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Masal tchot

2026-05-04T13:36:49Z

EliseMacnaghten: put up the info nd citations

{{Short description|Street food in Kashmir}}

'''Masal Tchot''' ({{IPA|ks|masaːlɨ t͡soʈ}}), is a traditional Kashmiri street food wrap consisting of [[Lavash]] ({{IPA|ks|laʋaːs}}) bread served with boiled chickpeas and a radish-yogurt chutney. It is particularly popular throughout the [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=A journey through tradition and flavor
|website=Greater Kashmir
|url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/a-journey-through-tradition-and-flavor/278289
|access-date=26 March 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipe/lavasa-masala-tchot-flatbreads-stuffed-with-split-pea-mash-and-chutney/zjaxbfolq |title=Lavasa Masala Tchot (Flatbreads Stuffed with Split Pea Mash and Chutney) |publisher=SBS Food |access-date=}}</ref><ref>Kaw, K.N. (2004). ''Kashmiri Cooking''. Penguin India. ISBN 9780143031904.</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Masala Tchot to Halwa Paratha
|website=The Kashmir Monitor
|url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/masala-tchot-to-halwa-paratha-move-over-wazwaan-indias-top-bloggers-more-impressed-with-kashmirs-street-food/
|access-date=26 March 2025
}}</ref>

{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Masal Tchot
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alternate_name =
| place_of_origin = [[Kashmir]]
| region = [[Kashmir]]
| creator =
| course =
| type = Street food
| served = Hot or room temperature
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

Masal Tchot is a historic Kashmiri street food, traditionally popular among locals for its portability and nutritional value.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chefadora.com/leenakohli/masala-tchot-q_t0cydewx |title=Masala Tchot |website=Chef Adora |author=Leena Kohli |access-date=2025-03-25}}</ref>

[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Street food]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Gautham Vasudev Menon's unrealized projects

2026-05-01T16:42:20Z

EliseMacnaghten: New - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2021}}
During his career, Indian film director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] has worked on a number of projects which never progressed beyond the production stage under his direction. Some of these projects fell in [[development hell]], were officially canceled, or would see life under a different production team.

==2000s==
===''Iru Vizhi Unadhu''===
In August 2001, following the release of ''[[Minnale]]'' (2001), Menon began work on a film tentatively titled ''Iru Vizhi Unadhu'', though the project did not develop into production. The film was set to have music composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]] and songs written by [[Thamarai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfmpage.com/oldnews01.html|title=TFM Old News Items|work=tfmpage.com|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232803/http://www.tfmpage.com/oldnews01.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Hindi remake of ''Kaakha Kaakha''===
In March 2003, prior to the theatrical release of ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' (2003), Menon noted that the film would have been better suited to a [[Mumbai]]-setting, as police encounters were more common in the city than in [[Chennai]]. He revealed plans of potentially remaking the film in Hindi with [[Ajay Devgn]] in the lead role, if a chance had presented itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/21menon.htm|title=Gautam Menon on his latest film Kaakka Kaakka|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111170211/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/21menon.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after ''Kaakha Kaakha'''s release in August 2003, Menon became attached to a Hindi remake of the film produced by [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], with [[Fardeen Khan]], [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] in the lead roles. He revealed that he would make small changes to the film to reflect the Mumbai-setting and hoped that the film would be made at a bigger budget than the Tamil original. However, the project eventually did not materialise and Menon opted out of the collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/25fardeen.htm|title=Fardeen, Preity in Hindi remake of Tamil superhit|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126195946/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/25fardeen.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2004, Menon agreed terms to direct and produce the film in Hindi with [[Sunny Deol]] in the lead role. During the pre-production phase, he revealed that the script was written five years ago with Deol in mind. The film eventually failed to take off despite Deol committing to work on the film between July and September 2005.<ref name="deolgvm">{{cite web|author=Adarsh, Taran|year=2004|title=Sunny in 'Kaakha Kaakha' remake|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2011-04-28|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sunny-in-kaakha-kaakha-remake-news-bollywood-kkfvK6dacdj.html|archive-date=26 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126061755/http://www.sify.com/movies/sunny-in-kaakha-kaakha-remake-news-bollywood-kkfvK6dacdj.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2006, Menon noted that the remake was dropped citing that he was not keen for Deol to be in the film.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://madrasink.com/2006/04/21/the-gautham-menon-interview-uncut/|title=The Gautham Menon Interview: Uncut|date=April 21, 2006|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=October 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034742/https://madrasink.com/2006/04/21/the-gautham-menon-interview-uncut/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 2000s, Menon tried to convince [[Suriya]] to work on the Hindi version of the film but was unsuccessful.<ref name="forcegvm">{{cite news|author=Daithota, Madhu|title=John Abraham loved 'Kaakha Kaakha'|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2011-04-28|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/John-Abraham-loved-Kaakha-Kaakha/iplarticleshow/5569383.cms|date=14 February 2010|archive-date=13 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013021106/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/John-Abraham-loved-Kaakha-Kaakha/iplarticleshow/5569383.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was later made in Hindi as ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'' (2011) with [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] in the lead role. Menon was briefly attached to the film after accepting an invitation from producer [[Vipul Shah]] to remake the film, before opting out.<ref name="forcegvm"/>

===Untitled film with Prabhas===
In October 2003, an untitled film was announced with [[Prabhas]], producer Tatineni Ajay Kumar and D Raj Varma as the presenter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news241.html|title=Telugu cinema news - idlebrain.com|website=idlebrain.com}}</ref> [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] was later confirmed to be a part of the film in mid-2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-vce.html|title=Telugu Cinema Press meet - Prabhas, Trisha - Gowtam - Venkateswara Cine Enterprises|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

===English remake of ''Kaakha Kaakha''===
Menon and producer, [[Kalaipuli S. Dhanu]] floated an idea of an English-language version of ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' (2003) with a [[Chechnya]]n backdrop, though talks on a potential collaboration with [[Ashok Amritraj]] collapsed.<ref name="gvm1">{{cite web|author=Rangan, Baradwaj|year=2006|title=Interview: Gautham Menon|publisher=Baradwaj Rangan|access-date=2011-04-28|url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/12/17/interview-gautham-menon/|archive-date=12 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812052934/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/12/17/interview-gautham-menon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Menon later stated that he dropped plans to make the film in English, as he wanted to establish himself across India first.<ref name="auto1"/>

===''Chennaiyil Oru Mazhaikaalam'' with Suriya===
In late 2003, Menon began work on a romantic drama film titled ''Chennaiyil Oru Mazhaikaalam'' with [[Suriya]] in the lead role for film producer Srinivasa Raju. He had written the script of the film while on a recce to Kochi during monsoon season.<ref name="comksify">{{cite web|year=2004|title=Gautham Menon's romantic tale|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2011-04-28|url=http://tfmpage.com/forum/archives/3905.17808.23.53.06.html|archive-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719090411/http://tfmpage.com/forum/archives/3905.17808.23.53.06.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Menon considered either [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] or [[Asin]] for the role, before eventually selecting the latter, who had worked with him on ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://newstodaynet.com/talkies/1103tt1.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011155851/http://newstodaynet.com/talkies/1103tt1.htm | archive-date=October 11, 2007 | title=Talkies Today }}</ref> [[Daniel Balaji]] was also a part of the film's original cast.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/nov/15/13years-of-suriyas-vaaranam-aayiram-a-nostalgic-look-back-at-gautham-menons-heartfelt-ode-to-lov-773.html|title=13 Years of Suriya's Vaaranam Aayiram: A nostalgic look-back at Gautham Menon's heartfelt ode to love and relationships|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=November 15, 2019 |access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126195947/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/nov/15/13years-of-suriyas-vaaranam-aayiram-a-nostalgic-look-back-at-gautham-menons-heartfelt-ode-to-lov-773.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Menon revealed that the film would initially be about a young college student who falls in love with a classmate, and in the second half, something large happens on a national level, prompting the protagonist to take it upon himself to solve that, with just his band of friends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/12/17/interview-gautham-menon/|title=Interview: Gautham Menon|date=December 17, 2006|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=July 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723103129/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/12/17/interview-gautham-menon/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first schedule of the film began in January 2004 in [[Visakhapatanam]], but the project was eventually dropped owing to Menon's personal issues.<ref name="comksify"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/features/Slideshows/slideshows2/dropped-movies/chennaiyil-oru-mazhaikkalam.html|title=tamil movie dropped films gautham menon surya chennaiyil oru mazhaikkalam vettayaadu vilayaadu news picture gallery|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126195944/https://www.behindwoods.com/features/Slideshows/slideshows2/dropped-movies/chennaiyil-oru-mazhaikkalam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Menon later reworked the script of the film to make ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008) with a different cast and crew.<ref name="auto4"/>

===Hindi remake of ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu''===
Menon expressed an interest in remaking ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' (2006) in Hindi with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the lead role, without the love angle, though the project fell through after discussions with [[UTV Motion Pictures]]. In 2012, he started negotiations with producers to make a Hindi version of the film with [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in the lead role.<ref name="srkvv">{{cite web|year=2012|title=Will SRK step into Kamal Haasan's shoes?|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=2012-02-01|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/will-srk-step-into-kamal-haasans-shoes/20120123.htm|archive-date=26 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126065044/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/will-srk-step-into-kamal-haasans-shoes/20120123.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/jan/25/vettaiyadu-vilayaadu-goes-to-hindi-333754.html|title='Vettaiyadu Vilayaadu' goes to Hindi|website=The New Indian Express|date=May 16, 2012 |access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126200015/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/jan/25/vettaiyadu-vilayaadu-goes-to-hindi-333754.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Chennaiyil Oru Mazhaikaalam'' with Trisha===
In July 2007, Menon began work on a youth-centric film titled ''Chennaiyil Oru Mazhaikaalam'' featuring [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] in the lead role. He retained the title of his previous shelved film starring [[Suriya]], as producer [[Aascar Ravichandran]], who planned to revive the other project, was not keen on keeping the old title.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.desipundit.com/baradwajrangan/2008/06/05/interview-gautam-vasudev-menon/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606222409/http://www.desipundit.com/baradwajrangan/2008/06/05/interview-gautam-vasudev-menon/ | archive-date=June 6, 2008 | title=Interview: Gautam "Vasudev" Menon | Blogical Conclusion }}</ref> For the first time in his career, Menon opted to collaborate with [[A. R. Rahman]], rather than [[Harris Jayaraj]], as the film's music composer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/july-07-03/16-07-07-gautham-menon.html|title=TRISHA GAUTHAM MENON vaaranam aayiram a r rahman surya vel hari harris jayaraj kollywood Tamil movie news hot stills picture image gallery|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184642/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/july-07-03/16-07-07-gautham-menon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/15/harris-and-gautham-part-ways-6900.html|title=Harris and Gautham part ways|website=The New Indian Express|date=May 14, 2012 |access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126174609/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/15/harris-and-gautham-part-ways-6900.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A photoshoot for the film was completed by the end of July 2007, with four rookie male actors joining Trisha in the film. Menon signed on actress [[Sridevi]]'s nephew [[Avishek Karthik|Karthik]], his assistant director [[Veera Bahu|Veera]], dancer [[Sathish Krishnan|Sathish]] and video jockey Shaam, for acting roles in the film. Actresses [[Nikita Thukral]] and Nethra, previously seen in ''[[Thoovanam]]'' (2007), also joined the film in lead roles, while [[Daniel Balaji]] was cast as the antagonist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/nethra-in-gauthams-chennaiyil-oru-mazhai-kaalam/11980/story.htm|title=Nethra in Gautham's 'Chennaiyil Oru Mazhai Kaalam'|date=September 14, 2007|website=NOWRUNNING|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184642/https://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/nethra-in-gauthams-chennaiyil-oru-mazhai-kaalam/11980/story.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Set in the backdrop of Chennai's IT industry, the team began its shoot in [[Hyderabad]] during September 2007, with the intention of completing the process in three months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chennai-set-for-the-rains/article2292725.ece|title=Chennai set for the rains!|work=The Hindu|date=September 6, 2007 |access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=4 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204005332/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/chennai-set-for-the-rains/article2292725.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The date was not met and Menon alternated on schedules for the film with his commitments on ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008). A second schedule for the film in Chennai began during May 2008, after which fifty percent of the film was complete.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/gautham-denies-rift-with-harris-kannada-news-38851|title=Gautham denies rift with Harris - Kannada News|date=May 28, 2008|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184651/https://www.indiaglitz.com/gautham-denies-rift-with-harris-kannada-news-38851|url-status=live}}</ref> As Menon was working with Trisha on ''Chennaiyil Oru Mazhaikaalam'', he chose to use her dates for ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010), when the film was put on hold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Gautham to start a quickie with Simbu! |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/exclusive-gautham-to-start-a-quickie-with-simbu-news-tamil-kkfsxQebaiesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221222444/http://www.sify.com/movies/exclusive-gautham-to-start-a-quickie-with-simbu-news-tamil-kkfsxQebaiesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

In 2011, Menon revealed that the film was dropped because he felt the actors "needed to be trained", and would consider restarting the project at a later stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/gautham-menon.html|title=Gautham Vasudev Menon - Tamil Cinema Director Interview - Gautham Vasudev Menon - Nadunisi Naaygal - Simbhu - Kamal - Ajith - Suriya - Behindwoods.com|work=behindwoods.com|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213411/http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/gautham-menon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="aymhindu">{{cite news|author=Menon, Vishal|year=2016|title=I don't mind being called elitist: Gautham Menon|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2016-11-18|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gautham-menon-prefers-to-start-filming-with-incomplete-scripts/article9338692.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===''Surangani''===
In September 2008, Menon signed on with [[Sivaji Productions]] to direct [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Sameera Reddy]] in an action drama film titled ''Surangani''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajit-gautham-come-together-in-surangani-news-tamil-kkfsQxfdjjfsi.html|title=Ajit & Gautham come together in Surangani|work=Sify|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135412/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajit-gautham-come-together-in-surangani-news-tamil-kkfsQxfdjjfsi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Menon planned the film as a spiritual prequel to ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007) and revealed that the film would focus on the career growth of a [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] refugee into a gangster involved in the criminal underworld of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Ajith was set to play the lead character of Sura, while Reddy would have portrayed Ragini.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCOkNhdY_tc|title=20 Movies 20 Moments | Gautham Menon Interview With Baradwaj Rangan | Face 2 Face|date=March 15, 2021 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212622/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCOkNhdY_tc&t=1003s|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/27943/gautham-menons-plans-for-ajith-to-play-a-srilankan-refugee|title=Gautham Menon's plans for Ajith to play a Srilankan Refugee!|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126174658/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/27943/gautham-menons-plans-for-ajith-to-play-a-srilankan-refugee|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Harris Jayaraj]] was signed on to compose the film's score and soundtrack, amid media reports that Ajith was insistent on having Jayaraj over [[A. R. Rahman]] to ensure that the film was completed quickly.<ref name="auto"/> Menon had hoped to shoot the film in places such as [[Thoothukudi]] and [[Tirunelveli]] and cinematographer [[Nirav Shah]] became attached to the project, with a proposed start date for the shoot scheduled for November 2008. The producers contemplated changing the film's title after another production studio, Miracle Films, claimed that they had already registered ''Surangani'' for a project being directed by [[J. Suresh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-08-01/ajith-04-11-08.html|title=How Ajith missed Surangani! - Behindwoods.com - Gautham Menon Miracle Films Suresh Meenatchi Padmapriya Yuvan Shankar Raja Tamil movie news images picture gallery images|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126174610/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-08-01/ajith-04-11-08.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-title-troubles/articleshow/3560241.cms|title=When title troubles|newspaper=The Times of India |date=October 5, 2008|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126201324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-title-troubles/articleshow/3560241.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Menon later pulled out of the commitment in November 2008, citing that the producers were not willing to let him take his own time with scripting. He noted that Sivaji Productions wanted to complete the project as soon as possible, while his schedule was largely busy until 2010 with other commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/gautham-menon-2.html|title=Director Gautham Vasudev Menon – Interview – Behindwoods.com – Vaaranam Aayiram Kakka Kakka Pachaikili Muthucharam Minnale Suriya Kamal Haasan Kamal Hassan images Tamil picture gallery images|work=behindwoods.com|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917082039/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/gautham-menon-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-08-02/gautham-menon-12-11-08.html|title=Ajith drops out, what's Gautham's next? - Behindwoods.com - Sivaji Productions Dharani Chennayil Oru Mazhaikkaalam UTV Magesh Babu Ocher Studios Tamil movie news images picture gallery images|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126174629/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-08-02/gautham-menon-12-11-08.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Thuppariyum Anand''===
Menon began research and pre-production work on a 1930s period spy thriller titled ''Thuppariyum Anand'' in late 2008. The script was adapted to suit Indian audiences from a [[Clive Cussler]] novel, and told the tale of a chase between a bank robber and a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/gautham-menon-2.html|title=Director Gautham Vasudev Menon - Interview - Behindwoods.com - Vaaranam Aayiram Kakka Kakka Pachaikili Muthucharam Minnale Suriya Kamal Haasan Kamal Hassan images Tamil picture gallery images|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127030435/https://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/gautham-menon-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He had written the film with [[Suriya]] in mind and then offered the film to [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Kamal Haasan]], though neither option materialised. Menon then pitched the film to [[Ajith Kumar]] for a potential project, but the film failed to progress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-10-01/ajith-gautham-menon-01-03-10.html|title=Ajith is Thuppariyum Anand - Tamil Movie News - Ajith - Gautham Menon - Thuppariyum Anand - Ulavali - Dayanidhi Azhagiri - Harris Jeyaraj - Behindwoods.com|work=behindwoods.com|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230719/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-10-01/ajith-gautham-menon-01-03-10.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article298101.ece|title=Suriya steps in as 'Thuppariyum Anand'|work=The New Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==2010s==
===Crime series with Parthiban===
In early 2011, Menon began pre-production work on a television series featuring [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]] in the lead role of a detective, but did not carry through with the idea after he failed to find financiers. He had hoped to film 150 episodes, which would play out over a 30-week period and feature different stories to run between every Monday and Friday.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2011/02/12/between-reviews-shooting-from-the-lip/|title=Between Reviews: Shooting from the Lip|date=2011-02-12|work=Baradwaj Rangan|access-date=2018-03-21|language=en-US|archive-date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315181257/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2011/02/12/between-reviews-shooting-from-the-lip/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Assi Nabbe Poorey Sau''===
A Hindi version of the romantic films ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'' (2012) in Tamil and ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' (2012) in Telugu, titled ''Assi Nabbe Poorey Sau'', was also shot simultaneously with [[Aditya Roy Kapur|Aditya Roy Kapoor]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] playing the lead roles. However, the failure of Menon's other Hindi film ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' (2012) saw production ultimately halted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/70638.html |title=Ram-Gautham's film titled as Nithya — Telugu Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2011-09-07 |access-date=2011-09-16 |archive-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409002508/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/70638.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/70696.html |title=Gautham's triple dose — Telugu Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2011-09-07 |access-date=2011-09-16 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024073517/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/70696.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sixty percent of the film was completed by the time of pausing the project. The team chose not to complete the project after the Tamil version received a mixed response from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/romance-his-way/article4203303.ece|title=Romance, his way|newspaper=The Hindu |date=December 15, 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212622/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/romance-his-way/article4203303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/gautham-menon-to-relaunch-aditya-roy-kapoor_31359|title=Gautham Menon to relaunch Aditya Roy Kapoor|website=India Forums|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212621/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/gautham-menon-to-relaunch-aditya-roy-kapoor_31359|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Yohan''===
In July 2011, Menon began pre-production work on the first film of an action-adventure series of films titled ''Yohan'' starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the title role with the first film titled ''[[Joshua: Imai Pol Kaakha|Yohan: Adhyayam Ondru]]''. He revealed that the film would narrate the tale of an agent going against an arms dealer, who has caused mass destruction around the world, and compared the theme of the film to the [[List of James Bond films|''Bond'' series]]. The character of Yohan would play an American citizen, and an English actress would be cast in the lead female role.<ref name="auto3"/>

However, after a year of pre-production, the director shelved the film citing differences of opinion about the project.<ref>{{cite news |first=V |last=Lakshmi |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Yohan-shelved-new-script-for-Vijay/articleshow/15617580.cms |title=Yohan shelved; new script for Vijay? |date=2012-08-24 |access-date=2013-08-20 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518155013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-24/news-interviews/33343315_1_gautham-menon-yohan-thuppakki |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> Menon later revealed that Vijay did not want to do the film citing that it felt "too much like an English film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/gautham-menon-reveals-why-suriya-backed-out-of-dhruva-natchathiram-and-vijay-rejected-yohan-9028061/|title=Gautham Menon reveals why Suriya backed out of Dhruva Natchathiram and Vijay rejected Yohan|date=November 15, 2023|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212622/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/gautham-menon-reveals-why-suriya-backed-out-of-dhruva-natchathiram-and-vijay-rejected-yohan-9028061/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Yennai Arindhaal 2''===
Soon after the release of ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' in February 2015, Menon began working on a sequel to the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ill-stand-outside-ajiths-gate-gauthammenon/article7903383.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainment|title=I'll stand outside Ajith's gate: Gautham Menon|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|work=The Hindu|date=21 November 2015|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119114444/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ill-stand-outside-ajiths-gate-gauthammenon/article7903383.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2018, he revealed that he had completed thirty percent of the script and was only keen to approach [[Ajith Kumar]] once the full-bound script was ready. He revealed that the actor was previously bothered by Menon's lack of completed script during the making of the earlier film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yennai-arindhaal-2-with-ajith-will-happen-soon-gautham-menon/articleshow/63999404.cms|title=Yennai Arindhaal 2 with Ajith will happen soon: Gautham Menon|newspaper=The Times of India |date=May 2, 2018|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=August 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810083222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yennai-arindhaal-2-with-ajith-will-happen-soon-gautham-menon/articleshow/63999404.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Ondraaga'' ===
In October 2015, Menon began planning a multilingual production to be shot in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada, which would feature four actors in leading roles. The film was reported to revolve around the lives of four friends from the four [[South India|Southern Indian states]], who meet at a wedding after many years, and then decide to take a roadtrip in the United States. Menon initially discussed making the project with [[Silambarasan]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[Fahadh Faasil]] and [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], with the latter also keen to produce the Kannada version of the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/gautham-vasudev-menon-plans-multilingual/article7757890.ece|title=Gautham Vasudev Menon plans multilingual|newspaper=The Hindu |date=October 13, 2015|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=November 27, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126172840/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/gautham-vasudev-menon-plans-multilingual/article7757890.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/gautham-menon-plans-multilingual-film-with-four-stars/|title=Gautham Menon plans multilingual film with four stars|date=October 13, 2015|access-date=November 27, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171338/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/gautham-menon-plans-multilingual-film-with-four-stars/|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the following months, [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] agreed to portray the Malayali character in the film ahead of Fahadh Faasil, and accepted the offer despite Menon's initial doubts about whether the actor would feature in a multi-starrer project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/I-can-only-ensure-the-quality-of-my-films-Prithviraj/articleshow/55292069.cms|title=I can only ensure the quality of my films: Prithviraj|newspaper=The Times of India |date=November 8, 2016|access-date=November 27, 2023|archive-date=November 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127014504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/I-can-only-ensure-the-quality-of-my-films-Prithviraj/articleshow/55292069.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Likewise, [[Naga Chaitanya]] also was reported to have replaced Allu Arjun as the Telugu character in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitramala.in/naga-chaitanya-replaces-allu-arjun-for-gautham-menon-film-207430.html|title=Naga Chaitanya replaces Allu Arjun for Gautham Menon Film|date=November 7, 2015|website=Chitramala|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171341/https://www.chitramala.in/naga-chaitanya-replaces-allu-arjun-for-gautham-menon-film-207430.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Menon continued to develop the script while finishing the productions of ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016) and ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'' (2019). By June 2016, Menon revealed that the film would be titled ''Ondraaga'' and that it would be shot in the United States over a seventy-day schedule. He revealed that [[Sai Dharam Tej]] had joined the cast replacing Naga Chaitanya, while the Tamil character was yet to be finalised. He also suggested that actresses [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Tamannaah]] would form a part of the cast, and that an advance payment was made to them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090716/things-will-be-sorted-out-with-simbu-gautham-menon.html|title=Things will be sorted out with Simbu: Gautham Menon|date=July 9, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=August 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826232724/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090716/things-will-be-sorted-out-with-simbu-gautham-menon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-confirms-doing-a-multilingual-film-news-tamil-qhcneCbdgccee.html |title=Gautham confirms doing a multilingual film! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=November 26, 2023 |archive-date=September 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909034141/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-confirms-doing-a-multilingual-film-news-tamil-qhcneCbdgccee.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after, [[Jayam Ravi]] held discussions about playing the Tamil character, while actress [[Manjima Mohan]] was also considered for a role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gautham-vasudev-menons-next-a-multistarrer-with-jayam-ravi-prithviraj-puneeth-rajkumar-and-sai-dharam-teja.html|title=Gautham Vasudev Menon's next, a multistarrer with Jayam Ravi, Prithviraj, Puneeth Rajkumar and Sai Dharam Teja|date=June 30, 2016|website=Behindwoods|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171339/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gautham-vasudev-menons-next-a-multistarrer-with-jayam-ravi-prithviraj-puneeth-rajkumar-and-sai-dharam-teja.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/220916/two-time-lucky-manjima.html|title=Two-time lucky Manjima!|date=September 22, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171339/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/220916/two-time-lucky-manjima.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview in November 2016, Menon stated that the character of Karthik from ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' would be retained in ''Ondraaga'', with the plot taking off eight years after the release of the previous film. He stated Karthik's character had changed his concept of women and would appear as a [[playboy lifestyle|playboy]] in the new project, while the character of Jessie Thekekuttu would also feature in the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/I-don%E2%80%99t-mind-being-called-elitist-Gautham-Menon/article16445251.ece|title=I don't mind being called elitist: Gautham Menon|newspaper=The Hindu |date=November 13, 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=November 27, 2023|archive-date=June 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620140600/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/I-don%E2%80%99t-mind-being-called-elitist-Gautham-Menon/article16445251.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Menon revealed that [[A. R. Rahman]] would compose music for the project, and likened the mood of the film to the Hindi films, ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001) and ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011). He also added that he was hopeful that Silambarasan would agree to work in the film and reprise the role of Karthik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/821488/gautham-menon-made-achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada-for-audiences-that-whistle-and-clap|title=Gautham Menon made 'Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada' for 'audiences that whistle and clap'|first=Prathibha|last=Parameswaran|date=November 14, 2016|website=Scroll.in|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171336/https://scroll.in/reel/821488/gautham-menon-made-achcham-yenbadhu-madamaiyada-for-audiences-that-whistle-and-clap|url-status=live}}</ref>

Production on the film was postponed as the makers were unable to finalise the actors to play the Tamil and Telugu characters, while Menon also began work on ''[[Dhruva Natchathiram (unreleased film)|Dhruva Natchathiram]]'' with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]. In March 2017, Prithviraj called the film a "very modern take on friendship and self-discovery", while revealing that the script was complete and production would possibly begin by the end of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/prithviraj-reveals-exclusive-details-about-heroes-heroines-music-director-and-plot-of-gautham-menon-multi-starrer-tamil-news-180407|title=Leading hero reveals exclusive details about Gautham Menon's multi-starrer – Tamil News|date=March 2, 2017|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171336/https://www.indiaglitz.com/prithviraj-reveals-exclusive-details-about-heroes-heroines-music-director-and-plot-of-gautham-menon-multi-starrer-tamil-news-180407|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2018, following a brief period where Menon prioritised his other productions, he signed on [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] to portray the Tamil character of Karthik after Silambarasan had turned down the offer citing his reluctance to work with other lead actors. [[Tovino Thomas]] was also signed to replace Prithviraj as the Malayalam character.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madhavan-gautham-menon-trilingual-1147518-2018-01-17|title=Madhavan in talks with Gautham Menon for a trilingual|website=India Today|date=January 17, 2018 |access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171338/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madhavan-gautham-menon-trilingual-1147518-2018-01-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/21/gautham-vasudev-menon-madhavan-to-collaborate-on-vinnaithaandi-varuvaayaa-sequel-1776382.html|title=Gautham Vasudev Menon, Madhavan to collaborate on Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa sequel|website=The New Indian Express|date=February 21, 2018 |access-date=November 27, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171338/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/21/gautham-vasudev-menon-madhavan-to-collaborate-on-vinnaithaandi-varuvaayaa-sequel-1776382.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vm8100Ii8Q4|title="Those who know me refer to me as Jessie." | Deep Focus | Gautham Menon | Simbu | Trisha|date=February 20, 2018 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=October 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006221929/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vm8100Ii8Q4|url-status=live}}</ref> The film failed to develop, with Menon later stating that the film would not proceed without Silambarasan.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/gautham-menon-reveals-he-s-ready-to-make-vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya-2-if-simbu-is-ready/story-FSo6lJBLIwvUS8X0fSd1WM.html|title=Gautham Menon reveals he's ready to make VTV 2 if Simbu is ready|date=February 27, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212622/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/gautham-menon-reveals-he-s-ready-to-make-vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya-2-if-simbu-is-ready/story-FSo6lJBLIwvUS8X0fSd1WM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Kaakha Kaakha 2''===
In February 2018, Menon revealed that he had plans of making a sequel to ''Kaakha Kaakha'' with [[Suriya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-my-next-film-title-is-ondraga-news-tamil-scikhSgeagahb.html|title=Gautham Menon: My next film title is 'Ondraga'!|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070500/http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-my-next-film-title-is-ondraga-news-tamil-scikhSgeagahb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By August 2020, Menon revealed that he had written most of the script but that Suriya wanted a gap between his cop films after the ''[[Singam (film series)|Singam]]'' series, and that the project was on hold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/07/kaakha-kaakha-to-get-a-sequel-19688.html|title=Kaakha Kaakha to get a sequel?|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212624/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/07/kaakha-kaakha-to-get-a-sequel-19688.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2022, the original film's producer [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] revealed that plans for the film were in place and that he had already paid an advance to Menon for the project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/are-plans-for-kaakha-kaakha-2-already-in-place/articleshow/94551740.cms|title=Are plans for 'Kaakha Kaakha 2' already in place?|newspaper=The Times of India |date=September 30, 2022|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/are-plans-for-kaakha-kaakha-2-already-in-place/articleshow/94551740.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Kamal & Kadambari''===
During late 2019, Menon revealed that he was working on the script of a romantic film starring [[Suriya]] in the lead role, titled ''Kamal & Kadambari''. The film would focus on two singers, and how they connect in [[London]] over music, songs and the work of [[Ilaiyaraja]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Gautham Menon reveals the interesting plot of Suriya's movie! | IndiaGlitz | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/suriya-movie-plot-revealed-by-gautham-menon-tamil-news-248750 }}</ref> Menon revealed that Suriya had liked his one-line narration of the project, and he continued to develop the script during the first COVID-19 lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-reveals-about-script-for-suriya/articleshow/75998695.cms|title=Gautham Menon reveals about script for Suriya|work=The Times of India |date=May 26, 2020|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> In his short film, ''[[Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn]]'' (2020), Menon showed his protagonist working on the script of a film titled ''Kamal & Kadambari: A Love Story''.<ref name="unrequited">{{Cite news |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=22 May 2020 |title='Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn': A letter to unrequited love, and then some |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-a-letter-to-unrequited-love-and-then-some/article31636643.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200521051003/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-a-letter-to-unrequited-love-and-then-some/article31636643.ece |archive-date=21 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn is Karthik and Jessie's Story And Should Be Seen Like That: Gautham Vasudev Menon |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/tamil-movies-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-is-karthik-and-jessies-story-and-should-be-seen-like-that-gautham-vasudev-menon-baradwaj-rangan-str-trisha/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629223810/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/tamil-movies-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-is-karthik-and-jessies-story-and-should-be-seen-like-that-gautham-vasudev-menon-baradwaj-rangan-str-trisha/ |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

==2020s==
===''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa 2''===
In May 2020, Menon revealed that he was set to make a sequel to ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) with [[Silambarasan]] in the lead role. The announcement came after the release of a five-minute short film titled ''[[Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn]]'' put together by the original film's team during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/may/24/gautham-menon-confirms-vtv-2-18584.html|title=Gautham Menon confirms VTV 2|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=May 24, 2020 |access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212623/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/may/24/gautham-menon-confirms-vtv-2-18584.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Menon had earlier alluded to another project ''Ondraga'' as the sequel to ''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa'', while separately Silambarasan was in legal trouble for refusing to return an advance payment for a separate project titled ''Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa 2'' from producer Vijay Raghavendra.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/gautham-menon-confirms-sequel-to-vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya-is-in-the-works/story-mu6h8GSPbYw702VQYbpxBJ.html|title=Gautham Menon confirms sequel to Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya is in the works|date=May 25, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212621/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/gautham-menon-confirms-sequel-to-vinnaithaandi-varuvaaya-is-in-the-works/story-mu6h8GSPbYw702VQYbpxBJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu 2''===
Menon confirmed that he was working on a sequel to his action-thriller ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' (2006) in March 2020, and that he was in discussions with [[Kamal Haasan]] to reprise the lead character of Raghavan. He hinted that the character would be fifteen years older in the sequel, [[Jyothika]]'s character of Aradhana would still be present, and that the pair would have a teenage daughter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-sequel-kamal-haasan-gautham-menon-6309252/ | title=Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu gets a sequel | date=11 March 2020 | access-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-date=May 9, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509035843/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-sequel-kamal-haasan-gautham-menon-6309252/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-years-of-gautham-menon-a-retrospective-on-his-movies-romance-and-everything-in-between/article33726984.ece | title=20 years of Gautham Menon: An interview with the filmmaker on his movies, romance and everything in between | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 February 2021 | last1=Sunder | first1=Gautam | access-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212621/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-years-of-gautham-menon-a-retrospective-on-his-movies-romance-and-everything-in-between/article33726984.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> He suggested that the film may take off in April 2020 and that [[Ishari K. Ganesh|Vels Film International]] would be the producers for the project.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/29/gautham-menon-confirms-that-talks-are-on-for-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-2-17790.html | title=Gautham Menon confirms that talks are on for Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu 2 | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=March 29, 2020 | access-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212621/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/29/gautham-menon-confirms-that-talks-are-on-for-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-2-17790.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2020, Menon revealed that he was still working on the script and that the climax of the film was still being considered. He also stated that he was unsure if Kamal Haasan would eventually accept terms to work on the film.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-keen-on-impressing-kamal-haasan-for-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-2/articleshow/76419634.cms | title=Gautham Menon keen on impressing Kamal Haasan for 'Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu 2'? | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 June 2020 | access-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-keen-on-impressing-kamal-haasan-for-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-2/articleshow/76419634.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gvm-opens-up-about-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-2-with-kamal-haasan.html | title=GVM opens up about Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu 2 with Kamal Haasan | date=16 June 2020 | access-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-date=November 13, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113210725/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gvm-opens-up-about-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-2-with-kamal-haasan.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The following month, the makers reportedly held discussions with [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Keerthy Suresh]] for roles in the film.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-sequel-keerthy-suresh-to-play-the-female-lead-in-kamal-haasan-film-1702792-2020-07-21 | title=Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu sequel: Keerthy Suresh to play the female lead in Kamal Haasan film? | date=July 21, 2020 }}</ref> After a period of inactivity, media reports suggested that the team were still considering the project in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/gautham-menon-gvm-kamal-haasan-sequel-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-2-viral-video-indian-2-latest-update-tamil-news-322174 | title=Red hot updates on Kamal & GVM's 'Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu 2'! – Viral video – Tamil News | date=17 August 2022 | access-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-date=November 26, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126212621/https://www.indiaglitz.com/gautham-menon-gvm-kamal-haasan-sequel-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu-2-viral-video-indian-2-latest-update-tamil-news-322174 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===''Nadhigalilae Neeradum Suriyan''===
In February 2021, Menon announced that he would collaborate with actor [[Silambarasan]] and music composer [[A. R. Rahman]] on a film titled ''Nadhigalilae Neeradum Suriyan'', in a venture produced by [[Ishari K. Ganesh|Vels Film International]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/silambarasan-and-gautham-menons-new-film-titled-nadhigalilae-neeradum-suriyan-144247|title=Silambarasan and Gautham Menon's new film titled 'Nadhigalilae Neeradum Suriyan'|first=Digital|last=Native|date=February 26, 2021|website=The News Minute|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171341/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/silambarasan-and-gautham-menons-new-film-titled-nadhigalilae-neeradum-suriyan-144247|url-status=live}}</ref> The shoot of the project became delayed owing to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]] and at a time where the shoot was expected to restart in August 2021, the project underwent significant change and re-emerged under a new title of ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-of-simbu-gautham-menons-nadhigalilae-neeradum-suriyan-from-august/articleshow/84620456.cms|title=Shoot of Simbu & Gautham Menon's Nadhigalilae Neeradum Suriyan from August|newspaper=The Times of India |date=July 21, 2021|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-of-simbu-gautham-menons-nadhigalilae-neeradum-suriyan-from-august/articleshow/84620456.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/gautham-menon-and-simbu-s-upcoming-film-gets-new-title-and-first-look-poster-153537|title=Gautham Menon and Simbu's upcoming film gets new title and first look poster|author=T. N. M. Staff|date=August 6, 2021|website=The News Minute|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171341/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/gautham-menon-and-simbu-s-upcoming-film-gets-new-title-and-first-look-poster-153537|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2022, after the release of ''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu'', Menon revealed that ''Nadhigalilae Neeradum Suriyan'' was a different script narrating the "new-age love story" of an actor. [[A. R. Rahman]] had completed work on three songs for the project, and the team had been in search of the female lead actress, when the project got stalled.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-reveals-the-story-of-nadhigalilae-neeradum-suriyan-for-the-first-time-exclusive/articleshow/94412342.cms|title=Gautham Menon reveals the story of 'Nadhigalilae Neeradum Suriyan' for the first time- Exclusive!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=September 24, 2022|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-reveals-the-story-of-nadhigalilae-neeradum-suriyan-for-the-first-time-exclusive/articleshow/94412342.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu 2''===
Prior to the release of ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]'' (2022) in August 2022, media reports emerged that the film would have a sequel. The first part of the film narrated the origin story of the lead character portrayed by [[Silambarasan]], while it was reported that the sequel would concentrate on the rise of the character within the underworld.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/28/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-to-get-a-sequel-34178.html|title=Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu to get a sequel?|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=August 28, 2022 |access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171338/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/28/vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-to-get-a-sequel-34178.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Menon later confirmed plans to make a sequel to the film based on the first film's success, and suggested that the film would be set in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/gautham-vasudev-menon-calls-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-a-litmus-test-updates-about-chapter-2-exclusive-6115465.html|title=Gautham Vasudev Menon Calls Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu 'a Litmus Test', Updates About Chapter 2 | Exclusive|date=October 7, 2022|website=News18|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171341/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/gautham-vasudev-menon-calls-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu-a-litmus-test-updates-about-chapter-2-exclusive-6115465.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's writer [[B. Jeyamohan]] noted that the second film would have more violence and compared the script to that of [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]'s ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/what-vendhu-thanindhatu-kaadu-2-will-have-on-its-cards-writer-jeyamohan-reveals-the-storyline/articleshow/94240719.cms|title=What 'Vendhu Thanindhatu Kaadu 2' will have on its cards? Writer Jeyamohan reveals the storyline|newspaper=The Times of India |date=September 16, 2022|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/what-vendhu-thanindhatu-kaadu-2-will-have-on-its-cards-writer-jeyamohan-reveals-the-storyline/articleshow/94240719.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2023, the film's producer [[Ishari K. Ganesh]] of Vels Film International revealed that Menon was working on the screenplay of the film and that Silambarasan was eager to work on the project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/producer-ishari-ganesh-hot-update-about-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaasu-2-gautham-menon-ar-rahman-latest-tamil-news-336317|title=When will Simbu's 'Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu 2' begin? - Producer opens up - Tamil News|date=May 2, 2023|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204190827/https://www.indiaglitz.com/producer-ishari-ganesh-hot-update-about-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaasu-2-gautham-menon-ar-rahman-latest-tamil-news-336317|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Gharshana 2''===
During the promotions of ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]'' (2022) in Hyderabad during September 2022, Menon revealed that he was scripting a sequel to ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004) and that [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] would be portraying the lead role. He noted that the pair had held discussions about the collaboration in mid-2022 at a meeting at the house of [[Rana Daggubati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gautham-menon-confirms-gharshana-2-with-venkatesh-during-the-promotion-of-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu/eba6682173923|title=Gautham Menon confirms Gharshana 2 with Venkatesh during the promotion of Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|website=OTTPlay|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171341/https://www.ottplay.com/news/gautham-menon-confirms-gharshana-2-with-venkatesh-during-the-promotion-of-vendhu-thanindhathu-kaadu/eba6682173923|url-status=live}}</ref> Venkatesh and Daggubati had earlier speculated about a potential sequel to the film in 2007 and 2020 respectively, without official confirmation from the director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sequels-are-possible-for-bobbiliraja-and-gharshana-malayalam-news-30433|title=Sequels are possible for Bobbiliraja and Gharshana - Malayalam News|date=April 10, 2007|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171339/https://www.indiaglitz.com/sequels-are-possible-for-bobbiliraja-and-gharshana-malayalam-news-30433|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubatis-tweet-starts-speculations-about-the-sequel-of-gharshana/articleshow/77288369.cms|title=Rana Daggubati's tweet starts speculations about the sequel of Gharshana|newspaper=The Times of India |date=July 31, 2020|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubatis-tweet-starts-speculations-about-the-sequel-of-gharshana/articleshow/77288369.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Offers==
===''Force''===
[[Vipul Shah]] approached Menon to direct the Hindi version of ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' (2003) in 2010 as ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'' with [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]]. Menon initially agreed before pulling out again.<ref name="forcegvm"/>

===''Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein'' remake===
In 2011, Vashu Bhagnani, the producer of ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' (2001) approached Menon to remake the film with his son [[Jackky Bhagnani]] in the lead role, but Menon was uninterested with the offer.<ref name="rhtdm2">{{cite news|author=Jha, Subhash|title=Jackky Bhagnani in RHTDM remake?|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2011-04-28|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-19/news-interviews/29446851_1_vashu-bhagnani-hindi-film-gautham-menon|date=19 April 2011|archive-date=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716120315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-19/news-interviews/29446851_1_vashu-bhagnani-hindi-film-gautham-menon|url-status=dead}}</ref> The failure of the original film had left Menon disappointed, prompting him to claim in hindsight that the film lacked the simplicity of ''[[Minnale]]'' (2001) and that the producer's intervention affecting proceedings.<ref name="kkrediff">{{cite web|author=Warrier, Shobha|year=2003|title=The industry is in such a shape that you cannot have big-budget films|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=2011-04-28|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/21menon.htm|archive-date=1 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801233643/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/21menon.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Several years after release, the film gained popularity through screenings on television and subsequently developed a cult following among young Hindi-speaking audiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/discussion/bollywoods-cult-classics|title=Bollywood's Cult Classics|work=PINKVILLA|access-date=16 February 2016|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203022640/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/discussion/bollywoods-cult-classics|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===''X''===
In 2013, Menon was briefly associated with the anthology film, ''[[X (2013 film)|X]]'', helping partially direct a script written by [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] before opting out and being replaced by [[Nalan Kumarasamy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-starts-shooting-in-pudhuchery-news-tamil-nhjkIncfcdf.html|title=Gautham Menon starts shooting in Pudhuchery!|work=Sify|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103044811/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-starts-shooting-in-pudhuchery-news-tamil-nhjkIncfcdf.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Tamil remake of ''Race 2''===
Menon was signed by [[A. M. Rathnam]] to remake the Hindi film ''[[Race 2]]'' (2013) with [[Ajith Kumar]] in the lead role. Menon later tried to opt out of the project before being able to make ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015) with the same actor and producer.<ref name="auto3"/>

===''Andhagan''===
In August 2019, it was announced that [[Thiagarajan]] had purchased the rights to remake the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Andhadhun]]'' (2018) in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekar |first=Raja |date=23 August 2019 |title=Andhadhun Tamil remake: Producer Thiagarajan on casting his son Prasanth in Ayushmann Khurrana's role |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/andhadhun-tamil-remake-producer-thiagarajan-on-casting-his-son-prasanth-in-ayushmann-khurranas-role-7211621.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101142316/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/andhadhun-tamil-remake-producer-thiagarajan-on-casting-his-son-prasanth-in-ayushmann-khurranas-role-7211621.html |archive-date=1 January 2021 |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The team held discussions with [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] about directing the film, but he ultimately did not sign on the project, later titled ''[[Andhagan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2019 |title=Gautham Menon to direct Prashanth in Tamil remake of Andhadhun? |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gautham-menon-to-direct-prashanth-in-tamil-remake-of-andhadhun-1592936-2019-08-29 |url-status=live |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111165746/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gautham-menon-to-direct-prashanth-in-tamil-remake-of-andhadhun-1592936-2019-08-29 |archive-date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=30 August 2019 |title=Gautham Menon likely to direct the Tamil remake of Andhadhun |work=[[DT Next]] |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/08/30033440/1174375/Gautham-Menon-likely-to-direct-the-Tamil-remake-of-.vpf |url-status=dead |access-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327184439/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/08/30033440/1174375/Gautham-Menon-likely-to-direct-the-Tamil-remake-of-.vpf |archive-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>

===''Victim''===
Menon was initially selected to direct a short film for the anthology series ''[[Victim (TV series)|Victim]]'' on [[SonyLIV]], but later opted out of his commitments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gautham-menon-venkat-prabhu-pa-ranjith-chimbu-devan-and-m-rajesh-teams-up-for-an.html|title=Gautham Menon, Venkat Prabhu, Pa Ranjith, Chimbu Devan and M Rajesh teams up for an anthology produced by Black Ticket Production|date=September 3, 2020|website=Behindwoods|access-date=November 26, 2023|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203025009/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gautham-menon-venkat-prabhu-pa-ranjith-chimbu-devan-and-m-rajesh-teams-up-for-an.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Gautham Vasudev Menon}}

[[Category:Lists of unrealized projects by artist|Menon, Gautham Vasudev]]

Pallikonda Perumal Temple, Malayadippatti

2026-04-16T01:03:20Z

EliseMacnaghten: Created some location initial version

{{short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Kanthirantha.jpg|thumb|Pallikonda Perumal Temple, Malayadippatti]]
'''Pallikonda Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to the deity [[Vishnu]], located at Malayadippatti in [[Kulathur taluk]] of [[Pudukkottai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. This is a small village and one of the important rock cut temples of [[Pudukkottai district]] such as [[Thirumayam]] Rock cut temple. The [[Dvarapala]]'s have only 2 hands unlike the other [[Dvarapala]]'s who have 4 hands in other [[Vishnu]] temples.

==Location==
This cave temple is located at a distance of 33 km from Pudukottai, in Killukkottai.<ref name=pdk>புதுக்கோட்டை மாவட்டத் திருக்கோயில்கள் பயணியர் கையேடு, இந்து சமய அறநிலைய ஆட்சித்துறை, சென்னை, 2003</ref>

==Legend==
Legend, says that '''Dhivakara Maharishi''' performed penance in this place so that [[Maha Vishnu]] will shover his blessings to him. He also wanted lord to recede in this place as ''Archa roopam'' so that people of [[Kali Yuga]] can offer prayers. He is called as ''Kannniraintha perumal'' and is believed that he will cure eye related problems. This temple is taken care by ASI by [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. Lord vishnu is in ''Archa roopam'' which means the lord formed into a statue for the devotees.

==Cave temples==
In Malayadippatti, two cave temples are found. While one is devoted for [[Vahisvaramudayar Temple, Malayadipatti|Shiva]] another is devoted for Vishnu.<ref name=raja>Dr.J.Raja Mohamad, Art of Pudukottai (Art and Architecture), Historical Archives Committee, Pudukottai, 2003</ref> This is a twin temple.<ref name=dinamalar/> Shiva temple is known as [[Vahisvaramudayar Temple, Malayadipatti|Vahisvaramudayar Temple]] and Vishnu temple is known as Pallikonda Perumal Temple. This temple meant for Vishnu is known as '''Kan Thirantha Perumal Temple'''.

==Presiding deity==
The deity, in reclining posture, is known as Pallikonda Perumal. The Goddesses are [[Sridevi|Mahalakshmi]] and [[Bhūmi|Boodevi]].

==Specialities==
In the west part of the [[Vahisvaramudayar Temple, Malayadipatti|Shiva]] cave, [[Vishnu]] cave is found.<ref name=raja/> In this cave temple, Pallikonda Perumal is found, sculpted in the cave itself. From the inscriptions it is learnt that this temple belonged to 7-8th century CE.<ref name=pdk/> The presiding deity is found like the presiding deity found in [[Thirumayam]] cave temple.<ref name=dinamalar>[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1461 Ranganathar Temple, Dinamalar Temples]</ref>

==Puja==
[[Pujas]] are held four times daily at Kalasanthi (7.00 a.m.), Uttchikkalam (noon 12.00), Sayaratchai (6.00 p.m.) and arthajamam (8.30 p.m.).The temple is opened for worship from 6.00 to 12.00 noon and 5.00 to 8.00 p.m.<ref name=pdk/>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Malayadipaty.jpg
File:Malayady.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=10.689285&lon=78.880463&z=13&m=b விக்கிமேப்பியாவில் மலையடிப்பட்டி பள்ளிகொண்டபெருமாள் கோயில் அமைவிடம்]
{{Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Purana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]

Subhadra Parinayam (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:48:36Z

EliseMacnaghten: data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| director = Govind Eemani (1-37) K V Reddy (38-99)
| caption =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| editor = Ram
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| creator =
| developer =
| producer = V Vijaykumar Varma D Madhusudhan Reddy
| executive_producer = D Maheswara Reddy
| writer = Srinath Chandrasekhar '''Dialogues''' Sri Ranga N V K
| starring = Chaitra Reddy [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]] Srirag Shaurya Shashank
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = P.R
| opentheme = ''"Gala Galamani''" '''vocals''' Dhanunjay Anjana sowmya
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| network = [[Gemini TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|10|14|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 99
| related = [[Nandini (TV series)|Nandini]]
| image = Subhadra parinayam.jpg
| num_seasons = 1
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Family]]
| cinematography = Meera Krishna Kishore
| screenplay = Ravi kolikapudi
| company = VMC1 Industries Pvt Ltd
| creative_director = Katla Nagayya
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|2|28|df=y}}
}}

'''''Subhadra Parinayam''''' was an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[soap opera]] directed by K V Reddy that aired on [[Gemini TV]] from 14 October 2019 to 28 February 2020. The show starred Chaitra Reddy, [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]], Srirag and Shaurya Shashank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onenov.in/shaurya-shashank-umbrey-actor/|title=Shaurya Shashank Umbrey|date=2019-12-02|website=Onenov|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/subhadra-parinayam-gemini-serial/|title=Subhadra Parinayam Gemini TV Serial Launched On 14th October At 9.30 P.M|date=2019-10-15|website=Indian Television|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Chaitra Reddy]] as Subhadra
*[[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]] as Krishna, Subhadra's brother
*Shaurya Shashank as Dattu
*Srirag as Pardhu, Subhadra's husband
*Suresh as Dattu and Rukmini's father
*Sripriya as Sumithra, Pardhu's mother

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sunnetwork.in/ Official website] {{in lang|en}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]

Ganesh Hegde

2026-03-28T18:08:59Z

EliseMacnaghten: fix citations for clarity and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Indian singer, performer, video director and choreographer}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ganesh Hegde
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1973|11|10}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_place =
| occupation = Singer, choreographer
| spouse = {{marriage|Sunayna Hegde|2011}}
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Ganesh Hegde''' is an Indian singer and choreographer.

==Early life==
Ganesh Hegde is a [[Bunt (community)|Tuluva Bunt]], born on 10 November 1973 in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) to [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking father, Harishchandra Subbaiah Hegde and Parsi mom, Vidya Hegde.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Hegde is known for his work in the [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-nominated film ''[[Lagaan]]'' and for his musical numbers in ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''. Ganesh has choreographed several stage shows, like Temptations 2004, the [[Bollywood]] rock concert which toured America with stars such as [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Rani Mukherjee]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Arjun Rampal]].

He has been associated with the [[Zee Cine Awards]] since conception and has choreographed [[Filmfare Awards]] for sevaral years. His notable works include the song "Babuji Zara Dheere Chalo" from [[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]], "Main Hoon Don" from [[Don – The Chase Begins Again]], "Chammak Challo" from [[Ra.One]] and more recently, "Dhishoom Dhishoom" from [[The Archies]]

Hegde is responsible for the ''item number'' and ''item gal'' concept in Bollywood with songs like:
*Mehboob Mere (Fiza) – [[Sushmita Sen]]
*Babuji Zara Dheere Chalo (Dum) – [[Yana Gupta]]
*Khallas (Company) – [[Isha Koppikar]]

Hegde started a trend for the music video type execution in movies with Kambakht Ishq (Pyar Tune Kya Kiya) and Khallas (Company)
<ref>Twitter https://twitter.com/poojagour121/status/630280336560160768</ref>

He was selected as one of the celebrity guests that attended the Miss World Canada 2012 final round event at '''[[Vancouver]]''' on 13 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/ganesh-hegde-judges-miss-world-canada-at-vancouver | title=Ganesh Hegde Judges Miss World Canada at Vancouver| date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

==Singing==
In October 2005, Ganesh released his debut album "''G''" with the funding and promotion of actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]].He is known as the first Indian [[Indian pop|pop star]] to produce, write, direct and star in his debut music video (for his single ''Main Deewana'').

Hegde started out performing with [[Asha Bhonsle]] on stage shows and she is reported to have convinced him to release his own album. She has sung a duet with him in ''G'', titled ''Kabhi Kabhi''. Hegde then launched his second Pop album ''Let's party'' in August 2011 which features [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]] in the title song ''Let's Party'' and [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in ''Mind Blowing''. The album was launched by [[Shahrukh Khan]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Sonu Nigam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww.smashits.com/launch-of-ganesh-hegde-s-new-album-let-s-party/event-8418-picture-1.html |title=Launch of Ganesh Hegde's New Album Let's Party - Picture 1 of 60 - Bollywood Parties and Event Pictures |access-date=23 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007033808/http://ww.smashits.com/launch-of-ganesh-hegde-s-new-album-let-s-party/event-8418-picture-1.html |archive-date=7 October 2012 }}</ref> [[Deepika Padukone]] also featured in one of his songs titled ''Bolydude Ganeshan''.

Hegde also performed the rap promo song "Ek Sawaal Ka Sawaal Hai" for the third season of [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]], hosted by [[Shah Rukh Khan]]. The song appears on a T-Series compilation album titled Shah Rukh Khan Kar Le Kar Le Koi Dhamaal. The music video was conceptualized and directed by Hegde.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karle Karle – Ganesh Hegde |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/6CIpzbv4JF592FIY8JhC01 |website=Spotify |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review on Ganesh Hegde's choreography for the song "Karle Karle" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JV83xaQ4rHA |website=YouTube |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>

==Education==

Hegde is an alumnus of the Umedbhai Patel English School and Prahladrai Dalmia Lions College, Mumbai. {{cite web |url=https://dalmialionscollege.ac.in/alumni/ | title=Alumnus PDLC College}}

==Filmography==

===TV===
* [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 9)|''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'']] – Season 9 Judge (2016)
* [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'']] – Season 8 Judge (2015)
* ''[[Boogie Woogie Kids Championship ]]'' - Special Appearance (2014)
* ''[[Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar]]'' – Judge (2008)
* ''Roobaroo Indian Idol Season 3'' – Special appearance (2007)
* ''[[Fame X]]'' – Judge (2006)
* ''Temptations 2004'' – Interviewer

===Choreographer===
Ganesh has done choreography for the following films. {{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! Year / Date
! Movie / Album
|-
|2023
|[[The Archies (2023 film)|''The Archies'']]
|-
|2022
|[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|''Vikram Vedha'']]
|-
|2022
|[[Thank God (film)|''Thank God'']]
|-
|2022
|[[Phone Bhoot (2022 film)|''Phone Bhoot'']]
|-
|2015
|[[Dilwale (2015 film)|''Dilwale'']]
|-
|2015
|[[Calendar Girls (2015 film)|''Calendar Girls'']]
|-
|2014
|''[[Sharafat Gayi Tel Lene]]''
|-
|2014
|[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|''Happy New Year'']]
|-
|2014
|''[[Darr @ the Mall]]''
|-
|2012
|''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]''
|-
|2011
|''Let's Party''
|-
|2011
|''[[Ra.One]]''
|-
|2007
|''[[Saawariya]]''
|-
|2007
|''[[Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag]]''
|-
|2006
|''[[Don - The Chase Begins Again]]''
|-
|2005
|[[Black (2005 film)|''Black'']]
|-
|2003
|''[[Koi Mil Gaya]]''
|-
|2003
|[[Khushi (2003 Hindi film)|''Khushi'']]
|-
|2003
|[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|''Dum'']]
|-
|2002
|''[[Maine Dil Tujhko Diya]]''
|-
|2002
|''[[Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage]]''
|-
|2002
|[[Company (2002 film)|''Company'']]
|-
|2001
|[[Indian (2001 film)|''Indian'']]
|-
|2001
|[[Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India|''Lagaan'']]
|-
|2001
|[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (film)|''Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya'']]
|-
|2001
|''[[One 2 Ka 4]]''
|-
|2001
|''[[Grahan (film)|Grahan]]''
|-
|2000
|''[[Fiza]] ''
|-
|2000
|[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|''Hera Pheri'']]
|-
|1998
|[[Bandhan (1998 film) |''Bandhan'']]
|-
|1998
|''[[Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya]]''
|-
|1996
|''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
|-
|1996
|[[Khamoshi: The Musical|''Khamoshi'']]
|}

==Music Director==
Hegde was credited as the music director for the 2007 film Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag – Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0473310/fullcredits/ |website=IMDb |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hegde married his long‑time girlfriend Sunayna Shetty in a private ceremony in Mumbai on 5 June 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shah |first=Kunal M |title=Ganesh Hegde gets hitched |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=2 June 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ganesh-Hegde-gets-hitched/articleshow/8691660.cms}}</ref>
Sunayna is a stylist by profession and is responsible for styling Ganesh for all his public appearances.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0007143|name=Ganesh Hegde}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hegde, Ganesh}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]

Kote Venkataramana Temple, Bengaluru

2026-03-27T21:53:10Z

EliseMacnaghten: Started New Place First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kote Venkataramana Temple,
| image = Gopura (tower) over shrine in Kote Venkataramana Swamy Temple (17th century) at Bengaluru.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Gopura (tower) over shrine in Kote Venkataramana Swamy Temple (17th century) at Bengaluru.
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore]]
| location = [[Krishnarajendra Road]], Bangalore
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Venkateshwara]]
| year_completed = 1689
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
[[File:Dravidian style shikhara (superstructure) over shrines in the Kote Venkataramana Swami, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|''[[Gopuram|Gopura]]'' and ''[[Shikhara]]'' of the Kote Venkataramana temple in Bangalore]]
[[File:Kote Srinivasa Temple at Bangalore.jpg|thumb|right|A ''[[shikhara]]'' (tower) over a shrine at the Kote Venkataramana temple]]
'''Kote Venkataramana Temple'''  is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Krishnarajendra Road]], Bangalore, India dedicated to the Hindu god [[Venkateshwara]]. The temple was built in 1689 in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] and [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara]] style by King [[Chikka Devaraja]] [[Wodeyar]], then ruler of [[Mysore]].<ref>{{cite news|last=S|first=Bageshree|title=Forgotten, but still holding fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-neighbourhood/article622017.ece|access-date=28 January 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 September 2010}}</ref>

==Temple plan==
The late 17th century Venkataramana temple is located near the old fort ("fort" is ''kote'' in Kannada language) adjacent to what was once the residence of Mysore Wodeyar royal family, and later became the palace of [[Tipu Sultan]], a later ruler of the [[Mysore Kingdom]].<ref name="odeya">Michell (1995), p. 71</ref>

The temple consists of a sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') which is connected to a central hall (''[[mantapa]]'') by a [[vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]]. The walls of the sanctum and vestibule (antechamber) are plain but for a row of deity sculptures in [[frieze]] at the base. On the whole, the temple exudes modest decorative work and follows the general plan used in the temples within the palace complex in Mysore. The hall ceiling is supported by pillars that have "clusters of colonettes" alternating with ''[[Yali (Hindu Mythology)|yali]]s'' (mythical beasts from Hindu legend) in all four directions. This appears on each of the central columns.<ref name="odeya"/>

The main festival celebrated here is [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] when thousands of devotees throng the temple.

This temple provided the setting for the treasure hunt in the book [[Riddle of the Seventh Stone]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Madhukar |first=Jayanthi |title=Into B'lore's underbelly |url=http://bangaloremirror.com/article/31/201010182010101817262121233940e5f/Into-B%E2%80%99lore%E2%80%99s-underbelly.html |access-date=29 May 2012 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |date=18 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007050141/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/31/201010182010101817262121233940e5f/Into-B%E2%80%99lore%E2%80%99s-underbelly.html |archive-date= 7 October 2011 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mantapa (hall) in Kote Venkataramana Swamy Temple at Bengaluru.JPG|Ornate mantapa (hall) leading to the sanctum in Kote Venkataramana temple in Bengaluru (Bangalore). Central ''Yali'' pillars support ''mantapa'' ceiling
File:Mantapa (hall) pillars in Kote Ventakaramana Swamy Temple at Bengaluru.JPG|Close up of ''Yali'' pillar inside the mantapa in Kote Venkataramana temple in Bengaluru
File:Gopura (tower) over shrine in Kote Venkataramana Swamy Temple (17th century) at Bengaluru.JPG|A [[shikhara]] (tower) in the Kote Venkataramana temple in Bengaluru
File:Yali Pillar of mantapa (hall) in Kote Venkataramana Swamy temple at Bengaluru.JPG|''Yali'' pillar at Kote Venkataramana temple in Bengaluru
</gallery>

==References==
* {{cite book |last= Michell|first=George|title=[[The New Cambridge History of India]], Volumes 1-6 |orig-year=1995|year=1995|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521-441102}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Kote Venkataramana Temple}}

{{coord|12.959524|77.574305|display=title}}

{{Hindu temples in Bangalore}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:17th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Venkateswara temples]]
[[Category:1689 establishments in India]]

List of cathedrals in India

2026-03-26T16:45:53Z

EliseMacnaghten: put up some data more to come

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
A cathedral (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''kathedra'' (καθέδρα), seat, bench, chair) is a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church (building)|church]] which contains the [[cathedra|seat]] of a [[bishop]],<ref>Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, {{ISBN|0-19-860575-7}}</ref> thus serving as the central church of a [[diocese]].
[[File:Kathedralbasilika Santa Cruz 2018-04-04a.jpg|alt=Diocese Of Cochin|thumb|Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica Fortcochin]]
This is the list of [[cathedrals]] in [[India]] sorted by [[Christian denominations|denomination]].
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

==Catholic Church==
[[File:Agra, Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception.JPG|thumb|130px|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in [[Agra]]]]
[[File:St Francis Xavier Cathedral, Bangalore oblique.jpg|thumb|130px|[[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral]] in [[Bangalore]]]]
[[File:Calcutta, Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary-2.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary]] in [[Kolkata]]]]
[[File:Sacred Heart Cathedral (New Delhi).jpg|130px|thumb|[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] in [[New Delhi]].]]
[[File:se cathedral goa.jpg|right|thumb|130px|[[Se Cathedral|St. Catherine's Cathedral]] in [[Old Goa]].]]
[[File:Imphal - St Josphes cathedral.JPG|thumb|130px|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Imphal|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] in [[Imphal]]]]
[[File:SANTHOME CATHEDRAL.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Santhome Church|Santhome Cathedral Basilica]] in [[Chennai]].]]
[[File:St. Mary's Co-cathedral Church, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in India.jpg|thumb|130px|St. Mary's Co-cathedral in Chennai]]
[[File:Big church in Madurai- 2013-05-07 19-45.jpg|thumb|130px|St. Mary's Cathedral in Madurai]]
[[File:St. Francis de Sales Cathedral, Nagpur.jpg|thumb|130px|St. Francis de Sales Cathedral in [[Nagpur]]]]
[[File:Puducherry Immaculate Conception Cathedral 2.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry|Immaculate Conception Cathedral]] in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]]]
[[File:Ranchi - Cathédrale Sainte-Marie - 1.jpg|thumb|130px|[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Ranchi|St. Mary's Cathedral]] in [[Ranchi]]]]
[[File:Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians, Shillong 1.jpeg|thumb|130px|[[Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians]] in [[Shillong]]]]
[[File:St. Joseph's Cathedral, Trivandrum 01.jpg|thumb|130px|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Trivandrum|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] in [[Trivandrum]]]]
[[File:Kapal pali Kochi.jpg|thumb|130px|St. Francis Assisi Cathedral of [[Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]]]]
[[File:Cathedral Changancherry.jpg|thumb|130px|[[St Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral]] in [[Changanassery]]]]
[[File:Lourd metharapolitha cathedral thrissur (2).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral|Our Lady of Lourdes Cathedral]] in [[Thrissur]]]]
[[File:St. Marys Cathedral Trivandrum Fassade 2 (retuschiert).jpg|thumb|130px|St. Mary's Cathedral in [[Trivandrum]]]]
[[File:St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla.jpg|thumb|130px|[[St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla|St. John's Cathedral]] in [[Tiruvalla]]]]
Cathedrals of the [[Catholic Church in India]]:<ref>GCatholic.org: [http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/data/cathINX.htm Cathedrals India]</ref>
[[File:Immaculate Heart of Mary Vimalagiri Cathedral Kottayam.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral]] in [[Kottayam]]]]

=== Latin Catholic Provinces ===

====Ecclesiastical Province of Agra====
*[[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Agra|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Archdiocese of Agra]]
**[[Akbar's Church]], former cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Archdiocese of Agra]]
** [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Ajmer|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajmer|Diocese of Ajmer]]
** [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Allahabad|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Allahabad|Diocese of Allahabad]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Alphonsus de Ligouri]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly|Diocese of Bareilly]]
** [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jaipur|Diocese of Jaipur]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Anthony]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jhansi|Diocese of Jhansi]]
** [[St Joseph's Cathedral, Lucknow|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucknow|Diocese of Lucknow]]
** [[St Joseph's Cathedral, Meerut|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Meerut|Diocese of Meerut]]
** [[Our Lady of Fátima Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udaipur|Diocese of Udaipur]]
** [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Varanasi|St. Mary's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Varanasi|Diocese of Varanasi]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Bangalore====
* [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archdiocese of Bangalore]]
** [[St. Patrick's Church, Bangalore|St. Patricks's Church]], former cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archdiocese of Bangalore]]
** [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Family Rosary of Fátima]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Belgaum|Diocese of Belgaum]]
** [[St. Antony's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bellary|Diocese of Bellary]]
** [[St Joseph's Cathedral, Chikmagalur|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chikmagalur|Diocese of Chikmagalur]]
** [[Cathedral of Mother Mary of Divine Grace]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gulbarga|Diocese of Gulbarga]]
** [[Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Karwar|Diocese of Karwar]]
** [[Our Lady of Rosary of Mangalore]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]]
** [[St. Philomena's Church, Mysore|Cathedral of St. Joseph and St. Philomena]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore|Diocese of Mysore]]
** [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Shimoga|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shimoga|Diocese of Shimoga]]
** [[Milagres Church (Kallianpur)|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Miracles]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi|Diocese of Udupi]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Bhopal====
*[[St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral, Bhopal|St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Archdiocese of Bhopal]]
** [[Cathedral of St John the Baptist, Gwalior|Cathedral of St. John the Baptist]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gwalior|Diocese of Gwalior]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Francis Assisi, Indore|St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Indore|Diocese of Indore]]
** [[Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Jabalpur|Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jabalpur|Diocese of Jabalpur]]
** [[Cathedral of the Annunciation, Jhabua|Cathedral of the Annunciation]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jhabua|Diocese of Jhabua]]
** [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Khandwa|St. Mary's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khandwa|Diocese of Khandwa]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Bombay====
*[[Cathedral of the Holy Name, Mumbai|Cathedral of the Holy Name]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Anne]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nashik|Diocese of Nashik]]
** [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Poona|St Patrick's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona|Diocese of Poona]]
** [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Grace]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vasai|Diocese of Vasai]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Calcutta====
* [[Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Archdiocese of Calcutta]]
** [[Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Asansol|Cathedral of the Sacred Heart]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Asansol|Diocese of Asansol]]
** [[Cathedral of the Good Shepherd, Bagdogra|Cathedral of the Good Shepherd]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bagdogra|Diocese of Bagdogra]]
** [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and St. Teresa of Calcutta, Baruipur|Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and St. Teresa of Calcutta]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baruipur|Diocese of Baruipur]]
** [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Darjeeling|Immaculate Conception Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling|Diocese of Darjeeling]]
** [[Christ Redeemer Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalpaiguri|Diocese of Jalpaiguri]]
** [[Cathedral of the Holy Redeemer, Krishnagar|Cathedral of the Holy Redeemer]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar|Diocese of Krishnagar]]
** [[St. Joseph the Worker Cathedral, Raiganj|St. Joseph the Worker Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raiganj|Diocese of Raiganj]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Calicut====
* [[Mother of God Cathedral, Kozhikode|Mother of God Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calicut|Archdiocese of Calicut]]
** [[Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Kannur|Cathedral of the Holy Trinity]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kannur|Diocese of Kannur]]
** [[San Sebastian Cathedral, Sultanpet|San Sebastian Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sultanpet|Diocese of Sultanpet]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar====
*[[Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary, Cuttack|Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary]] in [[Cuttack]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar|Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar]]
**[[St. Vincent De Paul Pro-Cathedral, Bhubaneswar|St. Vincent De Paul Pro-Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar|Archdiocese of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar]]
** [[Christ the King Cathedral, Balasore|Christ the King Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Balasore|Diocese of Balasore]]
** [[Queen of the Missions Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Berhampur|Diocese of Berhampur]]
** [[Queen of the Mission Cathedral, Rayagada|Queen of the Mission Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rayagada|Diocese of Rayagada]]
** [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Rourkela|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rourkela|Diocese of Rourkela]]
** [[St. Joseph the Worker Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sambalpur|Diocese of Sambalpur]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Delhi====
*[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Archdiocese of Delhi]]
** [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Jammu|St. Mary's Cathedral]] in [[Jammu Cantonment]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar|Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar]]
** [[Holy Family Catholic Church (Srinagar)]], former cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar|Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar]]
** [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Jalandhar|St. Mary's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar|Diocese of Jalandhar]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Joseph]] in [[Shimla]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh|Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh]]
** [[Christ the King Co-Cathedral]] in [[Chandigarh]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh|Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Gandhinagar====
*[[Premavatar Isu Mandir]], cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gandhinagar|Archdiocese of Gandhinagar]]
** [[Mount Carmel Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahmedabad|Diocese of Ahmedabad]]
** [[Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral, Baroda|Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baroda|Diocese of Baroda]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Goa and Daman====
*[[Se Cathedral]] of the [[Archdiocese of Goa|Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]
**[[Cathedral of Bom Jesus, Daman]] in [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] former cathedral of the Diocese of Daman, now in the [[Archdiocese of Goa|Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]
** [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Miracles]] in [[Sawantwadi]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sindhudurg|Diocese of Sindhudurg]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Guwahati====
*[[Christ the Bearer of Good News Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Archdiocese of Guwahati]]
**[[St. Joseph's Co-Cathedral, Guwahati|St. Joseph's Co-Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Archdiocese of Guwahati]]
** [[Christ, Light of the World Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bongaigaon|Diocese of Bongaigaon]]
** [[Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Dibrugarh|Cathedral of the Sacred Heart]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dibrugarh|Diocese of Dibrugarh]]
** [[Cathedral of the Risen Christ]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Diphu|Diocese of Diphu]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Joseph, Itanagar|Cathedral of St. Joseph]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Itanagar|Diocese of Itanagar]]
** [[Cathedral of Christ the Light]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Miao|Diocese of Miao]]
** [[Cathedral of St. John Bosco]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tezpur|Diocese of Tezpur]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Hyderabad====
* [[St Joseph's Cathedral, Hyderabad]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Archdiocese of Hyderabad]]
** [[Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption, Secunderabad]], former cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Archdiocese of Hyderabad]]
** [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Cuddapah|St. Mary's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuddapah|Diocese of Cuddapah]]
** [[Divine Mercy Cathedral, Khammam|Divine Mercy Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khammam|Diocese of Khammam]]
** [[St. Joseph's Co-cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khammam|Diocese of Khammam]]
** [[Our Lady of Lourdes Cathedral, Kurnool|Our Lady of Lourdes Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kurnool|Diocese of Kurnool]]
** [[St. Teresa's Co-Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kurnool|Diocese of Kurnool]]
** [[Mariarani Cathedral]] (Mary Queen of the Apostles Cathedral) of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nalgonda|Diocese of Nalgonda]]
** [[Our Lady of Fátima Cathedral]] in [[Hanamakonda]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Warangal|Diocese of Warangal]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Imphal====
*[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Imphal|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal|Archdiocese of Imphal]]
** [[Mary Help of Christians Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kohima|Diocese of Kohima]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Madras and Mylapore====
*[[San Thome Basilica]], cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]]
**[[St Mary's Co-Cathedral|St. Mary of the Angels Co-Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Joseph, Chingleput|Cathedral of St. Joseph]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chingleput|Diocese of Chingleput]]
** [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Coimbatore|St. Michael's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Coimbatore|Diocese of Coimbatore]]
** [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Ooty|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ootacamund|Diocese of Ootacamund]]
** [[Assumption Cathedral, Vellore|Assumption Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vellore|Diocese of Vellore]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Madurai====
*[[Cathedral of Our Lady of Dolours, Madurai|Cathedral of Our Lady of Dolours]] (St.Mary's Cathedral) of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai|Archdiocese of Madurai]]
** [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Dindigul|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dindigul|Diocese of Dindigul]]
** [[St. Xavier's Church, Kottar]]( St. Xavier Cathedral) of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottar|Diocese of Kottar]]
** [[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Thirithuvapuram]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kuzhithurai|Diocese of Kuzhithurai]]
** [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Palayamkottai|St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Palayamkottai|Diocese of Palayamkottai]]
** [[Our lady of Ransom Cathedral]](Alangara Annai Cathedral) of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sivagangai|Diocese of Sivagangai]]
** [[St.Mary's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli|Diocese of Tiruchirapalli]]
** [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Tuticorin|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuticorin|Diocese of Tuticorin]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Nagpur====
*[[St. Francis de Sales Cathedral, Nagpur|St. Francis de Sales Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nagpur|Archdiocese of Nagpur]]
** [[St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Amravati|St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amravati|Diocese of Amravati]]
** [[St. Francis de Sales Cathedral (Aurangabad, Maharashtra)|St. Francis de Sales Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aurangabad|Diocese of Aurangabad]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Patna====
*[[Queen of Apostles Cathedral, Patna|Queen of Apostles Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Archdiocese of Patna]]
**[[St. Joseph's Pro-Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Archdiocese of Patna]]
** [[Padri Ki Haveli]] former cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Archdiocese of Patna]]
** [[Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Bettiah|Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bettiah|Diocese of Bettiah]]
** [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Bhagalpur|Immaculate Conception Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bhagalpur|Diocese of Bhagalpur]]
** [[Cathedral of Mary Mother of Perpetual Help]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Buxar|Diocese of Buxar]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Francis Assisi]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Muzaffarpur|Diocese of Muzaffarpur]]
** [[St. Peter's Cathedral, Purnea|St. Peter's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Purnea|Diocese of Purnea]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Pondicherry and Cuddalore====
*[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
**[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Dharmapuri|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Diocese of Dharmapuri]]
**[[Our lady of Ransom Cathedral]] ( [[St.Mary's Cathedral ]]) of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam|Diocese of Kumbakonam]]
**[[Infant Jesus Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Diocese of Salem]]
**[[St. Mary's Co-Cathedral]] in [[Shevapet]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Diocese of Salem]]
**[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Tanjore|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore|Diocese of Tanjore]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Raipur====
*[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Raipur|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Raipur|Archdiocese of Raipur]]
** [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Mother of God]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ambikapur|Diocese of Ambikapur]]
** [[Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral, Jashpur|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary]] in [[Kunkuri]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jashpur|Diocese of Jashpur]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Michael, Raigarh|Cathedral of St. Michael]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raigarh|Diocese of Raigarh]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Ranchi====
*[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Ranchi|St Mary's Immaculate Conception Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Archdiocese of Ranchi]]
** [[Shanti ki Maharani Church]], cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Daltonganj|Diocese of Daltonganj]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Paul, Dumka|Cathedral of St. Paul]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dumka|Diocese of Dumka]]
** [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, Gumla|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gumla|Diocese of Gumla]]
** [[Cathedral of the Resurrection, Hazaribag|Cathedral of the Resurrection]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hazaribag|Diocese of Hazaribag]]
** [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Jamshedpur|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jamshedpur|Diocese of Jamshedpur]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Michael, Khunti|Cathedral of St. Michael]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Khunti|Diocese of Khunti]]
** [[Stella Maris Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Port Blair|Diocese of Port Blair]]
** [[St. Anne Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Simdega|Diocese of Simdega]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Shillong====
*[[Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Archdiocese of Shillong]]
**[[St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Agartala|Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Agartala|Diocese of Agartala]]
**[[Church of Shantir Rani]], former cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Agartala|Diocese of Agartala]]
** [[Christ the King Cathedral, Aizawl|Christ the King Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aizawl|Diocese of Aizawl]]
** [[Holy Cross Church, Silchar|Church of the Holy Cross]], former cathedral of the Diocese of Silchar, now in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aizawl|Diocese of Aizawl]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Theresa of Lisieux]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jowai|Diocese of Jowai]]
** [[Cathedral of St. Peter the Apostle, Nongstoin|Cathedral of St. Peter the Apostle]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nongstoin|Diocese of Nongstoin]]
** [[Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tura|Diocese of Tura]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Thiruvananthapuram====
* [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Trivandrum|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum|Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram]]
** [[Mount Carmel Cathedral]] in [[Alappuzha]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey|Diocese of Alleppey]]
** [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Neyyattinkara|Immaculate Conception Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Neyyattinkara|Diocese of Neyyattinkara]]
** [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Punalur]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Punalur|Diocese of Punalur]]
** [[Infant Jesus Cathedral]] in [[Tangasseri]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Diocese of Quilon]]
** [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pullichira|Immaculate Conception Cathedral]] in [[Pullichira]], former cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Diocese of Quilon]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Verapoly====
* [[St. Francis Assisi Cathedral, Ernakulam]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archdiocese of Verapoly]]
**[[Varapuzha Basilica]], former cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archdiocese of Verapoly]]
** [[Santa Cruz Basilica]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin|Diocese of Cochin]]
** [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Kodungallur|St. Michael's Cathedral]] in [[Kodungallur|Kodungallur (Cranganore)]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram|Diocese of Kottapuram]]
** [[Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral]] in [[Kottayam]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vijayapuram|Diocese of Vijayapuram]]

====Ecclesiastical Province of Visakhapatnam====
*[[St. Peter's Cathedral, Vishakapatnam|St. Peter's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam]]
** [[St. Anne's Co-Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam]]
** [[Amalodbhavi Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Eluru|Diocese of Eluru]]
** [[Bala Yesu Cathedral]] in [[Phirangipuram]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Guntur|Diocese of Guntur]]
** [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Nellore|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nellore|Diocese of Nellore]]
** [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Mercy]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Srikakulam|Diocese of Srikakulam]]
** [[St. Paul's Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vijayawada|Diocese of Vijayawada]]
** [[St. Peter's Co-Cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vijayawada|Diocese of Vijayawada]]

===Syro-Malabar Ecclesiastical Provinces===

====Province of Eranakulam - Angamaly====
*[[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam| St. Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral Basilica]] of the [[Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly]]
**[[Mar Hormizd Syro-Malabar Church, Angamaly|Mar Hormizd Co-Cathedral]] of the [[Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly]]
**St. George's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Idukki]]
**St. George's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Kothamangalam]]

====Province of Changanassery====
* [[St Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral]] of the [[Archeparchy of Changanacherry]]
** St. Dominic's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Kanjirappally]]
** [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Pala|St. Thomas' Cathedral]] of the [[Eparchy of Palai]]
** St. Joseph's Cathedral, Soosaipuram (under construction)<ref>{{cite web |title=St.Joseph's Cathedral foundation Stone |url=https://www.thuckalaydiocese.org/news_details?newsid=c1R5OWNPMVdGUjRPSW1SYmYrbEo1dz09 |website=www.thuckalaydiocese.org |access-date=26 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> of the [[Eparchy of Thuckalay]]

====Province of Faridabad====
* Kristuraja Metropolitan Cathedral of the [[Archeparchy of Faridabad]]
** St Joseph's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Bijnor]]
** St. Joseph's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Gorakhpur]]

====Province of Kalyan====
* St. Thomas' Metropolitan Cathedral of the [[Archeparchy of Kalyan]]
** St. Thomas' Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Chanda]]
** [[Sacred Heart Syro-Malabar Cathedral, Rajkot|Cathedral of the Sacred Heart (Prem Mandir)]] of the [[Eparchy of Rajkot]]

====Province of Shamshabad====
* St. Alphonsa's Metropolitan Cathedral of the [[Archeparchy of Shamshabad]]
** Cathedral of the Holy Family of the [[Eparchy of Adilabad]]

====Province of Tellicherry====
* St. Joseph's Metropolitan Cathedral of the [[Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]
** St. Lawrence's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Belthangady]]
** Cathedral of the Little Flower of the [[Eparchy of Bhadravathi]]
** St Joseph's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Mananthavady]]
** Cathedral of the Infant Jesus of the [[Eparchy of Mandya]]
** Mary Matha Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Thamarassery]]

====Province of Thrissur====
* [[Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of Lourdes]] of the [[Archeparchy of Thrissur]]
** St. Antony's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Hosur]]
** [[St Thomas Cathedral & Bishop House|St Thomas Cathedral]] of the [[Eparchy of Irinjalakuda]]
*** St. Mary's Forane Church, Puthenchira, former cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Irinjalakuda]]
** [[St. Raphael's Cathedral, Palakkad|St Raphael's Cathedral]] of the [[Eparchy of Palghat]]
** Cathedral of the Holy Trinity of the [[Eparchy of Ramanathapuram]]

====Province of Ujjain====
* St. Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral of the [[Archeparchy of Ujjain]]
** St. Joseph's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Jagdalpur]]
** St. Theresa's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Sagar]]
** St. Vincent's Cathedral of the [[Eparchy of Satna]]

====Archdiocese of Kottayam====
* Cathedral of Christ the King of the [[Archeparchy of Kottayam]]
** St. George's Forane Church, Edacatt, former cathedral of the [[Archeparchy of Kottayam]]

===Syro-Malankara Ecclesiastical Provinces===

====Province of Trivandrum====
*[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Trivandrum]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Syro-Malankara Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum]]
**[[St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica]], former cathedral of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Syro-Malankara Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum]]
**[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Khadki|St. Mary's Cathedral]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. Ephrem of Khadki]]
**[[Christuraja Cathedral, Marthandom|Christuraja Cathedral]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Marthandom|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Marthandom]]
**[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Mavelikara|St. Mary's Cathedral]] of the [[Diocese of Mavelikara|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Mavelikara]]
**[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Parassala|St. Mary's Cathedral]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Parassala|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Parassala]]
**[[St. Peter's Cathedral, Pathanamthitta|St. Peter's Cathedral]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Pathanamthitta]]

====Province of Tiruvalla====
*[[St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla|St. John's Cathedral]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Archdiocese of Tiruvalla]]
**[[St. Joseph Cathedral, Muvattupuzha|St. Joseph's Cathedral]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Muvattupuzha|Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Muvattupuzha]]
**[[St. Thomas Cathedral, Sultan Bathery|St. Thomas Cathedral]] in [[Sulthan Bathery]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Diocese of Bathery]]
**[[St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral, Noojibalthila]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Eparchy of Puthur]]

====Directly under the Holy See====
*[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Neb Sarai|St. Mary's Cathedral]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of St. John Chrysostom of Gurgaon]]
=== Gallery ===
<gallery>
File:Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral.jpg|Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral in [[Alapuzha]]
File:Sacred_Heart_Church_Asansol.jpg|Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in [[Asansol]]
File:Bishop church 3.jpg|Cathedral of St. Alphonsus de Ligouri in [[Bareilly]]
File:Baruipur, Roman Catholic Cathedral.JPG|Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and St. Teresa of Calcutta in [[Baruipur]]
File:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Family Rosary of Fatima.jpg|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Family Rosary of Fátima in [[Belgaum]]
File:ST. LAWRENCE CATHEDRAL CHURCH, BELTHANGADY.jpg|St. Lawrence Cathedral in [[Belthangady]]
File:Bettiah Catholic Church.jpg|Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in [[Bettiah]]
File:St.Joseph's Cathedral, Chingelpet.jpg|St. Joseph's Cathedral in [[Chingleput]]
File:Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Darjeeling.jpg|Immaculate Conception Cathedral in [[Darjeeling]]
File:Gumla - Cathédrale Saint-Patrick - 7.jpg|St. Patrick's cathedral in [[Gumla]]
File:Cathedral ijk.jpg|[[St Thomas Cathedral & Bishop House|St. Thomas Cathedral]] in [[Irinjalakuda]]
File:Jaipur - Cathédrale Notre-Dame de l'Annonciation - 2.jpg|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation in [[Jaipur]]
File:St. Mary's Cathedral, Jalandhar 2.jpg|[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Jalandhar|St. Mary's Cathedral]] in [[Jalandhar]]
File:7357 - Jamshedpur -.jpg|St. Joseph's Cathedral in [[Jamshedpur]]
File:Khunti, Cathedral Saint-Michael.JPG|Cathedral of St. Michael in [[Khunti]]
File:KOHIMA CATHEDRAL.jpg|[[Mary Help of Christians Cathedral]] in [[Kohima]]
File:Church, Kotdwar 12.jpg|St. Joseph's Cathedral in [[Kotdwar]]
File:Kottappuram Cathedral Church, കോട്ടപ്പുറം ലത്തീൻ രൂപത പള്ളി, St. Micheal's Cathedral.JPG|St. Michael's Cathedral in [[Kottappuram, Thrissur]]
File:St. Xavier's Church, Kottar.JPG|[[St. Xavier's Church, Kottar|St. Xavier's Cathedral]] in [[Kottar]]
File:Krishnanagar Church or Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnanagar in Nadia district 05.jpg|Cathedral of the Holy Redeemer in [[Krishnagar]]
File:CathedralSchoolLucknow.jpg|St. Joseph's Cathedral in [[Lucknow]]
File:Our Lady of Rosary of Mangalore.jpg|[[Our Lady of Rosary of Mangalore|Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral]] in [[Mangalore]]
File:Philomena Church Mysore.JPG|[[St. Philomena's Church, Mysore|St. Philomena's Cathedral]] in [[Mysore]]
File:Mariarani Cathedral Nalgonda.jpg|Mariarani Cathedral in [[Nalgonda]]
File:Cathedral of St. Anne, Nashik.jpg|Cathedral of St. Anne in [[Nashik]]

File:Front Right Sacred Heart Ooty Mar25 A7CR 05516-Pano-Edit.jpg|Sacred Hear Cathedral in [[Ooty]]
File:St. Thomas Cathedral, Pala.jpg|[[St. Thomas Cathedral, Pala|St. Thomas Cathedral]] in [[Palai|Pala]]
File:St. Patrick's Cathedral, Poona.JPG|[[St Patrick's Cathedral, Poona|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] in [[Poona]]
File:St Mary's Cathedral Punalur.jpg|[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Punalur|St. Mary's Cathedral]] in [[Punalur]]
File:Raiganj Church.jpg|[[St. Joseph the Worker Cathedral, Raiganj|St. Joseph the Worker Cathedral]] in [[Raiganj]]
File:Prem Mandir.jpg|[[Sacred Heart Syro-Malabar Cathedral, Rajkot|Prem Mandir]], cathedral of [[Rajkot]]
File:Infant Jesus Cathedral, Salem 2.jpg|Infant Jesus Cathedral in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
File:Sacred Heart Church, Shimoga.jpg|Sacred Heart Cathedral in [[Shimoga]]
File:St Anne Cathedral Simdega.jpg|St. Anne Cathedral in [[Simdega]]
File:Alangara Annai Cathedral 1.jpg|Alangara Annai Cathedral in [[Sivagangai]]
File:Kollam neue Kathedrale.JPG|Infant Jesus Cathedral in [[Tangasseri]]
File:St Mary's Church - Trichy.jpg|St. Mary's Cathedral in [[Tiruchirapalli]]
File:Sacred Heart Cathedral Tuticorin.jpg|Sacred Heart Cathedral in [[Tuticorin]]
File:Saint Mary's Cathedral in Varanasi-1.jpg|St. Mary's Cathedral in [[Varanasi]]
File:Vasai, Catholic Cathedral Our Lady of Graces.JPG|Cathedral Our Lady of Graces in [[Vasai]]
File:Assumption Cathedral, Vellore 1.jpg|Assumption Cathedral in [[Vellore]]
File:St.Pauls_Cathedral,_Vijayawada.png|St. Paul's Cathedral in [[Vijayawada]]
</gallery>

==Anglican==
[[File:Medak Cathedral (1).jpg|right|thumb|130px|[[Medak Cathedral]] in [[Medak]]]]
[[File:Allsaintcathedral ald.jpg|right|130px|thumb|[[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad]]]]
[[File:St Paul's Cathedral.jpg|thumb|130px|[[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]] in [[Calcutta]]]]
[[File:Cathedral Church of the Redemption - New Delhi.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Cathedral Church of the Redemption]] in [[New Delhi]]]]
[[File:Ephiphany Cathedral Dornakal Diocese, Dornakal.jpg|thumb|130px|Epiphany Cathedral, [[Dornakal]]]]

===Church of South India===
Cathedrals of the [[Church of South India]]:
* [[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai|St. George's Cathedral]] in [[Chennai]]
* [[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Palayamkottai|Holy Trinity Cathedral]] in [[Tirunelveli]]
* [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Cathedral]] in [[Bangalore]]
* Shanthi Cathedral in [[Mangalore]]
* Holy Trinity Cathedral Church in [[Kottayam]]
* Christ Cathedral Church in [[Melukavu]]
* CSI Cathedral Church in Calicut
* [[Mateer Memorial Church|CSI Cathedral Church]], LMS compound in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* Epiphany Cathedral in [[Dornakal]]
* Holy Cross Cathedral in [[Nandyal]]
* Wesley Cathedral in [[Karimnagar]]
* [[Medak Cathedral]] in [[Medak]]
* St. Andrew's Cathedral in [[Machilipatnam]]
* St. John's Cathedral in [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu|Nazareth]]
* CSI Immanuel Cathedral in [[Kochi, Kerala]]

===Church of North India===
Cathedrals of the [[Church of North India]]:
* St. George's Cathedral in [[Sadar Bazaar, Agra]]
* St. Thomas Cathedral in [[Car Nicobar]]
* Christ Church Cathedral in [[Jabalpur]]
* [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta|St. Paul's Cathedral]] in [[Kolkata]]
* [[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad|All Saints Cathedral]] in [[Allahabad]]
* All Saints Cathedral in [[Nagpur]]
* St. Saviour Cathedral in [[Ahmednagar]]
* St. Paul's Cathedral in [[Ranchi]]
* All Saints Cathedral in [[Shillong]]
* Christ Church Cathedral in [[Bhagalpur]]
* Christ Church Cathedral in [[Amritsar]]
* [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai|St. Thomas Cathedral]] in [[Bombay]]
* [[Cathedral Church of the Redemption]] in [[New Delhi]]
* St. Bartholomew Cathedral in [[Barrackpore]]
* St. Andrew's Cathedral in [[Darjeeling]]
* St. Paul's Cathedral in [[Poona]]

==Oriental Orthodox==

=== Jacobite Syrian Christian Church ===
Cathedrals of the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]:

* St. Athanasiaus Cathedral, [[Puthencruz]], Kerala

==== [[Angamaly Jacobite Orthodox Diocese|Angamaly Diocese]] ====
* Mount Sinai Mar Baselios Catholicate Cathedral, [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]], Cathedral of the [[Angamaly Jacobite Orthodox Diocese|Metropolitan of Angamaly Diocese]] (Diocese Headquarters)
* [[St. Mary's Jacobite Soonoro Cathedral, Angamaly|St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Sonooro Cathedral]], [[Angamaly]], Kerala, Cathedral of the Bishop of [[Angamaly]] Region
* Mor Saboor and Mor Afroth Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, [[Akaparambu]], Kerala,
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Morakkala, Pallikkara, Kerala, Cathedral of Pallikkara Region
* Bethel Sulokho Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, [[Perumbavoor]], Kerala
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, [[Kuruppampady]], Cathedral of the bishop of Perumbavoor Region
* St. Thomas Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, [[Mazhuvannoor]],
* [[Kothamangalam Valiya pally|Matha Mariyam Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Valiyapally]], [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]], Kerala, Cathedral of the [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Diocese of Angamaly|Bishop of Kothamangalam Region]]
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, [[Karakkunnam]], Kerala, Cathedral of the Bishop of [[Muvattupuzha]] Region
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Nercha Cathedral, [[Rakkad]], Kerala
* St. George Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, [[Adimali]], [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Diocese of Angamaly|Cathedral of the bishop of Highrange Region]]

==== Kandanad Diocese ====
* St. George Cathedral, Kadakkanad (Diocesan Headquarters), Cathedral of the metropolitan of Kandanad.
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, [[Kandanad]], Kerala, Mother Parish of the diocese Kandanad Region)
* [[Rajadhiraja St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Piravom|St. Mary's Rajadhiraja Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Piravom, Kerala]] one of the oldest Christian church in the world
* St. Peter's & St. Paul's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Neeramukal

==== Kochi Diocese ====
* Kyomtha Cathedral, Thiruvamkulam (Diocese Headquarters), Cathedral of the Metropolitan of Kochi
* [[Mulanthuruthy Marthoman Church|Mar Thoma Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Mulanthuruthy, Kerala]]
* [[Karingachira Church|St. George Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Karingachira, Kerala]].

==== Kottayam, Idukki Dioceses ====
* St. Joseph Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Kottayam. Cathedral of the metropolitan of Kottayam
* [[Manarcad Church|Martha Mariyam Cathedral, Manarcad, Kerala]] of Manarcad Region
* St George Cathedral, Kattapana

==== Simhasa Churches ====
* St. Mary's Sonoro Cathedral, [[Elamkulam, Kochi|Elamkulam]], Kerala of [[Ernakulam]] Region
* St. Peter's Jacobite Syrian Simhasana Cathedral, Thiruvananthapuram of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Region
* Mor Ignatius Cathedral, Manjinikkara of Manjinikkara Region
* St. Ignatius Cathedral, Puthenangady of Kottayam Region

==== Knanaya Diocese ====
* [[Knanaya]] St. Johns Cathedral, [[Chingavanam]], Kerala. Cathedral of the Archbishop of the Knanaya Archdiocese

==== North Kerala (Malabar, Kozhikode and Thrissur) ====
* St. Peter's & St. Paul's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, [[Meenangadi]], Cathedral of the Metropolitan of Malabar
* St. George Jacobite Syrian Patriarchal Cathedral [[Pulpally]]
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral [[Calicut]].Cathedral of the bishop of Calicut

==== South Kerala (Niranam, Thumbamon and Kollam) ====
* [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Kundara]] (traditional Parish)
* St. George Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Kavumbhagam, Kerala ([[Niranam Diocese (Syriac Orthodox Church)|Niranam Diocese]], Diocese Headquarters Cathedral of the Metropolitan of Niranam
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, [[Pathanamthitta]] (Thumbamon Diocean Headquarters) Cathedral of the metropolitan of Thumbamon
* St. Thomas Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Manthalir
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Cathedral, Vallikodu Kottayam, Pathanamthitta (Thumpamon Diocese)

==== Outside Kerala (Bangalore, Delhi, Mylapore, Mangalore, Mumbai) ====
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Bangalore
* St. Peter's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, New Delhi
* St. Gregorios Jacobite Cathedral, Mettuguda, Hyderabad
* St. Antony's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Jeppu, Mangalore, Karnataka

==== Evangelical Association ====
*St. George Jacobite Cathedral, Pulpally

===Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church===
Cathedrals of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]:

==== In Kerala ====
* Kadeesa Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kayamkulam]], Kerala of Mavelikkara diocese
* Mar Elia Cathedral, [[Kottayam]], Kerala of Kottayam Central Diocese
* St. George Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kunnakurady]], Kerala of Angamaly Diocese
* St. George Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kozhikode]], Kerala of Malabar Diocese
* St. George Orthodox Cathedral, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala of Trivandrum diocese
* St. Ignatius Orthodox Cathedral, [[Chengannur]], Kerala of Chengannur diocese
* St. Ignatius Orthodox Cathedral, [[Thrissur]], Kerala of Thrissur diocese
* St. Ignatious Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kaipatoor]], Kerala of Thumpamon diocese
* St. John's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Pampady]], Kerala of Kottayan diocese
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Mulakulam]], Kerala of Kandanad West diocese
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kandanad]], Kerala of Kandanad West diocese
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Puthencavu]], of Chengannur diocese, Kerala
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Puthiyakavu]], Kerala of Mavelikkara diocese
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Niranam]], Kerala of Niranam diocese
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Sulthanbathery]], Kerala of Sultan Bathery diocese
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Thumpamon]], Kerala of Thumpamon diocese
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Ernakulam]], Kerala of Kochi diocese
* [[St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Pazhanji]], Kerala of Kunnamkulam diocese
* [[St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Arthat]], Kerala of Kunnamkulam Diocese
* St. Stephens Orthodox Cathedral,[(Makkamkunnu, Pathanamthitta)], Kerala, Thumpamon Diocese
* St. Stephen's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kudassanad]], Kerala of Chengannur diocese
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kadampanad]], Kerala of Adoor-Kadampanad diocese
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kannamkode, Adoor]], Kerala of Adoor-Kadampanad diocese
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kungiripetty]], Kerala of Idukki diocese
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kollam]], Kerala of Kollam Diocese
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, [[Karthikappally]], Kerala of Mavelikkara diocese
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, [[Muvattupuzha]], Kerala of Kandanad East diocese
* [[St Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Thottomon, Ranny|St Thomas Orthodox Cathedral]], [[Thottomon]], [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranny]], [[Kerala]] of Nilackal diocese

==== Outside Kerala ====
* St. Antony's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral [[Brahmavar]], [[Karnataka]]
* St. Gregorios Orthodox Cathedral, [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
* Mar Gregorios Cathedral, [[Bhilai]], Chhattisgarh
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, [[Broadway, Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
* St. George Orthodox Cathedral, [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Dadar]], Maharashtra
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Brahmavar]], Karnataka
* [[St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral Hauz Khas|St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral]], [[Hauz Khas]], [[Delhi]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]]
* St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* St. Gregorios Orthodox Cathedral, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh

==See also==
*[[List of cathedrals]]
*[[Christianity in India]]
*[[List of Catholic dioceses in India]]
*[[List of Catholic bishops of India]]
*[[List of basilicas in India]]
*[[Territories of Catholic dioceses in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Cathedrals in India}}
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/data/cathIN.htm List of Cathedrals in India] by Giga-Catholic Information
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/ChurchesofIndia Churches of India], YouTube channel with montages of photos of cathedrals and churches in India
{{Asia topic|List of cathedrals in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Cathedrals In India}}
[[Category:Cathedrals in India| *]]
[[Category:Lists of cathedrals in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Lists of churches in India|Cathedrals]]

Manipur Official Language Act, 1979

2026-03-25T18:16:16Z

EliseMacnaghten: put up initial article initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Short description|Act of making Meitei as an official language}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{About|an act that made [[Meitei language]] the official language of [[Manipur state]]|the act that made the same language to be an officially recognised [[scheduled language]] of the [[Republic of India]]|Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|the act that legalize Meitei as the [[national language]] of the erstwhile sovereign [[Manipur Kingdom]]|Manipur State Constitution Act 1947}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯡꯒ꯭ꯋꯦꯖ ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ꯠ}}|}})
|legislature = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] 
|image = Meitei language (alias Manipuri language) is the official language of the Government of Manipur.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_upright =
|imagealt =
|caption = [[Emblem of Manipur]] and the [[endonym]] of [[Meiteilon]], an official language of the state, written in [[Meetei Mayek script]] and [[Bengali script]], the official concurrent writing systems of the [[Government of Manipur]]
|long_title = Manipur Official Language Act, 1979
|citation =
|territorial_extent = [[Manipur]]
|considered_by = [[Government of Manipur]] 
|enacted_by = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] 
|date_enacted = 27 October 1979 
|date_passed = 27 October 1979 
|considered_by2 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] 
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|date_amendments_considered = 10 March 2021 
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|amends = 
|amended_by = Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 
|related_legislation = 
|summary = an act to declare the [[official language]] of the [[State of Manipur]]
|keywords =
|status = current 
}}

The '''Manipur Official Language Act, 1979''' (Act 14 of 1979) ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯡꯒ꯭ꯋꯦꯖ ꯑꯦꯛ꯭ꯠ}}|}}) is an [[act (document)]] that declares the [[official language]] of the [[State of Manipur]]. It was passed by the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]], approved by the [[Governor of Manipur]]. It makes [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]) as the official language of the [[Government of Manipur]]. It was initially enacted in 1979 but later amended in 2021, to replace [[Bengali script]]'s sole usage by the concurrent usage of both [[Meitei script]] (officially known as [[Meetei Mayek]]) and Bengali script, for writing the Meitei language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maisnamba |first=B. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9coEQAAQBAJ&dq=manipur+official+language+act&pg=PA243 |title=KHORIROL AKHOMBA |date=2024-10-10 |publisher=BM Maisnamba |pages=243 |language=mni}}</ref>

== Act enabled in 1979 ==
The Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 (Manipur Act 14 of 1979) was enabled by the [[Government of Manipur]] on 27 October 1979.<ref name=":indiacode_1979">{{Cite web |title=The Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/13438?}}</ref><ref name=":PRSIndia_1979">{{Cite web |title=The Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 Act No. 14 of 1979 Keywords |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/manipur/1979/Manipur%20Act%2014%20of%201979.pdf |website=PRSIndia}}</ref> It stated the following:
{{Quote|WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for the adoption of

[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]] as the language to be used for the official purposes of the [[State of Manipur]].

BE it enacted by the Legislature of Manipur in the Thirtieth Year of the [[Republic of India]] as follows:

1. (1) This Act may be called the Manipur Official Language 1979.

(2) It extends to the whole of Manipur.

(3) It shall come into force on such date as the State Government may, by notification appoint and different dates may be appointed for different official purposes of Manipur.<ref name=":indiacode_1979" /><ref name=":PRSIndia_1979" />}}

=== Official definition of "Manipuri" ===
The clause (f) of the section 2 of the Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 (Manipur Act 14 Of 1979) defines the meaning of [[Manipuri language]] as follows:<ref name=":indiacode_1979" /><ref name=":PRSIndia_1979" />
{{Quote|“[[Manipuri Language]]” means [[Meiteilon]] written in [[Bengali Script]] and spoken by the majority of Manipur population.<ref name=":indiacode_1979" /><ref name=":PRSIndia_1979" />}}

=== Official language of the state ===
The section 3 of The Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 (Manipur Act 14 Of 1979) explains the official language status of the state as follows:<ref name=":indiacode_1979" /><ref name=":PRSIndia_1979" />
{{Quote|3. (1) Subject to the provision of section 7, [[Manipuri language]] shall, on and from the commencement of this Act, be the language used in respect of all or any of the official purposes of the State.

(2) The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the State shall be the international form of [[Indian numerals]].

(3) Notwithstanding anything in sub-section (1) for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Act the English Language shall continue to be used, for all the official purposes of the State Government, at the level of the Secretariat and such other Offices as may be specified from time to time in the official gazette, for which it was being used immediately before such commencement:

Provided that the Governor may, during the said period, by, order authorise the use of the Manipuri language in addition to the English language.<ref name=":indiacode_1979" /><ref name=":PRSIndia_1979" />}}

== Amendment in 2021 ==
The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 (Manipur Act No. 7 of 2021) received permission from the [[Governor of Manipur]] on 25 February 2021. Afterwards, it was published in the Official Gazette of the [[Government of Manipur]] on 10 March 2021.<ref name=":manipurgovtpress_2021">{{Cite web |title=The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 (Manipur Act No. 7 Of 2021) |url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |website=[[Government of Manipur]]}}</ref>

The act states the following:

{{boxquote|BE it enacted by the Legislature of Manipur in the Seventy-second Year of the [[Republic of India]] as follows:-

1. (1) This Act may be called the Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021.

(2) It shall come into force with effect from the date of its publication in the Official Gazette of Manipur.

2. In section 2 of the Manipur Official Language Act, 1979, for clause (f), the following shall be substituted, namely,-

"[[Manipuri Language]]" means [[Meeteilon]] written in [[Meetei Mayek]] and spoken by the majority of Manipur population:

Provided that the concurrent use of [[Bengali Script]] and Meetei Mayek shall be allowed in addition to English language, for a period upto 10(ten) years from the date of commencement of this Act.<ref name=":manipurgovtpress_2021" />}}

== Causes of amendment ==
As a part of the [[Meitei script movement]], a group named [[Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup]] ([[MEELAL]]) pressurized the [[government of Manipur]] to make Meitei script an [[official writing system]] for the state's official language, [[Meitei language]], in place of the [[Bengali script]], demanding that the legal wording, "written in Bengali Script" in the Manipur Official Language Act, 1979, should be corrected and replaced with "written in Meetei Mayek script".<ref>{{Cite web|title=MEELAL's 16th foundation day: Indigenous script belongs to all communities: MEELAL|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/8/18/IMPHAL-Aug-18-MEELAL-Meetei-Erol-Eyek-Loinasillol-Apunba-Lup-observed-its-16th-foundation-day-at-GM-Hall-Imphal-Sunday-.html|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MEELAL's 16th foundation day : Indigenous script belongs to all communities: MEELAL : 19th aug19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..190819.aug19|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Related pages ==
{{Portal bar|Asia|History|India|Language|Politics|Writing}}
* [[Languages with legal status in India]]
* [[Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation]]
* [[Meitei language movement]]
** [[Meitei linguistic purism movement]]
** [[Meitei classical language movement]]
** [[Meitei associate official language movement]]
* [[Meitei language festival]]
* [[Meitei language day]]
* [[Meitei poetry day]]
* [[Meitei script movement]]
** [[Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
== Other websites ==
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Meitei script]]
[[Category:Government of Manipur]]
[[Category:Language law]]
[[Category:1970s in Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Language policy in India]]
[[Category:1979 in Indian law]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian law]]
[[Category:State legislation in India]]

Mamta Rakesh

2026-03-24T01:59:29Z

EliseMacnaghten: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mamta Rakesh
| honorific_prefix = MLA
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence = [[Bhagwanpur, Uttarakhand]], India
| office = Member of Legislative Assembly for [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]]
| term_start = 2015
| predecessor = Surendra Rakesh
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| profession =
| religion =
| website =
}}
'''Mamta Rakesh''' is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and a two term Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. Mamta represents the [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/bhagwanpur-election-results-2017-live-mamta-rakesh-of-congress-wins-1358779.html|title = Bhagwanpur Election Results 2017 Live: Mamta Rakesh of Congress Wins|date = 11 March 2017}}</ref> Mamta is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganga |first1=A. B. P. |title=राकेश परिवार का गढ़ है भगवानपुर विधानसभा सीट, विधायक ममता राकेश का रिपोर्ट कार्ड |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/congress-mla-mamta-rakesh-report-card-from-bhgwanpur-assembly-seat-ann-1982876 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi |date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mamta Rakesh: Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttarakhand/mamta-rakesh-bhagwanpur-candidate-s28a028c02/ |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Elections contested==

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=100|Year
!width=80|Constituency
!width=70|Result
!width=70|Vote percentage
!width=150|Opposition Candidate
!width=70|Opposition Party
!width=70|Opposition vote percentage
!width=25|Ref
|-
|[[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2015 (Bye Elect)]]|| [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]] ||{{Won}}|| NA || Rajpal Singh || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| ||
|-
|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]|| [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]] ||{{Won}}|| NA || Subodh Rakesh || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]||NA ||
|-
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]|| [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]] ||{{Won}}|| NA || Subodh Rakesh || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]||NA ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakesh, Mamta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{Uttarakhand-INC-politician-stub}}

Thadam

2026-03-21T09:59:58Z

EliseMacnaghten: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|2019 film directed by Magizh Thirumeni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thadam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Magizh Thirumeni]]
| writer = Magizh Thirumeni
| producer = Inder Kumar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arun Vijay]]|[[Tanya Hope]]|[[Smruthi Venkat]]|[[Vidya Pradeep]]}}
| cinematography = S. Gopinath
| editing = [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = Arun Raj
| studio = Redhan – The Cinema People
| distributor = Screen Scene Media Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|03|01}}
| runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=THADAM (THE TRAIL) |url=https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/thadam-trail |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222052911/https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/thadam-trail |archive-date=22 February 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=[[Australian Classification Board]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Thadam''''' ({{Translation|Trail}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Arun Vijay-starrer Tamil crime-thriller Thadam to be remade in Hindi |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/arun-vijay-starrer-tamil-crime-thriller-thadam-to-be-remade-in-hindi/articleshow/68714005.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404040521/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/arun-vijay-starrer-tamil-crime-thriller-thadam-to-be-remade-in-hindi/articleshow/68714005.cms |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=4 April 2019 |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[Magizh Thirumeni]]. Produced by Inder Kumar, the film stars [[Arun Vijay]] in a [[dual role]] along with [[Vidya Pradeep]], [[Tanya Hope]] and [[Smruthi Venkat]]. The music was composed by Arun Raj, with cinematography by Gopinath and editing by [[N. B. Srikanth]]. In the film, police officers try to solve a murder case involving lookalike suspects arrested on the basis of a pictorial evidence.

''Thadam'' was released theatrically on 1 March 2019, opening to critical acclaim with praise for Arun Vijay's performance and the writing. It was commercially successful, becoming one of the highest-grossing films of the year in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2020 |title='Pichaikaran' to 'Thadam': Five blockbuster Tamil films which were released in the month of March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pichaikaran-to-thadam-five-blockbuster-tamil-films-which-were-released-in-the-month-of-march/photostory/74794151.cms?picid=74794153 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406182752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pichaikaran-to-thadam-five-blockbuster-tamil-films-which-were-released-in-the-month-of-march/photostory/74794151.cms?picid=74794153 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Red (2021 film)|Red]]'' (2021) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]'' (2023).

== Plot ==
Ezhil is a [[civil engineer]] from [[IIT Madras]], while his lookalike, Kavin, is a gambling thief who deceives people along with his sidekick, Suruli. Ezhil's love interest is an IT girl, Deepika, while a girl named Ananthi loves Kavin, unaware of his real identity. One day, Kavin tries to help Suruli pay his debt by extracting money from Ananthi through lies, but she helps him despite knowing the truth. After taking the money, Kavin is enraged and so is Ezhil, after a party. That night, one of them breaks into a house and attacks the owner, Akash, stabbing him to death. The next day, Kavin frees Suruli by paying his debt and wins Ananthi's trust by returning her money and telling her the truth. However, as the investigation of Akash's murder proceeds, the police find a selfie clicked by a couple nearby with either Ezhil or Kavin in it.

Both Ezhil and Kavin are brought in and investigated without their knowledge of each other's existence. Gopalakrishnan, an inspector who shares an old rivalry with Ezhil, tortures him. Ezhil reveals his car broke down and a call taxi driver helped him, as he didn't have the repair kit. [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Malarvizhi interrogates Kavin, who cites various laws to escape torture. She reaches out to Akash's friend and shows him the photograph of Ezhil/Kavin, but he refuses to recognise him. She also questions Suruli and tells him not to leave the city without permission, but he secretly escapes. Malarvizhi then learns of the rivalry between Ezhil and Gopalakrishnan; Ezhil helped the latter's daughter elope with her lover, much against her father's wishes. The forensic expert informs Malarvizhi about a hair sample recovered from the crime scene and how it doesn't match anyone else in Akash's home.

At the police station, Ezhil tries to escape, but Kavin interrupts. The two violently fight, hurting everyone and vandalising the station in the process. Their [[DNA]] reveals Ezhil and Kavin to be identical twins who confess to the same crimes. They parted ways when their parents divorced and Kavin went with his mother, who gambled a lot and eventually committed suicide. His father takes Kavin in but gets into a violent fight with him and Ezhil, leading to their admission to a mental institution. Kavin became interested in studying law but left due to his lack of college ethics. One day, Kavin left Ezhil's missing ring for Deepika and the police beat up Kavin. Ezhil realised his mistake and vowed to seek revenge.

Gopalakrishnan still wants to frame Ezhil, but the call taxi driver who helped him confirms he was stuck on the night of the murder and paid Suruli's debt with gambling money. The sessions court acquits Kavin and Ezhil to protect the innocent from punishment. Gopalakrishnan retires without regaining his revenge. Meanwhile, Malarvizhi discovers Deepika's photo in Akash's case. She inquires with his friend about the girl he was infatuated with. In a flashback, Ezhil murdered Akash for drugging, kidnapping and raping Deepika out of his childhood lust before killing her. He also bribed the police to drop the case. Kavin helps Ezhil by getting into trouble and officially arrested to throw off the police.

Later, Kavin meets Ezhil on the highway and explains how Malarvizhi can't reopen the case as she created a fake witness to help Ezhil and could herself get arrested, having done this once, which resulted in her suspension. Ezhil hands him over a photograph of them with their mother and tells him he is going to [[Mumbai]] and later to [[Copenhagen]], never to return. Having sold all of his property in India, Ezhil gives a 50% share to Kavin as a tribute. After his marriage with Ananthi, Kavin realises his lack of trust in his mother prompted her to kill herself. He promises to do better with his wife.

In a mid-credits scene, some investigating officers appear for a documentary shooting. One of the investigating officers calls the case unprecedented before someone tells him similar cases occurred in other countries.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arun Vijay]] as Ezhil and Kavin
*[[Vidya Pradeep]] as Sub-Inspector Malarvizhi
*[[Tanya Hope]] as Deepika, Ezhil's love interest
*[[Smruthi Venkat]] as Ananthi, an innocent woman and Kavin's one-sided lover
* Satyajit Dhananjayan as Ezhil's and Kavin's father
*[[Sonia Agarwal]] as Lakshmi, Ezhil's and Kavin's mother
*[[Vijayan (stunt coordinator)|Vijayan]] as Inspector M. Gopalakrishnan
*Yesakkiappan as Aakash
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Suruli
*[[George Maryan|George]] as Police Constable Dhanasekar
*[[Meera Krishnan]] as Chechi
*Uriyadi Suruli as Forensic specialist Bakiya}}

== Production ==
In March 2017, [[Arun Vijay]] revealed that he would next work on a film directed by [[Magizh Thirumeni]], which marks the second film for the duo after ''[[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]'' (2012). Produced by Inder Kumar, the film was launched in April 2017 at Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=15 March 2017 |title=Yet another thriller for Arun Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yet-another-thriller-for-arun-vijay/articleshow/57631341.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112055016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yet-another-thriller-for-arun-vijay/articleshow/57631341.cms |archive-date=12 January 2018 |access-date=17 October 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Magizh said the film was initially planned as a [[black comedy]], but as he wrote the script further, it became "darker, more realistic" and discarded the black comedy aspect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2019 |title=Thadam will bring out another facet of Arun Vijay as an actor – The Magizh Thirumeni Interview |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/thadam-will-bring-out-another-facet-of-arun-vijay-as-an-actor-the-magizh-thirumeni-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220110221/https://www.onlykollywood.com/thadam-will-bring-out-another-facet-of-arun-vijay-as-an-actor-the-magizh-thirumeni-interview/ |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Only Kollywood}}</ref> Arun was reported to be playing a double role, while the film would be based on a real life story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2017 |title=Arun Vijay to play dual role, in the film with Magizh Thirumeni |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arun-vijay-to-play-dual-role-in-the-film-with-magizh-thirumeni-news-tnpl-reejnugfihhdg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405171130/http://www.sify.com/movies/arun-vijay-to-play-dual-role-in-the-film-with-magizh-thirumeni-news-tnpl-reejnugfihhdg.html |archive-date=5 April 2017 |access-date=17 October 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Gopinath and [[N. B. Srikanth]] were signed on to be the film's cinematographer and editor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2017 |title=Arun Vijay's next based on real-life incident |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/apr/17/arun-vijays-next-based-on-real-life-incident-1594534.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017094114/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/apr/17/arun-vijays-next-based-on-real-life-incident-1594534.html |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=17 October 2017 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> It is the first major role for [[Smruthi Venkat]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2022 |title=Smruthi Venkat : மாறன் படத்தில் தனுஷின் தங்கையா நடித்த ஸ்மிரிதியா இது...? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/actress-smruthi-venkat-latest-collections-43545 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250118160125/https://tamil.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/actress-smruthi-venkat-latest-collections-43545 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> and the Tamil debut of [[Tanya Hope]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=6 March 2019 |title=Interview {{!}} I hope 2019 is my year: Tanya Hope on her double debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/Mar/04/interview--i-hope-2019-is-my-year-tanya-hope-on-her-double-debut-1946267.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118155432/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/Mar/04/interview--i-hope-2019-is-my-year-tanya-hope-on-her-double-debut-1946267.html |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film entered production in June 2017,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2017 |title=Arun's film with Magizh is titled Thadam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chennai/aruns-film-with-magizh-is-titled-thadam/articleshow/59105461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915182549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chennai/aruns-film-with-magizh-is-titled-thadam/articleshow/59105461.cms |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=17 October 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2018 |title=“My next big announcement will be out shortly” |url=https://www.suryanfm.in/arun-vijay-thadam-shoot-wrapped/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250118160122/https://www.suryanfm.in/arun-vijay-thadam-shoot-wrapped/ |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[Suryan FM 93.5]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack is composed by Arun Raj, making his debut as a music composer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=20 July 2017 |title=Magizh Thirumeni: Arun Vijay-Magizh Thirumeni film gets a new composer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/arun-vijay-magizh-thirumeni-film-gets-a-new-composer/articleshow/59677327.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903093952/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/arun-vijay-magizh-thirumeni-film-gets-a-new-composer/articleshow/59677327.cms |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=17 October 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The songs were released on 6 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2019 |title='Thadam' makers launch the audio jukebox of the Arun Vijay-starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thadam-makers-launch-the-audio-jukebox-of-the-arun-vijay-starrer/articleshow/67870324.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250118180157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thadam-makers-launch-the-audio-jukebox-of-the-arun-vijay-starrer/articleshow/67870324.cms |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Inayae
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]], [[Padmalatha]]
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = Thappu Thanda
| lyrics2 = Eknath
| extra2 = V. M. Mahalingam, Arun Raj, Rohit Sridhar
| length2 = 3:40
| title3 = Vidhi Nadhiyae
| lyrics3 = Madhan Karky
| extra3 = [[L. V. Revanth]]
| length3 = 3:20
| title4 = Thadam Theme
| lyrics4 = Arun Raj
| extra4 = Arun Raj
| length4 = 2:00
| title5 = Vidhi Nadhiyae
| lyrics5 = Madhan Karky
| extra5 = Arun Raj
| note5 = reprise
| length5 = 3:28
| total_length = 16:03
}}

== Release ==
''Thadam'' was released on 1 March 2019, delayed from 22 February.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2019 |title=Jayam Ravi to release the trailer of Arun Vijay's 'Thadam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravi-to-release-the-trailer-of-arun-vijays-thadam/articleshow/68066530.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221085550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravi-to-release-the-trailer-of-arun-vijays-thadam/articleshow/68066530.cms |archive-date=21 February 2019 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars stating "The presentation is smart and stylish. An engaging whodunit thriller from the word go. The biggest strength is Arun Vijay and his convincing performance as Ezhil and Kavin".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2019 |title=Thadam review: An engaging whodunit thriller |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thadam-review-an-engaging-whodunit-thriller-review-tamil-tc2jR6cjdegid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228125748/http://www.sify.com/movies/thadam-review-an-engaging-whodunit-thriller-review-tamil-tc2jR6cjdegid.html |archive-date=28 February 2019 |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars stating "''Thadam'' has an intriguingly written flow of events which begins from the pre-interval point and maintains the suspense factor till the end".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=1 March 2019 |title=Thadam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thadam/movie-review/68188769.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313153429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thadam/movie-review/68188769.cms |archive-date=13 March 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Thadam by Magizh Thirumeni is an effective murder mystery involving identical twins".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=1 March 2019 |title='Thadam' review: A taut thriller that keeps you engaged till the end |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thadam-review-a-taut-thriller-that-keeps-you-engaged-till-the-end/article26405470.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526034209/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thadam-review-a-taut-thriller-that-keeps-you-engaged-till-the-end/article26405470.ece |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Film Companion]]'', [[Baradwaj Rangan]] rated it 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "The cinematographer keeps throwing in slightly angled frames, which give the sense of a dual reality: one normal, one skewed. We think we know who did it — but do we?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=28 February 2019 |title=Thadam Movie Review: A Pulpy Whodunit That Puts A Spin On Its Double-role Premise And Keeps You Guessing |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/thadam-movie-review-a-pulpy-whodunit-that-puts-a-spin-on-its-double-role-premise-and-keeps-you-guessing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608185338/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/thadam-movie-review-a-pulpy-whodunit-that-puts-a-spin-on-its-double-role-premise-and-keeps-you-guessing/ |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Director Magizh Thirumeni's second film with Arun Vijay, Thadam, deals with a sensitive and intriguing murder mystery. But the screenplay is messed up and filled with spoonfeeding moments".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=28 February 2019 |title=Thadam Movie Review: Excellent Arun Vijay shines in decent thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/thadam-movie-review-excellent-arun-vijay-shines-in-decent-thriller-1467258-2019-02-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608185336/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/thadam-movie-review-excellent-arun-vijay-shines-in-decent-thriller-1467258-2019-02-28 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> S Subhakeerthana of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars stating "At first glance, Thadam, inspired by real events, comes across as a pretty straightforward urban thriller. But as the layers peel, you discover it is cleverly written—in parts".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=1 March 2019 |title=Thadam movie review: A thriller that doesn't disappoint |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thadam-movie-review-rating-arun-vijay-5606225/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402174938/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thadam-movie-review-rating-arun-vijay-5606225/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'', Sreedhar Pillai rated 3 out of 5 stars stating "Thadam is an out-and-out Arun Vijay film. A well made thriller which takes the audiences by surprise in its climax with some twists and turns".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=28 February 2019 |title=Thadam movie review: Arun Vijay, Magizh Thirumeni come together for an engaging murder mystery thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thadam-movie-review-arun-vijay-magizh-thirumeni-come-together-for-an-engaging-murder-mystery-thriller-6172301.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608192342/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thadam-movie-review-arun-vijay-magizh-thirumeni-come-together-for-an-engaging-murder-mystery-thriller-6172301.html |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars stating "Barring couple of dull moments, Thadam is a well-written engrossing thriller worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=4 March 2019 |title=Thadam movie review: Engrossing thriller worth a watch |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/040319/thadam-movie-review-engrossing-thriller-worth-a-watch.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608185336/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/040319/thadam-movie-review-engrossing-thriller-worth-a-watch.html |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Kavitha Muralidharan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars stating "The film has a deceptively simple storyline but the treatment makes all the difference".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=4 March 2019 |title='Thadam' review: Arun Vijay arrives in style with this interesting thriller |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thadam-review-arun-vijay-arrives-style-interesting-thriller-97724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608185336/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thadam-review-arun-vijay-arrives-style-interesting-thriller-97724 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Thadam'' grossed {{INRConvert|2.3|c|year=2019}} in its third weekend, taking its estimated cumulative gross in Tamil Nadu to {{INRConvert|18.4|c|year=2019}} at the end of 20 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Surendhar |date=22 March 2019 |title=Arun Vijay's Thadam continues blockbuster run in Tamil Nadu; Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum struggles at box-office |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arun-vijays-thadam-continues-blockbuster-run-in-tamil-nadu-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-struggles-at-box-office-6305951.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315125950/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/arun-vijays-thadam-continues-blockbuster-run-in-tamil-nadu-ispade-rajavum-idhaya-raniyum-struggles-at-box-office-6305951.html |archive-date=15 March 2020 |access-date=10 October 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|5.4|c|year=2019}}, it grossed {{INRConvert|24|c|year=2019}} as of April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2019 |title=Content-rich Kollywood films make a mark at the Box Office |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2019/04/21/contentrich-kollywood-films-make-a-mark-at-the-box-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118153324/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2019/04/21/contentrich-kollywood-films-make-a-mark-at-the-box-office |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Thadam'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Red (2021 film)|Red]]'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=14 January 2021 |title=Red Movie Review: Starring Ram Pothineni, The Film Follows The Original (Thadam) To The Last Dot |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/red-movie-review-starring-ram-pothineni-the-film-follows-the-original-thadam-to-the-last-dot-malvika-sharma-nivetha-pethuraj-telugu-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250118160147/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/red-movie-review-starring-ram-pothineni-the-film-follows-the-original-thadam-to-the-last-dot-malvika-sharma-nivetha-pethuraj-telugu-movies |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |date=7 April 2023 |title=Gumraah movie review: Aditya Roy Kapur shines in a flawed but decent thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gumraah-movie-review-aditya-roy-kapur-shines-in-a-flawed-but-decent-thriller-12420692.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250118160121/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gumraah-movie-review-aditya-roy-kapur-shines-in-a-flawed-but-decent-thriller-12420692.html |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Magizh Thirumeni}}

[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s police films]]
[[Category:2019 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Magizh Thirumeni]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Shad Azimabadi

2026-03-20T22:12:36Z

EliseMacnaghten: done

{{Short description|Indian poet and writer (1846–1927)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shad Azimabadi
|image = Shad Azimabad.jpg
| other_names = Shad
| birth_name = Syed Ali Mohammad
| birth_date = {{birth date|1846|1|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Azimabad]] (present day [[Patna]], Bihar)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1927|1|7|1846|1|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Patna]], Bihar
| title = [[Khan Bahadur]]
| father = Syed Tafazzul Hussain
| relatives =
}}

'''Shad Azimabadi''' (8 Jan 1846 – 7 Jan 1927)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2013 |title=Life and death |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/life-and-death/story-GMugYNkTtqnNwy0D3h4pMP.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian poet and writer from [[Azimabad]], [[Patna]], Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shad Azimabadi – Profile & Biography |url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/shad-azimabadi/profile |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=9 January 2008 |title=Bihar remembers Shad Azimabadi |url=http://twocircles.net/2008jan09/bihar_remembers_shad_azimabadi.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>

He studied not only his own faith, Islam, but also [[Hinduism]] and [[Christianity]]. He excelled in [[ghazal]] and [[marsiya]] compositions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Sujit |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788125014539 |page=357 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=shad+azimabadi&pg=PA357}}</ref> Urdu scholar, [[Ali Jawad Zaidi]] has described him as "a saviour of the ghazal by imparting it with a new mellowness stimulating perception and lyrical realism".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali Jawad |first1=Zaidi |title=A History of Urdu Literature |date=1993 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |pages=333–336 |isbn=978-81-7201-291-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofurdulit0000zaid/page/334/mode/1up?q=shad+azimabadi}}</ref>
Due to his social standing as a laureate, he held several administrative posts in Patna including as an Honorary Magistrate and also as Municipal Commissioner of Patna.<ref name=Paiker2022>{{cite journal |last1=Paiker |first1=Ufaque |title=Remembering Malan: reading representations of domestic servants in colonial Bihar |journal=South Asian History and Culture |date=2022 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=498–513 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2022.2120245 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2022.2120245|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Shad Azimabadi was born in 1846 in his maternal grandparent's house. His family was very wealthy and held a respectable position within the high-society of [[Patna]].

Shad Azimabadi showed an interest in poetry from a young age. He was taught [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] during his school years and received poetic instruction from a number of famous poets of his age including Shah Ulfat Hussain Faryaad who some consider his preceptor. His poetic work was published in five volumes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kanda |first1=K.C |title=Urdu Ghazals: An Anthology, from 16th to 20th Century |date=1995 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Copyright |isbn=9788120718265 |pages=208–209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXtyWoP7GzYC&dq=shad+azimabadi&pg=PA207}}</ref>

[[Bismil Azimabadi]] was disciple of Shad Azimabadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=तमन्नाओं में उलझाया गया हूं...जानिए मशहूर शायर शाद अजीमाबादी को |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-death-anniversary-of-great-shayar-shaad-azeemabadi-on-sunday-17314568.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Attitudes towards Urdu==
Azimabadi took a conservative approach towards the [[Urdu language]], which he viewed as only in the purview of the upper classes.<ref name= Paiker2022 /> His attitude brought him into conflict with the Urdu newspaper, ''Al Punch'', as the newspaper gave space for common people to speak and write in Urdu which went against his view that only ''[[ashraf]]'' were the rightful speakers of Urdu.<ref name= Paiker2022 />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Irshad |first=Naqi Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shad-azeemabadi-kalam-aur-sharah-e-kalam-ebooks |title=Shad Azeemabadi: Kalam aur Sharah-e-Kalam |publisher=Naseem Book Depot |year=1967 |location=Lucknow |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fatmi |first=Zeeshan |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shad-azimabadi-hindustani-adab-ke-memar-zishan-fatmi-ebooks?lang=hi |title=Shad Azimabadi: Hindustani Adab Ke Memar |publisher=[[Sahitya Academy]] |year=1996 |location=Delhi |language=ur |trans-title=Shad Azimabadi: The Maker of Indian Literature}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haider |first=Syed Raza |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shad-azimabadi-hayat-o-khidmat-ebooks |title=Shad Azimabadi: Hayat-e-Khidmat |publisher=Ghalib Institute |year=2011 |location=New Delhi |language=ur |trans-title=Shad Azimabadi: Life and Works}}
* {{Cite book |last=Azimabadi |first=Hameed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shad-azeemabadi-ke-sau-sher-ebooks?lang=hi |title=Shad Azimabadi Ke Sau Sher |year=1937 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shad-azimabadi-chand-mutale-ebooks?lang=hi |title=Shad Azimabadi: Chand Mutale |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |year=1996 |location=Patna |language=ur |trans-title=Shad Azimabadi: Some Researches}}
* {{Cite book |last=Irshad |first=Naqi Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shad-azeemabadi-naqi-ahmad-irshad-ebooks?lang=hi |title=Shad Azimabadi |publisher=Naseem Book Depot |year=1967 |location=Lucknow |language=ur}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azimabadi, Shad}}
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]

V. N. Khare

2026-03-20T02:20:50Z

EliseMacnaghten: brief expand citations as per guidelines and updated info

{{short description|33rd Chief Justice of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vishweshwar Nath Khare
| image = [[File: Justice V.N. Khare.jpg|alt|250px]]
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the [[Central University of Jharkhand]]
| term_start = August 2017
| term_end = December 2023
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|5|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = Allahabad, United Provinces, British India (Present day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| residence = Allahabad
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = India
| title =
| term =
| party =
| religion = 
| spouse =
| partner = 
| children = 2
| parents =
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| office1 = Chief Justice of India
| termstart1 = 19 December 2002
| termend1 = 01 May 2004
| appointer1 = [[A. P. J. Kalam]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| appointer2 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| order1 = 33rd
| predecessor1 = [[Gopal Ballav Pattanaik]]
| successor1 = [[S. Rajendra Babu]]
| termstart2 = 21 March 1997
| termend2 = 18 December 2002
| honorific_suffix = Hon'ble Chief Justice of India (Retd.)
| office3 = [[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Calcutta High Court|29th Chief Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| appointer3 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| predecessor3 = [[Krishna Chandra Agarwal]]
| successor3 = [[Prabha Shankar Mishra]]
| termstart3 = 2 February 1996
| termend3 = 20 March 1997
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| termstart4 = 25 June 1983
| termend4 = 1 February 1996
| nominator2 = [[A. M. Ahmadi]]
| nominator3 = [[A. M. Ahmadi]]
| nominator4 = [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
| appointer4 = [[Zail Singh]]
}}

'''Vishweshwar Nath Khare''' is a retired Indian judge who served as the 33rd [[Chief Justice of India]], from 19 December 2002 to 1 May 2004. He also served as the [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the [[Central University of Jharkhand]] from 2017 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Central University of Jharkhand |url=http://cuj.ac.in/chancellor.php |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=cuj.ac.in}}</ref> He was a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 21 March 1997 before he was elevated to the post of Chief Justice.

==Early life==
Khare was born in [[Allahabad]] in a [[Kayastha]] family on 2 May 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-07 |title=Hon’ble Mr. Justice V.N. Khare |url=https://nalsa.gov.in/patron-in-chief/hon-ble-mr-justice-v-n-khare |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=nalsa.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> He attended [[St. Joseph's College, Allahabad]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2006 |title=Justice Khare a great role model |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/justice-khare-a-great-role-model/story-IVw19eHi7jBTvRt7bGAWqO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127113004/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/justice-khare-a-great-role-model/story-IVw19eHi7jBTvRt7bGAWqO.html |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=live }}</ref> and later the [[Allahabad University]].<ref name=":0" /> Khare was a First Class cricketer, playing for the state of Uttar Pradesh in [[Ranji Trophy]] matches in 1958.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Legal career==
Khare started his career as an [[advocate]] in the [[Allahabad High Court]] in 1961, where he practiced on [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|civil]], [[writ]] and [[Tax law|revenue]] petitions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=10 December 2002 |title=Justice V N Khare to be new CJI on Dec 19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/justice-v-n-khare-to-be-new-cji-on-dec-19/articleshow/30886031.cms |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was appointed Chief Standing Counsel for the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. On 25 June 1983, he was appointed a Judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]]. In early 1996, he was appointed Chief Justice of the [[Calcutta High Court]], from where he was elevated to the [[Supreme Court of India]] a year later.<ref name=":1" /> Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Khare authored 223 judgments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VN Khare |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/vn-khare/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Emergency===
{{Main|The Emergency (India)}}
{{see also|State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain}}
As an Advocate in 1975, Khare and his uncle, S. C. Khare, represented [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Prime Minister of India]], in her famous case against [[Raj Narain]], alleging electoral malpractices. He was responsible for advocating the case that got the order of the High Court stayed until an appeal could be filed in the Supreme Court.<ref>[[Kuldip Nayar]] 1977. The judgment: Inside story of the emergency in India. Vikas Publishing House.</ref> The decision of the Supreme Court led to the imposition of [[Indian Emergency (1975 - 77)|Emergency in India]] for a period of 19 months, the only [[State of Emergency in India|suspension of democracy]] the country has seen since Independence in 1947.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Gujarat violence===
{{see also|2002 Gujarat violence}}
During his tenure as the Chief Justice of India, Khare was confronted with the [[failure]] of the [[justice system]] in the aftermath of the Gujarat violence following the [[Godhra train burning]]. His decision to reopen the [[Best Bakery case]] provided some recourse for victims of the violence. Speaking to [[The Hindu]] newspaper when he retired<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/02/stories/2004050202680800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040624111642/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/02/stories/2004050202680800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=National : I raised the image of judiciary: V.N. Khare|date=2004-05-02|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> he said, "I found there was complete [[collusion]] between the accused and the [[Prosecutor|prosecution]] in [[Gujarat]], throwing [[rule of law]] to the winds. The Supreme Court had to step in to break the collusion to ensure protection to the victims and the witnesses. I was anguished and pained by the turn of events during the trial of the riot cases but was determined to salvage the criminal justice delivery system."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Era |first=Legal |date=2013-10-28 |title=“Judiciary is not corrupt, judges are corrupt” |url=https://www.legaleraonline.com/interviews/judiciary-is-not-corrupt-judges-are-corrupt |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.legaleraonline.com |language=en}}</ref>

In interviews to the media in 2004, Khare explained why he decided to transfer the Best Bakery case to [[Maharashtra]] for a retrial.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040503/asp/nation/story_3199474.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040529073946/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040503/asp/nation/story_3199474.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2004|title=Khare vote for truth |work= The Telegraph |date=3 May 2004|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/may/19inter.htm|title=As a judge, my job is to wipe tears |work= Rediff |date=19 May 2004|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> In a 2012 interview, Khare gave details about the Best Bakery case and the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] in explaining why he believed the [[2002 Gujarat Violence]] was an instance of a "[[State-sponsored terrorism|state sponsored]] [[genocide]]".<ref name="HardNews">{{cite news |url=http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2012/02/4566 |title=I would have lodged an FIR against Narendra Modi on charges of genocide and manslaughter |work=HardNews |date=28 February 2012 |access-date=16 October 2016 |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140531124724/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2012/02/4566 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Post retirement==
Since retiring as Chief Justice of India, Khare comments occasionally on national television and press on issues of [[jurisprudence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/full_story.php?content_id=88403|title=Justice after Jessica Lall|work=The Indian Express|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> His comments on the [[Jessica Lal]] murder case echoed the sentiments expressed during the [[2002 Gujarat riots|Gujarat riots]]. He was also appointed the Chancellor of [[Central University of Jharkhand]] in 2017, serving until the end of 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cuj.ac.in/chancellor.php|title=Justice V.N.Khare|publisher=Cuj.ac.in|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Khare's comments on there being an appearance of [[complicity]] between the [[gujarat state government|state government]] and the [[riot]]ers during the [[2002 Gujarat violence]] have been criticized by the prime minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]] (Then [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]).<ref name="Sify">{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/carnaticmusic/news/fullstory.php?id=13468685|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018230518/http://www.sify.com/carnaticmusic/news/fullstory.php?id=13468685|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2016|title=Modi on retired CJI Khare's comments |work= Sify |date=5 May 2004|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Justice-Khares-remarks-irk-Gujarat-CM/articleshow/657204.cms|title=Justice Khare's remarks irk Gujarat CM |work= The Times of India |date=3 May 2004|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> According to Modi:{{Blockquote|Judges should keep away from politics. Khare should know the difference between '''khare''' and khote ('''right''' and wrong). The state government was never a party to riots, nor was it a silent spectator. No commission of inquiry has indicted me. I am a victim of false propaganda by a section of the media. The million-dollar question is why did Khare make the remark only after retiring from office? Regarding my role in the riots, the people of Gujarat are the best judge and they have replied in a befitting manner.<ref name="Sify"/>}}

==Awards and honors==
[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Vibhushan to Justice Visheshwar Nath Khare at investiture ceremony, in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg|thumb|The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Vibhushan to Justice Visheshwar Nath Khare at investiture ceremony, in New Delhi on March 29, 2006]]
Khare was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], [[India|India's]] second highest civilian [[honour]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/vnkhare.htm|title=V. N. Khare|publisher=Supremecourtofindia.nic.in|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://legalera.in/interviews/item/10828-judiciary-is-not-corrupt-judges-are-corrupt-ex-cji-justice-khare LegalEra Magazine Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317051200/http://www.legalera.in/interviews/item/10828-judiciary-is-not-corrupt-judges-are-corrupt-ex-cji-justice-khare |date=17 March 2016 }}
*[http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/29slide6.htm Padma Vibhushan awarded to V N Khare - News item]

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{succession box | before = [[Gopal Ballav Pattanaik]] | title = [[Chief Justice of India]] | years =19 December 2002– 2 May 2004| after =[[S. Rajendra Babu]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{2002 Gujarat Violence}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khare, V. N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the Central University of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Scholars from Allahabad]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Army Heritage Museum, Shimla

2026-03-19T02:35:44Z

EliseMacnaghten:

{{Third-party|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Army Heritage Museum
| image = Army Heritage Museum garden in Annadale, Shimla.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Army Heritage Museum Garden view
| established = 2006
| location = [[Annadale, Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_caption = Location of Museum in Shimla
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| type = Army Museum
| founder = [[Army Training Command]]
}}
The '''Army Heritage Museum''' is located in [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]] suburb of [[Shimla]] city, India. It is situated in the Army cantonment, close to Annadale ground and helipad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/|access-date=2021-03-18|website=www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref>

== Description ==
Annadale is located in Shimla city, and has the Army Heritage Museum. Annadale is located in the close proximity of [[The Ridge, Shimla|The Ridge]]. It serves as the picnic spot. The museum has a collection of items such as ancient weapons, ammunitions and life history of Indian warriors.

== Sections ==
[[File:Army Heritage Museum.jpg|thumb|Green House, one of the major four sections of the Museum]]
The museum has four major sections:<ref name=":1" />

* Heritage Section
* Himachal Corner
* Shaurya Hall
* Green House

=== Subsections ===
The museum has several subsections:

* Great Military Leaders
* Uniforms of the Indian Army (pre and post-independence)
* Ethos of Indian Army
* Army and the Nation
* About UN Peacekeeping forces
* Arms, Weapons and ammunition (ancient and modern India)
* Flags and bands of the Army
* Contribution of Indian Army personals to sports
* Various awards, honors and recognition provided in the Indian Army
* History of Shimla
* Conservation of Flora and Fauna of the region

== Legacy ==
The museum also has a Pakistani letter box which was brought by the [[Indian Army]] as a souvenir of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DailyOh! Amit Shah's big treat in Bengal, to the Pakistani letterbox India got in 1971|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/suvendu-adhikari-amit-shah-farmers-protest-1971-war-pranab-mujherjee-memoir/story/1/33989.html|access-date=2021-03-18|website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref> It documents 5,000-year-old history of wars and warfare and activities of martial forces dating back from the [[Mahabharata]] era till date. The motto and culture of Indian Army is represented through the various items organized in various sections of the Army Heritage Museum. There is a separate section where important achievements of Indian warriors are described.<ref name=":1" />

The history of warriors like [[Maharana Pratap]], [[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Laxmibai]], [[Shivaji|Maharaja Chattrapati Shivaji]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]], and [[Tipu Sultan]] is shown in the museum. The history of modern warriors, like Field Marshal [[Sam Manekshaw]], [[K. M. Cariappa|K.M. Carriappa]] and many others is also shown.

The museum also has the surrender letter of [[Pakistan]] (1971 war) and [[Flag of Pakistan]]. A separate section is there for showcasing arms and weapons of various types.

The collection has ancient items like bows and arrows, swords, spears and also has modern ammunition including [[AK-47]]. Army uniforms dating back to pre-independence time as well as after the independence are kept there. Medals, rewards and awards of the Indian Army are also displayed. Many of these medals depict strong bonding between the [[Nepali Army|Royal Nepal Army]] and the Indian Army.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=New additions to Army Heritage Museum|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/new-additions-to-army-heritage-museum-203340|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Museums in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shimla]]
[[Category:Army museums in Asia]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2006]]

Indian Naval Academy

2026-03-12T07:55:23Z

EliseMacnaghten: fixed issues

{{Short description|Defence service in Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Naval Academy (INA)
| native_name = भारतीय नौसेना अकादमी (भा.नौ.अ)
| image_name = [[File:Crest of INA.png|frameless|upright]]
| image_size =
| motto = विद्ययाऽमृतमश्नुते
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = ''Vidyayā Amr̥taṁ Aśnute (Become Immortal Through Knowledge)''
| established = May 1969 ([[Kochi]]) 1986 (at Mandovi, Goa) 8 January 2009 (at Ezhimala)
| type = *[[Military academies in India|Defence Service]] training institute
*[[Indian Engineering Service|Engineering]] training institute
| head_label = [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy|Commandant]]
| head = [[Vice Admiral]] [[Manish Chadha]], [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| undergrad = 1,200
| postgrad =
| city = [[Ezhimala]], [[Kannur]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|12|2|28|N|75|11|38|E|type:edu_region:IN-KL|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Rural]]
| campus_size = {{convert|2452|acre|km2}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/ina/?q=History_INA | title=INA Campus | INA }}</ref>
| free_label = Elevation
| free = {{convert|35|m|ft}}
| colors = {{Color box|#000080}}{{Color box|#FFD700}} Navy Blue and Gold
| mascot =
| website = http://ina.gov.in
| affiliations = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU)]] [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)]] [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT)]]
| Carnegie Class =
| staff = |
}}

The '''Indian Naval Academy''' (INA or INA Ezhimala) is the [[Defense (military)|defence service]] training establishment for officer cadre of the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard]], located in [[Ezhimala]], [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]]. Situated between Ezhimala hill and the Kavvayi backwaters, INA has a 7 kilometre beach front on the [[Laccadive Sea]]. It conducts basic training for all officers inducted into the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard.<ref name=mb-ezhimala/> It is Asia's largest, and the world's third-largest, naval academy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Navy-Training Academy-proposed Expansion |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/627521/navy-training-academy-proposed-expansion.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=11 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=World's largest naval academy opened |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/319812 |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.facebook.com/IndianNavy/videos/390383354649864/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

The Naval Academy (NAVAC) was established in May 1969 and training of Orientation courses commenced in Aug 2005, while it was formally inaugurated on 8 January 2009 and the name changed to Indian Naval Academy. It shares the 2,452 acre (9.92 km2) site with the naval base depot, ''INS Zamorin'', and the naval hospital, ''INHS Navjivani''.

The [[Military colours, standards and guidons#President's Colours/Standards/Guidons/Banners of military units|President's Colour]] was awarded to INA on 20 November 2019. The President’s Colour is the highest honour that is bestowed upon a military unit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/hon%E2%80%99ble-president-shri-ram-nath-kovind-award-president%E2%80%99s-colour-indian-naval-academy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=President's Colour awarded to Indian Naval Academy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/president-s-colour-awarded-to-indian-naval-academy/story-obTvuYhXLjswJSFheepveO.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=20 November 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Academy pic.jpg|thumb|300px|Indian Naval Academy (INA) (aerial view)]]

==History==

===Background===
[[File:Divisions at INA.jpg|thumb|[[Guard of honour]] during a parade at INA.]]
Before [[independence of India|independence]], officer cadets of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] were trained in the [[United Kingdom]] with the [[Royal Navy]]. Cadets underwent four years of training in [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] and were commissioned as Sub Lieutenants upon their return. In 1949, the officer training for the Navy began at the interim ''Joint Services Wing'' (JSW) of the Armed Forces Academy. The [[National Defence Academy]] (NDA) was established in 1954 as the Joint Services academy of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

By 1968, the Navy realised that the NDA could not keep up with its expanding staffing requirements. It also needed additional space and facilities to impart advanced maritime skills to officers and sailors. In May 1969, the Indian Naval Academy was established in [[Cochin]] to consolidate facilities for naval training.

The academy was consolidated with the Officers training school, at ''INS Mandovi'' in [[Goa]] in 1986. But with the growing use of INS Mandovi as an operational naval base, as well as the existing Provost and Physical Training school at the location, the Naval Academy operated under considerable space constraints. In addition, providing basic training for Coast Guard officers at the academy further stretched the facilities. Hence the Navy developed plans for a new permanent Naval Academy to cope with the increasing training load.

{{external media
| float = right
| width = 200px
| video1 = ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxNACnlhSLk Inside Indian Naval Academy]'', a 2018 documentary film by [[National Geographic]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Inside Indian Naval Academy |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/inside-indian-naval-academy/1770005015/watch |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The initial requirement for the site for the academy was at least {{convert|100|acre|km2}}, in the vicinity of the sea or a large lake for basic seamanship. The site had to be in the proximity of a railhead, yet at some distance from the neighbouring towns. Another requirement was relative proximity to a naval base, as well as a bracing and moderate climate. The space requirement was later revised to consolidate training efforts in a single location for cost-effective operation.

In 1979, the [[Government of India]] approved the development of a new campus for the Indian Naval Academy. The sites considered for the new Naval Academy were [[Aruvankadu]] near the [[Pykara]] Dam Lake in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] in the vicinity of [[Wellington Cantonment]], a site near the [[Bhatghar Dam]] situated off the Pune-Kolhapur highway, Hesaraghatta Lake near [[Bangalore]], [[Porbandar]] on the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] coast, [[Chingleput|Chengalpattu]] on the Tamil Nadu coast near [[Chennai]] and a, north of [[Kannur]] on the Kerala coast. The [[Government of Kerala]] was keen to host the academy in the state and offered the Navy 960 hectares at Ezhimala. It also offered essential infrastructure facilities like Ezhimala's water and electricity supply, approach roads and bridges, capital dredging of the Kavvayi backwaters (for basic rowing and small boat training), construction of a seawall to prevent erosion, as well as expansion of the nearest railway station at no cost to the navy. In 1982, the Central Government approved the construction of the academy at Ezhimala and granted the Kerala Government a soft, medium-term loan for acquiring the land from private owners and the resettlement of the evacuees.<ref name=nausena-ina>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/trans2emins/38_academy_ezimala.htm|title=The New Naval Academy At Ezhimala|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622071009/http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/trans2emins/38_academy_ezimala.htm|archive-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first Commandant of the INA was Vice Admiral MP Muralidharan and the first Deputy Commandant was Rear Admiral Kapil Gupta.

===Construction===
After delays in land acquisition, the foundation stone for the academy was laid by then prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] on 17 January 1987. Soon after, in the wake of the [[1991 India economic crisis]], the central government was forced to cut back funding for the construction of the academy. Later, construction was stalled due to resulting from the land acquisition. Construction finally resumed 1997-98.

On 6 April 2005, the naval base depot ''INS Zamorin'' was commissioned as a part of Phase I of the academy by then Chief Minister of Kerala, Oommen Chandy. The Ezhimala site is located on a promontory that was the capital of the [[Mooshika kings|Mooshika kingdom]], who were rivals and later allies of the [[Zamorin]] rulers of [[Kozhikode]]. The Zamorins had a strong fleet of warships under the stewardship of the [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s which defeated the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in naval battles in the 16th century.

On 8 January 2009 the Indian Naval Academy, was inaugurated by then prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name=mb-ezhimala>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/01/08/naval-academy-at-ezhimala-of-indian-navy-is-the-largest-in-asia/|title=Naval Academy at Ezhimala of Indian Navy is the Largest in Asia|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-date=2 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502131008/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/01/08/naval-academy-at-ezhimala-of-indian-navy-is-the-largest-in-asia/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=pmindia>{{Cite web |url=http://pmindia.nic.in/lspeech.asp?id=778 |title=Prime Minister of India |access-date=22 February 2010 |archive-date=10 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110225648/http://pmindia.nic.in/lspeech.asp?id=778 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally envisaged to cost {{INRConvert|166|c|year=1987}} in 1987, the final project cost in 2009 was {{INRConvert|721|c|year=2009}}.

==Commandant==
{{main|Commandant of Indian Naval Academy}}

The Commandant is the head and in-charge of all the functioning of the Indian Naval Academy. The Commandant of the Academy is a [[Three-star rank]] officer holding the rank of [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]].

==Training establishment==
[[File:Nalanda complex.jpg|thumb|Nalanda Complex]]
[[File:Camps.jpg|thumb|Marinised camps]]

===Admission===
Potential candidates to the undergraduate officer-trainee program of the Indian Navy apply through the NDA and NA exam conducted by the UPSC. The flagship course of the INA is the 10+2 Indian Naval Academy Course (INAC) in which a cadet undergoes training of four years in the academy. Also, the NDA cadets opting to join the Navy complete three years of joint training at NDA, [[Khadakwasla]] with the [[Indian Army|Army]] and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] cadets. They then transfer to INA for the next year. Candidates joining through 10+2 Navy Tech Entry have the option to major in ''Electronics & Communication Engineering'', ''Mechanical Engineering'' or ''Naval Architecture'' and are awarded a ''Bachelor of Technology'' degree upon graduation. Upon graduation, cadets are commissioned as sub lieutenants in the navy. Cadets majoring in ''Naval Architecture'' have to undergo an additional 6 months of training at the Naval Dockyard, [[Visakhapatnam]] after graduation. They also have the option to enroll for additional post-graduate specialisation in the field at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]].

Admission to INA as graduate officer-trainees of the Indian Navy is conducted through a written examination conducted by the UPSC, followed by 5 days of testing and interviews conducted by the [[Services Selection Board]] (SSB). These cover general aptitude, psychological testing, medical tests, team skills as well as physical and social skills. For the Short Service Commission (SSC) officer-trainees, the selection is through merit. SSC officers have the option to apply for permanent commission based on their performance and track record. Graduating officers often go on for additional training or specialisation in areas such as surface warfare, submarine warfare, naval aviation, etc. at other naval schools.

Officers joining [[Indian Coast Guard]] as assistant commandants also undergo basic training along with graduate officer-trainees of the Indian Navy.

===Training===
The training zone contains the main academic building complex, as well as physical training, aquatics and outdoor-training complexes, auditoriums, a firing range, fields, cadet's Mess, and cadet's squadrons. The main academic building complex is situated on the highest point of the academy. It includes the Service and Technical Training wings, laboratories, workshops, library, and an 1800-capacity auditorium. The academy accepts up to 1200 cadets for officer training each year. This includes final year training for naval cadets from the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defense Academy]] and interim training facilities for the [[Indian Coast Guard]].

==Campus==

===Location===
[[File:India Kerala Kannur district.svg|thumb|right|Kannur, Kerala]]

The Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala is located approximately 35 km north of [[Kannur]] and 117 km south of [[Mangalore]], on the west coast of peninsular [[India]]. The nearest railway station is at [[Payyanur]], 8 km away. The nearest airport is  [[Kannur International Airport]], which is about 60  km southeast of Ezhimala. The INA is divided into three zones – a Training zone, an Administration zone and an Accommodation zone. It has a lighthouse (the Mt. Dilly Lighthouse) on its premises.

===Administration===
The administration zone consists of the Administrative Complex, the naval hospital ''INHS Navjivani'', the logistics complex, the motor transport complex, and the campus fire station.

===Accommodation===
The academy has uniformed and civilian staff for training and administrative support. It had 161 officers, 47 professors/lecturers, 502 sailors and 557 defense civilians in 2010. The campus includes accommodation facilities for staff and their families, with capacity of about 4000.

===INHS Navjivani===
INHS ''Navjivani'', which was commissioned on 12 December 2012, is a 64-bed naval hospital in the campus that provides healthcare to cadets, staff and navy veterans.

===Cadet life===
On reporting at the academy, cadets are assigned to [[Squadron (naval)|squadrons]]. Currently, there are 6 squadrons, namely - '''Achiever, Braveheart, Cheetah, Daredevil, Eagle''' and '''Fighter''', which are planned to be increased to 16. Each squadron consists of four divisions with approximately 60 cadets in each division. Each division is commanded by a commissioned officer with a minimum seniority of the rank of [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]], responsible for monitoring, guidance, and counseling of the cadets and is headed by a Divisional Cadet Captain (DCC). The squadron is headed by an officer of the rank of [[Lieutenant Commander]]. Squadron Cadet Captain (SCC) and Squadron Cadet Adjutant (SCA) ensure the proper functioning of the Squadrons. There is only one Flotilla now, comprising all six squadrons, and it is headed by the Flotilla Cadet Captain (FCC) and Flotilla Cadet Adjutant (FCA). The Academy is Headed by the Academy Cadet Captain (ACC) and the Academy Cadet Adjutant (ACA). ACC is responsible for representing the cadets interests to superior echelons within the Academy and representing the Academy externally, whereas the ACA is responsible for the overall operations and discipline of the entire Academy. The ACC and ACA together are the senior-most appointments in the Academy. Other officer cadet appointments include 1 FCC, 1 FCA, 6 SCC, 6 SCA, and 24 DCC(s).

Cadets are accommodated in individual rooms in the squadrons. Through the 4 years of Academy tenure, the cadets are trained in all aspects like physical training, swimming, drill, sports proficiency, equestrianism, cross-country running, and professional studies related to the navy and the military.

When the Academy was at INS Mandovi Goa, there were initially just 2 Squadrons, which later expanded to three, namely Mulla, Marakkar and Angre Squadron - each with four divisions. Each of the Academy squadrons boast of their own traditions and heritage some of which have been carried forward from the erstwhile Academy at INS Mandovi.

==See also==
* [[Indian Navy]]
* [[Ezhimala]]
* [[Indian Military Academy|Indian Military Academy, Dehradun]]
* [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy, Dundigal]]
* [[Military Institute of Technology (MILIT)]], [[Pune]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|}}
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hue54bWk6IC |title = Ezhimala: The Abode of the Naval Academy |last = Ramunny |first = Murkot |publisher = Northern Book Centre |year = 1993 |isbn = 8172110529 |location = New Delhi }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Indian Naval Academy}}
*{{Official website|https://ina.indiannavy.gov.in/}}
*[https://blog.cadetspointdefenceacademy.com/nda-2-2021-answer-key/ NDA Answer key 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220061740/https://blog.cadetspointdefenceacademy.com/nda-2-2021-answer-key/ |date=20 December 2021 }}

{{Indian Navy}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Naval academies}}
{{Kannur |state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Naval Academy}}
[[Category:1969 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1969]]
[[Category:Military academies of India]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Naval academies]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Indian Naval Academy| ]]

Bhouri

2026-03-11T13:57:22Z

EliseMacnaghten: improved article

{{Short description|2016 Indian social drama film by Jasbir Bhaati}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhouri
| image = Bhouri film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jasbir Bhaati
| producer = Chandrapal Singh
| writer = Jagat Bhusan Singh/Manjeet Mahipal
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Raghubir Yadav]] [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|06|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| gross = 
}}

'''''Bhouri''''' is a 2016 Indian social [[drama]] film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhouri stars Aditya Pancholi and Raghuveer Yadav|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/bhouri-stars-aditya-pancholi-and-raghuveer-yadav/|accessdate=27 September 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=6 March 2015}}</ref> It is a glimpse of the life conditions of a particular women in rural North India, set against the background of [[Economic, social and cultural rights|social conflict]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Heres-Why-Shakti-Kapoor-Is-Shying-Away-From-Promoting-His-Film-Where-He-Plays-A-Sex-Addict/|title=Shakti Kapoor Won't Promote His Next Film As Shraddha Isn't OK With Her Dad Playing A Sex Addict|last=ScoopWhoop|date=2016-05-13|work=ScoopWhoop|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref> surrounding women in rural India. It was released on 17 June 2016. Masha Paur, [[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Kunika]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] played pivotal roles in the film.

== Plot ==
A tragic love story of Bhouri, a 23-year-old who is married to a 45-year-old, the film highlights the exploitation of women in male dominated society.

== Cast ==
* [[Masha Paur]] as Bhouri
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Dhanua
* [[Kunika]] as Kaki
* [[Shakti Kapoor]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/raghuveer-yadav-excels-in-this-hard-hitting-powerful-bhouri-trailer-watch-it-now_1893383.html|title=Raghuveer Yadav excels in this hard-hitting powerful 'Bhouri' trailer! Watch it now|date=2016-06-09|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref> as Adarsh / Prince Mangal
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Wasim / Prince Mangal
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Chaudhary Kulkarni
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Banya
* [[Sitaram Panchal]] as Pandit
* [[Aditya Pancholi]] as police inspector
* Vikrant Rai as Shekhar / Filmmaker
* Vicky Ahuja as Budhua
* Pooja Saxena as Malti
* Manjeet Mahipal as Doctors Compounder
* Wasim Khan as Banya Assistant
* Padam Singh as Vakil
* Kiron Roy as Bindia
* Rani Verma as Basanti
* Riya Mishra as Chaudhrain
* Preeti Singh as Chuniya
* Shailendra Tiwari as Chief Medical Officer

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|5978194}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Religious satire films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2010s-drama-film-stub}}

Vikas Khanna

2026-03-10T19:59:04Z

EliseMacnaghten: general enhanced layout for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Michelin star Indian celebrity chef and restaurateur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikas Khanna
| image = Vikas Khanna - 1.jpg
| caption = Khanna in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|50|2022|6|01}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| style = [[Indian cuisine]]
| education = {{ubl|
* [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
* [[GD Goenka University]]}}
| relatives = [[Radhika Khanna]] (sister)
}}

'''Vikas Khanna''' is an [[Indian-American]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandani |first=Priyanka |date=2023-05-07 |title=Michelin-star chef Vikas Khanna overcomes disability, talks about racism and elevating Indian food |url=https://orato.world/2023/05/07/michelin-star-chef-vikas-khanna-overcomes-disability-talks-about-racism-and-elevating-indian-food/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Orato |language=en-US}}</ref> celebrity chef, restaurateur, cookbook writer, and filmmaker. He has been one of the judges on [[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|''MasterChef India'']] since the show began.

==Early life and education==
Khanna was born in [[Amritsar]], India in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amritsar-born chef Vikas Khanna ranked in global top 10 list by Gazette Review |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/amritsar-born-chef-vikas-khanna-ranked-in-global-top-10-list-by-gazette-review-400095 |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=Tribune |agency=PTI |date=1 June 2022}}</ref> He did his schooling at St. Francis School, Amritsar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|first=Vedika|last=Sud|title=Indian Michelin-star chef feeds millions from New York|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/12/india/vikas-khanna-feed-india-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|access-date=29 October 2020|website=CNN|date=12 October 2020 }}</ref> He was born with a leg deformity ([[club foot]]) and wasn't able to run until he was 13 years old. He graduated from [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] in 1991 where he studied hotel management.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/vikas-khanna-goes-down-memory-lane/article2862408.ece|title=Vikas Khanna goes down memory lane|date=5 February 2012|access-date=16 July 2018|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> He then studied at [[Culinary Institute of America]] and [[New York University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelin star chef Vikas Khanna's first business was 'total failure'. What he learned from it |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/michelin-star-chef-vikas-khannas-first-business-was-total-failure-what-he-learned-from-it-9717461.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308191008/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/michelin-star-chef-vikas-khannas-first-business-was-total-failure-what-he-learned-from-it-9717461.html |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

He received an honorary doctorate at [[GD Goenka University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://indiaeducationdiary.in/celebrity-chef-vikas-khanna-conferred-honorary-doctorate-g-d-goenka-university/|title = Celebrity Chef Vikas Khanna to be conferred honorary doctorate by G.D Goenka University|date = 6 February 2018|access-date = 29 July 2019|archive-date = 14 June 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240614054948/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/celebrity-chef-vikas-khanna-conferred-honorary-doctorate-g-d-goenka-university/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Career==
While in India, Khanna worked for the [[Taj Hotels]], [[The Oberoi Group|Oberoi group]], [[ITC Hotels|Welcome group]], and [[Leela Group of Hotels]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chef Vikas Khanna is set to open new restaurant Bungalow in New York in March |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/lifestyle/chef-vikas-khanna-is-set-to-open-new-restaurant-bungalow-in-new-york-in-march-12345251.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710120738/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/lifestyle/chef-vikas-khanna-is-set-to-open-new-restaurant-bungalow-in-new-york-in-march-12345251.html |archive-date=10 July 2025 |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Khanna worked at Salaam Bombay and The Café at the [[Rubin Museum of Art]] in New York before he joined [[Junoon (restaurant)|Junoon]], an upscale Indian restaurant in [[Flatiron district]] of Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/30/dining/reviews/30rest.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715022340/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/30/dining/reviews/30rest.html/?_r=1%2F|url-status=dead|title=Crosstown Tour of India|first=Sam|last=Sifton|date=29 March 2011|archivedate=15 July 2014|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2019, he opened a restaurant called Kinara in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeoutdubai.com/food-drink/food-news/418013-new-indian-restaurant-kinara-by-vikas-khanna-is-now-open-in-dubai|title=Kinara by Vikas Khanna|date=2 October 2019 }}</ref> In 2020, he opened a restaurant called Ellora in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeoutdubai.com/food-drink/food-news/446306-new-restaurant-ellora-by-vikas-khanna-opens-in-dubai|title=Ellora by Vikas Khanna|date=18 August 2020 }}</ref> In 2024, he opened a restaurant, [[Bungalow (restaurant)|Bungalow]] in the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] neighborhood of [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fortney |first1=Luke |title=Manhattan Is Getting an Ambitious Indian Restaurant From a Celebrity Chef |url=https://ny.eater.com/2024/3/15/24099954/bungalow-opening-east-village-march-23-vikas-khanna |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=Eater NY |date=15 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324185526/https://ny.eater.com/2024/3/15/24099954/bungalow-opening-east-village-march-23-vikas-khanna |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Bobby |title=Indian Restaurants Are Wall Street's New Celebration Spots |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-28/nyc-indian-restaurants-are-wall-street-s-new-deal-celebration-spot |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=Bloomberg |date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628145117/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-28/nyc-indian-restaurants-are-wall-street-s-new-deal-celebration-spot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabricant |first1=Florence |title=Hidden Luxury Beckons at Bungalow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/dining/bungalow-restaurant-opening.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629170214/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/19/dining/bungalow-restaurant-opening.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Khanna has authored more than 40 books. One of his books Magnum opus - Utsav was auctioned as the world's most expensive cookbook. He also actively supports the cause of nutrition in India and is the goodwill ambassador of Smile Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiasociety.org/new-york/events/vikas-khannas-transformative-story|title=Vikas Khanna's Transformative Story|date=2025-02-12|access-date=2025-02-12|website=asiasociety.org}}</ref>

==Television shows==
From 2011, Khanna hosted seven seasons of [[MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)|''MasterChef India'']] (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) a series based on the original British version. He has been hosting all the seasons of the show since then. Khanna was invited as a guest judge on ''[[MasterChef Australia]]'' in Season 6.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tenplay.com.au/channel-ten/masterchef/photos/masterchef-india-pressure-test#2|title=MasterChef India Pressure Test|publisher=Network Ten|website=TenPlay - MasterChef India Pressure Test|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> He appeared as a Consultant chef to help a failing Indian restaurant named Purnima on the [[Gordon Ramsay]] TV series ''[[Kitchen Nightmares]]''. Khanna appeared as a judge and an Indian-cuisine specialist on the two-part season finale of ''[[Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)#Episode 14|Hell's Kitchen]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/2009/10/14/hells-kitchen-season-finale-recap/|title='Hell's Kitchen' recap: The season finale|work=EW.com|access-date=27 November 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==Film production==

His documentary ''Kitchens of Gratitude'' was featured at [[Marché du Film|Marche du Film]] at the 69th [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/cannes-2016-chef-vikas-khanna-screens-documentary-on-food-1243370.html|title=Cannes 2016: Chef Vikas Khanna Screens Documentary on Food|work=News18|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

His directorial debut ''[[The Last Color]]'' is a film about the daily struggles for survival on the streets of Banaras, India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/four-row-celebrity-chef-vikas-khanna-cannes-090603949.html|title=Four-in-a-row for celebrity Chef Vikas Khanna at Cannes.It has been also nominated for 'Best picture' by the Academy awards(Oscars).|access-date=27 November 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Public advocacy ==
In January 2026, Vikas Khanna drew public attention to hygiene concerns at Mumbai’s Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport after sharing images of worn and dusty carpets inside the terminal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title='It is beyond cleaning now': Chef Vikas Khanna asks authorities to remove dirty carpets from Mumbai airport |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/it-is-beyond-cleaning-now-chef-vikas-khanna-asks-authorities-to-remove-unaccepable-dirty-carpets-from-mumbai-airport-101767405265269.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Describing the condition as “beyond cleaning,” he urged airport authorities to remove the carpets, citing potential health risks for passengers, especially those with respiratory issues.<ref name="Google News">{{Cite web |title=Google News |url=https://news.google.com/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Google News |language=en-IN}}</ref> The airport authorities acknowledged his concerns and stated that corrective measures would be taken, prioritising passenger health and comfort.<ref name="Google News"/>

==Recognition==
* Top 10 Chefs in the world by [[Deutsche Welle|Deutsche Welle News]] and Gazette Review.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/jamie-oliver-and-10-other-iconic-chefs/a-18843942|title=Jamie Oliver and 10 other iconic chefs|date=11 November 2015|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en|access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gazettereview.com/2017/04/top-10-chefs/|title=Top 10 Chefs In The World - The Best in 2018 - Gazette Review|last=Deml|first=Jessica|date=22 April 2017|work=Gazette Review|access-date=26 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Doctor of Philosophy (Honoris causa) Degree by the G D Goenka University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gdgoenkauniversity.com/news-events/chef-vikas-khanna-receives-honorary-doctorate-from-g-d-goenka-university/|title=Chef Vikas Khanna receives honorary doctorate from G.D Goenka University|date=9 February 2018|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713234639/http://www.gdgoenkauniversity.com/news-events/chef-vikas-khanna-receives-honorary-doctorate-from-g-d-goenka-university/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Doctorate in literature (Honoris causa) by D Y Patil University.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dypatil.edu/12th-convocation-ceremony-2018/|title=12th Convocation Ceremony 2018 - D. Y. Patil University|work=D. Y. Patil University|access-date=27 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[James Beard Foundation Award]] nomination for his book Return to the Rivers in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/complete-2014-jbf-award-nominees|title=The Complete 2014 JBF Award Nominees|website=www.jamesbeard.org|language=en|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901195115/https://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/complete-2014-jbf-award-nominees|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* "Rising Star" Chef Award by Star Chefs for his role in shaping the future of American Cuisine(2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starchefs.com/cook/chefs/2011-new-york-rising-stars/chef-vikas-khanna|title=Chef Vikas Khanna of Junoon {{!}} StarChefs.com|website=www.starchefs.com|language=en|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>
* GQ India Man of the year 2012 by [[GQ Magazine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-men-year-2012-part-2/|title=GQ Men of the Year 2012 : Part 2|date=29 October 2012|work=GQ India|access-date=27 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
* The Shining Star Award from "Just One Break, Inc."<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.vkhanna.com/documents/job.pdf|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907114827/http://www.vkhanna.com/documents/job.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=23 July 2009}}</ref>
* Featured on the cover of Men's Health India Magazine in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://menshealth.intoday.in/story/chef-vikas-khanna-masterchef-india-new-york/1/117265.html|title=Cut, chisel, sizzle... : Cover Stories - Menshealth|website=menshealth.intoday.in|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110511/http://menshealth.intoday.in/story/chef-vikas-khanna-masterchef-india-new-york/1/117265.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* He was voted "New York's Hottest Chef" in a poll conducted by the New York ''Eater'' [[blog]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ny.eater.com/2011/2/16/6696719/junoons-vikas-khanna-is-new-yorks-hottest-chef|title=Junoon's Vikas Khanna is New York's Hottest Chef|work=Eater NY|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>
* His New York based restaurant “Bungalow” won Michelin 2024 Bib Gourmand award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=Vikas Khanna's New York restaurant Bungalow wins Michelin 2024 Bib Gourmand award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/vikas-khanna-new-york-restaurant-bungalow-wins-michelin-2024-bib-gourmand-award-2647688-2024-12-10 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* Chef Vikas Khanna was awarded the highest Rotary honor, the Paul Harris Fellow, by Priya Ahluwalia from the SWFL Rotary Club, and was also inducted as an honorary member of the club.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-14 |title=A Taste of Service Above Self: Celebrating Vocational Service Through Culinary Impact |url=https://rotaryserviceblog.org/2025/08/14/a-taste-of-service-above-self-celebrating-vocational-service-through-culinary-impact/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Rotary Service Blog |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2024, Chef Vikas Khanna joined Rotary leaders from the SWFL Rotary Club in launching a literacy initiative at a NASDAQ event in New York, highlighting the role of education and service in global development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Rotary leader helps launch literacy push, NASDAQ event |url=https://www.gulfshorebusiness.com/nonprofit/rotary-leader-helps-launch-literacy-push-nasdaq-event/article_9eb91723-8946-4cc4-9b43-3fe0207164d7.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Gulfshore Business |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vikas Khanna}}
* {{official website|vkhanna.com/}}
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2301454 Vikas Khanna | Director, Writer, Producer]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Vikas}}
[[Category:Artists from Amritsar]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Head chefs of Michelin-starred restaurants]]
[[Category:Chefs from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni]]
[[Category:Asia Game Changer Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian television chefs]]

List of states and union territories of India by area

2026-03-05T08:45:10Z

EliseMacnaghten: slightly refine layout based on references and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

{{India divisions by}}

The '''list of states and union territories of the Republic of India by area''' is ordered from largest to smallest. India consists of 28 [[states and union territories of India|states]] and 8 [[union territory|union territories]], including the National Capital Territory of Delhi with Rajasthan being largest in land area.<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=Indian states and territories census|url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Depts/PlanningDevelopment/Statistics/table_1.pdf|publisher=Govt. of Bihar|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513041024/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Depts/PlanningDevelopment/Statistics/table_1.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=pib>{{cite web|title=Area of Indian states|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/COMPARATIVE%20STATISTICS%20(STATES).pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|page=598|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126011218/http://www.ap.gov.in/Other%20Docs/COMPARATIVE%20STATISTICS%20(STATES).pdf|archive-date=26 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html|title=Indian states since 1947|newspaper=World Statesmen|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| other = yes
| value1 = 10.411
| label1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| color1 = skyblue
| value2 = 9.377
| label2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| color2 = pink
| value3 = 9.360
| label3 = [[Maharashtra]]
| value4 = 7.329
| label4 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| value5 = 5.963
| label5 = [[Gujarat]]
| value6 = 5.834
| label6 = [[Karnataka]]
| value7 = 5.071
| label7 = [[Laddakh]]
| value8 = 4.957
| label8 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| value9 = 4.736
| label9 = [[Odisha]]
| value10 = 4.112
| label10 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| value11 = 3.956
| label11 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| value12 = 3.409
| label12 = [[Telangana]]
| value13 = 2.864
| label13 = [[Bihar]]
| value14 = 2.740
| label14 = [[West Bengal]]
| value15 = 2.547
| label15 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| value16 = 2.424
| label16 = [[Jharkhand]]
| value17 = 2.386
| label17 = [[Assam]]
| value18 = 1.693
| label18 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| value19 = 1.689
| label19 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| value20 = 1.626
| label20 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| value21 = 1.532
| label21 = [[Punjab]]
| value22 = 1.344
| label22 = [[Haryana]]
| value23 = 1.182
| label23 = [[Kerala]]
| value24 = 0.682
| label24 = [[Meghalaya]]
| value25 = 0.679
| label25 = [[Manipur]]
| value26 = 0.641
| label26 = [[Mizoram]]
| value27 = 0.504
| label27 = [[Nagaland]]
| value28 = 0.319
| label28 = [[Tripura]]
| value29 = 0.250
| label29 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| value30 = 0.215
| label30 = [[Sikkim]]
| value31 = 0.112
| label31 = [[Goa]]
}}

== List of states and union territories by area ==

{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header col2left col4left" {{right}}
! Rank
! State / Union Territory
! class=data-sort-type:number|Area (km{{sup|2}})
! Region
! % total
|Notes
|-
|1 (S1)
|[[Rajasthan]]
|342,239
|[[North India|Northern]]
|10.411
|
|-
|2 (S2)
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|308,252
|[[Central India|Central]]
|9.377
|{{efn|name=MP-CH|The shortfall of {{convert|7|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} area of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and {{convert|3|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} area of [[Chhattisgarh]] is yet to be resolved by the [[Survey of India]].}}
|-
|3 (S3)
|[[Maharashtra]]
|307,713
|[[Western India|Western]]
|9.360
|
|-
|4 (S4)
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|240,928
|[[North India|Northern]]
|7.329
|
|-
|5 (S5)
|[[Gujarat]]
|196,024
|[[Western India|Western]]
|5.963
|
|-
|6 (S6)
|[[Karnataka]]
|191,791
|[[South India|Southern]]
|5.834
|
|-
|7 (UT1)
|[[Ladakh]]
|166,698 (59,146)
|[[North India|Northern]]
|5.071 (1.799)
|{{efn|[[Ladakh]] is a [[List of territorial disputes|disputed territory]] between India, Pakistan and China. Areas claimed by India including the [[Aksai Chin]], [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] regions administered by China and the [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] region administered by Pakistan respectively have been included from the total area. Should they be included, the area would total to 166,698 km{{sup|2}}.}}
|-
|8 (S7)
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|162,975
|[[South India|Southern]]
|4.957
|{{efn|name=P-AP| Disputed area of {{convert|13|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} between [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] is included in neither.<ref>{{cite web |title=AP at a Glance |url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=30 |website=Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221132152/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
|9 (S8)
|[[Odisha]]
|155,707
|[[Eastern India|Eastern]]
|4.7361
|
|-
|10 (S9)
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|135,192
|[[Central india|Central]]
|4.112
|{{efn|name=MP-CH}}
|-
|11 (S10)
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|130,058
|[[South India|Southern]]
|3.956
|
|-
|12 (S11)
|[[Telangana]]
|112,077
|[[South india|Southern]]
|3.409
|
|-
|13 (S12)
|[[Bihar]]
|94,163
|[[East India|Eastern]]
|2.864
|
|-
|14 (S13)
|[[West Bengal]]
|88,752
|[[East India|Eastern]]
|2.740
|
|-
|15 (S14)
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|83,743
|[[Northeast India|Northeastern]]
|2.547
|
|-
|16 (S15)
|[[Jharkhand]]
|79,716
|[[East India|Eastern]]
|2.424
|
|-
|17 (S16)
|[[Assam]]
|78,438
|[[Northeast India|Northeastern]]
|2.386
|
|-
|18 (S17)
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|55,673
|[[North India|Northern]]
|1.693
|
|-
|19 (UT2)
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|55,538 (42,241)
|[[North India|Northern]]
|1.689 (1.284)
|{{efn|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is a [[List of territorial disputes|disputed territory]] between India and Pakistan. Areas claimed by India including the [[Azad Kashmir]] region, which is administered by Pakistan, have been included from the total area.the area would total to 55,538 km{{Sup|2}}.}}
|-
|20 (S18)
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|53,483
|[[Northwestern India|Northern]]
|1.626
|
|-
|21 (S19)
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|50,362
|[[North India|Northern]]
|1.532
|
|-
|22 (S20)
|[[Haryana]]
|44,212
|[[North India|Northern]]
|1.344
|
|-
|23 (S21)
|[[Kerala]]
|38,863
|[[South India|Southern]]
|1.182
|
|-
|24 (S22)
|[[Meghalaya]]
|22,429
|[[Northeast India|Northeastern]]
|0.682
|
|-
|25 (S23)
|[[Manipur]]
|22,327
|[[Northeast India|Northeastern]]
|0.679
|
|-
|26 (S24)
|[[Mizoram]]
|21,081
|[[Northeast India|Northeastern]]
|0.641
|
|-
|27 (S25)
|[[Nagaland]]
|16,579
|[[Northeast India|Northeastern]]
|0.504
|
|-
|28 (S26)
|[[Tripura]]
|10,491
|[[Northeast India|Northeastern]]
|0.319
|
|-
|29 (UT3)
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|8,249
|[[Bay of Bengal]]
|0.250
|
|-
|30 (S27)
|[[Sikkim]]
|7,096
|[[Northeast India|Northeastern]]
|0.215
|
|-
|31 (S28)
|[[Goa]]
|3,702
|[[Western India|Western]]
|0.112
|
|-
|32 (UT4)
|[[Delhi]]
|1,484
|[[North India|Northern]]
|0.045
|
|-
|33 (UT5)
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|603
|[[Western India|Western]]
|0.018
|<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/214745.pdfegazette.nic.in |website=egazette.nic.in |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|34 (UT6)
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|479
|[[South India|Southern]]
|0.014
|{{efn|name=P-AP}}
|-
|35 (UT7)
|[[Chandigarh]]
|114
|[[North India|Northern]]
|0.003
|
|-
|36 (UT8)
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|32
|[[Arabian Sea]]
|0.001
|
|-
|
| '''India'''
|3,287,263 (3,166,414){{efn|The area figures of states and union territories do not add up to area of India because:
* The shortfall of 7 km2 area of Madhya Pradesh and 3 km2 area of Chhattisgarh is yet to be resolved by the Survey of India.<ref name="censusofficial"/>
* Disputed area of 13 km2 between Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh is included neither in Puducherry nor in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="censusofficial"/>
* Area figures do not include the areas claimed by India that are in Pakistani or Chinese administrative control. This includes 78,114 km2 of area in [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] under Pakistani administration, 5,180 km2 of area in [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksgam Valley]] ceded to China by Pakistan and 37,555 km2 of area in [[Aksai Chin]] under Chinese administration totalling to 120,849 km2.<ref name="censusofficial"/>
*The Indian government lists the total area as {{convert|3287263|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and the total land area as {{convert|3060500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; the United Nations lists the total area as {{convert|3166414|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and total land area as {{convert|2973190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. {{harv|Library of Congress|2004}}.}}
| [[Asia]]
| 100 (96.323)
|
|}

''Source:Area of states''<ref name="censusofficial">{{cite web|title=Official site of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, India|url=http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/SYB2013/ch2.html|access-date=20 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203163229/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/SYB2013/ch2.html|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
|Note:- "()" Indian controlled area

== See also ==
* [[Lists of political and geographic subdivisions by total area]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by population]]
* [[States and union territories of India]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="note"}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|
<ref>{{citation|date=December 2004|title=Country Profile: India|edition=5th|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|access-date=30 September 2011|ref={{sfnRef|Library of Congress|2004}}}}</ref>
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:States and union territories of India by area}}
[[Category:Ranked lists of country subdivisions|India, area]]

Gowri Kalyana

2026-03-05T02:41:30Z

EliseMacnaghten: Stub

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gowri Kalyana
| image = Gowri Kalyana.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Dwarakish]]
| writer = Kunigal Vasanth (dialogues)
| screenplay = Dwarakish
| story = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochchu]]'' (1982) }}
| producer = Dwarakish
| starring = {{plainlist|*Harshavardhan
*Nithya
*[[M. P. Shankar]]
*[[Vajramuni]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Karunakara Rao
| editing = P R Goutham Raju
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Abhilash Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|9|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gowri Kalyana''''' ({{Translation|Gowri's marriage}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed, produced, and co-written by [[Dwarakish]]. A remake of the Tamil film ''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochchu]]'' (1982),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=614}}</ref> the films stars Harshavardhan and Nithya with [[M. P. Shankar]] and [[Vajramuni]] in supporting roles.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Harshavardhan as Chandru
*Nithya as Gowri
*[[M. P. Shankar]]
*[[Vajramuni]]
*[[Chethan Ramarao]]
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*[[B. V. Radha]]
*[[Vaishali Kasaravalli]]
*[[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
*[[Rekha Das]]
}}

== Production ==
During the production of ''[[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]'' (1990), Madras-based badminton player Vishwas came to [[Dwarakish]]'s house in search of film opportunities.<ref name="P">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/old-columns/belli-tereya-hinde/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86-1975639|title=ಶ್ರುತಿ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಶೈಲಜಾ ಮದುವೆ|trans-title=''Shruthi'' film, Shailaja marriage|language=kn|work=[[Prajavani]]|date=9 February 2013|author=Dwarakish|author-link=Dwarakish|access-date=1 January 2025|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130042539/https://www.prajavani.net/old-columns/belli-tereya-hinde/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86-1975639|url-status=live}}</ref> He was rechristened as Harshavardhan since [[Dwarakish]] had a rift with [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and wanted to introduce competition while [[Malayalam softcore pornography|Maria]] was rechristened as Nithya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/actor-cum-producer-dwarakish-produces-drohi-movie-to-give-taunt-to-actor-vishnuvardhan-srb-sc6wcg|title=ವಿಷ್ಣುವರ್ಧನ್‌ಗೆ ಟಾಂಗ್ ಕೊಡಲು 'ದ್ರೋಹಿ' ಮಾಡಿದ್ರು ದ್ವಾರಕೀಶ್; ಯಾಕೆ ಮೂಡಿತ್ತು ವೈಮನಸ್ಯ?|trans-title=Dwarakish made Vishnuvardhan a 'traitor' to give him a tong; why did the enmity arise?|work=[[Asianet News]]|language=kn|date=19 April 2024|first=Shriram|last=Bhat|access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="P"/> [[M. P. Shankar]] and [[Vajramuni]] were selected to play important roles.<ref name="P"/> Part of the film was shot in Mysore.<ref name="P"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/gowri-kalyana-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1359499105|title=Gowri Kalyana (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by S A Rajkumar on Apple Music|date=1 August 2014|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[R. N. Jayagopal]], M N Vyasa Rao, and [[Chi. Udayashankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/07/29/gowri-kalyana-1991/|title=Gowri Kalyana – ಗೌರಿ ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ (1991/೧೯೯೧)|first=|last=|date=29 July 2013|work=Kannada Movies Info|access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Premada Kalpane
| lyrics1 = M N Vyasa Rao
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:24
| title2 = Mallige Mallige
| lyrics2 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:33
| title3 = Nodappa Nanage Sikka Maguvanu
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:27
| title4 = Preethiyalli Yentha
| lyrics4 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 = 4:42
| title5 = Gowri Kalyana Katheyidu
| lyrics5 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 4:48
| total_length = 22:54
}}

== Release ==
Film directors [[S. Siddalingaiah]], [[Chandulal Jain]] and B. M. Venkatesh appreciated the film in a screening before its release. Since the film's producers and the people who watched the film during its premiere felt that the film would be a success, Dwarakish did not sell the film's rights to anyone.<ref name="P"/> However, the film was an unexpected failure.<ref name="P"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/reason-behind-major-fallout-between-dwarakish-and-vishnuvardhan/articleshow/109380239.cms|title=Viral Post: ವಿಷ್ಣುವರ್ಧನ್ ಬಾಯಿಂದ ಆ ಮಾತು ಬಂದಿತ್ತಾ? 'ದ್ರೋಹಿ' ಪೋಸ್ಟರ್ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದ ದ್ವಾರಕೀಶ್!|trans-title=Viral Post: Did that word come from Vishnuvardhan's mouth? Dwarakish who had released the 'Drohi' poster!|first=ಹರ್ಷಿತಾ|last=ಎನ್|language=kn|date=17 April 2024|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> Dwarakish cited casting newcomers as a possible reason for the film's failure but said in an interview that he appreciated working with them.<ref name="P"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|22856932}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|gowri_kalyana}}

{{Dwarakish}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dwarakish]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dwarakish]]

Vaa Raja Vaa

2026-03-04T05:10:02Z

EliseMacnaghten: creating - done

{{short description|1969 film by A. P. Nagarajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaa Raja Vaa
| image = Vaa Raja Vaa.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| writer = A. P. Nagarajan
| producer = A. P. Nagarajan
| starring = [[Master Prabhakar]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subbarao
| editing = T. R. Nagarajan
| music = [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
| studio = CNV Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1969|12|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 152 minutes{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=402}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vaa Raja Vaa''''' ({{Translation|Come Raja, Come}}){{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=185}} is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[children's film]] written, directed and produced by [[A. P. Nagarajan]] for CNV Productions. The film features an ensemble cast including [[Master Prabhakar]], [[Sumathi (actress)|Baby Sumathi]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[V. S. Raghavan]], [[K. D. Santhanam]] and [[Suruli Rajan]]. It was released on 6 December 1969 and became a commercial success. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' (1970), with Prabhakar reprising his role.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2021}}
Raja is a 10-year-old tourist guide in [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]]. An elder sculptor has a small rock sculpture tablet on which are engraved adages. Raja enters a discussion with him, wondering if those pearls of wisdom still hold relevance. The sculptor tells him that those sayings are eternal and immortal. Unconvinced, Raja sets out to find the truth for himself. Ultimately, he realises that all those sayings are still valid.

== Cast ==
* [[Master Prabhakar]] as Raja
* [[Sumathi (actress)|Baby Sumathi]] as Raja's sister
* [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] as a police officer disguised as a sage
* [[V. S. Raghavan]]
* [[K. D. Santhanam]] as the elder sculptor
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as a friendly police officer

== Production ==
In addition to writing and directing, [[A. P. Nagarajan]] also produced ''Vaa Raja Vaa'' under his company CNV Productions. W. R. Subba Rao was the cinematographer, while T. R. Nagarajan was the editor.<ref name="thehindu" /> Since it was previously believed in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] that A. P. Nagarajan's films were successful only because of their star cast and "mammoth" scales, rather than his directorial skills, he directed this film, which featured mostly newcomers, to silence his critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=5 September 2012 |title=Classic gets a new life |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3862116.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009121554/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3862116.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> It was also one of his rare films to have a contemporary setting, since he was then known primarily for directing films based on [[Hindu mythology]].{{sfn|Thoraval|2000|p=330}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2019 |title=பொன்விழா படங்கள் : வா ராஜா வா |language=ta |trans-title=Golden Jubilee Films: Vaa Raja Vaa |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=http://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=79910 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191220042035/https://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=79910 |archive-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> The film was shot entirely on location in [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Kalaimamani" Sirkali's Memorable Movies |url=http://www.sirkali.org/movies.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328114957/http://www.sirkali.org/movies.html |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=28 March 2018 |website=Sirkali.org}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]], marking his cinematic debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatraman |first=Lakshmi |date=7 February 2003 |title=His fingers weave magic with ragas |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/07/stories/2003020700960600.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103132632/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/07/stories/2003020700960600.htm |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> The lyrics were written by Nellai Arulmani, Poovai Senguttuvan, Ulundurpettai Shanmugham and [[Azha Valliappa]].<ref name="thehindu" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaa Raja Vaa |url=http://gaana.com/album/vaa-raja-vaa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214101147/http://gaana.com/album/vaa-raja-vaa |archive-date=14 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:29
| title1 = Kallellaam
| extra1 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length1 = 03:34
| title2 = Aadi Paadi Sirikka
| extra2 = L. R. Eswari, S. Sarala, M. R. Vijaya, L. R. Anjali
| length2 = 04:57
| title3 = Unmai Ethu Poy Ethu
| extra3 = L. R. Eswari
| length3 = 03:43
| title4 = Iraivan Padai Tha
| extra4 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| length4 = 03:31
| title5 = Kallamilla Pillaiyidam
| extra5 = Sirkazhi Govindarajan
| length5 = 03:44
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vaa Raja Vaa'' was released on 6 December 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaa Raja Vaa (1969) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/vaa-raja-vaa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624064328/https://screen4screen.com/movies/vaa-raja-vaa |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="thehindu" /> In a review dated 21 December 1969, the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' praised the performances of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 1969 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: வா ராஜா வா |trans-title=Movie Review: Vaa Raja Vaa |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/43456--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210624064812/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/43456--2 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=20 December 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' (1970),<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2016 |title=சினிமாவில் வெற்றிக்கொடி நாட்டிய குழந்தைகள்! |language=ta |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/04121650/At-the-cinemaSuccessful-childrens-dance.vpf |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161121155931/http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/06/04121650/At-the-cinemaSuccessful-childrens-dance.vpf |archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> with Prabhakar reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=4 October 2019 |title=Balaraju Katha (1970) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/balaraju-katha-1970/article29591890.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202044147/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/balaraju-katha-1970/article29591890.ece |archive-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=24 September 2016 |title=Vaa Raja Vaa (1969) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Vaa-Raja-Vaa-1969/article14997168.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213062248/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Vaa-Raja-Vaa-1969/article14997168.ece |archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |pages=185 |oclc=1129458207 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |title=The cinemas of India |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-333-93410-5 |location=India}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0247011}}
{{A. P. Nagarajan}}

[[Category:1969 children's films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s road movies]]
[[Category:1969 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mogam Muppadhu Varusham

2026-03-04T04:49:23Z

EliseMacnaghten: general corrected details to improve readability and improved wording for clarity

{{short description|1976 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mogam Muppadhu Varusham
| image = Mogam Muppadhu Varusham.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| screenplay = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Mogam Muppadhu Varusham''|Maniyan}}
| producer = M. Shanthi Narayanan
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Kamal Haasan]]||[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]|[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]|[[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]]|[[Sripriya]]}}
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal N. Damodaran
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| studio = Sornambika Productions
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1976|11|27}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mogam Muppadhu Varusham''''' ({{translation|Thirty years of admiration}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and written by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]] and [[Sripriya]]. It is based on the novel of the same name, written by Maniyan and serialised in the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''. The film was released on 27 November 1976, and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2021}}
Ramesh, a city bred man is married to Kasthuri, a village girl. On the other hand, Ravishankar, a village lad and Menaka, a modern woman are married. Menaka hates living with Ravishankar as he does not show interest in sex life. Meanwhile, Bhama, a young girl wants at least to have a child with Ramesh, and is attracted by him even if he does not marry her. The film ends with these people overcoming all their issues and living happily, except Bhama, who commits suicide.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Ramesh
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Ravishankar<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2020 |title=பிரபல டைரக்டர்கள் பற்றி விஜயகுமார் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2020/12/05060505/2136391/cinima-history-vijayakumar.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117094137/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2020/12/05060505/2136391/cinima-history-vijayakumar.vpf |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Major Sundarrajan]]
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Kasthuri
* [[Sukumari]] as Kamala
* [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]] as Menaka
* [[Sripriya]] as Bama<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2018 |title=அவன் அவள் அது - படத்தில் வாடகைத்தாய் வேடத்தில் ஸ்ரீபிரியா |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2018/10/02211906/1195251/cinima-history-sripriya.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929094239/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2018/10/02211906/1195251/cinima-history-sripriya.vpf |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=2 October 2020 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Raji
* [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] as Shankaran
* [[Peeli Sivam]] as Vimala's Husband
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Kasthuri's Mami
* S. R. Veeraraghavan as Krishnamurthy
}}

== Production ==
''Mogam Muppadhu Varusham'' is based on the novel of the same name, written by Maniyan and serialised in the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்.பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=20 January 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 42: ஆடு புலி ஆட்டம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/183923-42.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202070824/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/183923-42.html |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The screenplay for the film adaptation was written by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]].{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=344}} The film was produced under the production banner Swarnambika Productions and shot in black-and-white. It was given an [[A certificate|"A" (adults only) certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] with no cuts. The final length of the film was {{Convert|3975.20|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 October 1977 |title='Moham Muppathu Varusham' (Tamil) (35 mm) (B&W) India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1977.494/page/n38/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230406142653/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1977.494/page/n38/mode/2up |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |page=1749 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mogam Muppathu Varusham Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Vijayabhaskar |url=https://mossymart.com/product/mogam-muppathu-varusham-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-vijayabhaskar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406142547/https://mossymart.com/product/mogam-muppathu-varusham-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-vijayabhaskar/ |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Lyrics
|-
|"Enathu Vazhkai Paathaiyil"
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|[[Kannadasan]]
|-
|"Sangeetham Ragangal"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|[[Pulamaipithan]]
|-
|"Irubadhu Vayadhennum"
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|
|-
|"Mogam Muppadhu Varusham"
|[[P. Susheela]]
|
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Mogam Muppadhu Varusham'' was released on 27 November 1976,{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=344}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=எக்காலத்திற்குமான திரைப்படம் ’மோகம் முப்பது வருஷம்’ - ஒரு மீள்ப்பார்வை! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-mogam-muppadhu-varusham-kamal-movie-847047.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221206083902/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-mogam-muppadhu-varusham-kamal-movie-847047.html |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> and became a commercial success.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=63}} Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the director for properly adapting the source material to the screen, and the dialogues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=12 December 1976 |title=மோகம் முப்பது வருஷம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1976-12-12/page/n60/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230406142338/https://archive.org/details/kalki1976-12-12/page/n60/mode/2up |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=59 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mahendran |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |title=சினிமாவும் நானும் |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |orig-date=2004}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1976 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chandamama (1999 film)

2026-03-03T21:18:24Z

EliseMacnaghten: slightly correct lead for accuracy and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chandamama
| image = Chandamama.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Audio CD cover
| director = Murali Krishnan
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Preman
* Sabu Cherian
}}
| writer = Story : Muralikrishnan,
Script : Rajan Kiriyath
| narrator =
| starring = [[Kunchako Boban]] [[Tejali Ghanekar]] [[Sudheesh]] [[Kalabhavan Navas]] [[Jagathi Sreekumar]] [[Mayoori (actress)|Mayoori]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = T. R. Sekhar Gourisakar
| studio = Suvarna rekha creations
| distributor = Shogun films
| released = {{Film date|1999|3|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 Minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chandamama''''' is a 1999 ( ചന്ദാമാമ )Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Black comedy]] film directed by Murali Krishnan and written by Rajan Kiriyath, starring [[Kunchako Boban]], [[Tejali Ghanekar]], [[Jagathi Sreekumar]], [[Sudheesh]] and Kalabhavan Navas. It is loosely based on 1989 American comedy film [[Weekend at Bernie's]] directed by Ted Kotcheff.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlal-kunchakko-boban-here-are-top-5-dancers-mollywood-776432 | title=From Mohanlal to Kunchakko Boban; here are the top 5 dancers in Mollywood | website=[[International Business Times]] | date=30 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/bollywood-actresses-who-had-a-flop-debut-in-mollywood/articlecontent-pf179617-236849.html |title=From Katrina Kaif To Huma Qureshi: Bollywood Actresses Who Had A Flop Debut In Mollywood!|website=filmibeat.com|access-date=30 March 2023|date=9 August 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
Three friends, Unni, Dasan and Monayi, find their boss Eapachan murdered by hired killers. Believing that people will suspect them for the murder, they present the boss's dead body as if he is alive. In the end they find out who the murderer is and get him arrested.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kunchako Boban]] as Unni
*[[Sudheesh]] as Dasan
*[[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Pullepadi Monayi
*[[Tejali Ghanekar]] as Maya
*[[Mayoori (actress)|Mayoori]] as Annie
*[[Jagathi Sreekumar]] as Eappachan
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as C.I Mathew Vasiparamban
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardanan]] as Thampy
*[[Harisree Asokan]] as Bhaskaran
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Natwarlal/Nanappan
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Bullet Achan
*[[C. I. Paul]] as Vakkachan
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Kochammini
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Mampully
*[[Mamta Kulkarni]] special appearance "Rojaappoo Kavilathu"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music was composed by [[Ouseppachan]], with lyrics penned by [[Kaithapram]]. The title track, which was programmed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], was well received.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Soundtrack listing
|-
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || Aakaashakkottayile || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Ouseppachan]]
|-
| 2 || Chandamaama || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| 3 || Chiriyoonjaal Kombil (M) || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 4 || Chiriyoonjaalkkombil (F) || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| 5 || Rojaappoo Kavilathu (D) || [[Unni Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| 6 || Rojaappoo Kavilathu (F) || [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| 7 || Rojaappoo Kavilathu (Violin) || [[Ouseppachan]]
|-
| 8 || Unaru Oru Kumbil V1 || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 9 || Unaru Oru Kumbil V2 || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Chorus
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0255042|Chandamama}}
* [https://archive.today/20130218024331/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/5254/chandamama.html Archive Today]

[[Category:1999 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Bhanwar Meghwanshi

2026-03-01T22:31:12Z

EliseMacnaghten: Starting Entry!

{{Short description|Indian social activist}}
{{Use Indian English||date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhanwar Meghwanshi
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age |1975}}
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Social activist
| years_active =
| known_for = Dalit rights
| notable_works = ''[[I Could Not Be Hindu| I Could Not Be Hindu: The Story of a Dalit in the RSS]]''
}}

'''Bhanwar Meghwanshi''' (born {{circa|1975}}) is an Indian author, social activist, and journalist from [[Rajasthan]]. He is best known for his memoir ''[[I Could Not Be Hindu|I Could Not Be Hindu: The Story of a Dalit in the RSS]]'', which recounts his journey from being a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) to becoming a prominent [[Dalit]] activist after experiencing [[caste-based discrimination]]. His work has contributed to discussions on caste dynamics and [[social justice]] in India.

== Early life ==
Bhanwar Meghwanshi was born in 1975 into a Dalit, [[Kabir panth|Kabir-panthi]] family in Rajasthan, a sect known for its rejection of caste hierarchies. Growing up in a region characterised by feudal traditions and a history of bonded labour for Dalits, his early life likely influenced his later activism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Yengde |first=Suraj |date=22 August 2020 |title=Suraj Yengde reviews I Could Not Be Hindu: The Story of a Dalit in the RSS, by Bhanwar Meghwanshi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/i-could-not-be-hindu-the-story-of-a-dalit-in-the-rss-review-the-scourge-of-casteism/article32411488.ece |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Involvement & departure with the RSS ==
At the age of 13 in 1987, Meghwanshi joined the RSS, drawn by its [[Nationalism|nationalist]] ideology. He became actively involved in the [[Ram Janmabhoomi movement]] and participated in the 1990 [[Karsewak|karseva]], though he was arrested before reaching [[Ayodhya dispute|Ayodhya]]. His time in the RSS was marked by growing disillusionment due to caste-based discrimination. A pivotal moment occurred in 1991 in [[Bhilwara]], when RSS members refused to eat food prepared by his family because of their Dalit identity. This incident led him to question the organisation's claims of inclusivity, prompting his departure from the RSS later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2020 |title=A Dalit in the Sangh: Bhanwar Meghwanshi's disillusionment with RSS lays bare agenda of Brahmin colonisation |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/a-dalit-in-the-sangh-bhanwar-meghwanshis-disillusionment-with-rss-lays-bare-its-agenda-of-brahmin-colonisation-8140881.html |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meghwanshi |first=Bhanwar |date=6 December 2019 |title='When Babri was brought down I felt no joy': Confessions of a Dalit who had joined the RSS |url=https://scroll.in/article/945871/when-babri-was-brought-down-i-felt-no-joy-confessions-of-a-dalit-who-had-joined-the-rss |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="v892">{{cite web | title=‘I Could Not Be Hindu’ Is a Unique Testimony to the Sangh’s’ Casteism | website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | date=3 February 2020 | url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2020/02/i-could-not-be-hindu-is-a-unique-testimony-to-the-sanghs-casteism?lang=en | access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref>

== Post-RSS activism and journalism ==
Following his exit from the RSS, Meghwanshi embraced the Dalit movement, drawing inspiration from [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar]]. He emerged as a vocal advocate for social justice, working as a journalist and activist. His activism addresses issues such as casteism and witch-hunting in tribal areas of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2025 |title=Watch {{!}} Former RSS Member Bhanwar Meghwanshi on His Journey to Activism |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/bhanwar-meghwanshi-from-rss-member-to-social-justice-advocate |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=72 witch-hunting cases in Rajasthan in 2 years, 25 from Bhilwara |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/72-witch-hunting-cases-in-rajasthan-in-2-years-25-from-bhilwara/story-ChXsukgqRHApSWVmS7zVHN.html |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==
* {{cite book |last=Meghwanshi |first=Bhanwar |title=[[I Could Not Be Hindu]]:: The Story of a Dalit in the RSS |publisher=HarperCollins India |date=2022 |isbn=978-81-948654-9-0}}<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian activist journalists]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]

Shanti Party Nepal

2026-02-27T03:01:34Z

EliseMacnaghten: basic add formatting as per guidelines also and cleaned formatting

{{Infobox Nepalese political party |
name = Shanti Party Nepal |
devanagari_name = शान्ति पार्टी नेपाल |
colorcode = {{party color|Shanti Party Nepal}} |
logo = |
president = Jhanak Prasad Dhungana<ref>[http://www.unmin.org.np/?d=activities&p=activity_detail&aid=69 United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) : Activities » Activities Update » Activity Details] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506134021/http://www.unmin.org.np/?d=activities&p=activity_detail&aid=69 |date=2008-05-06 }}</ref> |
secretary = |
foundation = |
headquarters = |
ideology = |
international = |
electoral_symbol = [[Image:Shanti Party Nepal-electionsymbol2064.jpg]]|
website = |
}}
'''Shanti Party Nepal''' (Peace Party Nepal) is a [[political party]] in [[Nepal]]. The party contested the [[1999 Nepalese legislative election|1999 parliamentary election]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Nepal Home Page | url=http://www.nepalhomepage.com/politics/elections/general2056/factsfig/partylist.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000925121556/http://www.nepalhomepage.com/politics/elections/general2056/factsfig/partylist.html | access-date=2025-01-02 | archive-date=2000-09-25 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The party is registered with the [[Election Commission of Nepal]] ahead of the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008 Constituent Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://election.gov.np/NP/legal/list.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124711/http://www.election.gov.np/NP/legal/list.php|url-status=dead|title=Election Commission Nepal|archivedate=November 2, 2013|website=election.gov.np}}</ref> The party wants to proclaim Nepal as a [[Hindu]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nepalitimes.com/issue_page.php/361/Nation/13840|title=Nepali Times:Issue #361 - Nepali Times|website=archive.nepalitimes.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu Nationalism}}

[[Category:Nepalese Hindu political parties]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalism in Nepal]]

Kollam Port

2026-02-20T12:46:28Z

EliseMacnaghten: small enhance content after review and cleaned formatting after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox Port
| name = Kollam Port കൊല്ലം തുറമുഖം
| image = Port of Kollam, Mar 2016.jpg
| image_caption = Kollam Port
| image_size = 200px
| country = {{flagicon|India}} India
| location = [[Kollam|City of Kollam]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8.87749|N|76.58314|E|display=title,inline}}
| locode = IN KUK
| opened = AD {{Start date and age|825}} Renovated in {{Start date and age|2007}}
| operated = [[Kerala Maritime Board]], Government of Kerala
| owner = Government of Kerala
| sizewater =
| sizeland = {{convert|10.6|acre|km2}}
| size = {{convert|44|acre|km2}}
| berths = 2
| wharfs = 1 (178 metres) 2 (101 metres)
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle = Port Officer
| leader = Arun Kumar P K<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kmb.kerala.gov.in/en/contact | title = Contact Us - Kerala Maritime Board | publisher = Government of Kerala | access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref>
| blankdetailstitle1 = World Port Index Number
| blankdetails1 = '''49160'''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=msi_portal_page_62&pubCode=0015 | title = World Port Index | publisher = National Geospatial Intelligence Agenct | year = 2015}}</ref>
| blankdetailstitle2 = Electronic Data Interchange Code(EDI)
| blankdetails2 = '''INKUK1'''<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icegate.gov.in/TrackAtICES/beTrackIces | title = Kollam Port SEA(INKUK1) - e Commerce Portal Central Board of Excise & Customs | publisher = Central Board of Excise & Customs | year = 2015}}</ref>
| blankdetailstitle3 = Immigration checkpost
| blankdetails3 = Yes
| arrivals = 163 (after 2007)
| cargotonnage =
| containervolume =
| cargovalue = 2.2 million tonnes
| passengertraffic =
| revenue = ₹3 crore (2024) ₹62 lakhs (2013)<ref>http://www.keralaports.gov.in/doc/Kollam%20Final%20DFR/Annexures%20to%20DFR/Annexure%2013/Annexure%2013.1%20-%20Scenario%201%20Option%201.pdf Profit & Loss statement of Kollam Port</ref>
| profit =
| blankstatstitle1 = Cranes
| blankstats1 = 2
| blankstatstitle2 = Main imports
| blankstats2 = Sand, Cashew, Tiles
| blankstatstitle3 = Passenger Terminal
| blankstats3 = 288m
| website = {{URL|http://www.keralaports.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Kollam Port''' or '''Port of Quilon''' is one of the oldest ports (established in AD 825) situated {{convert|4|km}} away from [[Downtown Kollam|Downtown]] [[Kollam]] (formerly Quilon)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111101143805/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news/30189382_1_kollam-backwaters-tourism-infrastructure Kollam, Ashtamudi Lake - great alternatives to Kochi, Vembanad Lake]</ref> It is the third largest [[Ports in Kerala|port in Kerala]] by volume of cargo handled and facilities and one of the four Kerala ports having immigration checkpoint (ICP) facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kollam-port-gets-icp-clearance/article68293607.ece |date=15 Jun 2024 |title=Kollam port gets ICP clearance |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=16 Jun 2024}}</ref> Located on the south-west coast of India, it was an important port from the ninth to the seventeenth centuries. Kollam was one of the five Indian ports visited by [[Ibn Battuta]].<ref>{{cite book|date=2010|title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century |publisher=Ross E. Dunn |isbn=9780520931718}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/011117/a-requiem-for-ashtamudi.html|title=A requiem for Ashtamudi|date=2017-11-01|access-date=2017-11-01|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485432/18.asp|title=Ibn Battuta: International Trade at the Malabar Coast|access-date=2017-11-01|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Quilon 1505 verbessert.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Kollam]] in the 1500s]]
[[Kollam]] was a port city of the [[Chera Dynasty]] until the formation of the independent [[Venad]] kingdom, of which it became the capital. Prior to that, Kollam was considered one of the four early entrepots in the global sea trade around the 13th century, along with Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, the Chinese city of Quanzhou, and Malacca in the Malaysian archipelago.<ref name=Tignor>{{cite book|last=et al]|first=Robert Tignor [et|title=Worlds together, worlds apart : a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present|year=2010|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|isbn=9780393934922|page=365|url=http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=17166|edition=3rd}}</ref>

[[File:Ashramam Relief, Kollam port.jpg|thumb|Relief in Ashramam, Kollam]]
The port was founded by Mar Abo with sanction from Udayamarthandavarma the Tamil king of the Venad in 825 as an alternative to reopening the inland seaport of Kore-ke-ni Kollam near Backare (Thevalakara) also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and the Greeks and Thondi to the Tamils and is also the foundation of the new city. It is also believed that Mar Abo actually volunteered to the Chera king to create a new seaport town near at [[Kollam]] instead of his request for renewing the almost vanishing Tyndis or Nelcynda inland seaport ( kore-ke-ni) at [[Kollam]], lying idle without trade for a few centuries because of the Cheras being overrun by [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] in the 6th century AD ending the spice trade from Malabar coast. This allowed Mar Abo to stay for many decades in Chera kingdom and streamline Christian faith among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites &Nair sub-castes in the St. Thomas tradition with Syrian liturgy as Reference for the Doctrine of Trinity without replacing the Sanskrit and Vedic prayers.<ref>History of [[Kollam|Kollam city]] and Kollam Port [http://www.quilon.com/history.htm Quilon.com]</ref> The Chinese traders were one of the oldest foreign communities
to settle in [[Kollam]]. That was the period when [[Kollam]] evolved as a major trade center (of spices) and an important port along the Malabar coast.

[[File:Kerala cities at time of Cabral (1500).gif|thumb|left|250px|[[Kerala]] ports and cities c. 1500]]

In January 2014, the port trust discovered thousands of Chinese coins and Stone Age weapons at Kollam Port, revealing the historical background and trade culture of the port city.<ref>[http://i1173.photobucket.com/albums/r599/ArunVR/Silayudham.jpg Coins found from Kollam Port]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20140218095434/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-02-17/thiruvananthapuram/47411545_1_artefacts-kollam-coins Artifacts found from Kerala's ancient Port City]</ref>
This was the first discovery of such a quantity of artifacts at a port in India. These finds reveal that Kollam was the most important port city in India, which served as the business hub of people from [[China]], [[Middle East]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]] and other [[Eastern Mediterranean|Eastern Mediterranean countries]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/emergence-of-antiques-triggers-treasure-hunt-in-kollam/article5711850.ece Emergence of antiques triggers treasure hunt in Kollam]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shards-of-the-past-point-to-kollam-ports-glory-days/article5728896.ece Shards of the past point to Kollam port’s glory days]</ref> Archaeologists believe that an engulfed city lies on the seabed of current Kollam Port.

Today, ships frequently anchor at the port for shipping operations as well for urgent repairs when required.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ship-berths-at-kollam-port/article165373.ece Ship berths at Kollam port]</ref> Chief Minister [[Oommen Chandy]] launched the Coastal Shipping Project (CSP) at Kollam Port on 9{{nbsp}}November 2013 while passenger ships began operations in 2014.<ref>''[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/passenger-ships-will-start-from-kollam-this-year-chandy/article5333839.ece Passenger ships will start from Kollam this year: Chandy]''. Accessed 17 December 2013.</ref> The first container ship, ''MV Suryamukhi'' arrived at Kollam port as part of the coastal shipping project on 18{{nbsp}}January 2014, after a two-month delay.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140520053720/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/First-Container-Ship-in-Kollam-Port/2014/01/19/article2007910.ece#.U0JridLHm-0 First Container Ship in Kollam Port]</ref> Major shipping companies are now showing interest in the port to commence shipping operations. The companies have plans to choose the port as an intermediate base. At present, about four companies have assured their frequent presence at the port. Sooryamukhi, the chartered ship of Kerala State Maritime Development Corporation has sailed to Mudra Port in Gujarat to load tiles and building materials. The Great Sea Shipping Company will also berth at the port soon, carrying cashew from Kochi.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131119/news-current-affairs/article/shipping-companies-evince-interest-kollam-port Shipping companies evince interest in Kollam Port]</ref>
After modernization of the port, the first foreign ship anchored in the port on 4 April 2014.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225152/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Foreign-Ship-Reaches-Kollam-Port/2014/04/05/article2150731.ece#.U0Jt2NLHm-0 Foreign Ship Reaches Kollam Port]</ref> Now it is proven that huge foreign ships can easily operate from Kollam Port. The tugs ''MT Chaliyar'' and ''MT Kerala'' along with a new German-made Rs. 12 crore crane is used for the maritime operations in the port.
[[File:View of Kollam Port from Thangassery Harbour.jpg|right|thumb|A distant view of Kollam Port from [[Thangassery]] harbour]]

== Layout ==

The wharf at Kollam Port is {{convert|177|m}} in length and {{convert|12|m}} wide with an available draught of {{convert|6.5|m}}, whereby vessels up to 15,000 DWT can berth directly. Dredging works are underway{{when|date=May 2015}} at the port to increase the draught to {{convert|10|m}} at a cost of Rs.5.7 crores so that ships of {{convert|170|m}} and above can easily anchor without the need to travel further to [[Kochi]], [[Thoothukudi]] or [[Chennai]]. The wharf is protected from the waves by a {{convert|2100|m}} seaboard breakwater and a {{convert|500|m}} leeward breakwater. The length of the wharf will be increased to {{convert|200|m}} in due course. In 2007, Kollam Port handled about 500,000 tonnes of cargo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaports.gov.in/doc/Kollam%20Final%20DFR/Final%20DFR%20Kollam%20Report.pdf |title=Kollam Port |access-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213028/http://www.keralaports.gov.in/doc/Kollam%20Final%20DFR/Final%20DFR%20Kollam%20Report.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020151407/http://hindu.com/2007/10/19/stories/2007101951080300.htm V.S to Inaugurate Kollam Port]</ref>

== Hinterland and cargo ==
[[File:Quilon 1670 verbessert.jpg|right|thumb|Capture of [[Kollam]] in 1661]]
[[File:Quilon 1745.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kollam]] in the 1800s]]
The primary hinterland of Kollam Port extends to [[Pathanamthitta]] and the southern parts of the [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] and [[Idukki district|Idukki]] districts; the central and southern parts of [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kollam district]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] with the [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]-[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]-[[Madurai district|Madurai]] and [[Teni district|Teni]] districts of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Commodities currently handled or planned for the port include marble, tiles, sand, titanium ore, cashew nuts, kernels and nut shell liquid, seafood, clay, timber logs, sillimanite, titanium dioxide, blood products, newsprint and waste paper, cement, urea and muriate of potash for fertilizer, rubber, food, agricultural products and cement as well as other commodities and products for local companies such as [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Trivandrum]] and [[Kerala Minerals and Metals]].

== Development and modernisation ==
[[File:Dredger "Hansitha" at Kollam(Quilon) coast, Jul 2016.jpg|right|thumb|A dredger ship washed ashore at [[Mundakkal Beach]], 2km away from Kollam Port]]
Several major modernization projects have been proposed for Kollam with Maldives port in order to transform it into the "port city of Kerala". Projects already planned are some of the largest ever mooted for the state. A facelift of the Maruthadi-Iravipuram area will be carried out by the government as part of the "Kollam Port City" project and will include facilities for sports, fishing, tourism and entertainment.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://i1324.photobucket.com/albums/u606/quilonsky/Mathrubhumi_zps52ba640e.png | title = Kollam - Port City Project | year = 2013}}</ref> Dredging works are going on for increasing the depth of the port, so that huge ships can easily anchor at the port. As part of the modernization, Government of Kerala have already established a [[Kerala Maritime Institute|Maritime Institute]] at [[Neendakara]] in [[Kollam]] city<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article348421.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301222407/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article348421.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2016 |title=Rs 24.8 crore sanctioned for Maritime Institute |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article348421.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301222407/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article348421.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2016 |title=Rs 24.8 crore sanctioned for Maritime Institute |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-Maritime-Institute-Inaugurated/2016/02/22/article3289896.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223102351/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-Maritime-Institute-Inaugurated/2016/02/22/article3289896.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2016 |title=Kerala Maritime Institute Inaugurated |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>

;Funding
[[File:Port of Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|Port of [[Kollam]]]]
The Indian State Cabinet approved a detailed project report to develop the port in April 2012. Split into two phases, the first will require an investment of Rs 1.11 billion and the second Rs 12.5 billion. The government has already invested Rs 7.106 billion as part of the first phase. A wharf will be laid out to the southeast of the port in the second stage of development.<ref name="Kollam - Port City Project - News published in Mathrubhumi Daily">{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/thangassery-port-plans-get-cabinet-nod/article3320903.ece | title = Thangassery port plans get Cabinet nod | year = 2014}}</ref> A wharf with the capacity to accommodate six ships at a time is also planned.

;EDI and online customs clearance facilities
[[File:Dredgers and ships near Kollam Port, Mar 2017.jpg|thumb|right|Dredger ships anchored at Kollam Port]]
Kollam Port is one of the two ports in Kerala that have the facility to provide online customs clearance at the port with the help of [[Electronic data interchange]] (EDI). Kollam Port's EDI locator code is '''INKUK1'''. The Electronic Data Interface (EDI) facility of the Customs at the Kollam Port was commissioned on 6 January 2016 and this had enabled importers and exports to handle consignments meant for Kollam from anywhere in the world. The facility with a particular code was available round the clock. It replaced the manual system for Customs clearance at the port.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icegate.gov.in/SMTPList.html | title = EDI Location Codes & Places(No.130 Kollam Port) - e-Commerce Portal Central Board of Excise & Customs | publisher = Central Board of Excise & Customs | year = 2015}}</ref>

With the help of this technology, import and export details of goods, tax amounts and payments will be converted into electronic format. This will enable smooth and speedy transportation of goods through the port. To facilitate this move, a high-speed dedicated [[Multiprotocol Label Switching]] enabled internet connection has been implemented at the port. Kollam will become the second port in Kerala to offer EDI enabled technology allowing it to offer more convenient container handling and transportation activities than [[Cochin Port|Kochi Port]] and [[Tuticorin Port]] as the export-import rates at Kollam Port are significantly lower. There is also a proposal to export food products to The [[Maldives]] from Kollam Port.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |title=കൊല്ലം തുറമുഖത്തെ കസ്റ്റംസ് ക്ളിയറന്‍സുകള്‍ ഓണ്‍ലൈന്‍ സംവിധാനത്തിലേക്ക്| madhyamam |access-date=2014-11-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022170950/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/313464/141013 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }} Online Customs Clearance Facility for Kollam Port to be ready in a month</ref>

;Co-operation with Tuticorin Port
As Kochi Port is approaching full capacity, the port department of Kerala and the [[Cashew Export Promotion Council of India]] (CEPCI) have decided to cooperate with Tuticorin Port to import raw cashews for [[Cashew business in Kollam|Kollam based cashew factories]]. According to the plan, raw cashews will arrive at Tuticorin Port and then be trans-shipped to Kollam Port aboard small container ships.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kollam-tuticorin-ports-plan-tieup/article6232529.ece | title = Kollam, Tuticorin ports plan tie-up | website = [[The Hindu]] | year = 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://i1303.photobucket.com/albums/ag151/babusr03/492_94_1930_702_zpsb5f16083.jpg | title = Ships to Kollam With Raw Cashews | year = 2014}}</ref> There is also a plan to set up a quarantine facility and cashew testing lab at the port with the support of CEPCI.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140910/nation-current-affairs/article/kollam-port-tourism-enthusiasts-too] Kollam Port for tourism enthusiasts too</ref>

;Vessel tracking and monitoring system (VTMS)
The Ports Department of the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] has sanctioned Rs.28.8 million to install a vessel Tracking and Monitoring System (VTMS) at the port.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141207185259/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Rs-2.88-cr-Sanctioned/2014/10/18/article2482917.ece] Rs 2.88 cr Sanctioned</ref>

;Cruise ship and hovercraft services
[[File:Water tank inside the Port of Quilon, Mar 2017.jpg|right|thumb|Water tank inside the Port]]
The Ports Department together with Customs Officers and tour operators agreed to start Kollam-based cruise operations from April 2014. Initially, domestic only services are on offer although these may later be expanded to international services. Tour operators agree that the port has the potential for international cruise operations because of the tourism potential of the surrounding areas and have stated that the infrastructure of the port meets the requirements for cruise operations. They have also explored the possibilities of starting hovercraft services from the port. The plan is to start with a Kollam-Kochi service taking about three hours and 20 minutes to cover the distance.<ref name="Kollam Port ready for cruise operations - News published in The Hindu">{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kollam-port-ready-for-cruise-operations/article6540031.ece | title = Kollam Port ready for cruise operations | website = [[The Hindu]] | year = 2014}}</ref>

;Industrial Development Zones
The government of Kerala has decided on industrial development projects around airports and ports in Kerala. Projects in the port area will be carries out with the help of the [[Infrastructure Development Finance Company]]. Industrial Development Zones will be set up in districts such as [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]] and [[Kollam district|Kollam]], which have either ports or airports. Townships will also be built adjacent to these facilities<ref name="Impetus for Projects Around Ports, Airports - News published in The New Indian Express">{{cite web | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Impetus-for-Projects-Around-Ports-Airports/2014/11/05/article2507990.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141213105506/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Impetus-for-Projects-Around-Ports-Airports/2014/11/05/article2507990.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 December 2014 | title = Impetus for Projects Around Ports, Airports | year = 2014}}</ref>

;New Passenger Terminal and Cargo Terminal
[[File:View of Kollam Port from Port Road, Oct 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Passenger terminal under construction]]
Chief Minister [[Oommen Chandy]] inaugurated the construction works of new Passenger Terminal at Kollam Port on 14 August 2015.<ref name="INAUGURATION OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW PASSENGER TERMINAL AT KOLLAM PORT - Allevents.in">{{cite web | url = https://allevents.in/varkala/inauguration-of-construction-of-the-new-passenger-terminal-at-kollam-port/898341750256147 | title = INAUGURATION OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW PASSENGER TERMINAL AT KOLLAM PORT | year = 2015}}</ref> Opening of [[National Waterway 3 (India)|National Waterway-3]] connecting [[Kollam]] city will invite more passengers to [[Kollam]]. Moreover, the new passenger terminal at Kollam Port aiming [[Lakshadweep]] Government's plans to start passenger ship services to [[Kollam]] city, as [[Kollam]] city is very close to [[Minicoy]] compared to [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/lakshadweep-keen-on-investing-in-kollam-port/article86649.ece|title= Lakshadweep keen on investing in Kollam port|access-date=2014-08-27|work= The Hindu}}</ref>

Kollam Port is the nearest seaport to [[Minicoy|Minicoy Island]]. It is just 200 nautical miles away from Minicoy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/why-kollam-port-stands-to-gain-from-lakshadweeps-big-tourism-plans/article36537275.ece|title= Why Kollam Port stands to gain from Lakshadweep's big tourism plans|access-date=2021-09-18|work= The Hindu|date= 18 September 2021|last1= Sudhish|first1= Navamy}}</ref>

;International ship arrived with raw cashews
'Intermarine', an international vessel from [[Singapore]] has anchored at Port of Kollam with 5,600 tonnes of raw cashew from the [[West Africa]]n country of [[Guinea-Bissau]] on 30 August 2015, after a long gap of 47 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ship-brings-cheer-to-kollam-cashew-industry/article7598579.ece|title= Direct Imports Cheer up Cashew Industry|access-date=2015-09-08|work= The Hindu|date= 30 August 2015|last1= Pereira|first1= Ignatius}}</ref> This opened ways for Kollam Port to provide needed facilities for international huge vessels and has popped up the cashew industry in [[Kollam]] city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Direct-Imports-Cheer-up-Cashew-Industry/2015/09/08/article3015911.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910172106/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Direct-Imports-Cheer-up-Cashew-Industry/2015/09/08/article3015911.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2015|title= Direct Imports Cheer up Cashew Industry|access-date=2015-09-08|publisher= TNIE}}</ref> The direct deal between Kollam Port and international raw cashew exporters from [[Africa]] have given new hopes for giant cashew business groups in [[Kollam]] city, as a full load of raw cashew container can be transferred from Kollam Port to the processing units for a cost of Rs. 3000–4000. Earlier it was Rs. 17000-18000 for transferring from [[Kochi Port]]/[[Tuticorin Port]] to [[Kollam]].

;Weekly service to Kochi International Container Transshipment Terminal
In January 2016, a weekly service connecting Port of Kollam with [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|International Container Transshipment Terminal]] in [[Kochi]] has been started in order to boost the cashew trade and other businesses in [[Kollam]] city and neighbouring places. The first feeder ship from [[Tanzania]] with 30 container loads of raw cashew had been docked at [[Kollam]] on 6 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/first-container-ship-with-raw-cashew-calls-at-kollam/article8075221.ece|title= First container ship with raw cashew calls at Kollam|access-date=2016-01-09|work= The Hindu}}</ref> The containers were loaded on the feeder vessel from a ship that arrived at Vallarpadam with the consignment from Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/ictt-records-stronger-business-growth-in-2015/|title= Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide|access-date=2016-01-09|publisher= TNIE}}</ref> This service is expected to benefit customers as cargo landing in [[Kollam]] will ensure better visibility and control over inventory, besides saving cost. Since Kollam Port is the only modern port with all needed facilities in South Kerala, the feeder service will also benefit the traders and businessmen in [[Trivandrum]], [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Marthandam]] and [[Kanyakumari]] with low-cost goods transportation and export-import facilities from Kollam Port.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/ICTT-Records-Stronger-Business-Growth-in-2015/2016/01/08/article3217126.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108211736/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/ICTT-Records-Stronger-Business-Growth-in-2015/2016/01/08/article3217126.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2016|title= ICTT Records Stronger Business Growth in 2015|access-date=2016-01-09|publisher= TNIE}}</ref> The introduction of the shipping facility from [[Kollam]] will enable processors to cut costs to some extent. It will also serve to ease congestion on roads.

;Port complex
Minister [[K. Babu]] laid the foundation stone for the Kollam port complex worth Rs.5-crore on 14 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/work-on-port-office-building-begins/article8110137.ece|title=Work on port office building begins|access-date=2016-03-01|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

;Commencement of Roll-on, roll-off (ro-ro) ship service
MV Maria, a 160-metre long Ro-Ro ship with a capacity to carry up to 150 loaded trucks and 210 cars, anchored at Kollam Port on 17 March 2016 from [[Panambur|New Mangalore Port]]. This is the first ro-ro ship to call at any port in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/roro-ship-to-call-at-kollam-today/article8363409.ece|title=Ro-ro ship to call at Kollam today|access-date=2016-03-17|work=The Hindu|date=16 March 2016 |last1=Pereira |first1=Ignatius }}</ref>

;Passenger ship service to Lakshadweep Islands
In October 2016, Kerala Ports Minister [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]] announced passenger ship services from Kollam Port and Azheekal Port to Lakshadweep for opening up two new spokes connecting the islands with the mainland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/hydrofoil-ferry-service-soon/article9182343.ece|title=Hydrofoil ferry service soon|access-date=2016-10-04|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Officials from [[Government of Kerala]] and [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]] is expected to visit [[Minicoy]], the southernmost atoll of [[Lakshadweep]] soon, to study the potential of the proposed ferry service to [[Kollam]] city. Plans of health department authorities are underway to bring visitors from [[Maldives]] and [[Lakshadweep]] to [[Kollam]] to make them aware of efficient but cheap medical facilities available here.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/oct/25/ferry-service-to-ldweep-to-open-up-new-vistas-1531476.html|title=Ferry service to L'dweep to open up new vistas|date=2016-10-25|access-date=2016-10-25|publisher=TNIE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150915/nation-current-affairs/article/road-show-maldives-attract-tourists-kollam|title=Road show in Maldives to attract tourists to Kollam|date=2015-09-15|access-date=2016-10-26|publisher=TNIE}}</ref>

;Kerala Coastal Highway project
[[File:Port Road UC at Kollam, Oct 2016.jpg|right|thumb|[[Port Road, Kollam|Kollam Port Road]] at [[Tangasseri]]. This road would become part of the coastal highway once materialized]]
The [[Government of Kerala]] has approved a 6,500 crores worth Coastal Highway project for the state. The highway will pass through almost all the major coastal cities in Kerala including [[Kollam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala%E2%80%99s-623-km-long-coastal-highway-to-be-ready-by-2020-hill-highway-infrastructure-kiifb-1.2254511|title=Kerala's 623-km-long coastal highway to be ready by 2020|date=2017-09-21|access-date=2017-09-22|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> The coastal highway passes through nine districts of the state, connecting the major ports of [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|Vallarpadom]], Kollam, [[Vizhinjam International Seaport|Vizhinjam]] in Kerala along with several minor ports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pallikkara-rob-work-to-begin-soon/article19722310.ece|title=Pallikkara ROB work to begin soon|date=2017-09-20|access-date=2017-09-21|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

;Kollam-Colombo ship service

In 2018 October, Senior Director of the Singapore-based X-Press Feeders Group, Nelson Sekera, met the Kerala Minister for Port [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]] at [[British Residency|Asramam Government Guest House]] and expressed their willingness to start [[Colombo]]-[[Kollam]] ship services. X-Press Feeders is owing nearly 100 ships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/good-news/colombo-kollam-ship-service-to-become-a-reality-1.3254688|title=Colombo-Kollam ship service to become a reality|date=2018-10-25|access-date=2018-10-26|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

;Immigration Check Post (ICP) for exit and entry to India

Port of Kollam is an authorized Immigration Check Post (ICP) for entering and exiting from India with needed valid travel documents for all classes of passengers. The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)]] issued a notification on 17 June 2024 and has designated Kollam port as one of the 31 authorised seaport Immigration Check Posts to permit passengers to enter and exit from the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/home-ministry-designates-kollam-port-as-immigration-check-post/article68305340.ece|title=Home Ministry designates Kollam port as Immigration Check Post|date=2024-06-18|access-date=2026-02-20|publisher=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://xn--i1b5bzbybhfo5c8b4bxh.xn--11b7cb3a6a.xn--h2brj9c/sites/default/files/2026-01/List_of_ICPs_%28Immigration_Checkpost%29_20012026.pdf|title=List of Immigration Posts (IPs) as on 30.12.2025|date=|access-date=2026-02-20|publisher=Union Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref>

== Services available at port ==

Some of the international shipping service providers have already started operations at Kollam Port for facilitating freight transfer to-and-fro Kollam Port, Ship Chandling, Ship Husbandry Services, Ship Spares Logistics, Bunkering Services etc.

== Kollam Inland Port ==
There is an inland terminal of [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] situated at [[Asramam]] on [[National Waterway 3]] in [[Ashtamudi Lake]]. This port is mainly for handling barges. It has a 30 m RCC jetty for berthing and has an 18 T Mobile Hydraulic Crane and three fork lifts. It has an office space of 100 sq. metres and covered storage space of 280 sq. metres. The total open storage is 3500 sq. metres. It is yet to begin full-fledged commercial operations. This terminal can be connected to sea port through inland waterways at [[Kochupilamoodu]] in [[Kollam Port Road]] through [[Kollam Canal]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Kollam|City of Kollam]]
* [[Kollam Airport|Kollam Airport(defunct.)]]
* [[Kollam Beach]]
* [[Kollam district]]
* [[Port Kollam Church]]
* [[Port Road, Kollam]]

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kollam Port}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213028/http://www.keralaports.gov.in/doc/Kollam%20Final%20DFR/Final%20DFR%20Kollam%20Report.pdf Detailed Project Report for the Development of Kollam Port]
{{Kollam |state=expanded}}
{{Cashew business in Kollam |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:History of Kollam]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Kerala]]
[[Category:Water transport in Kollam]]
[[Category:Economy of Kollam]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kollam]]

Scientific instrument

2026-02-17T05:52:15Z

EliseMacnaghten:

{{Short description|Device or tool used for scientific purposes}}
{{broader|Equipment}}
A '''scientific instrument''' is a device or tool used for [[scientific]] purposes, including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research.<ref name="HackmannReaders13">{{cite book |title=Reader's Guide to the History of Science | first1=Arne |last1=Hessenbruch |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2013 |pages=675–77 |isbn=9781134263011 }}</ref>

==History==
Historically, the definition of a scientific instrument has varied, based on usage, laws, and historical time period.<ref name="HackmannReaders13" /><ref name="Warner">{{cite journal | title=What Is a Scientific Instrument, When Did It Become One, and Why? | author=Warner, Deborah Jean | journal=The British Journal for the History of Science | volume=23 | number=1 | date=March 1990 | pages=83–93 | jstor=4026803 | doi=10.1017/S0007087400044460 | s2cid=145517920 }}</ref><ref name="FR71USvsPresb">{{cite journal |title=United States v. Presbyterian Hospital |journal=The Federal Reporter |volume=71 |pages=866–868 |year=1896}}</ref> Before the mid-nineteenth century such tools were referred to as "natural philosophical" or "philosophical" apparatus and instruments, and older tools from antiquity to the [[Middle Ages]] (such as the [[astrolabe]] and [[pendulum clock]]) defy a more modern definition of "a tool developed to investigate nature qualitatively or quantitatively."<ref name="HackmannReaders13" /><ref name="FR71USvsPresb" /> Scientific instruments were made by [[mathematical practitioner|instrument maker]]s living near a center of learning or research, such as a university or research [[laboratory]]. Instrument makers designed, constructed, and refined instruments for purposes, but if demand was sufficient, an instrument would go into production as a commercial product.<ref name="TurnerEarly87">{{cite book |title=Early Scientific Instruments: Europe, 1400-1800 |author=Turner, A.J. |publisher=Phillip Wilson Publishers |year=1987 |bibcode=1987esie.book.....T }}</ref><ref name="BediniEarly64">{{cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39141 |title=Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers |author=Bedini, S.A. |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |year=1964 |access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>

In a description of the use of the [[eudiometer]] by [[Jan Ingenhousz]] to show [[photosynthesis]], a biographer observed, "The history of the use and evolution of this instrument helps to show that science is not just a theoretical endeavor but equally an activity grounded on an instrumental basis, which is a cocktail of instruments and techniques wrapped in a social setting within a community of practitioners. The eudiometer has been shown to be one of the elements in this mix that kept a whole community of researchers together, even while they were at odds about the significance and the proper use of the thing."<ref>Geerdt Magiels (2009) ''From Sunlight to Insight. Jan IngenHousz, the discovery of photosynthesis & science in the light of ecology'', page 231, VUB Press {{ISBN|978-90-5487-645-8}}</ref>

By World War II, the demand for improved analyses of wartime products such as medicines, fuels, and weaponized agents pushed instrumentation to new heights.<ref name="MukhopadhyayTheRise08">{{cite journal |title=The Rise of Instruments during World War II |journal=Analytical Chemistry |author=Mukhopadhyay, R. |volume=80 |issue=15 |pages=5684–5691 |year=2008 |doi=10.1021/ac801205u|pmid=18671339 |doi-access= |bibcode=2008AnaCh..80.5684M }}</ref> Today, changes to instruments used in scientific endeavors—particularly analytical instruments—are occurring rapidly, with interconnections to computers and data management systems becoming increasingly necessary.<ref name="McMahonAnal07">{{cite book |title=Analytical Instrumentation: A Guide to Laboratory, Portable and Miniaturized Instruments |author=McMahon, G. |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2007 |pages=1–6 |isbn=9780470518557 }}</ref><ref name="KhandpurHandbook15">{{cite book |title=Handbook of Analytical Instruments |author=Khandpur, R.S. |publisher=McGraw Hill Education |year=2016 |isbn=9789339221362}}</ref>

==Scope==
Scientific instruments vary greatly in size, shape, purpose, complication and complexity. They include relatively simple [[laboratory equipment]] like [[weighing scale|scales]], [[ruler]]s, [[Chronometer watch|chronometer]]s, [[thermometer]]s, etc. Other simple tools developed in the late 20th century or early 21st century are the [[Foldscope]] (an optical microscope), the SCALE(KAS Periodic Table),<ref name=ShadabKAS17>{{cite journal|title=KAS PERIODIC TABLE|journal=International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences|author=Shadab, K.A.|volume=4|issue=7|pages=221–261|year=2017}}</ref> the [[MasSpec Pen]] (a pen that detects cancer), the [[glucose meter]], etc. However, some scientific instruments can be quite large in size and significant in complexity, like [[particle collider]]s or [[radio-telescope]] antennas. Conversely, [[Micrometre|microscale]] and [[Nanoscopic scale|nanoscale]] technologies are advancing to the point where instrument sizes are shifting towards the tiny, including nanoscale [[surgical instrument]]s, biological [[Nanorobotics|nanobots]], and [[bioelectronics]].<ref name="OsianderMicro16">{{cite book |title=Systems Engineering for Microscale and Nanoscale Technologies |author=Osiander, R. |editor1=Darrin, M.A.G.|editor2=Barth, J.L.|editor2-link=Janet Barth |publisher=CRC Press |pages=137–172 |year=2016 |isbn=9781439837351}}</ref><ref name="JamesNeuron15">{{cite book |author1=James, W.S.|author2=Lemole Jr, G.M. |title=Technological Advances in Surgery, Trauma and Critical Care |editor1=Latifi, R.|editor2=Rhee, P.|editor3=Gruessner, R.W.G. |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |pages=221–230 |isbn=9781493926718}}</ref>

==The digital era==
Instruments are increasingly based upon [[system integration|integration]] with [[computer]]s to improve and simplify control; enhance and extend instrumental functions, conditions, and parameter adjustments; and streamline data sampling, collection, resolution, analysis (both during and post-process), and storage and retrieval. Advanced instruments can be connected as a [[local area network]] (LAN) directly or via [[middleware]] and can be further integrated as part of an [[information management]] application such as a [[laboratory information management system]] (LIMS).<ref name="WilkesIntegration94solygtj">{{cite journal |title=Integration of instruments and a laboratory information management system at the information level: An inductively coupled plasma spectrometer |journal=Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems |author1=Wilkes, R.|author2=Megargle, R. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=47–54 |year=1994 |doi=10.1016/0169-7439(94)90018-3}}</ref><ref name="CarvalhoIntegration13">{{cite journal |title=Integration of Analytical Instruments with Computer Scripting |journal=Journal of Laboratory Automation |author=Carvalho, M.C. |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=328–33 |year=2013 |doi=10.1177/2211068213476288|pmid=23413273 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Instrument connectivity can be furthered even more using [[internet of things]] (IoT) technologies, allowing for example laboratories separated by great distances to connect their instruments to a network that can be monitored from a workstation or mobile device elsewhere.<ref name="PerkelTheInternet17">{{cite journal |title=The Internet of Things comes to the lab |journal=Nature |author=Perkel, J.M. |volume=542 |issue=7639 |pages=125–126 |year=2017 |doi=10.1038/542125a|pmid=28150787 |bibcode=2017Natur.542..125P |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Examples of scientific instruments==
{{For|lists of astronomical instruments|List of telescope types|List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Accelerometer]], physical, [[acceleration]]
* [[Ammeter]], electrical, amperage, [[Electric current|current]]
* [[Anemometer]], wind speed
* [[Caliper]], distance
* [[Calorimeter]], [[heat]]
* [[DNA sequencer]], molecular biology
* [[Dynamometer]], [[torque]]/[[force]]
* [[Electrometer]], [[electric charge]], [[potential difference]]
* [[Electroscope]], electric charge
* [[Electrostatic analyzer]], [[kinetic energy]] of charged particles
* [[Ellipsometer]], optical refractive indices
* [[Eudiometer]], gas volume
* [[Gravimeter]], [[gravity]]
* [[Hydrometer]]
* [[Inclinometer]], slope
* [[Interferometer]], optics, infrared light spectra
* [[Magnetic tweezers]], biomolecular manipulation
* [[Magnetometer#Survey magnetometers|Magnetograph]], magnetic field
* [[Magnetometer]], [[magnetic flux]]
* [[Manometer]], air [[pressure]]
* [[Mass spectrometer]], compound identification/characterization
* [[Micrometer (device)|Micrometer]], distance
* [[Microscope]], optical magnification
* [[NMR spectrometer]], chemical compound identification, medical diagnostic imaging
* [[Ohmmeter]], electrical resistance/impedance
* [[Optical tweezers]], nanoscale manipulation
* [[Oscilloscope]], electric signal voltage, amplitude, wavelength, frequency, waveform shape/pattern
* [[Photometer]], illuminance, irradiance, light absorption, scattering of light, reflection of light, fluorescence, phosphorescence, luminescence
* [[Seismometer]], acceleration
* [[Spectrogram]], sound frequency, wavelength, amplitude
* [[Spectrometer]], light frequency, wavelength, amplitude
* [[Telescope]], light magnification (astronomy)
* [[Thermometer]], temperature measurement
* [[Theodolite]], angles, surveying
* [[Thermocouple]], temperature
* [[Voltmeter]], [[voltage]]
* [[X-ray scattering techniques]], structural characterization at the nano and atomic scale}}

==List of scientific instruments manufacturers==
{{columns-list|colwidth=|
* [[454 Life Sciences]], United States of America
* [[ADInstruments]], New Zealand
* [[Agilent Technologies]], United States of America
* [[Anton Paar]], Austria
* [[A. Reyrolle & Company]]
* [[Beckman Coulter]], United States of America
* [[Bruker]], United States of America
* [[Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company]], United Kingdom
* [[Elementar]], Germany
* [[First Light Imaging]], France
* [[Horiba]], Japan
* [[JEOL]], Japan
* [[LECO Corporation]], United States of America
* [[Markes International]], United Kingdom
* [[Malvern Instruments]], United Kingdom
* [[McPherson Inc]], United States of America
* [[Metrohm]], Switzerland
* [[Mettler Toledo]], Switzerland / United States of America
* [[MTS Systems Corporation]], US, mechanical
* [[Novacam Technologies]], Canada
* [[Oxford Instruments]], United Kingdom
* [[Pall Corp.]], United States of America
* [[PerkinElmer]], United States of America
* [[Polymer Char]], Spain
* [[Shimadzu Corp.]], Japan
* [[Techtron]], Melbourne, Australia
* [[Thermo Fisher Scientific]], United States of America
* [[Waters Corporation]], United States of America
* [[Xenocs]], France
}}

==List of scientific instruments designers==
{{See also|List of astronomical instrument makers|Category:Scientific instrument makers|Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers}}
* [[William Jones (optician)|Jones, William]]
* [[Petrus Jacobus Kipp|Kipp, Petrus Jacobus]]
* [[Gustave Le Bon|Le Bon, Gustave]]
* [[Arjen Roelofs|Roelofs, Arjen]]
* [[Johannes Schöner|Schöner, Johannes]]
* [[Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach|Von Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich]]

==History of scientific instruments==
===Museums===
* [[Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments|Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments (CHSI)]]
* [[Boerhaave Museum]]
* [[Chemical Heritage Foundation]]
* [[Deutsches Museum]]
* [[Royal Victoria Gallery for the Encouragement of Practical Science]]
* [[Whipple Museum of the History of Science]]

===Historiography===
* [[Paul Bunge Prize]]<ref>Charlotte Bigg & Christoph Meinel (eds.), ''[https://en.gdch.de/fileadmin/downloads/GDCh/Stiftungen/Jenemann/Bunge_Prize_Jubilee_Volume_2023.pdf Paul Bunge Prize: History of Scientific Instruments, 1993-2023]'' (Frankfurt/Main: GDCh & DBG, 2023), 96 pp.</ref>

==Types of scientific instruments==
* [[Optical instrument]]
* [[Electronic test equipment]]

==See also==
* [[Instrumentation]]
* [[Instrumentalism]], a philosophic theory
* [[List of collectibles]]
* {{Wiktionary-inline|-tron}}, a suffix to denote a complex scientific instrument, like in [[cyclotron]], [[phytotron]], [[synchrotron]], ...

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|History|Medicine|Museums|Physics|Astronomy|Stars|Society|Science}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Scientific instruments| ]]
[[Category:Science-related lists]]

List of BRICS summit attendees

2026-02-11T09:44:42Z

EliseMacnaghten: small improve formatting for consistency and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
This is a list of representative leaders of [[BRICS]] states at each BRICS [[Summit meeting|Summit]] since the group's inception in 2009.

{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}

BRICS holds an annual summit, which each state or government leader attends. Each year the heads of government take turns assuming the presidency, whose job it is to set the agenda for, and host, the annual summit.

In [[15th BRICS summit|2023]], [[Sergey Lavrov]] represented [[Russia]] instead of [[Vladimir Putin]], and in [[16th BRICS summit|2024]], [[Mauro Vieira]] represented [[Brazil]] instead of [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]].

; Top leaders of BRICS countries
* [[President of Brazil]]
* [[President of Russia]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]]{{NoteTag|name="chinachief"|The ''de jure'' [[head of government]] of China is the [[Premier of China|Premier]]. The [[President of China]] is legally a [[figurehead|ceremonial office]], but the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] (''de facto'' leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of [[Succession of power in China|transition]], and thus as the China's [[paramount leader]] and [[List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China|state representative]].}}
* [[President of South Africa]]
* [[President of Egypt]]
* [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia]]
* [[President of Iran]]{{NoteTag|name="iranchief"|The [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] is the top position in Iran, which is a [[Theocracy|theocratic]] [[Islamic republic]]. The [[Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran|armed forces]], [[Judicial system of Iran|judiciary]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|state radio and television]], and other key [[Government of Iran|government organizations]] are subject to the supreme leader.}}
* [[President of the United Arab Emirates]]
* [[President of Indonesia]]

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
!rowspan="2" width="15%"|Summit Year, Host
! colspan="10" |Country
|-
! [[Brazil]] !! [[Russia]] !! [[India]] !! [[China]] !! [[South Africa]] !! [[Iran]] !! [[Egypt]] !! [[Ethiopia]] !! [[United Arab Emirates]] !! [[Indonesia]]
|- align=center
|'''[[1st BRIC summit|1st]]''' 2009 {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| rowspan=2 |[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] <ref name=BRIC2009>{{cite news|last1=Kramer|first1=Andrew E.|title=Emerging Economies Meet in Russia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/17/world/europe/17bric.html?ref=business|work=The New York Times|date=16 June 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref>
| rowspan=4 |[[Dmitry Medvedev]] <ref name=BRIC2009 /><ref name=BRICS2011 /><ref name=BRICS2012 />
| rowspan=5 |[[Manmohan Singh]] <ref name=BRIC2009 /><ref name=BRICS2011 /><ref name=BRICS2012 /><ref name=BRICS2013 />
| rowspan=4 |[[Hu Jintao]] <ref name=BRIC2009 /><ref name=BRICS2011 /><ref name=BRICS2012 />
| rowspan=2 {{n/a}} (N/A)
| rowspan="15" {{n/a}} (N/A)
| rowspan="15" {{n/a}} (N/A)
| rowspan="15" {{n/a}} (N/A)
| rowspan="15" {{n/a}} (N/A)
| rowspan="16" {{n/a}} (N/A)
|- align=center
|'''[[2nd BRIC summit|2nd]]''' 2010 {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
|- align=center
|'''[[3rd BRICS summit|3rd]]''' 2011 {{flagcountry|China}}
| rowspan=5 |[[Dilma Rousseff]] <ref name=BRICS2011>{{cite web|last1=Kashani|first1=Sarwar|title=BRICS seeks revamp in global monetary system|date=14 April 2011 |url=http://twocircles.net/2011apr14/brics_seeks_end_stalemate_uns_antiterror_law.html#.U6JroPldV8E|publisher=TwoCircles|accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=BRICS2012>{{cite web|title=BRICS summit defends dialogue for Syria, Iran|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/brics-summit-defends-dialogue-for-syria-iran-191545|publisher=NDTV Convergence|accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=BRICS2013 /><ref name=BRICS2014 />
| rowspan="7" |[[Jacob Zuma]] <ref name=BRICS2011 /><ref name=BRICS2012 /><ref name=BRICS2013 /><ref name=BRICS2014 />
|- align=center
|'''[[4th BRICS summit|4th]]''' 2012 {{flagcountry|India}}
|- align=center
|'''[[5th BRICS summit|5th]]''' 2013 {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
| rowspan="10" |[[Vladimir Putin]] <ref name=BRICS2013>{{cite web|last1=Isa|first1=Mariam|title=Brics Summit expected to establish development bank|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/africa/africanbusiness/2013/03/22/brics-summit-expected-to-establish-development-bank|accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=BRICS2014 />
| rowspan="12" |[[Xi Jinping]] <ref name=BRICS2013 /><ref name=BRICS2014 />
|- align=center
|'''[[6th BRICS summit|6th]]''' 2014 {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| rowspan="12" |[[Narendra Modi]] <ref name=BRICS2014>{{cite web|title=Modi Likely to Watch FIFA World Cup Final ahead of BRICS Summit|url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/india/article_7620d1de-f600-11e3-9dc2-001a4bcf887a.html|publisher=India West|accessdate=19 June 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174254/http://www.indiawest.com/news/india/article_7620d1de-f600-11e3-9dc2-001a4bcf887a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- align=center
|'''[[7th BRICS summit|7th]]''' 2015 {{flagcountry|Russia}}
|- align=center
|'''[[8th BRICS summit|8th]]''' 2016 {{flagcountry|India}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Michel Temer]]
|- align=center
|'''[[9th BRICS summit|9th]]''' 2017 {{flagcountry|China}}
|- align=center
|'''[[10th BRICS summit|10th]]''' 2018 {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
| rowspan="8" |[[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
|- align=center
|'''[[11th BRICS summit|11th]]''' 2019 {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Jair Bolsonaro]]
|- align=center
|'''[[12th BRICS summit|12th]]''' 2020 {{flagcountry|Russia}}{{NoteTag|Held virtually due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].|name=a}}
|- align=center
|'''[[13th BRICS summit|13th]]''' 2021 {{flagcountry|India}}{{NoteTag|Held virtually due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].|name=a}}
|- align=center
|'''[[14th BRICS summit|14th]]''' 2022 {{flagcountry|China}}{{NoteTag|Held virtually due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].|name=a}}
|- align=center
|'''[[15th BRICS summit|15th]]''' 2023 {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
| rowspan="1" |[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| rowspain="1" |[[Sergey Lavrov]]
|- align=center
|'''[[16th BRICS summit|16th]]''' 2024 {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| rowspan="1" |[[Mauro Vieira]]
| rowspain="1" |[[Vladimir Putin]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Masoud Pezeshkian]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Abiy Ahmed]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]
|- align=center
|'''[[17th BRICS summit|17th]]''' 2025 {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| rowspan="1" |[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| rowspain="1" |[[Sergey Lavrov]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Li Qiang]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Abbas Araghchi]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Mostafa Madbouly]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Prabowo Subianto]]
|- align=center
|'''[[18th BRICS summit|18th]]''' 2026 {{flagcountry|India}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notefoot}}

{{BRICS}}

[[Category:BRICS summits|Leaders]]
[[Category:Lists of politicians|BRICS]]
[[Category:Lists of people by time in office|BRICS]]

Danish Aslam

2026-02-06T06:24:52Z

EliseMacnaghten: basic enhanced page for consistency

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Danish Aslam
| image = Danish Aslam 'Khwaabon Ka Jhamela' Working Still.jpg
| caption = Danish Aslam during the shoot of 'Khwaabon Ka Jhamela' in London, UK.
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[The Mother's International School, New Delhi]], [[Sri Venkateswara College]] and [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| occupation = [[Filmmaker]]
| years_active = 2003–present
| children = 1 
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Shruti Seth]]|2010}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Shruti Seth, Danish Aslam tie the knot|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shruti-seth-danish-aslam-tie-the-knot-597208|website=[[NDTV]]|author=Mid-Day.com|accessdate=25 April 2016|date=15 October 2010|archive-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531160243/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shruti-seth-danish-aslam-tie-the-knot-597208|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''Danish Aslam''' is a filmmaker based in [[Mumbai]], India, with a career spanning over two decades. He has worked in various mediums, including films, web series, music videos and television.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danish Aslam {{!}} Director, Script and Continuity Department, Writer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1538135/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Before making his directorial debut, Danish worked as an assistant on several notable Bollywood films, including "[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]," "[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]," "[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]," "[[Being Cyrus]]," "[[Salaam Namaste]]," "[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]," and "[[Swades]]".

=== Directorial debut ===
Danish made his directorial debut with the 2010 film "[[Break Ke Baad]]," a comedy-drama starring Deepika Padukone and Imran Khan.<ref>{{Citation |last=Aslam |first=Danish |title=Break Ke Baad |date=2010-11-26 |type=Comedy, Drama, Romance |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1578261/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_t_13 |access-date=2024-11-23 |others=Imran Khan, Deepika Padukone, Namit Shah |publisher=Kunal Kohli Productions}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews but was praised as "a 'rom-com' that gets it right" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |title=Review: 'Break Ke Baad', a 'rom-com' that gets it right |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-break-ke-baad-a-rom-com-that-gets-it-right-1472539 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> and for "its surprisingly modern depiction of young adult relationships"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-27 |title=Movie review: 'Break Ke Baad' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-nov-27-la-et-break-ke-baad-20101127-story.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Danish Aslam 'Break Ke Baad' Working Still.jpg|thumb|Danish rehearsing with actors Imran Khan & Deepika Padukone during the shoot of 'Break Ke Baad' in Mauritius.]]

=== Television and web series ===
Between 2013 and 2015, Danish directed several television shows for various networks.

* "Yeh Hai Aashiqui" (2013-2014): A romantic drama series for [[Bindass]] channel<ref>{{Citation |title=Yeh Hai Aashiqui |date=2013-08-25 |type=Romance |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4068208/?ref_=tt_ov_srs |access-date=2024-11-23 |others=Anita Hassanandani Reddy, Vikrant Massey, Niti Taylor |publisher=BBC Worldwide Productions India, Bodhi Tree Multimedia}}</ref>
* "Love by Chance" (2014): A series for [[Bindass]] channel<ref>{{Citation |last=Aslam |first=Danish |title=Couples Only |date=2014-08-02 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4496428/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |series=Love by Chance |others=Charu Asopa, Hitesh Bharadwaj, Shresth Kumar}}</ref>
* "Siyaasat" (2014-2015): A historical drama series for [[Epic TV|Epic]] channel
* "Kabhi Aise Geet Gaya Karo<ref>{{Citation |title=Kabhi Aise Geet Gaya Karo |date=2015-01-21 |type=Family |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4496552/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |publisher=Cinevista}}</ref>" (2015): A mini-series for [[Disney India|Disney]] channel

Danish began working on web series in 2016 with "[[It's Not That Simple]]," marking his entry into the digital space at a time when the medium was still relatively new in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Danish Aslam Reveals Why Casting For Web Is Less Riskier Than For Feature Films |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/entertainment-news-danish-aslam-opens-up-on-why-casting-for-web-is-less-riskier-than-feature-films-news-400720 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Danish directed two seasons of this show,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2018-06-04 |title=Sumeet Vyas Roped In For Season 2 Of It's Not That Simple |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/sumeet-vyas-roped-in-for-season-2-of-its-not-that-simple/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> which was critically acclaimed for its "sharp writing and plotting curves, not to mention a certain maturity in the level of some of the performances".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-20 |title='It's Not That Simple' season 2 review: This Swara Bhasker-starrer not that complicated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/Dec/20/its-not-that-simple-web-series-season-2-this-swara-bhasker-starrer-not-that-complicated-1914248.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Since then, he has directed and co-written several critically acclaimed web series:

* "Time Out" (2017): A Voot original series starring [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]] and [[Sarah-Jane Dias|Sarah Jane Dias]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=G. Q. |date=2017-12-31 |title=Best Indian Web Series of 2017 - Top 10 Indian Web Series of 2017 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/best-indian-web-series-2017 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> The show made the [[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] list of 'Best Indian Web Series of 2017' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=G. Q. |date=2017-12-31 |title=Best Indian Web Series of 2017 - Top 10 Indian Web Series of 2017 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/best-indian-web-series-2017 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> and the [[Firstpost]] list of 'Best Web Series of 2017'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-25 |title=Big Little Lies, Mindhunter, Inside Edge, Lakhon Mein Ek: The best web series of 2017 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/big-little-lies-mindhunter-inside-edge-lakhon-mein-ek-the-best-web-series-of-2017-4274343.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
* "Flesh" (2020): A critically acclaimed series for Eros Now, starring [[Swara Bhasker]] and [[Akshay Oberoi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-11 |title=Flesh trailer: It is Swara Bhasker vs Akshay Oberoi in this crime drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/flesh-trailer-swara-bhasker-akshay-oberoi-eros-now-6550113/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was praised for a "gripping and tight" screenplay<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batra |first=Gautam |date=2020-08-21 |title=Flesh Review: Eros Now's Show On Human Trafficking Celebrates Women Power |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/flesh-review-eros-nows-show-on-human-trafficking-celebrates-women-power/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> while Danish was commended for being "masterful of his direction and tone".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pramit |date=2020-08-20 |title='Flesh' Season 1 Review: Swara Bhasker Crackles In Every Scene Of This Gritty Crime Drama |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/16481/flesh-season-1-review-swara-bhasker-crackles-in-every-scene-of-this-gritty-crime-drama |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref>
* "The Reunion - Chal Chalein Apne Ghar" (2021): A Zoom Studios production featuring Veer Rajwant Singh, [[Kashmira Irani]], and [[K. K. Raina|KK Raina]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=DailyWorld |date=2021-10-27 |title=Danish Aslam: Dysfunctional family is the new normal in our urban life |url=https://dailyworld.in/ott/danish-aslam-dysfunctional-family-is-the-new-normal-in-our-urban-life-167896.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Dailyworld Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> that was described as "a well-told story of a dysfunctional family".<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Reunion - Chal Chalein Apne Ghar Season 1 Review : A well-told story of a dysfunctional family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-reunion-chal-chalein-apne-ghar/season-1/seasonreview/87263641.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* "Feels Like Ishq" (2021): Danish directed an episode of this Netflix anthology series, which starred [[Saba Azad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feels Like Ishq: Danish Aslam Talks About the Importance of Queer Love Stories |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/feels-like-ishq-danish-aslam-talks-about-the-importance-of-queer-love-stories-3989783.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Critics described his episode as one of the "stand-outs among the lot"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=2021-07-23 |title='Feels Like Ishq' review: All you need is (not too much) love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/feels-like-ishq-review-all-you-need-is-not-too-much-love/article35482873.ece |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and having the "innocence of a love story while also dealing with the complications that come with a LGBTQI+ romance".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2021-07-23 |title=Review: Feels Like Ishq is Inconsistent but Pushes the Idea of Love Further |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/netflix-anthology-feels-like-ishq-full-review#read-more |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Music videos ===
Danish directed the music video for the song "Baadshah" (2017), performed by [[Pratyul Joshi]] and released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-27 |title=Pratyul Joshi's journey from Mumbai's streets to London |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/Aug/27/pratyul-joshis-journey-from-mumbais-streets-to-london-1648852.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The video was shot in [[Mauritius]] and features actress [[Pallavi Sharda]] alongside Joshi.<ref>{{Citation |last=Aslam |first=Danish |title=Baadshah |date=2017-08-17 |type=Short, Music |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7459102/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |others=Pratyul Joshi, Pallavi Sharda |publisher=Timbre Entertainment}}</ref>

Danish also directed the music video for "Jiya Laage Na" (2024),<ref>{{Citation |title=Jiya Laage Na |date=2024-04-25 |type=Music |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt33751271/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |publisher=Victor Tango Entertainment}}</ref> a romantic single sung by [[Mohit Chauhan]] and [[Shilpa Rao]], with music by [[Rochak Kohli]], released by [[Universal Music India]] Pvt. Ltd. under their [[VYRL Originals]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rochak Kholi, Mohit Chauhan, and Shilpa Rao's new single 'Jiya Laage Na' all set to become the love song of the season |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/240426-rochak-kholi-mohit-chauhan-and-shilpa-rao%E2%80%99s |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref> The video features [[Parth Samthaan]] and [[Isha Malviya]] in a simple yet heartwarming story of a newly married couple finding love in a joint family setting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=Jiya Laage Na Song Out: Isha Malviya-Parth Samthaan's Chemistry Is The USP Of Romantic Music Video |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/jiya-laage-na-song-out-isha-malviya-parth-samthaan-chemistry-is-the-usp-of-romantic-music-video-article-109587406 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

=== Recent work ===
[[File:Danish Aslam 'Khwaabon Ka Jhamela' Working Still 2.jpg|thumb|Danish talking to actors Prateik Babbar & Sayani Gupta during the shoot of Khwaabon Ka Jhamela in Southampton, UK]]Danish's most recent film, "[[Khwaabon Ka Jhamela]]," starring Prateik Babbar, Sayani Gupta, and Kubbra Sait, was released on JioCinema in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=Khwaabon Ka Jhamela OTT Release Confirmed, to be Available on JioCinema |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/khwaabon-ka-jhamela-ott-release-on-jiocinema-6908034 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref> It has received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its visual appeal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khwaabon Ka Jhamela Review: Prateik And Sayani Shine In A Visually Stunning Rom-Com |url=https://www-freepressjournal-in.translate.goog/entertainment/khwaabon-ka-jhamela-review-prateik-and-sayani-shine-in-a-visually-stunning-rom-com?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=wa |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> performances<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=Khwaabon Ka Jhamela Movie Review: Sayani-Prateik's Unexpected Journey Of Self-Discovery Leaves A Smile |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/khwaabon-ka-jhamela-movie-review-sayani-prateiks-unexpected-journey-of-self-discovery-leaves-a-smile-review-115141536 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> and its refreshing take on modern relationships.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khwaabon Ka Jhamela Review : Prateik and Sayani shine in this feel-good flick on self-discovery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/khwaabon-ka-jhamela/ottmoviereview/115082038.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2010
|[[Break Ke Baad]]
|Director, writer
|-
|2024
|[[Khwaabon Ka Jhamela]]
|Director, writer
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2013–2014
|[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]
|Director
|-
|2014
|[[Love by Chance|Love By Chance]]
|Director
|-
|2014–2015
|[[Siyaasat]]
|Director
|-
|2015
|[[Kabhi Aise Geet Gaya Karo]]
|Director
|-
|2016
|[[It's Not That Simple]]
|Director, writer

|-
|2017
|[[Time Out (Indian TV series)|Time Out]]
|Director, writer
|-
|2020
|[[Flesh (web series)|Flesh]]
|Director, dialogue writer
|-
|2021
|The Reunion - Chal Chalein Apne Ghar
|Director, writer
|-
|2021
|[[Feels Like Ishq]]
|Director, writer
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song title
!Artist
!Production company
|-
|2017
|Baadshah
|[[Pratyul Joshi]]
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|-
|2024
|Jiya Laage Na
|[[Mohit Chauhan]] & [[Shilpa Rao]]
|[[Universal Music India]]
|}

=== Acting ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Project
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2023
|[[Kaala (TV series)|Kaala]]
|IB officer Himanshu Desai
|
|-
|2008
|[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]
|Young Ranbir's Teacher
|Minor role
|-
|2007
|Exitz
|Ravina's brother
|Minor role
|-
|2005
|[[Salaam Namaste]]
|Shopkeeper
|Minor role
|}

== Future projects ==
As of November 2024, Danish has confirmed that he is working on a new project with actor [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]], with whom he previously collaborated on "Break Ke Baad".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Break Ke Baad director Danish Aslam shares update about his next film with Imran Khan: 'When things are...' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/break-ke-baad-director-danish-aslam-shares-update-about-his-next-film-with-imran-khan/3ee5514bec819 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> While details are yet to be officially announced, Danish has stated that the project is still a work-in-progress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=Exclusive: Break Ke Baad director Danish Aslam confirms working with Imran Khan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/danish-aslam-reunite-imran-khan-after-break-ke-baad-2629971-2024-11-08 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1538135}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aslam, Danish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 3

2026-01-29T15:07:46Z

EliseMacnaghten: Starting Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 3
| image = Bigg Boss Tamil 3.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| bgcolor = #30d5c8
| caption = ''Bigg Boss'' season 3
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Kamal Hassan]]
| num_days = 105
| num_housemates = 17
| winner = [[Mugen Rao]]
| runner_up = [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]]
}}
| num_episodes = 106
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2019|06|23}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2019|10|06}}
}}
'''''Bigg Boss 3''''' is the third season of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-Indian [[Reality television|reality show]] ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil|Bigg Boss]]'', which premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 23 June 2019 until 6 October 2019. [[Frooti]] was the sponsor for the third season. [[Kamal Haasan]] returned as host for the third time.<ref name=toi>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kamal-haasan-all-set-for-bigg-boss-tamil-3/articleshow/69234470.cms|title=Kamal Haasan all set for Bigg Boss Tamil 3|website=The Times of India|date=8 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref> The show was aired on Star Vijay. Hotstar also provided content aired on television and unseen clips. The house, located at EVP World in [[Chembarambakkam]], [[Chennai]], was completely renovated with a Chettinad-based theme for this season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-chettinadu-architecture-to-no-partition-bedrooms-take-a-look-at-the-luxurious-bb-house/photostory/69911193.cms|title=The spectacular wall paintings - Bigg Boss Tamil 3: Chettinadu architecture to no-partition bedrooms, take a look at the luxurious BB house|date=2019-06-23|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref>

[[Mugen Rao]], made history by becoming the first-ever International contestant to emerge as winner in the ''Bigg Boss India'' franchise. ''Bigg Boss Tamil'' season 3 is also the only version of the Indian franchise to feature two international contestants in the finale.(Malaysia & Sri Lanka)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mugen-rao-wins-bigg-boss-tamil-season-3/article29612665.ece|title=Mugen Rao wins Bigg Boss Tamil season 3|website=The Hindu|date=7 October 2019|access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref>

[[Abhirami Venkatachalam]] and [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] returned as contestants in [[Bigg Boss Ultimate season 1|''Bigg Boss Ultimate'' season 1]].

==Housemate status==
Following were the housemates who took part in ''Bigg Boss Tamil'' season 3:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-launch-live-updates-Mohan-lal-5795614/|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3 launch Live Updates: 15 celebrities enter reality show|date=2019-06-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-23}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-tamil-3-kamal-haasan-live-updates|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3: A Tamil 'Diaspora' Season|date=2019-06-23|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref><ref name="day 2">{{Cite news |date=2019-06-26 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3 episode 2, June 25, 2019, written update: Abhirami confesses her feelings to Kavin; Meera Mitun enters the house as a wild card |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-episode-2-june-25-2019-written-update-abhirami-confesses-her-feelings-to-kavin-meera-mitun-enters-the-house-as-a-wild-card/articleshow/69954748.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
!scope="col" style ="background:#F28C28;"style="background:#30d5c8 ;color:black"| {{nowrap|SR}}
! scope="col" style="background:#30d5c8 ;color:black" | Housemate
!scope="col" style ="background:#F28C28;"style="background:#30d5c8 ;color:black"| {{nowrap|Day entered}}
!scope="col" style ="background:#F28C28;"style="background:#30d5c8 ;color:black"| {{nowrap|Day exited}}
!scope="col" style ="background:#F28C28;"style="background:#30d5c8 ;color:black"| Status
|-
|1
|Mugen
|Day 1
|Day 105
|{{won|Winner}}
|-
|2
|Sandy
|Day 1
|Day 105
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
|3
|Losliya
|Day 1
|Day 105
|style="background:#7FFFD4;"|{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
|4
|Sherin
|Day 1
|Day 105
|style="background:#DDA0DD;"|3rd Runner-up
|-
|5
|Tharshan
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|6
|Kavin
|Day 1
|Day 94
|{{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |Cheran
|Day 1
|Day 77
|style="background:#87CEFA;" |Secret Room
|-
|Day 79
|Day 91
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" |Vanitha
|Day 1
|Day 21
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|Day 50
|Day 84
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|9
|Kasthuri
|Day 45
|Day 63
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|10
|Abhirami
|Day 1
|Day 56
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|11
|Madhumitha
|Day 1
|Day 54
|{{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
|12
|Sakshi
|Day 1
|Day 49
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|13
|Saravanan
|Day 1
|Day 44
|{{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
|14
|Reshma
|Day 1
|Day 42
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|15
|Meera
|Day 3
|Day 35
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|16
|Mohan
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|17
|Fathima
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemates==
The list of housemates in the order of entering the house:

===Original contestants===

# [[Fathima Babu]] – Film actor and newsreader
# [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] – Musician
# [[Losliya Mariyanesan]] – Sri Lankan Tamil newsreader and film actor
# [[Sakshi Agarwal]] – Film actress
# [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]] – Actor and model
# [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] – Comedienne
# [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] – Film actor
# [[Sherin Shringar]] – Film actress
# [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] – Film director
# [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] – Serial and film actor
# [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] – Film actress
# [[Tharshan Thiyagarajah|Tharshan]] – Sri Lankan Tamil model and actor
# [[Mugen Rao]] – Musician, Singer and actor
# [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]]– Choreographer
# [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] – Serial and film actor

===Wildcard contestants===

# [[Meera Mithun]] – Model
# [[Kasthuri Shankar]] – Film actress

==Guests appearance==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2019}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#30d5c8; color:white; " | Week
! style="background:#30d5c8; color:white; " | Day
! style="background:#30d5c8; color:white; " | Guest(s)
! style="background:#30d5c8; color:white; " | Purpose of visit
|-
| rowspan="2" align=center | '''1'''
| rowspan="2" align=center | 0
| [[Ganja Karuppu]] ([[Bigg Boss Tamil 1|Season 1]] contestant)
| To escort housemate [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] to the Bigg Boss house.<ref name="day 0">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-24 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3 Launch Highlights: The third season of the reality show starts on a high note |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-launch-live-updates-the-reality-show-is-all-set-to-start-soon/liveblog/69914402.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Harish Kalyan]] (Season 1 contestant)
| To escort housemate Tharshan to the house.
|-
|-
| align=center | '''10'''
| align=center | {{nowrap|64 to 69}}
| Traditional and cultural dancers and stage actors
| As a part of luxury budget task.
|-
|-
| align=center | '''11'''
| align=center | {{nowrap|72 to 76}}
| [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]], [[Sakshi Agarwal]] and [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]]
| The trio of previously evicted Bigg Boss Tamil 3 contestants entered the house as guests for weekly activities such as award distribution and left the house on Day 76.
|-
|-
| align=center | '''12'''
| align=center | {{nowrap|79 to 81}}
| All the family members and friends of housemates
| As a part of luxury budget task.
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" align=center | '''14'''
| align=center | 93
| [[Yashika Aannand|Yashika Anand]] and [[Mahat Raghavendra]]
| Contestants of the second season of Bigg Boss, they entered the house to spend some time with the housemates and to promote their film, Ivan Oru Utthaman.
|-
|-
| align=center | 94
| [[Riythvika]] and [[Janani Iyer]]
| The winner and third runner–up of the second season of Bigg Boss, they entered the house to spend some time with the housemates and to promote their films, Irandaam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Kundu and Vezham.
|-
| align=center | 95
| [[Aishwarya Dutta]]
| The runner–up of the second season of Bigg Boss, they entered the house to spend some time with the housemates.
|-
| rowspan="8" align="center" | '''15'''
| align=center | 99
| [[Fathima Babu]], [[Reshma Pasupuleti]], [[Meera Mitun]] and [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]]
| The group of previously evicted Bigg Boss Tamil 3 contestants entered the house as guests for the last week activities.
|-
| align=center | 100
| Priyanka and Soundarya Bala Nandakumar from ''Super Singer''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-preview-october-1-mugen-rao-to-jam-with-super-singer-junior-fame-priyanka-and-soundharya-bala-nandakumar/articleshow/71396357.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3 preview, October 1: Mugen Rao to jam with Super Singer Junior fame Priyanka and Soundharya Bala Nandakumar|website=The Times of India|date=October 2019 }}</ref>
| To entertain the contestants with songs.
|-
| align=center | 101
| [[Sakshi Agarwal]], Abhirami Venkatachalam, [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] and [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri Shankar]]
| The group of previously evicted Bigg Boss Tamil 3 contestants entered the house as guests for the last week activities.
|-
| align=center | 102
| [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], [[Rio Raj]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]], [[Rakshan]], Thaadi Balaji
|To promote the show ''[[The Wall (game show)#International versions|The Wall]]''.
|-
| align=center | 103
| All evicted/walked contestants except [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] and [[Jangiri Madhumitha|Madhumitha]]
| The group of previously evicted Bigg Boss Tamil 3 contestants entered the house as guests for the last week activities.
|-
| align=center | 105
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| To encourage the finalists on account of the Grand Finale.
|-
| rowspan="2" align=center | 105
| [[Riythvika]]
| To introduce the Bigg Boss trophy to the Housemates and to escort Sherin (Third Runner up).
|-
| [[Shruti Haasan]]
| To escort Losliya (Second Runner up).
|-
|}

==Nominations table==


<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! style="width: 5%;" |
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
! colspan="2" style="width: 10%;" |{{nowrap|Week 15}} (Grand finale week)
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| rowspan="2" |House Captain
| rowspan="2" |Vanitha
|rowspan="2"|Mohan
|rowspan="2"|Abhirami
|rowspan="2"|Sakshi
|rowspan="2"|Reshma
|rowspan="2"|Tharshan
|rowspan="2"|Mugen
|rowspan="2"|Sandy
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |Madhumitha
|rowspan="2"|Cheran
|rowspan="2"|Vanitha
|rowspan="2"|Losliya
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
|rowspan="2"|Mugen
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| Sherin
|-
|Captain's Nominations
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Cheran Fathima
|Meera Madhumitha
|Abhirami Madhumitha
|Kavin Cheran
|Madhumitha Reshma
|Tharshan Saravanan
|Abhirami Madhumitha
|Mugen Kasthuri
|Kavin Mugen
|Kavin Losliya
|Vanitha Sherin
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|-
| colspan="17" bgcolor="black" |
|-
! Vote for:
! ''None''
! colspan="8" | Evict
! ''None''
! colspan="4" | Evict
! colspan="2" | Finale Nominations / Win
|-
| colspan="17" bgcolor="black" |
|-
! Mugen
| rowspan="7" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Cheran Meera
|Vanitha Meera
|Meera Saravanan
|Madhumitha Saravanan
|Reshma Madhumitha
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Cheran Tharshan
|Cheran Kasthuri
|Kavin Losliya
|Cheran Losliya
|Vanitha Tharshan
|Cheran Losliya
|style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #cfc 50%, #FBF373 50%);" |''House Captain and finalist (ticket To finale winner)''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |{{nowrap|'''''Winner'''''}} (Day 105)
|-
!Sandy
|Madhumitha Cheran
|Vanitha Meera
|Meera Cheran
|Abhirami Sakshi
|Madhumitha Abhirami
|Sakshi Abhirami
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Cheran Kasthuri
|Sherin Vanitha
|Kavin Losliya
|Vanitha Sherin
|Cheran Losliya
| colspan="2" style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" | {{nowrap|'''''1st Runner-up'''''}} (Day 105)
|-
!Losliya
|Meera Saravanan
|Mohan Vanitha
|Meera Mohan
|Sakshi Meera
|Madhumitha Sakshi
|Sakshi Saravanan
|Mugen Sherin
|Kasthuri Cheran
|Vanitha Sherin
|Mugen Sherin
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Mugen Sherin
| colspan="2" style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''{{nowrap|''2nd Runner-up''}}''' (Day 105)
|-
!Sherin
|Meera Madhumitha
|Madhumitha Meera
|Meera Saravanan
|Meera Saravanan
|Kavin Losliya
|Kavin Losliya
|Mugen Kavin
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Mugen Kavin
|Kavin Losliya
|Vanitha Sandy
|Kavin Losliya
| colspan="2" style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''''3rd Runner-up''''' (Day 105)
|-
!Tharshan
|Meera Sakshi
|Vanitha Meera
|Meera Saravanan
|Saravanan Kavin
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Abhirami Saravanan
|Abhirami Mugen
|Kasthuri Cheran
|Vanitha Kavin
|Kavin Losliya
|Vanitha Sandy
|Cheran Losliya
| style="background:#959ffd;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 98)
|-
!Kavin
|Meera Madhumitha
|Vanitha Meera
|Meera Cheran
|Sakshi Abhirami
|Reshma Madhumitha
|Sakshi Abhirami
|Abhirami Madhumitha
|Cheran Kasthuri
|Vanitha Sherin
|Cheran Sherin
|Vanitha Sherin
|Cheran Sherin
|style="background:#959ffd;" |Accepted
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF6347" |{{nowrap|''Evicted with ₹5L'' (Day 94)}}
|-
!Cheran
|Losliya Tharshan
|Vanitha Meera
|Meera Saravanan
|Kavin Sakshi
|Kavin Reshma
|Abhirami Sakshi
|Vanitha Mugen
|Sandy Tharshan
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Kavin Mugen
|style="background:#87CEFA;" |''In Secret Room''
|Losliya Kavin
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
!Vanitha
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|style="background:#FBF373;"|Meera Cheran
|Saravanan Madhumitha
|colspan="4" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|style="background:#FBF373;" |Entered (Day 50)
|style="background:#FBF373;" |Sandy Tharshan
|Mugen Kavin
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Tharshan Sherin
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
!Kasthuri
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
|style="background:#FBF373;"|''Entered (Day 42)''
|style="background:#FBF373;"|Kavin Losliya
|Kavin Sandy
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
!Abhirami
| rowspan="8" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
|Meera Madhumitha
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Meera Saravanan
|Kavin Meera
|Kavin Madhumitha
|Sandy Saravanan
|Kavin Madhumitha
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
!Madhumitha
|Kavin Fathima
|Sakshi Sherin
|Meera Reshma
|Kavin Sakshi
|Kavin Sakshi
|Abhirami Sakshi
|Kavin Losilya
| colspan="8" style="background:#FFE08B" |''Walked'' (Day 54)
|-
!Sakshi
|Meera Madhumitha
|Saravanan Madhumitha
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Meera Saravanan
|Saravanan Kavin
|Losliya Abhirami
| colspan="9" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
!Saravanan
|Cheran Fathima
|Mohan Vanitha
|Mohan Abhirami
|Abhirami Cheran
|Sakshi Abhirami
|Losliya Abhirami
| colspan="9" style="background:#FFE08B" |''Ejected'' (Day 44)
|-
!Reshma
|Fathima Madhumitha
|Saravanan Madhumitha
|Meera Saravanan
|style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Cheran Kavin
| colspan="10" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
!Meera
|Abhirami Sakshi
|Madhumitha Losliya
|Cheran Tharshan
|Sakshi Abhirami
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
!Mohan
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|Saravanan Madhumitha
|Meera Saravanan
| colspan="12" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
!Fathima
|Kavin Saravanan
| colspan="14" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
| colspan="17" bgcolor="black" |
|-
!Notes
|''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
|''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#ccc |''none''
|''[[#endnote 3|3]]'', ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
|''[[#endnote 5|5]]'', ''[[#endnote 6|6]]''
| bgcolor=#ccc |''none''
|''[[#endnote 7|7]]''
|''[[#endnote 8|8]]''
|''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
| bgcolor=#ccc |''none''
|''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#ccc" |''none''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
!Against public vote
|''None''
|Cheran Fathima Kavin Madhumitha Meera Sakshi Saravanan
|Madhumitha Meera Mohan Saravanan Vanitha
|Abhirami Cheran Meera Mohan Saravanan
|Abhirami Cheran Kavin Meera Sakshi Saravanan
|Abhirami Kavin Madhumitha Reshma Sakshi
|Abhirami Losliya Sakshi <s>Saravanan</s>
|Abhirami Kavin Losliya <s>Madhumitha</s> Mugen
|Cheran Kasthuri Sandy Tharshan
|Kavin Mugen Sherin Vanitha 
|Cheran Kavin Losliya Mugen Sherin
|Kavin Vanitha Sherin Sandy Tharshan
|Cheran Kavin Losliya Sherin
|Kavin Losliya Sandy Sherin Tharshan
| colspan="2" |'''Losliya Mugen Sandy Sherin'''
|-
! Re-entered
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#ccc" |''none''
| bgcolor="#DAFF99" |'''Vanitha'''
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#ccc" |''none''
|-
! Ejected
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#ccc" |''none''
| style="background:#FFE08B" | '''Saravanan'''
| style="background:#FFE08B" | '''Madhumitha'''
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#ccc" |''none''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Fathima'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Vanitha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Mohan'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Meera'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Reshma'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Sakshi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Abhirami'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Kasthuri'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#87CEFA;" |'''Cheran'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Vanitha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Cheran'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon" |'''Kavin'''
----'''Tharshan'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Sherin'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" ;" |'''Losliya'''
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Sandy'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Mugen'''
|}
</blockquote>
===Notes===
:{{color box|#959FFD|border=silver}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction.
:{{Color box|#cfc|border=silver}} indicates the House Captain.
:{{Color box|#58FAAC|border=silver}} indicates the former House Captain. (former meaning that the House Captain would have been stripped of the captaincy, or else evicted/ejected/walked out after being nominated as the Captain)
:{{Color box|#FBF373|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate was saved from nominations ''(Immune)'', or entered the Bigg Boss House after the weekly nomination ''(Exempt)''.
:{{Color box|#87CEFA|border=silver}} indicates that an evicted contestant was sent to Secret room and re-entered the Bigg Boss House after few days.
:{{Color box|#fcf|border=silver}} indicates that contestant was walked out of BiggBoss house on his own.
:{{Color box|#DAFF99|border=silver}} indicates that the housemate has re entered.
: {{color box|#FFE08B|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been ejected.
:{{Color box|#73FB76|border=silver}} indicates the winner.
: {{color box|#D1E8EF|border=silver}} indicates the first runner up.
: {{color box|#7FFFD4|border=silver}} indicates the second runner up.
: {{color box|#DDA0DD|border=silver}} indicates the third runner up.
: {{color box|salmon|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{color box|#B2FFFF|border=silver}} indicates the contestant is nominated.
: {{color box|#FF6347|border=silver}} indicates the housemate evicted themselve after accepting a cash prize eviction .
:'''BOLD''', If a housemates name is in bold during "against public vote" it means that they are a finalist.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episodes|7084920}}
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/14455 ''Bigg Boss Tamil 3''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617215946/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/14455 |date=17 June 2018 }} at [[Hotstar]]

{{Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) seasons|Tamil 3]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]

Paramjit Singh Jaswal

2026-01-27T17:22:50Z

EliseMacnaghten: Created the biography from scratch

{{Short description|Indian Legal Education Administrator}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Professor (Dr.) Paramjit S. Jaswal
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Paramjit S. Jaswal, Vice Chancellor, SRM University, Haryana Delhi-NCR, Sonepat, Haryana
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Punjab]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| occupation = Educationist, Legal educator
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Prof. [[Nishtha Jaswal]]
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Paramjit S. Jaswal''' is an Indian academic, education administrator and professor. Presently, he is Vice Chancellor of [[SRM University, Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srmuniversity.ac.in/message-vice-chancellor/?page=10 |title= Welcome to SRM University Delhi-NCR, Sonepat, Haryana; |publisher=srmuniversity.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2021-06-09}}</ref>

== Career ==
He is the former Vice Chancellor<ref>{{cite web |author=Glocal University |url=http://www.glocaluniversity.edu.in/faculty_paramjit-jaswal |title=Prof. (Dr) Paramjit S. Jaswal |publisher=Glocaluniversity.edu.in |date=2015-04-04 |accessdate=2017-05-07 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806182302/http://www.glocaluniversity.edu.in/faculty_paramjit-jaswal |url-status=dead }}</ref> of [[Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law]] in [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. (Dr.) Paramjit Singh Jaswal, Vice Chancellor, RGNUL at Jagran Lakecity University, School of Law|url=https://lakecitybrew.jlu.edu.in/2018/05/prof-dr-paramjit-singh-jaswal-vice.html|access-date=2020-07-02|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702104238/https://lakecitybrew.jlu.edu.in/2018/05/prof-dr-paramjit-singh-jaswal-vice.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rgnul.ac.in/staff.aspx?page=10 |title=Welcome to Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law Punjab [ACCREDITED BY NAAC WTH 'A' GRADE] |publisher=Rgnul.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2017-05-07}}</ref> and the former Chairperson of Department of Laws, [[Panjab University]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=INDIAN RESEARCH INFORMATION NETWORK SYSTEM|url=http://irins.inflibnet.ac.in/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=irins.inflibnet.ac.in|language=en}}</ref> Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Panjab varsity prof new VC of HP National Law University|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/archive/panjab-varsity-prof-new-vc-of-hp-national-law-university-686043|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Jaswal is the recipient of a Fulbright Scholarship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paramjit Singh Jaswal {{!}} Fulbright Scholar Program|url=https://www.cies.org/grantee/paramjit-singh-jaswal|access-date=2020-07-02|website=www.cies.org}}</ref> In 2018, together with his wife Prof. [[Nishtha Jaswal|Nishta Jaswal]], VC of [[Himachal Pradesh National Law University|HP National Law University]], they became the first couple to be Vice-Chancellors of the [[National Law Universities]] at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Administrator|date=2018-12-22|title=Prof. Nishtha Jaswal, VC, HP NLU and Prof. Paramjit S Jaswal, VC RGNUL, become the first couple to be Vice-Chancellors of two NLUs at the same time.|url=https://www.lawof.in/prof-nishtha-jaswal-appointed-vice-chancellor-hp-nlu/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=LawOF|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HPNLU gets a new VC {{!}} Careers360|url=https://news.careers360.com/hpnlu-gets-new-vc|access-date=2020-07-02|website=news.careers360.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Books==
He has written a book on environmental Law<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Professor-Paramjit-Singh-Jaswal-has-been-appointed-as-the-Vice-Chancellor-VC-of-the-Rajiv-Gandhi-National-University-of-Law-Patiala-Professor-Jaswal-is-presently-functioning-as-VC-of-national-law-university-Raipur-in-Chatisgarh-/articleshow/7404815.cms |title=Professor Paramjit Singh Jaswal has been appointed as the Vice-Chancellor (VC) of the Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law Patiala.|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-02-01 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}</ref> published by the Alabad Law Agency<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|date=|title=Environmental Law Paperback – 1 January 2017|id={{ASIN|8189530305|country=in}}}}</ref> which the Supreme Court has made reference on three separate occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. (Dr) Paramjit Singh Jaswal (Interview) {{!}} ProBono India|url=https://www.probono-india.in/book-review-interviews-detail.php?id=42|access-date=2020-07-02|website=www.probono-india.in}}</ref> He also wrote a chapter in the book 'Preventive Detention and Security Law: A Comparative Survey,'<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Harding|first1=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0eBd0JDvRQC&q=Paramjit+Singh+Jaswal&pg=PR6|title=Preventive Detention and Security Law: A Commparative Survey|last2=Hatchard|first2=John|date=1993-10-19|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-0-7923-2432-4|language=en}}</ref> 'Human Rights and the Law,'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jaswal|first=Paramjit S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CT52Hd99aKcC|title=Human Rights and the Law|date=1996|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-729-6|language=en}}</ref> Protection and Promotion of Human Rights in India,'<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Protection and Promotion of Human Rights in India|url=https://www.bookstreets.com/products/protection-and-promotion-of-human-rights-in-india-english-hardcover-shashi-k-sharma-paramjit-s-jaswal-devinder-singh|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=bookstreets.com}}</ref> among other publications.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.srmuniversity.ac.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaswal, Paramjit Singh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian legal writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Punjab, India]]

Ayappakkam

2026-01-25T17:26:19Z

EliseMacnaghten: Starting Details

{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ayapakkam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = ayapakkam
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Ayapakkam(Chennai)
| coordinates = {{coord|13|06|16|N|80|07|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Avadi taluk]]
| subdivision_type4 = Metro
| subdivision_name4 = Chennai
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600 077
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-044
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 28630
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Chennaities
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| registration_plate = TN 12 (RTO, Poonamallee)
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|Parliamentary]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Maduravoyal (state assembly constituency)]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Ayappakkam''' is a Western suburb of [[Chennai]] in [[Thiruvallur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Ayapakkam is currently a village panchayat surrounded by Thiruverkadu municipality, Avadi corporation and Greater Chennai Corporations.

==Location==
Situated between [[Ambattur Industrial Estate]], [[Avadi]] and [[Tiruverkadu|Thiruverkadu]], Ayappakkam developed as a residential area from 1990, after Tamil Nadu Housing Board quarters came up. Unlike Ambattur (houses more industrial units), Ayappakkam is predominantly a residential area and it connects with the city, via Anna Nagar, Mogappair, Nolambur, Athipet and Maduravoyal, through Poonamallee High Road, Chennai-Tiruvallur High (CTH) Road and Ambattur Industrial Estate Road.There is a famous temple named [https://yappe.in/tamil-nadu/chennai/srinivasa-perumal-temple/2174447 sri panchanmuga anjaneyar temple] in ayappa nagar of [[ayappakkam]].

==Demographics==
===Population===
In the 2011 census, Ayappakkam had a population of 28,630.<ref name="NPR-2011-Ambattur">{{Cite web|title=NPR Report: Tamil Nadu: Thiruvallur: Ambattur|publisher=National Population Register, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/NprStateReport.aspx?stcd=33&distcd=01&tslcode=008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425050851/http://censusindia.gov.in/NprStateReport.aspx?stcd=33&distcd=01&tslcode=008|archive-date=25 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Important Landmarks==
A branch of the ICMR (Indian Council Of Medical Research) is located here. Adjacent to it is a branch of the NCB (Narcotics Control Bureau) of India.

== Transport ==

=== Railways ===
[[Annanur railway station]] is connected with the northern part of Ayapakkam. There are suburban trains that cross this station which travel between [[Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Beach]], [[Arakonam]], [[Thiruvallur]], [[Tiruthani]] and [[Velachery]]. Some trains that originate from Avadi have an EMU Shed, which handles the majority of the suburban train operations on the Northern and Western line.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,3,724,726,733,745 |title=Southern Railway Welcomes You |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528151636/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,3,724,726,733,745 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Roadways ===

==== Chennai–Tiruttani highway ====
It is about 1.5 km from Dunlop - Ambattur Police station junction via [[Chennai–Thiruvallur High Road]], which is accessible from [[EVR Periyar Salai]] via Vanagaram - Ambattur, Athipet Road.

[[Chennai Bypass]] is located about 3 km from Ayapakkam and can be reached via Athipet [[Ambattur]].

====MTC Bus Terminus====

A small number of buses run from Ayapakkam. It connects it to [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus|Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (Koyambedu)]], Thiruverkadu and [[Ambattur Industrial Estate]] nearby.

== Recreation ==
Camp Tonakela Association, formed in the year 1938, is located in South end of Thirumulaivoyal, North of Ayapakkam.<ref>http://www.camptonakela.com/index.htm{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[Paruthipattu Lake]], which has been restored as eco-park and opened to public on 21 June 2019, is nearby.

In addition, Maharaja Royal Club at the adjacent area Ayanambakkam, which is a paid recreation facility which has sports courts and swimming pools.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvallur district]]

Ajitsinhji

2026-01-20T17:45:26Z

EliseMacnaghten: Starting New Details!

{{Short description|Maharana Raj Sahib of Dhrangadhra}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ajitsinhji Jaswantsinhji {{small|{{nobold|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|size=90%}}}}}}
| title = [[His Highness]] [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]]
| image =
| caption = HH Maharana Raj Ajitsinhji II
| succession = [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Maharana Raj Sahib of Jhalavad]]
| reign = 1900– 1911
| predecessor = [[Mansinhji II]]
| successor = [[Ghanshyamsinhji Ajitsinhji|Ghanshyamsinhji]]
| birth_date = 18 January 1872
| birth_place = Manmehlat Palace, [[Dhrangadhra State]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1911|02|08|1872|df=y}}
| death_place = Arsi Vilas palace, [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra State]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*''[[#Family|among others]]''
*Sundar kunwarba
*Monghi Kunwarba
*Har Kunwarba
*Hirji Kunwarba
*Suraj Kunwarba
*Kunvari bai}}
| issue = [[Ghanshyamsinhji Ajitsinhji|Ghanshyamsinhji]]
| issue-link = #Family
| issue-pipe = Among others
| full name = Ajitsinhji Jaswantsinhji Jhala
| house = [[File:Drapeau Dhrangadhra.png|25px]] [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]]
| father = Jaswantsinhji Jhala
| mother = Mairaj kunwarba of Bhadarwa
| dynasty = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]
| module =
}}
[[Highness|HH]] [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]] '''Ajitsinhji Jaswantsinhji''' [[Maharaja Bahadur|Sahib Bahadur]], {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCSI|}}, was the 43rd ruler of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Jhalavad]] from 1900 to 1911. He succeeded his Grandfather [[Maharana|Maharana Raj]] [[Mansinhji II]] [[Maharaja Bahadur|Sahib Bahadur]]. Ajit Niwas Palace was built during his reign.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mayne |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBU-AQAAMAAJ&q=maharana+ajitsinhji |title=History of the Dhrangadhra State |date=1921 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ajitsinhji was born on 18 January 1872 at Manmehlat Palace, [[Dhrangadhra]], to Prince Jaswantsinhji, the son of [[Maharana|Maharana Raj Sahib]] Mansinhji II of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]]. He was educated at [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]], and became the heir apparent upon his father's death in 1879.<ref name=":0" />

==Reign==
[[File:Dhrangadhra state stamp.jpg|thumb|Dhrangadhra state stamp featuring HH Maharana Raj Sahib Ajit Singhji]]
Ajitsinhji succeeded to the throne upon the death of his grandfather on 2nd December 1900. He ascended the gadi at Amar Mahal, Jhallisvara Vat Palace, [[Halvad]], on 3rd December 1900. He also attended the [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1903)|Delhi Coronation Durbar]] in 1903. Deeply interested in literature and theatre, he built one of the largest auditoriums in [[Gujarat]], where he wrote and produced his own plays. He reorganized the State military and built good relations with other Rajput states like [[Cutch State|Kutch]], [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]] and [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]]. He also built the Ajit Niwas Palace.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeeRRf0EhnIC&q=maharana+ajitsinhji |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld5AAQAAMAAJ&q=maharana+ajitsinhji |title=Who's who in India |date=1911 |publisher=Newul Kishore Press |language=en}}</ref>

He was awarded KCSI, [[Knight Commander of the Star of India]] on 1 January 1909.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
He died at Arsi Vilas, Dhrangadhra on 8 February 1911 due to [[smallpox]]. He was succeeded by his son [[Ghanshyamsinhji Ajitsinhji|Ghanshyamsinhji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=maharana+ajitsinhji&pg=PA387 |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Family==
He had 6 wives and 6 Children: 3 sons and 3 daughters. He also had 2 daughters from a maid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=dhranga7 |url=https://www.royalark.net/India/dhranga7.htm |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>
=== Wives ===
* [[Jadeja]] Sundar kunwarba, of [[Mengni]] in [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
* [[Jadeja]] Monghi Kunwarba, of [[Mengni]] in [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
* [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] Hari Kunwarba of [[Tharad]]
* [[Gohil dynasty|Gohel]] Hirji Kunwarba of Thimba
* [[Jadeja]] Suraj Kunwarba of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
* [[Jadeja]] Kunvari bai of [[Rajkot State|Rajkot]]
=== Children ===
* Chatrapalsinhji
* [[Ghanshyamsinhji Ajitsinhji|Ghanshyamsinhji]]
* Prithirajsinhji
* Maya kunwar, married to Prince Man Singh of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]]
* Pratap kunwar, married to Prince [[Captain]] Pratap Singh of [[Banera]] in [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]
* Jayant Kunwar, married to Maharaj Bharat Singh of [[Multhan]]

==Titles==
* 1879-1900: Patvi Namdar [[Raja (title)|Rajkumar]] [[Shri]] Ajitsinhji Jaswantsinhji Sahib, [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]] of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]]
* 1900-1909: Shri Shaktimant Jhaladipati Mahamandleshwar [[Maharana]] Sriraj [[Sir]] Ajitsinhji Jaswantwinhji [[Maharaja Bahadur|Sahib Bahadur]], [[Maharana]] Raj Sahib of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]]
* 1909-1911: Shri Shaktimant Jhaladipati Mahamandleshwar [[Maharana]] Sriraj [[Sir]] Ajitsinhji Jaswantwinhji [[Maharaja Bahadur|Sahib Bahadur]], [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]] Sahib of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]],{{postnominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCSI|}}
== Awards and honours ==
* [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1903)|Delhi Durbar Gold Medal]], 1903<ref name=":0" />
* '''KCSI''': [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]], 1909<ref name=":0" />

=== List of Eponyms ===

* Ajit Niwas Palace
* Sir Ajitsinhji Highschool

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]

Bombay Army

2026-01-03T18:10:29Z

EliseMacnaghten: page updated

{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name = Bombay Army
|image = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
|image_size = 150px
|caption =
|country =
|allegiance = [[East India Company]] ''(1662–1861)'' [[British Raj|British India]] ''(1861–1895)''
|branch =
|dates = 1668–1895 ''(as the Bombay Army)'' 1895–1908 ''(as the Bombay Command of the Indian Army)''
|specialization =
|command_structure = [[Presidency armies]]
|size = 2,000 (1779)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colonel Sir Reginald |first1=Hennel CVO, DSO, OBE |title=A Famous Indian Regiment – 2/5th [Formerly the 105th Mahratta Light Infantry 1768–1923 |publisher=B.R Publishing Corp |location=Delhi |pages=32–33}}</ref> 44,000 (1876)<ref name=raugh/>
|current_commander =
|garrison = [[Pune]], [[Pune district]]
|battles =
|notable_commanders =
}}
The '''Bombay Army''' was the army of the [[Bombay Presidency]], one of the three presidencies of [[British India]] within the [[British Empire]].

It was established in 1668 and governed by the [[East India Company]] until the [[Government of India Act 1858]] transferred all presidencies to the direct authority of the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Crown]]. On 1 April 1895 the army was incorporated into the newly created [[British Indian Army]], and became known as the '''Bombay Command''' until 1908.

==History==
===18th century===
[[File:Sepoys of the 3rd Battalion at Bombay, 1773 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sepoys of the 3rd Battalion of Bombay Sepoys, 1773]]

In the early stages of [[Company rule in India]], Bombay was rated as an unhealthy and unprofitable region. Accordingly, only a small garrison was maintained while emphasis was placed on creating a local navy (the "[[Bombay Marine]]") to control piracy. In 1742 the Bombay Army consisted of eight companies of European and Eurasian garrison troops, numbering 1,593 of all ranks.<ref name=Reid>{{cite book|first=Stuart|last=Reid|page=38|title=Armies of the East India Company 1750–1850|isbn=978-1-84603-460-2}}</ref> These had evolved from independent companies dating back as far as 1668 when the Company took over control of the city of Bombay.<ref name=raugh>Raugh, p. 55</ref><ref name=Mollo>{{cite book|first=Boris|last=Mollo|title=The Indian Army|isbn=0-7137-1074-8|year=1981}}</ref>{{rp|14}}

The [[Mahar]]s served in both Bombay Army and Marine battalions. Prior to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 they were heavily recruited and constituted between a fifth and a quarter of the entire Bombay Army.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/sagar/spring.1994/richard.white.art.html|title=The Mahar Movement's Military Component|last=Richard B.|first=White|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102115844/http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/sagar/spring.1994/richard.white.art.html|archive-date=2 November 2005}}</ref>

By 1783 the Bombay Army had grown to 15,000 men, a force that was still significantly smaller than the other two Presidency armies. Recruitment from the 1750s on had however been expanded to include a majority of indigenous sepoys, initially employed as irregulars for particular campaigns. The first two regular sepoy battalions were raised in 1768, a third in 1760 and a fourth ten years later.<ref name="Mollo" />{{rp|16}} The non-Indian (mostly British but also including Swiss and German mercenaries) element was organized in a single Bombay European Regiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/crownandcompany00unkngoog/page/n11|title=Crown and Company: the historical records of the 2nd Battalion Royal Dublin Fusiliers, formerly the 1st Bombay European Regiment|last1=Mainwaring|first1=Arthur Edward|last2=Wylly |first2=Harold Carmichael|publisher=A. L. Humphreys |year=1911}}</ref>

In 1796 the Bombay Native Infantry was reorganized into four regiments, each of two battalions. The Bombay Foot Artillery, which traced its history back nearly 50 years prior to this date, was brought up to six companies in strength in 1797.<ref>Carman, WY. (1969). "Indian Army Uniforms – Artillery, Engineers and Infantry". London: Morgan-Grampton. p. 34</ref>

The Bombay Army was heavily involved in the [[First Maratha War]] and the defeat of [[Tipu Sultan]] of Mysore in 1799.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishbattles.com/anglo-french-wars-in-india/storming-of-seringapatam/|title=Storming of Seringapatam|publisher=British Battles|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:P547b NATIVE OFFICERS OF THE BOMBAY ARMY. 1818.jpg|thumb|Indian officers of the Bombay Army in dress uniform, 1818]]

Prior to the cessation of Company rule in 1861, the Bombay Army played a substantial role in campaigns against the [[Bani Bu Ali expedition|Bani Bu Ali in 1821]], in North-Western India, notably the 1st Afghan War of 1838–1842, the Sind War of 1843, the 2nd Sikh War of 1848–49 and the [[Persian War of 1856-57]]. The Bombay Army had acquired responsibility for garrisoning Aden, and The 1st Bombay European Regiment, The Bombay Marine Battalion and the 24th Bombay Native Infantry all saw service there in 1839.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mq.edu.au/macquarie-archive/seringapatam/regiments.html|title=British Military Forces at Seedaseer and Seringapatam in 1799|publisher=Macquarie University|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>

As of 1 January 1842 the Bombay Army's disposition was as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bombay Calendar and Almanac, for 1842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt0X3wfBbZgC&q=%22Poona+Division%22+%22Bombay+Army%22&pg=RA3-PA2 |publisher=Courier Press |access-date=18 September 2019 |language=en |date=1842}}</ref>
*The Bombay Garrison
*The Poona Division – Headquartered in Poona
*The Northern Division – Headquartered in Ahmedabad
*The Mhow Brigade
*The Scinde Field Force
*Forces in Lower Scinde
*Forces Garrisoning the [[Asirgarh Fort]]
*Forces in and around Karrack Island ([[Kharg Island]]), in the Persian Gulf
*Forces in [[Aden]].

The Bombay native infantry establishment continued to expand until it reached 26 regiments in 1845. Three Bombay Light Cavalry regiments were raised after 1817, plus a few troops of irregular horse. One brigade of Bombay Horse Artillery comprising both British and Indian personnel had been established by 1845, plus three battalions of foot artillery.<ref name=Reid />

The Bombay Presidency's Army was also supplemented by regular British Army Regiments and in 1842 one cavalry and four infantry regiments were deployed on the "Bombay Establishment".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bombay Calendar and Almanac, for 1842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt0X3wfBbZgC&q=%22Poona+Division%22+%22Bombay+Army%22&pg=RA3-PA2 |publisher=Courier Press |access-date=19 September 2019 |language=en |date=1842}}</ref>

The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was almost entirely confined to the [[Bengal Army]]. Of the thirty-two Bombay infantry regiments in existence at the time only two mutinied. After some initial uncertainty as to the loyalty of the remainder, it was deemed possible to send most of the British troops in the Presidency to Bengal, while the Bombay sepoy and [[sowar]] (cavalry) units held the southern districts of the North-West Frontier.<ref name=Mollo />{{rp|92}} Some Bombay units saw active service during the repression of the rebellion in Central India.<ref>{{cite book|first=Lt. Gen. Sir George|last=MacMunn|page=101|title=The Armies of India|isbn=0-947554-02-5|year=1984}}</ref>

===Post mutiny===
Following the transfer from East India Company rule to that of the British government in 1861 the Bombay Army underwent a series of changes. These included the disbandment of three regiments of Bombay Native Infantry and the recruitment of replacement units from the [[Baloch people|Beluchi]] population. Originally created as irregular units, the three "Belooch" regiments in their red trousers were to remain a conspicuous part of the Bombay Army for the remainder of its separate existence.<ref>Carman, WY. (1969). "Indian Army Uniforms – Artillery, Engineers and Infantry". London: Morgan-Grampton. pp. 182–3</ref>

By 1864 the Bombay Army had been reorganised as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=The India office and Burma office list 1864 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b582714&view=1up&seq=490 |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>

*The Northern Division
*The Poona Division
*The Mhow Division
*The Scinde Division

With brigades at Bombay, Belgaum, Neemuch, Poona, Ahmednuggur, Nusseerabad and Deesa; as well as a garrison in Aden. During the remainder of the 19th century Bombay Army units participated in the [[1868 Expedition to Abyssinia]], the [[Second Afghan War]] of 1878–80, and the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] of 1885–87.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=Third+Anglo-Burmese+War+%22Bombay+Army%22&pg=PA49|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|first= Kaushik|last= Roy|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=978-0415587679|page=49}}</ref>

In 1895 the three separate Presidency Armies were abolished and the Army of India was divided into four commands, each commanded by a lieutenant-general. These comprised Madras (including Burma), Punjab (including the North West Frontier), Bengal and Bombay (including Aden).<ref name="Northern Command">{{cite web|title=Northern Command|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=rOVaZ1oDN4Y+6g+B7wVzFA==&ParentID=pR6rWvPTFCtsMyihEuBwFg==|access-date=5 July 2013}}</ref>

===End of the separate Bombay Army===
In 1895 the three separate Presidency Armies began a process of unification which was not to be concluded until the Kitchener reforms of eight years later.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Gaylor|page=2|title=Sons of John Company. The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903–1991|isbn=0-946771-98-7|year=1992}}</ref>
As an initial step the Army of India was divided into four commands, each commanded by a lieutenant-general. These comprised Bombay (including Aden), Madras (including Burma), Punjab (including the North West Frontier) and Bengal.<ref name="Northern Command"/> In 1903 the separately numbered regiments of the Bombay, Madras and Bengal Armies were unified in a single organisational sequence and the presidency affiliations disappeared.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Gaylor|page=3|title=Sons of John Company. The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903–1991|isbn=0-946771-98-7|year=1992}}</ref>

===Uniforms===
As with many of the Indian infantry fighting regiments, the Bombay Native Infantry mostly adhered to British army regulations - the officers prior to 1856 having worn coatees with gold lace, shakos with a regimental plate and buckskin breeches. Studies of two British officers: one mounted, in service dress, the other in cold weather uniform; an officer from a grenadier company in full dress; two sepoys in cold weather dress; two sepoys in hot weather dress; a sepoy's blue soft cap and three sketches of grenadier uniform details can be seen at the National Army Museum. In addition, a surviving officers uniform to the 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry Regiment can also be seen at the NAM, the uniform with provenance to [[John Grant Malcolmson]] VC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wool, wax and whalebone: Preparing a uniform for display |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/wool-wax-whalebone |access-date=5 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> For a brief time after January 1856, the Bombay infantry regiments transitioned to tunics with Carman denoting tunics were for those 'who are at the present without dress coatee'.<ref>{{cite web |title=29th Bombay Native Infantry Lieutenants Tunic |url=https://raven-antiques.com/article/29th-Bombay-Native-Infantry-Lieutenants-Tunic |access-date=5 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> 1856 pattern officers tunics were scarlet with light yellow facings and gold braid. Following the re-organisation in 1861, many of the Bombay Native Infantry regiments were reformed to rifle regiments adopting green cloth uniforms with red facings.<ref>{{cite web |title=29th Bombay Native Infantry Lieutenants Tunic |url=https://raven-antiques.com/article/29th-Bombay-Native-Infantry-Lieutenants-Tunic |access-date=5 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Composition in 1856 ==
[[File:The Bombay Artillery 1890.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A [[havildar]] and gunner of Bombay Presidency Army Artillery]]

=== Native Light Cavalry ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hkoAAAAYAAJ |title=East-India Register and Army List |date=1856 |publisher=W.H. Allen. |publication-date=1856 |pages=35-37 (Bombay Presidency List) |language=en}}</ref>
*1st Regiment of Light Cavalry (Lancers)
*2nd Regiment of Light Cavalry
*3rd Regiment of Light Cavalry
[[File:27th Bombay Native Inf 1865. L-Naik Wazir Khan.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Lance Naik Wazir Khan of the 27th Bombay Native Infantry, 1865]]
[[File:29TH BOMBAY NATIVE INFANTRY on Firing Exercise 1885 Simkin.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A British officer and soldiers of the 29th Bombay Native Infantry on field training, 1885]]

=== Artillery ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hkoAAAAYAAJ |title=East-India Register and Army List |date=1856 |publisher=W.H. Allen. |pages=28 (Bombay Presidency List) |language=en}}</ref>
==== Horse Artillery ====
4 European Troops

==== Foot Artillery ====

* 2 European battalions (4 companies each)
* 2 Native battalions (6 companies each)

=== Engineers ===

==== Corps of Royal Engineers ====
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hkoAAAAYAAJ |title=East-India Register and Army List |date=1856 |publisher=W.H. Allen. |pages=32 (Bombay Presidency List) |language=en}}</ref>

==== Corps of Sappers and Miners ====
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hkoAAAAYAAJ |title=East-India Register and Army List |date=1856 |publisher=W.H. Allen. |pages=34 (Bombay Presidency List) |language=en}}</ref>
*1st Company
*2nd Company

=== Infantry ===

==== European Infantry ====
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hkoAAAAYAAJ |title=East-India Register and Army List |date=1856 |publisher=W.H. Allen. |pages=38-43 (Bombay Presidency List) |language=en}}</ref>

* 1st European Fusiliers
* 2nd European Light Infantry
* 3rd European Regiment

==== Native Infantry ====
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hkoAAAAYAAJ |title=East-India Register and Army List |date=1856 |publisher=W.H. Allen. |pages=44-72 (Bombay Presidency Lists) |language=en}}</ref>
*1st (Grenadier) Regiment of Native Infantry
*2nd (Grenadier) Regiment of Native Infantry
*3rd Regiment of Native Infantry
*4th Regiment of Native Infantry
*5th Regiment of Native Infantry
*6th Regiment of Native Infantry
*7th Regiment of Native Infantry
*8th Regiment of Native Infantry
*9th Regiment of Native Infantry
*10th Regiment of Native Infantry
*11th Regiment of Native Infantry
*12th Regiment of Native Infantry
*13th Regiment of Native Infantry
*14th Regiment of Native Infantry
*15th Regiment of Native Infantry
*16th Regiment of Native Infantry
*17th Regiment of Native Infantry
*18th Regiment of Native Infantry
*19th Regiment of Native Infantry
*20th Regiment of Native Infantry
*21st Regiment of Native Infantry
*22nd Regiment of Native Infantry
*23rd Regiment of Light Infantry
*24th Regiment of Native Infantry
*25th Regiment of Native Infantry
*26th Regiment of Native Infantry
*27th Regiment of Native Infantry
*28th Regiment of Native Infantry
*29th Regiment of Native Infantry

=== Irregular Units ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hkoAAAAYAAJ |title=East-India Register and Army List |date=1856 |publisher=W.H. Allen. |pages=73-75 (Bombay Presidency List) |language=en}}</ref>

* Poona Irregular Horse
* Guzerat Irregular Horse
* 1st Regiment of Scinde Irregular Horse
* 2nd Regiment of Scinde Irregular Horse
* Southern Mahratta Irregular Horse
* Cutch Irregular Horse
* Marine Battalion
* 1st Belooch Battalion
* 2nd Belooch Battalion
* Candeish Bheel Corps
* Rutnagherry Rangers
* Guzerat Police Corps
* Guzerat Cooly Police Corps
* Ghaut Police Corps
* Sawunt Warree Local Corps
* Kolapore Infantry Corps

== Units raised during 1857 Rebellion ==

=== Engineers ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygMLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP13 |title=The India Office List |date=1859 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=34* (Bombay) |language=en}}</ref>

* 3rd Company, Corps of Sappers and Miners

*4th Company, Corps of Sappers and Miners
*5th Company, Corps of Sappers and Miners

=== Infantry ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygMLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP13 |title=The India Office List |date=1859 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=71-75 (Bombay) |language=en}}</ref>

* 30th Regiment of Native Infantry
* 31st Regiment of Native Infantry
* 1st Extra Regiment of Native Infantry
* 2nd Extra Regiment of Native Infantry
* 1st Extra Battalion of Native Infantry
* 2nd Extra Battalion of Native Infantry
* 3rd Extra Battalion of Native Infantry
* 1st Regiment of Jacob's Rifles
* 2nd Regiment of Jacob's Rifles

=== Irregular Units ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygMLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP13 |title=The India Office List |date=1859 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=75-78 (Bombay) |language=en}}</ref>

* 2nd Regiment of Southern Mahratta Irregular Horse
* 3rd Regiment of Scinde Irregular Horse
* 2nd Regiment, Candeish Bheel Corps
* Cutch Legion
* Sattara Local Corps

== Composition in 1864 ==

=== Native Cavalry ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1864 |title=The India office list 1864:2. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=514 |website=HathiTrust |pages=471–475|hdl=2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=514 }}</ref>
*1st Light Cavalry (Lancers)
*2nd Light Cavalry
*3rd Light Cavalry
*Poona Horse
*1st Scinde Horse
*2nd Scinde Horse
*3rd Scinde Horse
*Southern Mahratta Horse

=== Artillery ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1864 |title=The India office list 1864:2. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=514 |website=HathiTrust |pages=462 |hdl=2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=514 |language=en}}</ref>
* E Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery (4 Troops)
* 18th Brigade, Royal Foot Artillery (6 companies)
* 21st Brigade, Royal Foot Artillery (6 companies)

=== Engineers ===

==== Corps of Royal Engineers ====
These were:<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1864 |title=The India Office List 1864:2 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b582714&seq=514&view=2up |page=467}}</ref>

==== Corps of Sappers and Miners ====
These were:<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1864 |title=The India office list 1864:2. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=514 |website=HathiTrust |page=470|hdl=2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=514 }}</ref>
*1st Company
*2nd Company
*3rd Company
*4th Company
*5th Company

=== Native Infantry ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1864 |title=The India office list 1864:2. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=514 |website=HathiTrust |pages=482–510|hdl=2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=514 }}</ref>
*1st (Grenadier) Native Infantry
*2nd (Grenadier) Native Infantry
*3rd Native Infantry
*4th Native Infantry (Rifle Corps)
*5th Light Infantry
*6th Native Infantry
*7th Native Infantry
*8th Native Infantry
*9th Native Infantry
*10th Native Infantry
*11th Native Infantry
*12th Native Infantry
*13th Native Infantry
*14th Native Infantry
*15th Native Infantry
*16th Native Infantry
*17th Native Infantry
*18th Native Infantry
*19th Native Infantry
*20th Native Infantry
*21st Native Infantry (Marine Battalion): Replaced original regiment.
*22nd Native Infantry
*23rd Light Infantry
*24th Native Infantry
*25th Light Infantry
*26th Native Infantry
*27th Native Infantry (1st Belooch Regiment): Replaced original regiment.
*28th Native Infantry
*29th Native Infantry (2nd Belooch Regiment): Replaced original regiment.
*30th Native Infantry (Jacob's Rifles)

=== Irregular Units ===
These were:<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1864 |title=The India office list 1864:2. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=564 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=HathiTrust |pages=514, 515 |hdl=2027/uc1.$b582714?urlappend=%3Bseq=564 |language=en}}</ref>
* Candeish Bheel Corps
* Rutnagherry Rangers
* Guzerat Bheel Corps
* Guzerat Police Corps
* Guzerat Cooly Police Corps
* Tanna Police Corps
* Poona Irregular Horse
* Guzerat Irregular Horse
* Sawunt Warree Local Corps
* Sattara Local Corps

==Commanders in Chief==
Commanders-in-Chief included:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&dq=Major-General+McDowall+madras&pg=PA123 The India List and India Office List]</ref> 
'''Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Army'''
* Brigadier-General [[Lawrence Nilson]] (1785–1788)
* Major-General [[William Medows]] (1788–1790)
* Major-General [[Robert Abercromby of Airthrey|Robert Abercromby]] (1790–1793)
**Major-General [[James Balfour (British Army officer)|James Balfour]] ''Commanding'' (1794–1797)
* Major-General [[James Stuart (British Army general)|James Stuart]] (1797–1800)
** Major-General [[Robert Nicholson (Indian Army officer)|Robert Nicholson]] ''Commanding'' (1800–1801)
** Major-General [[Robert Bowles (East India Company officer)|Richard Bowles]] ''Commanding'' (1800)
* Major-General [[Oliver Nicolls]] (1801–1808)
** Major-General [[John Bellasis (East India Company officer)|John Belasis]] ''Commanding''
** Major-General [[Richard Jones (East India Company officer)|Richard Jones]] ''Commanding''
* Lieutenant-General [[John Abercromby (British Army officer)|John Abercromby]] (1809–1813)
** Major-General [[William Williamson (East India Company officer)|William Williamson]] ''Commanding'' (1813–1815)
** Major-General [[Charles Boye]] ''Commanding'' (1815–1816)
* Lieutenant-General [[Miles Nightingall|Sir Miles Nightingall]] (1816–1819)
* Lieutenant-General [[Charles Colville|Sir Charles Colville]] (1819–1826)
** Major-General [[Samuel Wilson (East India Company officer)|Samuel Wilson]] ''Commanding'' (1826)
* Lieutenant-General [[Thomas Bradford|Sir Thomas Bradford]] (1826–1829)
* Lieutenant-General [[Thomas Sydney Beckwith|Sir Thomas Beckwith]] (1829–1832)
* Lieutenant-General [[Colin Halkett|Sir Colin Halkett]] (1832–1834)
* Lieutenant-General [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane|Sir John Keane]] (1834–1838)
** Major-General [[J. F. Fitzgerald]] (1838–1840)
* Lieutenant-General [[Sir Thomas McMahon, 2nd Baronet|Sir Thomas McMahon]] (1840–1847)
* Lieutenant-General [[Willoughby Cotton|Sir Willoughby Cotton]] (1847–1850)
* Lieutenant-General [[John Grey (British Army officer)|Sir John Grey]] (1850–1852)
* Lieutenant-General [[Lord Frederick FitzClarence]] (1852–1854)
* Lieutenant-General [[Henry Somerset (British Army officer)|Sir Henry Somerset]] (1855–1860)
* Lieutenant-General [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Sir Hugh Rose]] (1860)
* Lieutenant-General [[William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst|Sir William Mansfield]] (1860–1865)
* Lieutenant-General [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Sir Robert Napier]] (1865–1869)
* Lieutenant-General [[Augustus Spencer|Sir Augustus Spencer]] (1869–1874)
* Lieutenant-General [[Charles Staveley|Sir Charles Staveley]] (1874–1878)
* Lieutenant-General [[Henry Warre|Sir Henry Warre]] (1878–1881)
* Lieutenant-General [[Arthur Edward Hardinge|Sir Arthur Hardinge]] (1881–1886)
* Lieutenant-General [[Charles George Arbuthnot|Sir Charles Arbuthnot]] (1886)
* Lieutenant-General [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|The Duke of Connaught]] (1886–1890)
* Lieutenant-General [[George Greaves (British Army officer)|Sir George Greaves]] (1890–1893)
* Lieutenant-General [[John Hudson (Indian Army officer)|Sir John Hudson]] (1893)
* Lieutenant-General [[Charles Edward Nairne|Sir Charles Nairne]] (1893–1895)
'''Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Command'''
* Lieutenant-General [[Charles Edward Nairne|Sir Charles Nairne]] (1895–1898)
* Lieutenant-General [[Robert Low (Indian Army officer)|Sir Robert Low]] (1898–1903)
* Lieutenant-General [[Archibald Hunter|Sir Archibald Hunter]] (1903–1907)

== Table of Organisation ==
The following data has been retrieved from The Quarterly Indian Army List for 1 January 1901. This date was chosen for being in a suitable time period at the end of the Bombay Army.
{| class="wikitable"
!
!British personnel
!Indian Officers
!Other Ranks
!Total
|-
! rowspan="2" |Native Cavalry Regiment<ref>{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284978/page/n937/mode/2up |title=Indian Army List For January I -1901 |date=1901 |pages=945}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Commandant
4 Squadron Commanders

5 Squadron Officers

Adjudant

Medical Officer
| rowspan="2" |Risaldar-Major
3 Risaldars

5 Ressaidars (including 1 Wardi-Major)

8 Jamadars
|Kot-Daffadar Major, 8 Kot-Daffadars
32 Daffadars

Farrier-Major, 40 Naiks
| rowspan="2" |637 per regiment
|-
|518 Sowars (506 horsemen, 8 camel riders, 4 Ward Orderlies)
8 Trumpeters
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mountain Artillery Battery<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284978/page/n937/mode/2up |title=Indian Army List For January I -1901 |date=1901 |pages=943}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Captain
4 Subalterns
| rowspan="2" |Subadar
3 Jamadars
|Havildar Major, Pay Havildar, 10 Havildars
3 Daffadars

13 Naiks
| rowspan="2" |373 per battery
|-
|114 Gunners, 2 Trumpeters
191 Drivers, 1 Salutri, 2 Shoeing Smiths

26 Muleteers
|-
! rowspan="2" |Corps of Bombay Sappers and Miners<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284978/page/n937/mode/2up |title=Indian Army List For January I -1901 |date=1901 |pages=946}}</ref>
|Commandant
2 Superintendents

Adjudant

8 Company Commanders

6 Company Officers
| rowspan="2" |6 Subadars
12 Jamadars
|38 Havildars
62 Naiks
| rowspan="2" |1144 total
|-
|Warrant Officer, Regimental Sergeant Major
Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant, 2 Quartermaster Segreant Instructors, 3 Company Sergeant Majors

23 British Non-commissioned Officers
|916 Sappers
12 Buglers

36 Drivers

12 recruits
|-
! rowspan="2" |Native Infantry Regiment<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284978/page/n937/mode/2up |title=Indian Army List For January I -1901 |date=1901 |pages=947}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Commandant
4 Double-company Commanders

3 Double-company Officers

Adjudant

Quartermaster

Medical Officer
| rowspan="2" |Subadar-Major
7 Subadars

8 Jamadars
|40 Havildars
40 Naiks
| rowspan="2" |839 per regiment
|-
|16 Drummers
704 Sepoys (including 4 Ward Orderlies)

12 recruits
|}
Each Artillery battery was authorised 10 horses and 233 mules.<ref name=":0" />

The Bombay Sappers and Miners were authorised 36 mules.<ref name=":1" />

The 24th and 26th Regiments of Bombay Infantry were authorised 80 extra Sepoys each. Pioneer Regiments were authorised 24 Artificers each (2 Havildars, 2 Naik and 20 Sepoys) each. The Havildar and Naik Artificers were supernumerary NCOs.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[Presidency armies]]
* [[Bengal Army]]
* [[Madras Army]]
* [[The Grenadiers]]
* [[Baloch Regiment]]
* [[Bombay Presidency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book|last=Frederick|first=J. B. M.|title=Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Volume II|publisher=Microform Academic Publishers|year=1984|isbn=1-85117-008-1|location=[[Wakefield]], [[United Kingdom]]}}
*{{cite book|last=Cadell|first= Patrick Robert |year=1938|title=History of the Bombay Army|publisher= Longmans, Green and Company, London|asin=B00086OJJY}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&q=bombay+army+formed&pg=PA55|last=Raugh|first=Harold|title=The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO Ltd|isbn=978-1576079256}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:Military history of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]

Thoubal River

2025-12-27T18:44:09Z

EliseMacnaghten: creating - done

{{Short description|River in Manipur, India}}

{{Sources exist|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox river
| name = Thoubal River
| native_name =
| image = File:Thoubal River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| nickname =

| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| pushpin_map_alt =
-->

| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[Imphal River]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Huining Hills of Talui, Ukhrul District
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates= {{Coord|25.15 | 94.30|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = 1240 m
| mouth =
| mouth_location =
| mouth_elevation =
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24.6397|93.9187|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| progression =
| river_system = [[Manipur River]]<ref>{{cite web |title=River System of Manipur |url=https://nlc.manipurforest.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/RIVER-SYSTEM-OF-MANIPUR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623094435/https://nlc.manipurforest.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/RIVER-SYSTEM-OF-MANIPUR.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2024 |website=nlc.manipurforest.gov.in |publisher=Manipur Government}}</ref>
| basin_size =
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
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| extra =
}}

'''Thoubal River''' is a river that flows in [[Manipur]] from the hills of [[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul District]] and merges into the [[Imphal River]] at Bitra Urokhong.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Arundas |last2=Singh |first2=Ronendrajit |last3=Chanu |first3=Chingkheinganbi |date=February 2023 |title=Thoubal River Pollution and Its Impact on Health |url=https://www.irjmets.com/uploadedfiles/paper//issue_2_february_2023/33433/final/fin_irjmets1676132215.pdf |journal=International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=438–441 |doi=10.56726/IRJMETS33433}}</ref>{{rs?|reason=Does not appear to be a very good quality journal.|date=July 2024}}

The [[Mapithel Dam]] is constructed on the river at Maphou village of [[Kangpokpi District]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maphou Dam, located in Mapithel Hills range, on the bank of Thoubal River :: 5th October 2016 ~ Pictures from Manipur |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=4&src=Landscape/Loktak_Pat/Maphou20161005 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=E-Pao}}</ref> The river flows from Ukhrul to Yairipok in a southward direction. Then, the river flows through the center of Thoubal town from east to west.{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Manipur]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Sucha Ram Ladhar

2025-11-30T21:39:15Z

EliseMacnaghten: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician and civil servant}}
'''Sucha Ram Ladhar''' also known as '''S. R. Ladhar''', is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] and politician from the [[Punjab]]. He is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].

==Biography==

===Early life and education===
Sucha Ram Ladhar was born to Piara Ram into a [[Ravidassia]] family. He pursued higher education in engineering and obtained a Master of Technology (M.Tech) in Highway Engineering from Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sucha Ram Ladhar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GILL (SC)(LUDHIANA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=77 |website=myneta.info |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>

===Bureaucratic career===

He joined [[civil services]] in 1991 and was appointed as [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] ([[Ludhiana]]). Over his career, he held posts such as [[Additional Deputy Commissioner]] ([[Muktsar]]), [[Deputy Commissioner]] of [[Mansa district, India|Mansa]], [[Bathinda]], [[Ferozepur]], and [[Sangrur]], and [[Commissioner]] of [[Jalandhar]] and [[Patiala]] divisions. He also served in key state-level departments, including Revenue, Home, Transport, Co-operative, Rural & Panchayati Raj, and Planning in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Retired IAS officer Ladhar wades into electoral waters in Punjab, to face another ex bureaucrat |url=https://theprint.in/india/retired-ias-officer-ladhar-wades-into-electoral-waters-in-punjab-to-face-another-ex-bureaucrat/818275/ |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=ThePrint |date=1 February 2022}}</ref>

===Political career===

After retirement, Ladhar co-founded the Kiri Kisan Sher-e-Punjab Party with Capt. Chanan Singh Sidhu. This party aimed to represent [[farmers]], [[Farmworker|farm laborers]], and [[marginalized communities]] in Punjab, criticizing traditional political players.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab polls: Ex-serviceman, IAS officer join hands to float new political party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ex-serviceman-ias-officer-join-hands-to-float-new-political-party-for-punjab-polls-7360732/ |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Serviceman and Retired IAS joins hand to form political party in Punjab |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ex-serviceman-and-retired-ias-joins-hand-to-form-political-party-in-punjab/#! |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=indianmasterminds.com}}</ref>

In December 2021, his party merged with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and Ladhar was fielded as the BJP candidate for the [[Gill Assembly constituency]] in [[Ludhiana]] during the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SR Ladhar |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/sr-ladhar |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=PTC News |date=24 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab BJP unit revamped, most ex-Congress leaders among office-bearers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-bjp-unit-revamped-most-ex-congress-leaders-among-officebearers-101670061278283.html#google_vignette |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
During the campaign, he was reportedly attacked in the Kheri Chameri village area while returning from a poll meeting and sustained upper-body injuries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ludhiana: Day after attack, SR Ladhar says police did not act on inputs of possible protest |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/ludhiana-day-after-attack-sr-ladhar-says-police-did-not-act-on-inputs-of-possible-protest-101644865357537.html |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: BJP candidate ‘attacked’, family says ‘attempt to vitiate atmosphere’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/bjp-gill-candidate-attacked-his-son-terms-it-a-bid-to-vitiate-peaceful-atmosphere-7772016/ |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversy==
During his tenure as divisional commissioner in Jalandhar, Ladhar imposed arbitration fees in disputes involving farmers and the [[National Highway Authority of India]] (NHAI). He collected approximately ₹1.5 crore but retained a portion rather than remitting it to the government. The [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] directed him to refund the full amount with interest.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAS officer S R Ladhar required to pay Rs 19 lakh, Punjab government tells High Court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/ias-officer-ladhar-required-to-pay-rs19l-punjab-govt-tells-hc/articleshow/56695433.cms |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=21 January 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ladhar, Sucha Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]

Teotónio Emanuel Ribeiro Vieira de Castro

2025-11-30T07:13:23Z

EliseMacnaghten: done - done

{{Short description|Portuguese Roman Catholic prelate (1859-1940)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = archbishop
| ordained_by =
| coat_of_arms =
| alma_mater =
| previous_post =
| residence =
| nationality = [[Portugal|Portuguese]]
| death_place = [[Goa]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1940|05|16|1859|07|27}}
| birth_place = [[Porto]], [[Portugal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1859|7|27|df=y}}
| rank = 
| cardinal =
| consecrated_by = Bishop António José de Souza Barroso
| consecration = 15 August 1899
| ordination = 8 April 1882
| honorific-prefix = The Most Reverend
| other_post = 
| successor = [[José da Costa Nunes]]
| predecessor = [[Mateus de Oliveira Xavier]]
| term_start =
| appointed = 25 May 1929
| see = Goa and Daman
| diocese = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman
| archdiocese = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman
| caption =
| alt =
| image = D. Theotonio Manuel Ribeiro Vieira de Castro, Cliché de Wiele & Klein - Illustração Portugueza (15Abr1907).png
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archbishop of Goa and Daman]]
| honorific-suffix =
| name = Teotónio Emanuel Ribeiro Vieira de Castro
| motto =
| image_size = 250px
}}'''Teotónio Emanuel Ribeiro Vieira de Castro''' was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the [[Archbishop]] of the Archdiocese of [[Goa and Damaon|Goa e Damão]], India and [[Patriarchate of the East Indies|Patriarch of the East Indies]] from 1929 to 1940.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bribe.html|title=Archbishop Teotónio Emanuel Ribeiro Vieira de Castro [Catholic-Hierarchy]|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.homemdoslivros.com/2010/02/pinto-conego-antonio-ferreira.html|title=D. Teotónio Manuel Ribeiro Vieira de Castro|last=Duarte|first=Publicada por A.|language=pt-PT|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Castro was born in [[Porto|Porto, Portugal]] on 27 July 1859.<ref name=":0" />

== Priesthood ==
On 8 April 1882, Castro was ordained a catholic priest.<ref name=":0" />

== Episcopate ==
Castro was appointed bishop of the [[Diocese of São Tomé of Meliapore]] and consecrated as a bishop by Bishop António José de Souza Barroso on 15 August 1899, in [[Porto]].

On 25 May 1929, he was appointed [[Archbishop]] and [[Patriarchate of the East Indies|Patriarch]] of East Indies of [[Goa, Daman and Diu|Goa e Damão]], India.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Castro died on 16 May 1940.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
 
<references />
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:Clergy from Porto]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriates in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of the East Indies]]

Dinesh Goswami

2025-11-25T05:55:00Z

EliseMacnaghten: brief improved citations for clarity

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =Dinesh Goswami
| image = Dinesh Goswami photo.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|5|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = Pakasatra , [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup District]], [[Assam]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="Sabha1971">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha|title=Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncSNAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=29 January 2019|year=1971|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=215}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age |1991|6|3|1935|5|27|df=y}}
| death_place =
| nationality = [[India]]n
|office = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]
|primeminister = [[V. P. Singh]]
|term_start = 1989
|term_end = 1990
|predecessor = [[B. Shankaranand]]
|successor = [[Subramanian Swamy]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Assam]]
| term1 = 1978-1984 ,1990-1991
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]], [[Assam]]
| term2 = 1971-1977
| predecessor2 = [[Dhireswar Kalita]]
| successor2 =[[Renuka Devi Barkataki]]
| term3 =1985-1989
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[Kirip Chaliha]]
| party = [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| religion =
| otherparty =
| spouse = Bibha Goswami
| children = One son and Daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}
'''Dinesh Goswami''' was an Indian politician. He was the Law and Justice Minister under the [[V. P. Singh ministry|V.P. Singh government]] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may0213/at094 |title=Vice President releases book on Dinesh Goswami |publisher=[[Assam Tribune]] |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053139/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may0213%2Fat094 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/obituaries/dinesh-goswami-indian-politician-56.html | title=Dinesh Goswami, Indian Politician, 56 | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=3 June 1991 | accessdate=25 October 2015 | archive-date=6 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106192659/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/obituaries/dinesh-goswami-indian-politician-56.html | url-status=live }}</ref> He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], from the [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati constituency]] in 1985. He was also a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], upper house of parliament, from [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/g.pdf | title=Brief Profiles of Members | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=25 October 2015 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001810/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/g.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19900715-impeachment-is-very-serious-matter-dinesh-goswami-812813-1990-07-14 | title=We won't interfere' | publisher=[[India Today]] | work=Raj Chengappa | date=15 July 1990 | access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=apr0914/city06 |title=Guwahati LS constituency |publisher=[[Assam Tribune]] |work=Pranjal Bhuyan |date=9 April 2014 |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071306/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=apr0914%2Fcity06 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>

He was killed in a car accident on 2 June 1991, in his home state of Assam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/obituaries/dinesh-goswami-indian-politician-56.html|title=Dinesh Goswami, Indian Politician, 56|date=1991-06-03|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-02|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106192659/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/03/obituaries/dinesh-goswami-indian-politician-56.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Dinesh}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:Law ministers of India]]
[[Category:Steel ministers of India]]
[[Category:Mining ministers of India]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

Doon University

2025-11-05T03:56:27Z

EliseMacnaghten: update formatting for accuracy and corrected details based on references

{{short description|University in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India}}
{{primary sources|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Doon University
| native_name = '''दून विश्वविद्यालय'''
| image_name = Doon University logo.png
| motto = "ज्योतिर्वृणीत तमसो विजानन्"
| established = {{start date and age|2005}}
| type = State [[public university]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.2678065|N|78.045935|E|type:edu|format=dms|display=inline}}
| chancellor = [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
| vice_chancellor = Surekha Dangwal
| city = [[Dehradun]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| undergrad = 400
| postgrad = 250
| doctoral = 80
| campus = [[Suburb]]an
| colours = {{color box|#87CEEB}} Sky Blue
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|MHRD]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.doonuniversity.ac.in/|doonuniversity.ac.in/}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Doon University''' ({{langx|hi|दून विश्वविद्यालय}}) is a state public university located in [[Dehradun]] in the north [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]].

==History==
The university was founded by order of the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] in October 2005.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.governoruk.gov.in/files/Documents/1.pdf| title = Doon University Act, 2005| publisher =Governor of Uttarakhand | access-date = 21 May 2011}}</ref> Its first courses started in July 2009.

==Campus==
[[File:DoonCampus.jpg|thumb|Doon University Campus]]Doon University's campus is around eight kilometers from Dehradun, in the foothills of the Shivalik range and on the banks of the Rispana river. It started as a residential university, but has permitted day students since 2013. The university covers 52.35 acres and includes separate accommodation for male and female students.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.doonuniversity.org/en/facilities| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150522221515/http://www.doonuniversity.org/en/facilities| url-status =usurped| archive-date =22 May 2015| title = Facilities: Doon University| publisher =Doon University | access-date = 9 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Organisation and administration ==
===Governance===
Doon University is a State University under the jurisdiction of the government of Uttarakhand. The Governor of the state is ex-officio Chancellor of the university and appoints the university's Vice Chancellor, its full-time chief executive. The Vice Chancellor chairs a Board of Management, which oversees financial and administrative matters and ratifies recommendations of other councils of the university.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.doonuniversity.org/en/administration| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150522221045/http://www.doonuniversity.org/en/administration| url-status =usurped| archive-date =22 May 2015| title = Administration: Doon University| publisher =Doon University | access-date = 1 May 2014 }}</ref>

===Faculties===
Doon University is a [[Affiliating university|non-affiliating university]] and its academic activities are organized through its eight constituent schools, which run [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]], [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctoral]] programs.<ref name="pros1">{{cite web | url =http://14.139.238.228/DUONLINE/Registration/PROSPECTUS_2015_16.pdf| title = Doon University Prospectus 2015-16| publisher =Doon University| access-date = 25 May 2015 }}</ref>

===Dr.Nitya Nand Himalayan research and study centre ===
Dr Nityanand Himalayan Research and Study Centre (NHRSC) is named after the renowned Geographer Dr. Nitya Nand. He served the Department of Geography in D.B.S. Post Graduate College, Dehradun (Uttarakhand, India) from the year 1965 to 1985 as the Head of Department. He was a passionate teacher, researcher and a committed social worker. He published numerous research papers, articles and books on the natural and cultural aspects of the Himalaya. ‘The Holy Himalaya: A Geographical Interpretation of Garhwal Himalaya’ is his much-acclaimed work. His academic contribution is well documented at national and international levels. He travelled widely and conducted field studies for about two decades (1965-85) of the Indian Central Himalayan Region, popularly known as the ‘Uttarakhand Himalaya’, particularly during the period when the means of transportation were inadequate.

The centre is hosting M.A. ([[Geography]]), M.Sc. ([[Geology]]) & M.A. (Theatre) courses since the academic year 2019-2020. Further, the centre is starting graduation courses: B.A./B.Sc. (Geography) & B.Sc. (Geology) from the academic year 2023-2024 as per the guidelines of National Education Policy 2020 (https://www.education.gov.in/). For meaningful research towards sustainable development, natural hazards and disaster risk reduction in view of changing climate & seismic vulnerability, centre will start hosing Ph.D. in Geography & Geology from the academic year 2023-2024.The centre also offers certificate courses in Garhwali, Kumauni, and Jaunsari languages to increase the impact of rich heritage of regional languages of Uttarakhand.
The school was established in 2019 to create a world class state of the art nodal centre for Himalayan studies. The Centre hosts the Departments of Geography and Geology and the main mission objective of the Centre is to study, document, and research all aspects of the Himalayas including but not limited to Himalayan topography, landform, glaciers, hydrology, climate change, demography, culture, society, economy etc. <ref name="pros"/><ref name="pros1"/>

====School of Media and Communication (SOMC)====
The school offers courses in mass communication including journalism, media studies, social and development communication, advertising, public relations, photography, radio, television, films, animation, graphic design, multimedia, media management and communication research. The school has a media production centre consisting of a TV studio and production facility. Its courses include contributions from media industry professionals.<ref name="pros">{{cite web | url =http://doonuniversity.org/en/admissions/download/download-prospectus| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150522221116/http://www.doonuniversity.org/en/admissions/download/download-prospectus| url-status =usurped| archive-date =22 May 2015| title = Prospectus: Doon University| publisher =Doon University | access-date = 19 May 2015 }}</ref>

====School of Design====
This school started in 2015 and allows specialization in graphic design or product design.<ref name="pros"/><ref name="pros1"/>

====School of Environment and Natural Resources====
The school offers postgraduate courses in environmental technology and natural resource management.

====School of Languages====
The school has courses in German, Chinese, Spanish, French, Japanese And English.<ref name="pros"/><ref name="pros1"/>

====School of Management====
The school of management offers undergraduate as well as postgraduate courses.<ref name="pros"/><ref name="pros1"/>

====School of Physical Sciences====
This school runs undergraduate courses in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Computer Science.<ref name="pros1"/><ref name="pros"/>

====School of Social Sciences====
The school was established in 2010, and includes a Department of Economics.<ref name="pros1"/><ref name="pros"/>

==Facilities==

===Central Library===
[[File:Doon_Library_Reading_Section.jpg|thumb|right|Library Reading section]]
The university Central Library opened in 2009, offering print and electronic learning materials both of its own and via the [[INFLIBNET Centre|INFLIBNET]] consortium.

===Sports===
[[File:Uttarakhand_InterUniversity_Youth_Festival.jpg|thumb|right|InterUniversity Youth Fest at Doon University]]
The university has facilities for cricket, football, badminton, basketball and table-tennis.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150501161743/http://www.doonuniversity.org/ Official website of Doon University]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170624020000/http://doonuniversity.org/images/IQAC/ssr_reports_joined.pdf SSR to National Assessment and Accreditation Council by Doon University]}}

{{Dehradun}}
{{Universities in Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|30.2678065|N|78.045935|E|region:IN_type:city|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara

2025-10-05T04:55:29Z

EliseMacnaghten: put up basic post more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Romantic drama]]
| creator = Suzana Ghai
| writer = [[Manaswini Lata Ravindra]] Shilpa Rathi
| director = Vighnesh Govind Kamble
| creative_director =
| starring = Prerna Singh [[Avinash Mishra]] Aarti Sachdeva
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 78
| producer = Suzana Ghai Hemant Ruprell Ranjeet Thakur
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Panorama Entertainment Pvt. Ltd
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|04|24|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|07|10|df=y}}
| channel = [[StarPlus]]
}}
'''''Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara''''' ({{Translation| ''Our Sweet and Sour Love''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that aired from 24 April 2024 to 10 July 2024 on [[StarPlus]] and streams digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Produced by Panorama Entertainment Pvt. Ltd, it is a remake of [[Star Pravah]]'s ''[[Muramba (TV series)|Muramba]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular Marathi show 'Muramba' is all set for its Hindi remake as 'Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/tv/hindi-remake-of-popular-marathi-tv-show-muramba-meetha-khatta-pyaar-hamara-on-disney-hotstar-article-12588611.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> It starred Prerna Singh, [[Avinash Mishra]] and Aarchi Sachdeva.<ref name="Prerna Singh, aka Sajeeri from Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara, gives us a glimpse of her character in the show">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-21 |title=Prerna Singh, aka Sajeeri from Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara, gives us a glimpse of her character in the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/prerna-singh-aka-sajeeri-from-meetha-khatta-pyaar-hamara-gives-us-a-glimpse-of-her-character-in-the-show/articleshow/109477688.cms |access-date=2024-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Avinash Mishra talks about Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara post Titlie; Prerna & Aarchi discuss their bond |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/avinash-mishra-talks-about-meetha-khatta-pyaar-hamara-post-titlie-prerna-aarchi-discuss-their-bond-video-109508583 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-22 |title=Aarchi Sachdeva, aka Saanchi on bagging Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara: I gave several auditions, but things didn't work out, and I had decided to leave |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aarchi-sachdeva-on-bagging-meetha-khatta-pyaar-hamara-i-gave-several-auditions-but-things-didnt-work-out-and-i-had-decided-to-leave/articleshow/109499272.cms |access-date=2024-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Premise==
Set against the backdrop of [[Pune]], Sajeeri, a simple girl who works hard to make a mark in the world of cooking. Her life takes a turn when Shivam, a renowned chef, crosses paths with her, making her fall in love with him while he loves her best friend, Saachi.
==Plot==
Set against the backdrop of [[Pune]], Sajeeri, a simple girl works hard to make a mark in the world of cooking. Sajeeri is a best friend to a rich girl Sanchi. They both are opposite from each other. Shivam, a renowned [[chef]], belongs from a joint family of the wealthy Mukadams, falls for Sanchi and wishes to marry her. Shivam proposes Sanchi but she rejects him. Sanchi makes Sajeeri believe that Shivam loves her. One night Shivam proposes Sajeeri in an unconscious state which make her believe this. Nalini (Shivam's mother) and Sajeeri's mother are best friends. Nalini asks Sajeeri's hand for Shivam.
Shivam and Sajeeri gets married. Shivam dislikes Sajeeri. Urmila (Shivam's grandmother) hates Sajeeri and calls her Basti Wali. She with Mandira (Shivam's sister-in-law) conspires against Sajeeri many times but she fails.
Finally Urmila brings Sanchi abandoned by her boyfriend Nikhil, Sanchi decides to snatch Shivam from Sajeeri.
Shivam who realised his feelings for Sajeeri fakes a drama where he tried to kill himself and Sanchi but Sanchi saved herself only while Sajeeri saves Shivam. Shivam tells Sanchi to be loyal in [[friendship]]. Sanchi leaves and Sajeeri Shivam reunites. Urmila accepts Sajeeri and the whole family reunites ever after.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Prerna Singh as Sajeeri Devsthali Mukadam: Supriya and Mandar's daughter; Saachi's best friend; Shivam's wife
*[[Avinash Mishra]] as Shivam Mukadam: A chef; Nalini and Vikram's son; Adarsh and Anjali's brother; Sharad's cousin; Sajeeri's husband
*Aarchi Sachdeva as Saachi Khanna: Sajeeri's best friend; Shivam's love interest

===Recurring===
*Anuradha Rajyadhyaksh as Urmila Kulkarni Mukadam: Vikram's mother; Adarsh, Anjali, Sharad and Shivam's grandmother
*Aanchal Daljeet as Supriya Devsthali: Mandar's wife; Nalini's best friend; Sajeeri's mother
*Kanchan Prakaash
*Ashish Ratnaparkhi as Mandeep Singh
*Ilishaa Powar
* Yogendra Kumeria
*Nikhil Narang as Sharad Mukadam: Vikram's brother's son; Shivam, Adarsh and Anjali's cousin; Priya's husband
*Kimmy Kaur as Preeti Khanna: Sanchi's mother
*Vishal Malhotra
*Gauri Kadu as Nalini Joshi Mukadam: Vikram's wife; Adarsh, Anjali and Shivam's mother
*Shubham Sethi
*Savita Malpekar as Leela

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series is set against the backdrop of Pune. Marking Prerna's debut on Star Plus, she said, "There are happy jitters, nervousness, and excitement at the same time as being grateful to be a part of the Star Plus show".<ref name="Prerna Singh, aka Sajeeri from Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara, gives us a glimpse of her character in the show"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
[https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/meetha-khatta-pyaar-hamara/1271305717 ''Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
{{StarPlus Shows}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Chubatoshi Apok Jamir

2025-10-03T07:31:00Z

EliseMacnaghten: minor update

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = C. Apok Jamir
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|4|26|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Working President [[Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| termstart = 1 November 2024
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Nagaland]]
| term1 = 1998–2004
| predecessor1 = [[Vizol Koso]]
| successor1 = [[T. R. Zeliang]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Mokokchung Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokokchung Town]]
| termstart2 = 2013
| predecessor2 = Nungshizenba
| termend2 = 2018
| successor2 = [[Metsubo Jamir]]
| constituency3 = [[Aonglenden (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aonglenden]]
| termstart3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = [[S. C. Jamir]]
| termend3 = 2008
| successor3 = Nungshizenba
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = [[S. C. Jamir]], Imkonglemla
| otherparty =
| spouse = Amenla
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/l.pdf
}}

''' Chubatoshi Apok Jamir''' is an Indian politician and working president of the [[Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee]]. He was a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Nagaland]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] from 1998 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf| title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952-2019 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=21 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-h_XZAgFhYC&dq=C.+Apok+Jamir&pg=PA161 | title=Between David and Goliath | publisher=Kobo | author=Frans Welman | year=2017 | pages=161| isbn=9786162221057 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUywDAAAQBAJ&dq=C.+Apok+Jamir&pg=PT333 | title=The Dynasty: Born to Rule | publisher=Hay House | author=Sunita Aron| date=April 2016 | isbn=9789385827105 }}</ref> He also won the [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] and [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] elections for the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Mokokchung Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokokchung Town]] constituency.<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3644-nagaland-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3646-nagaland-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>

== Political life ==
Jamir won the [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] and [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] elections for the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Mokokchung Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokokchung Town]] constituency.<ref name="election2008" /><ref name="election2013" />

In 2024, he was appointed the Working President of the [[Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1 November 2024 |title=C. Apok Jamir appointed Working President of NPCC |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/c-apok-jamir-appointed-working-president-of-npcc/ |access-date=3 October 2025 |work=Nagaland Tribune}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Jamir is the son of former Nagaland Chief Minister [[S. C. Jamir]].<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamir, C. Apok}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Nagaland-INC-politician-stub}}

Rasoolpur (disambiguation)

2025-09-19T11:25:06Z

EliseMacnaghten: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Rasulpur (disambiguation)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R to disambiguation page}}
}}

Tara Singh (weightlifter)

2025-09-06T16:13:24Z

EliseMacnaghten: bio - done

{{short description|Indian weightlifter (born 1955)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Tara Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname = Tara Singh
| nickname = Iron Man of India{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[PUNJABI]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma mater = Punjabi University, NIS Patiala ,Punjab
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|06|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Phagwara]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|1.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (2015)
| weight = {{convert|105|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (2015)
| website =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| event = 100 kg
| collegeteam =
| universityteam = Punjabi University
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired = 2015
| coaching = [[National Institute of Sports]]
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals = eight-time participant, six-time gold recipient, two-time silver recipient
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport| Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's Weight Lifting}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Championship|Commonwealth Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1980 Commonwealth Championship|1985 Cardiff, Wales]]|Men's heavy weight}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1981 Commonwealth Games|1981 Auckland, New Zealand]]|Men's heavy weight}}
{{MedalGold|[[1981 Commonwealth Games|1981 Auckland, New Zealand]]|Men's heavy weight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the Mini Commonwealth Games|Mini Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1981 Mini Commonwealth Games|1981 Brisbane, Australia]]|Men's heavy weight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the New Zealand Summer Games|New Zealand Summer Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1981 New Zealand Summer Games|1981 Auckland, New Zealand]]|Men's heavy weight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the Asian Championship|Asian Championship]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1982 Asian games|1982 New Delhi, India]]|Men's heavy weight}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1981 Asian Championship|1981 Nagoya, Japan]]|Men's heavy weight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the World Railway Games|World Railway Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1984 World Railways|1984 Sofia, Bulgaria]]|Men's heavy weight}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the Pakistan National Games|Pakistan National Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1984 Commonwealth Games|1984 Islambabad, Pakistan]]|Men's flyweight}}
{{MedalGold|[[1985 Commonwealth Championships|1985 samoa]]|Men's heavy weight}}
}}

'''Tara Singh''' (born 1 June 1955) is an Indian [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]]. He was the first Indian to cross 200 kg in the [[clean and jerk]] event winning the bronze medal while representing India at the [[1982 Asian Games]] at [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100627/ldh1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Ludhiana Stories|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> He was conferred with the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1982 by the Government of India.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Tara}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala district]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

Silk Route (band)

2025-09-03T17:03:09Z

EliseMacnaghten: updated page

{{short description|Indian musical band}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Silk Route
| origin = [[Delhi]]
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Indipop]], [[Sufi rock]]
| years_active = 1996–2002
| label = [[Sony Music]], [[T-Series (company)|T Series]], [[Zee Music]], [[Sony BMG]], [[Disney Music Group]], [[Sony DADC]], [[Eros Music]], [[YRF Music]], [[Tips Music]], [[Virgin Music Group]] [[Universal Music India]], Silk Route Recorders
| current_members =
| past_members = * [[Mohit Chauhan]]
* Kem Trivedi
* Atul Mittal
* Kenny Puri
}}
'''Silk Route''' was an Indian band consisting of [[Mohit Chauhan]] (lead vocals, backing guitars, lyrics <ref>{{cite web |url=http://spicezee.zeenews.com/articles/story41095.htm |title=If not a musician, I would have been a farmer: Mohit Chauhan |publisher=Spicezee.zeenews.com |date=2009-09-16 |accessdate=2010-08-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902000725/http://spicezee.zeenews.com/articles/story41095.htm |archivedate=2010-09-02 }}</ref>), Atul Mittal (lead guitars, clarinet, backing vocals), Kem Trivedi (keyboards), and Kenny Puri (percussion and drums).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/40364919.cms |title=The sounds of silk | newspaper=The Times of India |date=2003-03-16 |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> The band is much endeared for the song ''Dooba-Dooba'' from their acclaimed debut album in 1998, ''Boondein''. As a result, it gained acclaim in the Indian film industry, and was then furnished opportunities to score and perform songs for movies such as Kalpana Lajmi's "Kyon", "Lets Enjoy" and "Urf Professor".They confess to such diverse influences as Sting, Simon & Garfunkel and Dire Straits, all of which find their way into the Silk Route sounds. The band always added a distinct touch to their music by using acoustic guitars, talking drums and harmonica and primarily by of the use of Recorder, a 17th-century European folk musical instrument played by Kem Trivedi.The band dissolved in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/mohit-chauhan-from-silk-route-to-success/articleshow/8846966.cms|title=Mohit Chauhan: From Silk Route to success|website=The Times of India|date=14 June 2011}}</ref>

When asked about his plans regarding forming a band in a 2015 interview with [[The Express Tribune]], Chauhan replied: {{Quote
|text=Sometimes I think about being part of a band. It has crossed my mind. Being in a band is like a small family. You travel together, make music and share time with each other. I miss those days sometimes, but I am not sure if I’ll join a band again,".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/839279/i-miss-being-in-a-band-mohit-chauhan/|title = I miss being in a band: Mohit Chauhan|date = 16 February 2015}}</ref>}}

== Discography ==
* ''Presaden'' (1996)
* ''Ersaman'' (1997)
* ''Boondein'' (1998)

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=5%| Year
! scope="col" width=18%| Album/Single
! scope="col" width=21%| Song
! scope="col" width=18%| Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17%| Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18%| Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1998
! scope="row" rowspan="10"|''Boondein''
| "Dooba Dooba"
| rowspan="10" | Mohit Chauhan
| Mohit Chauhan
|
|-
| "Hamsafar"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Jaadugar"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Boondein"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Ganga Nahale"
|Mohit Chauhan
|
|-
| "Paheli"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Thanda Paani"
|Mohit Chauhan
|
|-
| "Saujha"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Mermaid"
|Mohit Chauhan
|
|-
| "Koi Pooche"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
|}

* ''Pehchaan'' (2000)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=5%| Year
! scope="col" width=18%| Album/Single
! scope="col" width=21%| Song
! scope="col" width=18%| Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17%| Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18%| Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2000
! scope="row" rowspan="8"|''Pehchaan''
| "Chakkar Ghor"
| rowspan="8" | Mohit Chauhan
| Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Dastak"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Door Chala Aaya"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Jadu Tona"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Lullaby"
|Mohit Chauhan
|
|-
| "Morni"
|Folk Song
|
|-
| "Sapnay (Ek Pal)"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
| "Tu Wo Nahi"
|Prasoon Joshi
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.last.fm/music/Silk+Route Silk Route] at ''[[Lastfm]]''
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20081228001057/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_newupdatearticle.php?conid=2391 Silk Route]}} at ''[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]''
* [https://music.apple.com/in/artist/silk-route/1103768863 Silk Route] at [https://itunes.apple.com/us/store iTunes]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1998]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2024]]
[[Category:Indian musical trios]]

Postmaster (short story)

2025-08-18T01:02:26Z

EliseMacnaghten: Created initial article added tags

{{Short description|Bengali short story by Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

'''Postmaster''' ({{langx|bn|পোস্টমাস্টার}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[short story]] by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] that explores themes of loneliness, human connection, and the contrasts between urban and rural life.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Re-imagining Tagore’s 'Postmaster' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Re-imagining-Tagore%E2%80%99s-Postmaster/article14434016.ece |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-15 |title=পোস্টমাস্টার : একটি নামহীন চরিত্র |url=https://www.risingbd.com/rabindra-nath/news/106426 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=www.risingbd.com}}</ref> It was written in 1891.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Postmaster |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16106371-the-postmaster |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chronological representation of Rabindranath Tagore's biography. |url=http://www.rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in/Rabisarani/search |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=www.rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
==Summary==
The story is set in a small village named Ulapur, where a young postmaster from Calcutta has been transferred. The postmaster finds it difficult to adjust to the slow pace and the rural lifestyle. He feels isolated and spends his days in the post office, writing poetry and recalling about his family and friends in the city.

The only person the postmaster interacts with is Ratan, an orphaned village girl who does small chores for him in exchange for food. Ratan becomes emotionally attached to the postmaster, seeing him as a father figure. She takes care of him when he falls ill, and they develop a bond over time. The postmaster teaches Ratan to read and write, and she dreams of a better future with his help.
Despite their growing closeness, the postmaster remains detached, longing to return to the city. Eventually, he decides to leave Ulapur and requests a transfer. Ratan is heartbroken and begs him to take her with him, but the postmaster dismisses her plea, believing it to be impractical.
As the postmaster leaves the village, he feels a twinge of guilt but quickly rationalizes his decision, convincing himself that Ratan will forget him in time. Meanwhile, Ratan is left devastated, clinging to the hope that the postmaster will return.
The story ends on a poignant note, highlighting the transient nature of human relationships and the pain of unfulfilled expectations. Through the simple yet powerful narrative, Tagore captures the emotional complexities of loneliness and the human longing for connection.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=The Postmaster, Rabindranath Tagore {{!}} The Short Story Project |url=https://shortstoryproject.com/stories/the-postmaster/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=shortstoryproject.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GradeSaver |date=2023-10-05 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: Short Stories “The Postmaster” Summary and Analysis {{!}} GradeSaver |url=https://www.gradesaver.com/rabindranath-tagore-short-stories/study-guide/summary-the-postmaster |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=www.gradesaver.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tagoreweb |url=https://tagoreweb.in/Stories/galpoguchchho-84/postmastar-1700 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=tagoreweb.in}}</ref>

== Films based on 'Postmaster' ==
* [[Teen Kanya#The Postmaster|The Postmaster]] (a part of [[Teen Kanya]]), directed by [[Satyajit Ray]] (1961)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tagore’s Postmaster revisited in a Bengali film at Chennai festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/tagore-s-postmaster-revisited-in-a-bengali-film-at-chennai-festival/story-V9LyVR7gqQn8Eew3HixFBN.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabindranath Tagore on screen: 5 all-time great film adaptations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rabindranath-tagore-on-screen-5-all-time-great-film-adaptations/photostory/100013605.cms |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Postmaster (film)]], directed by Srijon Bardhan (2016)<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://tagoreweb.in/Stories/galpoguchchho-84/postmastar-1700 Original Bengali text of 'Postmaster' on Tagore Web]

[[Category:Works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Indian short stories]]
[[Category:1891 short stories]]

Kadethan railway station

2025-08-15T02:24:16Z

EliseMacnaghten: small changes

{{Short description|Railway station in Pune District, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=February 2019}}
{{third-party|date=February 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kadethan railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_caption =
| address = [[Shirur-Daund Road]], [[Daund]], [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.4780|74.4223|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra
| line =
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|558|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 3
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KDTN
| zone = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Pune}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Central Railway zone|left=Yevat|right=Kedgaon|type=[[Pune–Daund section]]}}
}}
'''Kadethan railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]]. Its code is '''KDTN'''. It serves [[Kadethan]] village. The station consists of two platforms.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kadethan-kdtn/8334| title=KDTN/Kadethan | website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Pune district]]
[[Category:Pune railway division]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Akhandananda

2025-08-05T18:27:15Z

EliseMacnaghten: Starting New Article

{{Short description|Hindu religious leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Swami Akhandananda
| image = Akhandananda3.jpg
| caption = Akhandananda (1864 -1937 )
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1864|9|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ahiritola, [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal presidency]], [[British India]]
| birth_name = Gangadhar Ghatak (Gangophadyay)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1937|2|7|1864|9|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Belur Math]], [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]], [[Bengal presidency]], [[British India]]
| guru = [[Sri Ramakrishna]]
| predecessor = [[Swami Shivananda]]
| successor = [[Swami Vijnanananda]]
| order =
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| honors = 3rd president of Ramakrishna math and mission
| footnotes =
| disciples = Swami Sarvagatananda and others [https://vedantasociety.net/sarvagatananda]
}}
{{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote=The poor, the illiterate, the ignorant, the afflicted - let these be your God. Know that service to these is the highest religion.}}
'''Swami Akhandananda''' (1864–1937) was a [[swami]] and direct disciple of [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]], a 19th-century mystic. He was the third president of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].

== Early life ==

=== Initial Years ===
Akhandananda was born as Gangadhar Ghatak (Gangopadhyay) on 30 September 1864, in Ahiritola area of western Kolkata, to Srimanta Gangopadhyay and Vamasundari Devi. He came from a respectable [[Brahmin]] family. He was orthodox in nature and was dubbed as "oldish" by [[Ramakrishna]].<ref>''The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna'', published by Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, 1943, page 314</ref> From his very childhood, Gangadhar was so compassionate that he once gave his own shirt to a poor classmate whose shirt was torn. Without telling his parents, he would give food to beggars.<ref>[http://www.rkmvadodara.com/lifeofDD.asp#14 Biography of Swami Akhandananda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231428/http://www.rkmvadodara.com/lifeofDD.asp#14 |date=2012-04-25}} on RKM Vadodara website</ref> He was a strong moralist and always helped his wayward friends. Gangadhar was a vivacious, handsome boy in childhood. Gifted with prodigious memory, Gangadhar mastered the English alphabet in one day.<ref>[http://www.rkmfiji.org/node/47 Biography of Swami Akhandananda on RKM Fiji] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116015730/http://www.rkmfiji.org/node/47 |date=2011-11-16}}</ref>
Gangadhar first met Ramakrishna, the famous mystic and saint whom he later adopted as his Master, in 1884, when he was nineteen years old, in the temple of [[Dakshineswar]]. He visited Ramakrishna for the first time in the company of his friend Harinath (later [[Turiyananda]]). He had first seen Ramakrishna in the house of [[Dinanath Bose]] at a very young age.<ref>The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, published by Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, 1943, page 313</ref> Ramakrishna did not want him to be over orthodox and therefore introduced him to Narendranath Dutta (later [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]]). Gangadhar was favourably impressed with Narendranath and became devoted to him, a devotion which lasted throughout his life and which later prompted him to take up service as the primary work over spiritual practices. During his visits to Dakshineswar, Gangadhar received instructions on meditation from Ramakrishna.<ref>''Swami Akhandananda: Service as Worship'', by Swami Devarajananda, Prabuddha Bharat, January 2009, page 133</ref>

=== Pre monastic days ===
Gangadhar's father found a job for Gangadhar in a merchant's office. Gangadhar worked there a few days and then gave it up. He then fully engaged himself in spiritual disciplines and service to the master.
Gangadhar served Ramakrishna during the illness of the latter. After the death of Ramakrishna, when the [[Baranagar Math]] was formed by Narendranath and other brother disciples, Gangadhar renounced his family life and embraced a life of travel with consent from his family and set foot for the Himalayas.
Steeped in [[Vedanta]] and his own experience, his mind ever pined to be absorbed in the bliss of the Himalayan solitude. In 1887, after visiting [[Kedarnath]] and [[Badrinath]], he travelled to [[Tibet]] where he lived in [[Lhasa]] and elsewhere for three years, returning to India in 1890.<ref>The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, published by Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, 1943, page 315</ref>
Gangadhar's entire travel account is recorded in his book ''Smriti-Katha (From Holy Wanderings to The Service of God in Man)''. He travelled hundreds of miles in the mountains of the Himalayas without carrying any money or extra clothing.

=== Life as a Monk ===

==== Travels ====
Gangadhar took his monastic vow in 1890, in Baranagar Math and in the presence of SwamiVivekananda, and was given the name of "Akhandananda" (Akhanda - undifferentiated, ananda - bliss, one who finds supreme bliss in the undifferentiated nature of the Truth). After his return, he had frequent correspondence with Vivekananda, then at Ghazipur, who induced him to join him in travelling in some places of the Himalayas because of the latter's experience and familiarity in those terrains. Accordingly, Akhandananda came to Baranagore monastery, and after spending a few happy months with his brother-disciples, sharing his experiences with them, he set out in July 1890, with Vivekananda on a pilgrimage to the Himalayas.<ref>[http://www.sriramakrishna.org/akhandananda.php Biography of Akhandananda] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120914142616/http://www.sriramakrishna.org/akhandananda.php |date=2012-09-14}} on the RMIC site</ref> Visiting important places on the way they reached Almora, but the illness of one or the other plagued their journey, and they returned via Tehri to Dehra Dun, from where Akhandananda proceeded to Meerut for treatment. Vivekananda also joined him in Meerut, and they met some other brother disciples. After five months of association, Vivekananda left them and Akhandananda followed him surreptitiously, going from one province to another in his search, but everywhere he narrowly missed meeting him. Finally, he met Vivekananda again in Kutch where Swami Vivekananda entreated him to follow a separate course. Accordingly, Akhandananda continued his pilgrimage separately.<ref>''The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna'', published by Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, 1943, page 316</ref>

==== Intellectual Pursuits ====
During his days of wandering in the Himalayas, he studied [[Avadhuta Gita]] at [[Srinagar]] in [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]]. In 1891, while resting at Etawah, he spent most of his time reading the [[Mahabhashya]], [[Patanjali]]'s voluminous commentary on Panini's [[Sanskrit grammar]], as well as [[Sridhara Swami]]’s commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavadgita]]. In [[Jamnagar]] in 1892, he studied the [[Charaka Samhita|Charaka]]-[[Sushruta Samhita]] with the help of the Sanskrit [[lexicon]] [[Shabdartha Chandrika Kosha]] and also [[Shukla Yajur Veda]]. In [[Udaipur]], he read the Vedantic text of [[Panchadasi]]. He also learned Hindi grammar from [[Bhasha Bhaskara]], to correct his Hindi pronunciation. In [[Indore]], he completed a reading of the entire [[Valmiki Ramayana]] over a period of eighteen days. Later in [[Mahula]] he undertook a critical study of the [[Yogavasishtha]] Ramayana.<ref>''Akhandananda: Service as Worship'', [[Devarajananda]], Prabuddha Bharat, January 2009, page 133</ref>

==== Relationship with Vivekananda and Sarada Devi ====
Akhandananda was an ardent follower of Vivekananda, who called him lovingly as ''Ganges''. He was also devoted to [[Sarada Devi]]. When hard work in [[Murshidabad]] took a toll on his health, she had him brought to Calcutta for treatment and took special care of him.

==== Final Years ====
Akhandananda became the vice president of Ramakrishna Math and Mission in 1925 and the third president after the demise of [[Swami Shivananda]] in 1934. He initiated a number of people after assuming office. However, he continued to stay at Sargachhi.

Akhandananda also initiated [[M. S. Golwalkar|Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar]], the second sarsanghachalak of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].

He participated in the celebration of the Birth Centenary of Ramakrishna in 1936 in Calcutta.

In February 1937 he fell ill and was brought to Calcutta. He died in [[Belur Math]] on 7 February 1937.

== Service ==
[[File:Alambazar Math 1896.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Alambazar Math, 1896 (farewell to Swami Abhedananda leaving for the US)(from left) standing: [[Swami Adbhutananda]], Yogananda, Abhedananda, Trigunatitananda, Turiyananda, Nirmalananda, and Niranjanananda; sitting: Swamis Subodhananda, [[Swami Brahmananda|Brahmananda]] (on chair), and Akhandananda]]

Akhandananda was the first monk of the Ramakrishna order, who gave shape to the cherished desire of Vivekananda to begin rural development work—even before the Mission was established.
The distressing sorrows and suffering of the masses pulled him down to the plains, and to them, he became a harbinger of peace and succour. Sacrificing his Himalayan bliss, he chose to be with poor. Akhandananda practised till the very end of his life his Master's call: ''' Worship jiva as Shiva'''. He was one of the pillars of the Ramakrishna Movement's service activities.
His experience as a wandering monk, like those of Vivekananda, moved him to take steps to remove the distress and misery of the masses. Vivekananda's encouraging letter from America which was sent as a reply to Akhandananda's request for guidance pushed him further, and in 1894 Akhandananda began his campaign against poverty.<ref>[http://www.rkmvadodara.com/lifeofDD.asp#14 Biography of Akhandananda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231428/http://www.rkmvadodara.com/lifeofDD.asp#14 |date=2012-04-25}} on RKM Vadodara website</ref>
The idea of working for the poor was conceived while he stayed in Jamnagar with Jhandu Bhatt, the famous ayurvedic physician, who served his patients with exceptional devotion.<ref>''Akhandananda: Service as Worship'', by Swami Devarajananda, Prabuddha Bharat, January 2009, page 135</ref>
While in Khetri, [[Rajasthan]] during 1894, he went about from door to door, all alone to bring awareness in the people about the utility of education, and it was because of his efforts that the number of students in the Khetri Rajya English School rose from 80 to 257.<ref>The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, published by Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, 1943, page 317</ref>
Under his inspiration, the Maharaja of Khetri Ajit Singh arranged for the education of the Golas and also set up a permanent Education Department to open schools in the villages. Akhandananda also arranged for the publication of a newspaper on agriculture in order to educate the farmers of that area. He also contacted renowned landlords in the numerous village of [[Khetri]], inspiring them to take some concrete steps towards removing the miseries of their poor labourers. At the instance of the Swami the Sanskrit school in Khetri was converted to Vedic school, and he raised subscriptions to purchase books for the poor students. He fed the [[Bhils]], an aboriginal tribe, in [[Uadaipur]]. He left [[Rajputana]] in 1895 and returned to the Alambazar Math, the new monastery of the Ramakrishna disciples. He first came in contact with widespread famine during his travel in the Murshidabad district of Bengal. He sought help from his brother disciples in 1897 and Vivekananda, who had returned to India by then, sent two monks with money.
On 1 May 1897 Vivekananda inaugurated the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], and Akhandananda opened a relief centre on 15 May in the temple premises of Mrityunjay Bhattacharya of Kedar-Mahula in [[Murshidabad]] to save people from an all-devouring famine. Though rice was difficult to procure at that time, he managed to procure some with the help of other people and with much trouble. Then he distributed equally among the poor, weighing the rice himself on a scale. This was the first public service work done by the Ramakrishna Mission.

Akhandananda started an orphanage in Mahula, near [[Baharampur|Berhampore]], on 31 August 1897, and then established the first Rural Branch Centre of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission in Mahula. In 1899, he opened an ashrama in Shivnagar near [[Sargachi]] which continued for 14 years.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141225081319/http://www.jankarihub.com/ Genesis of RKM Sargachhi]</ref> In 1899, he opened a free school there to deal with the problem of illiteracy in the locality. A carpentry and a weaving section also were added to revive those perishing village industries and make the boys self-reliant. Cotton cultivation was taught to the [[rural women]] to enhance their family income. In 1913 the present ashrama was found on a 13 acres land in March 1913.
He also led in relief activities in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar and during the [[Munger]] earthquake in Bihar.<ref>''The disciples of Sri Ramakrishna'', published by Advaita Ashrama, Mayawati, 1943, page 321</ref>

== Literary works ==
* ''In the Lap of the Himalayas''
* ''From holy wanderings to the service of God in man''
* ''The call of the Spirit: Conversations With Swami Akhandananda, Swami Nirmayananda''

==Honors==
There is a dormitory named, in his honour, Akhandananda Dham in [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar]].

Also a boys' hostel in the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur - has been named after him. It is called the 'Akhandananda Bhavana'.

== Further reading ==
* ''God lived with them: Life stories of sixteen monastic disciples'', by Swami Chetanananda, published by Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai, {{ISBN|81-7505-198-1}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Swami Akhandananda}}
* [https://belurmath.org/swami-akhandananda/ Swami Akhandananda Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001080002/https://belurmath.org/swami-akhandananda/ |date=1 October 2020 }}
* [https://archive.today/20120914142616/http://www.sriramakrishna.org/akhandananda.php Biography on RMIC official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231428/http://www.rkmvadodara.com/lifeofDD.asp#14 Biography on RKM Vadodara website]

{{Ramakrishna}}
{{Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhandananda, Swami}}
[[Category:Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order]]
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]

Ramprasadi

2025-08-02T10:30:51Z

EliseMacnaghten: Created the page needs work

{{Short description|Genre of Bengali song composed by Ramprasad Sen}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Ramprasadi
| native_name = রামপ্রসাদী
| etymology = songs and music composed by [[Ramprasad Sen]]
| stylistic_origins = [[Bengali folk song]], [[Shyama Sangeet]], [[Kirtan]]
| regional_scenes = [[India]], [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], and [[Bangladesh]]
}}

'''Ramprasadi''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: রামপ্রসাদী) are the songs composed by eighteenth century [[Bengalis|Bengali]] saint-poet [[Ramprasad Sen]]. They are usually addressed to Hindu goddess [[Kali]] and written in [[Bengali language]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-27|title=রামপ্রসাদের গলায় শ্যামাসংগীত শুনে কেঁদে ফেললেন বাংলার নবাব সিরাজ|url=https://www.nilkantho.in/ramprasad-sen/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=nilkantho.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=রামপ্রসাদের ভিটেয় কালীর কদর যেমন, সাধককবির আদরও ততটাই!|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/sadhak-ramprasad-sen-who-wrote-bhakti-poems-known-as-ramprasadi-in-bengali/articleshow/71784965.cms|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Ei Samay|language=bn|archive-date=2020-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831022731/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/sadhak-ramprasad-sen-who-wrote-bhakti-poems-known-as-ramprasadi-in-bengali/articleshow/71784965.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">Singing to the Goddess: Poems to Kali and Uma from Bengal, Ramprasad Sen, Translated by Rachel Fell McDermott ({{ISBN|0-19-513434-6}})</ref><ref name=":3">History of Bengali Literature, Dr. Dulal Chakraborty, July - 2007, Bani Bitan. (Bengali)</ref>

== Influence ==
{{Hindu scriptures}}
Ramprasad Sen was the first shakta poet to address Kali with such as intimate devotion and to sing of her as a tender loving mother or even as a little girl. He is credited with creating a new compositional form that combined the Bengali folk style of Baul music with classical melodies and kirtan. After him, a school of [[Shaktism|shakta]] poets continued the Kali-bhakti tradition. [[Krishnachandra Roy|Krishna Chandra Roy]], [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] were immensely inspired by the songs of Ramprasad.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Many of his songs were sung by famous Shyama sangeet singers like [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]], [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]] and Anup Ghoshal.

== Incomplete list of songs ==
* De maa amay tabildari
* Abhay pade pran sanpechi
* Mon re krishi kaaj jana na
* Mon keno mayer charanchara
* Dakre mon kali bole
* Aamar antore anandamayee
* Abhay charan sab lotale
* Apar sangsar nahi parapar
* Annapurnar dhanya kashi
* Asakale jaba kotha
* Aamar kapal go tara
* Ami eto doshi kishe
* Emon din ki hobe maa tara
* Patitapabani tara
* Maa aamar baro bhay hoyeche
* Naam bhrama bateshwar
* kemon kare charaye jaba
* Rasane, kali nam ratare
* Maa aamar khelan halo
* Akalanka shashimukhi, sudhapane sada sukhi
* Aami tei tarutale base
* Aaj subhanishi pohailo tomar
* Amay ki dhon dibi tor ki dhon ache
* Amay choyo naa re shamon aamar jat giyache
* Aamar sanad dheke jare
* Ami oi khede khed kori
* Ar kaaj ki aamar kashi?
* Chi mon tui bisoybhola
* Ar bholale bhulba naa go
* Kemon kare tarabe tara
* Kaligun geye bagal bajaye
* Ke hare hridmajhe bihare
* Mukta karo ma muktakeshi
* Chi-chi monbhramara dili
* Sura paan karine aami
* Tilek dhara ore saman
* Janani Pada Pankajam
<ref>{{Cite web |title=রামপ্রসাদের গানের তালিকা |url=http://onushilon.org/corpus/ramphrsad/index.htm |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=onushilon.org}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Music of Bengal]]
* [[Music of West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://gaana.com/artist/ramprasadi Ramprasadi – gaana.com]

[[Category:Music of Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Music of India]]
[[Category:Kirtan]]

2023–24 Irani Cup

2025-07-28T08:48:42Z

EliseMacnaghten: Starting Entry!

{{short description|Domestic cricket tournament in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket final
| name = 2023–24 Irani Cup
| image =
| date = 1–5 October 2023
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| stadium = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| team1 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team1score1 = 308
| team1score2 = 160
| team2score1 = 214
| team2score2 = 79
| details = Rest of India won by 175 runs
| man_of_the_match = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] (Rest of India)
| umpires = [[KN Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| previous = [[2022–23 Irani Cup|2022–23]]
| next = [[2024–25 Irani Cup|2024–25]]
}}

The '''2023–24 Irani Cup''' also known as '''[[IDFC First Bank]]''' Irani Cup due to sponsorship reason, was the sixtieth edition of the [[Irani Cup]], a [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India, organised by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{cite web |title=India's domestic season takes off in June |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126243/indias-domestic-season-takes-off-in-june-cricbuzzcom |access-date=11 April 2023 |work=Cricbuzz|date=11 April 2023 }}</ref> It took place from 1 to 5 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duleep Trophy to kick off India's earliest ever domestic season on June 28 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/duleep-trophy-to-kick-off-india-s-2023-24-domestic-season-on-june-28-1368152 |access-date=11 April 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> It was played as a one-off match between [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]], the winners of the [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy]], and a [[Rest of India cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 11 April 2023|title=BCCI's domestic season will begin early on June 28 |url=https://newindian.in/bccis-domestic-season-will-begin-early-on-june-28/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=The New Indian |language=en-US}}</ref>

The tournament was part of the 2023 Indian domestic cricket season, announced by the BCCI in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2023-24 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55555999/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2023-24?type=Latest |access-date=11 April 2023 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> Rest of India were the defending champions, who won it by defeating [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] in [[2022-23 Irani Cup#Final|the final]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rest of India lift Irani Cup after Madhya Pradesh collapse for 198 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2022-23-1332469/madhya-pradesh-vs-rest-of-india-1332919/match-report |access-date=2023-04-11 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

Rest of India defeated Saurashtra by 175 runs to win their 31st title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 October 2023 |title=Irani Cup 2023-24: Spinners run riot as Rest of India hammers Saurashtra for title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/irani-cup-2023-winner-rest-of-india-beats-saurashtra-saurabh-kumar-vihari-captain-unadkat/article67376138.ece |work=SportStar|date=3 October 2023 }}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; width:55%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2023 |title= Saurashtra Squad for 2023-24 Irani Cup|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2023-24-1383409/saurashtra-squad-1400463/series-squads |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2023 |title= Rest of India Squad for 2023-24 Irani Cup
|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2023-24-1383409/rest-of-india-squad-1400462/series-squads |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jaydev Unadkat]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
| [[Hanuma Vihari]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| [[Parth Bhut]]
| [[Mayank Agarwal]]
|-
| [[Harvik Desai]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
| [[Akash Deep]]
|-
| [[Yuvrajsinh Dodiya]]
| [[K. S. Bharat]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
| [[Yash Dhull]]
|-
| [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]]
| [[Dhruv Jurel]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Vishvaraj Jadeja (cricketer)|Vishvaraj Jadeja]]
| [[Vidwath Kaverappa]]
|-
| [[Chirag Jani (cricketer)|Chirag Jani]]
| [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]
|-
| Jay Gohil
| [[Rohan Kunnummal]]
|-
| Devang Karamta
| [[Shams Mulani]]
|-
| [[Prerak Mankad]]
| [[Pulkit Narang]]
|-
| [[Snell Patel]]
| [[Sai Sudharsan]]
|-
| [[Kushang Patel]]
| [[Navdeep Saini]]
|-
| [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
| [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]]
|-
| [[Arpit Vasavada]]
| [[Yash Dayal]]
|-
| [[Samarth Vyas]]
|
|}

==Match==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 1–5 October 2023
| team1 = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 308 (94.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 72 (164)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Parth Bhut]] 5/94 (29.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 214 (83.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arpit Vasavada]] 54 (127)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] 4/65 (26.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 160 (52 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 49 (93)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Parth Bhut]] 7/53 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 79 (34.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 21 (38)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] 6/43 (16.3 overs)

| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = Rest of India won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[KN Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm = [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] (Rest of India)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1383433.html Scorecard]
| result = Rest of India won by 175 runs
| notes =
}}

== Broadcasting ==
[[JioCinema]] platform aired it on internet and [[Sports18]] Khel on TV live in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Irani Cup 2023-24 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com |website=[[JioCinema]]}}</ref><ref>[[Sports18 Khel]] live broadcast of HDFC First Bank Irani Cup 1 Oct 2023.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2023-24-1383409 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Irani Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani Cup, 2023-24}}
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2023–24]]
[[Category:Irani Cup seasons]]
[[Category:October 2023 sports events in India|Irani Cup]]

Shantanu Naidu

2025-07-10T06:35:07Z

EliseMacnaghten: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ratan Tata#In popular culture]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Jayshreeben Patel

2025-02-23T15:53:32Z

EliseMacnaghten: small improve intro for consistency and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jayshreeben Patel
| image = File:Jayshreeben Patel (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|6|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bombay, [[Bombay State]], India
| residence = [[Mahesana]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date =
| death_place =

| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member]] of the [[India Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Mahesana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahesana]]
| term_start = May 2009
| term_end = 23 May 2019
| term =
| occupation = Social Worker
| predecessor =
| successor =

| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| religion =
| spouse = Shri Kanubhai K. Patel
| parents =
| children = 2
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 13 December
| year = 2016
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4442
}}
'''Jayshreeben Patel''' (born 22 June 1959) was twice a member of [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Mahesana (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of [[Gujarat]]. She was elected to Lok Sabha in 2009 and 2014 as a candidate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4442 |title=Detailed Profile – Smt. Jayshreeben Patel – Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) – Who's Who – Government: National Portal of India |publisher=India.gov.in |date=1976-05-15 |accessdate=2012-11-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505215342/http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4442 |archivedate= 5 May 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Gujarat|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Jayshreeben}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Women in Gujarat politics]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Noadehing–Nampong Assembly constituency

2025-01-01T18:22:49Z

EliseMacnaghten: Created some entry v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Noadehing–Nampong
| type= SLA
| state = Arunachal Pradesh
| established = 1978
| abolished = 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 8,426
| mla = Kamoli Mossang
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Noadehing–Nampong Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Jungpum Jugli || {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Samchom Ngemu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Kamoli Mossang || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Noadehing–Nampong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamoli Mossang |party=Independent politician |votes=2,937 |percentage=48.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samchom Ngemu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,682 |percentage=44.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yan Tikhak |party=Independent politician |votes=216 |percentage=3.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Komkoi Taisam Lungchang |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=2.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=255 |percentage=4.25% |change= {{decrease}}19.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,995 |percentage=74.21% |change= {{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,426 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}5.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Noadehing–Nampong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samchom Ngemu |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,538 |percentage=54.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongtu Lungphi |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,419 |percentage=30.37% |change={{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samhong Rekhung |party=Independent politician |votes=572 |percentage=12.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Komkoi Taisam Lungchang |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=143 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,119 |percentage=23.95% |change= {{increase}}16.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,672 |percentage=78.35% |change= {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,198 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= {{increase}}19.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Noadehing–Nampong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jungpum Jugli |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,209 |percentage=34.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samchom Ngemu |party=Independent politician |votes=962 |percentage=27.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puyog Tikhar |party=Janata Party |votes=893 |percentage=25.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Komkoi Taisam Lungchang |party=Independent politician |votes=432 |percentage=12.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=247 |percentage=7.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,496 |percentage=76.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,735 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}