozhikode-1.8358653 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kozhikode district]]

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Jodhpur Municipal Corporation

2026-01-07T03:38:33Z

ElmoPedder14: added references

{{Short description|Local civic body in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
|name = Jodhpur Municipal Corporation
|house_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
|body = Jodhpur
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|17 December 1992}}
|leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
|leader1 =
|election1 = 2020
|term_length = 5 years
|seats1 = 160
|house1 = MCJ
|next_election1 = 2025
|website = {{URL|https://jodhpurmc.org/|Jodhpur Municipal Corporation}}
|footnotes = <ref name="Result">{{cite web |title=Seats Won By Per Party |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/Pri-PartyWise-WinnerCount.aspx?code=CEM |publisher=State Election Commission, Rajasthan |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="Mayor">{{cite web |title=Chairperson Received Nominations |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/ChairpersonNomination.aspx?code=CEM |publisher=State Election Commission, Rajasthan |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref>
}}

'''Jodhpur Municipal Corporation (MCJ)''' is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] of [[Jodhpur]] city in the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is responsible for civic infrastructure and administration of the city. MCJ is divided into 160 wards and each represented by an elected member. It consist of three [[Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies [[Jodhpur Assembly constituency|Jodhpur]], [[Soorsagar Assembly constituency|Soorsagar]] and [[Sardarpura Assembly constituency|Sardarpura]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipal Corporation Jodhpur |url=https://jodhpurmc.org/ |access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

== Jodhpur Municipal Corporation ==

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{URL|https://jodhpurmc.org/|Official website}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government of Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1992]]

Dishman Carbogen Amcis

2025-12-08T11:14:09Z

ElmoPedder14: Started Some Details Needs Work.

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Dishman Carbogen Amcis Limited
| logo = Dishman Carbogen Amcis.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|DCAL}}|{{BSE|540701}}}}
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Janmejay R. Vyas (Chairman)
* Arpit J. Vyas (Global Managing Director)
* Harshil R. Dalal (Global Chief Financial Officer)
* Himani Dhotre (Resigned)
}}
| industry = [[Pharmaceuticals]]
| products = Contract Research & Development, Contract Manufacturing New Molecules, HiPo Cat IV+, Contrast Media, Fine Chemicals, Vitamin D & Analogues, Formulation Development Fill & Finish, Softgels & HiPo Cat IV+ Parenteral.
| footnotes =
| foundation = 1983
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India<ref name=dish>{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=DISH:IN |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118225733/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=DISH:IN |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2013 |title=DISHMAN PHARMACEUTICALS & CH (DISH:Natl India): Stock Quote & Company Profile - BusinessWeek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-23}}</ref>
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|2440|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| profit = {{down}} {{INRConvert|-29|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=Dishman Carbogen Amcis Ltd Q4 FY2023 consolidated loss at Rs. 70.72 crores |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=332639 |access-date=24 June 2023 |work=EquityBulls |date=23 May 2023}}</ref>
| homepage = {{url|www.imdcal.com}}
}}
'''Dishman Carbogen Amcis Ltd''' is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company specialized in the manufacture of [[active ingredients]] and [[Contract manufacturing organization|contract development and manufacturing]]. Dishman employs over 1,000 people worldwide{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} and is listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) and [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE).

==History==
The Dishman Group was founded in 1983 by Janmejay R. Vyas, Managing Director of the Dishman Group. Since the beginning, the focus of the Dishman Group has been on research and development of various in-house technologies for the manufacture of [[quaternary ammonium compounds]] (quats) and active pharmaceutical ingredients. The first facility of the Dishman Group was built in 1987 in Naroda; in 1996 the company initiated its expansion at Bavla where it is currently headquartered. Through several acquisitions,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manufacturingchemist.com/technical/article_page/East_meets_West/38092 |title=East meets West |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090325/http://www.manufacturingchemist.com/technical/article_page/East_meets_West/38092 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Dishman Group became a global company with multiple manufacturing facilities in India, Europe and China serving pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies.

==Company structure==
The Dishman Carbogen Amcis Group operates in two segments: [[Contract research organization|contract research services]] and marketable molecules such as bulk drugs, intermediates, [[quaternary ammonium compounds]] (quats), specialty chemicals and phase transfer catalysts. Dishman operates in four business units:

* Dishman Specialty Chemicals, which manufactures phase transfer catalysts, intermediates, fine chemicals, and products for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and related industries.
* Dishman Vitamins and Chemicals, which manufactures vitamin D2, vitamin D3, vitamin D analogs, cholesterol and lanolin related products for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and related markets.
* Dishman Disinfectants, which manufactures antiseptic and disinfectant formulations.
* Dishman Custom Services, which includes Dishman contract research services and the subsidiary Carbogen Amcis. This business unit focuses on process research and development, API supply to support clinical trials, commercial manufacture of APIs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.carbogen-amcis.com/pdf/HPAPIs.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526143956/http://www.carbogen-amcis.com/pdf/HPAPIs.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> including cytotoxic and cytostatic drugs.

==Locations==
*[[Bavla]] and [[Naroda]] (Ahmedabad), India: Dishman Carbogen Amcis Ltd. The Naroda and Bavla sites are operational since 1989 and 1996, respectively. These sites manufacture phase transfer catalysts, pharmaceutical intermediates, active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals.
*[[Shanghai]], China: Dishman Carbogen Amcis (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. The site manufactures intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients, including highly potent drugs.
*[[Veenendaal]], The Netherlands: CARBOGEN AMCIS B.V manufactures of Vitamin D2, Vitamin D3, Vitamin D analogues, cholesterol and lanolin related products. The site was acquired from Solvay in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indodutchconnect.com/app/webroot/pdf/newslatter/issue_71/pharma_plans.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002754/http://www.indodutchconnect.com/app/webroot/pdf/newslatter/issue_71/pharma_plans.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Bubendorf]], Switzerland: CARBOGEN AMCIS AG. Founded in 1987 and acquired by Dishman in 2006.<ref name="busindasdadasdasdasdasdasess-standard.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/dishman-buys-swiss-pharma-major-carbogen/254653/|title = Dishman buys Swiss pharma major Carbogen|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 24 August 2006}}</ref> The site supports the development and manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients, highly potents drugs and complex intermediate for clinical trials and commercial purposes.
*[[Aarau]] and [[Hunzenschwil]] Switzerland: CARBOGEN AMCIS AG. These sites operate since 1994 and 2000 and were acquired by Dishman in 2006.<ref name="busindasdadasdasdasdasdasess-standard.com" /> The Aarau and Hunzenschwill sites support the development and manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients and complex intermediate for clinical trials and commercial purposes.
*[[Vionnaz]] Switzerland: The facility was acquired by CARBOGEN AMCIS in 2014 and is designed to develop and manufac-ture highly potent APIs including the capability to produce highly potent warheads and linkers for antibody drug conjugates (ADCs).<ref name="Contract Pharma">{{cite web |last1=CONTRACT |first1=PHARMA |title=Completes successful Swissmedic inspection at Vionnaz, Switzerland. |url=https://www.contractpharma.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2022-10-06/carbogen-amcis-site-passes-inspection/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=Contract Pharma}}</ref>
*[[Riom]], France: CARBOGEN AMCIS SAS. Founded in 1998 and acquired by Dishman in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contractpharma.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2012-01-16/carbogen-amcis-acquires-creapharm-parenterals/|title = Carbogen Amcis Acquires Creapharm Parenterals}}</ref> The Riom site is focused on the development and production of sterile parenteral drugs for clinical trials.
*[[Manchester]], UK: CARBOGEN AMCIS Ltd. Operating since 1983 and acquired by Dishman in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Com |first1=in-Pharmatechnologist |url=http://www.in-pharmatechnologist.com/Ingredients/Indian-CMO-expands-in-Europe-and-Middle-East|title=Indian CMO expands in Europe and Middle East}}</ref> The site focuses on non–[[Good manufacturing practice|GMP]] manufacture of complex intermediate for the pharmaceutical industry.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://imdcal.com}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in India| ]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Gujarat]]

{{med-company-stub}}

Inder Singh Parmar

2025-11-17T12:44:56Z

ElmoPedder14: bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Inder Singh Parmar''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Inder Singh Parmar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SHUJALPUR(SHAJAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=92 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is the [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Cabinet Minister]] since 25 December 2023 of Higher Education Technical Education.{{Clarify|date=November 2025|reason=What "Cabinet Minister"? Meaning of "Higher Education Technical Education"?}} He is a three-time MLA representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He won twice from [[Shujalpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Shajapur district]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shujalpur Constituency Election Results 2023: Shujalpur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/shujalpur |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> after winning once from the neighbouring [[Kalapipal Assembly constituency]] in [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Shujalpur for a third term.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shujalpur assembly election results 2023: Shujalpur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/shujalpur-assembly-result-12168 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Shujalpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Shujalpur सीट पर Inder Singh Parmar ने Ramveer Singh Sikarwar कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/shujalpur-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830313-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Parmar is from [[Shujalpur]], Shajapur district, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of late Shree Bherulal Ji Parmar. He completed his L.L.B in 1993 at Madhav College, which is affiliated with [[Vikram University|Vikam University]], Ujjain.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Parmar won from Shujalpur Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing Bharatiya Janata Party. He polled 96,054 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ramveer Singh Sikarwar of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 13,660 votes.<ref name=":1" /> He first became an MLA winning the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party from [[Kalapipal Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalapipal Constituency Election Results 2023: Kalapipal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/kalapipal |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, he polled 75,330 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kedarsingh Mandloi of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 9,573 votes.<ref name=":2" /> Later, he shifted to Shujalpur seat and won the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Ramveer Singh Sikarwar of the Congress Party by a margin of 5,623 votes. He became an MLA for the third time retaining the seat in the 2023 Assembly election.

On 2 July 2020, he became a minister of state for school education with independent charge in the [[Fourth Chouhan ministry]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Inder Singh}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Shajapur district]]

List of tourist attractions in West Bengal

2025-11-09T14:53:07Z

ElmoPedder14: added citations further per standard format

{{short description|None}}

'''Tourist attractions in West Bengal''' refers to the tourist attractions in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. West Bengal is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in the eastern] region of India and is the nation's [[List of states and union territories of India by population|fourth-most populous]].<ref name="Population: India at a glance"/> It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants.<ref name="Population: India at a glance">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&va=x|title=India: Administrative Divisions (population and area)|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=10 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121217193754/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&va=x|archivedate=17 December 2012}}</ref> It is bordered by the countries of [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Bangladesh]], and the Indian states of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Assam]]. The state capital is Calcutta. West Bengal encompasses two broad [[natural region]]s: the [[Gangetic Plain]] in the south and the sub-Himalayan and [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] area in the north. With these there are two major natural regions i.e., the Western plateau and the great Sundarban delta.

During the [[British India|British colonial era]] from 1700 to 1912, Calcutta enjoyed the privilege of being the capital of [[British India]] and witnessed a spate of frenzied construction of buildings,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata was the capital of British India|url=http://www.calcuttaweb.com/history.shtml|accessdate=10 Aug 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510193408/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/history.shtml|archivedate=10 May 2007}}</ref> largely influenced by the conscious intermingling of Neo-Gothic, Baroque, Neo-Classical, Oriental and Islamic schools of design. Unlike many north Indian cities, whose construction stresses minimalism, the layout of much of the architectural variety in Kolkata owes its origins to European styles and tastes imported by the British and, to a much lesser extent, by the Portuguese and French.

[[Calcutta]] - now the state capital, is considered to be an ideal hub to cover all the destinations in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|author=Britannica|author-link=Britannica|title=Kolkata is the capital of West Bengal|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/89203/Kolkata/280831/Capital-of-West-Bengal|accessdate=10 Aug 2012}}</ref> It is the largest urban center in [[East India|Eastern India]] and is well connected by road, rail and air.

[[Siliguri]] - the largest city of [[North Bengal]] will be another ideal hub to cover all destinations in Northern Bengal and an alternative to [[Kolkata]]. This city is the second largest urban center in West Bengal and is also well connected by road, rail and air.

The following is a list of some of the attractions of West Bengal

== List ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Attraction(s)
! Location
! Image
|-
|'''[[Darjeeling]]'''||[[Darjeeling]]||[[File:Mt. Kanchenjunga.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]''' (Toy Train)||[[New Jalpaiguri]] to [[Darjeeling]]||[[File:DHR 780 on Batasia Loop 05-02-21 08.jpeg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Morgan House, Kalimpong|Morgan House]]''' ||[[Kalimpong]] ||[[File:Morgan House Kalimpong 2.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Cooch Behar Palace]]'''||[[Cooch Behar]]||[[File:Cooch Behar Palace in Cooch Behar.JPG|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Dooars]]'''||[[Dooars]]||[[File:Tea garden in dooars.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Jaldapara National Park]]'''||[[Alipurduar district]]||[[File:Wild Elephants at Jaldapara.JPG|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Gorumara National Park]]'''||[[Jalpaiguri district]]||[[File:Gorumara Deep Forest Arnab Dutta.JPG|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Hazarduari Palace]]'''||[[Murshidabad district]] ([[Murshidabad]])||[[File:Hazarduari01 debaditya chatterjee.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Basirhat]]-[[Taki, India|Taki]]'''||[[North 24 Parganas]]||[[File:Basirhat Rabindra Saikat Park.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Nizamat Imambara]]'''||[[Murshidabad district]]||[[File:Nizamat Imambara 2.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Adina Deer Park]]'''||[[Malda district]]||[[File:Deers at Adina Deer Park, Malda.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Tarakeswar|Tarakeswar Temple]]'''||[[Hooghly district|Hooghly District]]||[[File:Babataraknathtemple.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
|'''[[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]]'''||[[Malda district|Maldah]]||[[File:Entry gate at Gaur, Malda..jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Bangarh]]'''||[[Gangarampur]]||[[File:Bangarh, Gangarampur.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Shantiniketan]]'''||[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]||[[File:Poush Mela Bazaar.JPG|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Bishnupur Terracotta Temples]]'''||[[Bankura district|Bankura]]||[[File:Rasmancha (eastern view) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]]'''||[[Howrah]] ([[Shibpur]])||[[File:Kolkata botanical garden pathway.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[The Great Banyan|The Great Banyan Tree]]'''||[[Howrah]] ([[Shibpur]])||[[File:Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden - Howrah 2011-01-08 9728.JPG|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Howrah Bridge]]'''||[[Howrah]] to [[Kolkata]]||[[File:Image-Kolkata Bridge.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[B. B. D. Bagh]]'''||[[Kolkata]]||[[File:Kolkata BBD Bagh2.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]'''||[[North 24 Parganas district]] ([[Dakshineswar]])||[[File:Dakshineswar Kali Temple, Dakshineswar, West Bengal, India (2007).jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Second Hooghly Bridge]]'''||[[Kolkata]] to [[Howrah]]||[[File:Vidyasagar-Setu.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Belur Math]]'''||[[Howrah]] ([[Belur Math]])||[[File:Ramakrishna Belur Math, Howrah.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]]'''||[[Kolkata]]||[[File:Victoria Memorial situated in Kolkata.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Sundarbans|Sundarbans delta of India]]'''||[[24 Parganas|Southern 24 Parganas District]]||[[File:Sun in Sunderbans.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Digha]]'''||[[Purba Medinipur]] || [[File:New Digha Beach 0221.JPG|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Mandarmani]]'''||[[Purba Medinipur]] || [[File:Mandarmani Sea Beach.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]]'''||[[Kolkata]]||[[File:St Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Sundarbans National Park]]'''||[[Sundarbans|Sundarbans delta of India]]||[[File:Sundarban mangrove.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Mayapur]]'''||[[Nabadwip]]||[[File:Samadhi Mandir of Srila Prabhupada, Mayapur 07102013.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Kumortuli]]'''||[[Kolkata|North Kolkata]]||[[File:Kumortuli1.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Salt Lake Stadium]]'''||[[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Bidhannagar]]||[[File:Salt Lake Stadium - Yuva Bharati Krirangan , Kolkata - Calcutta.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Howrah station]]'''||[[Howrah]]||[[File:Howrah Station.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Eden Gardens]]'''||[[Kolkata]]||[[File:Eden gardens ipl 2011.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''[[Hangseswari temple]]'''||[[Hugli-Chinsura|Hugli]]||
|}
West Bengal stretches to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Bengal stretches to the Bay of Bengal|url=http://www.westbengalonline.in/about/Profile/Geography/index.html|accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref> The coastal strip of West Bengal, extending from the [[Gangetic Delta]] to the border of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] has some beautiful coastal settlements namely [[Digha]], [[Shankarpur]], [[Mandarmani]], [[Bakkhali]], Gangasagara, [[Tajpur, West Bengal|Tajpur]] and more others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sea beaches in West Bengal|author=Government of West Bengal|author-link=Government of West Bengal|url=http://westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/beach|accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref>

Tourist attractions also include some more [[List of geographical indications in India|geographical indications]] like [[Nakshi kantha]] (handicraft), [[Darjeeling tea]] (agricultural), ''Santipore'' Saree (handicraft), [[Shantiniketan|Shantiniketan Leather Goods]] (handicraft), Fazli Mango (agricultural), Khirsapati or ''Himsagar'' mango (agricultural), ''Laxman Bhog mango'' (agricultural), ''Baluchari'' Saree (handicraft), and ''Dhaniakhali'' saree (handicraft).<ref name=kt>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/k%60taka-gets-highest-numbergi-tags/319698/|title=Karnataka gets highest number of GI tags|date=11 April 2008|publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
[[File:Maa Bhavatarini's face @ Dakshineshwar Kali Temple.JPG|thumb|right|100px|Face of the idol of [[Bhavatarini|Goddess Bhavatarini]] from the Dakshineshwar Kali Temple]]

Other attractions include the culture of West Bengal. It attracts tourists for pilgrimages to the holy places of different religions. People from different sections of the world come to West Bengal for holy pilgrimage as Kolkata is one of the [[Shakti Peethas#List of 4 Adi Shakti Pithas|four ''adi'']] ''[[Shakti Peethas|Shaktipeethas]]''. Among the [[Shakti Peethas#The 52 Shakti Pithas|other 52 ''shaktipeethas'']] some are located in West Bengal. The notable Hindu temples include [[Kalighat Kali Temple]], [[Tarapith]], [[Belur Math]], [[Mayapur|Mayapur ISKCON Temple]], [[Hangseshwari Temple]], [[Tarakeswar#Temple of Taraknath|Tarakeshwar Temple]], Thakurnagar Thakur Bari Temple and [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]].

[[File:The Nizamat Imambara-Hazarduari.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The [[Nizamat Imambara]] is the largest one in India and [[Bengal]]]]
West Bengal also has countless mosques like the ''[[Nizamat Imambara]]'' and [[Katra Mosque]] in Murshidabad, [[Furfura Sharif]] and [[Tipu Sultan Mosque|Tipu Sultan Shahi Mosque]] in Kolkata.
[[File:394 baul-singers-sml.jpg|thumb|right|Baul singers at [[Basanta-Utsab]], [[Shantiniketan]]]]
Other pilgrim destinations include ''[[Gurdwara]]s'' for [[Sikh]]s and churches like the [[Bandel Church|Basilica of the Holy Rosary]] in [[Bandel]], [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St. John's Church]], [[St. James' Church, Kolkata|St. Jame's Church]] (''Jora Girja''), [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]] and [[Church of the Lord Jesus (Calcutta)|Church of the Lord Jesus]].

Buddhist Monasteries in West Bengal are especially located in the hilly regions like the [[Ghum Monastery|Ghoom Monastery]], [[Bhutia Busty Monastery]], [[Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery]], [[Tharpa Choling Monastery]], [[Zang Dhok Palri Phodang]] and more others.

Notable festivals include the [[Durga Puja]] in October, the most popular festival in the West Bengal,<ref name=durgapuja>{{cite web|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/festival-home|title=Durga Puja|accessdate=10 August 2012|work=Festivals celebrated throughout West Bengal|publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116073347/https://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/festival-home|archivedate=16 January 2012}}</ref> the [[Poila Baishakh]] (the Bengali New Year), the [[Rathayatra]], the [[Dolyatra]] or [[Basanta-Utsab]], the [[Nobanno]], the ''Poush Parbon'' (festival of [[Poush]]), the [[Kali Puja]], the [[Saraswati]] Puja, the [[Laxmi]] Puja, Christmas, the [[Eid ul-Fitr]], the [[Eid ul-Adha]] and the [[Muharram]]. [[Vesak|Buddha Purnima]], which marks the birth of [[Gautama Buddha]], is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivals while Christmas, called ''Bôŗodin'' (Great day) in Bengali is celebrated by the minority Christian population. [[Poush Mela]] is a popular festival of [[Shantiniketan]], taking place in winter.

Being home to notable people like [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Asia's first [[Nobel laureate]] and composer of [[Jana Gana Mana|India's national anthem]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]], a key figure in introducing [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga]] in Europe and USA<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite book
| last = Georg
| first = Feuerstein
| author-link = Georg Feuerstein
| title = The Yoga Tradition
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 2002
| location =
| page = 600
| isbn = 3-935001-06-1
}}
</ref>
there houses and residencies like [[Shantiniketan]] and [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]] are world famous and attract many tourists.

West Bengal also has a long tradition of popular literature, music and drama largely based on Bengali folklore and [[Hindu]] [[Indian epics|epics]] and [[Puranas]].

Kolkata, the state capital city, was also the workplace of several social reformers, like Raja Ram Mohan Ray, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Swami Vivekananda. These social reforms have eventually led to a cultural atmosphere where practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination or untouchability, the evils that crept into the Hindu society, were abolished.

[[File:Pitha for Wedding- Pakan, Patishapta, Bharandash.jpg|200px|right|thumb|''Patisapta'' - A kind of [[Pitha]]; which is a popular sweet dish in West Bengal during winter.]]

West Bengal is also known to make distinctive [[confectionery|sweetmeats]] from milk products, including ''[[Rasgulla|Rôshogolla]]'', ''Chômchôm'', ''Kalojam'' and several kinds of ''[[Sandesh (confectionery)|sondesh]]''. [[Pitha]], a kind of sweet cake, bread or dimsum are specialties of winter season. Sweets like coconut-naru, til-naru, moa, payesh, etc. are prepared during the festival of Lakshmi puja. Popular [[street food]] includes ''Aloor Chop'', [[Beguni]], [[Kati roll]], and [[phuchka]].<ref name=rolltelegraph>{{cite news|first=S |last=Saha|title=Resurrected, the kathi roll – Face-off resolved, Nizam's set to open with food court|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060118/asp/calcutta/story_5733258.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228160826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060118/asp/calcutta/story_5733258.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 28, 2006|publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |date=January 18, 2006 |accessdate=10 August 2012|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref name=streetfood>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangalinet.com/mobile_foodstalls.htm|title=Mobile food stalls|accessdate=August 10, 2012|publisher=Bangalinet.com}}</ref>

The variety of fruits and vegetables that Bengal has to offer is incredible. West Bengal is also famous for its costumes.

;Seven wonders of West Bengal

[[NDTV]] along with the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]], [[Government of India]] conducted a nationwide campaign for searching the ''"Seven Wonders of India'' in 2008-09. The campaign started with shortlisting 200 places from all of the Indian states and then inviting public to cast their vote for their favorite places. It also included seven wonders of particular states. In West Bengal a total 13 were selected of which the "''Seven Wonders of West Bengal''" were shortlisted. The list of the 30 selected places are as follows:
* [[Cooch Behar Palace]]
* [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] ("Toy Train")
* [[Hazarduari Palace]]
* [[Adina Mosque]]
* [[Gaur, West Bengal]]
* [[Shantiniketan]]
* [[List of temples in Bishnupur|Bishnupur Terracotta Temples]]
* [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]] with the [[The Great Banyan|Great Banyan Tree]]
* [[Howrah Bridge]]
* [[B. B. D. Bagh]] (formerly called Dalhousie Square)
* [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]
* [[Second Hooghly Bridge]]
* [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]]
* [[Sundarbans]]
* [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]]

The shortlisted list, compiling of the "''Seven Wonders of West Bengal''" as per the votings is as follows:
* [[Sundarbans]]
* [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]]
* [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] ("Toy Train")
* [[List of temples in Bishnupur|Bishnupur Terracotta Temples]]
* [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]] with the [[The Great Banyan|Great Banyan Tree]]
* [[Howrah Bridge]]
* [[B. B. D. Bagh]] (Formerly called, the Dalhousie Square) Mk.

==See also==
* [[Tourism in North East India]]
* [[West Bengal]]
* [[Places of interest in Kolkata]]
* [[Tourism in West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation]]
* [[Tourism in India]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Tourism in India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in West Bengal| ]]

Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Lyricist

2025-10-23T15:17:48Z

ElmoPedder14: info

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
The '''Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Lyricist''' is one of the annual awards given at the [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]], honouring the best in [[Malayalam cinema]].

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Recipient
! Film
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1977 || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || ''[[Guruvayur Kesavan (film)|Guruvayur Kesavan]]'' || rowspan=35 | {{center|<ref name="Awards List">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</ref>}}
|-
|1978 || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] || ''[[Vadakakku Oru Hridayam]]''
|-
|1979 || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || ''[[Prabhaathasandhya]]''
|-
|1980 || [[Poovachal Khader]] || ''[[Chamaram]]'', ''[[Lorry (film)|Lorry]]''
|-
|1981 || [[Bichu Thirumala]] || ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]'', ''[[Thenum Vayambum]]''
|-
|1982 || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || ''[[Chillu]]'', ''[[Olangal]]''
|-
|1983 || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || ''[[Koodevide]]'', ''[[Parasparam]]''
|-
|1984 || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]]''
|-
|1985 || [[Mullanezhi]] || ''[[Kaiyum Thlayum Purathidaruthe]]''
|-
|1986 || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || ''[[Nakhakshathangal]]'', ''[[Panchagni]]''
|-
|1987 || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || ''[[Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]]''
|-
|1988 || [[Yusufali Kechery]] || ''[[Dhwani]]''
|-
|1989 || [[K. Jayakumar]] || ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'', ''[[Varnam (1989 film)|Varnam]]''
|-
|1990 || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || ''[[Innale]]''
|-
|1991 || [[Pazhavila Rameshan]] || ''[[Uncle Bun]]''
|-
|1992 || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || ''[[Kudumbasametham]]'', ''[[Kamaladalam]]'', ''[[Savidham]]''
|-
|1993 || [[Girish Puthenchery]] || ''[[Devaasuram]]'', ''[[Maya Mayooram]]''
|-
|1994 || [[K. Jayakumar]] || ''[[Pakshe]]''
|-
|1995 || [[Ezhacherry Ramachandran]] || ''[[Kalyanji Anandji (film)|Kalyanji Anandji]]''
|-
|1996 || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || ''[[Sallapam]]'', ''[[Desadanam]]''
|-
|1997 || [[S. Ramesan Nair]] || ''[[Aniyathipraavu]]'', ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]''
|-
|1998 || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]'', ''Ormacheppu''
|-
|1999 || [[Yusufali Kechery]] || ''[[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]]''
|-
|2000 || [[Prabha Varma]] || ''[[Nagaravadhu]]''
|-
|2001 || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || ''[[Meghamalhar]]'', ''Pularvettam''
|-
|2002 || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || ''[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]''
|-
|2003 || [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]] || ''[[Mizhi Randilum]]''
|-
|2004 || [[S. Ramesan Nair]] || ''Ee Snehatheerathu''
|-
|2005 || [[M. D. Rajendran]] || ''[[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]''
|-
|2006 || [[Rajeev Alunkal]] || ''[[Kanaka Simhasanam]]''
|-
|2007 || [[East Coast Vijayan]] || ''[[Novel (film)|Novel]]''
|-
|2008 || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] || ''Gulmohar'', ''[[Thalappavu]]''
|-
|2009 || [[Shibu Chakravarthy]] || ''[[Patham Nilayile Theevandi]]''
|-
|2010 || [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] || ''[[Holidays (2010 film)|Holidays]]''
|-
|2011 || [[Rajeev Alunkal]] ||
|-
|2012 || [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]] || ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2012 award">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/may/18/pranayam-bags-film-critics-awards-369117.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |title ='Pranayam' bags Film Critics Awards |date= 18 May 2012 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>}}
|-
|2013 || [[Prabha Varma]], [[Madhu Vasudevan]] || ''[[Nadan]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2013 award">{{cite news |title='Drishyam' Bags Kerala Film Critics Association Awards |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Drishyam-Bags-Kerala-Film-Critics-Association-Awards/2014/01/30/article2027269.ece |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011939/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Drishyam-Bags-Kerala-Film-Critics-Association-Awards/2014/01/30/article2027269.ece |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>}}
|-
|2014 || B. K. Hari Narayanan || ''[[1983 (film)|1983]]'', ''[[Naku Penda Naku Taka]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2014 award">{{cite news |title=Critics award for Ottaal, Iyyobinte Pusthakam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/critics-award-for-ottaal-iyyobinte-pusthakam/article7072399.ece |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=6 April 2015}}</ref>}}
|-
|2015 || Antony Abraham || ''[[Ormakalil Oru Manjukaalam]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2015 award">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/may/28/kerala-film-critics-association-awards-announced-908701.html |title=Kerala Film Critics Association Awards announced |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=28 May 2016 |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
|2016 || [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]] || ''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2016 award">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/film-critics-awards-announced/article17419650.ece/ |work=The Hindu |title=Film critics awards announced |date=7 March 2017 |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
|2017 || M. G. Sadasivan || ''Ente Priyathaman'' || {{center|<ref name="2017 award">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece |title=Film critics awards announced |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 April 2018 |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
|2018 || [[Rajeev Alunkal]] || ''Marubhoomikal'', ''[[Aanakkallan]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2018 award">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/09/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-1962020.html |title = Kerala Film Critics Awards announced |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 April 2019 |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
|2019 || [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] || ''Shyamaragam'' || {{center|<ref name="2019 award">{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/10/20/film-critics-awards2019-2020-nivin-pauly-manju-jallikattu-winners-list.html |title=Film critics awards: Nivin Pauly & Manju Warrier are best actors, Jallikattu best film |newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=20 October 2020 |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
|2020 || Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan || ''Randaam Naal'' || {{center|<ref name="2020 award">{{cite news |title=Film Critics Awards 2020: The Great Indian Kitchen wins the best film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/13/film-critics-association-awards-45th-edition-winners-list-details.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=Malayala Manorama |date=13 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
|2021 || Jayakumar K. Pavithran || ''Ente Mazha'' || {{center|<ref name="2021 award">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/oct/19/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-dulquer-salmaan-durga-krishna-win-big-35801.html |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, Dulquer Salmaan, Durga Krishna win big |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 October 2022 |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>}}
|-
|2022 || [[Vinayak Sasikumar]] || ''[[Ini Utharam]]'', ''My Name is Azhagan'', ''[[The Teacher (2022 film)|The Teacher]]'', ''[[Keedam]]'' || {{center|<ref name="2022 award">{{cite news |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Darshana Rajendran, Kunchacko Boban are best actors; B 32 Muthal 44 Vare and Headmaster named best film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-film-critics-awards-darshana-rajendran-kunchacko-boban-best-actors-b-32-muthal-44-vare-headmaster-win-8624128/ |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Awards}}

[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Lyricist]]
[[Category:Indian music awards]]
[[Category:India music-related lists]]
[[Category:Film music awards]]

Dhawad

2025-09-28T15:46:20Z

ElmoPedder14: rework details to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|Community in Maharashtra, India}}
The '''Dhawad''' are a Tirole-Kunbi community found in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{citation | last = Dhar | first = P.|editor1-first=B.V. |editor1-last=Bhanu|editor2-first=B.R. |editor2-last=Bhatnagar|editor3-first=D.K. |editor3-last=Bose|editor4-first=V.S. |editor4-last=Kulkarni|editor5-first=J. |editor5-last=Sreenath | title = People of India: Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC|access-date=5 October 2011|year=2004|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|volume=2|series=People of India|isbn=81-7991-101-2}}</ref> The Dhawad are a [[Kunbi]] Tirole caste. The Kunbi Tirole are an agricultural community found in the [[Khandesh]] region of Maharashtra. The community believe that they are [[Rajput|Rajputs]] who migrated from [[Rajasthan]] as a result of a general migration of the tribes of [[Rajputana]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The community speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

== History ==
At the foot of [[Pratapgad]] near [[Mahabaleshwar]], Rustam Jamal created a ''[[shivaji]]'' iron-clad tiger nail to fight in the war in 1659.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Rustam Jamal lived with his family in the [[Mahabaleshwar]] and [[Pratapgad]] area with his family. His community's business was to collect minerals and dissolve them in large clay molds, yielding pure iron for making utensils, tools and weapons. As their community grew, they began to migrate to other areas in search of minerals. At that time the [[Raja]] gave him some land. The people migrated from [[Konkan]] Pratapad/Mahabaleshwar hill area to [[Bijapur|Parj Bijapur]] to [[Hyderabad]]. These people began to be called according to their occupation. The people were scattered and settled in many places, mainly in [[Maharashtra]]. All the people were [[Muslims]], but thereafter people of other religions joined in the business. The name of their village became Dhawadwadi and their caste category is Dhawad-319. In Maharashtra, three or more villages are named Dhawadwadi.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Dhawad people live in the Dhavadwadi villages. Most Dhawad traditionally engaged in farming. They practiced agriculture as their traditional occupation.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The community has moved to cities and practice diverse occupations.

==References==

{{reflist}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]

Phulra

2025-09-19T14:33:55Z

ElmoPedder14: updated content further and corrected details based on references

{{short description|Princely state of British India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| common_name = Phulra
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Phulra
| native_name = {{langx|pa|ریاست پھلڑا}}
| subdivision = [[Princely states of Pakistan|Princely state]]
| nation = Pakistan
| image_flag =
| image_map = Phulra map.gif
| image_map_caption = Map of Pakistan with Phulra highlighted
| capital = Amb, Pakistan
| stat_year1 =
| stat_area1 = 98
| year_start = 1828
| year_end = 1950
| today = [[Pakistan]]<br>{{·}} [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
| footnotes = [http://www.khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/ Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]
| demonym =
| government_type = Jagirdar
| era =
| p1 =
| s1 = North-West Frontier Province
| event_end =
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag_of_Pakistan.svg
}}
[[File:Flag of Phulra(hd).jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Flag of Phulra]]
{{Princely states topics}}
{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}

'''Phulra''' or the '''State of Phulra''' ({{nq|ریاست پھلڑا}}) was a Muslim [[princely state]] in the days of [[British Raj]] and ruled by the [[Tanoli]] tribe,<ref>Y-chromosome [https://www.familytreedna.com/public/The%20Emperor%20of%20India?iframe=yresults Genetic family Vol. 99 Sub.division] Tanoli own history and DNA analysis ( [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European family]]) classify."</ref> located in the region of the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier]] to the east of the nearby parent princely state of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb (Tanawal)]].<ref name="gazetteer" />

The territory covered by the state is part of the present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], as a [[Union Councils of Pakistan|Union Council]] of the [[tehsil]] of [[Mansehra]].<ref name=gazetteer/>

== History ==
[[File:Phulra, 1833.jpg|thumb|A fort in ''Phulra'', 1833]]
The state was founded in 1828, when Nawab Khan, the ruler of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]], granted the area of Phulra as a small principality to his son, [[Maddad Khan Tanoli]]. There is some uncertainty as to whether Phulra ranked as a full princely state of India before 1919; it might until thenhave had the status of a feudatory landed estate, but it was given British imperial state recognition as Phulra was recognised as a princely state in 1828 and 1921, in the official [[Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer of Indian Empire]]. Phulrah had been under suzerainty of the [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir|Raja of Kashmir]] until 1889, when it accepted a British [[protectorate]], entering into a [[subsidiary alliance]] with British India.

In 1947, soon after the British had departed from the [[Indian subcontinent]], the last ruler of Phulra signed an [[Instrument of Accession]] to the new [[Dominion of Pakistan]], and Phulra was a [[Princely states of Pakistan|princely state of Pakistan]] from then until September 1950, when it was incorporated into the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier Province]] following the death of its last ruler.<ref name=gazetteer>''The Pakistan Gazetteer'', vol. 5 (Cosmo Publications, 2000), p. 243</ref>

== Dynasty ==
The state was ruled by a collateral line of the hereditary Tanoli Nawabs (rulers) of Amb. Amb and Phulra together were sometimes referred to as "Feudal Tanawal".<ref>
Hubert Digby Watson, ''Gazetteer of the Hazara District, 1907'', p. 187</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Nawabs of Phulra
|-
|1810-1818
|[[Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli]]
|-
|
1828-1857
|Khan [[Maddad Khan Tanoli]]
|-
|1858-1890||Khan Abdullah Khan Tanoli
|-
|1890-1908||Khan Abdul (Abdur) Rahman Khan Tanoli
|-
|1908-1932||Nawab Ata Muhammad Khan Tanoli (1879–1932) State was founded.
|-
|1932-1950||Nawab Abdul Latif Khan Tanoli (1907–1950)
|-
|September 1950||State of Phulra abolished
|}

=== Descendants of Maddad Khan ===
[[Maddad Khan Tanoli|Maddad Khan]], the original Khan of Phulra, had two branches of offspring.<ref>Major H Wace 'District Settlement Report on Hazara' 1874</ref> After the State of Phulra was abolished, both these branches continued to reside in the area. The descendants of its last Nawab, Abdul Latif Khan Tanoli, remained in the area as private residents.<ref>Imperial ''Gazettze'' of India rule . ''[[British Raj|Principle States in British India.]]''</ref>

Of the junior branch, [[Maddad Khan Tanoli]] had four sons from one wife: Ameer Khan Tanoli, Abdullah Khan Tanoli, Arsla Khan Tanoli and Hussain Khan Tanoli, whose son was [[Safiullah Khan Tanoli]].<ref name=":0">This information is taken from their descendants that are still surviving.</ref><ref>Governor-General's Orders GGO NO. 51 of 1921, given at Simla, vide section B of the Gazette of India</ref> From his second wife, Bahadur Khan Tanoli had one other surviving son.<ref name=":0" /> Their descendants are living today as private citizens in [[Gojra]], Masand, Doga, [[Shergarh, Mansehra|Shergarh]], [[Kangra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Kangra]], and in [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]].<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Amb (princely state)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links and sources ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225010611/http://khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/ Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]{{Verification needed|date=January 2020}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060127012942/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Government of Pakistan]{{Verification needed|date=January 2020}}
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Pakistan_princes.html WorldStatesmen - Pakistan - Princely States]
* https://www.scribd.com/doc/63020034/Tarikh-E-Hazara-Original-by-Dr-Sher-Bahadur-Khan-Punni-V01

{{Princely states of Pakistan}}

[[Category:Mansehra District]]
[[Category:Princely states of Pakistan]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1828]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in Pakistan]]

Donkupar Roy

2025-09-13T22:10:57Z

ElmoPedder14: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indian politician (1954–2019)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Donkupar Roy
| image = The Meghalaya Deputy Chief Minister , Dr. Donkupar Roy , at the 52nd National Development Council Meeting , at Vigyan Bhawan in New Delhi on December 9, 2006.jpg
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1954|11|10|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|07|28|1954|11|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| office1 = 10th [[Chief Minister of Meghalaya]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 2008
| term_end1 = 19 March 2009
| governor1 = [[Shivinder Singh Sidhu]] <br> [[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary]]
| predecessor1 = [[D.D. Lapang]]
| successor1 = President's Rule
| office = 13th [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 March 2018
| term_end = 28 July 2019
| predecessor = [[Abu Taher Mondal]]
| successor = [[Metbah Lyngdoh]]
| party = [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
}}
''' Donkupar Roy''' (10 November 1954 – 28 July 2019) was an Indian politician, who served as [[Chief Minister of Meghalaya]]. He was the head of the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]], a political party recognised in [[Meghalaya]].

==Political career==
After a fractured mandate in Meghalaya's 2008 Assembly Elections, an alliance between his UDP and a handful of other parties stated claim to form the government under the banner of the [[Meghalaya Progressive Alliance]], with Roy as Chief Minister. After [[D. D. Lapang]] resigned as Chief Minister because he did not hold a majority in the state legislature, Roy was sworn in as Chief Minister on 19 March 2008.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120723080207/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=14626628 "Donkupar Roy takes over as Meghalaya CM"], sify.com, 19 March 2008.</ref>

On 19 March 2009, exactly one year into his term, the government was dismissed and the state was put under President's Rule. In May 2009, the United Democratic Party left the Progressive Alliance, and [[D.D. Lapang]] of the Congress Party returned to power as chief minister. Under [[Conrad Sangma]] government, he was the speaker of the assembly.
[http://www.morungexpress.com/regional/24352.html]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

==Death==
He died due to multiple organ failure at Medanta Hospital in Gurugram at around 2:50 PM. He was 64.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Chief Ministers of Meghalaya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Donkupar}}
[[Category:Politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]

{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

Mansoori

2025-08-03T12:03:27Z

ElmoPedder14: updated details

#Redirect [[Pinjara]]

Kopeshwar Temple

2025-05-24T12:54:03Z

ElmoPedder14: adjust information based on references

{{Short description|Hindu Shiva temple in Khidrapur, Shirale Taluka, Kolhapur District, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kopeshwar Temple at Khidrapur
| image = KhidrapurTemple.JPG
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Kopeshwar Temple at Khidrapur
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.615898|74.685138|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Shri Kopeshwar
| country = India
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| locale =
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals = [[Mahashivratri]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = Good
| monument_quantity= vandalised
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 11th century
| creator = Shilahara King Gandaraditya
| temple_board =

| website =

}}

'''Kopeshwar Temple''' is at Khidrapur, [[Kolhapur district]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] temple dedicated to Shiva. This temple is in [[Maharashtra]] It is also accessible from [[Sangli]] as well. It was built in the 12th century by [[Shilahara]] king Gandaraditya between 1109 and 1178 CE. It is to the east of Kolhapur, ancient & artistic on the bank of the [[Krishna]] river. Even though [[Shilahara|Silaharas]] were Jain kings, they built and renovated various Hindu temples, thus depicting their respect and love for all religions. Kopeshwar means angry Shiva .

==Structure==
[[File:Swarga gruha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Inside view of the Swarga gruha]]
The entire temple is divided into four parts ''Swargamandapa'', ''Sabhamandapa'',''Antaral kaksha'' and ''Garbha gruha''. The Swargamandapa has a vestibule with an open top. The sanctum is conical. The exterior has stunning carvings of deities and secular figures. Elephant statues sustain the weight of the temple at the base. In the interior, we first see Vishnu (Dhopeshwar) & Shivaling facing north. But there is no [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] who has a separate Mandir. Separate Actor-Pendal also called swarga mandap, hall, old pillars, carvings of gods & male and female artists in various poses are attractive. The ceiling is semi-circular with matchless engravings. On the outside, complete 'Shivaleelamrit' is carved. The Kopeshwara, an ancient & artistic temple situated on the bank of Krishna is a fine example of ancient sculpture. It was built in the 11-12 century by [[Shilahara]]. The ceiling is semi-circular with matchless engravings. Inside there is a statue of [[Vishnu]]( Dhopeshwar) and Shivling " Kopeshwar " facing north. There is no Nandi who has a separate Mandir. Separate Actor-Pendal, hall, old pillars, carvings of gods and male-female artists in various poses are attractive. This is the only Shiva temple in India with an idol of Vishnu.

==The Legend==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2020}}

It is believed that Daksha, who did not like his youngest daughter Sati marrying Shiva, conducted a Yagna to which he did not invite the couple. Sati visited her father's house on Shiva's Nandi to confront her father. Dakhsa insulted her in front of the guests present at the Yagna. Unable to bear any further insults, Sati jumped in the fire of Yagna and self-immolated. When Shiva learned of it, he was infuriated. He punished Daksha by severing his head. Vishnu pacified Shiva whereupon he restored Daksha's head but with a goat's head. The furious Shiva was brought to this place by Vishnu to calm him down. Hence the temple got its unusual name as Kopeshwar (wrathful god). This explains why Vishnu is in the temple in the form of a ling along with Shivling and Nandi is not seen in this temple as Sati rode on the Nandi while visiting her parents' home.

==History==
The present temple was built by Shilahara kings who were native to Maharashtra. They were feudatories of Rashtrakuta. Apart from the legend, the name might have originated from the ancient name of the town, which was "Koppam". The town witnessed two major battles. The first one took place in 1058 CE between [[Chalukya]] king Ahavamalla and [[Chola]] king Rajendra. The Chola king [[Rajadhiraja]] was killed during the battle, and the coronation of the second king, [[Rajendra Chola]] took place right on the battlefield.

The second battle took place between Shilahara king Bhoj-II and Devagiri [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadav]] king Singhan-II, during which king Bhoj-II was captured by Yadavas and was kept captive on the fort of [[Panhala]]. This event is recorded in the 1213 CE inscription near the south entrance of the temple. This battle brought the rule of the Kolhapur branch of Shilaharas to end.<ref>Deglurkar, 2016 {{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref>

There are about a dozen inscriptions on the inside and outside of this temple, out of which only a couple of inscriptions are in good condition now. These inscriptions reveal the names of few kings and their officers. All these inscriptions except one are in Kannada language and script. The only Devanagari inscription in Sanskrit language is by Singhan-II and is located on the outer wall near South entrance of the temple.

==Swarga Mandap==
Entering the Svarga Mandap, there is a circular opening seen at the top. It is supported by 48 hand-carved pillars. At the periphery of the Svarga Mandap there are carved idols of Lord Ganesh, Karthikeya swami, Lord Kubera, Lord Yamraj, Lord Indra, etc. along with their carrier animals like peacock, mouse, elephant, etc.
Standing at the center of the Svarga Mandap, one can see idols of Lord Brahma on the left hand side wall of the entrance of Sabha Mandap.
In the center, people can see the Shiva Kopeshwar shivling situated in the Garbh Gruha & towards the right hand side wall the carved idol of Vishnu is visible. A stone pedestal mounted east of the temple's southern door has a carved inscription in [[Sanskrit]], written in [[Devnagari script]] . It mentions that the temple was renovated in 1136 by Raj Singhadev of yadav dynasty.

==Pop culture==
This temple recently came into the limelight when the film shoot of [[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]] was done for the song of "Shiv Bhola Bhandari" in the temple.

==Nearest cities==
[[Sangli]] is 36 km and [[Kolhapur]] is 60 km

==Nearest Railway Station==
[[Sangli railway station]] which is 36  km is the nearest major city railway station.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/sangli-sli/79 |title=49 Departures from Sangli CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>[[Sangli]] station is the nearest major railway station, about {{convert|36|km|abbr=on}} away on the Mumbai–Bangalore main line. Sangli railway station is also connected to the city via bus services. From Sangli railway station, there are several trains to Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Pune, Goa, Mysuru, Hubli, Belgaum, Surat, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, Ajmer, Agra, Gwalior, Jhansi, Puducherry, Tirunelveli(Kanyakumari), Guntakal, Tiruchirapali, Ratlam, Kota, Nagpur, Itarsi, Chitaurgarh, Abu Road, Gandhidham etc. Sangli station is convenient to reach from Khidrapur.

==Sources==
* Kanhere, Gopal Krishna. ''The Temples of Maharashtra''. Maharashtra Information Centre 1989 p. 105 asif
* Deglurkar, G. B. "Koppeshwar (Khidrapur) Mandir Ani Moorti". 2016. Snehal Prakashan, Pune.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://storyateverycorner.com/khidrapur-kopeshwar-temple-places-to-visit-near-kohlapur/ Kopeshwar temple in Khidrapur]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
KopeshwarTempleKhidrapurKolhapur.jpg
KopeshwarTempleKhidrapurKolhapur1.jpg
KopeshwarTempleKhidrapurKolhapur2.jpg
KopeshwarTempleKhidrapurKolhapur3.jpg
Kopehwar Back Side.jpg
Kopeshwar SideView.jpg
Kopeshwar Sculpture 01.jpg
Kopeshwar Sculpture 02.jpg
Kopeshwar Sculpture Ganesh.jpg
Kopeshwar Entrance.jpg

</gallery>
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolhapur district]]

Rashmi Narzary

2025-05-06T02:26:16Z

ElmoPedder14: Made basic post needs work

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Expand Assamese|ৰশ্মি নাৰ্জাৰী|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
'''Rashmi Narzary''' is an Indian [[Bodo–Kachari people|Bodo]] writer hailing from the Indian state of [[Assam]]. She is best known for her [[children's literature|children's]] book ''His Share of Sky'' (2012), for which she won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barman |first1=Rini |title=Sky’s the limit |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/read/skys-the-limit/article21687403.ece |access-date=4 January 2022 |work=Business Line |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Arundhati |title=Rashmi Narzary: The carefree world of a Bodo boy |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Q7HhYMPrGJ0Hk8YeVWjFMJ/Rashmi-Narzary-The-carefree-world-of-a-Bodo-boy.html |access-date=4 January 2022 |work=mint |date=5 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=His Share of Sky |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/ujjain/his-share-of-sky |access-date=4 January 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BAL SAHITYA PURASKAR (2010-2020) |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |publisher=SAHITYA AKADEMI |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
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S. Pancharatnam

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{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Indian name|Pancharatnam|Shivaramakrishnan}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Shivaramakrishnan Pancharatnam
|birth_date = {{birth date|1934|02|09|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1969|05|28|1934|02|09|df=y}}<ref name=series />
|death_place = [[Oxford]], [[England]]
|image = LowRes 120dpi 150x205 picture of Indian physicist S. Pancharatnam.png
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality =
|ethnicity =
|fields = [[Quantum optics]], [[optics]]
|workplaces = [[University of Mysore]]<br />[[Oxford University]]
|alma_mater = [[Nagpur University]]<br />[[Raman Research Institute]]<ref name=series />
|doctoral_advisor = [[C. V. Raman]]
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|father = {{ill|Sivaramakrishnan (Indian Accounts Service)|lt=Sivaramakrishnan|qid=Q125516718|short=1}}
|mother = {{ill|Sitalaxmi (Chandrasekhar family)|lt=Sitalaxmi|qid=Q124416098|short=1}}
|relatives = {{ubl|[[C.V. Raman]] (uncle)|[[S. Ramaseshan]] (brother)|[[Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar]] (brother)}}
|known_for = [[Geometric phase]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards =
|religion =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Shivaramakrishnan Pancharatnam''' (9 February 1934 – 28 May 1969) was an Indian physicist who did significant work in the field of optics. He is noted for his discovery of a type of [[geometric phase]] sometimes known as [[Geometric phase|Pancharatnam phase]] for polarized beams passing through crystals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anandan |first1=Jeeva |last2=Christian |first2=Joy |year=1997 |title=Resource Letter GPP-1: Geometric Phases in Physics |journal=American Journal of Physics |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=180–185 |doi= 10.1119/1.18570|arxiv = quant-ph/9702011 |bibcode = 1997AmJPh..65..180A |s2cid=119080820 }}</ref>

==Biography==
He was born in [[Calcutta]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]] in 1934.<ref name=series>{{cite journal |title=Foreword |journal=Current Science |date=1994 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=219 |jstor=24095725 }}</ref> His mother, {{ill|Sitalaxmi|qid=Q124416098|short=1}}, was [[C.V. Raman]]'s sister, and his father {{ill|Sivaramakrishnan (Indian Accounts Service)|lt=Sivaramakrishnan|qid=Q125516718|short=1}} worked in the Indian Accounts Service.<ref>{{cite Q|Q125516639}}</ref><ref>{{cite Q|Q125503928}}</ref> He was elected a Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] at the early age of 25. He was a reader at the Department of studies in Physics, [[University of Mysore]] from 1961–1964.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uomphysics.net/faculty/former-fac.php |title=Former Faculty |access-date=23 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225003137/http://uomphysics.net/faculty/former-fac.php |archive-date=25 February 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> From 1964 until his death in 1969 at the age of 35 he was a Research Fellow of [[St Catherine's College, Oxford]], working in association with [[George William Series]]. His publications for this period were mainly concerned with the theory of effects found in experiments on [[optical pumping]], e.g. double refraction in a gas due to spin alignment. Professor Series has written an introduction to the life and work of Pancharatnam. He also prepared, for the [[Proceedings of the Royal Society]], the last three papers from notes left by Pancharatnam.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1088/0031-8949/1997/T70/E02|title = George W Series Memorial Essays |journal = Physica Scripta|volume=1997 |issue=T70 |pages = 5|year = 1997|last1 = Dodd|first1 = J. N.|doi-access = free}}</ref>

In 1956, Pancharatnam was studying [[Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] figures produced by light waves in [[crystal]] plates, under his advisor [[C. V. Raman]], when he discovered the properties of what is now known as the [[geometric phase]], and which predated [[Michael Berry (physicist)|Michael Berry]]'s work on the topic from 1983.<ref name=berry>{{cite journal |last1=Berry |first1=Michael |title=Pancharatnam, virtuoso of the Poincaré sphere: an appreciation |journal=Current Science |date=1994 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=220–223 |jstor=24095727 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{JSTOR|i24092525}} Current Science Vol. 67, No. 4, 25 August 1994 Pancharatnam memorial issue

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pancharatnam, S.}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
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[[Category:Chandrasekhar family]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian optical physicists]]

Gunadhya

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Indira Gandhi University (disambiguation)

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