Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Utpal Brahmachari

2026-05-08T04:18:54Z

Eldartpy: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Utpal Brahmacharo]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Pritam Das (Udasi)

2026-05-06T09:51:28Z

Eldartpy: created some post initial version

{{Short description|Religious figure}}
[[File:Detail of Baba Pritam Das Udasi from a painting of the ten Sikh gurus, with Baba Pritam Das, Chandu Lal, and Nanak Ram from Hyderabad, circa 1780.jpg|thumb|Baba Pritam Das Udasi, detail from a Hyderabadi painting, ca.1780]]
{{Udasi}}
'''Pritam Das''' (1722 or 1752 – 1831) was an [[Udasi]] [[Sant (religion)|saint]] and [[mahant]]. He conducted construction projects to support religious infrastructure and founded ''[[akhara]]s''. Followers of Pritam Das are known as ''Nanga Udasis''.

== Biography ==
Pritam Das was born as Karam Chand into a [[Saraswat Brahmin]] family in either 1722 or 1752 in what is now [[Hoshiarpur district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Amole |first=Sarmukh Singh |title=PRĪTAM DĀS, MAHANT |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRITAM%20DAS%20MAHANT%20(1752-1831).html |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala}}</ref> He received an education in basic [[Urdu]].<ref name=":1" /> At the age of eleven, he started travelling around with ''[[sadhu]]s'' and he met the Udasi figure Sangat Das, who initiated him as his disciple, receiving the new name ''Pritam Das''. Later while going on pilgrimages around the northern Indian subcontinent, he became a disciple of the Mihanshahi Udasi scholar and preacher [[Bankhandi]], who bestowed the title ''nirban'' ("without desire") upon Pritam Das. After this, he travelled to the Deccan in southern India, where he became acquainted with Nanak Chand, the uncle of [[Chandu Lal|Diwan Chandu Lal]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]].<ref name=":1" /> Nanak Chand gave a large sum of 700,000 rupees to Pritam Das, who used it to found a central organization of the Udasis in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], the Panchayati Akhara in 1779.<ref name=":1" /> The motivation to set-up the Panchayti Akhara was to support ''[[Gurpurb|gurpurabs]]'' by providing boarding and lodging to for religious figures visiting shrines.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=15 January 2021 |title=Dens of belief: Akharas of Amritsar - Akhara Brahm Buta |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/dens-of-belief-198715/ |access-date=11 April 2026 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Teja |first=Charanjit Singh |date=5 April 2025 |title=Udasi akharas steeped in spiritual tradition |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/udasi-akharas-steeped-in-spiritual-tradition/ |access-date=11 April 2026 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Furthermore, he established ''[[akhara]]s'' at Kankhal in Haridwar and Kashi (Varanasi).<ref name=":4" />

Between 1781 and 1784, he constructed, alongside another Udasi named [[Santokh Das]], a ''hansli'' (canal) connecting the Shahi Nahar irrigation-channel to the ''[[Temple tank|sarovars]]'' of [[Amritsar]] to continuously provide them with a water-source.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Amole |first=Sarmukh Singh |title=SANTOKH DĀS |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/SANTOKH%20DAS.html |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In 1783, Pritam Das and Santokh Das brought a piece of a tall ''sāl'' tree from Dera Ram Rai (present-day [[Dehradun]]) which they used as material to construct a flagpole that they installed a Nishan Sahib on, with the flagpole being erected in-front of a pre-existing bunga near the Akal Takht, with the bunga then acquiring the name ''[[Jhanda Bunga]]'' as a result.<ref name=":13a22">{{Cite book |author=Singh |first=Parkash |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date= |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |isbn=8173803498 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=III: M-R |location=Patiala |pages=239–240 |oclc=}}</ref>
[[File:Photograph titled 'A Temple in Amritsar' taken in 1859 by Felice Beato. Identified as the original Udasi shrine of the Sangalwala Akhara in Amritsar.jpg|thumb|Photograph titled 'A Temple in Amritsar' taken in 1859 by Felice Beato. Identified as the original Udasi shrine of the Sangalwala Akhara in Amritsar.]]
At Bazaar Mai Sevan, Amritsar, he established the Sanglan Wala Akhara in 1788 (some sources claim it was established earlier in 1781 with the original name ''Nirban Akhara''<ref name=":1" />), including an internal temple within it.'''<ref name=":4" />'''

During the 1819 Haridwar Kumbh Mela, some Bairagis protested and attacked the Udasis because they had a procession using the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], so Pritam Das complained to Sikh chiefs, who reprimanded the Bairagis.<ref name=":1" /> Pritam Das died in Amritsar in 1831.<ref name=":1" /> Followers of Pirtam Das are known as ''Nanga Udasis''.<ref>Singh, Sulakhan. “HETERODOXY IN SIKHISM : THE CASE OF THE UDASlS.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 43, 1982, pp. 383–87. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/44141250</nowiki>. Accessed 12 Apr. 2026.</ref> They wear a ''kara'' (bracelet) and a waist-chain known as a ''janjiri''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Satish K. |date=7 November 2020 |title=The Udasi Tradition |url=https://www.esamskriti.com/e/History/Indian-History/The-UDASI-Tradition-1.aspx |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=eSamskirit}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sikh saints]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:18th-century births]]

[[Category:1831 deaths]]

[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

1978–79 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:26:48Z

Eldartpy: Starting pg - done

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1978-79 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| count = 1
| participants = 24
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Brijesh Patel]] (Karnataka) (850)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1978/79 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1978-79/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Rajinder Goel]] (Haryana) (41)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1978/79 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1978-79/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1977–78
| previous_tournament = 1977–78 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1979–80
| next_tournament = 1979–80 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1978–79 Ranji Trophy''' was the 45th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] won their first title defeating [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]].

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''31''' || 2.391
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 1.570
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 1.173
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.711
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.307
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 2.607
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''19''' || 0.901
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''18''' || 1.002
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 0.781
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.645
|}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 2.114
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 1.890
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.483
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.493
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.410
|}
{{col-2}}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 1.764
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''21''' || 1.017
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 1.196
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.448
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''5''' || 0.793
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.501
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 1.509
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''2''' || 0.717
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''2''' || 0.469
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|||||
|12 Feb 1979 — Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''245 & 162/4'''|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|253 & 152
|||||
|||||
|21 Feb 1979 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''577/9d'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|284 & 180
|||||
|||||
|||||

|24 Feb 1979 — Bangalore|'''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''|'''371 & 265/4d'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|128 & 272
|24 Feb 1979 — Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''346'''|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]|193 & 150
|24 Feb 1979 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''565'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|154 & 165
|24 Feb 1979 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''316 & 92/5'''|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]|197 & 210

|9 Mar 1979 — Bangalore|'''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''|'''582/8d'''|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|237 & 322
|8 Mar 1979 — Bombay|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|329|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''359 & 436/6'''

|17 Mar 1979 — Bangalore|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]|411 & 122|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''516 & 416/8d'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=no|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=yes
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 24–29 March 1979
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (H)
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''516 (165.1 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Surinder Amarnath]] 132, [[Surinder Khanna]] 111
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Arani Jayaprakash|A. V. Jayaprakash]] 3/38
| score-team2-inns1 = '''411 (99 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Brijesh Patel]] 166
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Madan Lal]] 3/50
| score-team1-inns2 = '''416/8 decl (132 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] 178*, [[Surinder Khanna]] 128
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[B. Vijayakrishna]] 2/100
| score-team2-inns2 = '''122 (34 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Syed Kirmani]] 33
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Madan Lal]] 5/30
| result = Delhi won by 399 runs
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Dara Dotiwalla]] and [[Jiban Ghosh (umpire)|Jiban Ghosh]]
| motm =
| report = [https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/KNTKA_DELHI_RJI-FINAL_24-29MAR1979.html Scorecard]
| toss = Delhi won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1978-79.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1978-79 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1978 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1979 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1978–79]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Kadam Rao Padam Rao

2026-04-30T09:06:01Z

Eldartpy: created new bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Kadam Rao Padam Rao''' is the earliest available manuscript in [[Deccan Urdu|Dakhini]] ''[[Masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]]'' of 4000 lines, written during 1421-1434 AD, by Fakhruddin Nizami of [[Bidar]].<ref name="Sāhitya Akademi">{{cite book| title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah, Volume 216| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4UKJFLZVcEC&dq=quli+kutb+shah+urdu+deccani+dakhani&pg=PA55| page=55| publisher=Sāhitya Akademi| author=Masʻūd Ḥusain Khān| year=1996| isbn=81-260-0233-6| accessdate=26 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="columbia">{{cite web| title=URDU LITERATURE| url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/txt_urdulit2007.html| publisher=columbia.edu| year=2007| accessdate=26 September 2011}}</ref>

It contains a Sufi tale designed to describe the soul's present state and its liberation, in the form of an exciting story: King Kadam Rao wants to learn yoga. But the shrewd yogi bans the king's soul into a parrot, slips into the king's body and rules in his place. The vizier Padam Rao notices it, searches for the King, and finally finds and frees him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Classical Urdu literature from the Beginning to Iqbal|page=134|publisher=Harassowitz, Wiesbaden (Germany)|author=Annemarie Schimmel|year=1975|isbn=3-447-01671-X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Urdu-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction literature]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:Sufi literature]]
[[Category:Sufism in India]]
[[Category:Urdu in India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poetry]]
[[Category:Works about yoga]]
[[Category:Poems about birds]]
[[Category:Parrots in art]]
[[Category:Sufi poetry]]

Ayathan Gopalan

2026-04-28T17:49:09Z

Eldartpy: Starting a post - done

{{short description|Indian physician, writer, social reformer (1861–1948)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fanpov|date=April 2020}}
{{COI|date=April 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Rai Sahib|Rao Sahib]]
| name = Ayathan Gopalan
| image = AyathanAlok.jpg
| caption =
| other_names = Darsarji, Darsar Sahib
| birth_name = Ayathan Gopalan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1861|03|03}}
| birth_place = [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1948|05|02|1861|03|03}}
| death_place = Calicut Shanthi Ashram, [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency|Province of Madras]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India)
| resting_place = Santhi Gardens (Ayathan family cemetery, Calicut)
| movement =Brahmasamaj(1898), Sugunavardhini movement (1900), Depressed classes mission (1909)
| spouse = {{Marriage|Kallat Kausallya Ammal|1878|1930}}
| children = 5
| alma_mater = [[Madras Medical College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Doctor|professor|social reformer}}
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Bhramodarma Malayalam'' (the Bible of [[Brahmo Samaj]]) ''Saranjiniparinayam'' ''Susheeladukham'' (musical dramas)
| relatives = [[Ayathan Janaki Ammal]] (sister)
| family =
| awards = [[Rao Sahib]]
}}
{{Reformation in Kerala}}

'''DR. Rao Sahib Ayathan Gopalan''' (3 March 1861 – 2 May 1948), popularly known as '''Darsarji''' and '''Darsar Sahib''' ("Darsar" means "doctor", derived from Latin word "docere" for doctor), was an Indian doctor, surgeon, professor, writer, philanthropist, social reformer, and Renaissance leader from Kerala. He is the founder of the Sugunavardhini movement (1900) and Depressed classes mission (1909) and also the leader and propagandist of [[Brahmo Samaj]] (1893) in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose, Ram Chandra.|title=Brahmoism; or, History of reformed Hinduism from its origin in 1830,.|date=1884|publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]]|oclc=1032604831}}</ref> He denounced idol worship and fought to end those social practices in Kerala that he thought were unethical. Among his followers were [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biography of Brahmananda swami Sivayogy by A K Nair}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi by Pavanan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Biography of Brahmanada Sivayogi written by K Bheeman Nair "Asathyathil ninnu sathyathilekku"(അസത്യത്തിൽ നിന്ന് സത്യത്തിലേക്ക്)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi and His Selected Works by P.V. Gopalakrishnan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sreyas.in/brahmananda-sivayogi|title=sivayogi|date=29 April 2013|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322074926/http://sreyas.in/brahmananda-sivayogi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Kerala Navothanam - Oru Marxist Veekshanam - P. Govindappilla (Chintha Publishers, Thiruvananthapuram-695001)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi and his selected works|last=Gopalakrishnan, P. V.|date=2002|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|isbn=8178351013|oclc=52726748}}</ref> [[Vagbhatananda|Vaghbatananda]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kurup, K. K. N. (1988), Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations |publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1988|isbn=9788170990949}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shepherds' Chalet, Shepherds' Chalet, Shepherdschalet.com, retrieved 19 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kurup, K. K. N. (September 1988). "Peasantry and the Anti-Imperialist Struggles in Kerala". |journal=Social Scientist|volume=16|issue=9|pages=35–45|year=1988|doi=10.2307/3517171|jstor=3517171|last1=Kurup|first1=K. K. N.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vagbhatananda-admavidya.com/|title=Vagbhatananda|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927081405/http://vagbhatananda-admavidya.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Maharṣi Vāgbaṭānanda Gurudēvar.|last=Brahmavrathan, Swami.|date=1971|oclc=978079481}}</ref> and Brahmavadhi P. Kunhiraman. Gopalan titled P. Kunhiraman as "Brahmavadhi" and Sivayogi as "[[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi|Brahmananda Swami]]".

He was awarded and honoured by the [[British Raj|British government]] with the highest civilian award and title, the "[[Rai Sahib|Rao Sahib]]",<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> for his services. The formation of the Sugunavardhini movement, Depressed classes mission and [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmosamaj]] were a part of the [[Kerala reformation movement]].

==Life==
Gopalan was born at [[Anjarakkandy]], [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]] (now Thalassery), as the first son of Ayathan Chandhan and Kallat Chirutha Ammal. His youngest sister, [[Ayathan Janaki Ammal]], was the first woman doctor and surgeon in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern Kerala, Studies in social and agrarian relations |date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|first=K.K.N.|last=Kurup|page=86}}</ref>

He attended Anjarakkandy Elementary School, [[Government Brennen College]] and Mission High School. He later joined [[Madras Medical College]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Annual Report of the Madras Medical College. Session 1855-56( -1876-77).|last=Madras Medical College.|date=1856–1877|oclc=562478204}}</ref> on 19 September 1884. He read about the [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Ram Mohan Roy's]] Brahmo Samaj.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nazir|first=Parwez|date=2011|title=Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Social Reform and Empowerment of Women|journal=Journal of Exclusion Studies|volume=1|issue=2|pages=1|doi=10.5958/j.2231-4547.1.2.013|issn=2231-4547|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Sati, a writeup of Raja Ram Mohan Roy about burning of widows alive|last=Rammohun Roy, Raja, 1772?-1833.|date=1996|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp|isbn=8170188989|oclc=38110572}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hatcher|first=Brian A.|title=Debendranath Tagore and the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā|date=1 January 2008|work=Bourgeouis Hinduism, or Faith of the Modern Vedantists|pages=33–48|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780195326086|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326086.003.0003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Men I have seen; personal reminiscences of seven great Bengalis.|last=Śāstrī, Śibanātha, 1847-1919.|date=1948|publisher=Sadharan Brahmo Samaj|oclc=11057931}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Killingley|first=Dermot|chapter=Rammohun Roy and the Bengal Renaissance|date=27 June 2019|pages=36–53|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198790839|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198790839.003.0003|title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Reflections on the Bengal renaissance : [papers read at a seminar, "Perspectives of the Bengal Renaissance"]|last=Seminar on Perspectives of the Bengal Renaissance (1976 : Rajshahi University)|date=1977|publisher=Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University|oclc=557887410}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|chapter=Rabindranath Tagore: His Life and Thought|date=24 February 2016|pages=1–17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315554709|doi=10.4324/9781315554709-1|title=The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Brahmoism; or, History of reformed Hinduism from its origin in 1830,.|last=Bose, Ram Chandra.|date=1884|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|oclc=1032604831}}</ref> Joined Brahmo Samaj and engaged in its social reform activities and became an active executive member of the General Committee of Calcutta Brahmo Samaj. He participated in the committee's annual conferences at various locations across India, along with Brahmo leaders such as [[Keshub Chandra Sen]], [[Debendranath Tagore]], Sivanath Sastri, [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and [[R. G. Bhandarkar]]. In 1888, he obtained a medical degree with honours and entered into government service as the first doctor in Kerala.

Gopalan married Kallat Kausallya Ammal on 30 December 1894. [[R. G. Bhandarkar|Ramakrishna Gobal Bhandhakar]], a Brahmo leader and social reformer at that time, conducted the wedding at the Madras Brahmo Samaj.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

== Social reform activities ==
=== Establishment of Brahmosamaj branches in Kerala ===
Gopalan worked as a doctor, chief surgeon, and [[Chief physician|superintendent]] at several hospitals in [[South India]]. He returned to Kerala in 1897 and joined the [[Kuthiravattam Mental Hospital|Calicut Lunatic asylum]] (now the [[Kuthiravattam Mental Hospital|Kuthiravattom Mental Hospital]]) as its first Indian superintendent. Meanwhile, [[caste]] and [[racial discrimination]], malicious practices, and social injustices were prevalent in Kerala, and atrocities against women and children were at their peak. He instituted Brahmosamaj in Kerala for the first time in 1893.

Gopalan extended his reform ideologies and propagated his reform activities by establishing the first branch of Brahmo Samaj<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bose, Ram Chandra.|title=Brahmoism; or, History of reformed Hinduism from its origin in 1830|date=1884|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|oclc=1032604831}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=brahmosamaj|date=29 May 2023|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmo-Samaj|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201045845/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmo-Samaj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=brahmosamajnet|url=https://www.thebrahmosamaj.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=brahmosamaj|url=https://www.thebrahmosamaj.net/history/history.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=brahmosamaj|url=http://adaniel.tripod.com/brahmosamaj.htm}}</ref> on 17 January 1898 at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. To conduct Samaj's meetings and prayers, a separate {{Lang|hi|brahmomandir}} (lit. "hall"){{Em dash}} was opened to the public on 1 October 1900. The {{Lang|hi|brahmomandir}} was inaugurated by [[Zamorin of Calicut|Mana Vikraman Ettan Thampuran]], the Zamorin King of Calicut.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishna Ayyar, K. V., 1894-|title=The zamorins of Calicut: from the earliest times down to A.D. 1806|date=1999|publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut|oclc=607834506}}</ref> This is situated in Jail road, Chinthavalap at Calicut. Now Dr.Ayathan Gopalan Memorial school is being run in the premises of Calicut Brahmosamaj. This is the only school left in Kerala which run under the patronage of Brahmosamaj under Calicut Brahmosamaj Society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayathan school runs under the patronage of Brahmosamaj|url=http://ayathanschool.com/history.php|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-date=6 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806172046/http://ayathanschool.com/history.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Branches of Brahmosamaj at Thalassery and Palakkad was formed subsequently. In 1924 a branch of Brahmosamaj was established at Alappuzha and a separate Brahmomandir was constructed in 1928 at Kommadi, Poonthoppu.

=== Sugunavardhini Movement and Depressed Classes Mission ===
In the year 1900, Gopalan and wife Kausallyaammal initiated the Sugunavardhini Movement and extended his social reform activities. Through this movement, he worked to foster human values in children, attract children to his social activities, protect the rights of women, and provide free education to girls and marginalised sections of society. He established the Lady Chandhawarkar Elementary School at Calicut with the intention to educate girls and the Dalit (Harijan) communities.

In 1909 he established the Depressed Classes Mission for the upliftment of [[Harijan]] (Dalit) communities in Kerala, under which he established schools and provided free education for downtrodden sections of the society. He established a boarding school at Kallai, Kozhikode, One day and night school at Palakkad, and a day school at Thalassery under the Depressed Classes Mission. The Brahmosamajists of Palakkad and Telicherry took care of the day to day activities of these schools.

He founded "Ayathan Weaving mill's" for giving secure jobs to the underprivileged section's and also the "Ayathan Clinic and Dispensary" where free treatment's were given for the poor and the underprivileged. Around 1920's a Medical school started by the British Government named the Medical School, Mananchira (Now training institute function here) This was a branch of Madras Medical College and Dr. Ayathan Gopalan was appointed as the Professor of this Medical School. He also served as the registrar of Special Marriage act and was given the rank and adored as the honorary Magistrate by the British Indian Government.

=== Impact of Sugunavardhini, Depressed Classes Mission and Brahmosamaj in Kerala ===

In addition to supporting and educating women and the underprivileged, their movement led reforms to oppose [[idolatry]]; promote and conduct {{Lang|hi|Misra Vivaham}} (inter-caste marriages) and {{Lang|hi|Misra Bhojanam}} (inter-dining); spread women's education; maintain gender equality; eradicate untouchability, caste and racial discrimination; and conduct mass prayers and communion debates. He led many strikes such as the Chevayur road samaram, Parayanchery paraya colony samaram, Puthiyara road samaram to name a few. Gopalan also participated in the Thali Road strike (Samaram at Calicut).

The hymns for prayers sung at Brahmo Samaj were composed by Gopalan and are compiled in his book ''Keerthanaratnamala.'' He conducted several inter-caste marriages at Brahmo Samaj and worked to promote non-idol worship. "[[Brahmo Dharma|Brahmodharma]]", better known as the Brahmosamaj Bible, was written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by [[Debendranath Tagore|Maharshi Debendranath Tagore]] and was translated by him into Malayalam. He promoted his reformist ideologies by conducting dramas, public awareness campaign, and writings.
The [[Sugunavardhini Movement]] and Brahmo Samaj were composed mostly of professionals and intellectuals, including [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi|Brahmananda Swamisivayogi]], [[Vagbhatananda|Vagbhatananda Guru]], and Brahmavadi P. Kunhiraman, all with a more secular approach to reform. He raised his children, grandchildren, and all his followers as a good man, without raising them to live under a particular race, religion, or creed. It is for this reason that their name has been retained as "Brahmo" without a caste name. All of his children are intermarried (Intercaste marriage) and were married according to Brahmasamaj rituals.

Rabindranath Tagore described Ayathan Gopalan as the "Raja Ram Mohan Roy of Kerala" during the annual general conference of the Brahmo Samaj.

On 4 June 1917, Gopalan was honoured by the [[British Raj|British Government]] with the highest civilian award and title, [[Rai Sahib|Rao Sahib]],<ref name=":0">"British India: INDIAN TITLE BADGE (MYB # 327), RAO BAHADUR & RAO SAHIB MEDALS". worldofcoins.eu. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omsa.org/photopost/showphoto.php?photo=65&size=big&cat=|title=rai sahib|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203140841/http://www.omsa.org/photopost/showphoto.php?photo=65&size=big&cat=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omsa.org/photopost/showphoto.php?photo=65&size=big&cat=|title=medal|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203140841/http://www.omsa.org/photopost/showphoto.php?photo=65&size=big&cat=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=21524.0|title=rao sahib|date=30 May 2023|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024044312/http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=21524.0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India By Sharma, Sharma B.k.. 2007. p. 83.}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Kaur, Madanjit (2008). Maharaja Ranjit Singh. |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2008|isbn=9788189899547}}</ref> for his social and humanitarian services.

He died on 2 May 1948.

==Works==
Gopalan translated the Bible of Brahmo Samaj, [[Brahmo Dharma|Brahmodharma]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The offering. [Reprinted on the occasion of the centenary celebration of Maharshideva's initiation into the Brahma Dharma].|last=Ṭhākura, Debendranātha, 1817-1905.|date=c. 1943|oclc=910095}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hatcher|first=Brian A.|title=Debendranath Tagore and the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā|date=1 January 2008|work=Bourgeouis Hinduism, or Faith of the Modern Vedantists|pages=33–48|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195326086|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326086.003.0003}}</ref> which was initially written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by [[Debendranath Tagore|Maharshi Debendranath Tagore]], to Malayalam in 1904. He wrote the first Biography book of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Malayalam and also wrote songs and [[Kirtan|keerthanams]] to be sung during Brahmo Samaj prayer meetings. He propagated his reform ideologies through drama, public awareness, and his writings. ''Saranjiniparinayam''(1899)(musical drama), ''Susheeladukham''(1903) (musical drama), and ''Plaguefarse''(drama) were among his famous dramas performed throughout by PSV Natya sangam in Kerala for many years. His other literary contributions are listed below:

* ''Raagamaalika''(1894) first book
* ''Brahmadharmam''
* ''Saranjiniparinayam'' (musical drama)(1899)
* ''Susheeladukham'' (musical drama)(1903)
* ''Plague Farse'' (drama)
* ''Gaanamaalika''
* ''Grihadharma Geethamrutham''
* ''Keerthanaratnamala''
* ''Brahmamatham''
* ''Rammohunroy (Harikatha)'' (Biography of Raja Ram Mohan Roy)
* ''Madhaaikyam''
* ''Madhavum Guruvum''
* ''Madhavan''
* ''Aaradhanayude Randu Padikal''
* ''Brahma Madhavum Ithara Madhangalum''
* ''Jaathi''
* ''Vivaahageethangal''
* ''Jai Britannia''
* ''Yeshu Daivamayirunnuvo!''
* ''British Bharana Mahathmyam''
* ''Ente Amma'' (memoir of mother Kallat Chiruthammal)

== See also ==
* [[Ayyathan Janaki Ammal]]
* [[Vagbhatananda]]
* [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]]
* [[Mithavaadi Krishnan]]
* [[Moorkoth Kumaran]]
* [[Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan]]

== References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Maharshi Vaghbhatananda Gurudevar, by Swami Brahmavrithan
* ''A Survey of Kerala History'' Prof. Sreedharan Menon .A. (1967). Kottayam: Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society [Sales Dept.]; National Book Stall.
* Prof.Sreedharamenon .A. (1987) ''Kerala History and its Makers'', Kottayam; National bookstall
* [[K. K. N. Kurup|Kurup, K. K. N.]] (1988), ''Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations'', Mittal Publications, {{ISBN|9788170990949}}
* [[Vagbhatananda#CITEREFKurup1988|Kurup (1988)]], p. 94
* [[K. K. N. Kurup|Kurup, K. K. N.]] (September 1988). "Peasantry and the Anti-Imperialist Struggles in Kerala". ''Social Scientist''. '''16''' (9): 35–45. {{doi|10.2307/3517171}}. {{JSTOR|3517171}}.
* Biography of Brahmanada Sivayogi written by K Bheeman Nair ''Asathyathil ninnu sathyathilekku''(അസത്യത്തിൽ നിന്ന് സത്യത്തിലേക്ക്)
* ''Biography of Brahmananda Swami Sivayogy'' by A K Nair
* ''Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi'' by Pavana
*''Journal of Indian history'', University of Kerela Press, 2001 p270

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, Ayyathan}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:Social reformers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Magistrates]]
[[Category:Indian phycologists]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Brahmoism]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]

Sandeep Kumar (rower)

2026-04-24T12:10:29Z

Eldartpy: started bio

{{short description|Indian rower}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Sandeep Kumar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname = Sandeep Kumar
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| nationality = Indian
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|08|12}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 5ft 0in
| weight = 55kg
| country = India
| sport =
| event =
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach = Ismail Baig
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals =
| updated = 10 July 2013
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
}}
'''Sandeep Kumar''' (born 12 August 1988) represented [[India]] in the Men's Lightweight Double Sculls at the [[2012 London Olympics]] with teammate [[Manjeet Singh (rower)|Manjeet Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/kumar-sandeep-1030298/|title=Olympic Athlete Information London 2012|work=london2012.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730190250/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/kumar-sandeep-1030298/|archive-date=30 July 2012|url-status=|access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/Sandeep-Kumar-Manjeet-Singh-finish-second-last/articleshow/15352829.cms|title=Sandeep Kumar, Manjeet Singh finish second last|work=The Times of India|date= 4 Aug 2012|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ku/sandeep-kumar-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418082207/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ku/sandeep-kumar-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|title=Sandeep Kumar Bio, Stats, and Results|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|language=en|access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Indian male rowers]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic rowers for India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Mehboob Ali (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-20T03:38:28Z

Eldartpy: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mehboob Ali
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Amroha Assembly constituency|Amroha]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Mangal Singh
| successor =
| term_start = February 2002
| term_end =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents =
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = Sakina Begum
| partner =
| relations = Bashir Ahmed (father)<ref name=Neta>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1481|publisher=My Neta|accessdate=10 June 2017|title=Mehboob Ali}}</ref>
| children = [[Parvez Ali]] Shahnawaz Ali
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]]<ref name="Neta"/>
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees = Chairman Public Accounts Committee [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| portfolio = Ex-Cabinet Minister [[Senior Secondary Education]] [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
}}

'''Mehboob Ali''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is representing the [[Amroha (Assembly constituency)|Amroha]] seat on a [[Samajwadi Party]] ticket since 2002. He has also held different ministerial berths.

== Political career ==
Mehboob Ali won his first MLA election from Khanth seat becoming lone MLA elected in 2002 on a [[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal]] ticket.<ref>{{cite web|title=A fitting lesson to the BJP|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15032002/1503200229.htm|publisher=Milli Gazette|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> Ali was given the portfolio of "Minister of State for Waqf" by Chief Minister [[Mayawati]].<ref>{{cite news|title=One more inducted into Maya ministry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/One-more-inducted-into-Maya-ministry/articleshow/37206909.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 February 2003 |access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> In [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Assembly election of 2007]], Ali contested on a [[Samajwadi Party]] ticket.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of contesting candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/May2007/pollupd/ac/states/s24/Acnstcand9.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> He retained his seat as he defeated his nearest rival candidate Mangal Singh of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 714 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslim Islamic NewsMuslim count in UP assembly – 2007|url=http://www.milligazette.com/dailyupdate/2007/200706152_muslim_count_politicians_up_india.htm|publisher=Milli Gazette|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> He continued to retain the seat in the consequent [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Assembly election of 2012]] and [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Assembly election of 2017]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amroha (Uttar Pradesh) Election Results 2017|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/amroha.html|publisher=Elections.in|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref>

In the [[Akhilesh Yadav ministry (2012–17)|Akhilesh Yadav ministry]], Ali was made the Minister of Sericulture and Textile in November 2015 during a cabinet reshuffle by Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CM assigns portfolios to his cabinet ministers|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/STATE-EDITIONS/lucknow/cm-assigns-portfolios-to-his-cabinet-ministers.html|publisher=Daily Pioneer|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref>
In October 2016, he was given the additional charge of Minor Irrigation.<ref>{{cite web|title=UP CM allocates portfolios to new ministers, Prajapati gets|url=https://indiatoday.in/lite/story/up-cm-allocates-portfolios-to-new-ministers-prajapati-gets/1/778004.html|publisher=India Today|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mehboob Ali was born in Shakarpur village near post Rajabpur district Amroha. Though Ali's wife Sakina Begum was given a ticket by his party to contest the presidency of [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]], it was later withdrawn.<ref>{{cite web|title=मंत्री महबूब अली की पत्नी का टिकट कटा|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/mehboob-ali-wife-of-the-minister-of-tickets-chopped/amp_articleshow/50208650.cms|publisher=Nav Bharat Times|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref> His son, Pervez Ali is a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council.]] He has 2 elder and 2 younger brothers. 2 elder brothers are no more named as Mohd Gani, Mehfooz Ali. Younger brothers' names are Mehmood Ali urf Bhure bhai and Shamsuddin Ali.<ref>{{cite web|title=UP Minister accused of murder, Samajwadi Party faces Muslim ire|url=https://asianage.com/amp/india/crime/031216/minister-accused-of-murder-sp-faces-muslim-ire.html|publisher=Asian Age|accessdate=10 June 2017}}</ref>

== Controversies==
As of December 2012, Ali had 15 criminal cases pending against him. They included robbery, kidnapping and attempt to murder.<ref>{{cite web|title=26 of 48 Akhilesh ministers have criminal records|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-26-of-48-akhilesh-ministers-have-criminal-records-1781045|publisher=DNA India|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref>

In March 2012, an [[First Information Report|FIR]] was lodged against Ali by Peace Party candidate Naushad Ali. Naushad Ali alleged that Mehboob Ali and his supporters had allegedly assaulted him and a polling agent.<ref>{{cite web|title=FIR lodged against SP MLA Mehboob Ali|date=4 March 2012 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/fir-lodged-against-sp-mla-mehboob-ali_762017.html|publisher=Zee News|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> He is also accused of murdering political rival Shaukat Pasha, who had contested against him in the 2012 elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Another SP leader in the dock for murder. The victim was a political rival|url=https://catchnews.com/amp/india-news/another-sp-leader-in-the-dock-for-murder-the-victim-was-a-political-rival-1480349321.html|publisher=Catch News|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> This caused sectarian conflict between the Muslim communities of Turk (to which Pasha belonged) and [[Malik]] (Ali's community). [[Gram Panchayat]]s led by Turks passed a resolution asking people not to vote for Ali. Former [[Member of Parliament]] and a member of the Turk community [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]] demanded his resignation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Murder in Amroha pits Maliks against Turks, gives Samajwadi Party a headache before UP elections|date=December 2016 |url=http://twocircles.net/2016dec01/1480603706.html|publisher=Two Circles|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mehboob}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Amroha district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Radix (company)

2026-04-17T15:03:59Z

Eldartpy:

{{Short description|Domain registry operator}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Radix
| logo = Radix, an american domain registry operators.png
| type = Private
| industry = Internet, Domain name registry
| founded = {{start date|2012}}
| founder = Bhavin Turakhia, Divyank Turakhia
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Bhavin Turakhia (Founder & CEO)
| products = gTLDs (.fun, .host, .online, .uno, .press, .pw, .site, .space, .store, .tech, .website)
| parent = Directi Group
| website = {{URL|https://radix.website}}
| hq_location = [[Mumbai]], India
}}

'''Radix Registry,''' also known as '''Radix''', is a domain registry operator known for managing and marketing new [[Generic top-level domain|generic top-level domains]] (gTLDs). It was founded in 2012 by Indian entrepreneurs [[Bhavin Turakhia|Bhavin]] and [[Divyank Turakhia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Online |first=DQINDIA |title=Radix Appoints Bhavin Turakhia as the New CEO for domain Registry Business |url=https://www.dqindia.com/radix-appoints-bhavin-turakhia-new-ceo-domain-registry-business/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.dqindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Brothers Bhavin and Divyank Turakhia founded Radix in 2012.<ref name=":0" /> The company was founded with the objective of applying for and operating new gTLDs through [[ICANN]]’s expansion program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2012 |title=ICANN set to release list of new domain proposals - The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/icann-set-to-release-list-of-new-domain-proposals/2012/06/12/gJQAbVoPXV_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526123812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/icann-set-to-release-list-of-new-domain-proposals/2012/06/12/gJQAbVoPXV_story.html |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Prior to Radix, the two had founded the tech venture Directi in 1998, when they were in their teens.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mendonca |first=Jochelle |date=2016-09-19 |title=Directi, founded by brothers Bhavin and Divyank Turakhia, to buy 1 lakh sq feet building |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/directi-founded-by-brothers-bhavin-and-divyank-turakhia-to-buy-1-lakh-sq-feet-building/articleshow/54287458.cms |access-date=2025-04-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Radix was initially a subsidiary of Directi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Shikhar |date=2013-09-11 |title=Domain.com And HostGator Owners To Buy Directi Web For $110 Million : A Strategic Win For Endurance? |url=https://dazeinfo.com/2013/09/11/hostgator-owners-buy-directi-web/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Dazeinfo |language=en-US}}</ref>

Around 2014, Radix also launched the new top-level domains “.host,” “.press,” “.space,” and “.website.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran Domain Broker Kevin Kopas Joins Radix Registry as Channel Manager for the Americas |url=https://www.dnjournal.com/archive/lowdown/2014/dailyposts/20140903.htm |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.dnjournal.com}}</ref> The company has since launched more domain extensions including “.fun,” “.online,” “.store,” “.tech,” “.site,” and “.uno.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radix is Celebrating Their 10th Anniversary With "We Are X" Campaign Launched at NamesCon Global |url=https://www.dnjournal.com/archive/lowdown/2022/dailyposts/20220913.htm |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.dnjournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=OpenSRS |date=2022-02-23 |title=Radix's TLDs continue to be strong performers |url=https://opensrs.com/blog/radixs-tlds-continue-to-be-strong-performers/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=OpenSRS |language=en-US}}</ref>

Radix formed an anti-piracy partnership with the [[Motion Picture Association|MPAA]] in 2016, which was the MPAA’s first anti-piracy partnership with a [[domain name registry]] outside the United States.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Charlotte |date=2016-05-13 |title=MPAA Clamps Copyright Infringement Anti-Piracy Partnership |url=https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2016/05/13/mpaa-clamps-down-on-copyright-infringement-with-anti-piracy-partnership/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Digital Music News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Lawmakers Urge Verisign to Help Tackle Online Piracy * TorrentFreak |url=https://torrentfreak.com/us-lawmakers-urge-verisign-to-help-tackle-online-piracy-220914/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=torrentfreak.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=2016-05-13 |title=MPAA Teams With Web Registry Radix to Smoke Out Piracy Sites |url=https://www.thewrap.com/mpaa-teams-with-web-registry-radix-to-smoke-out-piracy-sites/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> As part of the agreement, Radix would prevent pirate sites from using domain names and report copyright-infringing sites.<ref name=":1" />

In 2018, Sandeep Ramchandani was appointed as Radix’s global CEO, succeeding Bhavin Turakhia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavin Turakhia's Radix appoints Sandeep Ramchandani as global CEO |url=https://www.vccircle.com/bhavin-turakhias-radix-appoints-sandeep-ramchandani-as-global-ceo |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radix appoints Sandeep Ramchandani as its new global CEO - ET CIO |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/radix-appoints-sandeep-ramchandani-as-its-new-global-ceo/62509446 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=ETCIO.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, two of its TLDs, “.online” and “.site” domain names surpassed 1 million domains under management.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-22 |title=Radix's .SITE hits 1M milestone - Exabytes Web Hosting Blog |url=https://www.exabytes.com/blog/radixs-site-hits-1m-milestone/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radix Registry's .ONLINE Hits the One Million Domains Mark to Become One of the 5 Biggest New gTLDs |url=https://www.dnjournal.com/archive/lowdown/2018/dailyposts/20181102.htm |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.dnjournal.com}}</ref>

Radix launched the business name generator Namify in September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radix Racks Up Nearly $1 Million in 1H-2020 Premium Domain Sales and Rolls Out New Name Spinner Namify |url=https://www.dnjournal.com/archive/lowdown/2020/dailyposts/20200914.htm |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.dnjournal.com}}</ref> The app uses [[artificial intelligence]] to generate legally available business names and business logos based on the prompt given by the user.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=Daniel |date=2022-05-04 |title=Things To Think About Before Launching a Business |url=https://studybreaks.com/thoughts/things-to-think-about-before-launching-a-business/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Study Breaks |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Namify Introduces Free Business Name Generator Tool |url=https://hostingjournalist.com/news/namify-introduces-free-business-name-generator-tool |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=HostingJournalist.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Radix secured its largest non-.com gTLD sale to date after selling the domain “Betting.online” directly to a buyer for $400,000 in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radix Books Year's Biggest Non .Com gTLD Sale To Date Banking $400,000 for Betting.online |url=https://www.dnjournal.com/archive/lowdown/2023/dailyposts/1019.htm |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.dnjournal.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2012]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Domain name registries]]
[[Category:Domain name registrars]]

MDLR Airlines

2026-04-16T06:41:25Z

Eldartpy: Pg - done

{{Short description|Defunct Indian airline}}
{{Coord|28|27|30.8|N|77|2|3.9|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Airline
|airline = MDLR Airlines
|logo = MDLR Logo.jpg
|logo_size =
|fleet_size = 3
|destinations = 6
|IATA = 9H
|ICAO = MDL
|callsign = MDLR
|parent = MDLR GROUP
|founded = 2007
|commenced = 14 March 2007
|ceased = 5 November 2009
|headquarters = [[Gurgaon, Haryana]], India
|key_people = [[Gopal Goyal Kanda|Gopal Goyal]] (Chairman)
|hubs = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]
|secondary_hubs = [[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi]]
|focus_cities =
|frequent_flyer = MDLR One
|alliance =
|website = [http://www.mdlrairlines.in/ www.mdlrairlines.in] (defunct)
}}
'''MDLR Airlines''' was an [[airline]] based in [[Gurgaon]], Haryana, India. It operated scheduled domestic services. It suspended its operations from 5 November 2009.<ref name="FI">{{cite news | title= Directory: World Airlines | work= [[Flight International]] | page= 48 | date= 2007-04-10}}</ref>

== History ==
The airline started operations on 14 March 2007, was wholly owned by Murli Dhar Lakh Ram (MDLR) Group, and had around 250 employees by September 2008.<ref name="FI" /> The group originated in Sirsa, Haryana in northern India. It was started by [[Gopal Kanda]], a local politician. The airline was started in the middle of a major growth period for Indian aviation but was launched just as oil prices were climbing. It tried the full-service model promising its passengers 'pure vegetarian food', but missed lease payments to BAe for their Avro RJ70 aircraft.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

== Destinations ==
MDLR Airlines operated scheduled services to the following domestic destinations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdlrairlines.in/flash/map-3.swf |title=Route Map |publisher=Mdlrairlines.in |access-date=2013-06-09}}</ref> (as of April 2009):<ref name="FI" />

=== India ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! Country (state)
! City
! Airport
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|India ([[Bihar]])
|[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
|[[Gaya Airport]]
|{{terminated}}
|
|-
|India ([[Chandigarh]])
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[[Chandigarh Airport]]
|
|
|-
|India ([[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]])
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]
|{{airline hub}}
|
|-
|India ([[Goa]])
|[[Goa]]
|[[Goa International Airport]]
|
|
|-
|India ([[Jharkhand]])
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|[[Sonari Airport]]
|
|
|-
|India ([[Jharkhand]])
|[[Ranchi]]
|[[Birsa Munda Airport]]
|{{airline hub|Secondary hub}}
|
|-
|India ([[West Bengal]])
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]
|
|
|}

== Fleet ==

The MDLR Airlines fleet included the following aircraft (at September 2008):<ref name="FI09">{{cite journal | title= Directory: World Airlines Part 3 (2009) | journal= [[Flight International]] | pages= 29–90| date= 2009-04-14}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center"
|+MDLR Airlines fleet<ref name="FI09">{{cite journal | title= Directory: World Airlines Part 3 (2009) | journal= [[Flight International]] | pages= 29–90| date= 2009-04-14}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:140px;" | Aircraft
! rowspan="2" style="width:40px;" | Total
! colspan="3" class="unsortable" | Passengers
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px;" | Notes
|-
! style="width:25px;" | <abbr title="Club">C</abbr>
! style="width:25px;" | <abbr title="Economy">Y</abbr>
! style="width:25px;" | Total
|-
|[[British Aerospace 146|Avro RJ-70]]
|3
|6
|64
|70
|VT-MDL, VT-MDM, VT-MDN
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of airlines of India]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130328014805/http://www.mdlrairlines.co.in/ MDLR Airlines]
*[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3630514.cms MDLR misses lease payments to BAe]

{{Portalbar|India|Companies|Aviation}}
{{Airlines of India}}

[[Category:Airlines established in 2007]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Haryana]]

Akbar Moideen Thumbay

2026-04-13T19:47:15Z

Eldartpy: Starting stub

{{Short description|Dubai businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=April 2026}}[[File:Mr. Akbar Moideen Thumbay.jpg|thumb|Mr. Akbar Moideen Thumbay (Vice President – Healthcare Division, Thumbay Group)]]
'''Akbar Moideen Thumbay''' (born 1984) is a business executive based in the United Arab Emirates. He is the Vice President of the Healthcare Division at Thumbay Group, a diversified international business conglomerate headquartered in Dubai. <ref name="arabain2018">{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2018-10-28 |title=40-and-under-2018-14-Akbar Moideen Thumbay |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/406937-40-under-2018-14-akbar-moideen-thumbay |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Arabian Business: Latest News on the Middle East, Real Estate, Finance, and More |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Akbar Moideen Thumbay completed his higher education at the American University of Sharjah.<ref name="arabain2018" />

== Career ==
After completing his studies, Thumbay briefly worked with a New York-based company<ref name="arabain2018" /> before joining Thumbay Group.

He initially worked on developing the group's digital platforms<ref name="arabain2018" /> and later held managerial roles across its healthcare and retail divisions.

He subsequently served as Director of Healthcare and Retail,<ref name="arabain2018" /> overseeing operations across both sectors.

In November 2015, he was appointed Vice President of the Healthcare Division at Thumbay Group.

He has been involved in the development of health and wellness brands within the group's retail division, including Nutri Plus Vita,<ref name="arabain2018" /> as well as optical and pharmacy businesses.

== Awards and recognition ==
Thumbay was included in the *40 Under 40: The Region's Most Influential Young Business Leaders* list published by Arabian Business in 2018.<ref name="arabain2018" />

He has also been featured among young business leaders in the United Arab Emirates in *Gen Next Indians*.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gen Next Indians: Success stories of 25 young Indians in UAE |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/gen-next-indians-success-stories-of-25-young-indians-in-uae |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Other activities ==
Thumbay has been associated with sports initiatives, including ownership of the cricket team<ref name="arabain2018" /> “Thumbay Kasargod Leopards”, which participates in a regional league.

== Personal life ==
He is the son of Thumbay Moideen, founder of Thumbay Group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Thumbay Moideen – Thumbay Group |url=https://thumbaymoideen.com/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is married and has children.<ref name="arabain2018"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thumbay, Akbar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Karnataka]]

T. Karchan Gowder

2026-04-12T14:28:43Z

Eldartpy: started a article!

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. Karchan Gowder
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|5|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Udhagamandalam
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udagamandalam]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| predecessor1 = B. K. Linga Gowder
| successor1 = K. Bojan
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Agriculture
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''T. Karchan Gowder''' was an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hailed from the Balachola area in the [[Nilgiris district]]. Having completed his school final education at the Aravankadu District Board High School, Karichan Gowder belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]] party. He contested and won the [[1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1962 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam Assembly constituency]] to become a member of the state assembly.<ref>Madras Legislative Assembly Who Who 1962. Madras-9: Legislative Assembly Department. April 1962. p. 86.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Udhagamandalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Karchan Gowder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,860 |percentage=49.57% |change=-6.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Bojan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=26,278 |percentage=39.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,514 |percentage=9.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Verghese Joseph (Babooji) |party=Independent politician |votes=402 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,582 |percentage=9.93% |change= -40.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,291 |percentage=67.89% |change= 19.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,904 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

2013 Thane building collapse

2026-04-07T18:47:32Z

Eldartpy: Starting article - done

{{Short description|Building collapse in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = 2013 Thane building collapse
| image =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|2013|04|04|df=y}}
| time =
| place = [[Shil Phata, India|Shil Phata]], [[Mumbra]], [[Thane]], Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1709|N|73.0277|E|region:IN_type:event|display=inline,title}}
{{Location map |India Mumbai |label=Location of collapsed building |position=right |lat=19.1709 |long=73.0277 |caption=Shil Phata, Mumbra, Mumbai |float=none |width=200 |border=none}}
| also known as =
| cause =
| first reporter =
| filmed by =
| participants =
| outcome =
| reported deaths =
*74 total<ref name=Zee>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/thane-building-collapse-74-dead-both-builders-arrested_840046.html |title=Thane building collapse: 74 dead, both builders arrested |publisher=Zee News |date=7 April 2013 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234634/http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/thane-building-collapse-74-dead-both-builders-arrested_840046.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBN 9 arrested">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-building-collapse-9-arrested-sent-to-police-custody/383724-3-237.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409121008/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-building-collapse-9-arrested-sent-to-police-custody/383724-3-237.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2013 |title=Thane building collapse: 9 arrested, sent to police custody |publisher=IBN |date=7 April 2013 |accessdate=7 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Timesonline>Associated Press. [http://www.timesonline.com/news/world/asia/indian-police-arrest-in-mumbai-building-collapse/article_0aad389c-2e81-5492-9849-8f9cefeb3097.html "Indian police arrest 9 in Mumbai building collapse ."] ''The Times''. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Reports from a day or two earlier reported 72 killed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22049417 |title=India ends search for survivors in Mumbai rubble |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 April 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407013818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22049417 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Reuters>{{cite news |last=Prakash |first=Vivek |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-mumbai-collapse-idUSBRE93502220130406 |title=Death toll rises to 72 in Mumbai building collapse |work=Reuters |date=6 April 2013 |accessdate=6 April 2013 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310140138/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-mumbai-collapse-idUSBRE93502220130406 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNN 72">{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/06/world/asia/india-fatal-bulding-collapse/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 |title=Death toll rises to 72 in India building collapse |date=6 April 2013 |publisher=CNN |access-date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220045510/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/06/world/asia/india-fatal-bulding-collapse/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 |url-status=live }}</ref>|group="nb"}}
*18 children, 33 men, 23 women<ref name=Zee/>
| reported injuries =
*60 – 62 total<ref name="CNN 72"/>
*36 admitted to hospitals<ref name=Reuters/>{{#tag:ref|The Voice of America reported on 6 April 2013 that 36 people were still being treated at local hospitals.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/Article72-dead-in-indian-building-collapse/1636020.html "72 Dead in Indian Building Collapse "] . ''[[Voice of America]]''. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</ref>|group="nb"}}
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects =
*Jamil Qureshi, builder
*Salim Shaikh, builder
*Deepak Chavan, [[Deputy Commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]]
*Babasaheb Andhale, Assistant Municipal Commissioner
*Kiran Madke, [[Thane Municipal Corporation]] (TMC) clerk
*Hira Patil, [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] corporator
*Jehangir Sayyed, Head constable, Diaghar
*Jabbar Patel, real estate agent
*Afroz Alam Ansari, building material supplier
*Farooq Abdul Latif Chapra, "fake architect"
*Rafiq Dawood Kamdar, middleman / bribery
*Subash Rawal, TMC Executive Engineer
*Ramesh Inamdar, TMC Deputy Engineer
*Shyam Thorbole, Assistant Municipal Commissioner
*Hadisulla Rakbulla Choudhary, partner of the developer
| charges = [[Culpable homicide]] not amounting to murder, [[criminal conspiracy]] and [[duty of care|dereliction of duty]].<ref name=PTI /><ref name="TOI Two top engineers" />
| verdict =
| convictions =
| publication bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
| website = 
}}

On 4 April 2013, a building collapsed on tribal land in [[Mumbra]], a suburb of [[Thane]] in Maharashtra, India.<ref name="TOI Two top engineers" /><ref name="IBN Is Municipality as much to blame.">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130407122012/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/is-municipality-as-much-to-blame-as-builders-for-thane-collapse/383421-3-237.html "Is Municipality as much to blame as builders for Thane building collapse?"] ''IBN''. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.</ref> It has been called the worst [[building collapse]] in the area.{{Vague|date=April 2021}}<ref name="TOI Thane building collapse toll">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-building-collapse-toll-rises-to-72-rescue-ops-end/articleshow/19414087.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409103626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/thane/38326411_1_ndrf-seven-storey-building-shil-phata |url-status=live |archive-date=9 April 2013 |title=Thane building collapse toll rises to 72, rescue ops end |date=6 April 2013 |access-date=7 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Nitin Yeshwantrao}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|It has also been called the worst building collapse disaster in the past 10 years within the state of Maharashtra,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-fouryearold-girl-recovered-from-debris-opens-her-eyes/383691-3-237.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410020731/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-fouryearold-girl-recovered-from-debris-opens-her-eyes/383691-3-237.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=Thane: Four-year-old girl recovered from debris opens her eyes |date=7 April 2013 |accessdate=7 April 2013 |publisher=IBN}}</ref> and the worst in the country in 20 years.<ref name=Timesonline />|group="nb"}} Seventy-four people (18 children, 33 men and 23 women) were killed, while more than 100 survived. The search for additional survivors ended on 6 April 2013.<ref name=Zee /><ref name="IBN 9 arrested" /><ref name="BBC1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22049417 |title=India ends search for survivors in Mumbai rubble |date=6 April 2013 |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=6 April 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407013818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22049417 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DNA" />

The building was under construction and did not have an [[Certificate of occupancy|occupancy certificate]] for its 100 to 150 low- to middle-income residents.<ref name=BBC/> Living in the building were the site construction workers and families. It was reported that the building was [[illegal housing in India|illegally constructed]] because standard practices were not followed for safe, lawful construction; land acquisition and resident occupancy.

By 11 April, a total of 15 suspects were arrested including [[Construction worker|builders]], engineers, municipal officials and other responsible parties. Governmental records indicate that there were two orders to manage the number of [[illegal building]]s in the area: a 2005 [[Maharashtra]] state order to use [[remote sensing]] and a 2010 [[Bombay High Court]] order. There were also complaints made to state and municipal officials.

On 9 April, a campaign began by the [[Thane Municipal Corporation]] to demolish area illegal buildings, focusing first on "dangerous" buildings. The [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|forest department]] said that it will address encroachment of forest land in the Thane district. A [[call centre]] was established by the Thane Municipal Corporation to accept and track resolution of caller complaints about illegal buildings.

==Collapse==
At 6:30 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (13:00 [[UTC]]) on 4 April 2013, a building collapsed in the [[Shil Phata, India|Shil Phata]] area<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/thane-building-collapse-2-developers-arrested-toll-touches-72/article4587816.ece "Thane building collapse: 2 developers arrested; toll touches 72"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408100658/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/thane-building-collapse-2-developers-arrested-toll-touches-72/article4587816.ece |date=8 April 2013 }}. The Hindu. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/death-toll-in-thane-building-collapse-mounts-to-72/article4587785.ece "Death toll in Thane building collapse mounts to 72."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410172249/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/death-toll-in-thane-building-collapse-mounts-to-72/article4587785.ece |date=10 April 2013 }} ''The Hindu Business Line''. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</ref> of Mumbra, a suburb of Thane in Maharashtra, India.<ref name="IBN Is Municipality as much to blame." /><ref name=BBC>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22036751 "India building collapse near Mumbai kills 45."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909023746/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22036751 |date=9 September 2019 }} [[BBC News]]. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.</ref><ref name=CNN>Jethro Mullen and Harmeet Shah Singh. [https://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/04/world/asia/india-fatal-building-collapse/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 "At least 46 people killed in India building collapse."] [[CNN]]. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.</ref><ref name=IBN>Shoaib Ahmed, CNN-IBN. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130407115745/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-building-collapse-63-dead-marathon-rescue-operation-still-on/383500-3-237.html "Thane building collapse: 67 dead, marathon rescue operation still on."] ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' 5 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.</ref> The building collapsed quickly. First, a section of the building collapsed, it tilted, and then the entire building was brought down. A witness described the event, "The building collapsed like a pack of cards within three to four seconds."<ref name="BBC1"/><ref name=BBC/>

According to Hasina Shaikh, a school girl who lived on the fifth floor with her family: "I had just returned from school and was changing when the building started shaking and came down on us... When I regained [[consciousness]] later, I was in the hospital." She says she considers herself lucky to be alive.<ref name=BBC/> One survivor is a 10-month-old girl whose parents had not been found as of 6 April 2013.<ref name=AP/> [[Reuters]] reported the last survivor was rescued on 5 April, a woman who was "found after workers heard her voice and used camera equipment to pinpoint her location under the rubble."<ref name=Reuters/>

Dubbed the "miracle survivor", a four-year-old girl, Sandhya Thakur, was pulled from the wreckage. She was unable to open her eyes, but awoke on 7 April 2013 to the awareness that she had suffered a disaster. Her father and six brothers and sisters are missing; Her mother died when the building collapsed. She is physically unharmed, but having a hard time adjusting psychologically.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130410020731/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-fouryearold-girl-recovered-from-debris-opens-her-eyes/383691-3-237.html "Thane: Four-year-old girl recovered from debris opens her eyes."] ''The Times of India''. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</ref>

According to [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]], payments of {{INR}}50,000 will be made to the injured, and a {{INR}}200,000 payment will be made to the [[next of kin]] of the deceased.<ref name=Times/>

===Building occupied while under construction===
The building containing offices and apartments was under construction for six weeks prior to the disaster, but there are varying reports on the extent of the construction completion. ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that "Twenty-five tenements on five storeys were complete and the sixth and seventh floors were under construction." Although there was no occupancy certificate, the first four storeys of the building were illegally inhabited by site construction workers and families. In addition to families of construction workers, there were also families headed by [[rickshaw]] drivers and/or those whose children attended [[tuition center|tuition classes]] in the building. It is believed that the builder wanted the building to be inhabited to prevent it being demolished.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=CNN/><ref name=IBN/><ref name=Times/>

The developers, who intended to build up to 8 such illegal buildings, intended to sell the apartments for {{INR}}1,100 to {{INR}}1,400 per square foot. On average, the apartments were 175 square feet.<ref name=Times/>

===Land ownership===
The building had come to the attention of the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] RA Rajeevsaid because the building was said to be built illegally on forest land.<ref name=IBN/>{{#tag:ref|He said, "We had repeatedly asked the forest department to take action. We had asked [[Maharashtra State Electricity Board|MSEB]] to cut electricity to the building. We have issued notices to about 250 [[illegal housing in India|illegal buildings]] in this belt. We try [[eviction|forcible removal]]. It is not easy. Also it's a congested area; our equipment is unusable here."<ref name=IBN/>|group="nb"}} Research into the collapsed building's land ownership has determined that it was owned by a [[tribe|tribal]] family, and the adjoining lot was owned by the forest department.<ref name="TOI Two top engineers" />

Although this property was not located on forest land, R.K. Pol, [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (India)|Chief Conservator of Forests]], has said that the forest department will address [[Structural encroachment|encroachment]] issues in the Thane district from [[Jawhar|Jawahar]]-[[Mokhada]] to [[Alibaug]].<ref name="TOI Two top engineers" />

===Rescue===
The rescue efforts were supervised by [[District Collector]] P. Velarasu and [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] R.A. Rajeev, and the rescue was conducted by incident medical teams and [[fire tender]]s. A number of local hospitals treated the injured. The most critically injured people were sent to [[Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital|Sion]] and [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|JJ Hospitals]]. Moderate injuries were treated at [[Thane]] Civil Hospital and [[Kalwa, Thane|Kalwa]]'s Kalsekar and CSM Civic hospitals.<ref name=IBN/> As of 6 April 2013, 36 injured people were still receiving treatment.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406175841/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Over-60-dead-70-injured-in-Thane-building-collapse/Article1-1038292.aspx "72 dead in Thane building collapse; 2 builders arrested."] ''Hindustan Times''. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</ref>

Workers, including the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), used [[bulldozer]]s, [[hydraulic jack]]s, [[power saw]]s and [[sledgehammer]]s to break through the "mound of steel and concrete" and dug an additional {{cvt|8|ft|m}} below ground.<ref name=Reuters/><ref name="TOI Thane building collapse toll" /><ref name=AP/> The rescue effort was complicated by the way in which the floors were "sandwiched" in the collapse, making it difficult to find individuals in the rubble.<ref name="AP">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=176303382 |title=Death Toll Hits 72 in India Building Collapse |publisher=[[NPR]] |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=6 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405181705/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=176303382 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The rescue effort ended on 6 April. According to NDRF spokesperson R.S. Rajesh: "We have dug beyond the basement level, and everything is now cleared; there's nothing left."<ref name="TOI Thane building collapse toll" />

==Investigation==

===Builders===
The building collapse appeared to be the result of poor-quality building material and having been "weakly built", according to [[Police inspector]] Digamber Jangale and [[Police commissioner]] K.P. Raghuvanshi.<ref name=BBC /><ref name=AP/>{{#tag:ref|An unidentified local witness stated that: "They made an eight-story building of what was supposed to be a four-story building. People from the municipality used to visit the building but the builder still continued to add floors."<ref name=AP/>|group="nb"}} Lawful building construction in Thane district requires blueprints to be filed and approved by municipal agencies and permits obtained to connect electricity, water and sewage services. The builders did not file the blueprints in this case.<ref name=WSJ>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324504704578408722755780256 |title=India Arrests 9 People in Fatal Building Collapse |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=7 April 2013 |accessdate=8 April 2013 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907060041/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324504704578408722755780256 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The police registered a claim of "[[culpable homicide]]"<ref name=CNN/> and on 6 April 2013 arrested the builders.<ref name="TOI Two developers">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Two-developers-arrested-for-Thane-building-collapse/articleshow/19416293.cms "Two developers arrested for Thane building collapse".] ''The Times of India''. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The builders constructed an illegal apartment and 50 chawls in Vasai-Virar. The buildings were built on land in [[Acholegaon]] to be used to build a hospital, school, and police training facility. Although there were attempts to bribe [[Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation]] (VVMC) officials, the attempts were rebufffed and the buildings demolished.<ref name="DNA killer builders" />|group="nb"}}

By 12 April 2013 Hadisulla Rakbulla Choudhary, a partner of the developer, was arrested for his role.<ref name="IT Police arrest two more">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/police-arrest-thane-building-collapse-shil-phata-custody-municipal-corporation-tragedy-mumbra-158540-2013-04-11 |title=Police arrest two more in Thane building collapse case |date=12 April 2013 |access-date=12 April 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412090044/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/police-arrest-thane-building-collapse-shil-phata-custody-municipal-corporation-tragedy-mumbra/1/261863.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Officials===
Ramesh Patil, a legislator of the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) party, stated that the week before the incident he had complained the building was unfit and not legal.<ref name="IBN - Municipal officer suspended" /> He wrote and sent photographs of this and other buildings to the Thane Municipal Commissioner R.A. Rajeev, [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] Jayanthkumar Banthia, and the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]]. However, nothing was done.<ref name=Times/>

At a state assembly meeting, [[Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]] assured participants that there would be a thorough investigation of the circumstances leading up to the collapse of the building. Two individuals were suspended from duty: Senior Police Inspector K.P. Naik for [[collusion]] and the Deputy Commissioner of Thane, Deepak Chavan, for [[duty of care|dereliction of duty]].<ref name=AP/><ref name=Times>Nitin Yeshwantrao. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-building-collapse-56-including-19-children-dead-many-missing/articleshow/19408349.cms "Thane building collapse: 56 including 19 children dead, many missing"] . ''The Times of India''. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</ref><ref name="IBN - Municipal officer suspended">{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-building-collapse-municipal-officer-suspended-probe-ordered/383407-3-237.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408035631/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-building-collapse-municipal-officer-suspended-probe-ordered/383407-3-237.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2013 |title=Thane building collapse: Municipal officer suspended, probe ordered |date=5 April 2013 |agency=IBN |accessdate=5 April 2013}}</ref>

[[Pratap Sarnaik]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], demanded an investigation into the role of R.A. Rajeev, the Thane Municipal Commissioner.<ref name="Illegal structures abound">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/illegal-structures-abound-in-thane/article4588979.ece |title=Illegal structures abound in Thane (photo of builders) |date=7 April 2013 |work=The Hindu |accessdate=9 April 2013 |author=Alok Deshpande, Meena Menon |location=Mumbai |archive-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410065542/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/illegal-structures-abound-in-thane/article4588979.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
{{See also|Illegal housing in India}}

The prevalence of [[illegal housing in India]] is due to a lack of housing coupled with high population growth, and illegal buildings are attractive to lower-income people because of the low housing costs.<ref name=Reuters/><ref name=BBC/> Many people moved to the greater Mumbai area in search of jobs, and without affordable housing, thousands sleep in slums or on the streets. The [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (India)|Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation]] reports that there are approximately 19 million families with inadequate housing.<ref name=Reuters/> To meet the demands, there are many buildings constructed illegally.<ref name=Reuters/><ref name=BBC/> Further, some builders do not follow proper building practices and laws, or execute proper safety measures. Poor construction materials are also to blame in these circumstances.<ref name=Reuters/><ref name=BBC/> Within the Mumbai region there are estimated to be hundreds of illegal structures. Sameer Hashmi, a BBC reporter, says that activists "allege that unscrupulous builders often pay hefty bribes to authorities who turn a blind eye to these illegal structures and do not take any action against the builders."<ref name=BBC/>

This trend has been observed in other municipalities within Mumbai Metropolitan Development Authority in the [[Navi Mumbai]] Municipal Cooperation (NMMC) of [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Vasai]]-[[Virar]] sector, and [[Ulhasnagar]].<ref name="TOI murder"/><ref name="TOI Govt knew Thane district">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130409081445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/mumbai/38326763_1_illegal-structures-illegal-construction-construction-cost "Govt knew Thane district had 5 lakh illegal buildings, but did little."] ''The Times of India''. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</ref><ref>HT Correspondent. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Illegal-Buildings-a-big-issue-in-Vasai-Virar/Article1-717403.aspx "Illegal Buildings a big issue in Vasai-Virar."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305013729/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Illegal-Buildings-a-big-issue-in-Vasai-Virar/Article1-717403.aspx |date=5 March 2013 }} ''Hindustan Times''. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</ref><ref>Pradeep Gupta. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131112022706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-26/mumbai/34749042_1_illegal-construction-pappu-kalani-corporator "Ulhasnagar corporator accused of illegal construction on river bed"]. ''The Times of India''. 26 October 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</ref>

In 2010, the government of [[Maharashtra]] reported that there were about 500,000 illegal buildings within the [[Thane]] district.<ref name="TOI Govt knew Thane district" />

In February 2013, [[Sunil Kumar Lahoria]], a [[Navi Mumbai]] developer, was killed after having lodged complaints about 600 area illegal buildings. His son, Sandeep Kumar, said: "My father paid a very heavy price for exposing irregularities that took place with the active involvement of government officers. He made use of the [[Right to Information Act]] to deal with corruption, but he was killed."<ref name="TOI murder">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-10/mumbai/38433304_1_cidco-raigad-palm-beach-road |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-10/mumbai/38433304_1_cidco-raigad-palm-beach-road |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Lahoria's expose of illegal buildings led to murder? |date=10 April 2013 |accessdate=10 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Vijay Singh, TNN}}</ref> [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Forest department]] officials say that during drives to resolve encroachments and to raze Mumbra-Diva area illegal buildings on forest land, their staff received threats against their lives and threats that women in their families would be raped. A [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Jitendra Awhad]], and his supporters were said to be the source of these threats. According to Awhad, the threats are "blown out of proportion".<ref name="HT Forest officials 11 April">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Forest-officials-threatened-for-demolition/Article1-1040648.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412033050/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/mumbai/Forest-officials-threatened-for-demolition/Article1-1040648.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2013 |title=Forest officials threatened for demolition |date=11 April 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=11 April 2013 |author=Surendra P Ganga}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Awhad said: "I intervened in the action initiated against structures that have been around since 1980s. As far as threatening officials is concerned, everyone knows mild language doesn't work with them. "80% of constructions in Thane are illegal. That does not mean you demolish all of them."<ref name="HT Forest officials 11 April" />|group="nb"}}

===2005 remote sensing order===
According to Raju Phanse, Right to Information (RTI) activist and General Secretary of the Dharmarajya Paksha political party, Thane Municipal Corporation did not act upon the 2005 [[Maharashtra]] state resolution to identify illegal buildings. The order called for municipalities to use [[remote sensing]] technology to identify illegal buildings by 28 February 2005 and monitor [[Satellite imagery|satellite images]] every six months.<ref name="Illegal structures abound" /> R.A. Rajeev, Thane Municipal Commissioner, said that "we are doing what we can"; he admitted that 90% of Mumbra's buildings are illegal.<ref name="Illegal structures abound" />

===2010 Bombay High Court order===
The total number of illegal structures are estimated to be about 490,000 in the [[Thane district]] according to information in the [[Bombay High Court|Bombay (Mumbai) High Court]]. The structures include [[slum]]s, shops, [[chawl]]s and other buildings. Although the court ordered demolition of all such buildings in 2010, the government's response was that no illegal structures built before 2001 would be demolished and no action was taken in response to this judgement.<ref name="Illegal structures abound" />

===2012 illegal building information===
In December 2012 Legislator [[Pratap Sarnaik]] obtained information, in accordance with the [[Right to Information Act]], about the scope of the construction of illegal buildings in the Thane district.<ref name="Illegal structures abound" /> The following was reported in ''[[The Hindu]]'' for Thane's divisions:
<blockquote>For the nine divisions under the corporation last year, 505 illegal buildings were demolished, there was action against 829 (which does not mean they were demolished), and in December, 2012 alone, 104 illegal constructions were detected. The year round 146 buildings were given notices, and 53 cases of violations were filed under the Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act and 83 cases registered under the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Act.<ref name="Illegal structures abound" /></blockquote>

''The Hindu'' reported: "while the [[Thane Municipal Corporation|TMC]] says illegal buildings were demolished or given stop work notices, in reality nothing happens. The buildings were rarely brought down and people continued to live there."<ref name="Illegal structures abound" />

==Arrests==
As of 22 February 2021, nine people were arrested.<ref name=PTI /><ref name=ITN /> Information from interrogation of the two builders, and documents found in one of the builder's homes, led to the arrest of the others in this case.<ref name="TOI Two top engineers" /> Except for the engineers charged with [[duty of care|dereliction of duty]],<ref name="TOI Two top engineers" /> the suspects are charged with [[culpable homicide]] not amounting to murder and [[criminal conspiracy]].<ref name=PTI /> They could be sentenced up to life if convicted.<ref name=Timesonline />

===Suspect information===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Position / role
! scope="col" | Arrested on or before
! scope="col" | Comments of alleged activity
|- valign="top"
| Jamil or Jameel Qureshi
| Builder
| 6 April 2013
| He is charged with culpable homicide, not amounting to murder.<ref name="IBN 9 arrested" /><ref name="DNA" /><ref name="TOI Two developers" /> Qureshi said that 22 of the 74 people killed were his relatives.<ref name="Hindustan Blbg architect" />
|- valign="top"
| Salim Shaikh or Sheikh
| Builder
| 6 April 2013
| He is charged with culpable homicide, not amounting to murder.<ref name="IBN 9 arrested" /><ref name="DNA" /><ref name="TOI Two developers" />
|- valign="top"
| Deepak Chavan or Chauhan
| Deputy Commissioner, [[Thane Municipal Corporation|TMC]]
| 7 April 2013
| Chavan was suspended from active duty for his role in the affair. He was apparently paid {{INR Convert|500000}} for his final approval of the project.<ref name="IBN 9 arrested" /><ref name="DNA">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1820557/report-thane-building-collapse-two-more-arrested-tmc-begins-demolition-drive |title=Thane building collapse: Two more arrested, TMC begins demolition drive |publisher=DNA |date=9 April 2013 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411052227/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1820557/report-thane-building-collapse-two-more-arrested-tmc-begins-demolition-drive |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBN - Municipal officer suspended" /><ref name="Pune Mumbra collapse" />
|- valign="top"
| Jehangir Sayyed or Sayeed
| Head constable, Diaghar police station
| 7 April 2013
| Sayyed is said to have been paid {{INR}}4,000 for having arranged a meeting with Senior Inspector K. Naik and bribing police officers. The investigation will continue to determine who was bribed.<ref name="IBN 9 arrested" /><ref name="DNA" /><ref name="Pune Mumbra collapse"/><ref name="HT Officials ensured">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Officials-ensured-they-were-bribed-before-every-phase/Article1-1039584.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629110601/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Officials-ensured-they-were-bribed-before-every-phase/Article1-1039584.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Cops, officials took bribe after bribe for illegal Thane building |date=9 April 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=10 April 2013 |author=Debasish Panigrahi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/authorities--threatened--builders-before-striking-deal-to-turn-blind-eye/1100169/2 |title=Authorities 'threatened' builders before striking deal to turn blind eye |work=The Indian Express |date=10 April 2013 |accessdate=10 April 2013 |author=Gautam S Mengle |archive-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416223145/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/authorities--threatened--builders-before-striking-deal-to-turn-blind-eye/1100169/2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| Babasaheb or Baba Shabeb Andhale
| Assistant Municipal Commissioner of Thane
|7 April 2013
| Money was delivered to Andhale by Dawood Kamdar.<ref name="IBN 9 arrested" /><ref name="DNA" /><ref name="DNA killer builders">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1820342/report-killer-builders-put-up-chawls-on-government-land |title=Killer builders put up chawls on government land |date=9 April 2013 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |author=Imran Fazal |publisher=DNA |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411052212/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1820342/report-killer-builders-put-up-chawls-on-government-land |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| Hira Patil
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) corporator
| 7 April 2013
| Hira Patil, pulled into the case by Jabbar Patel, was paid {{INR}}500,000 to co-ordinate co-operation with senior municipal officials in Thane and Kisna Madke.<ref name="IBN 9 arrested" /><ref name="DNA" /><ref name="Pune Mumbra collapse" />
|- valign="top"
| Afroz Alam Ansari
| Building material supplier
| 7 April 2013
| Ansari supplied low cost building material.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name=WSJ/><ref name="Pune Mumbra collapse" />
|- valign="top"
| Jabbar Patel
| Real estate agent
| 7 April 2013
| According to police, Patel connected the builders with Diaghar policemen to arrange for a no-objection certificate. He requested a meeting with senior officials was arranged through Diaghar officer Sayeed and he contacted Afroz Ansari for low cost building material.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name=WSJ/><ref name="Pune Mumbra collapse">
{{cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/2013040820130408093442796bf37f31a/Mumbra-collapse-Police-civic-officials-took-Rs-20-lakh-to-clear-killer-building.html |title=Mumbra collapse: Police, civic officials took ₹ 20 lakh to clear killer building |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=8 April 2013 |accessdate=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702102935/http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/2013040820130408093442796bf37f31a/Mumbra-collapse-Police-civic-officials-took-Rs-20-lakh-to-clear-killer-building.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}
</ref>
|- valign="top"
| Kiran Madke
| Municipal Corporation clerk
| 7 April 2013
| Madke was paid {{INR}}500,000 to introduce Babasaheb Andhale to the developers.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name=WSJ/><ref name="Pune Mumbra collapse" />
|- valign="top"
| Farooq Abdul Latif Chapra
| Made building plans
| 9 April 2013
| Called the "fake architect", he has no degree in architecture but created the building plan. On the date of arrest he was 59.<ref name=ITN>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/fake-architect-journalist-held-in-mumbra-building-collapse-case-21671.html |title=Fake architect, journalist held in Mumbra building collapse case |date=9 April 2013 |agency=India TV News |accessdate=9 April 2013 |author=Rajiv Singh |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220355/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/fake-architect-journalist-held-in-mumbra-building-collapse-case-21671.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| Rafiq Dawood Kamdar
| Middleman / bribes
| 9 April 2013
| A local journalist, he is suspected of co-ordinating the bribes of local officials and police for the builders; His name was found in one of the builder's diary. On the date of arrest he was 44.<ref name=ITN/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiablooms.com/NewsDetailsPage/2013/newsDetails090413o.php |title=Thane building collapse: 2 more arrested |date=9 April 2013 |agency=India Blooms News Service |accessdate=9 April 2013 |location=Mumbai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130335/http://www.indiablooms.com/NewsDetailsPage/2013/newsDetails090413o.php |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> He is said to have "clicked photographs of the illegal buildings and had then taken money from the builders." Kamdar ran Aapka Buland Ujala, a local paper.<ref name="Hindustan Blbg architect">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Bldg-architect-local-scribe-held-taking-number-of-arrests-to-11/Article1-1039585.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409230247/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/mumbai/Bldg-architect-local-scribe-held-taking-number-of-arrests-to-11/Article1-1039585.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2013 |title=Mumbai Bldg architect, local scribe held, taking number of arrests to 11 |date=9 April 2013 |agency=Hindustan |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| Subash Rawal
| Executive Engineer, responsible for removing illegal construction
| 9 April 2013
| Rawal is one of the "two top Thane municipal corporation engineers" charged with dereliction of duty. According to a senior police official, the engineers accepted bribes. Doing so, they did not conduct their assigned duties to remove encroached buildings.<ref name="PTI">{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-building-collapse-police-arrest-2-civic-engineers/384254-3-237.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502041420/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thane-building-collapse-police-arrest-2-civic-engineers/384254-3-237.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2013 |title=Thane building collapse: Police arrest 2 civic engineers |date=9 April 2013 |agency=Press Trust of India |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="TOI Two top engineers">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-10/thane/38433236_1_crime-branch-forest-department-jawahar-mokhada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502035847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-10/thane/38433236_1_crime-branch-forest-department-jawahar-mokhada |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2013 |title=Two top Thane municipal corporation engineers held for killer cave-in |date=10 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=10 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan 2 Mumbra engineers">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Two-Mumbra-civic-engineers-arrested-for-accepting-bribe/Article1-1040150.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410171044/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Two-Mumbra-civic-engineers-arrested-for-accepting-bribe/Article1-1040150.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=Two Mumbra civic engineers arrested for accepting bribe |date=10 April 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=10 April 2013 |author=Pratik Salunke}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| Ramesh Inamdar
| Deputy Engineer, responsible for removing illegal construction
| 9 April 2013
| Inamdar is the other engineer charged with dereliction of duty.<ref name="PTI" /><ref name="TOI Two top engineers" /><ref name="Hindustan 2 Mumbra engineers" />
|-
| Shyam Thorbole
| Assistant Municipal Commissioner
| 11 April 2013
| Thorbole was arrested for taking bribes of {{INR}}100,000 related to illegal housing on 23 January 2013 and later suspended. He was arrested 11 April for taking a bribe to stop the demolition drive.<ref name="IT Police arrest two more" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1821382/report-another-tmc-official-arrested-in-thane-building-collapse-case |title=Another TMC official arrested in Thane building collapse case |publisher=DNA |date=11 April 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2013 |archive-date=14 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414075746/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1821382/report-another-tmc-official-arrested-in-thane-building-collapse-case |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Hadisulla Rakbulla Choudhary
| Developer's partner
| 12 April 2013
| The Thane Police crime Branch Choudhary, also called "Uncle", was arrested by the crime branch of the Thane Police on 12 April 2013. He was a partner of the developer of the collapsed building.<ref name="IT Police arrest two more" />
|-
| Subhash Waghmare
| employee of Thane Municipal Corporation
| 14 April 2013
| Waghmare's name figured in the diary of builder Jameel Qureshi who bribed civic officials to overlook violations in the construction of the seven-storey building.<ref name="Times od India">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-15/thane/38554690_1_thane-municipal-corporation-mumbra-civic-officials |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122450/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-15/thane/38554690_1_thane-municipal-corporation-mumbra-civic-officials |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Another TMC employees arrested in Thane building collapse case |date=15 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=15 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Ramdas Burud
| employee of Thane Municipal Corporation
| 14 April 2013
| Burud would regularly demand money from Qureshi who maintained a record of the cash paid to the officials.<ref name="Times od India"/>
|}

===Chart of suspects' alleged roles===
This chart was created based upon the builders, police and municipal suspects' alleged roles as identified in an article by the ''Pune Mirror''.<ref name="Pune Mumbra collapse" />
{{chart top|width=100%|Chart of suspects' alleged roles}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Relationship between builders, police, officials}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | Builder1 |-|v|-| Builder2 | | |Builder1=Jamil Qureshi, builder|Builder2=Salim Shaikh, builder }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | JPatel | | | | | | | | | KM | | | | JPatel=Jabbar Patel, Real estate agent| KM=Kiran Madke, TMC clerk | }}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| DP | | AA | | SN | | HP | | BA | | | | | |DP=Diaghar police, including Sayeed |AA=Afroz Ansari, building materials supplier | SN=Sayyed/Naik, Diaghar police|BA=Baba Saheb Andhale, Deepak Chauhan at TMC |HP=Hira Patel, to engage [[Thane Municipal Corporation|TMC]] officials }}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | }}
{{tree chart| NOC| |CM| |NI| |NMI| | PA | |NOC=''No objection certificate''|CM=''cheap materials''|NI=''no police interference''|NMI=''no municipal interference''|PA=''TMC project approval'' }}
{{tree chart/end}}
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|'''Notes:'''
{{notelist-lr}}
{{chart bottom}}

In addition, TMC engineers Subash Rawal and Ramesh Inamdar allegedly received bribes so that they would not demolish the building.<ref name="Hindustan 2 Mumbra engineers" />

==Legal proceedings==

The local court on 18 May 2013 granted bail to Afroz Ansari who had supplied materials and Ramdas Burud, a driver to one of the accused officials of TMC. Judge KR Warrier granted bail to them against personal bonds of Rs 15,000. The court on 17 May 2013, rejected the bail pleas of Deputy Municipal Commissioners Deepak Chavan, Shreekant Sarmokdam and Assistant Municipal Commissioner Shyam Thorbole and engineer Ramesh Inamdar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india/thane-building-collapse-case-two-get-bail/392506-3.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121251/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india/thane-building-collapse-case-two-get-bail/392506-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Thane building collapse case: Two get bail |date=18 May 2013 |work=[[CNN-IBN]] |accessdate=18 May 2013}}</ref>

==Actions to manage illegal buildings==

===Demolition drive===
A formal campaign to demolish area illegal buildings began on 9 April 2013 and is expected to be conducted before the [[monsoon]] season. It will be led by Anil Patil, Senior Engineer. The first phase of a "demolition drive" begins as 57 illegal buildings in the district (including Mumbra-Kausa area) are vacated, taken over by the Thane Municipal Council (TMC) and demolished. To support the effort, 15 additional officials will be added to the demolition cell and 9 legal advisors will be added to address legal matters. The police are engaged to facilitate evictions.<ref name="DNA" />

The demolition effort will focus first on the most dangerous buildings.<ref name="DNA Thane civic body">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1820741/report-thane-civic-body-goes-hammer-and-tongs-against-illegal-buildings |title=Thane civic body goes hammer and tongs against illegal buildings |date=10 April 2013 |agency=DNA |accessdate=10 April 2013 |author=Varsha Dugar |archive-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411052247/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1820741/report-thane-civic-body-goes-hammer-and-tongs-against-illegal-buildings |url-status=live }}</ref> Other buildings at the Lucky compound have been razed as part of this initiative.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/thane-building-collapse-two-more-arrested/article4598319.ece |title=Thane building collapse: Two more arrested (with photo) |date=9 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412072025/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/thane-building-collapse-two-more-arrested/article4598319.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cut off utilities to all illegal buildings===
Further, the TMC intends to have sewer, water, and electricity service disconnected at all illegal buildings in the district. Water and sewer should be able to be turned off immediately; TMC is requesting that electricity is turned off by the electric service.<ref name="DNA Thane civic body" />

===Call centre established===
The Thane Municipal Corporation established a [[call centre]] to receive complaints about illegal buildings on 10 April 2013. Its responsibilities include: notifying municipal officials of the complaints, tabulating information about actions taken and preparing reports of complaints and activities for the Municipal Commissioner. It is a 24 hours a day operation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/building-collapse-thane-municipal-corporation-sets-up-call-centre-for-plaints/article4602809.ece |title=Building collapse: Thane municipal corporation sets up call centre for plaints |location=Thane |work=Business Line |date=10 April 2013 |accessdate=10 April 2013 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404022443/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Corruption in India]]
*[[Housing in India]]
*[[Illegal housing in India]]
*[[Poverty in India]]
*[[Parsik Hill]], Illegal Housing section
*[[2013 Savar building collapse]], another building collapse that occurred during the same month
*[[2013 Mumbai building collapse]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*BBC. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22037586 "In pictures: Deadly Mumbai building collapse" (slideshow).] BBC. 7 April 2013.
*Times of India. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130409081445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/mumbai/38326763_1_illegal-structures-illegal-construction-construction-cost "Govt knew Thane district had 5 lakh illegal buildings, but did little."] ''Times of India.'' 6 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.

{{Disasters in India in 2013}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Building and structure collapses in 2013|Thane building collapse]]
[[Category:2013 industrial disasters|Thane building collapse]]
[[Category:2013 disasters in India|Thane building collapse]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thane]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures under construction in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in India|2013]]
[[Category:Corruption in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2010s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Disasters in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Illegal housing]]
[[Category:Residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of Thane district]]
[[Category:April 2013 in India|Thane building collapse]]

Neha Pawar

2026-04-02T08:33:12Z

Eldartpy:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neha Pawar
| image = Neha-pawar.jpg
| caption = Neha in 2017
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active =
| spouse =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Neha Pawar'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5719546/ |title=Neha Pawar - IMDb |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood films]]. She has also appeared in a Punjabi film.{{When|date=July 2025}} She is known for her films ''[[Paranthe Wali Gali]]'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shooting-of-Paranthe-Wali-Gali-begins-in-Delhi/articleshow/18414320.cms|title=Shooting of Paranthe Wali Gali begins in Delhi – Times of India|website=indiatimes.com|date=9 February 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref> and ''[[Thoda Lutf Thoda Ishq]]'' (2015).<ref name="bhaskar.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-AMR-OMC-MAT-latest-amritsar-news-042003-2825853-NOR.html|title=पंजाबी फिल्म इंडस्ट्री का ग्राफ दिन-ब-दिन बढ़ रहा : नेहा पवार|date=17 June 2017|website=bhaskar.com|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/thoda-lutf-thoda-ishq-trailer-launched/|title='Thoda Lutf Thoda Ishq' trailer launched|date=24 June 2015|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-thoda-lutf-thoda-ishq-trailer-launched-12515454.html|title=फिल्‍म 'थोड़ा लुत्‍फ, थोड़ा इश्‍क' का ट्रेलर हुआ लॉन्‍च|website=jagran.com|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/akhilesh-yadav-to-release-trailer-of-thoda-lutf-thoda-ishq-in-saifai-mahotsav-1-794019.html|title=अखिलेश यादव लॉन्च करेंगे 'थोड़ा लुत्फ थोड़ा इश्क' का ट्रेलर|website=intoday.in|date=4 January 2015 |accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/etawah-11608955.html|title=लव-कॉमेडी की कॉकटेल है थोड़ा लुत्फ थोड़ा इश्क|website=jagran.com|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> She is going to appear as main lead actress in the [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi movie]] ''[[Kirdar-E-Sardar]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/kirdar-e-sardar-star-cast-promotes-film/470892.html | title=Kirdar-E-Sardar star cast promotes film | date=22 September 2017 | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | accessdate=5 November 2018 | archive-date=6 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106092932/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/kirdar-e-sardar-star-cast-promotes-film/470892.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/a-story-woven-around-khalsa-social-evils/470459.html | title=A story woven around Khalsa, social evils | date=21 September 2017 | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | accessdate=5 November 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="bhaskar.com"/> She played leading role in Asees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-18 |title='Asees' new song 'Hakam': A fight for the right |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/asees-new-song-hakam-a-fight-for-the-right/articleshow/64631750.cms |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || [[Paranthe Wali Gali]] || Naina Kaur || Hindi film
|-
| 2015 || [[Thoda Lutf Thoda Ishq]] || Mini || Hindi film
|-
| 2017 || [[Kirdar-E-Sardar]] || || Punjabi film
|-
| 2018 || Asees<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8634328/ |title=IMDb title page |website=IMDb |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> || Resham || Punjabi film
|-
| 2019 || Amaanat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11375840/ |title=Amaanat (2019) - IMDb |website=IMDb |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> || Sharan || Punjabi film
|-
| 2021 || Life Cab<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16290136/ |title=IMDb title page |website=IMDb |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> || || Hindi film
|-
| 2022 || [[Cat_(TV_series) | CAT]] || Young Madam Aulakh || [[Netflix]] Show
|-
| 2023 || Chidiyan Da Chamba<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt28378248/ |title=IMDb title page |website=IMDb |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> || Shivi || Punjabi film
|-
| 2026 || [[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]] || Black Site Agent / Chemistry Teacher || Hindi film
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Neha Pawar}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|neha-pawar}}
* {{Twitter|pawarneha02}}
* {{Facebook|nehapawarofficial}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Neha}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India

2026-03-28T21:11:03Z

Eldartpy: started data

{{Redirect2|WP:IND|WP:INDIA|the notice board for India-related topics|WP:INB|the Manual of Style|MOS:INDIA|the essay on Independent sources|WP:IS}}
{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|active|type=geo|parent=South Asia|date=August 2020|sc1=WP:INDIA|sc2=WP:IND}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation|project=India}}
The '''India WikiProject''' is a [[WikiPedia:WikiProject|group]] dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to [[India]] and the [[History of India|history of India]]. The goals of this group are three-fold:
* to provide guidelines and recommendations for articles that describe aspects of India,
* to improve Wikipedia's coverage of India by creating, expanding, and maintaining factual articles,
* to serve as the point of discussion for issues related to India in Wikipedia.

To achieve the goals, this project group has developed features to help in managing its creative work. It includes [[#Departments|Departments]], which coordinate work on certain tasks, such as peer review or project-wide collaboration and [[#Work Groups|Work Groups]], and focus on content and articles related to India, such as cities, politics and culture.

==Participation==
The details of WikiProject India members can be found at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Members]]. Feel free to add your name and join in this initiative. The main page for discussion is [[Wikipedia:Noticeboard for India-related topics]], consider adding it to your watchlist.

===Departments===
Departments are groups of members who do specific work. Tasks include authoring, maintaining the project pages, administering portals, adding articles, participating in reviews, managing the project and so on. The following is a list of departments within the WikiProject. WikiProject Members may not necessarily do only departmental tasks. They can contribute content as a member of ''Work Groups'' as well.

==== Coverage ====
* Refine and maintain the '''[[List of basic India topics]]''', a key guide on Wikipedia to India as a subject. It serves as a table of contents, summary, and ''topic outline'' of coverage on the country India and is the most useful tool on Wikipedia for exploring and understanding fundamental material about India (and how it fits together) on Wikipedia. Its purpose is an important one: it simply enables readers to see at a glance how the subject of India is broken down, what the component topics are, and how they relate to each other - that is, how information on India is organized (here, and in the world-at-large). It is a site map and outline of knowledge that demystifies the subject known as "India". Because of its central role in the presentation of Wikipedia's coverage of this subject, it is very important to develop and maintain it to the highest level of quality: to help readers improve their conceptual awareness and understanding of India as well as find their way around this subject on Wikipedia. For examples of other pages in this set, see [[List of basic France topics]], [[List of basic Thailand topics]], [[List of basic Japan topics]], [[List of basic Taiwan topics]], and [[List of basic Iceland topics]], all of which are currently completed to a higher level of quality than this page. In other words, much work needs to be done: the [[List of basic India topics]] is incomplete, needs your editing contributions, and is especially in need of pictures!

==== Guide ====
The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Guide|guide]]''' makes a list of tools, scripts and suggestions required for editing WikiProject India related articles.

==== Assessment ====

The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Assessment|assessment department]]''' focuses on assessing the quality of Wikipedia's Indian articles. While much of the work is done in conjunction with the [[WP:1.0]] program, the article ratings are also used within the project itself to aid in recognising excellent contributions and identifying topics in need of further work.

The ratings are done in a distributed fashion through parameters in the {{tl|WikiProject India}} project banner; this causes the articles to be placed in a set of categories that serves as the basis for an [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/India articles by quality|automatically generated worklist]].

==== Peer review ====

The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Peer review|peer review department]]''' conducts peer reviews of India-related articles on request; this helps to obtain ideas for further improvement by having contributors who may not have previously worked on particular articles examine them. Project members are invited to submit articles to the department in lieu of using the generic peer review process.

==== Photography ====

The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Photography|photography department]]''' aims to provide a collection of high-quality photographs and images for use in India articles.

==== Cartography ====

The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India Maps|cartography department]]''' aims to create a collection of high-quality maps for use in India articles. The department gathers existing public domain and [[:commons:Category:Maps of India|free-license maps]] as well as creating new ones from other materials where no suitable maps can be found. All project members are welcome to request additional maps that may be needed for particular articles from the department.

==== Requests ====

The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Requested articles|Requested articles]]''' and '''Request department''' aims to organize, create and elevate the status of requested articles as well as properly categorize all newly created articles and remember to tag with wikiproject India.

==== Kitchen ====
The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards|Kitchen of WikiProject India]]''' has a list of Indian cuisine related [[WP:PUA|personal user awards]] from where you can give food barnstars to others.

==Project guidelines==
===Manual of Style===
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles}}
===Indic scripts in lead===
Per the [[WP:Manual of Style/India-related articles#Indic scripts in leads and infoboxes|Manual of Style page on India-related articles]], avoid the use of Indic scripts in the [[WP:Manual of Style/Lead section|lead sections]] or [[WP:Infobox|infoboxes]]. Instead, use [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] pronunciation guides, which are more international. Exceptions are articles on the script itself, articles on a language that uses the script, and articles on texts originally written in a particular script. This does not apply to articles that are not predominantly within the scope of WikiProject India.

== Project organisation ==
Check [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Workgroups]] to see the Project organisation.

===Project banner===
Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WikiProject India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the Wikiproject India. Please refer to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Project banner]] for banner usage guidelines.

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/userbox templates}}

==WikiProject Award==
If you notice someone making outstanding contributions to this project or any of the descendant WikiProjects, please feel free to give them any of the following [[Wikipedia:Barnstars|barnstars]].

===The India Star===
'''Syntax:''' {{tlsp|The India Star|message <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}. It will produce:

{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Image:India Barnstar.PNG|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The India Star'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Your message here <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>
|}

===The Indian Barnstar of National Merit===
'''Syntax:''' {{tlsp|The Indian Barnstar of National Merit|message <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}. It will produce:
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; width:100%;"
|rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;width:5em"| [[Image:Indian barnstar.png|50px]]
|rowspan="3" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em;" |'''The Indian Barnstar of National Merit'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: top; border-top: 1px solid gray; height:5em;"| {{{1}}}
|}

==Other templates==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! What it produces
! Uses
|-
| {{tl|WikiProject India}}
| {{WikiProject India|category=no}}
| To be placed on article talk pages, designates that an article is within the scope of the Project, articles can also be rated to find their overall quality and importance.
|-
| {{tl|WPIN-Member}}
| {{WPIN-Member}}
| Optional large banner in which users can display on their Userpage telling viewers that they are a member of the Project, can replace the Userbox or be an addition to it,
|-
| {{tl|WikiProject India invitation}}
| {{WikiProject India invitation}}
| To be placed on User talk pages of users who you have noticed contribute regularly to [[India]] related articles, if they decide to join they will list themselves on the list of participants. You can add a custom message as well as your signature in the template by using the code,
 <code><nowiki>{{subst:WikiProject India invitation|sign=~~~~|message=}} </nowiki></code>
|-
| {{tl|User WP India}}
| {{User WP India}}
|rowspan="2"|Designates that a User is a member of this Wikiproject. This can be used instead or as well as the above banner. Adds WikiProject India top icon to user page. Also, adds user to the [[:Category:WikiProject India participants|category of WikiProject India participants]].
|-
| {{tl|User WPIndia}}
| {{User WPIndia}}
|-
| {{tl|Indian Barnstar|Text here}}
| {{Indian Barnstar}}
| To be awarded to users who are greatly involved in the project <code><nowiki>{{subst:Indian Barnstar|1=Put your message here.}}</nowiki></code>
|-
| {{tl|WikiProject India talkback}}
| {{WikiProject India talkback}}
| Talkback notification for [[WT:INB]] <code><nowiki>{{subst:WikiProject India talkback|Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics|question title goes here|ts=~~~~}}</nowiki></code>
|}

*{{tl|India Links}}: Welcome template/useful links
*{{tl|India quick links}}: Welcome template/useful links (shorter version)

===Stubs===
For information on which stubs to use on India-related articles, see the list of stubs at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Stub templates]].

{{WikiProject cleanup listing|India}}
{{article alerts box}}

===Other templates===
See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Templates]] for noticeboard, WikiProject, portal, and userbox templates.


===Subpages===
* List of {{subpages}}

==Resources==
===Tools===

<noinclude>
{{User:Dispenser/Checklinks/config | interval = quarterly }}
</noinclude>
{{sisterlinks|India}}
{{Main|Wikipedia:Tools}}

{{Asia-related WikiProjects}}
{{Wikipedia help pages}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India}}
[[Category:WikiProject India| ]]
[[Category:WikiProject Countries projects]]
[[Category:WikiProjects relevant for countering systemic bias]]
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects| ]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Western Front (World War I)

2026-03-27T16:35:04Z

Eldartpy: improved article

{{Short description|Theatre of World War I in France and Belgium}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Western Front
| partof = the [[European theatre of World War I]]
| image = Western Front (World War I) 2.jpg
| caption = Clockwise from top left: Men of the [[Royal Ulster Rifles|Royal Irish Rifles]], concentrated in the trench, right before [[Trench warfare|going over the top]] on the [[First day on the Somme]]; British soldier carries a [[Wounded in action|wounded]] comrade from the battlefield on the first day of the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]]; A young German soldier during the [[Battle of Ginchy]]; American infantry storming a German [[bunker]]; A German [[Gotha G.IV]] [[heavy bomber]]; American troops with [[Renault FT]] [[tank]]s moving in the Argonne Forest to the front line during the [[Meuse–Argonne offensive]]
| image_size = 250
| date = [[Skirmish at Joncherey|2 August 1914]] – [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|11 November 1918]]
| place = [[Western Europe]]: [[Belgium]], [[French Third Republic|north-eastern France]], {{nowr|[[Alsace-Lorraine]]}}, [[Luxembourg]], western [[German Empire|Germany]]
| result = Allied victory
| combatant1 = {{ubl|'''[[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]]:'''}}
{{clist|bullets=y|title={{nobold|{{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|French Third Republic}} [[French Algeria|Algeria]]
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Tunisia|1959}} [[French Tunisia|Tunisia]]
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Morocco}} [[French Morocco|Morocco]]
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|French Third Republic}} [[French West Africa|West Africa]]
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|French Third Republic}} [[French Equatorial Africa|Equatorial Africa]]
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|French Third Republic}} [[French Indochina|Indochina]]}}
{{clist|bullets=y|title={{nobold|{{flagcountry|UKGBI}} and [[British Empire|Empire]]}}
|
{{flagcountry|size=21px|Canada|1907}}
|{{flagcountry|size=21px|Australia}}
|{{flagcountry|size=21px|Dominion of New Zealand}}
|{{flagcountry|size=21px|Union of South Africa|1912}}
|{{flagcountry|size=21px|British Raj}}
|{{flagcountry|size=21px|Dominion of Newfoundland}}
|{{flagcountry|size=21px|Bermuda|1910}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Southern Rhodesia|1890}} [[Company rule in Rhodesia|Rhodesia]]}}
{{ubl|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Belgium}}}} [[Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse|Belgium]]}}
{{ubl|{{nowrap|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}} {{small|(from 1917)}} }}}}
{{ubl|{{flagcountry|First Portuguese Republic}} {{small|(from 1916)}} }}
{{ubl|{{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[Russian Expeditionary Force in France|Russia]] {{small|(from 1916)}} }}
{{ubl|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} {{small|(from 1918)}} }}
{{ubl|{{flagdeco|Rattanakosin Kingdom|1917}} [[Siamese Expeditionary Forces|Siam]] {{small|(from 1918)}} }}
| combatant2 = {{ubl|'''[[Central Powers]]:'''
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}}}}
{{flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}}
| commander1 = {{ubl
| |{{flagdeco|French Third Republic}} [[Joseph Joffre]]
||{{flagdeco|French Third Republic}} [[Robert Nivelle]]
||{{flagdeco|French Third Republic}} [[Philippe Pétain]]
||{{flagdeco|French Third Republic}} [[Ferdinand Foch]]
|{{flagdeco|UKGBI}} [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|John French]]
||{{flagdeco|UKGBI}} [[Douglas Haig]]
}}
| commander2 = {{ubl
|{{flagdeco|German Empire}} [[Erich von Falkenhayn]]
|{{flagdeco|German Empire}} [[Paul von Hindenburg]]
| {{flagdeco|German Empire}} [[Erich Ludendorff]]}}
| strength1 = {{clist|bullets=y|title={{nobold|15,900,000}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|FRA-3}} 7,935,000{{sfn|ILO|1925|p=29}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|UKGBI}} 5,399,563{{sfn|War Office|1922|p=742}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|USA|1912}} 2,200,000{{sfn|Ayres|1919|p=105}}
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Belgium.svg|size=21px}} 380,000{{sfn|Hosch|2010|p=219}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|POR}} 55,000{{sfn|Tucker|Wood|Murphy|1999}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Russian Empire|1896}} 44,292{{efn|"General Brusilov, situated on the Austro-German border, of the General Staff, still managed to make available four special brigades to France or 745 officers and 43,547 foot soldiers."{{sfn|Maurel|2001|loc=§1}} }}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Kingdom of Italy}} 40,000{{sfn|Massimiliano|2015|p=23-24}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Rattanakosin Kingdom|1917}} 1,284}}
| strength2 = 13,250,000{{sfn|ILO|1925|p=29}}
| casualties1 = {{ubl|'''Military casualties:'''}}
{{clist|bullets=y|title={{nobold|7,500,000}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|FRA-3}} 4,808,000
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|UKGBI}} 2,264,200
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|USA|1912}} 286,330
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Belgium.svg|size=21px}} 93,100
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|POR}} 22,120
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Kingdom of Italy}} 15,000
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Russian Empire|1896}} 4,542{{efn|"The losses for the two Russian brigades were 70 officers and 4,472 soldiers killed, wounded or missing in action."{{sfn|Maurel|2001|loc=§1}}}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Rattanakosin Kingdom|1917}} 19}} 
'''Military dead:''' 2,041,000 
{{ubl|'''Civilian dead:'''|534,500}}
| casualties2 = {{ubl|'''Military casualties:'''}}
{{clist|bullets=y|title={{nobold|5,500,000}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|GER|1866}} 5,490,300{{cn|date= November 2024}}
|{{flagdeco|size=21px|Austria-Hungary}} 19,295{{sfn|Jones|2019|p=137}}}} 
'''Military dead:''' 1,495,000 
{{ubl|'''Civilian dead:'''
|424,000{{efn|424,000 German civilians died from war-related causes, {{circa| 1,000}} in air raids.{{sfn|Grebler|Winkler|1940|p=78}} }}
}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)}}
{{Campaignbox World War I}}
}}

The '''Western Front''' was one of the main [[Theatre (warfare)|theatres of war]] during [[World War I]]. Following the outbreak of war in August 1914, the [[Imperial German Army|German Army]] opened the Western Front by [[German invasion of Belgium (1914)|invading Luxembourg and Belgium]], then gaining military control of important industrial regions in [[Third Republic of France|France]]. The German advance was halted with the [[First Battle of the Marne|Battle of the Marne]]. Following the [[Race to the Sea]], both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified [[trench warfare|trenches]], stretching from the [[North Sea]] to the Swiss frontier with France, the position of which changed little except during early 1917 and again in 1918.

Between 1915 and 1917 there were several offensives along this [[Front (military)|front]]. The attacks employed massive [[artillery]] bombardments and massed [[infantry]] advances. Entrenchments, machine gun emplacements, [[barbed wire]], and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties during attacks and counter-attacks and no significant advances were made. Among the most costly of these offensives were the [[Battle of Verdun]], in 1916, with a combined 700,000 casualties, the [[Battle of the Somme]], also in 1916, with over a million casualties, and the [[Third Battle of Ypres|Battle of Passchendaele]], in 1917, with 487,000 casualties.{{sfn|Liddle|1997|pp=45–58}}{{sfn|Edmonds|1991|pp=361–363}}

To break the deadlock of the trench warfare on the Western Front, both sides tried [[Technology during World War I|new military technology]], including [[Chemical weapons in World War I|poison gas]], aircraft, and [[tank]]s. The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west led to the return of mobility in 1918. The [[German spring offensive]] of 1918 was made possible by the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] that ended the war of the [[Central Powers]] against [[Russian Republic|Russia]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]. Using short, intense [[Hurricane bombardment|"hurricane" bombardments]] and [[infiltration tactics]], the German armies moved nearly {{convert|60|mi|km|abbr=off|order=flip|sigfig=1}} to the west, the deepest advance by either side since 1914, but the success was short-lived.

The unstoppable advance of the [[Allies of World War I|entente]] armies during the [[Hundred Days Offensive]] of 1918 caused a sudden collapse of the German armies and persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable. The German government surrendered in the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]], and the terms of peace were settled by the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1919.

== 1914 ==
=== War plans – Battle of the Frontiers ===
{{See also|Schlieffen Plan|Plan XVII|Battle of the Frontiers}}
[[File:Stabilization of Western Front WWI.PNG|thumb|A 1914 map of the Western Front and the [[Race to the Sea]]]]
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=French bayonet charge.jpg|image2=German infantry 1914 HD-SN-99-02296.JPEG|width=305|caption1=A 1913 [[French Army in World War I|French]] [[bayonet charge]]|caption2=The [[Imperial German Army|German infantry]] on the battlefield on 7 August 1914}}
The Western Front was the place where the most powerful military forces in Europe, the German and French armies, met and where the First World War was decided.{{sfn|Stevenson|2005|pp=44–45}} At the outbreak of the war, the German Army, with seven field armies in the west and one in the east, executed a modified version of the [[Schlieffen Plan]], bypassing French defenses along the common border by moving quickly through neutral Belgium, and then turning southwards to attack France and attempt to encircle the [[French Army]] and trap it on the German border.{{sfn|Hamilton|Herwig|2003|p=159}} Belgian neutrality had been guaranteed by Britain under the [[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London, 1839]]; this caused Britain to join the war at the expiration of its ultimatum at midnight on 4 August. Armies under German generals [[Alexander von Kluck]] and [[Karl von Bülow]] attacked Belgium on 4 August 1914. [[Luxembourg]] had been occupied without opposition on 2 August. The first battle in Belgium was the [[Battle of Liège]], a siege that lasted from 5–16 August. Liège was well fortified and surprised the German Army under Bülow with its level of resistance. German heavy artillery was able to demolish the main forts within a few days.{{sfn|Griffith|2004|p=9}} Following the fall of Liège, most of the Belgian field army [[withdrawal (military)|retreated]] to [[Siege of Antwerp (1914)|Antwerp]], leaving the garrison of [[Namur]] isolated, with the Belgian capital, [[Brussels]], falling to the Germans on 20 August. Although the German army bypassed Antwerp, it remained a threat to their flank. Another [[Siege of Namur (1914)|siege]] followed at Namur, lasting from about 20–23 August.{{sfn|Griffiths|1986|pp=22–24, 25–26}}

The French deployed five armies on the frontier. The French [[Plan XVII]] was intended to bring about the capture of [[Alsace–Lorraine]].{{sfn|Hamilton|Herwig|2003|p=254}} On 7 August, the VII Corps attacked Alsace to capture Mulhouse and Colmar. The main offensive was launched on 14 August with the First and Second Armies attacking toward Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine.{{sfn|Griffiths|2003|p=30}} In keeping with the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans withdrew slowly while inflicting severe losses upon the French. The French Third and Fourth Armies advanced toward the [[Saar (river)|Saar]] and attempted to capture Saarburg, attacking Briey and Neufchateau but were repulsed.{{sfn|Griffiths|1986|pp=29–30}} The French VII Corps captured Mulhouse after a brief engagement first on 7 August, and then again on 23 August, but German reserve forces engaged them in the [[Battle of Mulhouse]] and forced the French to retreat twice.{{sfn|Smith|Audoin-Rouzeau|Becker|2003|p=33}}

The German Army swept through Belgium, executing civilians and razing villages. The application of "collective responsibility" against a civilian population further galvanised the entente. Newspapers condemned the German invasion, violence against civilians and destruction of property, which became known as the "[[Rape of Belgium]]."{{sfn|Horne|Kramer|2001|pp=1–608}}{{efn|A modern author uses the term only in the narrower sense of describing the [[war crime]]s committed by the Germans during this period.{{sfn|Zuckerman|2004|p=23}}}} After marching through Belgium, Luxembourg and the [[Ardennes]], the Germans advanced into northern France in late August, where they met the French Army, under [[Joseph Joffre]], and the [[Division (military)|divisions]] of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] under [[Field Marshal]] [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|Sir John French]]. A series of engagements known as the [[Battle of the Frontiers]] ensued, which included the [[Battle of Charleroi]] and the [[Battle of Mons]]. In the former battle the French Fifth Army was almost destroyed by the German 2nd and 3rd Armies and the latter delayed the German advance by a day. A [[Great Retreat|general entente retreat]] followed, resulting in more clashes at the [[Battle of Le Cateau]], the [[Siege of Maubeuge]] and the [[Battle of St. Quentin (1914)|Battle of St. Quentin]] (also called the First Battle of Guise).{{sfn|Terraine|2002|pp=78–175}}

=== First Battle of the Marne ===

{{Main|First Battle of the Marne}}

The German Army came within {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} of Paris but at the [[First Battle of the Marne]] (6–12 September), French and British troops were able to force a German retreat by exploiting a gap which appeared between the 1st and 2nd Armies, ending the German advance into France.{{sfn|Strachan|2001|pp=242–262}} The German Army retreated north of the [[Aisne (river)|Aisne]] and dug in there, establishing the beginnings of a static western front that was to last for the next three years. Following this German retirement, the opposing forces made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres, known as the [[Race to the Sea]] and quickly extended their trench systems from the [[Switzerland|Swiss frontier]] to the [[North Sea]].{{sfn|Griffiths|1986|pp=31–37}} The territory occupied by Germany held 64 percent of French [[Pig iron|pig-iron production]], 24 percent of its [[Steelmaking|steel manufacturing]] and 40 percent of the [[Coal mining|coal industry]] – dealing a serious blow to French industry.{{sfn|Kennedy|1989|pp=265–266}}

On the [[Allies of World War I|entente side]] (those countries opposing the German alliance), the final lines were occupied with the armies of each nation defending a part of the front. From the coast in the north, the primary forces were from Belgium, the British Empire and then France. Following the [[Battle of the Yser]] in October, the Belgian army controlled a {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} length of [[West Flanders]] along the coast, known as the [[Yser Front]], along the [[Yser]] and the [[Ieperlee]] from [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]] to [[Boezinge]].{{sfn|Barton|Doyle|Vandewalle|2005|p=17}} Meanwhile, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) occupied a position on the flank, having occupied a more central position.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|p=27}}

=== First Battle of Ypres ===

{{Main|First Battle of Ypres}}

From 19 October until 22 November, the German forces made their final breakthrough attempt of 1914 during the [[First Battle of Ypres]], which ended in a mutually-costly stalemate.{{sfn|Strachan|2001|pp=273–278}} After the battle, [[Erich von Falkenhayn]] judged that it was no longer possible for Germany to win the war by purely military means and on 18 November 1914 he called for a diplomatic solution. The Chancellor, [[Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg]]; ''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[Paul von Hindenburg]], commanding ''[[Ober Ost]]'' (Eastern Front high command); and his deputy, [[Erich Ludendorff]], continued to believe that victory was achievable through decisive battles. During the Lodz offensive in Poland {{nowrap|(11–25 November),}} Falkenhayn hoped that the Russians would be made amenable to peace overtures. In his discussions with Bethmann Hollweg, Falkenhayn viewed Germany and Russia as having no insoluble conflict and that the real enemies of Germany were France and Britain. A peace with only a few annexations of territory also seemed possible with France and that with Russia and France out of the war by negotiated settlements, Germany could concentrate on Britain and fight a long war with the resources of Europe at its disposal. Hindenburg and Ludendorff continued to believe that Russia could be defeated by a series of battles which cumulatively would have a decisive effect, after which Germany could finish off France and Britain.{{sfn|Foley|2007|pp=105–110}}

===Trench warfare===
{{Main|Trench warfare}}
[[File:Eerste Wereldoorlog, landoorlog, Duitse loopgraaf aan het westelijk front, 1915, SFA001005349.jpg|thumb|A German trench on the Western Front in 1915]]
Trench warfare in 1914, while not new, quickly improved and provided a very high degree of defense. According to two prominent historians:

{{quote|Trenches were longer, deeper, and better defended by steel, concrete, and barbed wire than ever before. They were far stronger and more effective than chains of forts, for they formed a continuous network, sometimes with four or five parallel lines linked by interfacings. They were dug far below the surface of the earth out of reach of the heaviest artillery.... Grand battles with the old maneuvers were out of the question. Only by bombardment, sapping, and assault could the enemy be shaken, and such operations had to be conducted on an immense scale to produce appreciable results. Indeed, it is questionable whether the German lines in France could ever have been broken if the Germans had not wasted their resources in unsuccessful assaults, and the blockade by sea had not gradually cut off their supplies. In such warfare no single general could strike a blow that would make him immortal; the "glory of fighting" sank down into the dirt and mire of trenches and dugouts.{{sfn|Robinson|Beard|1930|pp=324–325}} }}

== 1915 ==

[[File:Western front 1915-16.jpg|thumb|Map of the Western Front, 1915–16]]
Between the coast and the [[Vosges]] was a westward bulge in the trench line, named the Noyon salient after the French town at the maximum point of the German advance near [[Compiègne]]. Joffre's plan for 1915 was to attack the [[Salient (military)|salient]] on both flanks to cut it off.{{sfn|Fuller|1992|p=165}} The Fourth Army had attacked in Champagne from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 but the French were not able to attack in Artois at the same time. The [[10th Army (France)|Tenth Army]] formed the northern attack force and was to attack eastwards into the Douai plain on a {{cvt|16|km|adj=on}} front between Loos and Arras.{{sfn|Neiberg|2008|p=110}} On 10 March, as part of the larger offensive in the Artois region, the [[British Army]] fought the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]] to capture Aubers Ridge. The assault was made by four divisions on a {{cvt|2|mi|abbr=on}} front. Preceded by a hurricane bombardment lasting only 35 minutes, the village was captured within four hours. The advance then slowed because of supply and communication difficulties. The Germans brought up [[military reserves|reserves]] and [[counterattack]]ed, forestalling the attempt to capture the ridge. Since the British had used about a third of their [[shell (projectile)|artillery ammunition]], General Sir John French blamed the failure on the [[Shell Crisis of 1915]], despite the early success.{{sfn|Lyons|2000|p=112}}{{sfn|Fuller|1992|pp=166–7}}

=== Gas warfare ===

{{Main|Chemical weapons in World War I}}

All sides had signed the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]], which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare. In 1914, there had been small-scale attempts by both the French and Germans to use various [[tear gas]]es, which were not strictly prohibited by the early treaties but which were also ineffective.{{sfn|Richter|1994|p=7}} The first use of more lethal [[chemical weapon]]s on the Western Front was against the French near the Belgian town of [[Ypres]]. The Germans had already deployed gas against the Russians in the east at the [[Battle of Humin-Bolimów]].{{sfn|Doughty|2005|pp=148–151}}

[[File:The Second Battle of Ypres.jpg|thumb|left|An artist's rendition of Canadian troops at the [[Second Battle of Ypres]]]]
Despite the German plans to maintain the stalemate with the French and British, [[Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg]], commander of the [[4th Army (German Empire)|4th Army]] planned an offensive at Ypres, site of the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914. The [[Second Battle of Ypres]], April 1915, was intended to divert attention from offensives in the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] and disrupt Franco-British planning. After a two-day bombardment, the Germans released [[chemical weapons in World War I#1915: Large-scale use and lethal gases|a lethal cloud]] of {{convert|168|LT|t|abbr=on}} of [[chlorine]] onto the battlefield. Though primarily a powerful irritant, it can [[asphyxia]]te in high concentrations or prolonged exposure. Being heavier than air, the gas crept across [[no man's land#World War I|no man's land]] and drifted into the French trenches.{{sfn|Fuller|1992|pp=172–3}} The green-yellow cloud started killing some defenders and those in the rear fled in [[panic]], creating an undefended {{convert|6|km|mi|order=flip|adj=on}} gap in the entente line. The Germans were unprepared for the level of their success and lacked sufficient reserves to exploit the opening. Canadian troops on the right drew back their left flank and halted the German advance.{{sfn|Sheldon|2012|pp=81–95}} The gas attack was repeated two days later and caused a {{convert|5|km|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}} withdrawal of the Franco-British line but the opportunity had been lost.{{sfn|Sheldon|2012|pp=95–121}}

The success of this attack would not be repeated, as the entente countered by introducing gas masks and other [[countermeasure]]s. An example of the success of these measures came a year later, on 27 April in the [[Gas attacks at Hulluch]] {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} to the south of Ypres, where the [[16th (Irish) Division]] withstood several German gas attacks.{{sfn|Jones|2002|pp=22–23}} The British retaliated, developing their own chlorine gas and using it at the [[Battle of Loos]] in September 1915. Fickle winds and inexperience led to more British casualties from the gas than German.{{sfn|Richter|1994|pp=69–73, 88}} French, British and German forces all escalated the use of gas attacks through the rest of the war, developing the more deadly [[phosgene]] gas in 1915, then the infamous [[mustard gas]] in 1917, which could linger for days and could kill slowly and painfully. Countermeasures also improved and the stalemate continued.{{sfn|Richter|1994|pp=182–183, 210–211}}

=== Air warfare ===
{{Main|Aviation in World War I}}
Specialised aeroplanes for aerial combat were introduced in 1915. Aircraft were already in use for scouting and on 1 April, the French pilot [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]] became the first to shoot down an enemy aircraft by using a machine-gun that shot forward through the propeller blades. This was achieved by crudely reinforcing the blades to deflect bullets.{{sfn|Spick|2002|pp=326–327}} Several weeks later Garros force-landed behind German lines. His aeroplane was captured and sent to Dutch engineer [[Anthony Fokker]], who soon produced a significant improvement, the [[synchronization gear|interrupter gear]], in which the machine gun is synchronised with the propeller so it fires in the intervals when the blades of the propeller are out of the line of fire. This advance was quickly ushered into service, in the [[Fokker E.I]] (''Eindecker'', or monoplane, Mark 1), the first single seat [[fighter aircraft]] to combine a reasonable maximum speed with an effective armament. [[Max Immelmann]] scored the first confirmed kill in an ''Eindecker'' on 1 August.{{sfn|Wise|1981|pp=349–350}} Both sides developed improved weapons, engines, airframes and materials, until the end of the war. It also inaugurated the cult of the [[flying ace|ace]], the most famous being [[Manfred von Richthofen]] (the Red Baron). Contrary to the myth, [[Antiaircraft warfare|anti-aircraft fire]] claimed more kills than fighters.{{sfn|Granatstein|Morton|2003|p=40}}

=== Spring offensive ===

[[File:Capture of Carency aftermath 1915 1.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Carency]] after it was recaptured by France]]
The final entente offensive of the spring was the [[Second Battle of Artois]], an offensive to capture Vimy Ridge and advance into the Douai plain. The French Tenth Army attacked on 9 May after a six-day bombardment and advanced {{convert|3|mi|km|order=flip|0}} to capture Vimy Ridge. German reinforcements counter-attacked and pushed the French back towards their starting points because French reserves had been held back and the success of the attack had come as a surprise. By 15 May the advance had been stopped, although the fighting continued until 18 June.{{sfn|Smith|Audoin-Rouzeau|Becker|2003|pp=79–80}} In May the German Army captured a French document at [[La Ville-aux-Bois]] describing a new system of defence. Rather than relying on a heavily fortified front line, the defence was to be arranged in a series of echelons. The front line would be a thinly manned series of outposts, reinforced by a series of strongpoints and a sheltered reserve. If a slope was available, troops were deployed along the rear side for protection. The defence became fully integrated with command of artillery at the divisional level. Members of the German high command viewed this new scheme with some favour and it later became the basis of an elastic [[defence in depth]] doctrine against entente attacks.{{sfn|Herwig|1997|p=165}}{{sfn|Lupfer|1981|pp=1–36}}

During the autumn of 1915, the "[[Fokker Scourge]]" began to have an effect on the battlefront as entente reconnaissance aircraft were nearly driven from the skies. These [[reconnaissance aircraft]] were used to direct gunnery and photograph enemy fortifications but now the entente were nearly blinded by German fighters.{{sfn|Campbell|1981|pp=26–27}} However, the impact of German air superiority was diminished by their primarily defensive doctrine in which they tended to remain over their own lines, rather than fighting over entente held territory.{{sfn|Griffith|1994|pp=155–156}}

=== Autumn offensive ===

In September 1915 the entente launched another offensive, with the French [[Third Battle of Artois]], [[Second Battle of Champagne]] and the British at Loos. The French had spent the summer preparing for this action, with the British assuming control of more of the front to release French troops for the attack. The bombardment, which had been carefully targeted by means of [[aerial photography]],{{sfn|Bailey|2004|p=245}} began on 22 September. The main French assault was launched on 25 September and, at first, made good progress in spite of surviving wire entanglements and machine gun posts. Rather than retreating, the Germans adopted a new [[defence-in-depth]] scheme that consisted of a series of defensive zones and positions with a depth of up to {{convert|5|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Samuels|1995|pp=168–171}}

On 25 September, the British began the [[Battle of Loos]], part of the Third Battle of Artois, which was meant to supplement the larger Champagne attack. The attack was preceded by a four-day artillery bombardment of 250,000 shells and a release of 5,100 cylinders of chlorine gas.{{sfn|Palazzo|2000|p=66}}{{sfn|Hartesveldt|2005|p=17}} The attack involved two corps in the main assault and two corps performing diversionary attacks at Ypres. The British suffered heavy losses, especially due to machine gun fire during the attack and made only limited gains before they ran out of shells. A renewal of the attack on 13 October fared little better.{{sfn|Warner|2000|pp=4–31}} In December, French was replaced by General [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Douglas Haig]] as commander of the British forces.{{sfn|Wiest|2005|p=xvii}}

== 1916 ==

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R05148, Westfront, deutscher Soldat crop.jpg|thumb|German soldier on the Western Front in 1916]]
Falkenhayn believed that a breakthrough might no longer be possible and instead focused on forcing a French defeat by inflicting massive casualties.{{sfn|Lyons|2000|p=141}} His new goal was to "bleed France white."{{sfn|Knox|2007|p=153}} As such, he adopted two new strategies. The first was the use of [[unrestricted submarine warfare]] to cut off Entente supplies arriving from overseas.{{sfn|Hull|2005|pp=295–296}} The second would be attacks against the French army intended to inflict maximum casualties; Falkenhayn planned to attack a position from which the French could not retreat, for reasons of strategy and [[Patriotism|national pride]] and thus trap the French. The town of [[Verdun]] was chosen for this because it was an important stronghold, surrounded by a ring of forts, that lay near the German lines and because it guarded the direct route to Paris.{{sfn|Foley|2007|pp=207–208}}

Falkenhayn limited the size of the front to {{convert|3|–|4|mi|km|0|order=flip}} to concentrate artillery firepower and to prevent a breakthrough from a counter-offensive. He also kept tight control of the main reserve, feeding in just enough troops to keep the battle going.{{sfn|Marshall|1964|pp=236–237}} In preparation for their attack, the Germans had amassed a concentration of aircraft near the fortress. In the opening phase, they swept the air space of French aircraft, which allowed German artillery-observation aircraft and bombers to operate without interference. In May, the French countered by deploying ''escadrilles de chasse'' with superior [[Nieuport]] fighters and the air over Verdun turned into a battlefield as both sides fought for [[air superiority]].{{sfn|Campbell|1981|p=40}}

=== Battle of Verdun ===

{{Main|Battle of Verdun}}

[[File:Soldats Argonne 2.jpg|thumb|French soldiers observing enemy movements]]
The [[Battle of Verdun]] began on 21 February 1916 after a nine-day delay due to snow and blizzards. After a massive eight-hour artillery bombardment, the Germans did not expect much resistance as they slowly advanced on Verdun and its forts.{{sfn|Lyons|2000|p=143}} Sporadic French resistance was encountered. The Germans took [[Fort Douaumont]] and then reinforcements halted the German advance by 28 February.{{sfn|Martin|2001|pp=28–83}}

The Germans turned their focus to [[Le Mort Homme]] on the west bank of the Meuse which blocked the route to French artillery emplacements, from which the French fired across the river. After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign, the hill was taken by the Germans in late May. After a change in French command at Verdun from the defensive-minded [[Philippe Pétain]] to the offensive-minded [[Robert Nivelle]], the French attempted to re-capture Fort Douaumont on 22 May but were easily repulsed. The Germans captured [[Fort Vaux]] on 7 June and with the aid of [[diphosgene]] gas, came within {{convert|1|km|yd}} of the last ridge before Verdun before being contained on 23 June.{{sfn|Jones|Hook|2007|pp=23–24}}

Over the summer, the French slowly advanced. With the development of the rolling [[barrage (artillery)|barrage]], the French recaptured Fort Vaux in November and by December 1916 they had pushed the Germans back {{convert|1.3|mi|km|order=flip}} from Fort Douaumont, in the process rotating 42 divisions through the battle. The Battle of Verdun—also known as the 'Mincing Machine of Verdun' or 'Meuse Mill'{{sfn|Foley|2007|p=224}}—became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice.{{sfn|Jackson|2001|p=28}}

=== Battle of the Somme ===

{{Main|Battle of the Somme}}

[[File:British infantry Morval 25 September 1916.jpg|thumb|British infantry advance near Ginchy. Photo by [[Ernest Brooks (photographer)|Ernest Brooks]].]]
In the spring, entente commanders had been concerned about the ability of the French Army to withstand the enormous losses at Verdun. The original plans for an attack around the [[River Somme]] were modified to let the British make the main effort. This would serve to relieve pressure on the French, as well as the Russians who had also suffered great losses. On 1 July, after a week of heavy rain, British divisions in [[Picardy]] began the Battle of the Somme with the [[Battle of Albert (1916)|Battle of Albert]], supported by five French divisions on their right flank. The attack had been preceded by seven days of heavy artillery bombardment. The experienced French forces were successful in advancing but the British artillery cover had neither blasted away barbed wire, nor destroyed German trenches as effectively as was planned. They suffered the greatest number of casualties (killed, wounded and missing) in a single day in the history of the British Army, about 57,000.{{sfn|Griffiths|1986|pp=71–72}}

The Verdun lesson learnt, the entente tactical aim became the achievement of air superiority and until September, German aircraft were swept from the skies over the Somme. The success of the entente air offensive caused a reorganisation of the German air arm and both sides began using large formations of aircraft rather than relying on individual combat.{{sfn|Campbell|1981|p=42}} After regrouping, the battle continued throughout July and August, with some success for the British despite the reinforcement of the German lines. By August, General Haig had concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely and instead, switched tactics to a series of [[Military unit|small unit]] actions.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|p=79}} The effect was to straighten out the front line, which was thought necessary in preparation for a massive artillery bombardment with a major push.{{sfn|Rawson|2014|pp=140–158}}

The final phase of the battle of the Somme saw the first use of the [[tank]] on the battlefield.{{sfn|Miles|1992|pp=245–249}} The entente prepared an attack that would involve 13 British and Imperial divisions and four French corps. The attack made early progress, advancing {{convert|3500|–|4,500|yd|m|order=flip}} in places but the tanks had little effect due to their lack of numbers and mechanical unreliability.{{sfn|Prior|Wilson|2005|pp=280–281}} The final phase of the battle took place in October and early November, again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life. All told, the Somme battle had made penetrations of only {{convert|8|km|0}} and failed to reach the original objectives. The British had suffered about 420,000 casualties and the French around 200,000. It is estimated that the Germans lost 465,000, although this figure is controversial.{{sfn|Watson|2008|p=11}}

The Somme led directly to major new developments in infantry organisation and tactics; despite the terrible losses of 1 July, some divisions had managed to achieve their objectives with minimal casualties. In examining the reasons behind losses and achievements, once the British war economy produced sufficient equipment and weapons, the army made the platoon the basic tactical unit, similar to the French and German armies. At the time of the Somme, British senior commanders insisted that the company (120 men) was the smallest unit of manoeuvre; less than a year later, the section of ten men would be so.{{sfn|Corkerry|2001|p=88}}

=== Hindenburg line ===

{{Main|Hindenburg Line}}

[[File:Hindenberg line bullecourt.jpg|thumb|The Hindenburg Line at [[Bullecourt]] seen from the air]]
In August 1916 the German leadership along the Western Front had changed as Falkenhayn resigned and was replaced by Hindenburg and [[Erich Ludendorff|Ludendorff]]. The new leaders soon recognised that the battles of Verdun and the Somme had depleted the offensive capabilities of the German Army. They decided that the German Army in the west would go over to the strategic defensive for most of 1917, while the Central Powers would attack elsewhere.{{sfn|Herwig|1997|pp=246–252}}

During the Somme battle and through the winter months, the Germans created a [[fortification]] behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line, using the defensive principles elaborated since the defensive battles of 1915, including the use of [[Eingreif division]]s.{{sfn|Wynne|1976|p=290}} This was intended to shorten the German front, freeing 10 divisions for other duties. This line of fortifications ran from [[Arras]] south to [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|St Quentin]] and shortened the front by about {{convert|30|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Herwig|1997|pp=246–252}} British long-range reconnaissance aircraft first spotted the construction of the Hindenburg Line in November 1916.{{sfn|Dockrill|French|1996|p=68}}

== 1917 ==

{{Main|Hindenburg Line|Western Front tactics, 1917}}

[[File:Western Front 1917.jpg|thumb|Map of the Western Front, 1917]]
The [[Hindenburg Line]] was built between {{cvt|2|mi}} and {{cvt|30|mi}} behind the German front line.{{sfn|Marshall|1964|pp=288–289}} On 25 February the German armies west of the line began [[Operation Alberich]] a withdrawal to the line and completed the retirement on 5 April, leaving a supply desert of [[scorched earth]] to be occupied by the entente. This withdrawal negated the French strategy of attacking both flanks of the Noyon salient, as it no longer existed.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|p=99}} The British continued offensive operations as the [[War Office]] claimed, with some justification, that this withdrawal resulted from the casualties the Germans received during the Battles of the Somme and Verdun, despite the entente suffering greater losses.{{sfn|Neiberg|2004|p=46}}

On 6 April the United States declared war on Germany. In early 1915, following the sinking of the {{RMS|Lusitania||2}}, Germany had stopped unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic because of concerns of drawing the United States into the conflict. With the growing discontent of the German public due to the food shortages, the government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917. They calculated that a successful submarine and warship siege of Britain would force that country out of the war within six months, while American forces would take a year to become a serious factor on the Western Front. The [[submarine]] and surface ships had a long period of success before Britain resorted to the convoy system, bringing a large reduction in shipping losses.{{sfn|Griffiths|1986|pp=144–145}}
[[File:Sherwood Foresters following up Germans near Brie March 1917 IWM Q 1863.jpg|thumb|British Army advancing on the Western Front (March 1917)]]

By 1917, the size of the British Army on the Western Front had grown to two-thirds of the size of the French force.{{sfn|Kennedy|1989|pp=265–266}} In April 1917 the BEF began the [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Battle of Arras]].{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|pp=99–100}} The [[Canadian Corps]] and the [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Division]] of the First Army, fought the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]], completing the capture of the ridge and the Third Army to the south achieved the deepest advance since trench warfare began. Later attacks were confronted by German reinforcements defending the area using the lessons learned on the Somme in 1916. British attacks were contained and, according to Gary Sheffield, a greater rate of daily loss was inflicted on the British than in "any other major battle".{{sfn|Sheffield|2014|loc=Chapter 7}}

During the winter of 1916–1917, German air tactics had been improved, a fighter training school was opened at [[Valenciennes]] and better aircraft with twin guns were introduced. The result was higher losses of Allied aircraft, particularly for the British, Portuguese, Belgians and Australians who were struggling with outmoded aircraft, poor training and tactics. The Allied air successes over the Somme were not repeated. During their attack at Arras, the British lost 316 [[Aircrew member|air crews]] and the Canadians lost 114 compared to 44 lost by the Germans.{{sfn|Campbell|1981|p=71}} This became known to the [[Royal Flying Corps]] as [[Bloody April]].{{sfn|Hart|2005|pp=11–13}}

=== Nivelle Offensive ===

{{Main|Battle of Arras (1917)|Nivelle Offensive|1917 French Army mutinies}}
[[File:The Battle of Arras, April-May 1917 Q6301.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Arras]] in April 1917]]
The same month, the French [[Commander-in-chief]], General Robert Nivelle, ordered a new offensive against the German trenches, promising that it would end the war within 48 hours. The 16 April attack, dubbed the [[Nivelle Offensive]] (also known as the [[Second Battle of the Aisne]]), would be 1.2 million men strong, preceded by a week-long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks. The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops, with the help of two [[Russian Expeditionary Force in France|Russian brigades]], had to negotiate rough, upward-sloping terrain in extremely bad weather.{{sfn|Cockfield|1999|pp=91–114}} Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority, making reconnaissance difficult and in places, the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops.{{sfn|Uffindell|2015|p=26}} Within a week the French suffered 120,000 casualties. Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough, Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|pp=99–100}}

On 3 May the weary French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Lacking the means to punish an entire division, its officers did not immediately implement harsh measures against the mutineers. [[French Army Mutinies|Mutinies]] occurred in 54 French divisions and 20,000 men deserted. Other entente forces attacked but suffered massive casualties.{{sfn|Lyons|2000|p=243}} Appeals to patriotism and duty followed, as did mass arrests and trials. The French soldiers returned to defend their trenches but refused to participate in further offensive action.{{sfn|Marshall|1964|p=292}} On 15 May Nivelle was removed from command, replaced by Pétain who immediately stopped the offensive.{{sfn|Neiberg|2003|p=53}} The French would go on the defensive for the following months to avoid high casualties and to restore confidence in the French High Command, while the British assumed greater responsibility.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|pp=101–102}}

===American Expeditionary Force===

On 25 June the first US troops began to arrive in France, forming the [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]]. However, the American units did not enter the trenches in [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|divisional strength]] until October. The incoming troops required training and equipment before they could join in the effort, and for several months American units were relegated to support efforts.{{sfn|Griffiths|1986|p=124}} Despite this, however, their presence provided a much-needed boost to entente morale, with the promise of further reinforcements that could tip the manpower balance towards the entente.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|p=144}}

=== Flanders offensive ===

{{Main|Battle of Messines (1917)|Third Battle of Ypres}}

[[File:At close grips2.jpg|thumb|Two United States soldiers run toward a bunker past the bodies of two German soldiers.]]
In June, the British launched an offensive in Flanders, in part to take the pressure off the French armies on the Aisne, after the French part of the Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve the strategic victory that had been planned and French troops [[1917 French Army mutinies|began to mutiny]].{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|pp=101–102}} The offensive began on 7 June, with a British attack on [[Battle of Messines (1917)|Messines Ridge]], south of Ypres, to retake the ground lost in the First and Second battles in 1914. Since 1915 specialist [[Royal Engineer tunnelling companies]] had been digging tunnels under the ridge, and about {{convert|500|t|LT|abbr=on}} of explosives had been planted in 21 mines under the German defences.{{sfn|Bostyn|2002|p=227}} Following several weeks of bombardment, the explosives in 19 of these mines were detonated, killing up to 7,000 German troops. The infantry advance that followed relied on three creeping barrages which the British infantry followed to capture the plateau and the east side of the ridge in one day. German counter-attacks were defeated and the southern flank of the Gheluvelt plateau was protected from German observation.{{sfn|Edmonds|1991|p=87}}

On 11 July 1917, during [[Operation Hush|''Unternehmen Strandfest'']] (Operation Beachparty) at Nieuport on the coast, the Germans introduced a new weapon into the war when they fired a powerful blistering agent [[Sulfur mustard]] (Yellow Cross) gas. The artillery deployment allowed heavy concentrations of the gas to be used on selected targets. Mustard gas was persistent and could contaminate an area for days, denying it to the British, an additional demoralising factor. The entente powers increased production of [[Chemical weapons in World War I|gas for chemical warfare]] but took until late 1918 to copy the Germans and begin using mustard gas.{{sfn|Sheldon|2007|pp=35–36, 39}}

From 31 July to 10 November the [[Third Battle of Ypres]] included the [[First Battle of Passchendaele]] and culminated in the [[Second Battle of Passchendaele]].{{sfn|Liddle|2013|p=112}} The battle had the original aim of capturing the ridges east of Ypres then advancing to Roulers and Thourout to close the main rail line supplying the German garrisons on the Western front north of Ypres. If successful the northern armies were then to capture the German submarine bases on the Belgian coast. It was later restricted to advancing the British Army onto the ridges around Ypres, as the unusually wet weather slowed British progress. The Canadian Corps relieved the [[II ANZAC Corps]] and took the village of Passchendaele on 6 November,{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|p=103}} despite rain, mud and many casualties. The offensive was costly in manpower for both sides for relatively little gain of ground against determined German resistance but the ground captured was of great tactical importance. In the drier periods, the British advance was inexorable and during the unusually wet August and in the Autumn rains that began in early October, the Germans achieved only costly defensive successes, which led the German commanders in early October to begin preparations for a general retreat. Both sides lost a combined total of over a half million men during this offensive.{{sfn|Sheffield|2002|p=216}} The battle has become a byword among some British revisionist historians for bloody and futile slaughter, whilst the Germans called Passchendaele "the greatest martyrdom of the war."{{sfn|Sheldon|2007|pp=vi, 316}}

=== Battle of Cambrai ===

{{Main|Battle of Cambrai (1917)|l1=Battle of Cambrai}}

On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery-fire (aiming artillery without firing the guns to obtain target data) at the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]].{{sfn|Miles|1991|pp=13–15, 32–35}} The entente attacked with 324 tanks (with one-third held in reserve) and twelve divisions, advancing behind a hurricane bombardment, against two German divisions. The machines carried [[fascine]]s on their fronts to bridge trenches and the {{convert|4|m|ft|adj=mid|order=flip|-wide}} German tank traps. Special "grapnel tanks" towed hooks to pull away the German barbed wire. The attack was a great success for the British, who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four months, at a cost of only 4,000 British casualties.{{sfn|Miles|1991|p=88}} The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November, which drove back the British in the south and failed in the north. Despite the reversal, the attack was seen as a success by the entente, proving that tanks could overcome trench defences. The Germans realised that the use of tanks by the entente posed a new threat to any defensive strategy they might mount. The battle had also seen the first mass use of German ''[[Stosstruppen]]'' on the Western front in the attack, who used infantry [[infiltration tactics]] to penetrate British defences, bypassing resistance and quickly advancing into the British rear.{{sfn|Miles|1991|pp=176–248}}

== 1918 ==
[[File:Western front 1918 german.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Map of the final German offensives, 1918]]
Following the successful entente attack and penetration of the German defences at Cambrai, Ludendorff and Hindenburg determined that the only opportunity for German victory lay in a decisive attack along the Western front during the spring, before American manpower became overwhelming. On 3 March 1918, the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] was signed and Russia withdrew from the war. This would now have a dramatic effect on the conflict as 33 divisions were released from the Eastern Front for deployment to the west. The Germans occupied almost as much Russian territory under the provisions of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as they did in the Second World War but this considerably restricted their troop redeployment. The Germans achieved an advantage of 192 divisions in the west to the 178 entente divisions, which allowed Germany to pull veteran units from the line and retrain them as ''[[Stosstruppen]]'' (40 infantry and 3 cavalry divisions were retained for German occupation duties in the east).{{sfn|Herwig|1997|pp=393–397, 400–401}}

The entente lacked unity of command and suffered from morale and manpower problems, the British and French armies were severely depleted and not in a position to attack in the first half of the year, while the majority of the newly arrived American troops were still training, with just six complete divisions in the line.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|pp=139–140}} Ludendorff decided on an offensive strategy beginning with a big attack against the British on the Somme, to separate them from the French and drive them back to the channel ports.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|p=140}}{{sfn|Carlyon|2006|p=543}} The attack would combine the new storm troop tactics with over 700 aircraft,{{sfn|Murphy|2005|p=69}} tanks and a carefully planned artillery barrage that would include gas attacks.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Carlyon|2006|pp=544–545}}

=== German spring offensives ===
{{Main|German spring offensive}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-P1013-316, Westfront, deutscher Panzer in Roye.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[A7V|German tank]] in [[Roye, Somme|Roye]], 21 March 1918]]
[[Operation Michael]], the first of the [[German spring offensive]]s, very nearly succeeded in driving the entente armies apart, advancing to within shelling distance of Paris for the first time since 1914.{{sfn|Marshall|1964|pp=353–357}} As a result of the battle, the entente agreed on unity of command. General [[Ferdinand Foch]] was appointed commander of all entente forces in France. The unified entente were better able to respond to each of the German drives and the offensive turned into a battle of attrition.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|pp=141–143}} In May, the American divisions also began to play an increasing role, winning their first victory in the [[Battle of Cantigny]]. By summer, between 250,000 and 300,000 American soldiers were arriving every month.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|p=146}} A total of 2.1 million American troops would be deployed on this front before the war came to an end.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=1254}} The rapidly increasing American presence served as a counter for the large numbers of redeployed German forces.{{sfn|Baldwin|1962|p=146}}

=== Entente counter-offensives ===
{{Main|Second Battle of the Marne|Hundred Days Offensive|Armistice of 11 November 1918}}
[[File:232 2 arrivée de régiments italien en France.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Italian regiments in 1918]]
In July, Foch began the [[Second Battle of the Marne]], a counter-offensive against the Marne salient which was eliminated by August. The [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]] began two days later, with Franco-British forces spearheaded by Australian and Canadian troops, along with 600 tanks and 800 aircraft.{{sfn|Ekins|2010|p=24}} Hindenburg named 8 August as the "Black Day of the German army."{{sfn|Griffiths|1986|pp=155–156}} The [[II Army Corps (Italy)|Italian 2nd Corps]], commanded by General [[Alberico Albricci]], also participated in the operations around Reims.{{sfn|Edmonds|1994|pp=2, 31, 242, 245–246}} German manpower had been severely depleted after four years of war and its economy and society were under great internal strain. The entente fielded 216 divisions against 197 German divisions.{{sfn|Kennedy|1989|pp=266–302}} The [[Hundred Days Offensive]] beginning in August proved the final straw and following this string of military defeats, German troops began to surrender in large numbers.{{sfn|Herwig|1997|pp=426–428}} As the entente forces advanced, [[Prince Maximilian of Baden]] was appointed as [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] in October to negotiate an armistice. Ludendorff was forced out and fled to Sweden.{{sfn|Herwig|1997|pp=426–428}} The German retreat continued and the [[German Revolution]] put a new government in power. The Armistice of Compiègne was quickly signed, stopping hostilities on the Western Front on 11 November 1918, later known as [[Armistice Day]].{{sfn|Griffiths|1986|p=163}} The German [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Imperial Monarchy]] collapsed when [[Wilhelm Groener|General Groener]], the successor to Ludendorff, backed the moderate Social Democratic Government under [[Friedrich Ebert]], to forestall a revolution like those in Russia the previous year.{{sfn|Herwig|1997|p=446}}

== Aftermath ==
{{Main|Aftermath of World War I}}

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Military Casualties Western Front 1914–1918{{sfn|Ellis|2001|p=270}}{{sfn|Churchill|1938|p=558}}{{sfn|Jones|2019|p={{page needed|date=May 2021}}}}{{efn|German casualties from "Reichsarchiv 1918". Appendix F additionally breaks down the German killed figures (per the Reichsarchiv) as: 829,400 killed in action; 300,000 died of wounds; 364,000 missing reclassified as dead.{{sfn|Churchill|1938|p=558}}}}
|-
! Nationality !! Killed!! Wounded!! [[Prisoner of war|POW]]
|-
| France ||align="right"|1,395,000|| align="right"|{{circa| 6,000,000}}|| align="right" | 508,000
|-
| United Kingdom ||align="right"| 700,600 || align="right" | {{circa| 3,000,500}}|| align="right" |223,600
|-
| Canada || align="right" | 56,400 || align="right" | 259,700 || align="right" | —
|-
| United States || align="right" | 117,000 || align="right" | 330,100|| align="right" | 4,430
|-
| Australia || align="right" |48,900|| align="right" |175,900 || align="right" | —
|-
| Belgium ||align="right"| 80,200 || align="right" | 144,700 || align="right" | 10,200
|-
| New Zealand ||align="right"| 12,900 ||align="right"| 34,800 ||align="right"| —
|-
| India || align="right" | 6,670|| align="right" | 15,750 || align="right" | 1,090
|-
| Pakistan || align="right" | 6,670|| align="right" | 15,750 || align="right" | 1,090
|-
| Russia || align="right" | 7,542{{efn|Including soldiers killed, wounded or missing}} || align="right" | 20,000 || align="right" | —
|-
| Italy || align="right" | 4,500{{efn|plus another 3,500 missing}} || align="right" | 10,500 || align="right" | —
|-
| South Africa ||align="right"|3,250 ||align="right"| 8,720 ||align="right"| 2,220
|-
| Portugal || align="right"|1,290|| align="right" | 13,750 ||align="right"| 6,680
|-
| Siam ||align="right"| 19 ||align="right"| — ||align="right"| —
|-
| Entente || align="right" |'''2,440,941''' ||align="right"|'''{{circa|10,029,670}}''' || align="right"|'''c. 757,310'''
|-
| Germany ||align="right"| 1,593,000 || align="right" | 5,116,000 || align="right" | 774,000
|-
| Austro-Hungary ||align="right"| 779 ||align="right"| 13,113 ||align="right"| 5,403
|-
| '''Central Powers''' ||align="right"| '''1,593,779''' || align="right"|'''{{circa|5,129,113}}''' || align="right"|'''{{circa| 779,403}}'''
|-
| '''Grand Total''' ||align="right"| '''c. 4.034,720'''|| align="right" | '''{{circa|15,158,783}}''' || align="right"|'''c. 1,536,710'''
|}
The war along the Western Front led the German government and its allies to sue for peace in spite of German success elsewhere. As a result, the terms of the peace were dictated by France, Britain and the United States, during the 1919 [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]. The result was the [[Treaty of Versailles]], signed in June 1919 by a delegation of the new German government.{{sfn|Carlyon|2006|pp=743 & 760}} The terms of the treaty constrained Germany as an economic and military power. The Versailles treaty returned the border provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France, thus limiting the quantity of coal available to German industry. The [[Saar (League of Nations)|Saar]], which formed the west bank of the Rhine, would be demilitarized and controlled by Britain and France, while the [[Kiel Canal]] opened to international traffic. The treaty also drastically reshaped Eastern Europe. It severely limited the German armed forces by restricting the size of the army to 100,000 and prohibiting a navy or air force. The navy was sailed to [[Scapa Flow]] under the terms of surrender but was later [[Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow|scuttled]] as a reaction to the treaty.{{sfn|Massie|2004|p=787}}

=== Casualties ===
{{Main|Casualties of World War I}}

The war in the trenches of the Western Front left tens of thousands of maimed soldiers and war widows. The unprecedented loss of life had a lasting effect on popular attitudes toward war, resulting later in an entente reluctance to pursue an aggressive policy toward [[Adolf Hitler]].{{sfn|Adamthwaite|1989|pp=25–26}} Belgium suffered 30,000 civilian dead and France 40,000 (including 3,000 merchant sailors).{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=292}} The British lost {{nowrap|16,829}} civilian dead; {{nowrap|1,260 civilians}} were killed in air and naval attacks, {{nowrap|908 civilians}} were killed at sea and there were {{nowrap|14,661 merchant}} marine deaths.{{sfn|ASB|1922|p=100}}{{sfn|Ellis|1993|p=269}} Another 62,000 Belgian, 107,000 British and 300,000 French civilians died due to war-related causes.{{sfn|Hersch|1927|pp=47–61}}

=== Economic costs ===
{{See also|French war planning 1920–1940}}

Germany in 1919 was bankrupt, the people living in a state of semi-starvation and having no commerce with the remainder of the world. The entente occupied the Rhine cities of Cologne, Koblenz and Mainz, with restoration dependent on payment of reparations. In Germany a [[Stab-in-the-back myth]] ({{langx|de|Dolchstoßlegende}}) was propagated by Hindenburg, Ludendorff and other defeated generals, that the defeat was not the fault of the 'good core' of the army but due to certain left-wing groups within Germany who signed a disastrous armistice; this would later be exploited by nationalists and the [[Nazism|Nazi]] party propaganda to excuse the overthrow of the [[Weimar Republic]] in 1930 and the imposition of the Nazi dictatorship after March 1933.{{sfn|Herwig|1996|pp=87–127}}

France suffered more casualties relative to its population than any other great power and the industrial north-east of the country was devastated by the war. The provinces overrun by Germany had produced 40 percent of French coal and 58 percent of its steel output.{{sfn|Chickering|Förster|2000|p=297}} Once it was clear that Germany was going to be defeated, Ludendorff had ordered the destruction of the mines in France and Belgium.{{sfn|Marshall|1964|p=460}} His goal was to cripple the industries of Germany's main European rival. To prevent similar German attacks in the future, France later built a massive series of fortifications along the German border known as the [[Maginot Line]].{{sfn|Alexander|2003|p=180}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist }}

=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=The Making of the Second World War |last=Adamthwaite |first=Anthony P. |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-415-90716-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofsecondwo00adam_0 }}
* {{cite book|title=The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933–1940|last=Alexander|first=Martin S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-52429-2}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|ASB|1922}} |title=Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 |year=1922 |location=Bruxelles |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of Belgium and the Belgian Congo 1915–1919 (no oclc)}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924027816820|title=The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary|last=Ayres|first=L. P.|date=1 August 1919|publisher=United States War Department, General Staff|edition=2nd [online]|location=Washington, DC|oclc=869902118|access-date=4 March 2017}}
* {{cite book|title=Field Artillery and Firepower|last=Bailey|first=Jonathan B. A.|year=2004 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=978-1-59114-029-0 |edition=2nd|series=AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book}}
* {{cite book |last=Baldwin |first=Hanson |title=World War I: An Outline History |year=1962 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |oclc=988365 }}
* {{cite book|title=Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War, 1914–1918 |last1=Barton |first1=Peter |last2=Doyle |first2=Peter |last3=Vandewalle |first3=Johan |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7735-2949-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History |last=Bostyn |first=Franky |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-4020-0433-9 |chapter=Zero Hour: Historical Note on the British Underground War in Flanders, 1915–17 |editor1-last=Doyle |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Bennett |editor2-first=Matthew R.}}
* {{cite book|title=Aces and Aircraft of World War I|last=Campbell|first=Christopher|publisher=Blandford Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-7137-0954-4 |location=Dorset}}
* {{cite book |last=Carlyon |first=Les |year=2006 |title=The Great War |publisher=MacMillan Australia |location=Sydney, New South Wales |isbn=978-1-4050-3799-0 }}
* {{cite book|title=Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918 |last1=Chickering |first1=Roger |last2=Förster |first2=Stig |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-77352-2}}
* {{cite book|title=The World Crisis|last=Churchill|first=W. S. |orig-year=1923–1929 |year=1938 |publisher=Odhams Press |location=London |oclc=4945014}}
* {{cite book|title=With Snow on Their Boots: The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I |last=Cockfield |first=Jamie H. |publisher=Macmillan |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-312-22082-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917) |publisher=Military Press|year=2001|orig-year=1917 |isbn=978-0-85420-250-8 |editor-last=Corkerry|editor-first=S. |edition=repr. |location=Milton Keynes}}
* {{cite book|title=Strategy and Intelligence: British Policy During the First World War |last1=Dockrill |first1=Michael L. |last2=French |first2=David |publisher=Continuum |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-85285-099-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War|author1-link=Robert A. Doughty|last=Doughty|first=R. A. |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2005|isbn=978-0-674-01880-8|location=Cambridge, MA}}
* {{cite book |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele) |last=Edmonds |first=J. E.|publisher=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-89839-166-4 |volume=II |location=Nashville, TN |orig-year=1948 |author-link=James Edward Edmonds}}
* {{cite book|title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918 May–July: The German Diversion Offensives and the First Allied Counter-Offensive|last=Edmonds|first=J. E.|publisher=Macmillan|year=1994|isbn=978-0-89839-211-1|edition=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press|series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents By Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|volume=III|location=London |orig-year=1939}}
* {{cite book|title=1918: Year of Victory: The End of the Great War and the Shaping of History |last=Ekins |first=Ashley |publisher=Exisle |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-921497-42-1 }}
* {{cite book|title=The World War I Databook|last=Ellis|first=John|publisher=Aurum Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-85410-766-4 |location=London}}
* {{cite book |title=The World War I Databook |last=Ellis |first=John |date=2001 |publisher=Aurum Press |isbn=978-1-85410-766-4 |location=London}}
* {{cite book|title=German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 |last=Foley |first=R. T. |publisher=CUP |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-04436-3 |location=Cambridge |orig-year=2005}}
* {{cite book|title=The Conduct of War, 1789–1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial and Russian Revolutions on War and its Conduct|last=Fuller|first=John F. C.|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-306-80467-0|location=New York |author-link=J. F. C. Fuller}}
* {{cite book|title=Canada and the Two World Wars|last1=Granatstein|first1=Jack|last2=Morton|first2=Desmond |publisher=Key Porter |year=2003|isbn=978-1-55263-509-4|location=Toronto}}
* {{cite book|title=The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary|last1=Grebler|first1=L. |last2=Winkler|first2=W. |publisher=Yale University Press for Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Economics and History |year=1940 |series=Economic and Social History of the World War. Supplementary Volumes |location=New Haven, CT |oclc=254453292}}
* {{cite book|title=Chronicle of the First World War: 1917–21|last=Gray|first=Randal|publisher=Facts on File |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8160-2139-0 |volume=II |location=Oxford/New York}}
* {{cite book|title=Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18 |last=Griffith |first=Paddy |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84176-760-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–18|last=Griffith|first=Paddy|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|location= New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-06663-0}}
* {{cite book|title=The Great War|last=Griffiths|first=William R. |publisher=Avery |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-89529-312-1 |location=Wayne, NJ |editor-last=Griess |editor-first=Thomas E.}}
* {{cite book |title=The Great War |last=Griffiths |first=William R. |publisher=Square One |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7570-0158-1}}
* {{cite book|title=The Origins of World War I|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-81735-6 |editor1-last=Hamilton |editor1-first=Richard F. |editor2-last=Herwig |editor2-first=Holger H.}}
* {{cite book|first=Peter |last=Hart |title=Bloody April: Slaughter in the Skies over Arras, 1917 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |place=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-297-84621-5 }}
* {{cite book|title=The Battles of the British Expeditionary Forces, 1914–1915: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography |last=Hartesveldt |first=Fred R. van |publisher=Greenwood |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-313-30625-9 |series=Bibliographies of Battles and leader |issue=25}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hersch |first=L. |year=1927 |title=La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- |journal=The International Review of Statistics |volume=VII |trans-title=Causes of Death in the First World War}}
* {{cite book|title=The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918|last=Herwig|first=Holger H.|publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=London |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-340-67753-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Forging the Collective Memory|last=Herwig|first=Holger |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-57181-862-1 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Keith |chapter=Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany After the Great War}}
* {{cite book |title=German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial |last1=Horne |first1=John N. |last2=Kramer |first2=Alan |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-300-08975-2 |location=Newhaven, CT |url=https://archive.org/details/germanatrocities00horn }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Hosch |editor-first=William |title=World War I: People, Politics, and Power |publisher=Britannica Educational |year=2010 |location=New York |isbn=978-1-61530-048-8 }}
* {{cite book|title=Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany|last=Hull|first=Isabel V. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-84193-1 |author-link=Isabel V. Hull}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Les tués et les disparus |publisher=Berger-Levrault, 1923–25 |others=Part II |author=International Labour Office |title=Enquête sur la production. Rapport général |trans-title=Survey of production. General Report |volume=4 |location=Paris et al. |oclc=6445561 |ref={{harvid|ILO|1925}} |language=fr |trans-chapter=The Dead and the Missing}}
* {{cite book|title=France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944|last=Jackson|first=J.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-820706-1|location=London|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/france00juli}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Jones|first=Ian|date=May 2019|title=The Austro-Hungarian Divisions on the Western Front, 1918|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=6 March 2019|url=https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/87594/OUDadWF_1918_Thesis.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319013924/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/87594/OUDadWF_1918_Thesis.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|title=World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment |last=Jones |first=Simon |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84603-151-9}}
* {{cite book|title=World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment |last1=Jones |first1=Simon |last2=Hook |first2=Richard |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2007|isbn=978-1-84603-151-9}}
* {{cite book|title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers|last=Kennedy|first=Paul|publisher=Vintage Books |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-679-72019-5}}
* {{cite book|title=To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships |last=Knox |first=MacGregor |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-87860-9 |volume=I}}
* {{cite book |last=Liddle |first=P. H. |title=Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres |year=1997 |publisher=Pen & Sword |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-0-85052-588-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Liddle |first=Peter |title=Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres |year=2013 |publisher=Leo Cooper |location=London |isbn=978-1-4738-1708-1 }}
* {{cite book |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a563816.pdf |title=The Dynamics of Doctrine, The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War |last=Lupfer |first=Timothy T. |date=July 1981 |series=Leavenworth Papers |issue=4 |publisher=US Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |oclc=784236109 |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304004811/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a563816.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|title=World War I: A Short History|last=Lyons|first=Michael J.|publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-13-020551-3 |edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book |title=The American Heritage History of World War I |last=Marshall |first=Samuel L. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1964 |location=American Heritage |author-link=Samuel Lyman Atwood Marshall |isbn=978-0-517-38555-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00mars }}
* {{cite book|title=Verdun 1916: They Shall Not Pass |last=Martin |first=William |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85532-993-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea |last=Massie |first=Robert K.|author-link=Robert K. Massie |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-345-40878-5 |location=New York |title-link=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea }}
* {{cite thesis|last1=Massimiliano|first1=Fassero|year=2015|title=The II Italian Corps deployment on the Western Front during the First World War (April 1918 – May 1919)|type=Master's Thesis|location=Fort Leavenworth, KS|publisher=U.S. Army Command and General Staff College|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a623275.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121055538/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a623275.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=21 January 2020|access-date=6 March 2019}}
* {{cite web |url=http://members.aol.com/begemot/legion/lrmarne.htm |title=The Volunteers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in the Moroccan Division during the Second Battle of Marne |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119212837/http://members.aol.com/begemot/legion/lrmarne.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008 |url-status=dead |last=Maurel |first=Henri |year=2001 }}
* {{cite book |title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme |last=Miles |first=W. |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |orig-year=1938 |isbn=978-0-901627-76-6 |edition=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |volume=II |location=London}}
* {{cite book |title=Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai |last=Miles |first=W. |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-89839-162-6 |edition=Imperial War Museum & Battery Press |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |volume=III}}
* {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Justin |title= Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An illustrated History of their Impact |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-85109-488-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Neiberg|first=Michael S.|author-link=Michael S. Neiberg|title=Foch: Supreme Allied Commander in the Great War|year=2003|publisher=Potomac Books|location=Dulles|isbn=978-1-57488-551-4|url=https://archive.org/details/fochsupremeallie00neib}}
* {{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael |title=Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York and London |isbn= 978-0-41532-718-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Neiberg|first=Michael|year=2008 |title=The Western Front 1914–1916: The History of World War I: From the Schlieffen Plan to Verdun and the Somme |publisher=Amber Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-906626-12-9}}
* {{cite book |title=Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I |last=Palazzo |first=Albert |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8032-8774-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/seekingvictoryon00albe }}
* {{cite book |title=The Somme |last1=Prior |first1=Robin |last2=Wilson |first2=Trevor |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-300-10694-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/somme00prio }}
* {{cite book |last=Rawson |first=Andrew |title=The Somme Campaign |year=2014 |publisher=Pen & Sword |location= Barnsley |isbn=978-1-78303-051-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I |last=Richter |first=D. |publisher=Leo Cooper |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-85052-388-1 |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=James Harvey |last2=Beard |first2=Charles A. |author-link1=James Harvey Robinson |author-link2=Charles A. Beard |year=1930 |title=The Development Of Modern Europe. Volume II: The Merging Of European Into World History |publisher=Ginn and Company |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofmod007381mbp }}
* {{cite book |title=Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918 |last=Samuels |first=Martin |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7146-4570-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Sheffield|first=Gary|year=2002|orig-year=2001|title=Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities |publisher=Headline Book Publishing |location=London |edition=Reprinted |isbn=978-0-7472-7157-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Sheffield |first=Gary |year=2014 |title=Command and Morale: The British Army on the Western Front 1914–1918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDIRBQAAQBAJ&q=Vimy+Ridge+losses+greater+than+any+battle+before+1918&pg=PT87 |publisher=Praetorian Press |edition=eBook |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-4738-3466-8 }}
* {{cite book|title=The German Army at Passchendaele|last=Sheldon|first= J.|publisher=Pen and Sword Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84415-564-4 |location=London}}
* {{cite book |title=The German Army on the Western Front 1915 |last=Sheldon |first=J. |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84884-466-7 |location=Barnsley}}
* {{cite book|title=France and the Great War, 1914–1918|last1=Smith|first1=Leonard V.|last2=Audoin-Rouzeau |first2=Stéphane |last3=Becker |first3=Annette |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-66631-2 |series=New Approaches to European History}}
* {{cite book|title=The Illustrated Directory of Fighters|last=Spick|first=Mike|publisher=Zenith Imprint |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7603-1343-5}}
* {{cite book|title=1914–1918: The History of the First World War|last=Stevenson|first=D.|publisher=Allen Lane |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-026817-1 |edition=pbk. Penguin |location=London |orig-year=2004}}
* {{cite book|title=The First World War: To Arms |last=Strachan |first=H. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-926191-8 |volume=I |location=Oxford}}
* {{cite book |title=Mons: The Retreat to Victory |last=Terraine |first=John |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |location=London |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84022-243-2}}
* {{cite book| last1=Tucker| first1=Spencer| last2=Wood| first2=Laura M.| last3=Murphy| first3=Justin D.| title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia| pages=783| year=1999| publisher=Taylor & Francis| isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7| oclc=40417794| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC| access-date=8 July 2018| archive-date=17 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217085008/https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC| url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |last2=Roberts |first2=Priscilla Mary |title=Encyclopedia of World War I |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=ABC-Clio |year=2005 |isbn=1-85109-420-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Uffindell|first=Andrew|year=2015 |title=The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917: A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames |publisher=Pen and Sword |location=Barsnley |isbn=978-1-78303-034-7}}
* {{cite book |last=War Office |first=The |title=Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920 |publisher=HMSO |year=1922 |location=London |oclc=924169428 |url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea |access-date=4 March 2017 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Battle of Loos |last=Warner |first=Philip |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-84022-229-6 |series=Wordsworth Military History}}
* {{cite book|title=Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918 |last=Watson |first=Alexander |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-88101-2 |series=Cambridge military histories}}
* {{cite book |title=Haig: The Evolution of a Commander |last=Wiest |first=Andrew A. |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57488-684-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/haig00andr }}
* {{cite book |title=Canadian Airmen and the First World War |last=Wise |first=S. F. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8020-2379-7 |series=The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force |volume=I |location=Toronto}}
* {{cite book |title=If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West |last=Wynne |first=G. C. |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-8371-5029-1 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |orig-year=1939}}
* {{cite book |title=The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I|last=Zuckerman|first=Larry |publisher=New York University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8147-9704-4 |location=New York}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box
|onlinebooks=no
|by=no
|lcheading=World War, 1914–1918—Campaigns—Western Front
}}

===Books===
* {{cite book |last=Cabanes |first=Bruno |title=August 1914: France, the Great War, and a Month That Changed the World Forever |year=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-30022494-8 |oclc=1129923334 |postscript=,}} argues that the extremely high casualty rate in the first month of fighting permanently transformed France.
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4lHAAAAIAAJ&q=Harvard+Alumni+in+the+Great+War&pg=PA38 |title=Our Part in the Great War |last=Gleason |first=Arthur |year=1917 |publisher=University of California |location=Burt |isbn=9781508654254 |oclc=12893987}}
* {{cite book| last=Hernâni| first=Donato| title=Dicionário das batalhas Brasileiras| language=pt| pages=593| publisher=IBRASA| year=1996| isbn=978-8-534-80034-1| oclc=491067508| url={{Google books|xeyuqtq3ImUC|plainurl=y}}}}
* {{cite book| last=McCann| first=Frank D.| title=Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937| pages=593| publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]| year=2004| isbn=978-0-804-73222-2| oclc=469729065| url={{Google books|1uBjAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=y}}}}
* {{cite book |series=History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Principal Events 1914–1918 |last1=Skinner |first1=H. T. |last2=Stacke |first2=H. Fitz M. |year=1922 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/principalevents100grea |access-date=3 March 2017 |oclc=17673086}}

===Journals===
* {{cite journal |last=Bailey |first=George |year=2005 |title=Modern Project Management and the Lessons from the Study of the Transformation of the British Expeditionary Force in the Great War |journal=Management Decision |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=56–71 |doi=10.1108/00251740510572489}}
* {{cite journal |last=Heller |first=Charles E. |date=September 1984 |number=10 |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16040coll3/id/144/rec/8 |access-date=4 March 2017 |title=Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918 |journal=Leavenworth Papers |publisher=Combat Studies Institute (CSI) Press |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |oclc=463454950 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034458/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16040coll3/id/144/rec/8 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Western Front theatre of World War I}}
* Krause, Jonathan: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/western_front Western Front], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/ 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* [http://www.westernfront.nl/ The Western Front Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110313102625/http://battlefieldseurope.co.uk/default.aspx Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095324/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Contemptible_Army/Contemptible_Army_01.htm 'That Contemptible Little Army'] by [[E. Alexander Powell]]. The British Army Seen by an American Journalist in 1916
* Watch clips from the [[Australian War Memorial]]'s collection of [http://aso.gov.au/titles/collections/awm-western-front/ films made on the Western Front 1917–1918] on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]]'s [http://aso.gov.au/ australianscreen online]

{{World War I}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Western Front (World War I)| ]]
[[Category:Austria-Hungary in World War I]]
[[Category:Military history of Belgium during World War I]]
[[Category:British Empire in World War I]]
[[Category:France in World War I]]
[[Category:German Empire in World War I]]
[[Category:Italy in World War I]]
[[Category:Portugal in World War I]]
[[Category:United Kingdom in World War I]]
[[Category:United States in World War I]]
[[Category:Military campaigns and theatres of World War I involving Australia]]
[[Category:Campaigns and theatres of World War I|Western Front]]

Gilgit Agency

2026-03-26T23:51:31Z

Eldartpy:

{{Short description|Agency of the British Indian Empire & later Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name = गिलगित एजेंसी گلگت ایجنسی
| conventional_long_name = Gilgit Agency
| common_name = Gilgit Agency
| nation = [[Indian Empire|India]] [[Pakistan]]
| status_text = [[Agencies of British India|Agency]]
| era =
| year_start = 1889
| date_start =
| event_start = [[Agencies of British India|Agency of British Raj]]
| event2 = Gilgit Wazarat leased
| date_event2 = 26 March 1935
| event3 = Lease terminated
| date_event3 = 30 July 1947
| event4 = Gilgit rebellion
| date_event4 = 1 November 1947
| event5 = [[Political officer (British Empire)|Pakistani Political agent]]
| date_event5 = 19 November 1947
| year_end = 1974
| event_end = Merged into [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Northern Areas]]
| p1 = Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
| s1 = Gilgit-Baltistan{{!}}Northern Areas
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (1846-1936).svg
| flag_p2 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of Pakistan.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Jammu and Kashmir in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg
| image_map_caption = The Gilgit Agency at the northern periphery of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1946)
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes = [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924007471935/cu31924007471935_djvu.txt "A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries"]
}}

The '''Gilgit Agency''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: गिलगित एजेंसी, گلگت ایجنسی) was an [[Agencies of British India|agency]] within the [[British Raj]]. It encompassed the [[Gilgit]] [[tehsil]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], the states of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] and [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]], the governorships of [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]], [[Koh-i-Ghizer]], [[Ishkoman Valley|Ishkoman]], [[Punial]] and the tribal areas of [[Goharabad, Gilgit-Baltistan|Gor]], [[Darel District|Darel]], [[Tangir District|Tangir]] and the district of [[Chilas]].{{Efn|Corresponding to the modern day [[Gilgit Division]] as well as [[Diamer Division]], excluding [[Astore District]]}} The agency headquarters was based in the town of Gilgit, within the Gilgit tehsil of Jammu and Kashmir.{{Efn|British agencies were generally based in British-ruled territories even though they controlled native-ruled states. In this instance, the Maharaja was persuaded to allow a base in his territory.|name=|group=}}

Gilgit Agency was bounded in the west by the [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral State]], in the northwest by Afghanistan's [[Wakhan corridor]], in the east by [[Chinese Turkestan]], in the south by the Kashmir province, and in the southeast by the [[Ladakh Wazarat|Ladakh wazarat]] of Jammu and Kashmir (which included [[Baltistan]]).

The primary objective of establishing the Gilgit Agency was to bolster and fortify these regions, particularly in the context of concerns about Russian encroachment in the area.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} An [[Officer on Special Duty]] was established in 1877 in the town of Gilgit till 1882 to monitor the Baroghil and Ishkoman passes. After seven years a permanent [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] in 1889 was established.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} In 1935, the Gilgit tehsil of the princely state was leased from the Maharaja, which also came under the administration of the Political Agent. The [[Astore District|Astore tehsil]] continued to be under the Maharaja's administration. On 1 July 1947, shortly before the [[partition of India]], not only was the Gilgit Leased Area retroceded to the Maharaja but the whole of Gilgit Agency was handed over to the Dogras.

The [[Gilgit Scouts]], who were hopeful of Jammu and Kashmir state acceding to Pakistan [[1947 Gilgit rebellion|staged a rebellion]] at the news of the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession]] of Jammu and Kashmir to India on 26 October 1947. The Gilgit Scouts, led by Major [[William Brown (British Army officer)|William Brown]], took the Dogra governor into protective custody on 1 November 1947 and raised the Pakistan flag on 2 November in Gilgit. Hunza and Nagar states had by then already sent in their accession letters addressed to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. Pakistan sent in a Political Agent on 16 November who took over the administration of the areas thereafter.{{sfnp|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}{{sfnp|Bangash, Three Forgotten Accesions|2010}}

Under the Pakistani administration, the Gilgit, Astore, and Skardu ([[Baltistan]]) tehsils, as well as the principalities previously under the agency, were clubbed together under the name of "Gilgit Agency". The unit remained in existence till 1974, after which it was abolished by the Pakistani Prime Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] and turned into the [[Federally Administered Northern Areas]] (later renamed to "Gilgit-Baltistan").<ref name="Ali2019">{{citation |last=Ali |first=Nosheen |title=Delusional States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mi-ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49744-2 |pages=33–34}}</ref>

While India continues to claim the entire region of Gilgit-Baltistan as part of the union territory of [[Ladakh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/files/POL_MAP_4M_ENG_WTR.jpg|title=Political Map of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-releases-new-political-map-of-india-showing-uts-of-jk-ladakh/articleshow/71867468.cms|title=Govt releases new political map of India showing UTs of J&K, Ladakh |website=The Times of India|date=2 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/11/02/jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-removal-of-difficulties-second-order-2019/|title=J&K Reorganisation (Removal of Difficulties) Second Order, 2019 -- [Territory of Leh district shall constitute, Gilgit, Gilgit Wazarat, Chilas, Tribal territory & 'Leh & Ladakh' except present territory of Kargil]|date=2 November 2019}}</ref> Pakistan's stand is that a plebiscite as per UN resolution be held in the territories referred to as Jammu & Kashmir.

== Geography ==
[[File:Gilgit-Baltistan map with tehsils labelled.png|thumb|right|300px|Present day Gilgit-Baltistan]]

The Gilgit Agency was a [[Agencies of British India|political agency]] for keeping control of the [[princely state|subsidiary states]] of Jammu and Kashmir at the northern frontier of India. The areas under the Agency consisted of
* the state of [[Chilas]] (present day [[Diamer District]])
* the territories of [[Darel District|Darel]] and [[Tangir District|Tangir]] (now their own districts)
* [[Koh-i-Ghizer|Kuh-Ghizar]] and [[Yasin State|Yasin]] regions (present day [[Gupis–Yasin District|Gupis–Yasin]] district)
* Punial and [[Ishkoman Valley|Ishkoman]] regions (present day [[Ghizer District (2019–)|Ghizer]] district)
* the states of [[Hunza State|Hunza]] and [[Nagar State|Nagar]] (now their own districts)

All these states had their own rulers or systems of administration; the Agency provided supervision under a British Political Agent.{{sfnp|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|loc=Appendix V}}{{sfnp|Bangash, Three Forgotten Accesions|2010|p=122}}

Until 1935, [[Gilgit District|Gilgit]] and [[Astore District|Astore]] tehsils (now districts) comprised the Gilgit ''wazarat'' of Jammu and Kashmir with its own governor (''wazir-e-wazarat''), who was also based at Gilgit. However, the Political Agent did exercise some control over the ''wazarat's'' affairs, leading to a system of dual rule and causing frictions.{{sfnp|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|loc=Appendix V}}{{sfnp|Bangash, Three Forgotten Accesions|2010|p=122}}

In 1935, the British leased the Gilgit tehsil as the "Gilgit Leased Area". It was administered directly by the Political Agent. The Astore tehsil became its own ''wazarat'', which was administered as part of the Kashmir province of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfnp|Census of India, 1941, Volume XXII|1943|p=3}}

In 1941, the Gilgit Agency had a population of 77,000 and the Gilgit leased area had 23,000. Both the areas together came to be loosely referred to as the 'Gilgit Agency'. The administration of the Agency was carried out "on behalf of His Highness' Government". The Political Agent communicated with the central government in New Delhi via [[Peshawar]] (the capital of the [[North-West Frontier Province]]) instead of the Resident in Kashmir, reportedly for "security" reasons.{{sfnp|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=118}}

== History ==
=== After 1700s ===
{{Princely states topics}}

During the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], Maharaja Gulab Singh Jamwal (Dogra) helped the British Empire against the Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|author=Christopher Snedden|page=67}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= The Jammu Fox: A Biography of Maharaja Gulab Singh of Kashmir, 1792-1857|author=Bawa, Satinder Singh |page=263}}</ref> After the defeat of the Sikh Empire, The [[Treaty of Lahore]] (1846) and the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]] were signed. Under Article IV of The [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed between the Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]] and the British Empire, the Sikhs ceded the territories between the rivers Beas and Indus as war indemnity.

<blockquote>IV. The British Government having demanded from the Lahore State, as indemnification for the expenses of the war, in addition to the cession of territory described in Article 3, payment of one and half crore of Rupees, and the Lahore Government being unable to pay the whole of this sum at this time, or to give security satisfactory to the British Government for its eventual payment, the Maharajah cedes to the Honourable Company, in perpetual sovereignty, as equivalent for one crore of Rupees, all his forts, territories, rights and interests in the hill countries, which are situated between the Rivers Beas and Indus, including the Provinces of Cashmere and Hazarah.</blockquote>

In the north, these territories included [[Gilgit]] (the present [[Gilgit District]]), Astore (the present [[Astore District]]) and [[Chilas]] (presently a tehsil of the [[Diamir District]]).{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=20}} By 1860, the three areas were constituted as a Gilgit ''wazarat'' (district), and the princely states of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] and [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]] to the northeast accepted the suzerainty of the Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]].{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=11}}

The Treaty of Amritsar did not constrain the Maharaja from establishing relationships with external powers, and he is said to have had dealings with Russia, Afghanistan, China and Turkestan. The British watched these developments with concern, especially in the light of Russian expansion in the north.{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=12}}

=== Establishment of agency===
[[File:100 years of the RAF MOD 45163719.jpg|thumb|right|British [[Westland Wapiti]]s based at an airfield in Gilgit around 1930.]]
{{anchor |Establishment }}

Ranbir Singh's successor [[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] was a weak ruler. The British used the opportunity to establish an Agency in Gilgit in 1889, stationing a Political Agent who reported to the British Resident in Srinagar. The initial purpose of the Agency was to keep watch on the frontier and to restrain Hunza and Nagar from dealing with the Russians.

By 1889, the House of Ayasho had consolidated complete control over the regions of [[Gilgit]], [[Punial]], [[Gupis Tehsil|Gupis]]-[[Yasin Valley|Yasin]], and [[Ishkoman Valley|Ishkoman]], incorporating them as provinces under their rule, and appointing suitable governors to monitor each province. To emphasize their authority over these territories, the ruling family named the newly unified state Gilgit Wazarat translating to (Greater Gilgit State).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chahryar |first1=Adle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&dq=Ayasho+dynasty&pg=PA239 |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |last2=M |first2=Baipakov, Karl |last3=Irfan |first3=Habib |last4=UNESCO |date=2003-12-31 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |language=en}}</ref> The Ayasho family, of [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] origin, was supported by the [[Sayyid|Syeds]], particularly the fathers and uncles of [[Karam Ali Shah|Pir Syed Karam Ali Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-06 |title=Pir Sahab Syed Karam Ali Shah left us |url=https://pamirtimes.net/2020/08/06/pir-sahab-syed-karam-ali-shah-left-us/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=PAMIR TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-04 |title=Ex--GB Governor Pir Karam Ali Shah passes away |url=https://www.app.com.pk/national/ex-gb-governor-pir-karam-ali-shah-passes-away/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[British Raj]], aiming to strengthen their hold over the area, installed the Ayasho family as permanent rulers and officially recognized the state as a Special Political District.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-26 |title=Gilgit-Baltistan: A Chronology |url=https://pamirtimes.net/2022/02/26/gilgit-baltistan-a-chronology/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=PAMIR TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prince of Punial |url=https://historyofpunial.blogspot.com/2018/07/princeofpunial.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Prince of Punial}}</ref> The last ruler of Ayasho Dynasty, legitimate rulers of [[Gilgit]], [[Punial]], [[Gupis-Yasin District|Gupis-Yasin]] and [[Ishkoman Valley|Ishkoman]] was [[Royal Highness|His Royal Highness]] Aqā Māyoon Alī Shāh Ayāsho''.'' After the abolishment of the princely state, the family legacy of the Imperial House of Ayasho is carried on by Shehzada Sameer Shah the current [[Ceremony|ceremonial]] [[crown prince]] of the family, who is also known as Shēhzada Mīr Sāmeer Ạl'y Shāh Ayāsho as well as by his famous reputation amongst the locals to be called and respected as the rightful "Prince of Gilgit" and "Prince of Punial".

Soon afterwards, the states of Hunza and Nagar were brought under the direct purview of the Gilgit Agency. The Jammu and Kashmir State Forces were stationed in a garrison at Gilgit, which were used by the Agency to keep order. They were replaced by a British-officered [[Gilgit Scouts]] in 1913.{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=12–13}}

Gradually, the princely states to the west of Gilgit ([[Punial]], [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]], [[Ghizer Tehsil|Kuh-Ghizar]], [[Ishkoman Valley|Ishkoman]] and [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]]) were also brought under the purview of the Gilgit Agency. These areas were nominally under the suzerainty of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Kashmir]] but were directly administered by the Agency.{{sfnp|Chohan, Gilgit Agency|1997|p=203}} Following a rebellion in 1892, Chitral was transferred to the [[Malakand Agency]] in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkwa|Frontier Areas]]{{sfnp|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|p=110}} The remaining areas remained under the control of the Gilgit Agency, which administered them through governors.{{sfnp|Chohan, Gilgit Agency|1997|p=203}}

== Inside Pakistan (After 1947) ==
{{main|Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|1947 Gilgit rebellion}}
The local rulers of these territories continued to appear at the Jammu and Kashmir [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]s until 1947. Following the [[Partition of India]], on 31 October 1947 the British officer [[William Brown (British Army officer)|William Brown]] led the Gilgit Scouts in a [[1947 Gilgit Rebellion|coup against the Dogra governor of Gilgit]] which resulted in the region becoming part of the [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]]. Most of the Ladakh Wazarat, including the Kargil area, became part of Indian-administered Kashmir. The [[Line of Control]] established at the end of the war is the current [[de facto]] border of India and Pakistan in the Kashmir region.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Initially, the Gilgit Agency was not absorbed into any of the provinces of [[West Pakistan]], but was ruled directly by political agents of the federal government of Pakistan. In 1963, Pakistan entered into a treaty with [[China]] to transfer part of the Gilgit Agency to China, (the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]), with the provision that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute.

The dissolution of the province of West Pakistan in 1970 was accompanied by change of the name of the Gilgit Agency to the [[Northern Areas]]. In 1974, the states of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] and [[State of Nagar|Nagar]] and the independent valleys of Darel-Tangir, which were the de facto dependencies of Pakistan, were also incorporated into the Northern Areas.

Pakistan and India continue to dispute the sovereignty of the territories that had comprised the Gilgit Agency.

==Political agents==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
*17 Jul 1889 - 1 Nov 1893 [[Algernon George Arnold Durand]]
*2 Nov 1893 - 26 Jan 1894 Andrew Murison McCrae Bruce (acting)
*27 Jan 1894 - 28 Sep 1896 George Scott Robertson
*29 Jul 1896 - 13 Aug 1897 Stuart Hill Godfrey
*14 Aug 1897 - 30 Sep 1898 Arthur Henry MacMahon
*1 Oct 1898 - 21 Oct 1901 John Manners Smith
*22 Oct 1901 - 18 Oct 1903 William Hall Mackintosh Stewart
*19 Oct 1903 - 4 Oct 1906 Bertrand Evelyn Mellish Gurdon
*15 Oct 1906 - Apr 1908 Arthur Francis Bruce
*30 Apr 1908 - Oct 1908 Archibald Duncan Macpherson (1st time)(acting)
*28 Oct 1908 - 29 May 1911 Armine Brereton Dew
*30 May 1911 - 12 Oct 1916 Archibald Duncan Macpherson(2nd time)
*27 Nov 1911 – 14 Feb 1912 Clendon Turberville Daukes (acting for Macpherson)
*13 Oct 1916 - 20 May 1917 Edmond Henry Salt James
*21 May 1917 - 22 Sep 1920 Charles Aitchison Smith
*23 Sep 1920 - 20 Sep 1924 David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer
*21 Sep 1924 - 10 Oct 1927 Gordon Dalyell
*11 Oct 1927 - 28 Sep 1931 Herbert John Todd
*29 Sep 1931 - 21 Sep 1934 George Van Baerle Gillan
*22 Sep 1934 - 4 Oct 1937 George Kirkbride
*5 Oct 1937 - 13 Jun 1939 Ian William Galbraith
*14 Jun 1939 - 2 Oct 1939 Richmond Keith Molesworth Battye (acting)
*3 Oct 1939 - 8 Jul 1942 Gerald Charles Lawrence Crichton
*8 Jul 1942 - 5 Sep 1945 Evelyn Hey Cobb
*5 Sep 1945 - 31 Jul 1947 Roger Noel Bacon
*1 Aug 1947 - 1 Nov 1947 Ghansar Singh Jamwal (Governor, for the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir)

== See also ==
{{Portal|History}}
* [[Old British Cemetery (Gilgit)]]
* [[Kashmir]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Duschinski |editor-first=Haley |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Palgrave_Handbook_of_New_Directions/UUrCEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Palgrave Handbook of New Directions in Kashmir Studies |editor-last2=Bhan |editor-first2=Mona |editor-last3=Robinson |editor-first3=Cabeiri deBergh |date=2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-28520-2 |language=en|chapter=Locating Gilgit-Baltistan|first= Martin |last=Sökefeld}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Shafqat |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Remoteness_and_Modernity/4PfOBwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Remoteness and Modernity: Transformation and Continuity in Northern Pakistan |date=2015 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-20555-8 |language=en|chapter= Frontier Matters}}
* {{Cite book |chapter=Mapping liminal territories Frontierization and the making of the Gilgit Agency|last=Haines |first=Chad |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nation_Territory_and_Globalization_in_Pa/ueTGBQAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-44997-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Zutshi |editor-first=Chitralekha |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kashmir/g09bDwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-18197-7 |language=en|chapter= Not Part of Kashmir, but of the Kashmir Dispute|first= Martin |last=Sökefeld}}
* {{citation |title=Census of India, 1941, Volume XXII – Jammu and Kashmir, Parts I & II |publisher=The Ranbir Government Press |year=1943 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62753/page/n1 |ref={{sfnref|Census of India, 1941, Volume XXII|1943}}}}
* {{cite journal |first=Yaqoob Khan |last=Bangash |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |number=1 |year=2010 |pages=117–143 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |s2cid=159652497 |ref={{sfnref|Bangash, Three Forgotten Accesions|2010}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Chohan |first=Amar Singh |title=Gilgit Agency 1877–1935, Second Reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC&pg=PA203 |date=1997 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-146-9 |ref={{sfnref|Chohan, Gilgit Agency|1997}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1-86064-898-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}}

== External links ==

{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|Gilgit-Baltistan}}

[[Category:Regions of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Agencies of British India]]
[[Category:History of Gilgit Agency| ]]
[[Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Princely states of Pakistan]]

Kirori Mal College

2026-03-25T02:40:39Z

Eldartpy: refine article and updated info

{{Short description|College of the University of Delhi in India}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Kirori Mal College
| image = Kmcfront.jpg|caption=Arts and Humanities Department Building
| established = {{Start date and age|1954}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| nickname = KMC
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Delhi]]
| principal =Umesh Srivastava <ref>{{cite web |url= http://kmc.du.ac.in/administrative-staff/ |title= Administrative staff}}</ref>
| campus = North campus
| website = {{URL|http://www.kmc.du.ac.in}}
| address = [[University of Delhi|North Campus]], University Enclave
| city = [[Delhi]]
| parent =
| state =
| country = India
| logo =
| mapframe-zoom = 15
}}
<nowiki/>'''Kirori Mal College''' is a [[constituent college]] of the [[University of Delhi]]. Established in 1954,<ref>{{cite web |title=About KMC |url=http://www.kmcollege.ac.in/about-kmc.html |website=Kirori Mal College |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701032743/http://www.kmcollege.ac.in/about-kmc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> it is located in the heart of North Campus of the university in [[Delhi]], and offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in the [[sciences]], [[humanities]] and [[commerce]]. The [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] accredited it with a CGPA of 3.54 (A++)<ref>{{cite web |title=NAAC Accreditation |url=http://www.kmcollege.ac.in/naac-accreditation.html |website=Kirori Mal College |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701033114/http://www.kmcollege.ac.in/naac-accreditation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2023, which is the third highest among all [[Delhi University]] colleges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kar |first1=Srivedant |title=KMC bags third highest NAAC score in Delhi University |url=https://dubeat.com/2016/11/kmc-bags-third-highest-naac-score-in-delhi-university/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/CollegeRanking.html</ref>
According to NIRF records, it had spent more than 300 Crores in 2021 for infrastructure development and salaries of teaching and non-teaching staff.

==History==
[[File:Rajendra_Prasad_laying_foundation_stone_of_Kirori_Mal_College.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] laying foundation stone of Kirori Mal College]]
The college began as Nirmala College and was located on Delhi Road. Faced with problems relating to the staff in the period following the [[Partition of India|partition]], the management of the college changed hands and the trust founded by Seth Kirori Mal took over. It shifted to its present campus on 1 February 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/all-the-world-is-a-stage/story-A1ouI4GOPaI7bt5wbkjZ4K.html|title=All the world is a stage|date=24 August 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The foundation stones of the college were laid down by the [[List of presidents of India|first]] [[President of India]], [[Rajendra Prasad]] in the summer of 1955.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kmcollege.ac.in/principals-desk.html|title=:: Welcome : Kirori Mal College, University Of Delhi Powered By : Redox Systems|website=www.kmcollege.ac.in|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426000908/http://www.kmcollege.ac.in/principals-desk.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The campus infrastructure was designed by the famous architect duo Anand Apte and CSH Jhabvala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/A-planners-sketches-of-Delhi/articleshow/16025756.cms|title=A planner's sketches of Delhi | Delhi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 August 2012 }}</ref>

The first principal of the college was Ch. Hardwari Lal (1954–57). Kirori Mal College began its first full-fledged functioning from the academic session 1956–57. He was followed by Sarup Singh (1957–65) who later became the Professor-and-Head, Department of English, University of Delhi and then the Vice-Chancellor, DU, followed by becoming the Lt. Governor, Delhi and then the Governor of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070429/spectrum/book5.htm|first=R.W.|last=Desai|title=Pride of Haryana|website=www.tribuneindia.com|date=29 April 2007|access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

Kirori Mal College was one of the few institutions of the University of Delhi selected for sports training during the [[Commonwealth Games]] in 2010 which led to new facilities being created in the form of a new building and a gymnasium to facilitate sports and other activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/du-starts-vacation-in-advance-83043-2010-10-02|title=DU starts vacation in advance|first=Ritika|last=Chopra|date=2 October 2010|website=India Today|access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/commonwealth-games/cwg-du-hostels-all-decked-up-but-where-are-the-visitors-434144|title=CWG: DU hostels all decked up, but where are the visitors?|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/accommodation-tougher-for-du-aspirants-as-games-takes-over-hostels/627576/|title=Accommodation tougher for DU aspirants as Games takes over hostels|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Rankings==
The [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] accredited it with a CGPA of 3.54 ({{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_C_2025=4|type=University}}A++) in 2016, which is the third highest among all [[Delhi University]] colleges. The college was ranked 18th among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]], [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in 2019 and 19th in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2019/CollegeRanking.html|website=www.nirfindia.org|access-date=2020-05-18|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001112320/https://www.nirfindia.org/2019/CollegeRanking.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NIRF College Ranking Analysis 2020: LSR jumps to rank 2, Presidency drops to 5|url=https://news.careers360.com/nirf-college-ranking-analysis-2020-lsr-jumps-rank-2-presidency-drops-5 |website=news.careers360.com|date=13 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Kirori Mal College was ranked 4th among colleges in India according to the latest [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] rankings by Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2025 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/CollegeRanking.html}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=March 2018}}
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2019}}
Kirori Mal College has a large alumni base. Notable members include:

===Actors, directors and singers===

* [[KK (singer)|KK]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Ritika|last=Singh|title=Know How Singer KK, Kirorimal Graduate Make It To Bollywood: Birthday Treat|url=http://www.dailyaddaa.com/entertainment-news/know-how-singer-kk-kirorimal-graduate-make-it-to-bollywood-birthday-treat-676737.html|date=23 August 2019|access-date=28 November 2020|website=dailyaddaa.com|language=en|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814083123/http://www.dailyaddaa.com/entertainment-news/know-how-singer-kk-kirorimal-graduate-make-it-to-bollywood-birthday-treat-676737.html}}</ref> - Playback Singer
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] - actor
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] - actor
* [[Habib Faisal]] - Screenwriter and Director
* [[Satish Kaushik]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=I owe my success to the theatre society of Kirorimal College: Satish Kaushik |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/i-owe-my-success-to-the-theatre-society-of-kirorimal-college-satish-kaushik-1047709.html |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> - actor, director
* [[Ravi Baswani]] - film actor
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] - actor
* [[Prashant Narayanan]] - actor
* [[Sanam Puri]] - singer
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] - actor and comedian
* [[Vijay Raaz]] - film actor
* [[Divyendu Sharma]] - actor
* [[Sushant Singh]] - film and television actor
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] - actor
* [[Ali Abbas Zafar]] - director
* [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]] - screenwriter and director
* [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] - director
* [[Sargun Mehta]] - television actress
* [[Sonam Sherpa]] musician [[Parikrama]]
* [[Geetika Vidya Ohlyan]] - Actress
* [[Madan Gopal Singh]] sufi singer composer Chaar Yaar
* [[Sumangala Damodaran]] writer singer
* [[Akanksha Grover]] Singer

===Politicians===

* [[Naveen Patnaik]]; former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]], second longest serving Chief Minister of any Indian state and the chief of [[Biju Janata Dal]]. He is a writer and has published 3 books.
* [[Madan Lal Khurana|Madanlal Khurana]]; former [[Chief Minister of Delhi]].
* [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]]; politician.
* [[Girija Prasad Koirala]]; former [[Prime Minister of Nepal]].
* [[Pravesh Verma]]; Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Delhi]].

===Others===


* [[K Moses Chalai]], [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Public Enterprises|Department of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Finance of India]]
* [[Utpal Kumar Singh]], 17th [[Secretary General of Lok Sabha]]
* [[Padmavathy Bandopadhyay]] - first woman Air Marshal of Indian Air Force
* [[Habib Faisal]] - Hindi screenwriter and director
* [[Aditya Ghosh]] - Businessman who worked in aviation and hospitality
* [[Gaurav Bidhuri]] - boxer who won medal at World Championship
* [[Yogesh Kathuniya]] - Paralympic Athlete - Discus throw
* [[Vaibhav Singh Yadav]] - World Boxing Council(WBC) Asia & Asian Boxing Federation(ABF) Titles Champion
* [[Mohan Singh Kohli|M.S. Kohli]] - Indian mountaineer
* [[Massoud Khalili]]
* [[M. S. Krishnan (professor)|M. S. Krishnan]] -Chair of Business Information Technology at the [[University of Michigan]]'s [[Ross School of Business]]
* [[Abhay Kumar]] - poet, artist and diplomat
* [[Sanjivan Lal]] - film maker
* [[Harbans Mukhia]] - Indian historian
* [[Saeed Naqvi]] - journalist
* [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]] - band
* [[Justice Raghuvendra Singh Rathore|Raghuvendra Singh Rathore]]
* [[Rajshekhar]] -Indian lyricist
* [[Himanshu Sharma]] - Bollywood screenwriter
* [[Mrityunjay Kumar Singh]]
* [[Dinesh Thakur]] - theatre director
* [[Mirza Waheed]] - Writer
* [[Arjun Dev (historian)|Arjun Dev]]- Writer, Educationist and Historian, he co-wrote some of the extremely popular NCERT books<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arjun-dev-a-legendary-historian-passes-away/article31201575.ece|title=Arjun Dev: a legendary historian passes away|first1=Aditya|last1=Mukherjee|first2=Mridula|last2=Mukherjee|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 March 2020|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=January 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/education/arjun-dev-historian-tribute|title=Remembering Historian Arjun Dev, Who Spearheaded the Effort to Create Modern Textbooks|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9290.html|title=Professor Arjun Dev, The Historian of 'Contemporary World' - Mainstream|website=www.mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref>
* [[Sohail Hashmi]] Writer Historian Archivist

===Notable faculty===
* [[Hiren Gohain]]
* [[Krishna Kumar (educationist)|Krishna Kumar]]
* [[Sarup Singh]] (ex-VC, [[University of Delhi]] and former Governor of Kerala and Gujarat )
* [[Frank Thakurdas]] Iconic Theatre Figure
* [[Keval Arora]] Eminent Theatre Person

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://kmc.du.ac.in/}}

{{University of Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]
[[Category:Science colleges in India]]
[[Category:Arts colleges in India]]

Kochi Rajavu

2026-03-24T06:18:41Z

Eldartpy:

{{short description|2005 film directed by Johny Antony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kochi Rajavu
| image = Kochirajavu Poster.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| writer = [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas|Udayakrishna Siby K. Thomas]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dileep joins Ajay Vasudev for a comedy entertainer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.comentertainment/malayalam/Dileep-joins-Ajay-Vasudev-for-a-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/54425707.cms|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-10-30|title=Twenty20 to hit big screen|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-twenty20-to-hit-big-screen-1130831|access-date=2021-01-26|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=V.P|first=Nicy|date=2014-08-30|title='Maryadharaman': Dileep to Star in Malayalam Remake of SS Rajamouli's 'Maryada Ramanna'|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maryadharaman-dileep-star-malayalam-remake-ss-rajamoulis-maryada-ramanna-607959|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dileep]]|[[Kavya Madhavan]]|[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]|[[Harisree Ashokan]]}}
| director = [[Johny Antony]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='Thappana' (Malayalam)|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/aug/26/thappana-malayalam-400637.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 August 2012 }}</ref>
| producer = Amith R. Mohan
| distributor =
| cinematography = [[Saloo George]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|04|14|India}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidhyasagar]]
| studio = Amith Productions
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Kochi Rajavu''''' ({{Translation|King of [[Kochi]]}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Johny Antony]] and written by the [[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]] duo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dileep is all set to give you a laughter ride|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/dileep-is-all-set-to-give-you-a-laughter-ride|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-22|title=Movies that feature auto-rickshaw drivers as main characters|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/movies-that-feature-auto-rickshaw-drivers-as-main-characters/photostory/66747300.cms|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=Did three films with Dileep, but can't go near him now, says Johny Antony|url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=184338|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Dileep]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-11|title=ഓട്ടോറിക്ഷയിൽ പല ജില്ലകൾ താണ്ടി ദിലീപിന്റെ യാത്ര; ഒടുവിൽ ചാർജ് കേട്ട് ഞെട്ടി|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/film/movies-dileep-narrates-an-incident-where-he-took-an-autorickshaw-to-reach-a-venue-mm-226705.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref> in the lead role with [[Kavya Madhavan]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-28|title=Reaching new heights|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/222699/reaching-heights.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Vijayaraghavan]] in supporting roles.

The film marks the second collaboration between Dileep, Johny Antony, Vidyasagar, and the writing duo Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas after ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/royal-democratic-romance/article28152142.ece| title = Royal, democratic ROMANCE - KOCH - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 20 February 2005}}</ref>

==Plot==
Suryanarayana Varma alias Unni, is released from prison but his past clinging to him like an unshakable shadow. Born into a royal lineage, he carried both the weight of his heritage and the burden of his past sins. The streets whispered his name in fear and reverence, and though he wished to walk a path of redemption, there were those who sought him with vengeance burning in their hearts. Among them were Prabhakaran, the formidable patriarch of the Karimparakal family, and his brothers Divakaran and Sudhakaran, relentless in their pursuit of retribution. Unni's return unsettled old wounds, but his parents, determined to sever his ties with violence, sent him to a prestigious law college in Chennai, hoping to redirect his destiny.

It was there that he met Meenakshi, a spirited young woman whose sharp intellect and fierce independence commanded attention. Their first encounters were riddled with conflict, exacerbated by the interference of her overprotective brother, Siva, and his archrival, Muthu. Yet, the friction between them soon gave way to an unspoken understanding, and despite the hostilities surrounding them, Meenakshi found herself drawn to Unni's enigmatic persona. What began as subtle curiosity soon deepened into something more profound, an emotion she could neither suppress nor deny.

When Meenakshi's family learned of her affections for Unni, they sought to formalize their union, visiting his ancestral home with a proposal of marriage. But even as fate seemed to weave their destinies together, Unni was haunted by a past he could not escape, a love story unfinished, a wound unhealed. As Meenakshi waited with bated breath, he unfolded the tale of a love lost to time and tragedy.

Once, there was another—Aswathy, a bright and compassionate medical student who had captured Unni's heart at first sight. She belonged to the formidable Karimparakal family, raised under the iron-fisted rule of her uncles, Prabhakaran, Sudhakaran, and Divakaran, men who saw her not as a beloved niece but as a means to consolidate power and wealth. With her parents deceased, her uncles sought to secure her inheritance by binding her in marriage to her cousin, Prakashan, the eldest son of Prabhakaran.

Unni first saw Aswathy at a temple, a fleeting moment that would alter the course of both their lives. Entranced by her quiet grace, he pursued her with reckless abandon, determined to make her his own. Fate played a mischievous hand when she mistakenly boarded his autorickshaw on her way to meet Prakashan. Seizing the opportunity, Unni delayed her arrival, his heart warring between love and defiance. He professed his feelings time and again, but she rejected him, weary of his persistence.

Frustrated, she resolved to put an end to his advances by revealing his folly to her uncles. With their approval, she invited him to her home under the pretense of a meeting, only for Unni to be confronted by the very men he had once crossed in battle. The moment he recognized them, he knew he had walked into a trap. They unleashed their fury upon him, a brutal onslaught that left him battered and broken. Yet, in the wake of his suffering, something shifted within Aswathy. Perhaps it was guilt, perhaps admiration for his resilience, but as he recovered from his wounds, she found herself drawn to him. Her heart, once steadfast in rejection, betrayed her, and against all odds, she surrendered to the love she had once scorned.

Their happiness, however, was short-lived. When the time came for them to claim their love, the Karimparakal family opposed them with all their might. A confrontation erupted, a whirlwind of fists and fury, with Prakashan at the center of it all. In the heat of battle, Unni, fighting not just for love but for survival, struck Prakashan down, the fatal blow delivered in an uncontrollable surge of rage and self-preservation. Blood stained his hands, and justice was swift—arrested and sentenced to five years in prison, Unni was torn from Aswathy's embrace, their love story left in ruin.

Now, standing before Meenakshi, Unni recounted his past, the weight of his choices pressing upon him. His father, wishing to mend his son's shattered heart, convinced him that Aswathy had been married off to an NRI in the Gulf, a tale woven to sever the last thread that bound him to her. In time, Unni relented, accepting his fate and agreeing to marry Meenakshi.

Yet destiny had other plans. As the wedding preparations commenced, a voice from the past shattered his resolve. Aswathy, her voice trembling yet resolute, called him, her words laced with longing—she had not moved on, she had not forgotten, she had waited. With his heart pounding in his chest, Unni rushed to Kerala, desperate to reclaim the love he had lost. Their reunion was swift, but their escape was fraught with peril. With both Aswathy's family and Meenakshi's kin in pursuit, vengeance and betrayal snapped at their heels.

Through narrow alleyways and highway roads, they fled, their only salvation lying in the hands of those who had once been silent spectators to their fate. The autorickshaw drivers, men who had witnessed their love blossom and wither, rose in defiance of their oppressors, shielding them from harm. And so, in the heart of chaos, amidst the storm of rage and retribution, Unni and Aswathy defied the chains that sought to bind them, sealing their love in marriage, an unbreakable bond forged in fire and blood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/kochi-rajavu/story.html|title=Kochi Rajavu Story, Kochi Rajavu Movie Story, Plot, Synopsis, Review, Preview|website=FilmiBeat|language=en|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dileep]] as Suryanarayana Varma (Unni)
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Aswathy (Achu)
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Meenakshi Parthasarathy
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Komalan, Unni's childhood friend and right hand
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal Easwara Varma Thampuran, Unni's grandfather
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Chandrashekhara Menon, Unni's father
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Karimbarakkal Prabhakaran
* [[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Karimbarakkal Divakaran
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Karimbarakkal Sudhakaran
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Prakashan, Prabhakaran's eldest son
* Kavi Raj as Lalu, Prabhakaran's youngest son
* [[Machan Varghese]] as Brithyan, [[Kalarippayattu|Kalari Shishyan]]
* [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Parthasarathy, Meenakshi's father
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Shiva Parthasarathy
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Ambbattur Singam
* Sudheer Sukumaran as 'Maari' Muthu
* [[Indrans]] as Mona, Worker of canteen
* [[Kalaranjini]] as Lakshmi, Unni's mother
* Thara as Radhika, Unni's Sister
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as P. R Ananthamurthy, College Principal
* [[Geetha Salam]] as Hamsa, an Auto driver
* Nandhu Pothuval as Velayudhan, Auto driver and Unni's left hand
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Madhavan, Chandrasekhara Menon's friend
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Ayyappan, Auto driver
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Arumugam, Meenakshi's driver
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Bhavani
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Kunjanamma
* Kavitha Nair as Meenakshi's friend
* Indulekha as Jyothi
* Deepika Mohan as Jyothi's mother
* Abraham Koshy as Meenakshi's uncle who is a minister
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Vaiyapuri, Shiva's friend
*[[Vysakh]] as College Student
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 14 April 2005 coinciding with [[Vishu]].<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/vishu-offerings/article28164251.ece| title = Vishu offerings - PNDY - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 15 April 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/for-movie-buffs/article28683223.ece| title = For movie buffs - LIFE - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 14 April 2005}}</ref> It was released alongside and faced competition from the Prithviraj-starrer ''[[Athbhutha Dweepu]],'' the Mohanlal-starrer ''[[Chandrolsavam]]'' and the Jayaram-starrer ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2005 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/topics/Dileep/45|title=The Vishu winner!|work=[[Sify]]|date=21 April 2005}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Made on a budget of ₹2.5 crores, ''Kochi Rajavu'' was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileep-joins-ajay-vasudev-for-a-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/54425707.cms|title=Dileep joins Ajay Vasudev for a comedy entertainer|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-masters-ordinary-up-for-release/20120330.htm|title=Masters and Outsider up for release|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kochi-rajavu-review-malayalam-pclvIIgiffiag.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024105937/http://www.sify.com/movies/kochi-rajavu-review-malayalam-pclvIIgiffiag.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 October 2016 | title=Kochi Rajavu | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> It grossed ₹2.804 crore from three days and ₹4.01 crore in 21 days from 44 screens with a distributor's share of ₹1.73 Crore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=BizHat.com - The Vishu winner! |url=https://movies.bizhat.com/news/the_vishu_winner.php |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=movies.bizhat.com}}</ref> It ended its commercial performance with the verdict blockbuster" and thus emerged the year's [[Vishu]] winner.<ref name=":0" />

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kochirajavu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[World Music]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Made in USA (2005 film)|Made in USA]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Alice in Wonderland (2005 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

The soundtrack of Kochi Rajavu was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. He later adapted the song "Munthiri Padam" in Tamil as "Aruviyoda" for the film ''[[Pasa Kiligal]]''.

{|class="wikitable" width="50%"
! Song title !! Singers
|-
| "Thanga Kutta Singakutta" || [[Sujatha Mohan]], Annop Shankar
|-
| "Munthiri Padam" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Premgi Amaren|Premji]] '''(Rap vocal)'''
|-
| "Moonu Chakra Vandi" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
| "Kinavin Kiligale" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
|-
| "Sooryan Neeyanda" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Kalyani Nair]]. Notes: (Raga:[[Dharmavati]])
|-
|}
Lyrics : Gireesh Puthencherry, R.K Damodharan

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title | id=0448225| title=Kochi Rajavu}}

{{Johny_Antony}}

[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Johny Antony]]

Frank Pallone

2026-03-18T18:49:36Z

Eldartpy: brief enhance content after review and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|American lawyer and politician (born 1951)}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Frank Pallone
| image = Frank Pallone Photo.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2018
| office = Ranking Member of the [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|House Energy and Commerce Committee]]
| term_start = January 3, 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Cathy McMorris Rodgers]]
| successor =
| term_start1 = January 3, 2015
| term_end1 = January 3, 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Henry Waxman]]
| successor1 = [[Greg Walden]]
| office2 = Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|House Energy and Commerce Committee]]
| term_start2 = January 3, 2019
| term_end2 = January 3, 2023
| predecessor2 = [[Greg Walden]]
| successor2 = [[Cathy McMorris Rodgers]]
| state3 = [[New Jersey]]
| term_start3 = November 8, 1988
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[James J. Howard]]
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = {{ushr|NJ|3|C}} (1988–1993) {{ushr|NJ|6|C}} (1993–present)
| state4 = [[New Jersey]]
| state_senate4 = New Jersey
| district4 = [[New Jersey's 11th legislative district|11th]]
| term_start4 = January 10, 1984
| term_end4 = November 8, 1988
| predecessor4 = [[Brian T. Kennedy]]
| successor4 = [[Joseph A. Palaia]]
| birth_name = Frank Joseph Pallone Jr.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|10|30}}
| birth_place = [[Long Branch, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sarah Hospodor|1992}}
| children = 3
| education = [[Middlebury College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Tufts University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[Rutgers University, Camden]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| website = {{url|pallone.house.gov|House website}} {{url|pallonefornewjersey.com|Campaign website}}
| module = {{Listen |pos=center |embed=yes |filename=Rep. Frank Pallone in Support of the Protecting American Lungs and Reversing the Youth Tobacco Epidemic Act of 2019.ogg |title=Pallone's voice |type=speech|description=Pallone supporting the Protecting American Lungs and Reversing the Youth Tobacco Epidemic Act of 2019. Recorded February 28, 2020}}
}}
'''Frank Joseph Pallone Jr.''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|l|oʊ|n}} {{respell|pə|LOHN}}; born October 30, 1951) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] for {{ushr|NJ|6}} since 1988. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. The district, numbered as the 3rd district from 1988 to 1993, is in the north-central part of the state and includes [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]], [[Woodbridge Township, New Jersey|Woodbridge Township]], [[Perth Amboy, New Jersey|Perth Amboy]], [[Sayreville, New Jersey|Sayreville]], [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]], [[Piscataway, New Jersey|Piscataway]] and [[Asbury Park, New Jersey|Asbury Park]]. Pallone is the ranking member of the [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|House Energy and Commerce Committee]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Pallone Elected Chairman of Energy and Commerce Committee|url=https://pallone.house.gov/media/press-releases/pallone-elected-chairman-energy-and-commerce-committee|access-date=3 January 2019|newspaper=NJ.com|date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

==Early life, education, and early political career==
Pallone was born on October 30, 1951, at [[Long Branch, New Jersey]], the son of Marian A. (De Santis) and Frank Joseph Pallone.

Pallone is a graduate of [[Middlebury College]], [[The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] at [[Tufts University]], and [[Rutgers School of Law–Camden]]. Before being elected to the House, he was a member of the [[Long Branch, New Jersey|Long Branch]] City Council from 1982 to 1988.

Pallone was a member of the [[New Jersey Senate]] from the 11th district from 1984 to 1988. In 1983, he defeated incumbent Republican State Senator [[Brian T. Kennedy]] 50%-49%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=52286 |title=NJ State Senate 11 Race — Nov 08, 1983 |publisher=Our Campaigns |access-date=February 21, 2012}}</ref> In 1987, he was reelected with 60% of the vote, defeating [[Neptune City]] Councilwoman Gerri C. Popkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=52259 |title=NJ State Senate 11 Race — Nov 03, 1987 |publisher=Our Campaigns |access-date=February 21, 2012}}</ref>

==U.S. House of Representatives==

===Elections===

==== 1988–1990 ====
In March 1988, 60-year-old incumbent U.S. Congressman [[James J. Howard|James Howard]] of [[New Jersey's 3rd congressional district]] died in office. In November, the regular election coincided with a special election to complete Howard's term; Pallone won both, defeating Republican former [[New Jersey State Assembly|state Assemblyman]] [[Joseph Azzolina|Joe Azzolina]] 52% to 47% and Libertarian Laura Stewart. In 1990, he was reelected with 49% of the vote, against a Republican, an independent, Libertarian Bill Stewart, and a Populist.

==== 1992–2008 ====
After redistricting, Pallone's district was renumbered the [[New Jersey's 6th congressional district|6th district]]. In the 1992 Democratic primary, he defeated State Representative Robert Smith 55% to 37%. In the general election, he defeated Republican State Senator [[Joseph Kyrillos, Jr.|Joe Kyrillos]] 52% to 45% and nine other candidates. Since then, he has won reelection with at least 60% in all but two elections (1998 and 2010). In 1998, he defeated Republican teacher [[Mike Ferguson (New Jersey politician)|Mike Ferguson]] 57% to 40%.

==== 2010 ====
{{Main|2010 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 6}}
Pallone was challenged by Republican nominee Anna C. Little, a former Monmouth County Freeholder and mayor of [[Highlands, New Jersey]], who is an attorney specializing in immigration law. On November 3, 2010, Pallone defeated Little by over 16,000 votes, 55% to 43%, in what analysts considered a terrible year for Democrats. For the first time in his career, Pallone failed to carry his home county of Monmouth.

==== 2012 ====
{{Main|2012 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 6}}
Pallone ran for a thirteenth term and defeated Republican Anna Little in the general election, winning 63.3% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NJ DOS - Division of Elections - 2012 Election Results |url=https://www.nj.gov/state/elections/election-information-2012.shtml#general |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.nj.gov}}</ref>

==== 2014 ====
{{Main|2014 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 6}}
Pallone ran for a fourteenth term and defeated Republican Anthony E. Wilkinson in the general election, winning 60% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Jersey Election Results |url=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2014/new-jersey-elections |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== 2016 ====
{{Main|2016 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 6}}
Pallone ran for a fifteenth term and defeated Republican Brent Sonnek-Schmelz in the general election, winning 63.7% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-01 |title=New Jersey U.S. House 6th District Results: Frank Pallone Jr. Wins |url=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/new-jersey-house-district-6-pallone-sonnek-schmelz |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== 2018 ====
{{Main|2018 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 6}}
Pallone ran for a sixteenth term and defeated Republican Richard J. Pezzullo in the general election, winning 63.6% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title=New Jersey Election Results 2018: Live Midterm Map by County & Analysis |url=https://www.politico.com/election-results/2018/new-jersey/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.politico.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2020 ====
{{Main|2020 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 6}}
Pallone ran for a seventeenth term and defeated Republican Christian Onuoha in the general election, winning 61.2% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Jersey House Election Results 2020 {{!}} Live Map Updates {{!}} Voting by District |url=https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/new-jersey/house/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.politico.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2022 ====
{{Main|2022 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 6}}
Pallone ran for an eighteenth term and defeated Republican Sue Kiley in the general election, winning 57.5% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Jersey House Election Results 2022: Live Map {{!}} Midterm Races by District |url=https://www.politico.com/2022-election/results/new-jersey/house/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.politico.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2024 ====
{{Main|2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 6}}
Pallone ran for a nineteenth term and defeated Republican Scott Fegler in the general election, winning 56% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Jersey House District 6 Election 2024 Live Results |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-elections/new-jersey-us-house-district-6-results |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.nbcnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Tenure===
Pallone is a [[Progressive Caucus]] Member. He serves as Vice Chairman of the Native American Caucus, where he has worked on a bipartisan basis to protect the inherent sovereignty of tribal governments and promote the needs of Indian Country. As a senior member of the House Resources Committee—the committee with jurisdiction over all matters regarding U.S. relations with American Indians and [[Alaska Natives]]—he has been a defender of the sovereign status of Indian Tribal governments as independent from the United States.

He also serves as a co-chairman of the Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues along with Congressman [[Ed Royce (politician)|Ed Royce]] (previously [[Joe Knollenberg]] and [[Mark Kirk]]) and was instrumental in garnering the support of 127 members (30%) of the U.S. House for the Armenian Caucus.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avakian |first=Florence |url=http://www.armeniafundusa.org/news/20031114-gala-success.htm |title=Karabakh president Ghoukassian starts US tour with successful tribute gala in New York |publisher=Armenia Fund USA |date=November 14, 2003 |access-date=February 21, 2012 |archive-date=June 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630135814/http://armeniafundusa.org/news/20031114-gala-success.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2002 he was awarded the Mkhitar Gosh Medal by the [[President of Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armeniaemb.org/DiplomaticMission/Ambassador/RemarksandStatements/Remarks/HonoringPallone.htm |title=Remarks by Ambassador Arman Kirakossian at the Ceremony honoring Representative Frank Pallone, Co-Chair of the Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues |publisher=Embassy of Armenia in the USA |date=June 12, 2002 |access-date=February 21, 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207193233/http://www.armeniaemb.org/DiplomaticMission/Ambassador/RemarksandStatements/Remarks/HonoringPallone.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Frank Pallone.png|200px|thumb|Pallone during the [[100th United States Congress|100th Congress]]]]
In 2002, Pallone was awarded [[India]]'s third highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]], for his contributions as member of Congress's India Caucus.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040226100901/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040112/asp/nation/story_2776242.asp "Fund push to AIDS war"], ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' ([[Calcutta]]), January 12, 2004. Accessed May 26, 2007. "Pallone, a Democrat {{sic}} Congressman from New Jersey and recipient of the Padma Bhushan in 2002 for his contribution towards bringing India and the US closer, said America has promised to make $15 billion available to combat AIDS in 14 hard-hit countries ranging from Haiti to Kenya."</ref> He also received the Friends of India [[Bollywood Movie Award]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pallone to receive "Friends of India" award |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pallone-to-receive-friends-of-india-award_93794.html |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en |date=24 April 2003}}</ref>

Pallone was one of 31 House Democrats who voted not to count Ohio's [[electoral votes]] in the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll007.xml|title=Final Vote Results for Role Call 7|date=January 6, 2005|access-date=January 15, 2013|work=[[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]]}}</ref> Republican President [[George W. Bush]] won Ohio by 118,457 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/29/politics/ohio-recount-gives-a-smaller-margin-to-bush.html|title = Ohio Recount Gives a Smaller Margin to Bush|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 29 December 2004|last1 = Salvato|first1 = Albert}}</ref> Without Ohio's electoral votes, the election would have been decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, with each state having one vote in accordance with the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].

Pallone received an A on the [[Drum Major Institute]]'s 2005 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues.<ref>[http://www.drummajorinstitute.com/congress/drum-major-voting-summary.php?name=Pallone&state=NJ&database=house Congress at the Midterm: Their 2005 Middle-Class Record]. Retrieved June 28, 2006.</ref> while the [[National Taxpayers Union]] has consistently given Pallone an F ranking on votes that affect taxes, spending, and debt.<ref>[http://www.ntu.org/on-capitol-hill/ntu-rates-congress/p10-02-18-ntu-rating-final-pages.pdf NTU Rates Congress Results for the First Session of the 111th Congress]. Retrieved September 19, 2010.</ref>

Pallone has questioned the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) on its update of flood plain maps in Monmouth County, specifically in the [[Raritan Bayshore|Bayshore area]].<ref>"Pallone looks for FEMA flood map intermission". Gaffney, Melissa. ''The Courier''. May 8, 2008. May 31, 2008.</ref>

Pallone has introduced a bill to modify the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the U.S.'s most important set of [[fishery|fisheries]] regulations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:HR1584: |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722100741/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:HR1584: |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |title=Bill Summary & Status - 111th Congress (2009 - 2010) - H.R.1584 - THOMAS (Library of Congress) |publisher=Thomas.loc.gov |access-date=2010-07-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Editorial: Of Fish and Flexibility|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/13/opinion/13sat3.html?th&emc=th|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 12, 2009}}</ref>

On October 3, 2008, Pallone voted for the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2008/roll681.xml |title=2008 - FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 681 |publisher=[[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]] |date=2008-10-03 |access-date=2010-08-30}}</ref> believing that [[Article One of the United States Constitution|the enumerated powers]] grant Congress the authority to "purchase assets and equity from financial institutions in order to strengthen its financial sector."{{citation needed | date=February 2021}}

In 2014, Pallone defeated Representative [[Anna Eshoo]] 100 to 90 in a secret-ballot vote to becoming the ranking member of the [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|Committee on Energy and Commerce]]. He had been the third-ranking Democrat, and was in line to becoming ranking member after the 2014 midterm elections due to the retirements of [[John Dingell]] and [[Henry Waxman]]. Pallone was backed by Minority Whip [[Steny Hoyer]] and the [[Congressional Black Caucus]], the latter of which "made a repeated point to stress the importance of Pallone’s seniority. Black lawmakers have a deep appreciation for seniority, as it was historically the quickest way African-American members earned gavels". House Minority Leader [[Nancy Pelosi]] aggressively campaigned on Eshoo's behalf, while the Steering Committee, packed with Pelosi allies, recommended Eshoo for the ranking slot by 30 to 19 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=French|first1=Lauren|last2=Bresnahan|first2=John|title=Rep. Pallone to be ranking member on influential committee|url=https://politi.co/38TAHbj|access-date=2021-08-03|website=POLITICO|date=November 19, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

After Representative [[Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)|Chris Smith]] said he did "not construe homosexual rights as human rights", Pallone issued a statement supporting homosexual rights. The statement read, in part, "Representatives in Congress must be promoting the expansion of human rights, not fighting to limit its definition to people that they deem to be appropriate."<ref name=Ring1>{{cite news|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|title=New Jersey Rep Gets Blowback on Antigay Statements|url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/politicians/2015/02/06/new-jersey-rep-gets-blowback-antigay-statements|access-date=6 February 2015|publisher=The Advocate|date=February 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Gaudiano1>{{cite news|last1=Gaudiano|first1=Nicole|title=NJ Congressman: Gay rights, civil rights not the same|url=http://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/politics/2015/02/04/chris-smith-gay-rights/22874173/|access-date=6 February 2015|newspaper=USA Today|date=February 5, 2015}}</ref>

====Syria====
In 2023, Pallone was among 56 Democrats and the only representative from New Jersey to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President [[Joe Biden]] to remove U.S. troops from [[Syria]] within 180 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/118-2023/h136 | title=H.Con.Res. 21: Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of … -- House Vote #136 -- Mar 8, 2023 }}</ref> The resolution did not pass.<ref>{{cite news| title=House Votes Down Bill Directing Removal of Troops From Syria | website=US News & World Report | date=8 March 2023 |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2023-03-08/house-votes-down-bill-directing-removal-of-troops-from-syria | access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

===Legislation===
Pallone opposed the [[Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act (H.R. 2019; 113th Congress)]], which passed in both the House and the Senate. The bill would end taxpayer contributions to the [[Presidential Election Campaign Fund]] and divert the money in that fund to pay for research into [[Childhood cancer|pediatric cancer]] through the [[National Institutes of Health]].<ref name=WPgabriellastory>{{cite news|last=Gibson|first=Caitlin|title=Federal pediatric medical research act named for Gabriella Miller|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/federal-pediatric-medical-research-act-named-for-gabriella-miller/2013/11/14/f87b42e0-4d72-11e3-be6b-d3d28122e6d4_story.html|access-date=13 March 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=2019cbo>{{cite web|title=H.R. 2019 - CBO|url=http://cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/hr2019.pdf|publisher=Congressional Budget Office|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref> The total funding for research would come to $126 million over 10 years.<ref name="WPgabriellastory"/><ref name="2019cbo"/> As of 2014, the [[United States presidential nominating convention|national conventions]] got about 23% of their funding from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund.<ref name=HooperConventionWipeout>{{cite news|last=Hooper|first=Molly K.|title=Convention wipeout coming soon?|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/196920-convention-wipeout/|access-date=13 March 2014|newspaper=The Hill|date=30 January 2014}}</ref> Pallone said the bill was "a disingenuous and empty attempt by the Republicans to divert attention from the fact that they have voted to cut research time and time again."<ref name=PeteHousepasses1>{{cite news|last=Kasperowicz|first=Pete|title=House passes pediatric research bill, Cantor priority|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/votes/192838-house-narrowly-passes-kids-research-bill-cantor-priority/|access-date=13 March 2014|newspaper=The Hill|date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Democratic opponents blamed Republicans for $1.5 billion cuts to the National Institutes of Health and said this money would not make it up.<ref name="PeteHousepasses1"/> Supporters of the bill argued that the use of this money for pediatric cancer research was better than using it for political campaigns, so the bill should be supported for that reason.<ref name="PeteHousepasses1"/> Pallone was one of 58 members of Congress to oppose tabling a motion offering articles of impeachment against [[Donald Trump]] on December 6, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2017/roll658.xml|title=FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 658|website=Clerk.house.gov|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref>

While chair of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, Pallone sponsored the [[American Data Privacy and Protection Act]] (ADPPA),<ref name="Axios roadblocks">{{Cite web |last1=McGill |first1=Margaret Harding |title=Online privacy bill faces daunting roadblocks |work=Axios |date=2022-08-04 |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/08/04/online-privacy-bill-roadblocks-congress |language=en |access-date=2022-08-06 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> which became the first online privacy bill to pass committee markup.<ref name=Roe>{{Cite web |last1=Morrison |first1=Sara |title=The end of Roe could finally convince Americans to care more about privacy |work=Vox |date=2022-07-21 |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/23271323/roe-dobbs-abortion-data-privacy |language=en |access-date=2022-07-30 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727154038/https://www.vox.com/recode/23271323/roe-dobbs-abortion-data-privacy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Committee assignments===
[[File:Obama signs Ryan White extension.jpg|thumb|Frank Pallone beside [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] who signs the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009.]]
*[[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|Committee on Energy and Commerce]] (ranking member)
**As Ranking Member, Pallone is entitled to serve as an ''ex officio'' member of each subcommittee.

===Select caucus memberships===
*Congressional Sri Lanka Caucus (founding member)
*Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues (co-chair)
*Bipartisan Coalition for Combating Antisemitism
*Congressional Progressive Caucus
*Democratic Israel Working Group
* [[Congressional Equality Caucus|LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About the CEC|url=https://equality.house.gov/about-cec/membership| publisher=CEC|access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>
* [[Congressional Coalition on Adoption]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute|url=https://www.ccainstitute.org|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Congressional Taiwan Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Congressional Taiwan Caucus|url=https://sherman.house.gov/taiwancaucus| publisher=Congressman Brad Sherman|access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref>
* [[Congressional Ukraine Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Members |author=|url=https://ukrainecaucus-kaptur.house.gov/members|format=|publisher=Congressional Ukraine Caucus|date=|accessdate=6 November 2025}}</ref>
* [[Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Strengthening Conservation Advocacy: Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus Expansion & Reconstitution|author=|url=https://www.refugeassociation.org/news/2023/12/18/strengthening-conservation-advocacy-congressional-wildlife-refuge-caucus-expansion-amp-reconstitution|format=|publisher=National Wildlife Refuge Association|date=December 15, 2023|accessdate=6 February 2025|archive-date=January 28, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128114007/https://www.refugeassociation.org/news/2023/12/18/strengthening-conservation-advocacy-congressional-wildlife-refuge-caucus-expansion-amp-reconstitution|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Rare Disease Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare Disease Congressional Caucus|author=|url=https://everylifefoundation.org/rare-advocates/rarecaucus/rarecaucus-members/|format=|publisher=Every Life Foundation for Rare Diseases|date=|accessdate=19 March 2025}}</ref>

==Other political offices==
In 2002, Pallone turned down an offer to replace embattled Senator [[Bob Torricelli]] as the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate by Democratic Party leaders. The slot eventually went to [[Frank Lautenberg]], who won the general election. In 2004-05, Pallone considered a gubernatorial bid against embattled and unpopular Governor [[Jim McGreevey]], but ended up supporting eventual nominee [[Jon Corzine]].

Early in 2005, Pallone announced his intention to seek the Senate seat held at the time by Corzine. Corzine won the Democratic nomination for governor in June 2005, and Pallone was the first politician to officially seek Corzine's Senate seat. He launched "Pallone for New Jersey" to inform New Jersey citizens of his work in the House and his desire to be New Jersey's next senator. In January 2006, Pallone announced his endorsement of [[Bob Menendez]] for Senate in the November 2006 election, ending his bid for the seat.

Pallone was an early and strong endorser of [[Hillary Clinton]] in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries. He traveled to [[New Hampshire]] to campaign for Clinton. Clinton lost the primary to [[Barack Obama]], who went on to become president. Pallone also endorsed [[Frank Lautenberg]] over Congressman [[Rob Andrews]].

==2013 U.S. Senate election==
{{main|2013 United States Senate special election in New Jersey}}

On January 3, 2013, it was revealed that Pallone was considering another bid for the Senate should [[Frank Lautenberg]] elect not to pursue another term in office in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|title=Frank Pallone joins Cory Booker in eyeing New Jersey Senate seat|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/frank-pallone-joins-cory-booker-in-eyeing-new-jersey-senate-seat-85740.html|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=Politico|date=3 January 2013}}</ref> On June 9, 2013, Pallone said he was officially in the race to fill Lautenberg's Senate seat, due to Lautenberg's death, and could win the Democratic primary against [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark Mayor]] [[Cory Booker]] by running on his progressive congressional record.<ref>{{cite web|title=PALLONE SAYS HE'S IN NJ SENATE RACE|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/apnewsbreak-pallone-says-hes-nj-senate-race#overlay-context=article/explosions-heard-nato-site-afghan-airport|publisher=AP|access-date=10 June 2013}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Lautenberg's family endorsed Pallone on July 8, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lautenberg family endorses Pallone over 'celebrity' Cory Booker in NJ Senate race|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/senate-races/155446-lautenbergs-son-blasts-show-horse-booker-as-family-endorses-pallone/|newspaper=The Hill|date=8 July 2013|access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> The state council of sheet metal workers also endorsed Pallone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://njtoday.net/2013/06/19/sheet-metal-workers-state-council-endorses-pallone-for-u-s-senate/#ixzz2ZOSgo4m2 |title=Sheet Metal Workers State Council Endorses Pallone for U.S. Senate |access-date=2013-07-18 |archive-date=2015-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506153853/http://njtoday.net/2013/06/19/sheet-metal-workers-state-council-endorses-pallone-for-u-s-senate/#ixzz2ZOSgo4m2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the August 13, 2013 primary election, Pallone lost to Booker.<ref name="Democratic and Republican Primary Results">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/13/new-jersey-senate-election_n_3749759.html | title=New Jersey Senate Election: Cory Booker Wins Democratic Primary | date=August 13, 2013 | work=Huffington Post | first=John | last=Celock}}</ref> Booker then won the general election.

==Electoral history==
{{main|Electoral history of Frank Pallone}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+[[New Jersey's 11th legislative district|New Jersey's 11th senate district]] (1983): Results
!|Year
!
!|Democratic
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
!|Republican
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
!|3rd Party
!|Party
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
|-
|[[1983 New Jersey Senate election#District 11|1983]]
|
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{nowrap|'''Frank Pallone'''}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |24,339
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |50.4%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|[[Brian T. Kennedy]]}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |23,412
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |48.5%
|
|{{Party shading/Bull Moose}} |Edgar Van Houten
|{{Party shading/Bull Moose}} |Bull Moose
|{{Party shading/Bull Moose}} align="right" |508
|{{Party shading/Bull Moose}} align="right" |0.1%
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+{{ushr|New Jersey|3|}} (1988–1993) and {{ushr|New Jersey|6|}} (1993–2024): Results
!|Year
!
!|Democratic
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
!|Republican
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
!|3rd Party
!|Party
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
!|3rd Party
!|Party
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
!|3rd Party
!|Party
!|Votes
!|Pct
!
|-
|[[1988 New Jersey's 3rd congressional district special election|1988 (special)]]
|
| rowspan="20" {{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{nowrap|'''Frank Pallone'''}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |116,988
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |52.0%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} rowspan=2|{{nowrap|[[Joseph Azzolina]]}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |106,489
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |47.3%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} rowspan=2|Laura Stewart
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} rowspan=2|[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1,713
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |0.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[1988 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|1988]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |117,024
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |51.6%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |107,479
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |47.4%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |2,107
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |0.9%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[1990 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|1990]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |77,866
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |49.1%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Paul A. Kapalko}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |73,696
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |46.5%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Richard D. McKean
|{{Party shading/Independent}} rowspan=3 |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |4,377
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1.2%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} rowspan=2 |William Stewart
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} rowspan=2 |[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1,833
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1.2%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Joseph A. Plonski
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Populist]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |871
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.5%
|
|-
|[[1992 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|1992]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |118,266
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |53.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|[[Joe Kyrillos]]}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |100,949
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |46.1%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Joseph Spalletta
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |2,153
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1.0%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1,404
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |0.6%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Peter Cerrato
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1,073
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.5%
|*
|-
|[[1994 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|1994]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |88,922
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |60.4%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Mike Herson}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |55,287
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |37.5%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Charles H. Dickson
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1,774
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1.2%
|
|bgcolor=Orange |Gary J. Rich
|bgcolor=Orange rowspan=2 |[[New Jersey Conservative Party|Conservative]]
|bgcolor=Orange align="right" |800
|bgcolor=Orange align="right" |0.5%
|
|{{Party shading/Natural Law}} |Richard Quinn
|{{Party shading/Natural Law}} rowspan=2 |[[Natural Law Party (United States)|Natural Law]]
|{{Party shading/Natural Law}} align="right" |548
|{{Party shading/Natural Law}} align="right" |0.4%
|
|-
|[[1996 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|1996]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |124,635
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |61.3%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Steven Corodemus}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |73,402
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |36.1%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |Keith Quarles
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |2,044
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1.0%
|
|bgcolor=Orange |Richard Sorrentino
|bgcolor=Orange align="right" |1,509
|bgcolor=Orange align="right" |0.7%
|
|{{Party shading/Natural Law}} |Susan Normandin
|{{Party shading/Natural Law}} align="right" |548
|{{Party shading/Natural Law}} align="right" |0.6%
|*
|-
|[[1998 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|1998]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |78,102
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |57.0%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|[[Mike Ferguson (New Jersey politician)|Mike Ferguson]]}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |55,180
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |40.3%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Carl Mayer
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1,291
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Steve Nagle
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1,262
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Leonard Marshall
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1,262
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.9%
|
|-
|[[2000 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2000]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |141,698
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |67.5%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|[[Brian T. Kennedy|Brian Kennedy]]}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |62,454
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |29.8%
|
|{{Party shading/Green}} |Earl Gray
|{{Party shading/Green}} rowspan=2 |[[Green Party of the United States|Green]]
|{{Party shading/Green}} align="right" |4,252
|{{Party shading/Green}} |2.0%
|
|{{Party shading/ReformUSA}} |Karen Zaletel
|{{Party shading/ReformUSA}} |[[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform]]
|{{Party shading/ReformUSA}} align="right" |1,120
|{{Party shading/ReformUSA}} |0.5%
|
|bgcolor=Orange |Sylvia Kuzmak
|bgcolor=Orange |[[New Jersey Conservative Party|Conservative]]
|bgcolor=Orange align="right" |328
|bgcolor=Orange align="right" |0.2%
|
|-
|[[2002 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2002]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |91,379
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |66.5%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Ric Medrow}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |42,479
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |30.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Green}} |Richard Strong
|{{Party shading/Green}} align="right" |1,819
|{{Party shading/Green}} |1.3%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |Barry Allen
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1,206
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |0.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Mac X. Lyden
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |612
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.5%
|
|-
|[[2004 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2004]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |153,981
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |66.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Sylvester Fernandez}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |70,942
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |30.8%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |Virginia Flynn
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |2,829
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1.2%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Mac X. Lyden
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |2,399
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1.0%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2006 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2006]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |98,615
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |66.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Leigh-Ann Bellew}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |43,359
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |30.2%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} rowspan=2 |Herbert Tarbous
|{{Party shading/Independent}} rowspan=3 |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1,619
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1.1%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2008 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2008]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |164,077
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |67.0%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Robert McLeod}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |77,469
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |31.6%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |3,531
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1.5%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2010 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2010]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |81,933
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |54.7%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} rowspan=2 |{{nowrap|Anna Little}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |65,413
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |43.7%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Jack Freudenheim
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1,299
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} rowspan=2 |Karen Anne Zaletel
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Green Tea Patriots]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1,017
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.7%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2012 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2012]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |151,782
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |63.3%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |84,360
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |35.2%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |Len Flynn
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} rowspan=2 |[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1,392
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |0.6%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |868
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.4%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Mac Dara Lyden
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |830
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |0.3%
|*
|-
|[[2014 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2014]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |72,190
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |59.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Anthony E. Wilkinson}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |46,891
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |38.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |Dorit Goikhman
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1,376
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1.2%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2016 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2016]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |167,895
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |63.7%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Brent Sonnek-Schmelz}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |91,908
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |34.9%
|
|{{Party shading/Green}} |Rajit B. Malliah
|{{Party shading/Green}} |[[Green Party of the United States|Green]]
|{{Party shading/Green}} align="right" |1,912
|{{Party shading/Green}} align="right" |0.7%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |Judith Shamy
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1,720
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |0.7%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2018 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2018]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |140,752
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |63.6%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Richard J. Pezzullo}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |80,443
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |36.4%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2020 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2020]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |199,648
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |61.2%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Christian Onuoha}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |126,760
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |38.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2022 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2022]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |106,238
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |57.5%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{nowrap|Sue Kiley}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |75,839
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |41.0%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |Tara Fisher
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1,361
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |0.7%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2024 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey|2024]]
|
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} align="right" |170,275
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |56.1%
|
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Scott Fegler
|{{Party shading/Republican}} align="right" |122,519
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |40.3%
|
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Fahad Akhtar
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |Common Sense Independent
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |4,871
|{{Party shading/Independent}} align="right" |1.6%
|
|{{Party shading/Green}} |Herb Tarbous
|{{Party shading/Green}} |[[Green Party (United States)|Green]]
|{{Party shading/Green}} align="right" |4,246
|{{Party shading/Green}} align="right" |1.4%
|
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |Matthew Amitrano
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} |[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |1,770
|{{Party shading/Libertarian}} align="right" |0.6%
|}
{{small|Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 1992, 4 minor candidates received 2,248 votes collectively. In 1996, [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers]] candidate Stefanie Trice received 641 votes. In 2012, [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform]] candidate Herbert Tarbous received 406 votes.}}

==Personal life==
Pallone lives with his wife Sarah Hospodor-Pallone and their three children in Long Branch, New Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-10|title=Meet the Congressman from the Jersey Shore|url=https://njmonthly.com/articles/politics-public-affairs/congressman-frank-pallone/|access-date=2020-11-10|website=New Jersey Monthly}}</ref> They married in August 1992.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1992-02-23|title=Rep. Frank Pallone Jr. of New Jersey To Wed Sarah Hospodor in August (Published 1992)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/23/style/rep-frank-pallone-jr-of-new-jersey-to-wed-sarah-hospodor-in-august.html|access-date=2020-11-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Pallone is a [[Roman Catholic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2022/12/PF_2023.01.03_religion-congress_REPORT.pdf |title=Faith on the Hill. The religious composition of the 118th Congress|access-date=5 April 2023|website=PEW Research Center|date=3 January 2023|author=Jeff Diamant}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource author|wislink=Frank Joseph Pallone|works=or}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|Author:Frank Joseph Pallone|Frank Pallone}}
*[https://pallone.house.gov/ Congressman Frank Pallone, Jr.] official U.S. House website
*[https://www.pallonefornewjersey.com/ Frank Pallone for Congress]
{{CongLinks|congbio=P000034|votesmart=26951|fec=H8NJ03073 |congress=frank-pallone/P000034}}
*{{C-SPAN|6107}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James J. Howard|James Howard]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States representatives from New Jersey|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[New Jersey's 3rd congressional district]]|years=1988–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jim Saxton]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Bernard J. Dwyer|Bernard Dwyer]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States representatives from New Jersey|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[New Jersey's 6th congressional district]]|years=1993–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Greg Walden]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|House Energy and Commerce Committee]]|years=2019–2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Cathy McMorris Rodgers]]}}
|-
{{s-prec|usa}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Nancy Pelosi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|United States representatives by seniority]]|years=6th}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Richard Neal]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence|Order of precedence of the United States]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{USHouseChairs}}
{{NJ-FedRep}}
{{Current U.S. representatives}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award recipients 2000–2009}}
{{USCongRep-start |congresses=100th–present [[United States Congress]] |state=[[New Jersey's congressional delegations|New Jersey]]}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/100}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/101}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/102}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/103}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/104}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/105}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/106}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/107}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/108}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/109}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/110}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/111}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/112}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/113}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/114}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/115}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/116}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/117}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/118}}
{{USCongRep/NJ/119}}
{{USCongRep-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pallone, Frank}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the New Jersey Legislature]]
[[Category:21st-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:21st-century New Jersey politicians]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Catholics from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Democratic Party United States representatives from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Democratic Party New Jersey state senators]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Monmouth County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Middlebury College alumni]]
[[Category:New Jersey city council members]]
[[Category:New Jersey Democrats]]
[[Category:Politicians from Long Branch, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Rutgers School of Law–Camden alumni]]
[[Category:The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni]]

Prayagraj

2026-03-17T07:22:29Z

Eldartpy: update

{{Short description|Metropolis in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Redirect|Allahabad|other uses|Prayagraj (disambiguation)|and|Allahabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Prayagraj
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name = Allahabad 
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = Allahabad Montage II Dec 2014.jpg
| imagesize = 295px
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: [[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad|All Saints Cathedral]], [[Khusro Bagh]], the [[Allahabad High Court]], the [[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad|New Yamuna Bridge]] near [[Triveni Sangam#Triveni Sangam in Allahabad|Sangam]], the skyline of [[Civil Lines, Allahabad|Civil Lines]], the [[University of Allahabad]], [[Thornhill Mayne Memorial]] at [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park]] and [[Anand Bhavan]]
| etymology = King of the Prayagas
| nicknames = ''The [[Triveni Sangam#Triveni Sangam in Allahabad|Sangam]] City'',<ref name=sangam>{{cite news |last1=Mani |first1=Rajiv |title=Sangam city, Allahabad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Girl-from-Sangam-city-grabs-headlines-in-US/articleshow/35421311.cms |access-date=16 August 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525090000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Girl-from-Sangam-city-grabs-headlines-in-US/articleshow/35421311.cms |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> ''City of Prime Ministers''<ref name="prime">{{cite web |title=City of Prime Ministers |url=http://allahabad.nic.in/history.htm |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=16 August 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813071307/http://allahabad.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=13 August 2014 }}</ref> and Kumbh Nagari
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Prayagraj in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25|26|09|N|81|50|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Divisions|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 =[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prayagraj division|Prayagraj]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Ganesh Kesarwani
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Ujjwal Raman Singh]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Prayagraj City'>{{cite web|title=Prayagraj City|url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/about_ann.html|website=allahabadmc.gov.in|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802161000/http://allahabadmc.gov.in/about_ann.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 365
| area_rank = 10
| elevation_m = 98
| population_total = 1536218
| population_as_of = 2020–2011 hybrid
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Prayagraj City'/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro =
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population|7th]] in Uttar Pradesh [[List of most populous cities in India|36th]] in India
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|40th]]
| population_demonyms = Prayagi Allahabadi Ilahabadi<ref>{{cite news |title=Poets' 'Allahabadi' Surnames Changed To 'Prayagraj' After UP Website Hack |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/poets-allahabadi-surnames-changed-to-prayagraj-after-up-website-hack-2676909 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=29 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Prayagraj | title=Prayagraj | City, Fort, History, & Facts | Britannica }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 211001–211018
| area_code = +91-532
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-70
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 852 [[Female|♀]]/1000[[Male|♂]]
| website = {{URL|prayagraj.nic.in}}
| footnotes = {{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name4 =
| leader_title4 =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=20 December 2018|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff" />
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |title=Awadhi |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606184310/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |url-status=live }}</ref>
| established_title = Earliest mention
| established_date = c. 1200–1000 BCE{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–699, 702–703}}
| established_title1 = Established as ''Ilahabas''
| established_date1 = 1584
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 = Established as a city
| established_date3 = 1801
| named_for = [[Panch Prayag]]
| area_total_sq_mi = 140.9
| elevation_ft = 321.52
}}

'''Prayagraj''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|eɪ|ə|ˌ|ɡ|r|ɑː|dʒ|,_|'|p|r|aɪ|ə|-}}, {{ipa|hi|pɾəjaːɡ.ɾaːd͡ʑ|lang}}; [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{IAST|Prayāgarāja}}), formerly and colloquially known as '''Allahabad''', is a [[metropolis]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Cities of India |url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf |website=cpcb.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210838/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf |access-date=22 December 2020|archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Six cities to get metropolitan stat">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Six-cities-to-get-metropolitan-status/articleshow/2210886.cms?from=mdr |title=Six cities to get metropolitan status |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 October 2006 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413034053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Six-cities-to-get-metropolitan-status/articleshow/2210886.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }} The other five cities were: [[Agra]], [[Kanpur|Kanpur (Cawnpore)]], [[Lucknow]], [[Meerut]], and [[Varanasi|Varanasi (Benares)]].</ref> It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Prayagraj district]], the most populous district in the state and 13th most populous district in India and the [[Prayagraj division]]. The city is the judicial capital of Uttar Pradesh with the [[Allahabad High Court]] being the highest judicial body in the state. {{As of|2011|post=,}} Prayagraj is the [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population|seventh most populous city]] in the state, [[list of North Indian cities by population|thirteenth]] in [[North India|Northern India]] and [[List of cities in India by population|thirty-sixth]] in India, with an estimated population of 1.53 million in the city.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html |title=Allahabad City Population Census 2011 | Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517183230/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html |archive-date=17 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/87-allahabad.html |title=Allahabad Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011 Census |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518234508/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/87-allahabad.html |archive-date=18 May 2014 }}</ref> In 2011, it was ranked the world's 40th fastest-growing city.<ref name="fastest growing">{{cite web|title=The world's fastest growing cities and urban areas from 2006 to 2020|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth2.html|work=City Mayors Statistics|access-date=11 February 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014181201/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth2.html|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-twin-towns-and-sister-cities-of-indian-states/|title= 10 Twin Towns and Sister Cities of Indian States|author= |website= walkthroughindia.com|date= 26 September 2013|access-date= 9 January 2014|url-status = live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140109083014/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-twin-towns-and-sister-cities-of-indian-states/|archive-date= 9 January 2014}}</ref> The city, in 2016, was also ranked the third most liveable [[Urban area|urban agglomeration]] in the state (after [[Noida]] and [[Lucknow]]) and sixteenth in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://competitiveness.in/publications/reports/liveability-index/ |title=Liveability Index |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912165115/http://competitiveness.in/publications/reports/liveability-index/ |archive-date=12 September 2015 |publisher=Institute for Competitiveness, India}}</ref> [[Hindi]] is the most widely spoken language in the city.

Prayagraj lies close to [[Triveni Sangam]], the "three-river confluence" of the [[Ganges]], [[Yamuna]], and the mythical [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]].<ref name=sangam /> It plays a central role in [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]]. The city finds its earliest reference as one of the world's oldest known cities in Hindu texts and has been venerated as the holy city of ''Prayāga'' in the ancient [[Vedas]]. Prayagraj was also known as [[Kosambi]] in the late [[Vedic period]], named by the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] rulers of [[Hastinapur]], who developed it as their capital. Known as Purimtal in ancient Jain scriptures, it is also a sacred place for [[Jainism|Jains]], as their first [[Tirthankara|Tirthankar]], [[Rishabhanatha|Rishabhdeva]] attained [[Kevala jnana|kevalya gyana]] here.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=M. Subba |title=Sachitra Shraman Bhagwan Mahavir |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006789/144 |access-date=16 December 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217061359/https://jainqq.org/explore/006789/144 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period until the end of the [[Maurya Empire]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Prayagraj – Ancient Era and Maurya Period |url=https://prayagrajportal.org/general-information/timeline-of-major-historical-events-in-prayagraj/ |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=Prayagraj Portal}}</ref> with occupation continuing until the [[Gupta Empire]]. Since then, the city has been a political, cultural and administrative centre of the [[Doab]] region.

''[[Akbarnama]]'' mentions that the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]] founded a great city in Allahabad. [[Abd al-Qadir Badayuni]] and [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an imperial city there which was called ''Ilahabas'' or ''Ilahabad''.<ref name=Ujagir /><ref name=Kumbh67 /> In the early 17th century, Allahabad was a provincial capital in the [[Mughal Empire]] under the reign of [[Jahangir]].<ref name="Pletcher 2010 128">{{cite book |last=Pletcher |first=Kenneth |date=15 August 2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC&pg=PA128 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |page=128 |isbn= 978-1-61530-142-3|access-date=21 March 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115154619/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q=Allahabad|archive-date=15 November 2018 }}</ref> In 1833, it became the seat of the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]] region before its capital was moved to [[Agra]] in 1835.<ref name="MHBI">{{cite book|author=H.S. Bhatia|title=Military History of British India: 1607–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lrjr7P2HMfkC&pg=PA96|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications'|isbn=978-81-8450-079-0|page=97|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115154711/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lrjr7P2HMfkC&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q=history|archive-date=15 November 2018|year=2008}}</ref> Allahabad became the capital of the [[North-Western Provinces]] in 1858 and was the [[List of capitals of India|capital of India]] for a day.<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 1 January 2008 237">{{cite book|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-81-89422-82-0|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115154758/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q=Allahabad|archive-date=15 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Jasreet |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/which-city-became-the-capital-of-india-for-a-day/ar-AA1KdO21?ocid=winp2fptaskbar&cvid=c20b745b51a34311f0094410e1d1d9fe&ei=25 |work=MSN |access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> The city was the capital of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] from 1902<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 1 January 2008 237" /> to 1920<ref name="Ward2008">{{cite book|author=Kerry Ward|title=Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNBmIu5m6hAC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88586-7|page=340|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523054906/http://books.google.com/books?id=YNBmIu5m6hAC|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2009}}</ref> and remained at the forefront of national importance during the [[Indian independence movement|struggle for Indian independence]].<ref name="Desai1986" />

Prayagraj is an international [[tourism]] destination, second in terms of tourist arrivals in the state after Varanasi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/with-over-32-crore-tourist-arrivals-in-9-months-up-turns-top-tourist-destination-1503256625.html|title=With over 32 cr tourist arrivals in 9 months, UP turns top tourist destination|work=The Statesman|access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref> Located in southern Uttar Pradesh, the city covers {{Convert|365|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name='Prayagraj City'/> Although the city and its surrounding area are governed by several municipalities, a large portion of Prayagraj district is governed by the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation. The city is home to colleges, research institutions and many [[Central government|central]] and [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|state government]] offices, including High court of Uttar Pradesh. Prayagraj has hosted cultural and sporting events, including the [[Prayag Kumbh Mela]] and the [[Indira Marathon]]. Although the city's economy was built on tourism, most of its income now derives from real estate and financial services.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/City-generates-534760-kg-domestic-waste-daily/articleshow/7463898.cms |title=City generates 5,34,760 kg domestic waste daily |date=10 February 2011 |last1=Mani |first1=Rajiv | access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218090413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/City-generates-534760-kg-domestic-waste-daily/articleshow/7463898.cms |archive-date=18 December 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
Prayagraj hosted the [[Kumbh Mela]] in 2019, one of the largest peaceful gatherings in the world, with the Government of Uttar Pradesh estimating participation of over 120 million pilgrims during the festival period. The event received extensive national and international coverage and involved major infrastructure development projects in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumbh Mela 2019 ends with record footfall |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kumbh-mela-2019-ends-with-record-footfall-5608417/ |work=The Indian Express |date=4 March 2019 |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kumbh Mela 2019 |url=https://kumbh.gov.in |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The location at the confluence of Ganges and [[Yamuna]] rivers has been known in ancient times as Prayāga, which means "place of a sacrifice" in Sanskrit (''pra-,'' "fore-" + ''yāj-'', "to sacrifice").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=687|title=A Sanskrit–English Dictionary|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125313/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=687|url-status=live}}</ref> It was believed that god [[Brahma]] performed the very first sacrifice (''yāga, [[yajna]]'') in this place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yogi-adityanath-takes-allahabad-to-prayagraj-after-443-years-a-recap-of-history-1368216-2018-10-15|title=Yogi Adityanath takes Allahabad to Prayagraj after 443 years: A recap of History|website=[[India Today]]|author=India Today Web Desk|date=15 October 2018|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213011029/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yogi-adityanath-takes-allahabad-to-prayagraj-after-443-years-a-recap-of-history-1368216-2018-10-15|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/what-is-the-meaning-of-prayagraj-new-name-of-allahabad-city-how-is-brahma-connected/300287|title=क्या है प्रयागराज का मतलब? सृष्टि की रचना के बाद जहां ब्रह्मा ने सबसे पहले संपन्न किया था यज्ञ|website=[[Times Now]]|author=टाइम्स नाउ डिजिटल|date=16 October 2018|language=hi|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005748/https://hindi.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/what-is-the-meaning-of-prayagraj-new-name-of-allahabad-city-how-is-brahma-connected/300287|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref>

The word ''prayāga'' has been traditionally used to mean "a confluence of rivers". For Allahabad, it denoted the physical meeting point of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna in the city. An ancient tradition has it that a third river, invisible Sarasvati, also meets there with the two. Today, Triveni Sangam (or simply Sangam) is a more frequently used name for the confluence.

Prayagraj ([[Sanskrit]]: ''Prayāgarāja''), meaning "the king among the five ''prayāgas''", is used as a term of respect to indicate that this confluence is the most splendid one of the [[Panch Prayag|five sacred confluences]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/news/india/what-does-prayagraj-actually-mean-times-now-exclusive/12779|title=What does 'Prayagraj' actually mean?|website=[[Times Now]]|author=Akrita Reyar|date=17 October 2018|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005706/https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/news/india/what-does-prayagraj-actually-mean-times-now-exclusive/12779|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref>

The [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] visited the region in 1575 and was so impressed by the strategic location of the site that he ordered a fort be constructed.<ref name="Past">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://prayagraj.nic.in/history/ |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref> The fort was constructed by 1584 and called ''Ilahabas'' or "Abode of God", later changed to ''Allahabad'' under [[Shah Jahan]]. Speculations regarding its name, however, exist. Because of the surrounding people calling it ''Alhabas'', has led to some people{{Who|date=April 2020}} holding the view that it was named after [[Alha]] from [[Alha-Khand|Alha's story]].<ref name="Univ">{{cite book|title=University of Allahabad Studies|publisher=[[University of Allahabad]]|year=1962|page=8}}</ref> [[James Forbes (artist)|James Forbes]]' account of the early 1800s claims that it was renamed Allahabad or "Abode of God" by [[Jahangir]] after he failed to destroy the [[Akshayavat]] tree. The name, however, predates him, with ''Ilahabas'' and ''Ilahabad'' mentioned on coins minted in the city since Akbar's rule, the latter name became predominant after the emperor's death. It has also been thought to not have been named after [[Allah]] but ''ilaha'' (the gods). Shaligram Shrivastav claimed in ''Prayag Pradip'' that the name was deliberately given by Akbar to be construed as both Hindu ("ilaha") and Muslim ("Allah").<ref name="Kumbh67">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA67|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|page=67|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Kama Maclean|year=2008|isbn=978-0195338942|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125311/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref>

Over the years, a number of attempts were made by the [[BJP]]-led governments of Uttar Pradesh to rename Allahabad to Prayagraj. In 1992, the planned rename was shelved when the chief minister, [[Kalyan Singh]], was forced to resign following the [[Babri Masjid demolition]]. The government of [[Rajnath Singh]] also unsuccessfully attempted to change the name in 2001.<ref name="Kumbh672">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA67|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|author=Kama Maclean|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|page=67|isbn=978-0195338942|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125311/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> The rename finally succeeded in October 2018 when the [[Yogi Adityanath]]-led government officially changed the name of the city to Prayagraj.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/allahabad-renamed-prayagraj-1368913-2018-10-16|title=Allahabad to Prayagraj: UP cabinet okays name change|work=India Today|language=en|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165043/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/allahabad-renamed-prayagraj-1368913-2018-10-16|archive-date=16 October 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/allahabad-news/up-government-issues-notification-renaming-allahabad-to-prayagraj-1935038|title=UP Government Issues Notification Renaming Allahabad To Prayagraj|work=NDTV.com|access-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021151149/https://www.ndtv.com/allahabad-news/up-government-issues-notification-renaming-allahabad-to-prayagraj-1935038|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Prayagraj}}
{{For timeline}}

=== Antiquity ===
The earliest mention of Prayāga and the associated pilgrimage is found in ''[[Rigveda]] [[Pariśiṣṭa]]'' (supplement to the ''Rigveda'', c. 1200–1000 BCE).{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–699, 702–703}} It is also mentioned in the [[Pali]] canons of [[Buddhism]], such as in section 1.7 of ''[[Majjhima Nikaya]]'' ({{circa|500 BCE}}), wherein the Buddha states that bathing in ''Payaga'' (Skt: Prayaga) cannot wash away cruel and evil deeds, rather the virtuous one should be pure in heart and fair in action.<ref>{{cite book|title= Teachings of The Buddha: Majjhima Nikaya |author1 = Bhikkhu Nanamoli (Tr)|author2 = Bhikkhu Bodhi(Tr)|year = 1995|isbn = 978-0861710720| url = https://archive.org/details/MajjhimaNikaya| page=[https://archive.org/details/MajjhimaNikaya/page/n483 121]| publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref> The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' ({{circa|400 BCE}}–300 CE) mentions a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag as a means of ''prāyaścitta'' (atonement, penance) for past mistakes and guilt.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=55–56}} In ''Tirthayatra Parva'', before the great war, the epic states "the one who observes firm [ethical] vows, having bathed at Prayaga during Magha, O best of the Bharatas, becomes spotless and reaches heaven."<ref>{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC|year=2013|publisher=Three Rivers Press|isbn=978-0-385-53192-4|page=153|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804083919/https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''Anushasana parva'', after the war, the epic elaborates this bathing pilgrimage as "geographical tirtha" that must be combined with ''manasa-tirtha'' (tirtha of the heart) whereby one lives by values such as truth, charity, self-control, patience and others.<ref>Diane Eck (1981), India's "Tīrthas: "Crossings" in Sacred Geography, ''History of Religions'', Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 340–341 with footnote</ref>

Prayāga is mentioned in the ''[[Agni Purana]]'' and other [[Puranas]] with various legends, including being one of the places where [[Brahma]] attended a [[yajna]] (homa), and the confluence of river Ganges, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati site as the king of pilgrimage sites (''Tirtha Raj'').<ref name="Dubey2001">{{cite book|author=Shiva Kumar Dubey|title=Kumbh city Prayag|url=https://archive.org/details/kumbhcityprayag00unse|access-date=3 August 2012|publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kumbhcityprayag00unse/page/31 31]–41, 82|year=2001}}</ref> Other early accounts of the significance of Prayag to Hinduism is found in the various versions of the ''Prayaga Mahatmya'', dated to the late 1st-millennium CE. These ''[[Purana]]''-genre Sanskrit texts describe Prayag as a place "bustling with pilgrims, priests, vendors, beggars, guides" and local citizens busy along the confluence of the rivers (''sangam'').<ref name="Glucklich2008p146">{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971825-2|pages=146–147|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804110843/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ludo Rocher|title=The Purāṇas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA71|year=1986|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02522-5|pages=71–72|quote=with footnotes|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804071021/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref> Prayaga is also mentioned in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', a place with the legendary ''Ashram'' of sage [[Bharadwaj]].<ref name="Krishnamoorthy1991">{{cite book|author=K. Krishnamoorthy|title=A Critical Inventory of Rāmāyaṇa Studies in the World: Indian languages and English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOtreyGBGHQC&pg=PA28|publisher=Sahitya Academy|isbn=978-81-7201-100-0|pages=28–51|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523070430/http://books.google.com/books?id=iOtreyGBGHQC&pg=PA28|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1991}}</ref>

==== In Jainism ====
[[File:Footprints_of_Rishabha.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Ancient footprints and a [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jainism|Jain]] idol of [[Rishabhadeva]] commemorating the place of his omniscience]]
''Purimtal Jain Tirth'', located in Prayagraj (formerly known as ''Purimtal''), is a site of religious and historical significance for [[Jainism|Jains]]. This ancient pilgrim site is revered as the spot where [[Rishabhadeva]], the first [[Tirthankara]], achieved ''[[Kevala jnana|keval gyan]]'' as per Jain beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=M. Subba |title=Sachitra Shraman Bhagwan Mahavir |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006789/144 |access-date=16 December 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217061359/https://jainqq.org/explore/006789/144 |url-status=live }}</ref> As documented in [[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]] by Acharya Jinaprabhasuri, ''Purimtal'' once featured numerous Jain temples. Rishabhadeva is said to have attained omniscience under the [[Akshayavata|''Akshayavat'' tree]]. This tree, often referred to as the "indestructible" tree in legends, is a point of spiritual reverence in other religions as well. The site also holds importance in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and Buddhist traditions. Originally, sandalwood footprints of Rishabhadeva were placed beneath the tree, which were later replaced with stone replicas following theft.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jinaprabhasuri |first=Acharya |title=Vividh Tirthkalpa Sachitra |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/004512/293 |access-date=16 December 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217065309/https://jainqq.org/explore/004512/293 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Small_shrine_decidated_to_the_place_of_Omniscience_of_Rishabha.jpg|thumb|252x252px|A small shrine, built to protect the ancient footprints and [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jainism|Jain]] idol of Rishabhadeva at the base of the [[Akshayavata|''Akshayavata'' tree]]]]
[[Hemachandra|Acharya Hemachandrasuri's]] ''Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra'' describes ''Purimtal'' as a 'hub of Jain activity', where multiple [[Tirthankara]]s, including [[Mahavira]], visited and meditated. Mahavira is said to have practised deep meditation in the ''Shakatmukh Udyan'' nearby, and a divine [[Samavasarana|Samavasaran]] ({{Translation|three-tiered pavilion for delivering sermons}}) was constructed here. Acharya Arnikaputra is also said to have attained omniscience and [[moksha]] near the [[Triveni Sangam]], the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati]] rivers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=21 September 2017 |title=Part 12: Marudevī's omniscience and death |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212460.html |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219221830/https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212460.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 15th century, [[Akbar]] constructed a fort enclosing the [[Akshayavata|''Akshayavat'' tree]]. During British rule, public access to the fort was restricted, and the shrine was relocated to the Patalpuri Śvetāmbara Jain Temple on the fort's outskirts. While the Patalpuri Śvetāmbara Jain Temple houses a tree worshiped as the ''Akshayvat'', many believe the original Akshayvat is in an underground temple within the fort. Maps from the [[British Library]] confirm this, showing the original temple's location at the fort's center.<ref name=":3"/>

''Purimtal'' is home to five Jain temples, including four [[Digambara monk|Digambara]] and one [[Śvetāmbara]] temple. The Śvetāmbara Jain temple features a marble idol of Rishabhadeva, dating back to the 11th century CE. Alongside the idol, the temple enshrines images of other [[Tirthankara]]s, such as [[Vimalanatha|Vimalnatha]], [[Parshvanatha]], [[Mahavira]], and [[Shantinatha]]. Footprints of Jain monks are also installed here. The [[Allahabad Museum]] further highlights the region's Jain heritage, displaying ancient idols and artefacts excavated from nearby areas.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pedhi |first=Anandji Kalyanji |title=Jain Tirth Sarva Sangraha Part 02 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011536/264 |access-date=16 December 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217101126/https://jainqq.org/explore/011536/264 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Purimtal'' is associated with numerous milestones in [[Jain history]], including:

* Rishabhadeva's attainment of omniscience beneath the [[Akshayavata|''Akshayvat'' tree]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* The creation of the first ''Samavasaran'' ({{Translation|multistoreyed divine preaching hall}}) of this [[Avasarpiṇī]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* The establishment of the first ''[[Śvetāmbara#The Chaturvidha Sangha|Chaturvidha Jain Sangh]]'' (fourfold Jain congregation) of this [[Avasarpiṇī]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* [[Marudevi|Marudevi's]] attainment of [[moksha]], marking the first ''moksha'' of this [[Avasarpiṇī]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
* The composition of the first [[Jain literature|Dvādaśāṅgī]] scriptures by [[Ganadhara]] Pundarika, a disciple of Rishabhadeva.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
The [[Akshayavata|''Akshayvat'' tree]] remains a key attraction. Ongoing efforts to preserve and document ''Purimtal's'' [[Jainism|Jain]] heritage ensure its enduring relevance to the community and the broader historical narrative.<ref name=":3" />

====Archaeology and inscriptions====
[[File:Ashoka Pillar in Allahabad.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Allahabad Pillar|Ashoka pillar at Prayagraj]] contains many inscriptions since the 3rd century BCE. Sometime about 1575 CE, [[Birbal]] of Akbar's era added an inscription that mentions the "Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj".{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–699, 702–703}}<ref>{{cite book|title= Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum| volume= 1| year=1877| author= Alexander Cunningham|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62072|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62072/page/n55 37]–39}}</ref>]]
Inscription evidence from the famed Ashoka edicts containing [[Allahabad Pillar]] – also referred to as the Prayaga Bull pillar – adds to the confusion about the antiquity of this city.<ref name=irwin1/><ref name=irwin2/> Excavations have revealed [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] dating to 600–700 BCE.<ref name="Dubey2001" /> According to [[Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti]], "... there is nothing to suggest that modern Prayag (i e. modern Allahabad) was an ancient city. Yet it is inconceivable that one of the holiest places of Hinduism, Prayag or the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna should be without a major ancient city." Chakrabarti suggests that the city of [[Jhusi]], opposite the confluence, must have been the "ancient settlement of Prayag".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&pg=PA263|title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga|author=Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2001|page=263|isbn=978-8178240169|author-link=Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125329/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&pg=PA263|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological surveys since the 1950s has revealed the presence of human settlements near the ''sangam'' since {{circa|800}} BCE.<ref name=irwin1/><ref name=irwin2/>

Along with Ashoka's Brahmi script inscription from the 3rd century BCE, the pillar has a Samudragupta inscription, as well as a Magha Mela inscription of [[Birbal]] of Akbar's era. It states,

{{blockquote|In the Samvat year 1632, Saka 1493, in Magha, the 5th of the waning moon, on Monday, Gangadas's son Maharaja [[Birbal]] made the auspicious pilgrimage to Tirth Raj Prayag. Saphal scripsit. – Translated by Alexander Cunningham (1879){{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=39}}
}}

These dates correspond to about 1575 CE, and confirm the importance and the name Prayag.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=39}}{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–699}} According to Cunningham, this pillar was brought to Allahabad from [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]] by a Muslim Sultan, and that in some later century before Akbar, the old city of Prayag had been deserted.<ref>{{cite book|title=Allahabad: a study in urban geography|author=Ujagir Singh|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|year=1958|page=32}}</ref> Other scholars, such as Krishnaswamy and Ghosh disagree.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–699}} In a paper published in 1935, they state that the pillar was always at its current location based on the inscription dates on the pillar, lack of textual evidence for the move in records left by Muslim historians and the difficulty in moving the massive pillar.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–703}} Further, like Cunningham, they noted that many smaller inscriptions were added on the pillar over time. Quite many of these inscriptions include a date between 1319 CE and 1575 CE, and most of these refer to the month Magha. According to Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, these dates are likely related to the [[Kumbh Mela|Magh Mela]] pilgrimage at Prayag, as recommended in the ancient Hindu texts.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=702–703}}

In papers published about 1979, John Irwin – a scholar of Indian Art History and Archaeology, concurred with Krishnaswamy and Ghosh that the Allahabad pillar was never moved and was always at the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna.<ref name=irwin1/><ref name=irwin2/> According to Irwin, an analysis of the minor inscriptions and ancient scribblings on the pillar first observed by Cunningham, also noted by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, reveals that these included years and months, and the latter "always turns out to be Magha, which also gives it name to the [[Magh Mela]]", the Prayaga bathing pilgrimage festival of the Hindus.<ref name=irwin2/> He further stated that the pillar origins were undoubtedly pre-Ashokan based on the new evidence from the archaeological and geological surveys of the triveni site (Prayaga), the major and minor inscriptions as well as textual evidence, taken together.<ref name=irwin1>{{cite book|author=John Irwin| editor=Herbert Hartel|title= South Asian Archaeology |year=1979|oclc= 8500702|isbn= 978-3-49600-1584|publisher = D. Reimer Verlag (Berlin)|pages=313–340}}</ref><ref name=irwin2>{{cite journal|author=John Irwin| title= The ancient pillar-cult at Prayāga (Allahabad): its pre-Aśokan origins| journal= The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland| issue= 2| year=1983|jstor= 25211537|publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages=253–280}}</ref> Archaeological and geological surveys done since the 1950s, states Irwin, have revealed that the rivers – particularly Ganges – had a different course in distant past than now. The original path of river Ganges at the Prayaga confluence had settlements dating from the 8th century BCE onwards.<ref name=irwin2/> According to [[Karel Werner]] – an Indologist known for his studies on religion particularly Buddhism, the Irwin papers "showed conclusively that the pillar did not originate at Kaushambi", but had been at Prayaga from pre-Buddhist times.<ref>{{cite book|author=Karel Werner|title=Symbols in Art and Religion: The Indian and the Comparative Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSGzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|year=1990|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7007-0215-6|pages=95–96|access-date=6 October 2019|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125313/https://books.google.com/books?id=aSGzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Gupta Empire ===

==== Homeland ====
[[File:Gupta Empire at peak.jpg|thumb|350px|{{center|Evolution of Gupta territory, with neighbouring polities.}}]]
In some recent academic studies, the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]] are traced to have originated from the Prayaga region, where they first established power.<ref name=":7" /> [[S. R. Goyal|Goyal]] suggests that the [[Allahabad Pillar]] Inscription strongly indicates that the early Gupta center of power was in the modern [[Purvanchal|eastern Uttar Pradesh]], probably around Prayaga.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ |title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar |publisher= |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Vishnu Purana]] provides an intriguing reference: "Anu-Ganga Prayāgam Māgadha Guptās-cha bhokshyanti," which has been translated by [[R. C. Majumdar|Majumdar]] as "The territory along the [[Ganges]] (up to) Prayaga will be enjoyed by the people of [[Magadha]] and the Guptas."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ |title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar |page=51 |language=en}}</ref> This excerpt suggests that the Guptas were distinguished from the people of Magadha, yet both jointly ruled the region along the Ganges up to Prayaga.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |last=Sharma |first=R.S. |title=Rise and Growth of the Gupta Empire |date=25 January 2007 |work=India’s Ancient Past |pages=242 |editor-last= |editor-first= |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27690/chapter-abstract/197832883?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=true |access-date= |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-568785-9 |quote=UP therefore seems to have been the place from where the Guptas operated and fanned out in different directions. Probably with their centre of power at Prayag, they spread into the neighbouring regions.}}</ref>

[[File:Indian woman floating lamps on the Ganges.png|thumb|{{center|Indian woman floating lamps on the Ganges by William Simpson.}}|upright=1.3]]

Historically, the [[Gupta Empire]] emerged from the unification of the Gupta and [[Licchavis of Nepal|Licchavis]] states, which aligns with this Purana's reference. The text seems to imply that the Licchavis of Nepal were identified with the Magadhas, and their joint domain included Magadha and the territory stretching westward to Prayag.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ |title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar |publisher= |pages=51–52 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Allahabad Pillar by Joseph Tiefenthaler, 18th Century.jpg|thumb|{{center|The Allahabad Pillar as seen by the missionary Joseph Tiefenthaler in the 18th century.}}]]

In this context, the capital of the Gupta empire likely started around Magadha and Prayag and expanded from there. The concentration of early Gupta inscriptions and gold coinages around Prayag (especially of [[Samudragupta]]'s famous prasasti) tends to suggest that this region was the residence of greatest power of the Guptas. They probably controlled [[Sarnath]] in the east,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ |title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar |publisher= |pages=53–54 |language=en}}</ref> and as their stronghold, they used Prayag. For the initial phase of the empire, the exact boundaries in the region above and the west is vague, but they most definitely controlled eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]. By the late third and early fourth centuries, this area had burgeoned into a dynasty aiming to build a great empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ |title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar |publisher= |page=211 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Imperial capital ====
[[File:Garuda emblem.png|thumb|upright=1.2|{{center|[[Garuda]] emblem of the Gupta Empire.}}]]

Various scholarships considers Prayaga as the initial Gupta capital and supports this arguments with The [[Puranas|Puranic]] references, and multiple early [[Gupta era]] inscriptions alongside the discovery of numerous coin hoards scattered around the region, further suggesting that the Guptas strengthened their sovereignty over the area prior to further expansion.<ref name=":8" />

This statement was also supported by [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R.S. Sharma]] who claimed that it is highly likely the Guptas based themselves in [[Uttar Pradesh]] because from there they could expand anywhere. With Prayag as their center, they extended their rule over Anuganga (mid-[[Gangetic basin]]), Prayag (modern Prayagraj), [[Sāketa|Saketa]] (modern [[Ayodhya]]), and Magadha.<ref name=":7" />

=== Early medieval period ===

The 7th-century Buddhist Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] (Hiuen Tsang) in Fascicle V of ''Dà Táng Xīyù Jì'' (''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]'') explicitly mentions Prayaga as both a country and a "great city" where the Yamuna river meets Ganges river. He states that the great city has hundreds of "[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] temples" and to the south of the city are two Buddhist institutions (a stupa built by Ashoka and a monastery). His 644 CE memoir also mentions the Hindu bathing rituals at the junction of the rivers, where people fast near it and then bathe believing that this washes away their sins. Wealthy people and kings come to this "great city" to give away alms at the Grand Place of Almsgiving. According to Xuanzang's travelogue, the confluence is to the east of this "great city" and the site where alms are distributed every day.<ref name=rongxi>Li Rongxi (1996), ''The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions'', Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, {{ISBN|978-1-886439-02-3}}, pp. 136–138</ref><ref name="Glucklich2008p145">{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971825-2|pages=145–146|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804110843/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146|url-status=live}}</ref> Kama MacLean – an Indologist who has published articles on the Kumbh Mela predominantly based on the colonial archives and English-language media,<ref>{{cite journal| author= Christian Lee Novetzke| url= https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381707| title= Review of Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954| journal= Journal of Interdisciplinary History| volume= 41| number= 1| year= 2010| pages= 174–175| access-date= 5 October 2019| archive-date= 2 October 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191002235604/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381707| url-status= live}}</ref> states based on emails from other scholars and a more recent interpretation of the 7th-century Xuanzang memoir, that Prayag was also an important site in 7th-century India of a Buddhist festival. She states that Xuanzang festivities at Prayag featured a Buddha statue and involved alms giving, consistent with Buddhist practices.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad| author=Kama MacLean| journal=The Journal of Asian Studies| year=2003| volume=62| number=3| page=877| doi=10.2307/3591863| jstor=3591863| s2cid=162404242}}</ref> According to Li Rongxi – a scholar credited with a recent and complete translation of a critical version of the ''Dà Táng Xīyù Jì'', Xuanzang mentions that the site of the alms-giving is a ''deva'' temple, and the alms-giving practice is recommended by the "records at this temple". Rongxi adds that the population of Prayaga was predominantly heretics (non-Buddhists, Hindus), and affirms that Prayaga attracted festivities of ''deva''-worshipping heretics and also the orthodox Buddhists.<ref name=rongxi/>

Xuanzang also describes a ritual-suicide practice at Prayaga, then concludes it is absurd. He mentions a tree with "evil spirits" that stands before another ''deva'' temple. People commit suicide by jumping from it in the belief that they will go to heaven.<ref name=rongxi/> According to Ariel Glucklich – a scholar of Hinduism and Anthropology of Religion, the Xuanzang memoir mentions both the superstitious devotional suicide and narrates a story of how a Brahmin of a more ancient era tried to put an end to this practice.<ref name="Glucklich2008p145"/> [[Alexander Cunningham]] believed the tree described by Xuanzang was the [[Akshayavat]] tree. It still existed at the time of [[Al-Biruni]] who calls it as "Prayaga", located at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 4, Part 2|editor=K. A. Nilakanta Shastri|publisher=Orient Longmans|year=1978|page=307}}</ref>

The historic literature of Hinduism and Buddhism before the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] use the term Prayag, and never use the term Allahabad or its variants. Its history before the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] is unclear.<ref>{{cite book|title=Allahabad: a study in urban geography|author=Ujagir Singh|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|year=1958|pages=29–30}}</ref> In contrast to the account of Xuanzang, the Muslim historians place the tree at the confluence of the rivers. The historian Dr. D. B. Dubey states that it appears that between this period, the sandy plain was washed away by the Ganges, to an extent that the temple and tree seen by the Chinese traveller too was washed away, with the river later changing its course to the east and the confluence shifting to the place where Akbar laid the foundations of his fort.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prayāga, the Site of Kumbha Melā: In Temporal and Traditional Space|author=D. B. Dubey|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2001|page=57}}</ref>

[[Henry Miers Elliot]] believed that a town existed before Allahabad was founded. He adds that after [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] captured Asní near [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]], he couldn't have crossed into [[Bundelkhand]] without visiting Allahabad had there been a city worth plundering. He further adds that its capture should have been heard when [[Muhammad of Ghor]] captured Benares. However, Ghori's historians never noticed it. ''[[Akbarnama]]'' mentions that the [[Mughal emperor]] Akbar founded a great city in Allahabad. [['Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] and [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an Imperial City there which he called ''Ilahabas''.<ref name=Ujagir>{{cite book|title=Allahabad: a study in urban geography|author=Ujagir Singh|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|year=1958|pages=31–32}}</ref>

=== Mughal rule ===
[[File:Akbar Fort Allahabad.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Allahabad Fort]], built by Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] in 1575 on the banks of the [[Yamuna River]]]]

[[Abul Fazal]] in his ''Ain-i-Akbari'' states, "For a long time his (Akbar's) desire was to found a great city in the town of Piyag (Allahabad) where the rivers Ganges and Jamuna join... On 13th November 1583 (1st [[Azar]] 991 H.) he (Akbar) reached the wished spot and laid the foundations of the city and planned four forts." Abul Fazal adds, "Ilahabad anciently called Prayag was distinguished by His Imperial Majesty [Akbar] by the former name".<ref name=burnmint>{{cite journal|author=R Burn|title=The Mints of the Mughal Emperors|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal|journal=Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Asiatic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyIYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA78|year=1907|pages=78–79|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125314/https://books.google.com/books?id=jyIYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}</ref> The role of Akbar in founding the Ilahabad – later called Allahabad – fort and city is mentioned by [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni]] as well.<ref name=snsinha/>

[[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] gives two different dates for Allahabad's foundation, in different sections of ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari''. He states that Akbar laid the foundation of the city at a place of the confluence of Ganges and Jumna which was a very sacred site of Hindus, then gives 1574 and 1584 as the year of its founding, and that it was named "Ilahabas".<ref name=snsinha>{{cite book|title=Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580–1707 |publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|author=Surendra Nath Sinha|year=1974|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118676|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118676/page/n97 85]–86 |quote=with footnotes}}</ref> The next generation of Mughal rulers started calling it Illahabad, and finally, the British started calling it "Allahabad" for ease of pronunciation.<ref name="BBC_Allahabad">{{cite web | last=Pandey | first=Vikas | title=Allahabad: The name change that killed my city's soul | website=BBC Home | date=7 November 2018 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46015589 | access-date=30 May 2024 | archive-date=7 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607062035/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46015589 | url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Tomb of Nisar Begum at Khusro Bagh Allahabad.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Nithar Begum (daughter of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]]) at [[Khusro Bagh]]]]
Akbar was impressed by its strategic location for a fort.<ref name="Univ"/> According to William Pinch, Akbar's motive may have been twofold. One, the armed fort secured the control of fertile Doab region. Second, it greatly increased his visibility and power to the non-Muslims who gathered here for pilgrimage from distant places and who constituted the majority of his subjects.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kama Maclean|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533894-2|pages=68–69|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114085824/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he declared Ilahabas as a capital of one of the twelve divisions (''subahs'').<ref name=Surendra>{{cite book|title=Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580–1707|pages=25, 83–84|publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|author=Surendra Nath Sinha|year=1974}}</ref> According to Richard Burn, the suffix "–bas" was deemed to "savouring too much of Hinduism" and therefore the name was changed to ''Ilahabad'' by [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name=burnmint/> This evolved into the two variant colonial-era spellings of Ilahabad (Hindi: इलाहाबाद) and Allahabad.<ref name=burnmint/><ref name="Maclean2008p67">{{cite book|author=Kama Maclean|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533894-2|page=67|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114085824/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Maclean, these variant spellings have a political basis, as "Ilaha–" means "the gods" for Hindus, while Allah is the term for God to Muslims.<ref name="Maclean2008p67"/>

After [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]]'s coup against Akbar and a failed attempt to seize Agra's treasury, he came to Allahabad and seized its treasury while setting himself up as a virtually independent ruler.<ref name=Eraly>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA223|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|page=223|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] India|author=Abraham Eraly|year=2000|isbn=978-0-14-100143-2|author-link=Abraham Eraly|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202180838/https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA223|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 1602, he had his name read in [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]] and his name minted on coins in Allahabad. After reconciliation with Akbar, Salim returned to Allahabad, where he stayed before returning in 1604.<ref name=Richards>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA55|title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1, Volume 5|page=55|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author=John F. Richards|year=1995|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128164007/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA55|archive-date=28 November 2015|url-status = live|author-link=John F. Richards}}</ref> After capturing Jaunpur in 1624, [[Shah Jahan|Prince Khurram]] ordered the siege of Allahabad. The siege was however, lifted after [[Parviz Mirza|Parviz]] and [[Mahabat Khan]] came to assist the garrison.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=587|year=1964|author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava}}</ref> During the Mughal war of succession, the commandant of the fort who had joined [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] made an agreement with [[Aurangzeb]]'s officers and surrendered it to Khan Dauran on 12 January 1659.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Bengal: The Reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib|page=305|publisher=[[Institute of Bangladesh Studies]], [[University of Rajshahi]]|author=Abdul Karim|year=1995|author-link=Abdul Karim (historian)}}</ref>

=== Nawabs of Awadh ===

The fort was coveted by the [[East India Company]] for the same reasons Akbar built it. British troops were first stationed at Allahabad fort in 1765 as part of the [[Treaty of Allahabad]] signed by Lord [[Robert Clive]], Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]], and [[Nawab of Awadh|Awadh's Nawab]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]].<ref name=Kumbh62>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA62|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|page=62|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Kama Maclean|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-533894-2|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125330/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}</ref> The combined forces of Bengal's Nawab [[Mir Qasim]], Shuja and Shah Alam were defeated by the English at [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar in October 1764]] and at [[Kora Jahanabad|Kora]] in May 1765. Alam, who was abandoned by Shuja after the defeats, surrendered to the English and was lodged at the fort, as they captured Allahabad, [[Benares]] and [[Chunar]] in his name. The territories of Allahabad and Kora were given to the emperor after the treaty was signed in 1765.

Shah Alam spent six years in the Allahabad fort and after the [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|takeover]] of [[Delhi]] by the Marathas, left for his capital in 1771 under their protection.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine (1712–1772)|editor=A. C. Banerjee |editor2=D. K. Ghose|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]], [[Orient Longman]]|year=1978|pages=60–61}}</ref> He was escorted by [[Mahadaji Shinde]] and left Allahabad in May 1771 and in January 1772 reached Delhi. Upon realising the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, however, Shah Alam ordered his general [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]] to drive them out. [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] and [[Visaji Krushna Biniwale]] in return attacked Delhi and defeated his forces in 1772. The Marathas were granted an imperial ''[[deed|sanad]]'' for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PA7|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785, Volume 1|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|year=1998|pages=7–8|isbn=978-8171545780|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125316/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> In August and September 1773, [[Warren Hastings]] met Shuja and concluded a treaty, under which Kora and Allahabad were ceded to the Nawab for a payment of 50 lakh rupees.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA27|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=2010|page=27|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125316/https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Saadat Ali Khan II]], after being made the Nawab by [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]], entered into a treaty with the company and gave the fort to the British in 1798.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA67|title=The Indian Princes and their States|author=Barbara N. Ramusack|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|page=67|isbn=978-1-139-44908-3|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125331/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]] after threatening to annexe the entire Awadh, concluded a treaty with Saadat on abolishing the independent Awadhi army, imposing a larger subsidiary force and annexing [[Rohilkhand]], [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] and the Doab in 1801.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA68|title=The Indian Princes and their States|author=Barbara N. Ramusack|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|page=68|isbn=978-1-139-44908-3|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125337/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== British rule ===
[[File:Gandhi Patel 1940.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] at a January 1940 [[Congress Working Committee]] meeting with [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]] at Anand Bhavan in Allahabad]]

Acquired in 1801, Allahabad, aside from its importance as a pilgrimage centre, was a stepping stone to the agrarian track upcountry and the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. It also potentially offered sizeable revenues to the company. Initial [[Permanent Settlement|revenue settlements]] began in 1803.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hayden J. Bellenoit|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|page=115|date= 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090302/https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|archive-date=5 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> Allahabad was a participant in the 1857 [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]],<ref name="Menon2003">{{cite book|author=Visalakshi Menon|title=From Movement To Government: The Congress in the United Provinces, 1937–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO-OxAoL4YIC&pg=PA286|year=2003|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9620-0|page=286|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523052155/http://books.google.com/books?id=UO-OxAoL4YIC&pg=PA286|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> when [[Maulvi Liaquat Ali]] unfurled the banner of revolt.<ref name="Bose2003">{{cite book|author1=Sugata Bose|author1-link=Sugata Bose|author2=Ayesha Jalal|author2-link=Ayesha Jalal|year=2004|orig-year=1997|title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture and Political Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC&pg=PA74|edition=2nd|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-30786-4|page=74|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523075252/http://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC&pg=PA74|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> During the rebellion, Allahabad, with a number of European troops,<ref name="ThompsonGarratt1962">{{cite book|author1=Edward John Thompson|author2=Geoffrey Theodore Garratt|title=Rise and Fulfilment of British rule in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6v4gAAAAMAAJ&q=%22European+troops%22|access-date=16 August 2014|publisher=Central Book Depot|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001092313/https://books.google.com/books?id=6v4gAAAAMAAJ&q=%22European+troops%22|archive-date=1 October 2017|year=1962}}</ref> was the scene of a massacre.<ref name="Pletcher 2010 128" />
[[File:Au science faculty.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Allahabad University]], established in 1887, is one of the oldest modern universities in the [[Indian subcontinent]].]]
After the mutiny, the British established a high court, a police headquarters and a public-service commission in Allahabad,<ref name="SinghSingh1995">{{cite book|author1=Bhai Nahar Singh|author2=Bhai Kirpal Singh|title=Rebels Against the British Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lu7HatPQCoC&pg=PA290|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-164-3|page=290|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073151/http://books.google.com/books?id=2lu7HatPQCoC&pg=PA290|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1995}}</ref> making the city an administrative centre.<ref name=administrative>{{cite web|title=Civil Disobedience|url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/civil_dis/dandi_march.htm|publisher=Gandhi Research Foundation|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710130536/http://www.mkgandhi.org/civil_dis/dandi_march.htm|archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> They truncated the Delhi region of the state, merging it with [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and moving the capital of the [[North-Western Provinces]] to Allahabad (where it remained for 20 years).<ref name="Ward2008" /> In January 1858, [[Earl Canning]] departed [[Calcutta]] for Allahabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/KayeMalleson4/bk12ch01.html|title=Progress of events in Eastern Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Oudh, Rohilkhand and Rajputana|access-date=21 March 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627043412/http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/KayeMalleson4/bk12ch01.html|archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> That year he read [[Queen Victoria#Empress|Queen Victoria's proclamation]], transferring control of India from the [[East India Company]] to the [[British Crown]] (beginning the [[British Raj]]), in [[Minto Park, Allahabad|Minto Park]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCG5hGZ-hJsC&pg=PA453 |title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Uttar ... – Google Books |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115155003/https://books.google.com/books?id=FCG5hGZ-hJsC&pg=PA453#v=onepage&q=minto|archive-date=15 November 2018 |isbn=978-8178353845 |last1=Bhatt |first1=Shankarlal C |year=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatonline.com/uttar-pradesh/travel/allahabad/minto-park.html |title=Minto Park – Minto Park Allahabad – Allahabad Minto Park – Madan Mohan Malaviya Park Allahabad India |publisher=Bharatonline.com |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108123625/http://www.bharatonline.com/uttar-pradesh/travel/allahabad/minto-park.html |archive-date=8 January 2014 }}</ref> In 1877 the provinces of Agra and Awadh were merged to form the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]],<ref name="Basham2008a">{{cite book|author=A. L. Basham|title=The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OF-PwAACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=ACLS History E-Book Project|isbn=978-1-59740-599-7|page=696|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523061030/http://books.google.com/books?id=6OF-PwAACAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> with Allahabad its capital until 1920.<ref name="Ward2008" />

The 1888 session of the [[Indian National Congress]] was held in the city,<ref name="BhanaPandiri2007">{{cite book|author1=Surendra Bhana|author2=Ananda M. Pandiri|author3=E. S. (FRW) Reddy|author4=Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie|title=A Comprehensive, Annotated Bibliography on Mahatma Gandhi: Books And Pamphlets About Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_935ZKVzjW0C&pg=PA12|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30217-6|pages=12–18|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523061521/http://books.google.com/books?id=_935ZKVzjW0C&pg=PA12|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1995}}</ref> and by the turn of the 20th century, Allahabad was a revolutionary centre.<ref name="Committee1947">{{cite book|author=All India Congress Committee|title=The Allahabad conference of the presidents and secretaries of provincial Congress committees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEU5AQAAIAAJ|publisher=Provincial Congress Committee Allahabad|page=57|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523075902/http://books.google.com/books?id=TEU5AQAAIAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1947}}</ref> Nityanand Chatterji became a household name when he hurled a bomb at a European club.<ref name=Independence>{{cite web|title=Besides, locals still pride|url=http://zeenews.india.com/61Independenceday/story.aspx?aid=462215|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523230338/http://zeenews.india.com/61Independenceday/story.aspx?aid=462215|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> In [[Alfred Park]] in 1931, [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] died when surrounded by British police.<ref name="BhawanRana2005">{{cite book | author=Bhawan Singh Rana | title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC&pg=PA10|year=2005| publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. | isbn=978-81-288-0816-6 | page=10 |url-status = live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523064439/http://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC&pg=PA10 | archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> The [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru family]] homes, [[Anand Bhavan]] and [[Swaraj Bhavan]], were centres of Indian National Congress activity.<ref name=activities>{{cite web|title=The hub for freedom struggle|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1196506911.html|access-date=28 September 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502190736/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1196506911.html|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> During the years before independence, Allahabad was home to thousands of [[Satyagraha|satyagrahis]] led by [[Purushottam Das Tandon]], [[Bishambhar Nath Pande]], [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]] and others.<ref name="Desai1986">{{cite book|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&pg=PA269|year=1986|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-86132-130-8|page=269|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523052427/http://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&pg=PA269|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> The first seeds of the [[Pakistan]]i nation were sown in Allahabad:<ref name="Zakaria2004">{{cite book|author=Rafiq Zakaria|title=The Man Who Divided India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RdITXUpyVgC&pg=PA152|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-145-7|pages=152–158|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523062504/http://books.google.com/books?id=2RdITXUpyVgC&pg=PA152|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2004}}</ref> on 29 December 1930, [[Allama Muhammad Iqbal]]'s presidential address to the [[All-India Muslim League]] proposed a separate [[Muslim]] state for the Muslim-majority regions of India.<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA4|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|pages=4–6|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523043139/http://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA4|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2008}}</ref>

== Geography ==

=== Cityscape ===
Prayagraj's elevation is over 90 m (295 ft) above sea level. The old part of the city, at the south of Prayagraj Junction railway station, consists of neighbourhoods like Chowk, [[Johnstongunj]], [[Dariyabad, Prayagraj|Dariyabad]], [[Khuldabad, Prayagraj|Khuldabad]] and many more.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uneasy calm prevails in old Allahabad areas |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/allahabad/33272775_1_flag-march-office-bearers-city-areas |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 August 2012 |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301154738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Uneasy-calm-prevails-in-old-Allahabad-areas/articleshow/15551299.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=1 March 2015 }}</ref> In the north of the Railway Station, the new city consists of neighbourhoods like [[Lukergunj]], [[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]], [[Georgetown, Prayagraj|Georgetown]], [[Tagoretown]], [[Allahpur]], [[Ashok Nagar, Prayagraj|Ashok Nagar]], [[Mumfordgunj]], [[Bharadwaj Puram]] and others which are relatively new and were built during the [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name="TGEIAAp57">{{cite book |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3 |author1=Jonathan M. Bloom |author2=Sheila Blai |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-8125013839 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA57 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115155217/https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q=holy |archive-date=15 November 2018 }}</ref> [[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]] is the [[central business district]] of the city and is famous for its urban setting, [[gridiron plan]] roads<ref name="AHVLp14">{{cite book|title=A Hand-book for Visitors to Lucknow: With Preliminary Notes on Allahabad and Cawnpore|author=Henry George Keene|publisher=J. Jetley|year=1875|isbn=978-8120615274|pages=14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfGFMpm8UbAC&pg=PA15|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145457/https://books.google.com/books?id=EfGFMpm8UbAC&pg=PA15|archive-date=3 March 2018|author-link=Henry George Keene (1826–1915)}}</ref> and high rise buildings. Built in 1857, it was the largest town-planning project carried out in India before the establishment of [[New Delhi]].<ref name="TGEIAAp57" /><ref name="AHVLp14" /> Prayagraj has many buildings featuring [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]. Although several buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures", others are deteriorating.<ref name="Heritage">{{cite web|title=Colonial period buildings in city |url=http://www.airallahabad.gov.in/inner.php?conf=1133 |work=All India Radio, Allahabad |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615011052/http://www.airallahabad.gov.in/inner.php?conf=1133 |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> Famous landmarks of the city are [[Allahabad Museum]], [[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad|New Yamuna Bridge]], [[Allahabad University]], Triveni Sangam, [[All Saints Cathedral, Prayagraj|All Saints Cathedral]], [[Anand Bhavan]], [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ-Qa_jRVMYC&pg=PA140| title=Middle Land, Middle Way: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Buddha's India| isbn=978-9552401978| last1=Dhammika| first1=Shravasti| date=1 December 2008| publisher=Buddhist Publication Society| access-date=22 July 2020| archive-date=19 August 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125318/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ-Qa_jRVMYC&pg=PA140| url-status=live}}</ref> The city experiences one of the highest levels of [[air pollution]] worldwide, with the 2016 update of the [[World Health Organization]]'s ''Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database'' finding Prayagraj to have the third highest mean concentration of "PM2.5" (<2.5 μm diameter) [[particulates|particulate matter]] in the ambient air among all the 2972 cities tested (after [[Zabol]] and [[Gwalior]]).<ref>''[https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |date=1 March 2017 }}'', World Health Organization. See the spreadsheet "Ambient (outdoor) air pollution database, by country and city" to which this page links. Retrieved 11 July 2018.</ref>

===Triveni Sangam and Ghats===
[[File:Triveni Sangam.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Pilgrims at the [[Triveni Sangam]], the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and the [[Yamuna]] rivers in Prayagraj.]]
The Triveni Sangam (place where three rivers meet) is the meeting place of Ganges, the Yamuna and mythical Saraswati River, which according to Hindu legends, wells up from underground.<ref name="At the Three Rivers">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798222,00.html At the Three Rivers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823175049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798222,00.html |date=23 August 2013 }} ''[[TIME]]'', 23 February 1948.</ref><ref name="Triveni Sangam">{{cite web | url=http://www.prayagdarshan.com/triveni-sangam.html | title=Triveni Sangam | access-date=3 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208100930/http://www.prayagdarshan.com/triveni-sangam.html | archive-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref> A place of religious importance and the site for historic Prayag Kumbh Mela held every 12 years, over the years it has also been the site of immersion of ashes of several national leaders, including [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1948.<ref name="At the Three Rivers" />

The main [[ghat]] in Prayagraj is [[Saraswati Ghat]], on the banks of Yamuna. Stairs from three sides descend to the green water of the Yamuna. Above it is a park which is always covered with green grass. There are also facilities for boating here. There are also routes to reach Triveni Sangam by boat from here.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uttarpradesh.gov.in/en/details/sangam-and-the-ghats/39003900 |title=Sangam and the Ghats | Allahabad | UP Tourism |publisher=Uttarpradesh.gov.in |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225929/http://uttarpradesh.gov.in/en/details/sangam-and-the-ghats/39003900 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/work-for-renovating-ghats-of-allahabad-commemces/articleshow/56337486.cms |title=Work for renovating ghats of Allahabad commemces[sic] |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 January 2017 |first1=Rajiv |last1=Mani |access-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613210721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/work-for-renovating-ghats-of-allahabad-commemces/articleshow/56337486.cms |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> Apart from this, there are more than 100 raw ghats in Prayagraj.

=== Topography ===
[[File:Yamuna river, Allahabad.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Large waterway, with small boats in the foreground and a long bridge in the background|The [[Yamuna]] in Prayagraj during the rainy season]]
Prayagraj is in the southern part of Uttar Pradesh, at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna.<ref name=location>{{cite web|title=Location of city|url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-allahabad.htm|website=[[HowStuffWorks]]|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729030748/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-allahabad.htm|archive-date=29 July 2012|date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref name=location001>{{cite web|title=Allahabad Location Guide|url=http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Allahabad|website=Weather-forecast|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709010608/http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Allahabad|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> The region was known in antiquity first as the Kuru, then as the Vats country.<ref name="Pletcher2010">{{cite book|author=Kenneth Pletcher|title=The History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA63|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-122-5|page=63|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620201000/http://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA63|archive-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> To the southwest is [[Bundelkhand]], to the east and southeast is [[Baghelkhand]], to the north and northeast is [[Awadh]] and to the west is the lower [[doab]] (of which Prayagraj is part).<ref name=location /> The city is divided by a railway line running east–west.<ref name=junction>{{cite web|title=City or Locality infirmation|url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-allahabad.htm|website=HowStuffWorks|access-date=29 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729030748/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-allahabad.htm|archive-date=29 July 2012|date=16 June 2008}}</ref> South of the railway is the Old Chowk area, and the British-built [[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]] is north of it. Prayagraj is well placed geographically and culturally.<ref name="Ganga-Yamuna Doab">{{cite web|author=Deo Prakash Sharma|title=Archaeology of Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab|url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/archaeology-lower-gangayamuna-doab-vols-p-997.html|work=Vedic Books|access-date=24 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623050141/http://www.vedicbooks.net/archaeology-lower-gangayamuna-doab-vols-p-997.html|archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Geographically part of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab (at the mouth of the Yamuna), culturally it is the terminus of the Indian west.<ref name="Sharma2006">{{cite book|author=Deo Prakash Sharma|title=Archaeology of lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab (circa 1200 B.C. to 1200 A.D.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjtuAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-033-4|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523051350/http://books.google.com/books?id=EjtuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref>
The [[Indian Standard Time]] longitude (25.15°N 82.58°E) is near the city. According to a [[United Nations Development Programme]] report, Prayagraj is in a "low damage risk" wind and cyclone zone.<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|access-date=23 August 2006|website=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management |publisher=[[UNDP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref> In common with the rest of the [[doab]], its soil and water are primarily [[Alluvium|alluvial]].<ref name=Agricultural>{{cite web|title=Agricultural Productivity and Productivity Regions in Ganga-Yamuna Doab|url=http://www.connectjournals.com/file_full_text/314401H_02-10-21.pdf|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|access-date=24 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502190727/http://www.connectjournals.com/file_full_text/314401H_02-10-21.pdf|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] is north of the city, [[Bhadohi]] is east, [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] is south, [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]] (earlier Banda) is west, and [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]], which was until recently a part of Allahabad (Prayagraj), is North-West.

=== Climate ===
Prayagraj has a [[humid subtropical climate]] common to cities in the plains of North India, designated ''Cwa'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]].<ref name="Köppen">{{cite web|title=Tropical Moist Climates|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Tropical_Moist_Climates_-_A_Climate_Type|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|access-date=29 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730025254/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Tropical_Moist_Climates_-_A_Climate_Type|archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> The annual mean temperature is {{Convert|26.1|C|F|abbr=on|1}}; monthly mean temperatures are {{Convert|18|-|29|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name=weatherbase>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=57424&refer=&cityname=Allahabad-Uttar%20Pradesh-India|title=Weatherbase entry for Allahabad|publisher=Canty and Associates LLC|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618023020/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=57424&refer=&cityname=Allahabad-Uttar%20Pradesh-India|archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Prayagraj has three seasons: a hot, dry summer, a cool, dry winter and a hot, humid monsoon. Summer lasts from March to September with daily highs reaching up to 48 °C in the dry summer (from March to May) and up to 40 °C in the hot and extremely humid monsoon season (from June to September).<ref name=weatherbase /> The [[monsoon]] begins in June, and lasts until August; high humidity levels prevail well into September. Winter runs from December to February,<ref name=Season /> with temperatures rarely dropping to the freezing point. The daily average maximum temperature is about {{convert|22|C|abbr=on}} and the minimum about {{convert|9|C|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Forecast>{{cite web|title=Weather Report & Forecast |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/allahabad2.htm |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031015105/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/allahabad2.htm |archive-date=31 October 2012 }}</ref> Prayagraj never receives snow,<ref name="rainfall & snow" /> but, experiences dense winter fog due to numerous wood fires, coal fires, and open burning of rubbish—resulting in substantial traffic and travel delays.<ref name=Season>{{cite web|title=Allahabad Weather|url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/Allahabad-weather|publisher=India Weather|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511155522/http://www.mustseeindia.com/Allahabad-weather|archive-date=11 May 2009}}</ref> Its highest recorded temperature is {{Convert|48.9|C|F|abbr=on|1}} on 9 June 2019, and its lowest is {{Convert|-0.7|C|F|abbr=on|0}} on 26 December 1961.<ref name=weatherbase /><ref name=climate>{{cite web|title=Allahabad climate|url=http://www.allahabad.climatemps.com/|publisher=Climate Maps India|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712025748/http://www.allahabad.climatemps.com/|archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>

Rain from the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea branches of the [[southwest monsoon]]<ref name=monsoontribune>{{cite news|last1=Khichar|first1=M. L.|last2=Niwas|first2=R.|title=Know your monsoon |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |date=14 July 2003 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030714/agro.htm#2 |access-date=9 June 2007 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618121810/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030714/agro.htm#2|archive-date=18 June 2007}}</ref> falls on Allahabad from June to September, supplying the city with most of its annual rainfall of {{Convert|1027|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name="rainfall & snow">{{cite web|title=Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow)|url=http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitation-Rainfall,Allahabad,India|website=World Weather & Climate Information|access-date=29 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512042542/http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitation-Rainfall,Allahabad,India|archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref> The highest monthly rainfall total, {{convert|333|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}, occurs in August.<ref name=Tropical>{{cite web|title=Local weather report|url=http://www.tropmet.res.in/~lip/Publication/RR-pdf/RR-119.pdf|publisher=Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology|access-date=24 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028220223/http://www.tropmet.res.in/~lip/Publication/RR-pdf/RR-119.pdf|archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> The city receives 2,961 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum [[Insolation|sunlight]] in May.<ref name=climate />

{{Weather box
| location = Prayagraj (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 32.8
| Feb record high C = 36.3
| Mar record high C = 42.8
| Apr record high C = 46.8
| May record high C = 48.8
| Jun record high C = 48.9
| Jul record high C = 45.6
| Aug record high C = 42.7
| Sep record high C = 39.6
| Oct record high C = 40.6
| Nov record high C = 36.2
| Dec record high C = 32.6
| year record high C = 48.9
| Jan high C = 22.6
| Feb high C = 27.6
| Mar high C = 34.0
| Apr high C = 39.9
| May high C = 41.7
| Jun high C = 39.5
| Jul high C = 34.6
| Aug high C = 33.4
| Sep high C = 33.7
| Oct high C = 33.6
| Nov high C = 30.1
| Dec high C = 24.9
| year high C = 33.1
| Jan low C = 9.2
|Jan mean C = 15.7
|Feb mean C = 19.7
|Mar mean C = 25.1
|Apr mean C = 31.2
|May mean C = 34.2
|Jun mean C = 33.3
|Jul mean C = 30.7
|Aug mean C = 29.8
|Sep mean C = 29.3
|Oct mean C = 27.6
|Nov mean C = 23.1
|Dec mean C = 18.0
| Feb low C = 12.7
| Mar low C = 17.2
| Apr low C = 22.9
| May low C = 26.8
| Jun low C = 28.3
| Jul low C = 27.1
| Aug low C = 26.6
| Sep low C = 25.7
| Oct low C = 21.4
| Nov low C = 15.2
| Dec low C = 10.5
| year low C = 20.3
| Jan record low C = 1.1
| Feb record low C = 1.1
| Mar record low C = 7.2
| Apr record low C = 12.7
| May record low C = 17.2
| Jun record low C = 18.7
| Jul record low C = 18.8
| Aug record low C = 21.1
| Sep record low C = 18.3
| Oct record low C = 11.7
| Nov record low C = 5.6
| Dec record low C = -0.7
| year record low C = -0.7
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17.0
| Feb rain mm = 17.6
| Mar rain mm = 8.8
| Apr rain mm = 7.0
| May rain mm = 13.9
| Jun rain mm = 113.5
| Jul rain mm = 268.0
| Aug rain mm = 238.5
| Sep rain mm = 184.9
| Oct rain mm = 34.7
| Nov rain mm = 4.6
| Dec rain mm = 6.8
| year rain mm = 915.3
| Jan rain days = 1.6
| Feb rain days = 1.5
| Mar rain days = 1.0
| Apr rain days = 0.7
| May rain days = 1.2
| Jun rain days = 5.5
| Jul rain days = 12.0
| Aug rain days = 11.8
| Sep rain days = 8.4
| Oct rain days = 1.5
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 46.1
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 64
| Feb humidity = 53
| Mar humidity = 37
| Apr humidity = 24
| May humidity = 29
| Jun humidity = 48
| Jul humidity = 72
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 73
| Oct humidity = 63
| Nov humidity = 60
| Dec humidity = 65
| year humidity = 55
| Jan sun = 224.9
| Feb sun = 244.2
| Mar sun = 263.2
| Apr sun = 274.1
| May sun = 292.3
| Jun sun = 206.4
| Jul sun = 143.3
| Aug sun = 180.6
| Sep sun = 184.3
| Oct sun = 259.7
| Nov sun = 256.7
| Dec sun = 244.0
| year sun = 2773.7
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf| archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf |title=Station: Prayagraj Climatological Table 1981–2010 |work=Climatological Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2015 |pages=81–82| access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M211
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42474
| title = Climatological Information – Prayagraj (Allahabad) (42474)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 November 2022
| archive-date = 7 November 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221107124330/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42474
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun 1971–1990),<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42475.TXT
| title = Allahabad Climate Normals 1971–1990
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200728094308/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42475.TXT
| archive-date = 28 July 2020
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 15 April 2015}}</ref> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42475
| title = Normals Data: Allahabad/Bamhrauli – India Latitude: 25.45°N Longitude: 81.73°E Height: 97 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}Allahabad has been ranked 20th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
[[File:Pfau imponierend.jpg|thumb|alt=Peacock displaying its tail feathers| A typical [[Indian peafowl|Indian peacock]], found in Prayagraj on a large scale]]
The Ganga-Jamuna Doab, of which Prayagraj is a part, is on the western [[Indus-Gangetic Plain]] region. The doab (including the [[Terai]]) is responsible for the city's unique flora and fauna.<ref name="KalaMuseum2000">{{cite book|author1=Satish Chandra Kala|author2=Allahabad Municipal Museum|title=Flora and fauna in art: particularly in terracottas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP3VAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Allahabad Museum|page=86|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073216/http://books.google.com/books?id=lP3VAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2000}}</ref><ref name="MisraVerma1992">{{cite book|author1=Bal Krishna Misra|author2=Birendra Kumar Verma|title=Flora of Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBq1AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh Publishing House|isbn=978-81-211-0077-9|page=530|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523062959/http://books.google.com/books?id=tBq1AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1992}}</ref> Since the arrival of humans, nearly half of the city's [[vertebrate]]s have become extinct. Others are [[endangered]] or have had their range severely reduced. Associated changes in habitat and the introduction of [[reptiles]], [[snakes]] and other [[mammals]] led to the extinction of bird species, including large birds such as [[eagle]]s.<ref name="KalaMuseum2000a">{{cite book|author1=Satish Chandra Kala|author2=Allahabad Municipal Museum|title=Flora and fauna in art: particularly in terracottas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP3VAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Allahabad Museum|pages=22–38|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073216/http://books.google.com/books?id=lP3VAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2000}}</ref> The [[Allahabad Museum]], one of four national museums in India, is documenting the flora and fauna of the Ganges and the Yamuna.<ref name="river belt">{{cite news|title=Allahabad museum to document flora, fauna of Ganga-Yamuna belt|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/allahabad-museum-to-document-flora-fauna-of-gangayamuna-belt/854561/|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
To protect the rich aquatic biodiversity of river Ganges from escalating anthropogenic pressures, development of a [[Turtle]] sanctuary in Prayagraj along with a River Biodiversity Park at [[Triveni Sangam|Sangam]] have been approved under Namami Gange programme.

The most common birds found in the city are [[Columbidae|doves]], [[Peafowl|peacocks]], [[junglefowl]], [[black partridge]], [[house sparrow]]s, [[songbirds]], [[blue jay]]s, [[parakeet]]s, [[quail]]s, [[bulbul]]s, and [[Knob-billed duck|comb ducks]].<ref name="S.k.agarwal">{{cite book|author=S.K.Agarwal|title=Environment Biotechnology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&pg=PA61|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0294-1|page=61|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073400/http://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&pg=PA61|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1998}}</ref> Large numbers of Deer are found in the Trans Yamuna area of Prayagraj. India's first conservation reserve for [[blackbuck]] is being created in Prayagraj's [[Meja Tehsil|Meja]] Forest Division. Other animals in the state include reptiles such as [[lizard]]s, [[cobra]]s, [[Bungarus|kraits]], and [[gharial]]s.<ref name="KalaMuseum2000" /> During winter, large numbers of [[Siberia]]n birds are reported in the [[Triveni sangam|sangam]] and nearby wetlands.<ref name="Siberian birds">{{cite news|last=Aarti|first=Aggarwal|title=Siberian birds flock Sangam, other wetlands |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Siberian-birds-flock-Sangam-other-wetlands/articleshow/5190171.cms |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=4 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224054524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-02/allahabad/28062841_1_migratory-birds-pond-heron-cattle-egret |archive-date=24 February 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|align = right
|state =
| 1820| 20000
| 1865| 105900
| 1871| 143700
| 1881| 148500
| 1891| 175200
| 1901| 172032
| 1911| 171697
| 1921| 157220
| 1931| 173895
| 1941| 246226
| 1951| 312259
| 1961| 411955
| 1971| 490622
| 1981| 616051
| 1991| 792858
| 2001| 975393
| 2011| 1112544
| 2020| 1536218
|footnote= Sources:<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=India, historical demographical data of the urban centers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=3 October 2014 |work=www.populstat.info}}</ref><ref name=AllahabadUA2011/><ref name='Prayagraj City'/>}}

The [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] reported a population of 1,112,544 in the {{convert|82|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} area governed by Prayagraj Municipal Corporation, corresponding to a density of {{convert|{{#expr:1112544/82 round -2}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=AllahabadUA2011/><ref>{{cite web|title=Allahabad|url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/city_profile.html|website=allahabadmc.gov.in|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh|language=en|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404174232/http://www.allahabadmc.gov.in/city_profile.html|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status = dead}}</ref> In January 2020, the boundaries of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation were expanded to {{convert|365|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}; according to the 2011 census, 1,536,218 people lived within those boundaries; this corresponds to a population density of {{convert|{{#expr:1536218/365 round -2}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name='Prayagraj City'/>
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Prayagraj city (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|21.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.68}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.35}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}
Natives of Uttar Pradesh form the majority of Prayagraj's population. With regards to Houseless Census in Prayagraj, total 5,672 families live on footpaths or without any roof cover, this is approximately 0.38 per cent of the total population of Prayagraj district. The sex ratio of Prayagraj is 901 females per 1000 males and child sex ratio is 893 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average.<ref name=census2011.co.in>{{cite web|title=Allahabad : Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html|work=[[2011 census of India]]|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702044839/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

Prayagraj's [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] at 86.50 per cent is the highest in the region.<ref name="literacy rate">{{cite news |title=Allahabad has highest literacy rate in region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Allahabad-has-highest-literacy-rate-in-region/articleshow/7987706.cms |access-date=3 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 April 2011 |first1=Kapil |last1=Dixit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506182108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-15/allahabad/29421107_1_literacy-rate-female-population-males |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref> Male literacy is 90.21 per cent and female literacy 82.17 per cent.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web|title=Average literacy rate of Allahabad|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/questions/546/district-literacy/literacy-rate-of-allahabad-district-2011.html|work=[[Census of India]]|access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902045133/http://www.census2011.co.in/questions/546/district-literacy/literacy-rate-of-allahabad-district-2011.html|archive-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> For 2001 census same figure stood at 75.81 and 46.38. As per census 2011, total 1,080,808 people are literate in Prayagraj of which males and females are 612,257 and 468,551 respectively. Among [[Crime in India|35 major Indian cities]], Prayagraj reported the highest rate of violations of special and local laws to the [[NCRB|National Crime Records Bureau]].<ref name=NCRB>{{cite web|url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Snapshots.pdf |title=Snaphhots – 2008 |publisher=[[National Crime Records Bureau]] |access-date=5 May 2017 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622023825/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Snapshots.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2011 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Prayagraj (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 90.51 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 7.69 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.80 |color3 = grey
|thumb=right
}}
Hindi, the official state language, is the dominant language in Prayagraj. Urdu and other languages are spoken by a sizeable minority. Hindus form the majority of Prayagraj's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, [[Hinduism]] is majority religion in Prayagraj city with 76.03 per cent followers. [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]] is the second most practised religion in the city with approximately 21.94 per cent following it. [[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]] is followed by 0.68 per cent, [[Jainism in Uttar Pradesh|Jainism]] by 0.10 per cent, [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]] by 0.28 per cent and [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] by 0.28 per cent. Around 0.02 per cent stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.90 per cent stated 'No Particular Religion'.

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 90.51% of the population in Prayagraj spoke [[Hindi]] and 7.69% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==

=== General administration ===
Prayagraj division, comprising four districts, is headed by the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Prayagraj, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of high seniority, the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|commissioner]] is the head of local government institutions (including [[Municipal corporations in India|municipal corporations]]) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status = live|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=978-8125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=563–572|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=26–129}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=5.1–5.2|edition=2nd}}</ref> The [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of Prayagraj reports to the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]]. The current commissioner is Ashish Kumar Goel.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|title=Contact Details of Commissioners and District Magistrates of U.P|website=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home and Confidential]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status = live|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|title=जिलाधिकारी/मंडलायुक्त की सूची|website=Department of Appointments and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|language=hi|trans-title=List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210045547/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2011|url-status = dead|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://allahabad.nic.in/content/cug.pdf|title=C.U.G. Mobile No. of Allahabad Administration|website=Allahabad District website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905060025/http://allahabad.nic.in/content/cug.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status = dead|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://allahabad.nic.in/admin.html|title=DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION|website=Allahabad District Website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905053739/http://allahabad.nic.in/admin.html|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status = dead|access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Allahabad high court.jpg|alt=Large building behind landscaped grounds|thumb|The [[Allahabad High Court]] is India's fourth-oldest high court]]
Prayagraj district administration is headed by the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] (DM) of Prayagraj, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the [[Elections in India|elections]] held in the district. The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the district.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":43">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=978-8125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=573–597|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=6.1–6.6|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=50–124}}</ref> The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; five additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, rural administration, land acquisition and civil supply; one chief revenue officer; one city magistrate; and three additional city magistrates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> The district has eight [[tehsil]]s viz. Sadar, Soraon, Phulpur, Handia, Karchhana, Bara, Meja and Kuraon, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate (India)|sub-divisional magistrate]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Police administration ===
City comes under the Prayagraj Police Zone and Prayagraj Police Range, Prayagraj Zone is headed by an [[Additional director general of police|additional director general]]-rank [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, and the Prayagraj Range is headed [[Inspector-general of police#India|inspector general]]-rank IPS officer. The district police is headed by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|senior superintendent of police]] (SSP), who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, and is assisted by eight [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendents of police]] or [[Additional superintendent of police|additional superintendents of police]] for city, either from the IPS or the [[Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Police Service]].<ref name=":32">{{cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?allahabad|title=Officers posted at ALLAHABAD|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821180136/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?allahabad|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status = live|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer (CO) in the rank of [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|deputy superintendent of police]].<ref name=":32" />

=== Infrastructure and civic administration ===
The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Prayagraj Development Authority (PDA), which comes under the [[Department of Housing and Urban Planning]] of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]. The divisional commissioner of Prayagraj acts as the ''[[ex-officio]]'' chairperson of PDA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], looks after the daily matters of the authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adaallahabad.in/structure.php|title=Structure|website=Allahabad Development Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915023108/http://adaallahabad.in/structure.php|archive-date=15 September 2017|url-status = live|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> The current chairperson of PDA is Bhanu Chandra Goswami.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adaallahabad.in/inner.php?conf=contact|title=CONTACT INFORMATION|website=Allahabad Development Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929133127/http://adaallahabad.in/inner.php?conf=contact|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>

The Prayagraj Nagar Nigam, also called [[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]], oversees the city's civic infrastructure. The corporation originated in 1864 as the Municipal Board of Allahabad, when the Lucknow Municipal Act was passed by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="nagar nigam2">{{cite web|url=http://allahabadnagarnigam.in/english/about_nagarnigam_allahabad.htm|title=Nagar Nigam – From the casement of history|publisher=Allahabad Nagar Nigam|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702114727/http://allahabadnagarnigam.in/english/about_nagarnigam_allahabad.htm|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Joshi-122>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA122 |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities |first1=Ashutosh |last1=Joshi |year=2008 |isbn=978-8189422820 |page=122 |publisher=New India |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507101539/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA122 |url-status=live }} This book says that the Municipal Board of Allahabad was founded in 1863.</ref> In 1867, the [[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]] and the city were amalgamated for municipal purposes.<ref name="nagar nigam2"/><ref name=Joshi-122/> The Municipal Board became Municipal Corporation in 1959.<ref name=CRISIL-April2015>{{cite report |url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/City_Development_Plan_Allahabad-2041.pdf |page=132 |title=City Development Plan for Allahabad, 2041 (Final City Development Plan) |date=April 2015 |work=CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413041215/http://allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/City_Development_Plan_Allahabad-2041.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Allahabad Cantonment has a cantonment board. The city of Prayagraj is currently divided into 80 wards,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/Mohalla-ward-list.pdf|title=Nagar Nigam Allahabad|website=allahabadmc.gov.in|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423071652/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3ARWS9Rxy9SAsJ%3Aallahabadmc.gov.in%2Fdocumentslist%2FMohalla-ward-list.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in|url-status=dead}}</ref> with one member (or corporator) elected from each ward to form the municipal committee. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but, the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]-appointed [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Civil Service]] officer of high seniority. The current mayor of Prayagraj is [[Abhilasha Gupta]], whereas the current municipal commissioner is Avinash Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|title=PCS OFFICERS (Posted as HOD)|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130444/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status = dead|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/cug.pdf|title=Allahabad Municipal Corporation —> Contact Details of CUG Mobile No.List|website=[[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818063638/http://allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/cug.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status = live|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>

Prayagraj was declared to have metropolitan status in October 2006.<ref name="Six cities to get metropolitan stat"/> The metropolitan area is referred to in the [[2011 Indian census]] and other official documents as Allhabad Urban Agglomeration. It consists of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation, three census towns (the cantonment, Arail Uparhar, and Chak Babura Alimabad), and 17 Outer Growth (OG) areas listed in the table below.<ref name=AllahabadUA2011/>

=== Municipal finance ===

According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Prayagraj Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/prayagraj |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹713 crore (US$86 million) and total expenditure of ₹700 crore (US$84 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 30.4% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹470 crore in grants during the financial year.

====Allahabad cantonment====

Allahabad has a cantonment, which was set up in 1857, as part of a chain of cantonments setup across north and central India to consolidate British rule.<ref name="TheWEEK">{{cite web|author=R. Prasannan|title=Cantonments: Tracing its history and role in India|date=4 February 2024|website=The Week|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2024/01/27/modi-govt-s-plan-to-disband-cantonments-consequences.html|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405152247/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2024/01/27/modi-govt-s-plan-to-disband-cantonments-consequences.html|archive-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> At that time, it comprised covering a total area of 4464.6939 acres including civil area of 142.7129 acres.<ref name="ACB">{{cite web|title=History|url=https://allahabad.cantt.gov.in/history/|website=Allahabad Cantonment Board|access-date=12 December 2024|archive-date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217055343/https://allahabad.cantt.gov.in/history/|url-status=live}}</ref>

This was in line with Allahabad being made the centre of the newly -created North-west Provinces, that year, with Delhi transferred to the Punjab province and the truncated province being ruled from Allahabad for the next 20 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Allahabad|url=https://onlineada.azurewebsites.net/pdf/About%2520Allahabad.pdf|access-date=12 December 2024|archive-date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217062228/https://onlineada.azurewebsites.net/pdf/About%20Allahabad.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Allahabad cantonment came under the new Cantonments Act of 1924, and post-independence under the Cantonments Act of 2006.<ref name="TheWEEK"/> The cantonment was counted as part of the city in censuses until the [[1931 Census of India|1931 Indian census]], when it was started to be counted as a separate [[census town]].

The [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Infantry Division]], also known as the '''Red Eagle Division''', is headquartered at Allahabad cantonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/indian-armys-oldest-fighting-formation-red-eagle-celebrates-75-years-of-valour/articleshow/23221264.cms|title=Indian Army's oldest fighting formation 'Red Eagle' celebrates 75 years of valour|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 September 2013|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028202907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/indian-armys-oldest-fighting-formation-red-eagle-celebrates-75-years-of-valour/articleshow/23221264.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible "
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!colspan=15|Population of Allahabad Urban Agglomeration and its Parts According to Census Data for 1901–2011.<ref name=AllahabadUA2011>{{cite report |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html |title=A-4 Towns And Urban Agglomerations Classified By Population Size Class In 2011 With Variation Since 1901 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=7 August 2020 |date= |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428145514/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!colspan=3| Name
!| 1901
!| 1911
!| 1921
!| 1931
!| 1941
!| 1951
!| 1961
!| 1971
!| 1981
!| 1991
!| 2001
!| 2011
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=3| Prayagraj Urban Agglomeration
|| 172,032 || 171,697 || 157,220 || 183,914 || 260,630 || 332,295 || 430,730 || 513,036 || 650,070 || 844,546 || 1,042,229 || 1,212,395
|-
|colspan=15 style="background:#0000FF;"|
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#0000FF;"|
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Prayagraj Municipal Corporation
|| 172,032 || 171,697 || 157,220 || 173,895 || 246,226 || 312,259 || 411,955 || 490,622 || 616,051 || 792,858 || 975,393 || 1,112,544
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#0000FF;"|
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Allahabad Cantonment (included in Allahabad in the 1901–1921 figures)
|style="background:#ffffcc;"| 12,487
|style="background:#ffffcc;"| 11,996
|style="background:#ffffcc;"| 11,615
|| 10,019 || 14,404 || 20,036 || 17,529 || 20,591 || 30,442 || 38,060 || 24,137 || 26,944
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#0000FF;"|
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Arail Uparhar
|| || || || || || || || || || || || 12,190
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#0000FF;"|
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Chak Babura Alimabad
|| || || || || || || || || || || || 4,876
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#0000FF;"|
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Total of Allahabad Outer Growth (OG) areas listed below:
|| || || || || || || 1,246 || 1,823 || 3,577 || 13,628 || 42,699 || 55,841
|-
| rowspan=18|
|colspan=14 style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Subedarganj Railway Colony (OG)
|| || || || || || || 1,246 || 1,823 || 3,577 || 3,606 || 872 || 1,568
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Triveni Nagar (N.E.C.S.W.) (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || 4,125 || 1,732 || 3,515
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | T.S.L. Factory (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || 466 || 317 || 753
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Mukta Vihar (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || 461 || 509 || 534
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Bharat Pump and Compressor Factory (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || 631 || 628 || 648
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | A.D.A. Colony (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || 1,155 || 12,539 || 22,774
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Doorbani Nagar (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || 2,312 || 783 || 543
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | ITI Factory and Res. Colony (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || 872 || 3,764 || 221
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Shiv Nagar (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || || 990 || 1,449
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Gurunanak Nagar (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || || 867 || 947
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Gandhi Nagar, Manas Nagar, Industrial Labour Colony (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || || 5,319 || 6,313
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Gangotri Nagar (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || || 1,641 || 6,749
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Mahewa West (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || || 7,161 || 2,136
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Begum Bazar (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || || 514 || 841
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Bhagal Purwa (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || || 680 || 988
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | Kodra (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || || 690 || 587
|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
|style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | IOC Colony, Deoghat, ADA Colony and Jhalwagaon (OG)
|| || || || || || || || || || || 3,693 || 5,275
|-
|}

=== Politics ===
Prayagraj is the seat of [[Allahabad High Court]], the highest judicial body in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Prayagraj is known as the "Prime Minister Capital of India", since, seven of fifteen [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime ministers]] of India since independence have connections with the city ([[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]]). All seven leaders were either born in Allahabad, were alumni of [[Allahabad University]] or were elected from an Allahabad constituency.<ref name="prime" /> Prayagraj is administered by several [[Government agency|government agencies]]. As the seat of the Government of Uttar Pradesh, Prayagraj is home to local governing agencies and the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (housed in the [[Allahabad High Court]] building).<ref name="Checklist">{{cite web|url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Allahabad_MoA1.pdf|title='Urban Reforms Agenda' under JNNURM|work=[[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031123742/http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Allahabad_MoA1.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2012|url-status = dead|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> The [[Prayagraj district]] has two parliamentary constituency, namely, [[Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency|Prayagraj]] and [[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]] and elects 12 members of the legislative assembly ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]]) to the state legislature.<ref name="Legislative">{{cite web|title=Bicameral legislature of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/16th%20UP%20legislative%20Assembly-Notification.html |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=5 August 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102214703/http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/16th%20UP%20legislative%20Assembly-Notification.html |archive-date=2 November 2012 }}</ref>

=== Central government offices/organisations ===
Prayagraj houses various central government offices and organisations, such as-

'''[[Ministry of Home Affairs]]'''
* Headquarters of [[Central Zonal Council]]
* [[Rapid Action Force]] (101 Battalion).
* [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (Training Institute).
'''[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]'''
* Special officer for Linguistic Minorities (Regional Headquarters).
'''[[Ministry of Defence (India)]]'''
* Headquarters of [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]].
* [[Services Selection Board]] (East Centre).
'''[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]]'''
* Civil Aviation Training College.
'''[[Ministry of Railways (India)]]'''
* Headquarters of [[North Central Railway Zone]].
* Headquarters of [[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]].
* [[Railway Recruitment Control Board]] (Selection Centre).
'''[[Ministry of Finance (India)]]'''
* Headquarters of Accountants General, Uttar Pradesh.
'''[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]'''
* [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (Regional office).
'''[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]'''
* [[Botanical Survey of India]] (Central Regional Centre, Allahabad).
* [[Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation]].
'''[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]]'''
* [[Harish Chandra Research Institute]].
* [[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]] (Regional Center).
* [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].

{{See also|Neighbourhoods of Prayagraj}}

== Economy ==

Overall Prayagraj has a stable and diverse economy comprising various sectors such as State and Central government offices, education and research institutions, real estate, retail, banking, tourism and hospitality, agriculture-based industries, railways, transport and logistics, miscellaneous service sectors, and manufacturing. [[Disposable household and per capita income|Average household income]] of the city is US$2,299.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mudraa.com/trading/52752/0/key-metros-with-high-per-capita-income.html |title=Key Metros with high per capita income |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122308/http://www.mudraa.com/trading/52752/0/key-metros-with-high-per-capita-income.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

The construction sector is a major part of Prayagraj's economy.<ref name="Industrial units">{{cite web|title=Industrial units in allahabad|url=http://uppcb.com/inventory2010/7_allahabad.pdf|publisher=U.P Pollution Control Board|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128031316/http://uppcb.com/inventory2010/7_allahabad.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> Secondary manufacturers and services may be registered or unregistered;<ref name=development>{{cite web|last=organizations|first=Significant industrial|title=Large scale industries|url=http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad|publisher=Explore Allahabad Press|access-date=12 January 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112171203/http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad|archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> according to the third All India Census for Small Scale Industries, there are more than 10,000 unregistered small-scale industries in the city.<ref name="Small scale Industries">{{cite web|title=Summary results of third census|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/ssiindia/census/sumryres.htm|work=All India Census of Small scale Industries|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505002618/http://dcmsme.gov.in/ssiindia/census/sumryres.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Industries2004">{{cite book|author=Office of the Development Commissioner (Small Scale Industries)|title=Final results, third all India census of small scale industries, 2001–2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRHtAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Development Commissioner, Ministry of Small Scale Industries, Govt. of India|isbn=978-81-88905-17-1|pages=13–18|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523075248/http://books.google.com/books?id=LRHtAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2004}}</ref> An integrated industrial township has been proposed for {{convert|1200|acre|ha}} in Prayagraj by the [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Eastern dedicated freight corridor to get rs 42,000 cr investments to UP |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/lucknow/Eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-to-get-rs-42000-cr-investments-to-UP/articleshow/27502898.cms |first1=Swati |last1=Mathur |date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108140422/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-17/lucknow/45293731_1_eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-edfc-amritsar-delhi-kolkata-industrial-corridor |archive-date=8 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status = live }}</ref>

The city is also home to glass and [[wire]]-based industry.<ref name=industries>{{cite web|title=Minor industries|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010050631/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> The main industrial areas of Prayagraj are [[Naini]] and [[Phulpur, Prayagraj|Phulpur]], where several [[Public sector|public]] and [[private sector]] companies have offices and factories.<ref name="Industries1993">{{cite book|author=Office of the Development Commissioner (Small Scale Industries)|title=Report on the second all-India census of small scale industrial units|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yLtAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries, Ministry of Industry, Govt. of India|page=72|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523061131/http://books.google.com/books?id=9yLtAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1993}}</ref> [[BPCL|Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]], India's largest oil company (which is state-owned), is constructing a seven-million-tonnes-per-annum (MTPA) capacity refinery in Lohgara with an investment estimated at ₹62 billion.<ref name=GDP>{{cite news|title=GDP & per capita income of Allahabad|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-1/chap%201.pdf|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=Planning Commission of India|date=8 March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904083127/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-1/chap%201.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> [[Allahabad Bank]], which began operations in 1865,<ref name="Small scale Industries" /> [[Bharat Pumps & Compressors]] and A. H. Wheeler and Company have their headquarters in the city. Major companies in the city are [[Reliance Industries]], [[ITI Limited]], [[BPCL]], Dey's Medical, [[Food Corporation of India]], Raymond Synthetics, Triveni Sheet Glass, Triveni Electroplast, EMC Power Ltd, [[Steel Authority of India]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative]] (IFFCO), Vibgyor Laboratories, Geep Industries, Hindustan Cable, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Baidyanath Ayurved, Hindustan Laboratories.<ref name=Companies>{{cite web|last=of the city.|first=accelerating the development|title=significant industrial organizations|url=http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad|publisher=Explore Allahabad Press|access-date=12 January 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112171203/http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad|archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Popular industries">{{cite web|title=List of Companies|url=http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Section25_Companies_6nov2008.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Corporate Affairs|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916030108/http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Section25_Companies_6nov2008.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Industries that play a vital role in the economy of the district|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/districts/allahabad.htm|website=Maps of India|access-date=24 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909031533/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/districts/allahabad.htm|archive-date=9 September 2012}}</ref>

The primary economic sectors of the district are tourism, fishing and agriculture, and the city is a hub for India's agricultural industry.<ref name="Agricultural industries">{{cite web|title=Agricultural industries in Allahabad|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf|publisher=Planning commission of India|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410203237/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Main Industries">{{cite web|title=Key industries of Allahabad|url=http://www.districtsofindia.com/uttarpradesh/allahabad/industriesandmining/index.aspx|publisher=District Level Information of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108134546/http://www.districtsofindia.com/uttarpradesh/allahabad/industriesandmining/index.aspx|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> In the case of agriculture crops, paddy has the largest share followed by bajra, arhar, urd and moong, in declining order during the Kharif season. In Rabi, wheat is predominant followed by pulses and oilseed. Among oilseed crops, mustard has very little area under pure farming and is grown mainly as a mixed crop. Linseed dominates the oilseed production of the district and is mainly grown in Jamunapar area. In the case of pulses, gram has the largest area followed by pea and lentil (''masoor''). There is fairly good acreage under barley.<ref name=agriculture>{{cite web|title=Agricultureinallahabad |url=http://zpdk.org.in/sites/default/files/districtprofile(2-2-10).pdf |website=zpdk.org.in |access-date=5 November 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226170806/http://zpdk.org.in/sites/default/files/districtprofile%282-2-10%29.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2015 }}</ref>

== Transportation and utilities ==
[[File:On the banks of New Yamuna bridge, Allahabad.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Long bridge, with its lights reflected in the water|[[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad|New Yamuna Bridge]] in Prayagraj]]

=== Air ===
The main international and domestic airport serving Prayagraj is [[Prayagraj Airport]] {{Airport codes|IXD|VEAB}}, which began operations in February 1966. The airport is {{convert|12|km}} from the city centre and lies in Bamrauli, Prayagraj. As of now, Prayagraj is connected to eleven cities by flight, where [[Air India]]'s regional arm [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] connects Prayagraj to [[Delhi]] and [[Bilaspur Airport|Bilaspur]], while [[IndiGo]] connects it to [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Raipur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name="Institute1937">{{cite book|author=Allahabad Agricultural Institute|title=The Allahabad aviation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oAsAQAAIAAJ|volume=11|publisher=Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Uttar Pradesh|page=44|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523044352/http://books.google.com/books?id=4oAsAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1937}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ashwini Phadnis |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/air-india-to-begin-new-services-from-sept-9/article5044189.ece |title=Air India to begin new services from Sept 9 | Business Line |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=21 August 2013 |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109185203/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/air-india-to-begin-new-services-from-sept-9/article5044189.ece |archive-date=9 January 2014 }}</ref> The nearest [[international airport]]s are in Varanasi and [[Lucknow]].<ref name=transport>{{cite web|title=Profile of UP State Unit|url=http://nicsu.up.nic.in/profile.htm|work=National Informatics Centre|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512131658/http://nicsu.up.nic.in/profile.htm|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>

The world's first [[airmail]] flight took place from Allahabad (Prayagraj) to [[Naini]] in February 1911, when 6,000 cards and letters where flown by French pilot [[Henri Pequet]].<ref name="Airmail">{{cite web |title=India and the World's First Official Air Mail by Airplane |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/collections/object-spotlight/india-and-the-worlds-first-official-air-mail-by-airplane |publisher=National Postal Museum |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622145707/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/collections/object-spotlight/india-and-the-worlds-first-official-air-mail-by-airplane |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Railways ===
[[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]] is one of the main railway junctions in northern India and headquarters of the [[North Central Railway Zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=North Central Railways present network|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|work=[[North Central Railways]]|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707094035/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>

Prayagraj has following nine railway stations in its city limits :<ref name="Railways (India)">{{cite book|title=Railways (India): return to an order from any correspondence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30|year=1853|pages=30–44|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523072631/http://books.google.com/books?id=yyVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Name
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Code
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Railway Zone
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Number of Platforms
|-
| [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]]
| style="text-align:center;"| PRYJ, formerly ALD
| style="text-align:center;"| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
|-
| [[Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station]]
| style="text-align:center;"| PCOI, formerly ACOI
| style="text-align:center;"|[[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
| [[Naini]] Railway Station
| style="text-align:center;"| NYN
| style="text-align:center;"| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
|-
| [[Subedarganj railway station]]
| style="text-align:center;"| SFG
| style="text-align:center;"| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
| [[Prayag Junction railway station]]
| style="text-align:center;"| PRG
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
| Prayagraj Sangam Railway Station
| style="text-align:center;"| PYG
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
|-
| [[Phaphamau]] Railway Station
| style="text-align:center;"| PFM
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
| [[Prayagraj Rambagh railway station]]
| style="text-align:center;"| PRRB, formerly ALY
| style="text-align:center;"| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
|-
| [[Jhusi]] Railway Station
| style="text-align:center;"| JI
| style="text-align:center;"| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
|}
The city is connected to most other Uttar Pradesh cities and major Indian cities such as Kolkata, New Delhi, Hyderabad, [[Patna]], Mumbai, [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Chennai]], Bangalore, [[Guwahati]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Pune]], [[Bhopal]], [[Kanpur]], Lucknow and [[Jaipur]].<ref name="The Railway magazine">{{cite book|title=The Railway magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCRWAAAAMAAJ|volume=124|publisher=IPC Business Press|page=178|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523060834/http://books.google.com/books?id=BCRWAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1978}}</ref>

=== Roads ===
Buses operated by [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] and Prayagraj City Transport Service are an important means of public transport for travelling to various parts of the city, state and outskirts.<ref name="Bus services">{{cite web|title=Important Service |url=http://www.upsrtc.com/allahabad/ald_dep.htm |work=[[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055516/http://www.upsrtc.com/allahabad/ald_dep.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> Auto Rickshaws have been a popular mode of transportation.<ref name=mode>{{cite web|title=Allahabad Travel |url=http://www.thekumbhmela.com/allahabad-travel-advise.html |work=Kumbh Mela organizing committee |access-date=5 August 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808000427/http://thekumbhmela.com/allahabad-travel-advise.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 }}</ref> [[Cycle rickshaw]]s are the most economical means of transportation in Prayagraj along with [[e-rickshaw]]s.<ref name=mode /><ref>{{cite news|last=Mohammad |first=Anas |date=21 October 2014 |title=Meet Tabassum Bano – the first female e-rickshaw driver of Allahabad |url=http://www.iamin.in/en/allahabad/news/meet-tabassum-bano-first-female-e-rickshaw-driver-allahabad-44796 |newspaper=[[I am in DNA of India]] |location=Allahabad |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status = unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029122217/http://www.iamin.in/en/allahabad/news/meet-tabassum-bano-first-female-e-rickshaw-driver-allahabad-44796 |archive-date=29 October 2014 }}</ref>

There are several important National Highways that pass through Prayagraj:<ref name=Status>{{cite web|title=Completed Stretches on NH2|url=http://www.nhai.org/completednh2.htm|work=National Highways Authority of India|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214185100/http://nhai.org/completednh2.htm|archive-date=14 February 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!NH (acc. new numbering system)
!NH (acc. old numbering system)
!Route
!Total Length
|-
|[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]
|NH 2
|[[Delhi]] » [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] » [[Agra]] » [[Kanpur]] » Prayagraj » [[Varanasi]] » [[Mohania]] » [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]] » [[Palsit]] » [[Dankuni]] (near [[Kolkata]])
|2542
|-
|[[National Highway 30 (India)|NH 30]]
|NH 24B & NH 27
|[[Udham Singh Nagar]], [[Uttarakhand]] » [[Bareilly]] » [[Lucknow]] » [[Raebareli]] » Prayagraj » [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] » [[Jabalpur]] » [[Raipur]] » [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|2022
|-
|[[National Highway 35 (India)|NH 35]]
|NH 76 & NH 76 Extension
|[[Mahoba]] » [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] » [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]] » Prayagraj » [[Mirzapur]] » Varanasi
|346
|-
|[[National Highway 330 (India)|NH 330]]
|NH 96
|Prayagraj » [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] » [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] » [[Faizabad]] » [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]] » [[Balrampur]]
|263
|-
|}

[[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]], [[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad|New Yamuna Bridge]] (built 2001–04), is in Prayagraj and connects the city to the suburb of [[Naini]] across the Yamuna.<ref name=Instrumentation>{{cite web|title=Structural Monitoring System|url=http://www.nhai.org/NIT.htm|work=National Highways Authority of India|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524011643/http://www.nhai.org/NIT.htm|archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref> The [[Old Naini Bridge]] now accommodates railway and auto traffic.<ref name="Dayaratnam2000">{{cite book|author=P. Dayaratnam|title=Cable Stayed, Supported, and Suspension Bridges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA9|year=2000|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-271-5|page=9|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523064532/http://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA9|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=bridge>{{cite web|title=India's biggest cable-stayed bridge|url=http://www.maurer-soehne.de/files/bauwerkschutzsysteme/pdf/de/projektinfo/PI_NAINI_Bruecke_englisch.pdf|work=Murer Swivel Joist|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016202936/http://maurer-soehne.de/files/bauwerkschutzsysteme/pdf/de/projektinfo/PI_NAINI_Bruecke_englisch.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> A road bridge across the Ganges also connects Prayagraj and [[Jhusi]].<ref name="Institute1958">{{cite book|title=The Allahabad transportation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nghAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Agricultural Institute, University of Allahabad|access-date=3 August 2012|volume=32|page=68|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523064817/http://books.google.com/books?id=_nghAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1958}}</ref> [[National Waterway 1 (India)|National Waterway 1]], the longest Waterway in India, connects Prayagraj and Haldia.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Union Government launched National Waterway-4 project in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/union-government-launched-national-waterway4-project-in-tamil-nadu-1390650157-1 |newspaper=JagranJosh |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029101633/http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/union-government-launched-national-waterway4-project-in-tamil-nadu-1390650157-1 |archive-date=29 October 2014 }}</ref>

The city generates 5,34,760 kg of domestic solid wastes daily, while the per capita generation of waste is 0.40 kg per day. The sewer service areas are divided into nine zones in the city.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> Prayagraj Municipal Corporation oversees the solid waste management project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/invitation-card-gives-mayor-a-miss-congmen-stall-ceremony/ |title=Invitation card gives Mayor a miss, Congmen stall ceremony |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305203728/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/invitation-card-gives-mayor-a-miss-congmen-stall-ceremony/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |date=27 May 2010 }}</ref> Prayagraj was the first city to get pre-paid meters for electricity bill in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Now-manage-your-power-usage-with-pre-paid-meters/articleshow/48209297.cms |title=Now, manage your power usage with pre-paid meters |date=25 July 2015 |first1=Neha |last1=Shukla |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Now-manage-your-power-usage-with-pre-paid-meters/articleshow/48209297.cms |archive-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-ALAH-in-uttar-pradesh-launch-first-prepaid-electricity-meter-allahabad-latest-news-4828056-NOR.html |title=इलाहाबाद में लगेगा यूपी का पहला प्रीपेड बिजली का मीटर, हुई लॉचिंग |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224141/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-ALAH-in-uttar-pradesh-launch-first-prepaid-electricity-meter-allahabad-latest-news-4828056-NOR.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |date=3 December 2014 }}</ref> The city is equipped with over 40 [[CCTV]]s at major crossings and markets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Areas-of-Allahabad-to-come-under-CCTV-camera-surveillance/articleshow/48009052.cms |title=Areas of Allahabad to come under CCTV camera surveillance |date=9 July 2015 |first1=Kapil |last1=Dixit |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713195402/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Areas-of-Allahabad-to-come-under-CCTV-camera-surveillance/articleshow/48009052.cms |archive-date=13 July 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

=== Public health ===
[[File:Mlnmc1.jpg|thumb|[[MLN Medical College]], the Government Medical College in Prayagraj]]
[[File:Kamla Nehru Hospital Allahabad.jpg|thumb|[[Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital|Kamla Nehru Hospital]] ]]
Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Uttar Pradesh oversees the healthcare system of Prayagraj. Its healthcare system comprises hospitals, medical facilities, private clinics and diagnostic centers. These facilities are either privately owned or owned and facilitated by the government. Prayagraj has a total of twenty four hospitals run by the administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospitals in Allahabad |url=https://www.medifee.com/hospitals-in-allahabad |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=www.medifee.com |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428193003/https://www.medifee.com/hospitals-in-allahabad |url-status=live }}</ref> Founded in memory of Pandit [[Motilal Nehru]] in 1961, [[Motilal Nehru Medical College]] (MLN Medical College and associated hospitals) is a government medical college in Prayagraj, with Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, [[Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital]], Sarojini Naidu Children's Hospital and Manohar Das Eye Hospital serving under its affiliation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian Medical Colleges|url=https://archive.nmji.in/approval/archive/Volume-10/issue-1/indian-medical-colleges.pdf|access-date=28 April 2021|website=www.medifee.com|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823133430/http://archive.nmji.in/approval/archive/Volume-10/issue-1/indian-medical-colleges.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the known multispecialty hospitals in and around Prayagraj are Alka Hospital, Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospitals {{!}} District Prayagraj, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://prayagraj.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/|access-date=3 August 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518102935/https://prayagraj.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/|url-status=live}}</ref> Amardeep Hospital, Asha Hospital, Ashutosh Hospital and Trauma Centre, Bhola Hospital, Dwarka Hospital, D R S Hospital, Jain Hospital, Parvati Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Phoenix Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Priya Hospital, Sangam Multispeciality Hospital, Vatsalya Hospital, Yashlok Hospital and Research Centre, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |work=Allahabad Nagar Nigam, Government of Uttar Pradesh, allahabadmc.gov.in |title=List of Hospitals, Allahabad |url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/hospital_list.html |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305151110/http://allahabadmc.gov.in/hospital_list.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prayagraj healthcare also comprises many medical research institutes. The city also has diagnostic labs, clinics, consultation providers and pathological institutes like Kriti Scanning Centre,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://kritiscanningcentre.com/|access-date=3 August 2021|website=kritiscanningcentre.com|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101314/https://kritiscanningcentre.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prayag Scan & Diagnostic Centre, and Sprint Medical.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sprint Medical|url=https://sprintmedical.in/|access-date=3 August 2021|website=Sprint Medical|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183406/https://sprintmedical.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 May 2021|title=Telehealth is now the safest and most cost-effective option for people in India.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/telehealth-is-now-the-safest-and-most-cost-effective-option-for-people-in-india-23172183|access-date=3 August 2021|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101502/https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/telehealth-is-now-the-safest-and-most-cost-effective-option-for-people-in-india-23172183|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Smart city project ===
{{anchor|Smart city}}
[[IBM]] selected Prayagraj among 16 other global cities for its smart cities programme to help it address challenges like waste management, disaster management, water management and citizen services.<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515192742/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-12/news/62082974_1_ibm-top-experts-smart-cities-mamtha-sharma |archive-date=15 May 2015 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-12/news/62082974_1_ibm-top-experts-smart-cities-mamtha-sharma |title=IBM picks Surat, Allahabad & Vizag among 16 global locations for smart cities project |work=Economic Times |date=12 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/it-giant-to-chalk-out-disaster-management-plan/article7254158.ece |url-access=subscription |title=IT giant to chalk out disaster management plan |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145638/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/it-giant-to-chalk-out-disaster-management-plan/article7254158.ece |archive-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 May 2015 |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Sumit }}</ref> The company commenced working on solid waste management and power sector in generating renewable energy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.in/5-pillars-of-Smart-Cities-Top-honchos-finally-unveil-the-key-to-the-lock-called-Smart/articleshow/48544126.cms |newspaper=Business Insider India |date=19 August 2015 |first1=Usha |last1=Rani Das |title=5 pillars of Smart Cities: Top honchos finally unveil the key to the lock called 'Smart'! |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823000857/http://www.businessinsider.in/5-pillars-of-Smart-Cities-Top-honchos-finally-unveil-the-key-to-the-lock-called-Smart/articleshow/48544126.cms |archive-date=23 August 2015 }}</ref>

A [[memorandum of understanding]] was signed on 25 January 2015 between the [[United States Trade and Development Agency]] (USTDA) and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] for developing Prayagraj as a [[smart city]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-sign-three-mous-on-smart-cities/article6821106.ece |url-access=subscription |title=India, U.S. sign three MoUs on smart cities|date=25 January 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=28 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028154058/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-sign-three-mous-on-smart-cities/article6821106.ece|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://activeindiatv.com/editorials/12807-now-world-bank-wants-to-turn-allahabad-into-a-smart-city-this-may-be-possible-if-plans-are-not-locally-executed|title=Now World Bank wants to turn Allahabad into a Smart City : this may be possible if plans are not locally executed|date=28 September 2013|publisher=Activeindiatv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132139/http://activeindiatv.com/editorials/12807-now-world-bank-wants-to-turn-allahabad-into-a-smart-city-this-may-be-possible-if-plans-are-not-locally-executed|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status = live|access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> The pact came into existence after the bilateral meeting between the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and the US President [[Barack Obama]] in October 2014, wherein it was announced that the US would assist India in developing three smart cities, Prayagraj, [[Ajmer]] and [[Visakhapatnam]], in a boost to India's 100 smart city programme.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-Obama-meet-US-to-help-India-develop-three-smart-cities/articleshow/43981483.cms |title=Modi-Obama meet: US to help India develop three smart cities|author= |date=1 October 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 October 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002075549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-Obama-meet-US-to-help-India-develop-three-smart-cities/articleshow/43981483.cms |archive-date=2 October 2014|url-status = live|location=Washington }}</ref> On 27 August 2015 the official list of 98 cities to be developed as smart cities, including Prayagraj, was announced by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Full-list-of-98-smart-cities/articleshow/48694723.cms |title=Full list of 98 smart cities |date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828210841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Full-list-of-98-smart-cities/articleshow/48694723.cms |archive-date=28 August 2015|url-status = live |access-date=29 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Prayagraj Task Force was set up by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] which consists of the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] as chairperson, secretaries of housing and urban planning and urban development in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]], the vice-chairperson of Prayagraj Development Authority and the mayor in addition to the [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] ([[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Urban Development]]) in the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] and representatives of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] and the USTDA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116383|title=Smart City Task Forces for Ajmer, Allahabad and Visakhapatnam set up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921011341/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116383|archive-date=21 September 2015|url-status = live|access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130145832/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-27/news/58508253_1_smart-cities-task-force-three-cities |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-27/news/58508253_1_smart-cities-task-force-three-cities |archive-date=30 January 2015 |title=India, US to set up task force to develop three Smart Cities |work=Economic Times |date=27 January 2015}}</ref> The project is being assisted by the US-India Business Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Smart-transport-for-a-smart-city/articleshow/46131377.cms |title=Smart transport for a 'smart city' |date=5 February 2015 |first1=Vinod |last1=Khanal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216074159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Smart-transport-for-a-smart-city/articleshow/46131377.cms |archive-date=16 February 2015|url-status = live|access-date=29 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

As a part of Smart City Project, Civil Lines is being developed on the lines of Lucknow's [[Hazratganj]]. A sum of ₹20 [[crore]] (US$3,024,000) has been sanctioned to [[Beautification|beautify]] all prominent crossings of the city. As per the plan, the administration proposed uniformity in signage and colour of buildings and a parking lot to be set up to solve traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Civil-Lines-makeover-to-be-as-Lucknows-Hazratganj-market/articleshow/48420554.cms |title=Civil Lines makeover to be as Lucknow's Hazratganj market |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live |date=10 August 2015 |first1=Vinod |last1=Khanal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823194513/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Civil-Lines-makeover-to-be-as-Lucknows-Hazratganj-market/articleshow/48420554.cms |archive-date=23 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> A 1.35 km long riverfront along Yamuna river would be developed by the Prayagraj Development Authority, irrigation and power departments at a cost of ₹147.36 crore. The riverfront would be developed in two phases. In the first phase, around 650 metres at Arail would be developed along with the Yamuna, while in the second phase 700 metres of the stretch between New Yamuna Bridge and Boat Club in Kydganj would be taken up.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Citys-smart-journey-to-begin-with-riverfront-along-Yamuna/articleshow/48692413.cms |title=City's smart journey to begin with riverfront along Yamuna |date=27 August 2015 |first1=Vinod |last1=Khanal |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927233720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Citys-smart-journey-to-begin-with-riverfront-along-Yamuna/articleshow/48692413.cms |archive-date=27 September 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Improving city libraries is part of the Smart City Mission. ₹6.6 crore is being spent improving and restoring Allahabad Government Public Library, which is in Chandra Shekhar Azad Park. The granite and sandstone building was founded in 1864 and was designed by [[Richard Roskell Bayne]] in the [[Scottish baronial architecture|Scottish baronial style]]. Chandra Mohan Garg, CEO of Prayagraj Smart City, said: "we are undertaking the restoration of the building, for which we have engaged conservation architects; and preservation of manuscripts dating back over 400 years, and digitisation of all library services".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/libraries-seeing-revival-under-smart-cities-mission-101701023171225.html |title=Libraries seeing revival under Smart Cities mission |first1=Manoj |last1=Sharma |date=27 November 2023 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609124657/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/libraries-seeing-revival-under-smart-cities-mission-101701023171225.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Plans were announced in 2024 to set up "digital smart classrooms" in 48 government-ran primary schools within the city limits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/prayagraj-smart-city-initiative-48-govt-primary-schools-to-become-smart-101712582482616.html |title=Prayagraj Smart City initiative: 48 govt primary schools to become 'smart' |date=8 April 2024 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609125722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/prayagraj-smart-city-initiative-48-govt-primary-schools-to-become-smart-101712582482616.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Prayagraj}}
[[File:Design Centre MNNIT.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Palm-tree-lined walkway to two-story building|[[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj]], a public engineering and management school]]

The Prayagraj educational system is distinct from Uttar Pradesh's other cities, with an emphasis on broad education.<ref name=education>{{cite web|title=Broad education system in city |url=https://www.dasanit.org/docs/DASA-2012-brochure.pdf |publisher=DASA UG |access-date=26 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510234819/https://dasanit.org/docs/DASA-2012-brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref> [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh]], the world's biggest examining body, is headquartered in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-upmspnicin-upresultsnicin-10th-result-2016-up-board-class-10th-x-high-school-results-2016-to-be-announced-today-on-may-15-at-1230-pm-2212457 |title=Upmsp.nic.in & Upresults.nic.in 10th Result 2016: UP Board class 10th X High School Results 2016 to be announced today on May 15 at 12:30 PM |access-date=15 May 2016 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518171957/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-upmspnicin-upresultsnicin-10th-result-2016-up-board-class-10th-x-high-school-results-2016-to-be-announced-today-on-may-15-at-1230-pm-2212457 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/UP-board-exam-the-worlds-biggest-to-start-on-February-18/articleshow/50220848.cms |title=UP board exam, the world's biggest, to start on 18 February |work=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Kapil |last1=Dixit |date=17 December 2015 |access-date=15 May 2016 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101191725/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/UP-board-exam-the-worlds-biggest-to-start-on-February-18/articleshow/50220848.cms |archive-date=1 January 2016 }}</ref> Although English is the language of instruction in most private schools, government schools and colleges offer Hindi and [[English-medium education]].<ref name="Main university">{{cite web|title=Allahabad University|url=http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=378|publisher=[[Allahabad University]]|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717050032/http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=378|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> Schools in Prayagraj follow the [[10+2+3 plan]]. After completing their secondary education, students typically enrol in higher secondary schools affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education, the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].<ref name="Main university" /> and focus on liberal arts, business or science. Vocational programs are also available.<ref name=Vocational>{{cite web|title=Center of Computer Education and Training|url=http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=78&Itemid=223|publisher=[[Allahabad University]]|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051416/http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=78&Itemid=223|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>

Prayagraj attracts students from throughout India. As of 2017, the city has one [[Central University, India|central university]], two [[State University, India|State Universities]] and an [[Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University|open university]].<ref name="Land Marks">{{cite web|title=University history|url=http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143&Itemid=379|publisher=[[Allahabad University]]|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717050042/http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143&Itemid=379|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> [[Allahabad University]], founded in 1876, is the oldest university in the state.<ref name="Land Marks" /> [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj]] is a noted technical institution.<ref name="Goel2009">{{cite book|author=S.L. Goel Aruna Goel|title=Educational Administration And Management:An Integrated Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L71yhsLOqtsC&pg=PA94|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-143-8|page=94|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523043914/http://books.google.com/books?id=L71yhsLOqtsC&pg=PA94|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2009}}</ref> [[Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences]], founded in 1910, as "Agricultural Institute", is an autonomous Christian minority university in Prayagraj.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-reports/TFR04032014.pdf |title=Table Showing Grades Awards on the basis of the Second Review to 10 institutions originally placed in Category B |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122091515/http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-reports/TFR04032014.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> Other notable institutions in Allahabad include the [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad|Indian Institute of Information Technology – Allahabad]]; [[Motilal Nehru Medical College]]; [[Ewing Christian College]]; [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]]; [[Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute]]; and [[Allahabad State University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alldstateuniversity.org/ |title=Allahabad State University |access-date=6 July 2016 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703030919/http://www.alldstateuniversity.org/ |archive-date=3 July 2016 }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{See also|List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj}}

Although Hindu women have traditionally worn [[sari]]s, the [[shalwar kameez]] and Western attire are gaining acceptance among younger women.<ref name=dress>{{cite news|last=Rebika|first=Laishram|title=The city have a very rich culture|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/article3364929.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909030055/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/article3364929.ece|archive-date=9 September 2012}}</ref> Western dress is worn more by men, although the [[dhoti]] and [[kurta]] are seen during festivals. The formal male [[sherwani]] is often worn with [[chooridar]] on festive occasions.<ref name=dress /> [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], Kumbh Mela, [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Vijayadashami|Vijayadasami]] are the most popular festivals in Prayagraj.<ref name="Quick facts">{{cite web|last=Festivals |first=Fairs And |title=The Prayag Tirtha |url=http://www.cultural-heritage-india.com/cities/allahabad.html |publisher=Cultural and Heritage, india |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823161941/http://www.cultural-heritage-india.com/cities/allahabad.html |archive-date=23 August 2013 }}</ref>

=== Literature ===
[[File:Anand Bhawan, Allahabad.jpg|thumb|alt=Ornate blue-and-white building, with plaque on a rock in the foreground|[[Anand Bhavan]], owned by Indian political leader [[Motilal Nehru]]]]
[[File:Kumbh Mela2001.JPG|thumb|alt=Large group of people and vehicles crossing a pontoon bridge|A procession of pilgrims cross the Ganges during the 2001 [[Kumbh Mela]] in Prayagraj]]
Prayagraj has a literary and artistic heritage; the former capital of the United Provinces, it was known as Prayag in the [[Vedas]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name="Joshi2008">{{cite book|author=Ashutosh Joshi|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|date=1 January 2008|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-82-0|pages=238–239|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145638/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=virtue>{{cite web|title=A city of many dimensions is what befits a description of Allahabad |url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/allahabad/about.htm |website=Uttar Pradesh Tourism |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831053201/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/allahabad/about.htm |archive-date=31 August 2012 }}</ref> Allahabad has been called the "literary capital of Uttar Pradesh",<ref name=literary>{{cite web|title=Cultural importance of Allahabad|url=http://www.allahabadonline.in/city-guide/culture-of-allahabad|publisher=Allahabad Online Portal|access-date=20 August 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821204529/http://www.allahabadonline.in/city-guide/culture-of-allahabad|archive-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> attracting visitors from East Asia;<ref name=Culture>{{cite web|title=Role in Ancient time |url=http://india.mapsofindia.com/destination-guides/culture-of-india/allahabad.html |publisher=Maps of India |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718121026/http://india.mapsofindia.com/destination-guides/culture-of-india/allahabad.html |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> the Chinese travellers [[Faxian]] and Xuanzang found a flourishing city in the fifth and seventh centuries, respectively.<ref name=Culture /><ref name=HieunTsang>{{cite web|title=Hieun Tsang, sukapha to the treaty of Yandaboo|url=http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/hiuen-tsang-sukapha-to-the-treaty-of-yandaboo/|work=The Times of Assam|access-date=23 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210161957/http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/hiuen-tsang-sukapha-to-the-treaty-of-yandaboo/|archive-date=10 December 2012|date=24 January 2012}}</ref> The number of foreign tourists, which mostly consisted of [[Asians]], visiting the city was 98,167 in 2010 which subsequently increased to 1,07,141 in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/European-US-tourists-skip-Sangam-city/articleshow/49300330.cms |title=European, US tourists skip Sangam city |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 October 2015 |access-date=21 January 2016 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025041318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/European-US-tourists-skip-Sangam-city/articleshow/49300330.cms |archive-date=25 October 2015 }}</ref> The city has a tradition of political graffiti which includes [[Limerick (poetry)|limericks]] and caricatures.<ref name="Committee1947" /> In 1900, ''[[Saraswati (magazine)|Saraswati]]'', the first [[Hindi]]-language monthly magazine in India, was started by [[Chintamani Ghosh]]. [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], the doyen of modern Hindi literature, remained its editors from 1903 to 1920.<ref name=pib>{{cite web | title = Education will lay the foundation of India's future, says President | url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102161 | website = [[Press Information Bureau]], President's Secretariat | date = 25 December 2013 | access-date = 19 September 2014 |url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041508/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102161 | archive-date = 24 September 2014}}</ref> The [[Anand Bhavan]], built during the 1930s as a new home for the [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru family]] when the [[Swaraj Bhavan]] became the local [[Indian National Congress]] headquarters, has memorabilia from the Gandhi-Nehru family.<ref name=Palace>{{cite web|title=Swaraj Bhavan|url=http://pages.rediff.com/swaraj-bhavan/1439442|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045940/http://pages.rediff.com/swaraj-bhavan/1439442|archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref>

During the 19th and 20th centuries, [[Hindi literature]] was modernised by authors such as [[Mahadevi Varma]], [[Sumitranandan Pant]], [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']] and [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]].<ref name="Gaeffke1978">{{cite book|author=Peter Gaeffke|title=Hindi Literature in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urN55PYoaSgC&pg=PA3|year=1978|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01614-8|page=3|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523051410/http://books.google.com/books?id=urN55PYoaSgC&pg=PA3|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> A noted poet was Raghupati Sahay, better known as [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]].<ref name=writer>{{cite web |title=Raghupati Sahay, better known under his pen name Firaq Gorakhpuri |url=http://www.urdupoetry.com/firaq.html |publisher=Urdu Poetry Archive |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909005046/http://www.urdupoetry.com/firaq.html |archive-date=9 September 2012 }}</ref> Gorakhpuri and Varma have received [[Jnanpith Award]]s.<ref name="Literary Award">{{cite web|title=List of Jnanpith Award Winners|date=2 September 2009 |url=https://www.insightsonindia.com/2009/09/02/list-of-jnanpith-award-winners-indias-highest-literary-award/|website=insightsonindia.coms|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718014202/http://win2vin.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/list-of-jnanpith-award-winners-indias-highest-literary-award/|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=winners>{{cite web|title=List of all Bhartiya Jnanpith Award Winners|url=http://win2vin.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/list-of-jnanpith-award-winners-indias-highest-literary-award/|publisher=UPSC|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718014202/http://win2vin.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/list-of-jnanpith-award-winners-indias-highest-literary-award/|archive-date=18 July 2012|date=2 September 2009}}</ref><ref name=award>{{cite web|title=Jnanpith Award Winners (1965–2012) |url=http://currentgk.com/gk/awards/jnanpith_award_winners.html |publisher=Creative Literary |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011051147/http://currentgk.com/gk/awards/jnanpith_award_winners.html |archive-date=11 October 2012 }}</ref> Prayagraj is a publication centre for Hindi literature, including the Lok Bharti, Rajkamal and Neelabh. [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu literature]] are also studied in the city.<ref name=Literature>{{cite web |title=Urdu and Persian Literature in Allahabad |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/txt_allahabad.html |publisher=Columbia Education |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026133746/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/txt_allahabad.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref> [[Akbar Allahabadi]] is a noted modern Urdu poet, and Nooh Narwi, Tegh Allahabadi, Shabnam Naqvi and Rashid Allahabadi hail from Prayagraj.<ref name=poet>{{cite web|title=Urdu writers and poets of Allahabad |url=http://www.upurduakademi.org/eng/writer.aspx |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322071218/http://www.upurduakademi.org/eng/writer.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2013 }}</ref> English author and [[List of Nobel laureates#List of laureates|1907 Nobel laureate]] [[Rudyard Kipling]] was an assistant editor and overseas correspondent for ''[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]]''.<ref name="nobel">{{cite web|last=Alfred Nobel Foundation |url=http://nobelprize.org/contact/faq/index.html#3b |title=Who is the youngest ever to receive a Nobel Prize, and who is the oldest? |page=409 |work=Nobelprize |access-date=30 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925202706/http://nobelprize.org/contact/faq/index.html |archive-date=25 September 2006 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Entertainment and recreation ===
Prayagraj is noted for historic, cultural and religious tourism. Historic sites include [[Alfred Park]], the [[Victoria Memorial|Victoria]] and [[Thornhill Mayne Memorial]]s, [[Minto Park]], Allahabad Fort, the Ashoka Pillar and [[Khusro Bagh]]. Religious attractions include the Kumbh Mela, the Triveni Sangam and All Saints Cathedral. The city hosts the ''Maha'' Kumbh Mela, the largest religious gathering in the world, every twelve years and the ''Ardh'' (half) Kumbh Mela every six years.<ref name="festival">{{cite web|title=Mythological Significance|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/maha_kumbh_mela_2001.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403014350/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/maha_kumbh_mela_2001.htm|archive-date=3 April 2010|publisher=[[Embassy of India]]|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="News">{{cite news|title=Pilgrims visiting the Kumbh mela|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/kumbh-mela-to-last-for-55-days-instead-of-44-this-year-230857|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=13 June 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214105728/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/kumbh-mela-to-last-for-55-days-instead-of-44-this-year-230857|archive-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> It also hosts a ''Magh Mela'' annually on the banks of the Triveni Sangam that typically lasts for one and a half months.<ref>{{Cite news |title=mela: Magh Mela Ends: 4.15l Take Mahashivratri Dip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/magh-mela-ends-4-15l-take-mahashivratri-dip/articleshow/89933557.cms |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=2 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408153700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/magh-mela-ends-4-15l-take-mahashivratri-dip/articleshow/89933557.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture & Heritage {{!}} District Prayagraj, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://prayagraj.nic.in/culture-heritage/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602104907/https://prayagraj.nic.in/culture-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cultural attractions include the Allahabad Museum, the [[Jawahar Planetarium]] and the University of Allahabad. [[North Central Zone Cultural Centre]], under the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] and [[Prayag Sangeet Samiti]] are nationally renowned centres of Arts, Dance, Music, local Folk Dance and Music, Plays/Theatre etc. and nurture upcoming artists. The city has also hosted the International Film Festival of Prayag.<ref>{{cite news|title=International Film Festival of Prayag (IFFP)|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sagar-sarhadi-to-be-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award/|access-date=1 September 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|agency=[[Indian Express Group]]|date=23 February 2016|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902012439/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sagar-sarhadi-to-be-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award/|archive-date=2 September 2017}}</ref>

=== Media ===
''[[The Leader (Prayagraj newspaper)|The Leader]]'' and ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from the city.<ref name="The Pioneer">{{cite web|title=History of The Pioneer |url=http://www.itopc.org/travel-requisite/newspapers/pioneer.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415072512/http://www.itopc.org/travel-requisite/newspapers/pioneer.html |url-status = dead|archive-date=15 April 2013 |work=Indian Tour Operators Promotion Council |access-date=26 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Chintamani>{{cite news |title=C. Y. Chintamani (April 10, 1880 — July 1, 1941) |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000507/spectrum/main2.htm#3 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |date=7 May 2000 |first1=Kuldip |last1=Dhiman |access-date=26 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026024140/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000507/spectrum/main2.htm#3|archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> [[All India Radio]], the national, state-owned radio broadcaster, has [[AM broadcasting|AM]] radio stations in the city. Prayagraj has seven [[Frequency modulation|FM]] stations, including two AIR stations: [[Gyan Vani]] and [[Vividh Bharti]], four private FM channels: [[BIG FM 92.7]], [[Red FM 93.5]], [[Fever 104 FM]] and Radio Tadka and one educational FM radio channel Radio Adan 90.4 run by [[Allahabad Agricultural Institute]].<ref name=akashwani>{{cite web|title=All India Radio Allahabad |url=http://www.airallahabad.gov.in/ |publisher=All India Radio |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130400/http://www.airallahabad.gov.in/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="radio stations">{{cite web|title=Radio stations in city|url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/uttar-pradesh-radio.htm#allahabad-radio|work=Asiawaves|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331070016/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/uttar-pradesh-radio.htm#allahabad-radio|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> There is a [[Doordarshan]] Kendra in the city.<ref name="india radio">{{cite web|title=Doordarshan Kendra, Lajpat Rai Marg, Allahabad|url=http://ddkallahabad.freeservers.com/index.html|publisher=Doordarshan Kendra Allahabad|access-date=15 August 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125609/http://ddkallahabad.freeservers.com/index.html|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Regional TV channels are accessible via [[Cable television|cable subscription]], [[direct-broadcast satellite]] service or [[IPTV|Internet-based television]].<ref name=regional>{{cite web|title=Present composition of the Prasar Bharati Board |url=http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/document/docu_other/ar/ar0607/ch4.pdf |publisher=Broadcasting Corporation of India |access-date=29 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120111837/http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/document/docu_other/ar/ar0607/ch4.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2012 }}</ref>

=== Sports ===
[[Cricket]] and [[field hockey]] are the most popular sports in Prayagraj,<ref name=Eastern>{{cite web|title=All sporting activities |url=http://www.easternuptourism.com/Allahabad.jsp |website=Eastern Uttar Pradesh Tourism |access-date=25 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009064127/http://www.easternuptourism.com/Allahabad.jsp |archive-date=9 October 2012 }}</ref> with [[kabaddi]], [[kho-kho]], [[gilli danda]] and [[pehlwani]] mostly being played in rural areas near the city.<ref name=list>{{cite web|title=List of sports|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1326783505969-sportsmeet.pdf|work=North Central Railway|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530045705/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1326783505969-sportsmeet.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> [[Gully cricket]], also known as street cricket, is popular among city youth.<ref name=Eastern /> The local cricket club, [[Allahabad Cricketers]], has produced many national and international cricket players. Several [[sports complex]]es are used by amateur and professional athletes; these include the [[Madan Mohan Malviya Stadium]], the [[Amitabh Bachchan Sports Complex]] and the Boys' High School and College Gymnasium.<ref name="Sports centres">{{cite news|title=City a hub of sports|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/City-a-hub-of-sports/articleshow/4214107.cms|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506151245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-02/allahabad/28032289_1_national-sports-academy-indoor-sports-gymnastics|archive-date=6 May 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> There is an international-level swimming complex in [[Georgetown, Allahabad|Georgetown]].<ref name=Swimming>{{cite news|title=Quality of sport life-An About-Face|url=http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/97/1205/cs1.html|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=Asia Now|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120005654/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/97/1205/cs1.html|archive-date=20 January 2016}}</ref> The National Sports Academy in Jhalwa trains [[gymnasts]] for the [[Commonwealth Games]]. The [[Indira Marathon]] honours the late prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=Marathon>{{cite news|title=Stage set for Indira Marathon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Stage-set-for-Indira-Marathon-on-Nov-19/articleshow/6932473.cms|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407182231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/allahabad/28231200_1_prize-money-prime-minister-prestigious-marathon|archive-date=7 April 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=Athletics>{{cite news|first=Deep |last=Sharad |title=Indira Marathon faces cancellation |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM17/Now-Indira-Marathon-faces-cancellation/Article1-159481.aspx |access-date=25 September 2012 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 October 2006 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508221955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM17/Now-Indira-Marathon-faces-cancellation/Article1-159481.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name=dominates>{{cite news|last=Vijay Pratap|first=Singh|title=Pune institute dominates Indira Marathon|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/puneinstitutedominatesindiramarathon/388110/|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 November 2008|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819130045/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/pune-institute-dominates-indira-marathon/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Prayagraj}}

== See also ==
* [[Forest Research Centre for Eco-Rehabilitation]]
* [[Korrah Sadat]], a village within Prayagraj Mandal
*[[Akshayavata]]
*[[Largest Indian Cities by GDP]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Cunningham|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of Ashoka|date=1879|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693/page/n55 37]–38|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |author-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane |year=1953 |title=History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India |volume=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.4 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Krishnaswamy |first1=C.S. |last2=Ghosh |first2=Amalananda |author-link2=Amalananda Ghosh |date=October 1935 |title=A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=697–706 |jstor=25201233 }}
* ''Allahabad: A Study in Urban Geography'', by Ujagir Singh. Published by Banaras Hindu University, 1966.
* ''Employment and Migration in Allahabad City'', by Maheshchand, Mahesh Chand, India Planning Commission. Research Programmes Committee. Published by Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1969.
* ''Subah of Allahabad Under the Great Mughals, 1580–1707: 1580–1707'', by Surendra Nath Sinha. Published by Jamia Millia Islamia, 1974.
* ''The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad, 1880–1920'', by [[Christopher Bayly|Christopher Alan Bayly]]. Published by Clarendon Press, 1975.
* ''Triveni: Essays on the Cultural Heritage of Allahabad'', by D. P. Dubey, Neelam Singh, Society of Pilgrimage Studies. Published by Society of Pilgrimage Studies, 1996. {{ISBN|81-900520-2-0}}.
* ''Magha Inscriptions in the Allahabad Museum'', by Siddheshwari Narain Roy. Published by Raka Prakashana for the Museum, 1999.
* ''The Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad'', by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. Published by Penguin Books, 2007. {{ISBN|0-14-310118-8}}.
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_234.gif Allahabad] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1909, v. 5, p. 226–242.

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy= Prayagraj}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180945/https://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxleu6ps2/north-western-provinces-north-ganges.html North Western Provinces]

{{Allahabad topics}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Articles relating to Prayagraj
| list =
{{Prayagraj landmarks}}
{{Prayagraj district}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{Prayagraj division topics}}
}}

{{Portal bar|India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Prayagraj| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Capitals of ancient kingdoms in Uttar Pradesh]]

Pankhuri Gidwani

2026-03-15T03:18:00Z

Eldartpy: created a data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| name = Pankhuri Gidwani
| othername =
| occupation = Model, [[Actress]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Pankhuri Gidwani''' is an Indian actress who appeared in the films and Hindi OTT drama series, such as Leaked!.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/leaked-trailer-video-pankhuri-gidwani-and-noyrika-irani-starrer-leaked-official-trailer-video/videoshow/99949394.cms|title='Leaked' Trailer: Pankhuri Gidwani and Noyrika Irani starrer 'Leaked' Official Trailer}}</ref> Pankhuri was 2nd Runner Up in [[Femina Miss India 2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/introducing-miss-grand-india-2016-pankhuri-gidwani/videoshow/54556385.cms|title=Introducing Miss Grand India 2016 Pankhuri Gidwani}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2016/miss-india-2016/pankhuri-gidwani/contestantprofile/51341672.cms|title=Pankhuri Gidwani profile}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/most-desirable-women/pankhuri-gidwani/articleshow/61807602.cms|title=Most desirable woman}}</ref> In 2021, Pankhuri was appointed Uttar Pradesh's first brand ambassador for Khadi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/khadi-gets-a-glamorous-makeover-in-lucknow/articleshow/80587498.cms|title=Khadi gets a glamorous makeover in Lucknow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/khadi-glammed-up-the-runway-in-lucknow/articleshow/71723252.cms|title=Khadi glammed up the runway in Lucknow}}</ref>

==Early life==
She completed her schooling from [[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martiniere Girls' College]], Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/miss-india-pankhuri-gidwani-back-in-school-giving-boards-in-lucknow/articleshow/58029733.cms|title=Miss India pankhuri gidwani back in school giving boards in lucknow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/up-luck-miss-india-second-runner-up-pankhuri-gidwani-statement-at-lucknow-5302011-pho.html|title=12वीं बोर्ड एग्जाम छोड़ किया पार्टिसिपेट, Miss India में रहीं 2nd रनर अप}}</ref> Pankhuri scored 97.25 percent in the [[Indian School Certificate]] for [[Twelfth grade#India|Class XII]] examinations, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/former-miss-india-pankhuri-gidwani-scores-97-2-in-isc/articleshow/58946016.cms|title=Former Miss India Pankhuri Gidwani scores 97.2% in ISC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/getahead/report/achiever-miss-india-grand-pankhuri-gidwani-scores-9725-per-cent/20170602.htm|title=Miss India Grand scores 97.25 per cent}}</ref>

==Career==
Pankhuri was designated Miss Grand India 2016 and represented India at [[Miss Grand International 2016]] held in [[United States|USA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-pankhuri-gidwani-miss-grand-international/20161019.htm|title=Has India sent a winner to Miss Grand International?|website=Rediff}}</ref> She played a lead role in a Telugu film ''[[Love Mouli]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/love-mouli/movie-review/110853388.cms|title=review of love mouli}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Love Mouli Telugu Movie Review {{!}} Navdeep, Pankhuri Gidwani |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/navdeep-love-mouli-telugu-movie-review.html/amp |work=123telugu.com |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609095427/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/navdeep-love-mouli-telugu-movie-review.html/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

She worked in many television and OTT drama series, such as ''[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]'', ''Leaked!'', ''[[Ujda Chaman]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/photo-gallery-who-is-pankhuri-gidwani-the-model-who-became-uttar-pradesh-s-first-brand-ambassador-for-khadi-2871224/lifestyle/photo-gallery-who-is-pankhuri-gidwani-the-model-who-became-uttar-pradesh-s-first-brand-ambassador-for-khadi-2871224/pankhuri-gidwani-trained-kathak-dancer-2871227|title=Who is Pankhuri Gidwani? The model who became Uttar Pradesh's first brand ambassador for khadi}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Ujda Chaman]]''
| Reema
| [[Hindi]]
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Gulabi Revdi''
| Herself
| Hindi
| Special appearance
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Ishq-e-Nadaan]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Love Mouli]]''
| Chitra
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''
|Tanya
|Hindi
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]''
| IPS Anubha Mathur
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2|2023
| ''Leaked!''
| Rubina
|
|-
| ''[[Charlie Chopra & The Mystery Of Solang Valley]]''
| Young Janki
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11188255}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gidwani, Pankhuri}}
[[Category:La Martinière College, Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

S. N. Sriramadesikan

2026-03-13T10:53:17Z

Eldartpy: created new info with sources

{{Short description|Indian scholar (1921–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sirungathur Nadathur Sriramadesikan<ref>[https://dokumen.tips/spiritual/a-srirama-desikan-reader.html Srirama Desikan Reader - Extracts from his literary works]</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|6|21}}
| birth_place = Kancheepuram, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|3|17|1921|6|21}}
| death_place = Chennai, India
| known_for = Sanskrit scholar; translating the [[Kural]] into Sanskrit and English
| occupation =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
}}

'''S. N. Sriramadesikan''' (21 June 1921 – 17 March 2014) was an Indian scholar of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], lecturer, principal, editor and publisher. Among his many works, he is best known for translating the [[Tirukkural]] into both Sanskrit and English.<ref name=genius>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/genius-of-a-rare-kind/article2226673.ece|title=Genius of a rare kind|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 July 2011|last=Kannan|first=Neduntheru S.|accessdate=28 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227140034/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/genius-of-a-rare-kind/article2226673.ece|archivedate=27 February 2021}}</ref>

== Biography ==
S. N. Sriramadesikan had a long scholarly career in the fields of language, literature and translation in Sanskrit, Tamil and English. He was appointed by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as special officer in the State Government Department of Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy for about 13 years, during which time he worked on his comprehensive and well-researched translation of ancient [[Ayurveda]] Sanskrit texts into Tamil. These include translations of 25,000 verses of Ashtanga Sangraham and [[Charaka Samhita|Charaka Susruta Samhitas]] running into six volumes of 6,400 pages, which have been prescribed as college textbooks for students of Ayurveda in the country.<ref name=genius />

When he requested the then President [[Rajendra Prasad]] for support to Sanskrit, a Sanskrit Commission was set up, whose recommendations led to the creation of centrally funded and managed Vidya Peetams for Sanskrit learning and research.<ref name=genius />

During his long career, he served as a research scholar in Sri Venkateswara Oriental Research Institute (1943–1945), as a research officer in Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapith (1972–1975), as an honorary editor in [[Saraswati Mahal Library]] in [[Thanjavur]] (1980), and as an honorary adviser for [[Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Institute|Oriental Manuscript Library]], Government of Madras, Chennai (1988).<ref name="CompendiumOfTrans">{{cite book|editor=A. A. Manavalan |title=A Compendium of ''Tirukkural'' Translations in English|year=2010|publisher=Chennai: Central Institute of Classical Tamil|isbn=978-81-908000-2-0|page=xxvii–xxviii}}</ref>

Sriramadesikan died on 17 March 2014 at the age of 92.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/obituary/23rd-march2014/article5825212.ece|title=Obituary|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2014|accessdate=30 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712004113/https://www.thehindu.com/obituary/23rd-march2014/article5825212.ece|archivedate=12 July 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
In recognition of his services to Ayurveda, the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]] conferred on him the title, 'Ayurveda Bharati' and Srirangam Srimad Andavan Ashramam the title of 'Abhinava Sushruta Vishruta'. Further to the initiative of the then Indian President [[V. V. Giri]], Sriramadesikan was awarded the highest honour of President's award for Sanskrit Proficiency in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/candid-views/article2226675.ece|title=Candid views|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Venkatramanan|first=Geetha|date=14 July 2011|accessdate=28 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527051939/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/candid-views/article2226675.ece|archivedate=27 May 2019}}</ref> In 1993, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] conferred on him the [[Kalaimamani award]].<ref name=genius />

==Literary works==
Apart from the classic treatises on Ayurveda, Sriramadesikan has composed in Sanskrit 'Desika Mani Satakam' and 'Krishna Katha Sangraham'. He has also rendered the [[Tirukkural]], [[Naaladiyar]], [[Pathuppattu]], [[Ettuthogai]], [[Silappadikaram]], Avvaiyar's Needi works, and [[Tiruppavai]] and the works of [[Subramaniya Bharati]] into Sanskrit. He also made the well-annotated translation of Bharata's [[Natya Shastra]] from the Sanskrit original of 6,000 verses.<ref name=genius />

Below is a list of literary works of Sriramadesikan:
* Avvaiyar Niti (Sanskrit translation)
* Susruta Samhita (Tamil translation of Sanskrit Ayurveda text)
* Bharatanatya Sastram—Tracing the History
* [https://archive.org/details/Sanskrit_Works_of_SN_Srirama_Desikan Bharatiar Works]
* [https://archive.org/stream/Sanskrit_Works_of_SN_Srirama_Desikan/Pathuppattu%20in%20Sanskrit%20-%20SN%20Sriramadesikan%201972#page/n31/mode/2up Ettu Thogai] (Sanskrit translation)
* Sanga Noolgalil Vaidika Kalacharam (research work)
* [https://archive.org/stream/Sanskrit_Works_of_SN_Srirama_Desikan/Kamba%20Ramayanam%20-%20Balakandam%20in%20Sanskrit%20-%20SN%20Srirama%20Desikan%201964%20%28LR%29#mode/2up Kambaramayanam] (Balakandam, Sanskrit translation)
* Naaladiyar (Sanskrit translation with Tamil and English expositions)
* [https://archive.org/stream/Sanskrit_Works_of_SN_Srirama_Desikan/Pathuppattu%20in%20Sanskrit%20-%20SN%20Sriramadesikan%201972#mode/2up Pathupattu] (Sanskrit translation)
* [https://archive.org/stream/Sanskrit_Works_of_SN_Srirama_Desikan/Nupur%20Kavyam%20%28Silappadhikaram%20Pukarkandam%29%20-%20Sri%20Rama%20Desikan%201968#mode/2up Silappadikaram] (Pukar Kandam, Sanskrit )
* [https://archive.org/details/thirukkural_sanskrit_ramadesikan Tirukkural] (two volumes of Sanskrit translation with Tamil and English expositions)
* Tiruppavai (Sanskrit translation)
* Vemana Padaya (Sanskrit and Tamil translations)

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Tamils|Literature|Poetry}}
* [[Tirukkural translations]]
* [[Tirukkural translations into English]]
* [[List of translators into English]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Manavalan, A. A. (2010). ''A Compendium of'' Tirukkural ''Translations in English'' (4 vols.). Chennai: Central Institute of Classical Tamil, {{ISBN|978-81-908000-2-0}}.
* [https://archive.org/stream/Sanskrit_Works_of_SN_Srirama_Desikan/Kamba%20Ramayanam%20-%20Balakandam%20in%20Sanskrit%20-%20SN%20Srirama%20Desikan%201964%20%28LR%29_djvu.txt Sanskrit Works of SN Srirama Desikan]

{{Tirukkural}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sriramadesikan, S. N.}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Sanskrit scholars from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–Tamil translators]]
[[Category:Tamil–English translators]]
[[Category:Tamil–Sanskrit translators]]
[[Category:Translators of the Tirukkural into English]]
[[Category:Translators of the Tirukkural into Sanskrit]]

Delhi Public School, Azad Nagar

2026-03-12T19:09:22Z

Eldartpy: creating the stub and citations

{{Short description|Private school in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Promotional|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Public School, Azaad Nagar
| image = DPS Azaad Nagar 01.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| logo =
| motto = Service Before Self
| established = {{start date and age|2004}}
| type = [[Private school]]
| founder = Mr. Alok Misra
| head_label =
| head =
| principal = Mrs.Shilpa Manish
| enrollment = 3000
| campus = Urban
| colours = {{color box|#006A4E}}{{colour box|#00008B}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| city = Azaad Nagar, [[Kanpur]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5089|80.2916|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web|title=DPS Azaad Nagar, Kanpur|url=http://wikimapia.org/12782382/DPS-AZad-Nagar|accessdate=24 September 2013}}</ref>
| affiliations = {{ubl | [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] | [[Delhi Public School Society]] }}
| free_label = Acronym
| free_text = DPS
| website = {{URL|dpsazaadnagar.com}}
}}

'''Delhi Public School Azaad Nagar''' in [[Kanpur]] is a private school operating under the aegis of the [[Delhi Public School Society]], [[New Delhi]]. It is a senior secondary school affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), New Delhi.

== History ==

The first Delhi Public School in [[Kanpur]] was established at [[Sarvodaya Nagar|Servodaya Nagar]] in 1997. However, as the students of the primary school grew older and their need for holistic development expanded, the management felt the need for larger premises for the senior school. Consequently, DPS Azaad Nagar was established as an institution on Mainawati Marg, on a vast expanse of land. The founder Headmistress of DPS Servodaya Nagar, Rachna Mohotra, became the Principal of the Senior School at DPS Azaad Nagar. DPS Servodaya Nagar continues to function as a feeder school for DPS Azaad Nagar under the supervision and guidance of its Headmistress, Anju Verma.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Delhi Public School Azaad Nagar |url=http://dpsazaadnagar.com/about-DPS-azadnagar.php |accessdate=24 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926213332/http://dpsazaadnagar.com/about-DPS-azadnagar.php |archivedate=26 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Principal's Message of Delhi Public School |url=http://dpsazaadnagar.com/principal-message.php |accessdate=24 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926213334/http://dpsazaadnagar.com/principal-message.php |archivedate=26 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Founder's Message of Delhi Public School Azaad Nagar |url=http://dpsazaadnagar.com/director-message.php |accessdate=24 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926213336/http://dpsazaadnagar.com/director-message.php }}</ref>

== Campus ==

[[File:Delhi Public School Azaad Nagar.JPG|thumb|Delhi Public School Azaad Nagar]]
Delhi Public School Azaad Nagar is located on a sprawling, lush, green 20-acre campus. It is a co-educational day and boarding school with more than 3,000 students. The school consists of an administrative block and three academic blocks. The primary block accommodates classes from playgroup to class V, while the middle block houses classes VI to VIII. The senior block consists of classes IX to XII, offering streams in science, commerce, and the humanities. Additionally, the school includes separate, air-conditioned boys' and girls' hostels, each headed by male and female wardens, respectively. The school's infrastructure also features an amphitheater, a multipurpose hall, a floodlit playground, a gymnasium, a shooting range, and an Olympic-sized swimming pool.

The academic facilities at DPS Azaad Nagar include computer, physics, chemistry, biology, language, and mathematics laboratories, as well as a well-equipped library. Junior students have a separate science room and computer lab. To encourage and foster extracurricular activities, the school provides separate classrooms for music, dance, theatre, and fine arts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infrastructure of Delhi Public School Azaad Nagar|url=http://dpsazaadnagar.com/infrastructure.php|accessdate=24 September 2013|archive-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926213440/http://dpsazaadnagar.com/infrastructure.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mega Events at Delhi Public School |url=http://dpsazaadnagar.com/mega-events2011-12.php |accessdate=24 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926213445/http://dpsazaadnagar.com/mega-events2011-12.php |archivedate=26 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://inextepaper.jagran.com/388856/INext-Kanpur/05-12-14#page/19/2|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221123/http://inextepaper.jagran.com/388856/INext-Kanpur/05-12-14#page/19/2|url-status = dead|archive-date = 3 March 2016|title = Annual Event 2014|last = Azaad nagar|first = DPS|newspaper = Dainik Jagran I Next|date = 2014-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.amarujala.com/svww_zoomart.php?%20Artname=20141205a_022151001&ileft=-5&itop=943&zoomRatio=160&AN=20141205a_022151001 |title=Annual Concert 2014 |last=Azaad Nagar |first=DPS |newspaper=Amar Ujala |date=2014-12-05 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Academic achievements ==

DPS Azaad Nagar has achieved a 100% success rate since the first Class X and XII board results since 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2017 |title=DPS AZAAD NAGAR RESULT 2017 |work=I Next Newspaper |url=http://inextepaper.jagran.com/1224521/INext-Kanpur/29-05-17#page/3/1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601021829/http://inextepaper.jagran.com/1224521/INext-Kanpur/29-05-17#page/3/1|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2017 |title=DPS AZAAD NAGAR RESULTS 2017 |work=Dainik Jagran |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/29-may-2017-edition-Kanpur-page_3-31834-10203-64.html |url-status=dead |access-date=29 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607152345/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/29-may-2017-edition-Kanpur-page_3-31834-10203-64.html |archive-date=7 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2017 |title=DPS AZAAD NAGAR RESULT 2017 |work=Dainik Jagran |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/29-may-2017-edition-Kanpur-page_6-31838-11221-64.html |url-status=dead |access-date=29 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831173919/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/29-may-2017-edition-Kanpur-page_6-31838-11221-64.html |archive-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=DPS AZAAD NAGAR |first=RESULTS 2017 |date=29 May 2017 |title=Amar Ujala |url=http://epaper.amarujala.com/kc/20170529/01.html?format=img}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-31 |title=Clipping of Kanpur Hindi ePaper, Kanpur Hindi Newspaper - InextLive |url=http://inextepaper.jagran.com/c/5421943 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223142001/http://inextepaper.jagran.com/c/5421943 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=2015-06-01 |website=www.dpsazaadnagar.com}}</ref> The school has also earned numerous accolades in academic, sports, dance, music, and theatrical events at various inter-DPS, inter-school, and national competitions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rollicking start to 'Tarang' |work=The Times Of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Rollicking-start-to-Tarang/articleshow/26950680.cms?referral=PM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Azaad nagar Winner of Jagran Cricket Cup 2015 Dainik Jagran ePaper |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/09-dec-2015-64-edition-Kanpur-Page-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223151355/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/09-dec-2015-64-edition-Kanpur-Page-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=2015-12-09 |website=epaper.jagran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Fiesta {{!}} DPS Azaad Nagar |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/21-dec-2015-edition-Kanpur-page_7-57439-4838-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223142316/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/21-dec-2015-edition-Kanpur-page_7-57439-4838-64.html |archive-date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=2015-12-23 |website=epaper.jagran.com}}</ref> Although DPS Azaad Nagar is a relatively young school, its alumni association boasts engineers, doctors, designers, lawyers, and aspiring IAS officers.<ref>{{cite news|title=CBSE exam: 100% result in many schools|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/CBSE-exam-100-result-in-many-schools/articleshow/13619407.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531000648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-29/kanpur/31887625_1_commerce-group-commerce-stream-school-topper|url-status=live|archive-date=31 May 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Results of Delhi Public School (2012-13) |url=http://dpsazaadnagar.com/results.php |accessdate=24 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926213442/http://dpsazaadnagar.com/results.php |archivedate=26 September 2013 }}</ref>
*'''Arjav Jain''' of Delhi Public School, Azaad Nagar being awarded [[National Bal Shree Honour]] by Honorable HRD Minister [[Smriti Irani]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = National Bal Shree Honour - Arjav Jain|url = http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/08-fev-2016-edition-Kanpur-page_7-63046-4733-64.html|website = epaper.jagran.com|access-date = 2016-02-08|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170102212920/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/08-fev-2016-edition-Kanpur-page_7-63046-4733-64.html|archive-date = 2 January 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Office bearers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Session !! Head Girl !! Head Boy
|-
|2024-25
|Rajnandini Tiwari
|Bandar Agarwal
|-
|2023-24
|Shreepriya Tewari
|Israr Rizvi
|-
|2022-23
|Aana Mohanty
|Shreyas Kumar Singh
|-
|2021-22
|Vanshika Agarwal
|Aaditya Shukla
|-
|2020-21
|Shubhangi Maheswari
|Gurjas Singh
|-
|2019-20
|Akshita Maheshwari
|Shreyansh Kushwaha
|-
|2018-19
|Nitya Kapila
|Anshul Srivastava
|-
|2017-18
|Manya Agarwal
|Raj Srivastava
|-
| 2016-17 <ref>{{cite web |title=Log In or Sign Up to View |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1831183380436631&set=t.100003787345967&type=3&theater |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> || Susanna Jung || Pragyansh Nigam
|-
| 2015-16 <ref>{{cite web |website=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1004904542873834&set=t.100001801151367&type=3&theater}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> || Roopali Chadha || Shivam Agarwal
|-
| 2014-15 || Soumya Singh <ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Soumya |url=http://linkedin.com/in/soumyasingh1 |website=LinkedIn |ref=3 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || Arjun Chawla
|-
| 2013-14 || Iti Mishra || Ankur Dengla<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/ankurdengla|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 2012-13 || Medha Mahrishi || Yashoraj Tyagi<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tyagi |first1=Yashoraj |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/yashoraj/ |website=LinkedIn |ref=5}}</ref>
|-
| 2011-12 || Shraddha Nigam || Satwik Sabharwal
|}

==See also==
* [[Delhi Public School Society]]
* [[List of schools in Kanpur]]
* [[DPS Barra]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Servodaya nagar]]
* [[Delhi Public School Kidwai Nagar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.dpsbarra.com}}
{{DPS Society aegis}}

[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Vikramōrvaśīyam

2026-03-11T16:50:45Z

Eldartpy: updated details

{{Short description|Sanskrit play by Kālidāsa}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Vikramōrvaśīyam
| image = File:Urvashi-Pururavas by RRV.jpg|
| alt =
| caption = An 1890 painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicting [[Pururavas]] and [[Urvashi]], the protagonists of the play
| writer = [[Kālidāsa]]
| characters = {{plainlist|
* [[Pururava]]
* [[Urvashi]]
* [[Ayus]]
* Manavaka
* Chitralekha
* Aushinari
* Nipunika
* [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]
* [[Menaka]]
* Sahajanya
* Chitraratha
* Satyavati
* [[Narada]]}}
| orig_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
}}
'''''Vikramōrvaśīyam''''' ({{langx|sa|विक्रमोर्वशीयम्|lit=''Ūrvaśī Won by Vikram(valour)''}})<ref>{{cite book |last1=Basham |first1=Arthur Llewellyn |title=The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-continent Before the Coming of the Muslims |date=1981 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-0-8364-2888-9 |page=437 }}</ref> is a five-act [[Sanskrit]] play by ancient Indian poet [[Kālidāsa]], who lived in the 4th or 5th Century CE, on the [[Vedic]] love story of King [[Pururavas]] and an [[Apsara|Apsarā]] (celestial nymph) named [[Urvashi|Ūrvaśī]], known for her beauty.

As per the tradition, while the basic plot has taken elements from the sources such as the Samvāda Sūkta<ref>[https://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/samvAdasUkta.pdf Text of Samvāda Sūkta]</ref> of the [[Rig Veda]], [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]] and others, Kālidāsa has made significant adaptations to make the presentation more appealing while establishing his prowess as a playwright.

''Vikramorvaśīyam'' is the second of the three plays written by Kālidāsa, the first being ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'' and the third being the celebrated ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]''.

According to one theory, "Vikrama" in the title alludes to Kālidāsa's patron king [[Chandragupta II|Vikramāditya]]. However, there is no conclusive evidence for this, although both are said to have lived around the same time period. It simply means "Valour".<ref name="Panda1960">{{cite book |last1=Panda |first1=Pitambar |title=Kalidasa in his own words |date=1960 |publisher=Town Press |oclc=17404460 |page=88 }}</ref>

==Origin of the plot==
The classical theory of Sanskrit drama, known as [[Natya Shastra|Natyaśāstra]] makes it a rule that the plot of a Sanskrit drama 'must be famous'. Accordingly, authors of Sanskrit plays use the stories from Purāṇas, Vedic texts and classic epics, namely Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa for developing plays. However, the core objective of a drama is entertainment. Since everyone is familiar with the basic plot, if the presentation of the play is not interesting or enchanting in some way, people would be bored. Hence there is emphasis on originality of the playwright. In the case of Vikramorvaśīyam, here is how Kālidāsa has adapted the original subject:<ref name="Patel2014">Patel, G. (2014). [in Gujarati] Vikramorvashiyamnu Mool ane Kavini Maulikata. Chapter-25, Part-2: Vikramorvashiyam in 'Mahakavi Kalidasvirachitam Malavikagnimitram, Vikramorvashiyam', Vol. 3 of Mahakavi Kalidasa-Samagra Granthavali, p. 238-240.{{ISBN missing}}</ref><ref name="Pandya & Shah 1993">Pandya, S. M. & Shah, U. (1993). The Sources of the Play and the Changes Brought about by Kalidasa. (Ed.s) Chapter-3, Mahakakavikalidasavirachitam Vikramorvashiyam, Saraswati Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad. p. 25-29.{{ISBN missing}}</ref>

[[Rigveda|Ṛg-veda]] : In the 95th section, called Sūkta of the tenth cluster (called Maṇḍala), there is a dialogue between Pururava and Ūrvaśī. Situation suggests that she has left the king after living for four years with him. The king beseeches her to return, but she refuses (saying, "na vai straiṇāni santi śālavṛkānām hṛdayānyetāḥ" - meaning, the hearts of women are like those of jackals). The story ends at that.

[[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa]]: Apparently aimed at emphasizing importance of a Yagya, Pururava was attracted to Ūrvaśī when she came to his city. She agreed with a condition, but when the king could not honor it because of manipulation by Gandharva people, she left him. Later, moved by the king's plight without her, she agreed to return once every year to him. The king still missed her a lot, so now convinced of his love, the Gandharvas asked him to perform a Yagya, due to which Pururava attained Gandharva-hood and could reunite with Urvashi (P. 1.2).

[[Purana]]: In all, [[Vishnu Purana]] (4.6, 34-39), [[Padma Purana]] (Sṛṣṭi Khaṇḍa 12, 62-68), [[Matsya Purana]] (24, 10-32), [[Mahabharata]], [[Bhagavat|Bhāgavata]] Purana (9, 14) and the story of Gunadhya in [[Brihatkatha]] are the sources of the story of Pururava and Urvashi. There are multiple versions of these stories in different sources, but one can see the following elements in this pool:

*(a) That Urvashi descended from heaven for some reason and met Pururava;
*(b) The two lived together under some condition(s) for some time;
*(c) At least on one occasion Urvashi had to part from the king under some sort of breach, for which she changed form;
*(d) Urvashi returned to her form and got reunited with the king, but there came a time when she had to return to the heaven to serve Indra (e) The two had a son together, named Ayuṣa.

Whether they lived together happily ever after is questionable, because there is one more story in Mahabharata in which Arjuna (a descendant of Pururava) goes to heaven and meets Urvashi there. Hence, by inference she and Pururava lived together during his lifetime, as he was a mortal.

==Adaptations by Kalidasa==
Adaptations by Kalidasa add novelty and surprise in the original subject, and infuse fresh depth and perspective. Here is how:<ref name="Patel2014" /><ref name="Pandya & Shah 1993" />

(1) Urvashi was banished from the heaven, but how she got that punishment is Kalidasa's own imagination. According to Vikramorvashiyam, she was playing the part of Lakshmi in a play directed by [[Bharata Muni]], performed in the court of [[Indra]]. In the scene of [[Lakshmi]] [[Svayamvara]], she was asked who she had given her heart to. Urvashi, smitten by Pururava at that time, could not distinguish between her role and her self, and ended up saying 'Pururava' instead of '[[Purushottama]]'. This lack of mindfulness angered Bharata Muni, who cursed her to fall to earth. This curse, actually, was a boon for her. Indra, out of his appreciation for her, modified the curse by saying that she would return from earth when Pururava sees the face of their son.

(2) Some of the original versions suggest that Urvashi returned to heaven the moment her conditions were breached, without consideration for Pururava's repeated requests and his anguish at parting. However, Kalidasa adds the wonderful element of Sangamaniya gem for reuniting Urvashi and Pururava with their son Ayush, and then adds visit by Narada carrying the message from Indra that since Pururava is a valued friend of his, and in future wars with demons his support is going to be pivotal, Urvashi could stay with him until end of his days. This addition of Indra's gesture at once depicts Urvashi's hesitation and pain to leave, desire to stay, being bound by the curse - all being eased by Indra's favor.

(3) Forest of Kartikeya where women were banned: Again, the original story mentions that the two were sent apart due to a curse, but Kalidasa adds the imagination that when the two went to Mount [[Gandhamardhan hills|Gandhamādana]] after their marriage, Pururava once stared at a young Gandharva girl named Udayavati, who was playing by the river. Enraged by jealousy or displeasure, Urvashi stormed out of that place - and went straight into a forest which was prohibited for women. Thus she turned into a vine. Pururava, moved to extreme sixth stage of being in love,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Behl|first1=Aditya|title=Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379-1545|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195146707|pages=403|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK7riKO6IN8C&q=Unmada+stages+of+love}}</ref> tried to find her and this is an opportunity Kalidasa creates to add narration of Nature, and conversation of Pururava with various elements of Nature, flora and fauna. Description of Nature is Kalidasa's forte and the metaphors he uses to describe his beloved are wonderful.

(4) Urvashi's dilemma: Kalidasa adds complexity confronting the character of Urvashi by introducing the condition that when Pururava sees the face of their son, Urvashi will return to the heaven. In Vikramorvashiyam, Urvashi conceives and delivers the son quickly without the knowledge of Pururava who never saw her pregnant (explanation is that she is a celestial being, and they have different patterns of carrying children). Son is placed under the care of Chyavan Rishi, who makes sure that since he is a Kshatriya, he would be taught [[Dhanurveda]] along with other systems of knowledge, but he will abide by the rules of the [[Ashram]]. The day Ayush breaks the code of non-violence by hunting a bird who carried a red gem, is also the day when Pururava's cherished Sangamaniya Gem is picked up by a bird who believed it to be a piece of red meat. Someone brings to the king the dead bird with the gem and the arrow that hit the bird. Chyavana Rishi sends back Ayush to Pururava's court. King reads the inscription on the arrow, which says that it belonged to "Ayush, the son of Ila's son (implying Pururava) and Urvashi". Urvashi tells the whole story of curse to Pururava who is very happy that his bane of being childless is removed, who appoints Ayush as the Prince and is very unhappy that Urvashi would now have to leave. At that point Narada brings the happy tidings and the play ends.

'''Act I – The Rescue'''

King Pururavas is a warrior of rare valor. One day, the celestial nymph Urvashi is abducted by demons. The king rescues her in battle.
The moment their eyes meet, destiny quietly smiles.
Original:
''“जयति पुरुषोत्तमः पुरूरवाः”''
(“Victory to the noble Pururavas.”)
Urvashi, though divine, feels something dangerously human: love.
And here’s the problem. She belongs to heaven.

'''Act II – Love and the Curse'''

In Indra’s court, Urvashi accidentally speaks Pururavas’ name during a performance instead of her scripted line. Imagine messing up in front of gods because you’re distracted by a guy.
For this slip, she is cursed to live on earth.
Original:
''“यस्य स्मरणमात्रेण हृदयम् कम्पते मम”''
(“At whose mere remembrance my heart trembles.”)
The curse sends her to Pururavas. Punishment for heaven. Blessing for earth.
They unite. For a while, happiness feels real.

'''Act III – Separation'''

Love in classical Sanskrit drama never stays simple. Urvashi wanders into a forbidden grove and is transformed into a creeper due to another curse.
Yes. A literal plant.
Pururavas loses her. His mind fractures under grief. He roams forests, speaking to rivers, mountains, and the wind.
Original:
''“उर्वशि! उर्वशि! क्व गता त्वम्?”''
(“Urvashi! Urvashi! Where have you gone?”)
It is painful, almost modern in its vulnerability. A king reduced to a broken lover.

'''Act IV – Recognition'''

Through divine intervention, the spell breaks. Urvashi regains her form.
They reunite.
But fate still hovers. Their love was meant to be temporary. A condition binds their union: once Pururavas sees their son, Urvashi must return to heaven.
Romance with terms and conditions. The universe loves paperwork.

'''Act V – Resolution'''

A son is born: Ayus.
When Pururavas sees the child, the condition activates. Urvashi prepares to leave.
Yet in a rare act of mercy, Indra allows her to stay with Pururavas until the end of his life.
Love wins. Not eternally. But long enough.
Original:
''“न हि प्रेमस्वभावो नियमं जानाति”''
(“Love by its nature does not understand restraint.”)

==Cast of characters==
===Prologue===
Characters reciting the Benediction are:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kālidāsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF1c_Zn_di0C&dq=Vikramorvasiyam+characters&pg=PA157 |title=Complete Works of Kalidasa: Plays |date=2003-01-23 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1484-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kalidasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXEhEAAAQBAJ&dq=aushinari&pg=PT14 |title=Vikramorvasiyam: Quest for Urvashi |date=2021-03-18 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-90914-05-0 |language=en}}</ref>
*'''Sutradhara''' - Director/producer and over-all manager of the theatre
*'''Marisha''' - Sutradhara's assistant and he is probably in charge of the stage and the cast

===Play===
Major characters appearing in the play are:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
*'''[[Pururavas|Pururava]]''' - A king of the [[lunar dynasty]], who rules Pratishthana Kingdom; the hero of the play
*'''[[Urvashi]]''' - The foremost of the [[apsaras]], the celestial dancers of the heaven; the heroine of the play
*'''[[Ayus]]''' - Son of Pururava and Urvashi, fostered in the hermitage of sage Chyavana
*'''Chitralekha''' - An apsara and Urvashi's close friend
*'''Manavaka''' - A vidushaka (jester) and Pururava's close friend, who aids in his romantic pursuit
*'''Aushinari''' - The princess of [[Kāsī (kingdom)|Kashi]] and the queen-consort of Pururava
*'''Nipunika''' - The personal attendant of Aushinari, who informs the queen about Pururava's love for Urvashi
*'''[[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]], [[Menaka]] and [[Sahajanya]]''' - Three apsara companions of Urvashi, who report about her abduction to Pururavas
*'''[[Narada]]''' - A divine-sage, who acts as emissary of Indra
*'''Chitraratha''' - Chief of [[gandharva]]s, the heavenly musicians, and the messenger of the god Indra
*'''Pallava and Galava''' - disciples of Bharata Muni
*'''Satyavati''' - A disciple of Chyavana and the foster-mother of Ayus
*'''Suta''' - Charioteer of Pururavas
*'''Latavya''' - Chief officer of royal chambers of Aushinari
*'''Kirati''' - A huntress dwelling in the mountains
*'''Yavani''' - A [[Yona|Graeco-Bactrian]] bow-bearer
Characters with significant mentions in the play are:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
*'''[[Indra]]''' - The king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|gods]] and an ally of Pururava
*'''[[Bharata Muni]]''' - The sage who curses Urvashi to descend on the Earth
*'''Keshi''' - A danava (demon) monarch who abducts Urvashi
*'''[[Brihaspati]]''' - the teacher of the gods
*'''[[Kubera]]''' - God of riches
*'''[[Kartikeya]]''' - The commander of the gods' army, and the protagonist of [[Kumarasambhavam|Kumarsambhavam]], another work by Kalidasa
*'''Udayavati''' - A gandharva girl to whom Pururava is temporary attracted
*'''[[Chyavana]]''' - the teacher of Ayus
*'''[[Guardians of the directions|Dikpalas]]''' - the divine guardians of the directions

==Plot==
Once upon a time, Urvashi, who was an Apsara, was returning to heaven from the palace of Kubera on mount Kailasa. She was with Chitralekha, [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]] and many others, but the demon named Keshin abducted Urvashi and Chitralekha and went in the North-East direction. The group of Apsaras started screaming for help, which was heard by the king Pururava, who rescued the two. Urvashi and Pururava fall in [[love at first sight]]. The nymphs were immediately summoned back to heaven.

King tried to focus on his work, but he was unable to shake off the preoccupation with the thoughts of Urvashi. He wondered if his was a case of unrequited love, and consults his friend, Manavaka. Meanwhile, Aushinari, the wife of Pururava, gets suspicious after a love-sick Pururavas addresses her as "Urvashi". The queen's personal attendant Nipunika cleverly manages to get information about the source of Pururava's inanity and informs it to Aushinari. Urvashi, who had gone in invisible form to see the king, wrote a message on a birch leaf instantly, confirming her love.

Unfortunately, the leaf was carried off by the wind and stopped only at the feet of Aushinari. She was enraged at first, but later declared that she would not come in the way of lovers. Before Urvashi and Pururava could talk, Urvashi was summoned again to heaven to perform in a play. She was so smitten that she missed her cue and mispronounced her lover's name during the performance as Pururava instead of Purushottama. As a punishment, Urvashi was banished from heaven, which was modified by Indra as until the moment her human lover laid eyes on the child that she would bear him. After a series of mishaps, including Urvashi's temporary transformation into a vine, the curse was eventually lifted, and the lovers were allowed to remain together on Earth as long as Pururava lived.<ref>Pandit, P. S. (1879). [https://archive.org/stream/vikramorvasyam00kalirich#page/n3/mode/2up The Vikramorvashiyam: A Drama in Five Acts by Kalidasa (Ed.)] The Department of Public Instruction, Govt. Central Book Depot, Bombay.</ref>

==Major Acts and episodes within each Act==

'''Act-1''':
*Starting with Introduction or Prastāvanā
*(1) Pururava volunteers to rescue Urvashi
*(2) Rescue of Urvashi
*(3) Mount Hemakuta
*(4) Episode of single-stringed necklace

'''Act-2''':
*Starting with Prelude or Praveśaka
*(1) Forest Pramada
*(2) Entry of Urvashi
*(3) Episode of Bhurja Patra

'''Act-3''':
*Starting with Interlude/Viṣkambhaka
*(1) Enunch inviting Pururava to Maṇi Mahālaya
*(2) waiting and conversation at Maṇi Mahālaya
*(3) The ritual of taking a vow of pleasing the dear one - ''Priyānuprasādana Vrata'' by Aushinari accompanied by maids
*(4) conversation involving Chitralekha, Pururava, Vidushaka/jester and Urvashi and her rendezvous with the king

'''Act-4''':
*Starting with Prelude or Praveshaka
*(1) episode of Udayavati
*(2) extreme anguish of Pururava at loss of Urvashi
*(3) episode of Sangamaniya gem
*(4) return to the kingdom

'''Act-5''':
*Starting with Vidushaka announcement
*(1) Bird taking the gem
*(२) arrival of Ayush, about whom Pururava had no knowledge
*(3) Revelation by Urvashi of her conditional release from the curse
*(4) entry of Naarada (नारद)
*(5) Happy ending

==In popular culture==
[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] directed ''Vikram Urvashi'', a 1920 Indian silent film adaptation; this was followed by Vishnupant Divekar's ''Urvashi'' in 1921.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Saswati Sengupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z7CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|title='Bad' Women of Bombay Films: Studies in Desire and Anxiety|author2=Shampa Roy|author3=Sharmila Purkayastha|date=6 December 2019|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-26788-9|page=96}}</ref>

''[[Vikrama Urvashi]]'' is a 1940 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by C. V. Raman based on the play.

In 1954, Madhu Bose made an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language film adaptation titled ''Vikram Urvashi''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Madhuja Mukherjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NXpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP68 |title=Popular Cinema in Bengal: Genre, Stars, Public Cultures |author2=Kaustav Bakshi |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-00-044892-4 |page=68}}</ref>

The story of a nymph marrying a noble-born human and leaving her celestial home has been used in 1957 Tamil film ''[[Manalane Mangayin Bhagyam]]''.

==See also==
* [[Sanskrit literature]]
* [[Sanskrit drama]]
* [[List of Sanskrit plays in English translation]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Leavy |first1=Barbara Fass |chapter=Urvaśī and the Swan Maidens: The Runaway Wife |pages=33–63 |jstor=j.ctt9qg995.5 |title=In Search of the Swan Maiden |date=1994 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5268-5 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bakshi |first1=Ram V. |title=Kalidasa's Plays: Rituals of Human Perfection |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=1975 |volume=10 |issue=2/4 |pages=45–49 |jstor=40871930 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gaur |first1=R. C. |title=The Legend of Purūravas and Urvaśī: An Interpretation |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1974 |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=142–152 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00131983 |jstor=25203565 |s2cid=162234818 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=J. C. |title=Purūravas and Urvaśī |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=1967 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=526–547 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00132033 |jstor=612386 |s2cid=162788253 }}

{{Kālidāsa}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikramorvasiyam}}
[[Category:Works by Kalidasa]]
[[Category:Sanskrit plays]]
[[Category:Indian plays adapted into films]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian poems]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian dramas]]
[[Category:4th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:5th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Works based on the Mahabharata]]

Bari Theke Paliye

2026-03-07T06:45:44Z

Eldartpy: minor edit

{{short description|1958 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bari Theke Paliye
| image = Dvd bari theke paliye.jpg
| director = [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
| producer = Chitrakalpa
| music = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| writer = [[Ritwik Ghatak]] (screenplay), [[Shibram Chakraborty]] (the original novel)
|cinematography = [[:bn:দীনেন_গুপ্ত|Dinen Gupta]]
|editing = Ramesh Joshi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bari Theke Paliye| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWzNxJjYPuw&list=RDSWzNxJjYPuw|date=20 September 2025}}
</ref>
| starring = [[Kali Banerjee]] [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]] [[Keshto Mukherjee]] [[Jahor Roy|Jahar Roy]]
| studio = L.B. Films International<ref>{{cite web |title=Bari Theke Paliye |url=https://indiancine.ma/IZR/info |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1959|07|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 117 min.
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Bari Theke Paliye''''' (English-language title: ''Runaway'' or ''The Runaway'') is a 1959 [[coming-of-age]] [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] by director [[Ritwik Ghatak]].<ref name="Ritwik Kumar Ghatak : a monograph">{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Haimanti|title=Ritwik Kumar Ghatak : a monograph|year=1985|publisher=National Film Archive of India|location=Pune|isbn=8120100018|pages=8}}</ref><ref name="Global art cinema : new theories and histories">{{cite book|last=Schoonover|first=edited by Rosalind Galt, Karl|title=Global art cinema : new theories and histories|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0195385625|pages=491–492}}</ref>

This film was directed by [[Parallel Cinema|alternative Indian filmmaker]] Ritwik Ghatak in Kolkata (then Calcutta) based on the same name novel by [[Shibram Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Ayan Ray |title=Bari Theke Paliye {The Runaway} (1959) |url=http://archive.org/details/bari-theke-paliye-the-runaway-1959 |access-date=2024-04-19}}</ref> The plot is about a misbehaving boy who runs away from his village and goes to Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Runaway |url=https://www.filmlinc.org/films/the-runaway/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |publisher=Film at Lincoln Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilingual E-archive Digital Platform for Bengal's Cinema |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Eight-year-old Kanchan is always getting into mischief, playing pranks at home and around the village. He sees his father as a cruel demon who imprisons and oppresses his mother. In his dreams, the big city is El Dorado — Kolkata — but when he arrives, he finds that reality is harsher than he expected. The glimpses of reality he catches, however, are harsher than he expected, and the people he meets offer him an alternative view of the city. He learns the dialectics of life in the City of Joy: love and hate, honesty and dishonesty. He meets Mini, a small, loving girl, and her family, as well as folk singers, street hawkers, magicians, beggars and thieves. After struggling to survive, he experiences life as it is, only to return home to his village. This time, he returns a more mature person, having realised that his father is not a demon, but another victim of poverty who remains a loving father.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandrima S. Bhattacharya |title=There is nowhere left to run |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/there-is-nowhere-left-to-run/cid/1809986 |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Parambhattarak Lahiri as Kanchan
* [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]] as Kanchan's father
* [[Kali Banerjee]] as Haridas
* Krishnajaya Gupta as Mini
* [[Nripati Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Jahor Roy]]
* [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
* [[Keshto Mukherjee]] as Magician
* Padma Devi as Kanchan's mother
* Niti Pandit as Mini's mother<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Soumitra |date=2021-07-27 |title=Finding Ritwik Ghatak’s boy hero |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/finding-ritwik-ghataks-boy-hero/article35554310.ece |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai |language=en}}</ref>
* Mani Shrimai
* Satindra Bhattacharya
* Shailen Ghosh

== Soundtrack==
* ''Ore–ore Nore–nore, Shonkure... Bulbul Bhaja...''
* ''O, Ami Onek, Ghuriya... Koilkatta''
* ''Mago Amay Deko Na Ko Aar''

== See also ==
* [[List of works of Ritwik Ghatak]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0051399}}

{{Ritwik Ghatak}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ritwik Ghatak]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:1959 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]

{{1950s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Bala Bharatam

2026-03-03T20:22:28Z

Eldartpy: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bala Bharatam
| image = Bala Bharatam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamalakara Kameshwara Rao]]
| producer = Mahija Prakasa Rao
| writer = [[Samudrala Jr.]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[Baby Sridevi]] [[S. Varalakshmi]] [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]] [[Master Prabhakar]] [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] [[Dhulipala Seetharama Sastry|Dhulipala]] [[Kanta Rao]]
| music = [[Saluri Rajeshwara Rao]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1972|12|07|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Bala Bharatam''''' is a 1972 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] wherein most of the characters are played by children. The child actors include [[Baby Sridevi]] and [[Master Prabhakar]].

==Story==
The plot is the famous ''[[Mahabharata]]'' story of [[Pandavas]] and [[Kauravas]] during their childhood days.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sridevi|Baby Sridevi]] as [[Dussala]]
* [[Anjali Devi]] as [[Kunti]]
* [[Kanta Rao]] as [[Pandu|Pandu Raju]]
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as [[Bhishma]]
* Master Prabhakar as [[Duryodhana]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_masterprabhakar_2008_printer.php |title=Interview with Prabhakar at Telugu cinema/ |access-date=31 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212215924/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_masterprabhakar_2008_printer.php |archive-date=12 February 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as [[Shakuni|Sakhuni]]
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Dhritarashtra]]
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]
* [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]] as [[Narada]]
* [[Mannava Balayya|M. Balayya]] as [[Mahendra]]
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as [[Yama|Yama Dharma Raja]]
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Pataala Loka Adhipati
*[[Sivakumar]] as [[Lord Vishnu]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 July 1979 |title=சிவகுமார் 101 {{!}} 31–40 |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-07-29/page/44/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230318040054/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-07-29/page/44/mode/2up |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=8 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=44–45 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
*[[Chandrakala]] as Madri
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as [[Kamsa]]
*[[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]] as Sandeepani Maharshi
*[[C. H. Narayana Rao]] as [[Drona]]
*Malladi as [[Kripa]]charya
*Thyagaraju as [[Drupada]]
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as [[Brihaspati|Brihaspathi]]
*Aka V Subbarao as Thatha aryaka
*[[Visweswara Rao|Master Visweswara Rao]]
}}

==Soundtrack ==
* "Aadenoi Nagakanyaka Choodaloi Veerabalaka" –
* "Bhale Bhale Bhale Bhale Pedabava" –
* "Maanavude Mahaneeyudu Shaktiyutudu Yuktiparudu" –
* "Narayana Nee Leela Navarasabharitam" –
* "Taarangam Taarangam Taandavakrishna Taarangam" –
* "Vindu Bhojanam Pasandu Bhojanam" –

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0186848/ ''Bala Bharatam'' at IMDb.]

{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:1972 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Adab (gesture)

2026-03-03T01:32:04Z

Eldartpy: Starting new post - done

{{Short description|Greeting gesture traditionally used by Muslims of South Asia}}
{{multiple image
|image1=
|caption1= Posture of Adab by [[Iman Ali]] (cente), a [[Pakistan]]i Actress, is in the title poster of [[Pakistan]]i film [[Mah e Mir]]
}}
'''Adab''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: آداب ([[Nastaleeq]]), आदाब ([[Devanagari]])), from the Arabic word '''{{Lang|ar-Latn|Aadaab}}''' ({{Lang|ar|آداب}}), meaning respect and politeness, is a hand [[gesture]] used in the [[Indian subcontinent]], by the [[Urdu Speaking|Urdu-speaking]] while [[greeting]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Kachru2006">{{cite book |last1=Kachru |first1=Yamuna |title=Hindi |date=31 October 2006 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-9314-5 |page=273 |language=English}}</ref> It involves raising the right hand in front of the eyes with palm inwards, while the upper torso is bent forward.

The gesture is associated with the [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|Ganga-Jamuni culture]] of [[Culture of India|South Asia]], especially of the [[Urdu]]-speaking [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|communities of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Hyderabadi Muslims]], and [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir people]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Hasnain2016">{{cite book |last1=Hasnain |first1=Nadeem |title=The Other Lucknow |date=2016 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5229-420-6 |language=English |quote=Lucknow has been famous for its Urdu poets and poetry, ''tehzeeb'' especially ''ganga-jamuni tehzeeb'', ''adab-o-akhlaq'', kathak, muharrum, cousine and handicrafts.}}</ref>

== History ==
Since the religious greeting of Muslims i.e. "[[Assalamu Alaikum]]" was interpreted by some in India to be for Muslims only{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}, and [[Muslims in India]] lived in a multi-faith and a multi-lingual society, this alternative form of greeting was coined. Its use became so pervasive in the high culture of northern and central India that it was not considered inappropriate to reply to 'salaam' with 'aadaab' and vice versa and it was used frequently in non-Muslim households as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-01|title=Adaab in a Time of Allah Hafiz|url=https://insideislam.wisc.edu/2012/05/adaab-in-a-time-of-allah-hafiz/|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Inside Islam|language=en-US}}</ref> The use of ''Aadab'' is especially popular in the [[India]]n city of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], where [[religious pluralism]] has been historically emphasized; the [[Nizam]] of the region stated: "Hindus and Muslims are like my two eyes ... How can I favor one eye over the other?"<ref name="Basit2012">{{cite book|last=Basit|first=Abdul|title=The Global Muslim Community at a Crossroads: Understanding Religious Beliefs, Practices, and Infighting to End the Conflict|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|language=English|isbn=9780313396977|page=61}}</ref> In some localities of India and Pakistan, the phrase and gesture has decreased in use because it is perceived as insufficiently Islamic compared to other greetings, though it is preferred by many who still use it due to its inclusive nature.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
The gesture involves raising the right hand towards the face with palm inwards such that it is in front of the eyes and the finger tips are almost touching the forehead, as the upper torso is bent forward.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gambhir|first=Vijay|title=The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages|year=1996|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|isbn=0-8122-3328-X|pages=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mB7TQc_OpdcC&pg=PA87}}</ref> It is typical for the person to say "''adab arz hai''" ([[Nastaleeq]]: آداب عرض ہے, [[Devanagari]]: आदाब अर्ज़ है), meaning "I offer my respects to you", or simply just "''aadab''".<ref name="Basit2012"/>
It is often answered with the same or the word "''tasleem''" is said as an answer or sometimes it is answered with a facial gesture of acceptance.

In popular culture today, the adab is often associated with the courtly culture of the Muslim [[Nawab]]s.

==See also==
*[[Salute#Civilian salutes|Civilian salutes]]
*[[Salute#Greetings|Greetings]]
*[[Hindu–Muslim unity]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Hand gestures]]
[[Category:Islamic culture]]
[[Category:Islam in South Asia]]
[[Category:Greeting words and phrases of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Greeting words and phrases of India]]
[[Category:Greeting words and phrases of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Gestures of respect]]

[[ar:أدب]]

Love Sonia

2026-03-02T10:08:48Z

Eldartpy: page updated

{{Short description|2018 Indian drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Sonia
| image = Love Sonia - Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Tabrez Noorani
| producer = [[David Womark]]
| writer = Alkesh Vaja
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mrunal Thakur]]
* [[Freida Pinto]]
* [[Demi Moore]]
* [[Mark Duplass]]
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
* [[Rajkummar Rao]]
* [[Richa Chadda]]
* [[Riya Sisodiya]]
* [[Anupam Kher]]
* [[Adil Hussain]]
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]
* [[Sunny Pawar]]
}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{film date|2018|06|21|[[London Indian Film Festival]]|2018|09|14|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Sonia |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/love-sonia-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodkwndi5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307065551/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/love-sonia-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodkwndi5 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=[[BBFC]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Love Sonia''''' is a 2018 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language drama film directed by Tabrez Noorani and produced by [[David Womark]].<ref name="Richa Chadda bags international project">{{Cite news |date=15 April 2016 |title=Richa Chadda bags international project |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Richa-Chadda-bags-international-project/articleshow/51840062.cms |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2016 |title=Frieda Pinto, Anupam Kher to star in sex-trafficking movie |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/frieda-pinto-anupam-kher-to-star-in-sex-trafficking-movie/ |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film features newcomer [[Mrunal Thakur]] as the title character along with [[Riya Sisodiya]], [[Freida Pinto]], [[Demi Moore]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Richa Chadda]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Adil Hussain]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], and [[Sai Tamhankar]].<ref name="Richa Chadda bags international project" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=Good time for women-oriented films: Richa Chadda |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/good-time-for-women-oriented-films-richa-chadda/story-u7ZPM8nViJlQPf05LjN02N.html}}</ref> ''Love Sonia'' had its world premiere at the [[London Indian Film Festival]] on 21 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2018 |title=Opening Night GALA - Love Sonia |url=http://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/love-sonia/ |publisher=[[London Indian Film Festival]]}}</ref> The film was released in India on 14 September 2018<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=17 August 2018 |title='Love Sonia'is hard-hitting story that deals with human trafficking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/love-sonia-is-a-hard-hitting-story-that-deals-with-human-trafficking/articleshow/65424729.cms |access-date=18 August 2018 |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> and theatrically in the UK on 25 January 2019.

==Synopsis==
The film is about two sisters robbed of their innocence when one is sold by her debt-ridden father, and the other follows after her in the hope of rescuing her but becomes trapped in the sex trade herself. While on a troublesome and challenging journey that takes us through the red-light districts of Mumbai, the latent innocence in the younger sister and the grit to rescue her sister and eventually herself stays intact.

==Plot==
Preeti and Sonia are the daughters of a poor debt-ridden farmer, Shiva, who lives approximately 1400 kms from Mumbai. The sisters love each other deeply and are willing to go to any length to protect each other. A village boy named Amar is deeply in love with Sonia. Amar helps the sisters create their individual email accounts to stay in touch with each other.

Shiva, who is indebted to the local landlord Dada Thakur, agrees to sell Preeti to a prostitute Anjali, to pay off his debt. Sonia desperately attempts to save Preeti from being sold but fails. That night, she mercifully requests Dada Thakur to send her to Mumbai, to meet Preeti. Subsequently, Anjali whisks away Sonia to Mumbai under the pretext of reuniting her with Preeti. Anjali sells her in a brothel owned by Faizal a.k.a. Babu and controlled by the brothel madame Madhuri.

Sonia is terribly scared and traumatized by the atmosphere of the brothel. Another prostitute Rashmi befriends her. While trying to escape from the brothel Sonia is caught by Faizal who threatens to kill her if she tries to run away again. After multiple pleas, Faizal agrees to let Sonia meet Preeti, who has become a drug-addict and a high profile prostitute. Preeti angrily reprimands Sonia for letting their dad sell her and throws her away and she was jealous of her. Meanwhile, Shiva begs Dada Thakur to return Sonia to him. Anjali provides Shiva the address to Kamathipura and directs him to Mumbai. Shiva frantically searches for Sonia in all the red-light areas of Mumbai. Meanwhile, a social worker named Manish approaches Sonia and extracts details about Preeti from her. He raids Faizal's brothel to rescue Sonia and another pre-teen named Asha. However, Sonia refuses to leave.
Rashmi severs ties with Sonia when she accuses her of stealing Preeti's anklet, the only souvenir of Preeti left with Sonia. Faizal ships off Madhuri, Sonia and several other girls to [[Hong Kong]] in a cargo container. Madhuri, who till that time was hostile towards Sonia, starts looking after her affectionately. Sonia ends up getting raped by an American customer. She forcefully undergoes a hymen reconstruction surgery to appear a virgin. The girls are again shipped to [[Los Angeles]], where a relatively friendly client allows Sonia to get in touch with Amar via email. He also gifts her a mobile phone. At a party, Madhuri commits suicide by slitting her wrist.

Sonia runs away from her handlers, deep into the forests. A destitute Sonia, while trying to eat from a dustbin, is rescued by a social worker Salma who runs a NGO named C.A.S.T. Sonia finally finds peace of mind in the shelter home along with several other rescued girls and women. One day, Salma and Manish surprise her by reconnecting her with Preeti over a video call. Preeti tearfully asks for forgiveness and requests her to return. Six months later, Sonia returns to Manish's shelter home where she shockingly finds out that Preeti has gone back to prostitution due to her drug addiction.
Sonia begins her life all over again with a renewed hope in the shelter home. Her parents come to meet her but she refuses to go with them. She also patches up with Amar. Finally, she sends an email to Preeti stating that no matter what happens, she will surely find her someday and Sonia says her sister is the most beautiful girl in the world.

==Cast==

*[[Mrunal Thakur]] as Sonia Singhania
*[[Richa Chadda]] as Madhuri<ref name="Love Sonia cast">{{Cite news |date=18 July 2016 |title=From Freida Pinto and Richa Chadha to Demi Moore and Rajkummar Rao – Meet the cast of 'Love Sonia' |url=https://www.clapsnslaps.com/news/view/from-frieda-pinto-and-richa-chadha-to-demi-mo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020192505/https://www.clapsnslaps.com/news/view/from-frieda-pinto-and-richa-chadha-to-demi-mo |archive-date=20 October 2016 |access-date=18 October 2016 |work=Clapsnslaps |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Baldev Singh/Dada Thakur
*[[Adil Hussain]] as Shiva Singhania; Sonia and Preeti’s father<ref name="Film shooting">{{Cite news |date=23 May 2016 |title=Freida Pinto shoots in Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Freida-Pinto-shoots-in-Mumbai/articleshow/52396200.cms |access-date=18 October 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network}}</ref>
*[[Rajkummar Rao]] as Manish
*[[Sai Tamhankar]] as Anjali
*[[Mark Duplass]] as an American expatriate<ref name="Moore Duplass">{{Cite news |date=5 July 2016 |title=Demi Moore e Mark Duplass confirmados no elenco do drama 'Love Sonia' |url=http://filmpt.com/demi-moore-e-mark-duplass confirmados-no-elenco-do-drama-love-sonia/ |access-date=18 October 2016 |work=Film PT |language=pt}}</ref>
*[[Demi Moore]] as Selma
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Faizal/Babu <ref name="indi_Mano">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2016 |title=Manoj Bajpayee says his character in Demi Moore's Love Sonia will raised bar of negative roles |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-demi-moore-his-character-in-love-sonia-to-raise-bar-of-negative-roles-3080118/ |access-date=2017-02-26 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
*[[Freida Pinto]] as Rashmi
*[[Riya Sisodiya]] as Preeti Singhania
*Abhishek Bharate as Amar Kumar; Sonia’s love interest
*Ankur Vikal as hotel manager
*Sunny Pawar as Bang Bang
*Kiran Khoje as Sonia and Preeti’s mother
*Barbie Rajput as Asha
*Aarti Mann as Jiah
*Abhinav Gupta as Bunty Bhai
*Nikhil Raj as Jeetu

==Production==

===Development===
Tabrez Noorani was inspired to make ''Love Sonia'' after he was introduced to the severity of [[human trafficking]] in Los Angeles in 2003, when some girls were found in a shipping container from [[China]]. One of them was a young Indian girl. The incident inspired Noorani to work with non-governmental organizations focused on trafficking in Los Angeles. He has also participated in several brothel raids.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-15 |title=Indian sex trafficking film is 'a story that needs to be told' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-trafficking-film-idUSKCN0XC1VF |access-date=2016-04-20 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Noorani and Womark met on [[Ang Lee]]'s ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' and have been working on the project for three years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=13 April 2016 |title='Slumdog's Tabrez Noorani Sets Sex Trafficking Exposé 'Love Sonia' For India Shoot; Frieda Pinto, Anupam Kher Star |url=https://deadline.com/2016/04/tabrez-noorani-love-sonia-sex-trafficking-expose-frieda-pinto-anupam-kher-1201736824/ |access-date=2016-04-20 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> This film basically revolves around a scenario that depicts the human trafficking of girls in & from the red-light areas of Mumbai on a large scale.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

===Casting===
[[Mrunal Thakur]] was cast in the title role after a year long search from over 2,500 girls.

===Filming===
The [[principal photography]] started in late April 2016 in [[India]]. The project was also filmed in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
| rowspan="4"| 10 Aug 2018 – 22 Aug 2018
| Best Indie Film
|Love Sonia
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2018 Nominations |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/padmaavat-sanju-dominate-nominations-at-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-awards-2018-4724031.html |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2018 |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne Awards 2018 Winners |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2018-full-winners-list-ranbir-kapoor-rani-mukerji-rajkumar-hirani-win-it-big-2649284 |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| Tabrez Noorani
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| Best Supporting Performance
| [[Richa Chadda]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Freida Pinto]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[London Indian Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2"| 21 Jun 2018 – 29 Jun 2018
| Best Newcomer Award
| [[Mrunal Thakur]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=London Indian Film Festival Awards 2018 |url=https://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/about-liff/awards/ |access-date=25 May 2020 |website=London Indian Film Festival}}</ref>
|-
| Outstanding Achievement Award
| Richa Chadda
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3823392}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|love_sonia}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|love-sonia}}
* {{Official website|http://www.lovesonia.com/LSmain.html}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 drama films]]

Aa Gaya Hero

2026-03-02T09:38:19Z

Eldartpy: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aa Gaya Hero
| image = Aa Gaya Hero promotional poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Dipankar Senapati Dinesh Chand Meena (DCM)
| writer = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
| producer = Govinda
| starring = Govinda [[Ashutosh Rana]] [[Murali Sharma]] [[Makarand Deshpande]] [[Chandrachur Singh]] [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] [[Shekhar Kant Jha]]
| cinematography =
| music = [[Meet Bros]] Vicky & Hardik Arghya Banerjee
| studio = Mangal Tara T.V & Films
| distributor = Paras Maan
| released = {{Film date|2017|03|17|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/230217/aa-gaya-hero-release-date-pushed.html |title=Exclusive: Govinda's 'Aa Gaya Hero' release date pushed |last=Bhatnagar |first=Rohit |date=23 February 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}8.50 crores<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3487|title = Aa Gaya Hero - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}1.39 crores<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3487|title = Aa Gaya Hero - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
}}

'''''Aa Gaya Hero''''' ({{translation|''Here Comes The Hero''}}) is a 2017 Indian [[action comedy film]] directed by Dipankar Senapati starring [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] in the lead role. Previously titled ''Abhinay Chakra'', it was Govinda's comeback film. The film received highly negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-govinda-s-comeback-film-abhinay-chakra-is-now-titled-aa-gaya-hero-2286996 |title=Govinda's comeback film Abhinay Chakra is now titled Aa Gaya Hero |date=28 December 2016 |publisher=[[DNA Pakistan]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
ACP Ravindra Varma ([[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]) is a daredevil and sincere police officer who has been called in to nab a dreaded terrorist ([[Milind Shinde]]). During his attempts to catch the terrorist, Ravindra Varma realises that there are two ministers ([[Surendra Pal]] and [[Makrand Deshpande]]) who work hand in hand with the said terrorist.

Besides them, there are two brothers ([[Murali Sharma]] and [[Ashutosh Rana]]) who form the right hand of the two corrupt ministers. The film is about whether the righteous ACP Ravindra Varma manages to bring the crooks to the book or not.

==Cast==
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as ACP Ravindra Verma
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Murli Sharma]]
* [[Makarand Deshpande]]
* [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]]
* [[Chandrachur Singh]]
* Richa Sharma
* [[Poonam Pandey]] in an [[item number]]

==Promotion==

Govinda visited the [[Border Security Force|BSF]] camp near Najafgarh, Delhi, to promote the film. He got an opportunity to have a conversation with the BSF jawans. He did a lot of activities there, from having lunch to making the jawans dance with their family members.<ref>[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-govinda-meets-bsf-jawans-delhi/ Govinda meets BSF Jawans in Delhi: Bollywood Hungama]</ref> He also promoted the film on [[The Kapil Sharma Show]], where he was joined by his wife and actor [[Shakti Kapoor]], who was shooting nearby and decided to drop in and meet him.<ref>[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shakti-kapoor-surprises-govinda-sets-kapils-comedy-show/ Shakti Kapoor surprises Govinda on sets of Kapil's comedy show: Bollywood Hungama]</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack of the film features seven tracks which was released 15 February 2017.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length= 28:20
| title1 = Lohe Da Liver
| extra1= [[Mika Singh]], [[Meet Bros]]
| length1=2:51
| title2= Aa Gaya Hero (Title Track)
| extra2= Arghya Banerjee
| length2= 4:33
| title3= Police Wala Don
| extra3= Ahan, Poorvi Koutish
| length3= 4:19
| title4= UP Ki Don
| extra4= Arghya Banerjee
| length4=3:38
| title5= Dirty Flirty
| extra5= [[Mika Singh]], Swati Sharma
| length5= 3:05
| title6= Lo Hoigwa
| extra6= Ahan
| length6= 4:59
| title7= Mahiya
| extra7= Ahan
| length7= 4:52
}}

==Release==

''Aa Gaya Hero'' was certified U/A by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] on 6 March 2017. The film released in 300 screens on 17 March 2017 all over India along with other releases being [[Machine (2017 film)|Machine]] and [[Trapped (2017 film)|Trapped]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Govinda's 'Aa Gaya Hero' struggles for release|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/AijopdiGBjul7WFbfdF7aM/Govindas-Aa-Gaya-Hero-struggles-for-release.html|work=Livemint|accessdate=14 July 2017|date=15 March 2017}}</ref>

==Reception==
''BookMyShow'' reviewed the film and wrote, "Catch the film in your nearest theatre to entertain yourself with a two-hour parody of the 90s, with signature Govinda dance moves and hilarious dialogues and action. Take along your friends to experience a laugh riot.<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment/aa-gaya-hero-movie-review-nostalgic-journey-90s/97797 Aa Gaya Hero Review: A Nostalgic Journey To The 90s - BookMyShow]</ref> However ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 1.5 stars saying "Unfortunately, besides the actor's trademark dance moves, there is nothing worth watching here. The 'hero' might just need to make another comeback soon and hopefully a more 'relevant' one this time."<ref>{{cite web|title=Aa Gaya Hero Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/aa-gaya-hero/movie-review/57653038.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=14 July 2017|date=17 March 2017}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film had a disappointing box office performance despite strong initial showings. It made 23 lakh on its opening day, 32 lakh on Saturday, and 42 lakh on Sunday, totaling 97 lakh in its first weekend. By Friday, its total domestic earnings had reached 1.66 crores, with its second-weekend collection of 17 lakh bringing the total to 1.80 crores. Its lifetime domestic earnings amounted to 2.78 crores. <ref>{{cite web |title=Aagaya Hero Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aa-gaya-hero/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>
Overseas, it started strong with 10 lakh on Friday and 50 lakh over its first weekend, but its total overseas earnings reached only 99 lakh. The film had a modest success in Malaysia with 40 screens but ultimately grossed 1.39 crores against a production budget of 8 crores, making it a financial disaster.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB title|id=5896934}}
*{{Facebook|AaGayaHeroOfficial}}

[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 masala films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:2010s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 action films]]

Zeb-un-Nissa

2026-02-24T07:52:36Z

Eldartpy: started stub!

{{Short description|Mughal princess (1638–1702)}}
{{for|the folk singer|Zeb-un-Nissa (singer)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Zeb-un-Nissa
| title = [[Shahzadi]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| image = Bodleian-Library-MS-Ouseley-Add-170 00028 fol-14b reduced (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| house = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]
| father = [[Aurangzeb]]
| mother = [[Dilras Banu Begum]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1638|2|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]], [[Mughal Empire]], present-day [[Aurangabad]] [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1702|05|26|1638|02|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], Mughal Empire, present-day India
| burial_place = [[Sikandra, Agra]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]|
}}

'''Zeb-un-Nissa''' ({{langx|fa|زیب النساء }})<ref>Also romanized as '''Zebunnisa''', '''Zebunniso''', '''Zebunnissa''', '''Zebunisa''', '''Zeb al-Nissa'''. {{lang|fa|زیب}} ''Zēb'' means "beauty" or "ornament" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and {{lang|ar|نساء}} ''Nissa'' means "women" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], ''Zebunnisa'' means "most beautiful of all women"</ref> (15 February 1638 – 26 May 1702)<ref>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=A short history of Aurangzib, 1618–1707|year=1979|publisher=Orient Longman|page=14}}</ref> was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] princess and the eldest child of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and his chief [[Royal consort|consort]], [[Dilras Banu Begum]]. She was also a poet, who wrote under the [[pseudonym]] of '''Makhfi''' ({{lang|fa|مخفی}}, "Hidden, Disguised, Concealed One").

Imprisoned by her father in the last 20 years of her life at [[Salimgarh Fort]], [[Delhi]], Princess Zeb-un-Nissa is remembered as a poet, and her writings were collected posthumously as ''Diwan-i-Makhfi'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: <big>ديوانِ مخفى</big>) ''- "Complete (Poetical) Works of Makhfi"''.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=20}}

==Early years==
===Birth===
Zeb-un-Nissa ("Ornament/ Beauty of Womankind"),<ref name=Sarkar>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title= Studies in Aurangzib's Reign|publisher= Sangam Books Limeted|pages=90|year=1989|isbn=9780861319671|edition=Third}}</ref> the eldest child of Prince Muhi-ud-Din (later, Emperor Aurangzeb), was born on 15 February 1638 in [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]], [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], exactly nine months after the marriage of her parents. Her mother, [[Dilras Banu Begum]], was Aurangzeb's first wife and chief consort, and was a princess of the prominent [[Safavid dynasty]], the ruling dynasty of [[Iran]] (Persia).{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=7}}<ref name="nation">{{cite web|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/16-Jul-2009/aurangzeb-daughters-monument-in-a-shambles|title=Aurangzeb daughter's monument in a shambles|date=16 July 2009|work=nation.com.pk}}</ref> Zeb-un-Nissa was her father's favourite daughter,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamid|first1=Annie Krieger Krynicki; translated from French by Enjum|title=Captive princess : Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi|isbn=9780195798371|page=73}}</ref> and it was because of this that she could compel him to pardon people who had offended him.

===Education and accomplishments===
[[File:Zeb-un-Nisa Begum.jpg|thumb|Princess Zeb-un-Nissa with her attendants.]]

Aurangzeb charged Hafiza Mariam, one of the women of the court, with the education of Zeb-un-Nissa. She seems to have inherited her father's keenness of intellect and literary tastes, because Zeb-un-Nissa memorized the [[Quran]] in three years and became a ''[[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]]a'' at the age of seven. This occasion was celebrated by her father with a great feast and the declaration of a public holiday.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=8}} The princess was also given a reward of 30,000 gold pieces by her delighted father.<ref name=Sarkar1912>{{cite book|last=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|title=History of Aurangzib: Mainly based on Persian sources, Volume 1|year=1912|publisher=M.C. Sarkar and Sons|pages=69}}</ref> Aurangzeb paid the princely sum of 30,000 gold pieces to the ''ustani'' (an honorific title for a female "[[ustad]]" or well-regarded teacher) for having taught his cherished daughter well.<ref name=Raman>{{cite book|last=Raman|first=Sista Anantha|title= Women in India A Social and Cultural History |publisher= Library of Congress Catologing –in – Publication Data|pages=10|year=2009|isbn=978-0-275-98242-3}}</ref>

Zeb-un-Nissa then learned the sciences of the time with [[Ashraf Mazandarani]], who was also a great Persian poet.<ref name=Mirsa>{{cite book|last=Mirsa|first=Rekha|title= Women in Mughal India|publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal|pages=90|year=1967}}</ref> She learned philosophy, mathematics, astronomy,<ref name="wise">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/zebunnisa/ |title=WISE: Muslim Women: Past and Present – Zebunnisa |access-date=2 September 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227073817/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/zebunnisa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> literature, and was a mistress of [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]] and [[Urdu]]. She had a good reputation in [[calligraphy]] as well.<ref name="Hadi"/> Her library surpassed all other private collections, and she employed many scholars on liberal salaries to produce literary works at her bidding or to copy manuscripts for her.<ref name=Sarkar1912 /> Her library also provided literary works on each subject, such as law, literature, history and theology.{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=161}}

Zeb-un-Nissa was known for helping people in need. For example, she supported widows and orphans and sent ''[[Hajj]]'' pilgrims to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] every year, bearing all their expenses for the pilgrimage.{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=163}} She also took an interest in music and was well known among the women of her time for also being a singer.{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=163}}

==Aurangzeb's accession==

When Aurangzeb became the emperor after [[Shah Jahan]], Zeb-un-Nissa was 21 years old. Aurangzeb learnt of the talent and capacity of his daughter and began to discuss the political affairs of his Empire with her, listening to her opinions. It has been mentioned in some books that Aurangzeb sent all the royal princes for the reception of Zeb-un-Nissa each time she entered the court. Zeb-un-Nissa had four younger sisters: [[Zeenat-un-Nissa]], [[Zubdat-un-Nissa]], [[Badr-un-Nissa]] and [[Mihr-un-Nissa Begum|Mihr-un-Nissa]].

Regarding her looks, "... she is described as being tall and slim, her face round and fair in colour, with two moles, or beauty-spots, on her left cheek. Her eyes and abundant hair were very black, and she had thin lips and small teeth. In [[Lahore Museum]] is a contemporary portrait, which corresponds to this description... In dress she was simple and austere; in later life she always wore white, and her only ornament was a string of pearls round her neck."<ref name="diwan2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/zun/zun03.htm|title=The Diwan of Zeb-un-Nissa: Introduction|work=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Also with the way she dressed comes about her making an invention. "Zeb-un-Nissa invented a woman garment known as ''Angya Kurti''. This was a modified form of the dress of the women of [[Turkestan]]. The modification was done to suit Indian conditions".{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=163}}

Zeb-un-Nissa lived in a period when many "great" poets were at the peak of their reputation; e.g. Mawlana [[Abdul Qader Bedil]], [[Kalim Kashani]], Saa'eb Tabrizi and [[Gani Kashmiri|Ghani Kashmiri]]. There is a noticeable influence of [[Hafez]] Sherazi's style on the poetry of Zeb-un-Nissa. However, she is considered as one of the poets of the Indian School of Poetry in [[Persian language|Persian]]. "Zebunnisa was trained in the serious study of religious doctrine and in matters in faith, and she was known as an excellent scholar in several academic areas and as a literary figure and patron of some renown. She sang well and composed songs and planted many of the gardens of her day."<ref name="Ziad">{{cite book|last=Ziad|first=Zeenut|title=The Magnificent Mughals |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=9780195794441}}</ref>

Zeb-un-Nissa selected "'''''Makhfi'''''" (which means "''Hidden One''" in Persian) as her pen-name in her poetry. In addition to her poetic book or collection of poems, called ''[[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan]]'', which contains approximately 5,000 verses, she also wrote the following books: ''Monis 'ul-Roh'', ''Zeb 'ul-Monsha’at'' (<big>زیب‌ المنشآت / زيب المنشئات</big>, "Literary Compositions of Zeb") and ''Zeb 'ul-Tafāsir'' (<big>زيب التفاسير</big>, "[[Tafsir|Quranic Tafsir]]s of Zeb"), the first and only ''tafsir'' written by a woman. In ''Makhzan 'ul-Ghaib'' (<big>مخزن الغيب</big>, "Store (or Treasure) of the Unseen"), the author writes that the poetic book of Zeb-un-Nissa contained 15,000 verses. Zeb-un-Nissa encouraged compilations and translations of various works also.

===Later years, imprisonment and death===
[[File:Zaibunissa palace.jpg|thumb|Zeb-un-Nissa's palace, 1880, [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].]]
There are multiple conflicting accounts offering explanations for the circumstances which ultimately led to her imprisonment at [[Salimgarh Fort]], Delhi, at the edge of [[Shahjahanabad]] (present [[Old Delhi]]). In 1662, when Aurangzeb was taken ill and his physicians prescribed a change in the environment, he took his family and court with him to Lahore. At that time Akil Khan Razi, the son of his Vizier, was Governor of that city.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=14}} In the following period, Akil Khan and Zeb-un-Nissa allegedly had a brief yet failed affair,{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=16}} after which Aurangzeb began to distrust her and later imprisoned her.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=17}} Other theories suggest that she was imprisoned for being a poet and a musician (both anathema to Aurangzeb's austere, more orthodox and fundamental way of life and thinking).<ref name=Zebu>{{cite book|author=Annie Krieger Krynick|author2=Enjum Hamid |title= Captive Princess; Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb|url= http://www.ecampus.com/book/0195798376/|access-date=31 May 2009|quote= The book revolves around Princess Zebunissa (1638–1702) who is defined as the symbol of female power of the Mughal dynasty and portrays their stature in the court life in the seventeenth century...For her the name signified a life dramatically suppressed, cut off from the world. Her mysterious and unexpected imprisonment is also described in this book: Zebunissa's fate changed drastically when she was sent to prison by her father Aurangzeb, where she died leaving a landmark near the Red Fort of Delhi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/70761/|title= Memories of Ferghana|date= 22 May 2005|access-date=31 May 2009|quote= MUSIC and dance? But wasn't that '‘unIslamic'’ in a country celebrating an Islamic revival, I'd thought back then, as I twirled at an Uzbek soiree at Kokand in the Ferghana Valley. My hostess had snatched up a daf (dafli in India) and was dancing slowly to a sad Persian song by Zebunisa 'Makhfi', an Uzbek-Tajik favourite. She was a princess of Delhi via Ferghana; Aurangzeb's daughter, whom he jailed for 20 years in Salimgarh, next to the Red Fort, because of her Sufi sympathies. Aurangzeb had killed music in his realm. Zebunisa's voice sang in her ancestral homeland, though lost to Delhi.}}</ref> Yet another explanation points to her correspondence with her younger brother, [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar|Muhammad Akbar]]. She supported the young prince in the inevitable ongoing conflict of succession, and was discovered to have written to him during the rebellion in 1681 AD (over the course of which, he had publicly accused Aurangzeb of transgressions against Islamic law). Her punishment was to have her accumulated wealth confiscated, her annual pension of 4 lakhs nullified, and that she was to be held prisoner at Salimgarh until her death.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_mC-s_K-6sC&q=pg+51|title=Women in Mughal India|last=Misra|first=Rekha|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1967|location=Delhi|pages=51|isbn=9788121503471|oclc=473530}}</ref>

It was here, after 20 years of imprisonment, that Zeb-un-Nissa died after seven days of illness, still captive in Shahjahanabad while Aurangzeb was on a trip to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Conflicting sources state the date of her death alternately as 1701 AD and 1702 AD.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Smith>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=paul |title= Makhfi The princess Sufi Poet Zebunnissa |publisher= Book Heaven|pages=25|year=2012|isbn=978-1480011830}}</ref>
Her tomb was in the garden of "Thirty thousand trees" ([[Tees Hazari]]), outside of the [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmiri Darwaza]], the north gate of the city. But when the railway line was laid out by the British at [[Delhi]], her tomb with its inscribed tombstone was shifted to [[Akbar's tomb|Akbar's mausoleum]] at [[Sikandra, Agra]].<ref name="Rumi2013">{{cite book|author=Raza Rumi|title=DELHI BY HEART: Impressions of a Pakistani Traveller|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcXjAAAAQBAJ|date=10 May 2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-998-2}}</ref> There is also a tomb in [[Nahan Kothi|Nawankot]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan, but its authenticity is doubtful.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Librarian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZMaAAAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=Pakistan Library Association|page=100}}</ref> Haroon Khalid infers that the apocryphal association of Zeb-un-Nissa with the tomb in Lahore came about after the defeat of rebel prince [[Dara Shikoh]] in the Mughal war of succession (1657–1661), with the supporters of Shikoh (who had spent time in Lahore) transferring their aspirations to the rebellious princess by connecting her with the tomb even though she remained buried in Delhi and later at Agra.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khalid |first1=Haroon |title=How Lahore came to claim the rebellious and gifted Mughal princess Zeb-un-Nisa as its own |url=https://scroll.in/article/846816/how-lahore-came-to-claim-the-rebellious-and-gifted-mughal-princess-zeb-un-nisa-as-its-own |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=August 11, 2017}}</ref>

In 1724, years after her death, her scattered and extant writings were collected under the name ''Diwan-i-Makhfi'', literally, the Book of the Hidden One. It contained four hundred and twenty-one [[ghazal]]s and several [[ruba'i]]s. Subsequently, in 1730 other ghazals were added to the manuscript, which was also illuminated.{{sfn|Lal|Westbrook|1913|p=20}}

==Personal life==
[[File:A drawing of Sulaiman Shikoh.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Zeb-un-Nissa was betrothed to her first-cousin, Prince [[Sulaiman Shikoh]].]]
Zeb-un-Nissa did not get married and remained single her whole life, despite the fact that she had many suitors. This also came with the rise of speculative gossip about secret lovers and palace trysts.<ref name=Hutton>{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=Deborah|title=A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture |publisher= john Wiley & Sons |pages=220|year=2015|isbn=9781119019534}}</ref>

Zeb al-Nissa had four younger sisters: [[Zeenat-un-Nissa|Zeenat un-Nissa]], [[Zubdat-un-Nissa]], [[Badr-un-Nissa Begum|Badr-un-Nissa]] and [[Mihr-un-Nissa Begum|Mihr-un-Nissa]].

Her grandfather, Emperor [[Shah Jahan]], had [[betrothed]] her to her [[first cousin]], Prince [[Sulaiman Shikoh]], the eldest son of her paternal uncle, Crown Prince, [[Dara Shikoh]].{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=150}} Shah Jahan had intended for her to become a future Mughal empress as Sulaiman was the heir to Dara Shikoh, who was next in line for succession to the Mughal throne after Shah Jahan. The marriage would have been a perfect match but did not, however, take place, due to Aurangzeb's reluctance; who despised his older brother.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, Volume 12|year=1975|page=26|publisher=Research Society of Pakistan}}</ref> The King of [[Iran]], [[Shah Abbas II]]'s son Mirza Farukh also wanted to marry her.{{sfn|Nath|1990|p=150}} Many other proposals also came to her, but she demanded that before the fixation of marriage, she would see the princes.

Zeb-un-Nissa spent all her life on literary works and poetry, as she herself said:

{{Cquote|Oh Makhfi, it is the path of love and alone you must go. No one suits your friendship even if God be though.}}

According to certain sources, "dehumanizing" scandals (created and/or written by some foreigners) regarding the lives of Mughal ladies were not uncommon (during the post-[[Renaissance era]]). For example, a claim of: "A sordid episode of [Zeb-un-Nissa's] carnal romance with Aqil Khan Razi and his death inside a hot cauldron with burning fire under it, gained wider currency and was eagerly picked up by the... populace." However, other sources state that Razi lived long (as a government official) and died naturally.<ref name="Hadi">{{cite book
|last=Hadi
|first=Nabi
|title=Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature
|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts, Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications, Tara Chand Sons
|pages=638–639
|year=1995
|isbn=81-7017-311-6}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Her poetic book was printed in [[Delhi]] in 1929 and in [[Tehran]] in 2001. Its manuscripts are in the [[National Library of Paris]], the library of the [[British Museum]], the [[University of Tübingen]] library in [[Germany]] and in the Mota library in [[India]]. The garden which she laid out in Lahore itself and which was called the Chauburji, or four-towered, can still be traced by portions of the walls and gates remaining.

==Ancestry==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Zeb-un-Nissa'''
|2= 2. [[Aurangzeb|Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor]]
|3= 3. [[Dilras Banu Begum]]
|4= 4. [[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor]]
|5= 5. [[Mumtaz Mahal]]
|6= 6. [[Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi]]
|7= 7. Nauras Banu Begum
|8= 8. [[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor]]
|9= 9. [[Jagat Gosain]]
|10= 10. [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]
|11= 11. Diwanji Begum
|12= 12. [[Rustam Mirza Safavi|Mirza Rustam Safavi]]
|13=
|14= 14. Mirza Muhammad Sharif
|15=
|16= 16. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]]
|17= 17. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]
|18= 18. [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]], Raja of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]
|19=19. Manrang Devi of [[Gwalior]]
|20= 20. [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|I'timad-ud-Daulah]] (= 28)
|21= 21. [[Asmat Begam]] (= 29)
|22=22. Ghias ud-din ‘Ali Asaf Khan
|23=
|24=24. Sultan Hussain [[Safavid dynasty|Safawi]]
|25=
|26=
|27=
|28= 28. [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|I'timad-ud-Daulah]] (= 20)
|29= 29. [[Asmat Begam]] (= 21)}}

==Sample translation==
Her [[Ghazal]] tells ''the story of love'':

:: ''You with the dark curly hair and the breathtaking eyes,''
:: ''your inquiring glance that leaves me undone.''

:: ''Eyes that pierce and then withdraw like a blood-stained sword,''
:: ''eyes with dagger lashes!''
:: ''Zealots, you are mistaken – this is heaven.''

:: ''Never mind those making promises of the afterlife:''
:: ''join us now, righteous friends, in this intoxication.''

:: ''Never mind the path to the Kaabah: sanctity resides in the heart.''
:: ''Squander your life, suffer! God is right here.''

:: ''Oh excruciating face! Continual light!''
:: ''This is where I am thrilled, here, right here.''

:: ''There is no book anywhere on the matter.''
:: ''Only as soon as I see you do I understand.''

:: ''If you wish to offer your beauty to God, give '''Zebunnisa'''''
:: ''a taste. Awaiting the tiniest morsel, she is right here.''

Translated by Sally Lee Stewart, Elena Bell and Maksuda Joraeva.
<ref>[[Atlanta Review]]; Spring/Summer2002, Vol. VIII Issue 2, p 68.</ref>

The governor of Lahore, Aqel Khan, was smitten with Makhfi. So he sent her this poem:<blockquote>''I'll be your nightingale if I should see you in the garden''

''With others there I'll be your fluttering moth, if I should see you;''

''Showing yourself to be the shining light of an assembly—''

''Well, that's no good to me; it's in your shift I want to see you.''</blockquote>Makhfi sent back this answer:<blockquote>''The nightingale forsakes the rose to see me in the garden,''

''The pious Brahmin will forsake his idols when he sees me—''

''I'm hidden in my words, like scent within a rose's petal,''

''Whoever wants to see me, it's in my words he'll see me.''</blockquote>In another exchange, Aqel Khan took a risk by being a bit risqué:<blockquote>''What feeds on nothing and will rise,''

''And, standing, vomits, and then dies?''</blockquote>Makhfi sent an insult as her reply:<blockquote>''Women provoke this thing to stir...''

''Your mother's sure to know—ask her.''</blockquote>Translated by Dick Davis<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Dick |title=The Mirror of My Heart |publisher=PenguinBooks |year=2021 |isbn=9780525507260 |language=English}}</ref>

==Works==
* {{cite book |title=Divan-i Makhf (Persian)|author=Princess Zeb-un-nissa|publisher=Lahore Amrit Press|year=1920|url=https://archive.org/stream/dvnimakhf00zebuuoft#page/126/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book |title= The Tears of Zebunnisa: Being Excerpts from 'The Divan-I Makhf'|author=Zeb-un-nissa |author2=Tr. by Paul Whalley |publisher=W. Thacker & Co. |year=1913|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D22401020%26ct%3D0}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation|first1=B. S. |last1=Chandrababu|first2=L. |last2=Thilagavathi |publisher= Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2009|isbn=978-8189909970 |page= 209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZmyUpHdPWYC&pg=PA209 }}
* Chopra, R. M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", 2010, Iran Society, Kolkata.
*{{cite book|first=Annie |last=Krieger-Krynicki|title=Captive Princess: Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cA5uAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-579837-1}}
* {{cite book |title=The Diwan of Zeb-un-Nissa |first1= Magan |last1=Lal |first2=Jessie Duncan |last2=Westbrook |publisher=John Murray |location= London |year=1913 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/zun/zun03.htm }}
*{{cite book|last1=Nath|first1=Renuka|title=Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D.|date=1990|publisher=Inter-India Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788121002417|edition=1. publ. in India.}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Zeb-un-Nisa}}
*[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=22401010&ct=1 "The first fifty Ghazals of Diwan-e Makhfi" printed in London, 1913]
*[http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=22401020&ct=0 "The Tears of Zebunnissa" printed in London, 1913]
*[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000430S6U00052000 "Palace of Zeb-un-Nissa"]
*[https://www.scribd.com/doc/38155639/Dewwan-e-Makhfi-quality-scanned-edition "Diwan e Makhfi -scanned poems collection of Zebunnisa in original Persian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306220922/https://www.scribd.com/doc/38155639/Dewwan-e-Makhfi-quality-scanned-edition |date=6 March 2016 }}
*[http://www.thefridaytimes.com/28012011/page22.shtml The Friday Times: The poet princess – Sohaib Arshad discovers the diwan of Zebunnissa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630024723/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/28012011/page22.shtml |date=30 June 2013 }}
*[https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/sarkar-1919-studies-in-mughal.html Studies in Mughal India. Chapter-IV by Jadunath Sarkar]
*[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/navbharatgold/we-the-people/when-aurangzebs-soft-hearted-daughter-revolted/story/89079037.cms Story of Aurangzeb's daughter Zeb-un-Nissa at Navbharat Gold]
* {{Librivox author |id=14653}}
{{Persian literature}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zeb-Un-Nisa}}
[[Category:1638 births]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]
[[Category:1702 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princesses]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Persian-language women poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Daughters of emperors]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

2003 Cricket World Cup

2026-02-23T02:57:48Z

Eldartpy: corrected lead for accuracy for accuracy

{{Short description|International sports tournament}}
{{Use South African English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2003 Cricket World Cup
| image = Cricket World Cup Logo 2003.svg
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = {{ubl|South Africa|Zimbabwe|Kenya}}
| champions = {{cr|AUS}}
| count = 3
| runner up = {{cr|IND}}
| participants = 14
| matches = 54
| attendance = 626845
| player of the series = {{cricon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
| most runs = {{cricon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (673)
| most wickets = {{cricon|SRI}} [[Chaminda Vaas]] (23)
| previous_year = 1999
| previous_tournament = 1999 Cricket World Cup
| next_year = 2007
| next_tournament = 2007 Cricket World Cup
| fromdate = 9 February
| todate = 23 March 2003
}}
The '''2003 ICC Cricket World Cup''' was the eighth [[Cricket World Cup]], organised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). It was co-hosted by [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Kenya]] from 9 February to 23 March 2003. This edition of the World Cup was the first to be played in Africa. The tournament featured 14 teams, the largest number in the World Cup's history at the time, playing a total of 54 matches. It followed the format introduced in the [[1999 Cricket World Cup]], with the teams divided into two groups, and the top three in each group qualifying for the Super Sixes stage.

The tournament saw numerous upsets, with [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] and [[England cricket team|England]] all being eliminated at the group stage (South Africa missed by 1 run after misreading the [[Duckworth-Lewis method]] rules).<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa v Sri Lanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155875.html|access-date=1 October 2022 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref> England forfeited their match with [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]], due to the political unrest in the country, which ultimately enabled that team to reach the Super Sixes. Similarly, [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] forfeited their match with [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]], due to security reasons which enabled the latter to reach the semi-finals, the only non-[[Test cricket|Test]] playing nation to do so. Another shock wave came two days after the tournament had started, when [[Shane Warne]], at the time one of the game's leading spinners, was sent home in disgrace after testing positive for a banned substance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-shane-warne-s-world-cup-shame-830541|title=Shane Warne's World Cup shame|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

The tournament was eventually won by Australia who won all 11 of their matches, beating India in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] played at the [[Wanderers Stadium]] in [[Johannesburg]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australia rout India to win third World Cup|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-rout-india-to-win-third-world-cup-130611|access-date=1 October 2022|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> This was Australia's third World Cup win, the only team to do so. Pakistani player [[Shoaib Akhtar]] also set a world record, becoming the [[Fast bowling|fastest bowler]] in the history of cricket, delivering a record top speed of 161.3{{nbsp}}km/h (100.23 mph) in a pool match against England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-10000/fastest-bowl-of-a-cricket-ball/|title=Fastest delivery of a cricket ball (male)|website=guinnessworldrecords.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/25921/shoaib-akhtar-the-legend-the-sensation-the-enigma/|title=Shoaib Akhtar – the legend, the sensation, the enigma|access-date=17 June 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726202958/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/25921/shoaib-akhtar-the-legend-the-sensation-the-enigma/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://purbat.com/most-feared-fast-bowlers-cricket/|title=10 Most feared fast bowlers in Cricket history – Purbat.com|date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

==Teams and squads==
{{Main|2003 Cricket World Cup squads}}
Fourteen teams played in the 2003 World Cup, the largest number of teams to play in a Cricket World Cup at the time. The 10 [[Test cricket|Test]] playing nations automatically qualified for the tournament including the recently appointed member [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], while [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] also qualified automatically due to their full [[One Day International]] status. The other three spots were filled by the top three teams in the [[2001 ICC Trophy]] in Canada, which served as a qualifying tournament. These teams were, respectively, the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] who won the ICC Trophy, [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]] and [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]]. This was Namibia's World Cup debut, while the Netherlands and Canada were both appearing in the tournament for the second time, having previously appeared in [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]] and [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]] respectively.

The format used in the 1999 World Cup was retained, with the 14 teams divided into two groups of seven, and the top three from each group qualifying for the Super Sixes stage, carrying forward the results they had achieved against other qualifiers from their group. The top four teams in the Super Sixes qualified for the semi-finals, and the winners of those matches contested the final.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Full Members
|-
|{{cr|BAN}}
|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
|{{cr|ENG}}
|{{cr|IND}}
|-
|{{cr|NZL}}
|{{cr|PAK}}
|-
|{{cr|RSA}}
|{{cr|SRI}}
|-
|{{cr|WIN}}
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|-
!colspan=2|Associate Members
|-
|{{cr|KEN}}
|{{cr|CAN}}
|-
|{{cr|NAM}}
|{{cr|NED}}
|}

==Host cities and venues==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cities !! Venues !! Capacity !! Matches
|-
|[[Johannesburg]], South Africa
|[[Wanderers Stadium]]
|align="center"|34,000
|align="center"|5
|-
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead]]
|align="center"|25,000
|align="center"|5
|-
|[[Cape Town]], South Africa
|[[Newlands Cricket Ground]]
|align="center"|25,000
|align="center"|5
|-
|[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]], South Africa
|[[Centurion Park]]
|align="center"|23,000
|align="center"|5
|-
|[[Bloemfontein]], South Africa
|[[Goodyear Park]]
|align="center"|20,000
|align="center"|5
|-
|[[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa
|[[St George's Oval]]
|align="center"|19,000
|align="center"|5
|-
|[[Potchefstroom]], South Africa
|[[Senwes Park|North West Cricket Stadium]]
|align="center"|18,000
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]], South Africa
|[[Buffalo Park]]
|align="center"|16,000
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], South Africa
|[[De Beers Diamond Oval]]
|align="center"|11,000
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Paarl]], South Africa
|[[Boland Bank Park|Boland Park]]
|align="center"|10,000
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Benoni, Gauteng|Benoni]], South Africa
|[[Willowmoore Park]]
|align="center"|20,000
|align="center"|2
|-
|[[Pietermaritzburg]], South Africa
|[[Pietermaritzburg Oval]]
|align="center"|12,000
|align="center"|2
|-
|[[Harare]], Zimbabwe
|[[Harare Sports Club]]
|align="center"|10,000
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe
|[[Queens Sports Club]]
|align="center"|9,000
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Nairobi Gymkhana Club]]
|align="center"|8,000
|align="center"|2
|}

{| cellpadding="0" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border:0 solid darkgrey"
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="border:0 solid blue"|
{{Location map+|South Africa|width=350|float=right|caption=Venues in South Africa|places=
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|26|7|S|28|3|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Johannesburg]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|29|51|S|31|1|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Durban]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|33|58|S|18|28|E}}|position=bottom|background=|label=[[Cape Town]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|25|51|S|28|11|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|29|7|S|26|12|E}}|position=bottom|background=|label=[[Bloemfontein]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|26|11|S|28|19|E}}|position=bottom|background=|label=[[Benoni, Gauteng|Benoni]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|33|58|S|25|36|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Port Elizabeth]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|26|42|S|27|6|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Potchefstroom]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|33|0|S|27|55|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|29|36|S|30|22|E}}|position=top|background=|label=[[Pietermaritzburg]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|28|44|S|24|47|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]]}}
{{Location map~|South Africa|coordinates={{coord|33|44|S|18|59|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Paarl]]}}
}}
|style="border:0 solid #777"|
{{Location map+|Zimbabwe|width=220|float=right|caption=Venues in Zimbabwe|places=
{{Location map~|Zimbabwe|coordinates={{coord|17|48|S|31|3|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Harare]]}}
{{Location map~|Zimbabwe|coordinates={{coord|20|17|S|28|58|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Bulawayo]]}}
}}
|style="border:0 solid #2a5"|
{{Location map+|Kenya|width=220|float=right|caption=Venues in Kenya|places=
{{Location map~|Kenya|coordinates={{coord|1|17|S|36|49|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Nairobi]]}}
}}
|}
== Match officials ==

Six match referees and 19 umpires were selected to stand in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 December 2002 |title=ICC confirms Umpires and Referees for ICC Cricket World Cup 2003 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-confirms-umpires-and-referees-for-icc-cricket-world-cup-2003-113027 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|+Match referees
!Referee
|-
| {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Clive Lloyd]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Ranjan Madugalle]]
|-
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Mike Procter]]
|-
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Wasim Raja]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gundappa Viswanath]]
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Denis Lindsay (cricketer)|Denis Lindsay]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Umpires
! Umpire
! Panel
|-
| {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Steve Bucknor]]
|Elite
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daryl Harper]]
|Elite
|-
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Rudi Koertzen]]
|Elite
|-
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Dave Orchard]]
|Elite
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
|Elite
|-
| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]]
| Elite
|-
| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Russell Tiffin]]
| Elite
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|Srinivas Venkataraghavan]]
| Elite
|-
| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Kevan Barbour]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Billy Bowden]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aleem Dar]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Nadeem Ghauri]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Darrell Hair]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arani Jayaprakash]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Brian Jerling]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Neil Mallender]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Simon Taufel]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Peter Willey]]
| International
|-
| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Tyron Wijewardene]]
| International
|-
|}

==Pool stage==
The top three teams from each pool qualify for the next stage, carrying forward the points already scored against fellow qualifiers, plus a quarter of the points scored against the teams that failed to qualify.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricinfo|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC2003/WC2003_TABLE.html|access-date=1 October 2022|website=static.espncricinfo.com}}</ref>

===Pool A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Pos
!width=175|Team
!width=20|{{Abbr|Pld|Played}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|PCF|Points Carried Forward}}
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|1||align="left"|{{cr|AUS}}
|6||6||0||0||0||2.05||'''24'''||{{Abbr|12|4 points each for win against 2 qualified teams (IND/ZIM); 1 point each for win against 4 non-qualified teams (ENG/PAK/NED/NAM)}}
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|2||align="left"|{{cr|IND}}
|6||5||1||0||0||1.11||'''20'''||{{Abbr|8|4 points for win against qualified team (ZIM); 1 point each for win against 4 non-qualified teams (ENG/PAK/NED/NAM)}}
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|3||align="left"|{{cr|ZIM}}
|6||3||2||1||0||0.50||'''14'''||{{Abbr|3.5|1 point each for win against 3 non-qualified teams (ENG/NED/NAM); 0.5 point for no result against non-qualified team (PAK)}}
|-
|4||align="left"|{{cr|ENG}}
|6||3||3||0||0||0.82||'''12'''||–
|-
|5||align="left"|{{cr|PAK}}
|6||2||3||1||0||0.23||'''10'''||–
|-
|6||align="left"|{{cr|NED}}
|6||1||5||0||0||−1.45||'''4'''||–
|-
|7||align="left"|{{cr|NAM}}
|6||0||6||0||0||−2.96||'''0'''||–
|}
Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/points-table-standings Points Table]

{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=10 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|ZIM}}
|team2={{cr|NAM}}
|score1=340/2 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Craig Wishart]] 172* (151)
|wickets1=[[Lennie Louw]] 1/60 (10 overs)
|score2=104/5 (25.1 overs)
|runs2=[[Danie Keulder]] 27 (46)
|wickets2=[[Guy Whittall]] 2/20 (5 overs)
|result=Zimbabwe won by 86 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L method]])
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/zimbabwe-vs-namibia-2nd-match-65236/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
|umpires=[[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
|motm=[[Craig Wishart]] (Zim)
|toss=Namibia won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=Rain interrupted the innings of Namibia and eventually the match was called off with Zimbabwe winning by 86 runs via [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L method]]
|notes=Points: Zimbabwe 4, Namibia 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=11 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|AUS}}
|team2={{cr|PAK}}
|score1=310/8 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Andrew Symonds]] 143* (125)
|wickets1=[[Wasim Akram]] 3/64 (10 overs)
|score2=228 (44.3 overs)
|runs2=[[Rashid Latif]] 33 (23)
|wickets2=[[Ian Harvey]] 4/58 (9.3 overs)
|result=Australia won by 82 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-pakistan-4th-match-65238/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|umpires=[[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Andrew Symonds]] (Aus)
|toss=Pakistan won the toss elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Australia 4, Pakistan 0
* Pakistan were fined 1 over for a slow over rate.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=12 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}
|team2={{cr|NED}}
|score1=204 (48.5 overs)
|runs1=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] 52 (72)
|wickets1=[[Tim de Leede]] 4/35 (9.5 overs)
|score2=136 (48.1 overs)
|runs2=[[Daan van Bunge]] 62 (116)
|wickets2=[[Anil Kumble]] 4/32 (10 overs)
|result=India won by 68 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/india-vs-netherlands-7th-match-65241/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Boland Park]], [[Paarl]]
|umpires=[[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Tim de Leede]] (Ned)
|toss=India won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: India 4, Netherlands 0.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=13 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|ZIM}}
|team2={{cr|ENG}}
|score1=
|runs1=
|wickets1=
|score2=
|runs2=
|wickets2=
|result=Zimbabwe won (walkover without a ball bowled)
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/zimbabwe-vs-england-8th-match-66427/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
|umpires=[[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
|motm=
|toss=No toss
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Zimbabwe 4, England 0
* England forfeited the match due to safety concerns
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=15 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}
|team2={{cr|AUS}}
|score1=125 (41.4 overs)
|runs1=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] 36 (59)
|wickets1=[[Jason Gillespie]] 3/13 (10 overs)
|score2=128/1 (22.2 overs)
|runs2=[[Adam Gilchrist]] 48 (61)
|wickets2=[[Anil Kumble]] 1/24 (7 overs)
|result=Australia won by 9 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-india-11th-match-65244/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]]
|umpires=[[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Jason Gillespie]] (Aus)
|toss=India won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Australia 4, India 0.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=16 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|NED}}
|team2={{cr|ENG}}
|score1=142/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Tim de Leede]] 58* (96)
|wickets1=[[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] 4/25 (10 overs)
|score2=144/4 (23.2 overs)
|runs2=[[Michael Vaughan]] 51 (47)
|wickets2=[[Daan van Bunge]] 3/16 (3 overs)
|result=England won by 6 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/england-vs-netherlands-13th-match-65246/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Buffalo Park]], [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]]
|umpires=[[Darell Hair]] (Aus) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
|motm=[[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] (Eng)
|toss=England won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: England 4, Netherlands 0
* [[Nick Statham]] (Netherlands) made his ODI debut
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=16 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|PAK}}
|team2={{cr|NAM}}
|score1=255/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Saleem Elahi]] 63 (100)
|wickets1=[[Bjorn Kotze]] 2/51 (10 overs)
|score2=84 (17.4 overs)
|runs2=[[Bjorn Kotze]] 24* (29)
|wickets2=[[Wasim Akram]] 5/28 (9 overs)
|result=Pakistan won by 171 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/namibia-vs-pakistan-14th-match-65247/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[De Beers Diamond Oval]], [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]]
|umpires=[[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Neil Mallender]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Wasim Akram]] (Pak)
|toss=Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Pakistan 4, Namibia 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=19 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}
|team2={{cr|ZIM}}
|score1=255/7 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] 81 (91)
|wickets1=[[Grant Flower]] 2/14 (6 overs)
|score2=172 (44.4 overs)
|runs2=[[Tatenda Taibu]] 29* (44)
|wickets2=[[Sourav Ganguly]] 3/22 (5 overs)
|result=India won by 83 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/zimbabwe-vs-india-17th-match-65250/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
|umpires=[[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
|motm=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)
|toss=Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: India 4, Zimbabwe 0.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=19 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|ENG}}
|team2={{cr|NAM}}
|score1=272 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Alec Stewart]] 60 (77)
|wickets1=[[Rudi van Vuuren]] 5/43 (10 overs)
|score2=217/9 (50 overs)
|runs2=[[Jan-Berrie Burger]] 85 (86)
|wickets2=[[Ronnie Irani]] 3/30 (8 overs)
|result=England won by 55 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/england-vs-namibia-19th-match-65252/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
|umpires=[[Simon Taufel]] (Aus) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
|motm=[[Jan-Berrie Burger]] (Nam)
|toss=Namibia won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: England 4, Namibia 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=20 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|AUS}}
|team2={{cr|NED}}
|score1=170/2 (36 overs)
|runs1=[[Damien Martyn]] 67* (76)
|wickets1=[[Tim de Leede]] 2/34 (7 overs)
|score2=122 (30.2 overs)
|runs2=[[Tim de Leede]] 24 (38)
|wickets2=[[Andy Bichel]] 3/13 (3 overs)
|result=Australia won by 75 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L method]])
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-netherlands-20th-match-65253/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Senwes Park]], [[Potchefstroom]]
|umpires=[[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Damien Martyn]] (Aus)
|toss=Netherlands won the toss elected to field.
|round=
|rain=Match reduced to 36 overs per side due to rain
|notes=Points: Australia 4, Netherlands 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=22 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|ENG}}
|team2={{cr|PAK}}
|score1=246/8 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Paul Collingwood]] 66* (73)
|wickets1=[[Saqlain Mushtaq]] 2/44 (10 overs)
|score2=134 (31 overs)
|runs2=[[Shoaib Akhtar]] 43 (16)
|wickets2=[[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] 4/29 (10 overs)
|result=England won by 112 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/england-vs-pakistan-23rd-match-65255/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]]
|umpires=[[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
|motm=[[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] (Eng)
|toss=England won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: England 4, Pakistan 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=23 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}
|team2={{cr|NAM}}
|score1=311/2 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] 152 (151)
|wickets1=[[Rudi van Vuuren]] 2/53 (10 overs)
|score2=130 (42.3 overs)
|runs2=[[Jan-Berrie Burger]] 29 (30)
|wickets2=[[Yuvraj Singh]] 4/6 (4.3 overs)
|result=India won by 181 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/india-vs-namibia-25th-match-65257/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[City Oval]], [[Pietermaritzburg]]
|umpires=[[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)
|toss=Namibia won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: India 4, Namibia 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=24 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|ZIM}}
|team2={{cr|AUS}}
|score1=246/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Andy Flower]] 62 (91)
|wickets1=[[Brad Hogg]] 3/46 (8 overs)
|score2=248/3 (47.3 overs)
|runs2=[[Adam Gilchrist]] 61 (64)
|wickets2=[[Dougie Marillier]] 1/32 (10 overs)
|result=Australia won by 7 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/zimbabwe-vs-australia-27th-match-65259/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
|umpires=[[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Dave Orchard]] (SA)
|motm=[[Andy Blignaut]] (Zim)
|toss=Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Australia 4, Zimbabwe 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=25 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|PAK}}
|team2={{cr|NED}}
|score1=253/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]] 58 (59)
|wickets1=[[Tim de Leede]] 2/53 (10 overs)
|score2=156 (39.3 overs)
|runs2=[[Daan van Bunge]] 31 (60)
|wickets2=[[Wasim Akram]] 3/24 (8.3 overs)
|result=Pakistan won by 97 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/netherlands-vs-pakistan-28th-match-65260/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Boland Park]], [[Paarl]]
|umpires=[[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
|motm=[[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]] (Pak)
|toss=Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Pakistan 4, Netherlands 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=26 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}
|team2={{cr|ENG}}
|score1=250/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Rahul Dravid]] 62 (72)
|wickets1=[[Andy Caddick]] 3/69 (10 overs)
|score2=168 (45.3 overs)
|runs2=[[Andrew Flintoff]] 64 (73)
|wickets2=[[Ashish Nehra]] 6/23 (10 overs)
|result=India won by 82 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/england-vs-india-30th-match-65262/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]]
|umpires=[[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
|motm=[[Ashish Nehra]] (Ind)
|toss=India won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: India 4, England 0
*[[Ronnie Irani]] played his last ODI game.
|daynight=Yes
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=27 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|AUS}}
|team2={{cr|NAM}}
|score1=301/6 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Matthew Hayden]] 88 (73)
|wickets1=[[Louis Burger]] 3/39 (10 overs)
|score2=45 (14 overs)
|runs2=[[Deon Kotze]] 10 (14)
|wickets2=[[Glenn McGrath]] 7/15 (7 overs)
|result=Australia won by 256 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-namibia-31st-match-65263/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Senwes Park]], [[Potchefstroom]]
|umpires=[[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)
|motm=[[Glenn McGrath]] (Aus)
|toss=Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Australia 4, Namibia 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=28 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|ZIM}}
|team2={{cr|NED}}
|score1=301/8 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Andy Flower]] 71 (72)
|wickets1=[[Feiko Kloppenburg]] 2/40 (10 overs)
|score2=202/9 (50 overs)
|runs2=[[Roland Lefebvre]] 30 (23)
|wickets2=[[Brian Murphy (Zimbabwean cricketer)|Brian Murphy]] 3/44 (10 overs)
|result=Zimbabwe won by 99 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/zimbabwe-vs-netherlands-33rd-match-65265/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
|umpires=[[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Tyron Wijewardene]] (SL)
|motm=[[Heath Streak]] (Zim)
|toss=Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Zimbabwe 4, Netherlands 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=1 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|PAK}}
|team2={{cr|IND}}
|score1=273/7 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Saeed Anwar]] 101 (126)
|wickets1=[[Zaheer Khan]] 2/46 (10 overs)
|score2=276/4 (45.4 overs)
|runs2=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] 98 (75)
|wickets2=[[Waqar Younis]] 2/71 (8.4 overs)
|result=India won by 6 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/india-vs-pakistan-36th-match-65268/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]]
|umpires=[[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
|motm=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)
|toss=Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: India 4, Pakistan 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=2 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|ENG}}
|team2={{cr|AUS}}
|score1=204/8 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Alec Stewart]] 46 (92)
|wickets1=[[Andy Bichel]] 7/20 (10 overs)
|score2=208/8 (49.4 overs)
|runs2=[[Michael Bevan]] 74* (126)
|wickets2=[[Andy Caddick]] 4/35 (9 overs)
|result=Australia won by 2 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-england-37th-match-65269/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
|umpires=[[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)
|motm=[[Andy Bichel]] (Aus)
|toss=England won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Australia 4, England 0
*[[Alec Stewart]], [[Andy Caddick]] and [[Nick Knight (cricketer)|Nick Knight]] played their last ODI game.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=3 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|NED}}
|team2={{cr|NAM}}
|score1=314/4 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Klaas-Jan van Noortwijk]] 134* (129)
|wickets1=[[Louis Burger]] 2/49 (10 overs)
|score2=250 (46.5 overs)
|runs2=[[Gavin Murgatroyd]] 52 (62)
|wickets2=[[Adeel Raja]] 4/42 (8.5 overs)
|result=Netherlands won by 64 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/namibia-vs-netherlands-39th-match-65271/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Mangaung Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]]
|umpires=[[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Nadeem Ghauri]] (Pak)
|motm=[[Feiko Kloppenburg]] (Ned)
|toss=Netherlands won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Netherlands 4, Namibia 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=4 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|PAK}}
|team2={{cr|ZIM}}
|score1=73/3 (14 overs)
|runs1=[[Saeed Anwar]] 40* (45)
|wickets1=[[Heath Streak]] 1/25 (7 overs)
|score2=
|runs2=
|wickets2=
|result=No result
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/zimbabwe-vs-pakistan-41st-match-65273/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
|umpires=[[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ)
|motm=
|toss=Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=The match started after a delay due to rain and was suspended twice. It was eventually called off due to rain after the 14th over of the Pakistani innings
* Match shortened to 38 overs per side
* [[Wasim Akram]], [[Waqar Younis]], and [[Saeed Anwar]] played their last ODI game.
|notes=Points: Pakistan 2, Zimbabwe 2
}}

===Pool B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Pos
!width=175|Team
!width=20|{{Abbr|Pld|Played}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
!width=20|{{Abbr|PCF|Points carried forward}}
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|1||align="left"|{{cr|SRI}}
|6||4||1||0||1||1.20||'''18'''||{{Abbr|7.5|4 points for win against qualified team (NZ); 1 point each for win against 3 non-qualified teams (WI/CAN/BAN); 0.5 point for tie against non qualified team (SA)}}
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|2||align="left"|{{cr|KEN}}
|6||4||2||0||0||−0.69||'''16'''||{{Abbr|10|4 points each for win against 2 qualified teams (SL/NZ); 1 point each for win against 2 non-qualified teams (CAN/BAN)}}
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|3||align="left"|{{cr|NZL}}
|6||4||2||0||0||0.99||'''16'''||{{Abbr|4|1 point each for win against 4 non-qualified teams (SA/WI/CAN/BAN)}}
|-
|4||align="left"|{{cr|WIN}}
|6||3||2||1||0||1.10||'''14'''||—
|-
|5||align="left"|{{cr|RSA}}
|6||3||2||0||1||1.73||'''14'''||—
|-
|6||align="left"|{{cr|CAN}}
|6||1||5||0||0||−1.99||'''4'''||—
|-
|7||align="left"|{{cr|BAN}}
|6||0||5||1||0||−2.05||'''2'''||—
|}
Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/points-table-standings Points Table]

{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=9 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|WIN}}
|team2={{cr|RSA}}
|score1=278/5 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Brian Lara]] 116 (134)
|wickets1=[[Makhaya Ntini]] 2/37 (10 overs)
|score2=275/9 (49 overs)
|runs2=[[Gary Kirsten]] 69 (92)
|wickets2=[[Mervyn Dillon]] 2/47 (10 overs)
|result=West Indies won by 3 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/south-africa-vs-west-indies-1st-match-65235/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]]
|umpires=[[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
|motm=[[Brian Lara]] (WI)
|toss=West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: West Indies 4, South Africa 0
* South Africa were fined 1 over for a slow over rate
|daynight=Yes
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=10 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|SRI}}
|team2={{cr|NZL}}
|score1=272/7 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 120 (125)
|wickets1=[[Nathan Astle]] 3/34 (7 overs)
|score2=225 (45.3 overs)
|runs2=[[Scott Styris]] 141 (125)
|wickets2=[[Russel Arnold]] 3/47 (8.5 overs)
|result=Sri Lanka won by 47 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/new-zealand-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-match-65237/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Mangaung Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]]
|umpires=[[Neil Mallender]] (Eng) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
|motm=[[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (SL)
|toss=New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Sri Lanka 4, New Zealand 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=11 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|CAN}}
|team2={{cr|BAN}}
|score1=180 (49.1 overs)
|runs1=[[Ian Billcliff]] 42 (63)
|wickets1=[[Sanwar Hossain]] 2/26 (10 overs)
|score2=120 (28 overs)
|runs2=[[Sanwar Hossain]] 25 (24)
|wickets2=[[Austin Codrington]] 5/27 (9 overs)
|result=Canada won by 60 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/bangladesh-vs-canada-5th-match-65239/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]]
|umpires=[[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
|motm=[[Austin Codrington]] (Can)
|toss=Canada won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Canada 4, Bangladesh 0
|daynight=Yes
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=12 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|KEN}}
|team2={{cr|RSA}}
|score1=140 (38 overs)
|runs1=[[Ravi Shah]] 60 (87)
|wickets1=[[Lance Klusener]] 4/16 (8 overs)
|score2=142/0 (21.2 overs)
|runs2=[[Herschelle Gibbs]] 87* (66)
|wickets2=
|result=South Africa won by 10 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/south-africa-vs-kenya-6th-match-65240/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Senwes Park|North West Cricket Stadium]], [[Potchefstroom]]
|umpires=[[Kevan Barbour]] (Zim) and [[Tyron Wijewardene]] (SL)
|motm=[[Lance Klusener]] (SA)
|toss=Kenya won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: South Africa 4, Kenya 0
*[[Jonty Rhodes]] played his last ODI game.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=13 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|NZL}}
|team2={{cr|WIN}}
|score1=241/7 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Nathan Astle]] 46 (70)
|wickets1=[[Wavell Hinds]] 3/35 (10 overs)
|score2=221 (49.4 overs)
|runs2=[[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] 75 (99)
|wickets2=[[Andre Adams]] 4/44 (9.4 overs)
|result=New Zealand won by 20 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/new-zealand-vs-west-indies-9th-match-65242/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
|umpires=[[Darell Hair]] (Aus) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
|motm=[[Andre Adams]] (NZ)
|toss=West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: New Zealand 4, West Indies 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=14 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|BAN}}
|team2={{cr|SRI}}
|score1=124 (31.1 overs)
|runs1=[[Alok Kapali]] 32 (38)
|wickets1=[[Chaminda Vaas]] 6/25 (9.1 overs)
|score2=126/0 (21.1 overs)
|runs2=[[Marvan Atapattu]] 69* (71)
|wickets2=
|result=Sri Lanka won by 10 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-10th-match-65243/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[City Oval]], [[Pietermaritzburg]]
|umpires=[[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)
|motm=[[Chaminda Vaas]] (SL)
|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Sri Lanka 4, Bangladesh 0
* [[Chaminda Vaas]] took a hat-trick with the first three balls of the match and became the third bowler to claim a World Cup hat-trick.
* [[Marvan Atapattu]] scored his 6,000th ODI run.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=15 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|CAN}}
|team2={{cr|KEN}}
|score1=197 (49 overs)
|runs1=[[Ian Billcliff]] 71 (100)
|wickets1=[[Thomas Odoyo]] 4/28 (10 overs)
|score2=198/6 (48.3 overs)
|runs2=[[Ravi Shah]] 61 (95)
|wickets2=[[John Davison (Canadian cricketer)|John Davison]] 3/15 (10 overs)
|result=Kenya won by 4 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/canada-vs-kenya-12th-match-65245/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]]
|umpires=[[Arani Jayaprakash]] (Ind) and [[Nadeem Ghauri]] (Pak)
|motm=[[Thomas Odoyo]] (Ken)
|toss=Canada won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Kenya 4, Canada 0
|daynight=Yes
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=16 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|RSA}}
|team2={{cr|NZL}}
|score1=306/6 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Herschelle Gibbs]] 143 (141)
|wickets1=[[Jacob Oram]] 2/52 (8 overs)
|score2=229/1 (36.5 overs)
|runs2=[[Stephen Fleming]] 134* (132)
|wickets2=[[Allan Donald]] 1/52 (5.5 overs)
|result=New Zealand won by 9 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L method]])
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/south-africa-vs-new-zealand-15th-match-65248/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|umpires=[[Peter Willey]] (Eng) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
|motm=[[Stephen Fleming]] (NZ)
|toss=South Africa won the toss elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=The New Zealand innings was reduced to 39 overs due to three stoppages for rain, and the target was revised to 226.
|notes=Points: New Zealand 4, South Africa 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=18 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|WIN}}
|team2={{cr|BAN}}|score1=244/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Ricardo Powell]] 50 (31)
|wickets1=[[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Manjurul Islam]] 2/37 (10 overs)
|score2=32/2 (8.1 overs)
|runs2=[[Ehsanul Haque]] 12 (24)
|wickets2=[[Mervyn Dillon]] 1/13 (4.1 overs)
|result=No result
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-16th-match-65249/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, South Africa|Benoni]]
|umpires=[[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)
|motm=
|toss=Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=Rain interrupted during the innings of West Indies and the match was eventually called off
|notes=Points: West Indies 2, Bangladesh 2
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=19 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|CAN}}
|team2={{cr|SRI}}
|score1=36 (18.4 overs)
|runs1=[[Joseph Harris (cricketer)|Joe Harris]] 9 (13)
|wickets1=[[Prabath Nissanka]] 4/12 (7 overs)
|score2=37/1 (4.4 overs)
|runs2=[[Marvan Atapattu]] 24* (14)
|wickets2=[[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] 1/22 (2.4 overs)
|result=Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/canada-vs-sri-lanka-18th-match-65251/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Boland Park]], [[Paarl]]
|umpires=[[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng) and [[Neil Mallender]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Prabath Nissanka]] (SL)
|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Sri Lanka 4, Canada 0
* [[Prabath Nissanka]] recorded his best bowling figures in ODIs.
* [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]] posted the lowest ever score in a One Day International.
* [[Marvan Atapattu]] (SL) scored his 6,000th ODI run.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=21 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|KEN}}
|team2={{cr|NZL}}
|score1=
|runs1=
|wickets1=
|score2=
|runs2=
|wickets2=
|result=Kenya won (walkover without a ball bowled)
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/kenya-vs-new-zealand-21st-match-66428/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Gymkhana Club Ground|Nairobi Gymkhana Club]], [[Nairobi]]
|umpires=[[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)
|motm=
|toss=No toss
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Kenya 4, New Zealand 0
* New Zealand forfeited the match due to safety concerns
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=22 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|BAN}}
|team2={{cr|RSA}}
|score1=108 (35.1 overs)
|runs1=[[Khaled Mashud]] 29 (67)
|wickets1=[[Makhaya Ntini]] 4/24 (7.1 overs)
|score2=109/0 (12 overs)
|runs2=[[Gary Kirsten]] 52* (32)
|wickets2=
|result=South Africa won by 10 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/south-africa-vs-bangladesh-22nd-match-65254/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Mangaung Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]]
|umpires=[[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
|motm=[[Makhaya Ntini]] (SA)
|toss=South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: South Africa 4, Bangladesh 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=23 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|CAN}}
|team2={{cr|WIN}}
|score1=202 (42.5 overs)
|runs1=[[John Davison (Canadian cricketer)|John Davison]] 111 (76)
|wickets1=[[Vasbert Drakes]] 4/55(9.5 overs)
|score2=206/3 (20.3 overs)
|runs2=[[Brian Lara]] 73 (40)
|wickets2=[[John Davison (Canadian cricketer)|John Davison]] 1/36 (5 overs)
|result=West Indies won by 7 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/canada-vs-west-indies-24th-match-65256/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]]
|umpires=[[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
|motm=[[John Davison (Canadian cricketer)|John Davison]] (Can)
|toss=West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: West Indies 4, Canada 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=24 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|KEN}}
|team2={{cr|SRI}}
|score1=210/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Kennedy Otieno]] 60 (88)
|wickets1=[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 4/28 (10 overs)
|score2=157 (45 overs)
|runs2=[[Aravinda de Silva]] 41 (53)
|wickets2=[[Collins Obuya]] 5/24 (10 overs)
|result=Kenya won by 53 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/kenya-vs-sri-lanka-26th-match-65258/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Gymkhana Club Ground|Nairobi Gymkhana Club]], [[Nairobi]]
|umpires=[[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)
|motm=[[Collins Obuya]] (Ken)
|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Kenya 4, Sri Lanka 0
* This was [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya's]] first victory over Sri Lanka in ODIs.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=26 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|BAN}}
|team2={{cr|NZL}}
|score1=198/7 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Mohammad Ashraful]] 56 (82)
|wickets1=[[Jacob Oram]] 3/32 (10 overs)
|score2=199/3 (33.3 overs)
|runs2=[[Craig McMillan]] 75 (83)
|wickets2=[[Khaled Mahmud]] 3/46 (10 overs)
|result=New Zealand won by 7 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/bangladesh-vs-new-zealand-29th-match-65261/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[De Beers Diamond Oval]], [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]]
|umpires=[[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Craig McMillan]] (NZ)
|toss=Bangladesh won the toss elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: New Zealand 4, Bangladesh 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=27 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|RSA}}
|team2={{cr|CAN}}
|score1=254/8 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Boeta Dippenaar]] 80 (118)
|wickets1=[[Ashish Patel]] 3/41 (7 overs)
|score2=136/5 (50 overs)
|runs2=[[Ishwar Maraj]] 53* (155)
|wickets2=[[Makhaya Ntini]] 2/19 (10 overs)
|result=South Africa won by 118 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/south-africa-vs-canada-32nd-match-65264/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Buffalo Park]], [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]]
|umpires=[[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Kevan Barbour]] (Zim)
|motm=[[Boeta Dippenaar]] (SA)
|toss=Canada won the toss elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: South Africa 4, Canada 0
* [[Allan Donald]] played his last ODI game.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=28 February 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|SRI}}
|team2={{cr|WIN}}
|score1=228/6 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 66 (99)
|wickets1=[[Vasbert Drakes]] 1/32 (10 overs)
|score2=222/9 (50 overs)
|runs2=[[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] 65 (90)
|wickets2=[[Chaminda Vaas]] 4/22 (10 overs)
|result=Sri Lanka won by 6 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/sri-lanka-vs-west-indies-34th-match-65266/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]]
|umpires=[[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
|motm=[[Chaminda Vaas]] (SL)
|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Sri Lanka 4, West Indies 0
|daynight=Yes
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=1 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|KEN}}
|team2={{cr|BAN}}
|score1=217/7 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Maurice Odumbe]] 52* (46)
|wickets1=[[Sanwar Hossain]] 3/49 (10 overs)
|score2=185 (47.2 overs)
|runs2=[[Tushar Imran]] 48 (81)
|wickets2=[[Maurice Odumbe]] 4/38 (10 overs)
|result=Kenya won by 32 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/bangladesh-vs-kenya-35th-match-65267/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|umpires=[[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Neil Mallender]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Maurice Odumbe]] (Ken)
|toss=Kenya won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Kenya 4, Bangladesh 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=3 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|CAN}}
|team2={{cr|NZL}}
|score1=196 (47 overs)
|runs1=[[John Davison (Canadian cricketer)|John Davison]] 75 (62)
|wickets1=[[Jacob Oram]] 4/52 (10 overs)
|score2=197/5 (23 overs)
|runs2=[[Scott Styris]] 54* (38)
|wickets2=[[John Davison (Canadian cricketer)|John Davison]] 3/61 (10 overs)
|result=New Zealand won by 5 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/canada-vs-new-zealand-38th-match-65270/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, Gauteng|Benoni]]
|umpires=[[Arani Jayaprakash]] (Ind) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
|motm=[[John Davison (Canadian cricketer)|John Davison]] (Can)
|toss=New Zealand won the toss elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: New Zealand 4, Canada 0
*[[Gary Kirsten]] played his last ODI game.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=3 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|SRI}}
|team2={{cr|RSA}}
|score1=268/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Marvan Atapattu]] 124 (129)
|wickets1=[[Jacques Kallis]] 3/41 (10 overs)
|score2=229/6 (45 overs)
|runs2=[[Herschelle Gibbs]] 73 (88)
|wickets2=[[Aravinda de Silva]] 2/36 (8 overs)
|result=Match tied ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L method]])
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/south-africa-vs-sri-lanka-40th-match-65272/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]]
|umpires=[[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
|motm=[[Marvan Atapattu]] (SL)
|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Sri Lanka 2, South Africa 2
|daynight=Yes
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=4 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|WIN}}
|team2={{cr|KEN}}
|score1=246/7 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Chris Gayle]] 119 (151)
|wickets1=[[Maurice Odumbe]] 2/62 (10 overs)
|score2=104 (35.5 overs)
|runs2=[[Peter Ongondo]] 24 (43)
|wickets2=[[Vasbert Drakes]] 5/33 (10 overs)
|result=West Indies won by 142 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/kenya-vs-west-indies-42nd-match-65274/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[De Beers Diamond Oval]], [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]]
|umpires=[[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
|motm=[[Vasbert Drakes]] (WI)
|toss=West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: West Indies 4, Kenya 0
* [[Carl Hooper]] played his last ODI game.
}}

==Super Sixes==
Teams who qualified for the Super Six stage only played against the teams from the other group; results against the other teams from the same group were carried forward to this stage.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=3|Points carried forward (PCF)
|-
! Results
! Against qualified teams
! Against non-qualified teams
|-
|Win||align="center"|4 points||align="center"|1 point
|-
|No result / tie||align="center"|2 points||align="center"|0.5 point
|-
|Loss||align="center"|0 point||align="center"|0 point
|}

Teams that advanced to the semi-finals are highlighted in green.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Pos
!width=175|Team
!width=20 abbr="Played" |Pld
!width=20 abbr="Won" |W
!width=20 abbr="Lost" |L
!width=20 abbr="No result" |NR
!width=20 abbr="Tied" |T
!width=20 abbr="Net run rate" |NRR
!width=20 abbr="Points" |Pts
!width=20 abbr="Points Carried Forward" |PCF
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|1||align="left"|{{cr|AUS}}
|5||5||0||0||0||1.85||'''24'''||12
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|2||align="left"|{{cr|IND}}
|5||4||1||0||0||0.89||'''20'''||8
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|3||align="left"|{{cr|KEN}}
|5||3||2||0||0||0.35||'''14'''||10
|- bgcolor="#cfc"
|4||align="left"|{{cr|SRI}}
|5||2||3||0||0||−0.84||'''11.5'''||7.5
|-
|5||align="left"|{{cr|NZL}}
|5||1||4||0||0||−0.90||'''8'''||4
|-
|6||align="left"|{{cr|ZIM}}
|5||0||5||0||0||−1.25||'''3.5'''||3.5
|}
Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/points-table-standings Points Table]

{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=7 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|AUS}}
|team2={{cr|SRI}}
|score1=319/5 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Ricky Ponting]] 114 (109)
|wickets1=[[Dilhara Fernando]] 3/47 (9 overs)
|score2=223 (47.4 overs)
|runs2=[[Aravinda de Silva]] 92 (94)
|wickets2=[[Brett Lee]] 3/52 (10 overs)
|result=Australia won by 96 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-sri-lanka-1st-super-65275/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]]
|umpires=[[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Ricky Ponting]] (Aus)
|toss=Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Australia 4, Sri Lanka 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=7 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|KEN}}
|team2={{cr|IND}}
|score1=225/6 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Kennedy Otieno]] 79 (134)
|wickets1=[[Harbhajan Singh]] 2/41 (10 overs)
|score2=226/4 (47.5 overs)
|runs2=[[Sourav Ganguly]] 107* (120)
|wickets2=[[Thomas Odoyo]] 2/27 (7 overs)
|result=India won by 6 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/india-vs-kenya-2nd-super-65276/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]]
|umpires=[[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Sourav Ganguly]] (Ind)
|toss=Kenya won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: India 4, Kenya 0
|daynight=Yes
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=8 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|ZIM}}
|team2={{cr|NZL}}
|score1=252/7 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Heath Streak]] 72* (84)
|wickets1=[[Chris Cairns]] 2/16 (4 overs)
|score2=253/4 (47.2 overs)
|runs2=[[Nathan Astle]] 102* (122)
|wickets2=[[Andy Blignaut]] 2/41 (10 overs)
|result=New Zealand won by 6 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/new-zealand-vs-zimbabwe-3rd-super-65277/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Mangaung Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]]
|umpires=[[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
|motm=[[Nathan Astle]] (NZ)
|toss=Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: New Zealand 4, Zimbabwe 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=10 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|IND}}
|team2={{cr|SRI}}
|score1=292/6 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Sachin Tendulkar]] 97 (120)
|wickets1=[[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 3/46 (10 overs)
|score2=109 (23 overs)
|runs2=[[Kumar Sangakkara]] 30 (33)
|wickets2=[[Javagal Srinath]] 4/35 (9 overs)
|result=India won by 183 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/india-vs-sri-lanka-4th-super-65278/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|umpires=[[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
|motm=[[Javagal Srinath]] (Ind)
|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: India 4, Sri Lanka 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=11 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|AUS}}
|team2={{cr|NZL}}
|score1=208/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Andy Bichel]] 64 (83)
|wickets1=[[Shane Bond]] 6/23 (10 overs)
|score2=112 (30.1 overs)
|runs2=[[Stephen Fleming]] 48 (70)
|wickets2=[[Brett Lee]] 5/42 (9.1 overs)
|result=Australia won by 96 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-new-zealand-5th-super-65279/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
|umpires=[[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
|motm=[[Shane Bond]] (NZ)
|toss=New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Australia 4, New Zealand 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=12 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|ZIM}}
|team2={{cr|KEN}}
|score1=133 (44.1 overs)
|runs1=[[Andy Flower]] 63 (101)
|wickets1=[[Martin Suji]] 3/19 (8 overs)
|score2=135/3 (26 overs)
|runs2=[[Thomas Odoyo]] 43* (60)
|wickets2=[[Andy Blignaut]] 1/36 (9 overs)
|result=Kenya won by 7 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/kenya-vs-zimbabwe-6th-super-65280/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Mangaung Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]]
|umpires=[[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind) and [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak)
|motm=[[Martin Suji]] (Ken)
|toss=Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Kenya 4, Zimbabwe 0
*[[Henry Olonga]] played his last ODI game.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=14 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|NZL}}
|team2={{cr|IND}}
|score1=146 (45.1 overs)
|runs1=[[Stephen Fleming]] 30 (59)
|wickets1=[[Zaheer Khan]] 4/42 (8 overs)
|score2=150/3 (40.4 overs)
|runs2=[[Mohammad Kaif]] 68* (129)
|wickets2=[[Shane Bond]] 2/23 (8 overs)
|result=India won by 7 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/india-vs-new-zealand-7th-super-65281/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]]
|umpires=[[Daryl Harper]] (Aus) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
|motm=[[Zaheer Khan]] (Ind)
|toss=India won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: India 4, New Zealand 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=15 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|SRI}}
|team2={{cr|ZIM}}
|score1=256/5 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Marvan Atapattu]] 103 (127)
|wickets1=[[Heath Streak]] 2/40 (10 overs)
|score2=182 (41.5 overs)
|runs2=[[Craig Wishart]] 43 (71)
|wickets2=[[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 3/30 (6 overs)
|result=Sri Lanka won by 74 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/sri-lanka-vs-zimbabwe-8th-super-65282/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Mangaung Oval|Goodyear Park]], [[Bloemfontein]]
|umpires=[[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
|motm=[[Marvan Atapattu]] (SL)
|toss=Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Sri Lanka 4, Zimbabwe 0
*[[Andy Flower]] played his last ODI game.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=15 March 2003
|team1={{cr-rt|KEN}}
|team2={{cr|AUS}}
|score1=174/8 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Steve Tikolo]] 51 (100)
|wickets1=[[Brett Lee]] 3/14 (8 overs)
|score2=178/5 (31.2 overs)
|runs2=[[Adam Gilchrist]] 67 (43)
|wickets2=[[Aasif Karim]] 3/7 (8.2 overs)
|result=Australia won by 5 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-kenya-9th-super-65283/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]]
|umpires=[[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
|motm=[[Aasif Karim]] (Ken)
|toss=Australia won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes=Points: Australia 4, Kenya 0
}}

==Knockout stage==

===Bracket===
{{4TeamBracket
|RD1=Semi-finals
|RD2=Final
|seed-width=25px
|team-width=200px
|score-width=125px
|RD1-seed1='''1'''
|RD1-team1='''{{cr|AUS}}'''
|RD1-score2=123/7 (38.1 overs)
|RD1-seed2=4
|RD1-team2={{cr|SRI}}
|RD1-score1='''212/7 (50 overs)'''
|RD1-seed3='''2'''
|RD1-team3='''{{cr|IND}}'''
|RD1-score3='''270/4 (50 overs)'''
|RD1-seed4=3
|RD1-team4={{cr|KEN}}
|RD1-score4=179 (46.2 overs)
|RD2-seed1='''1'''
|RD2-team1='''{{cr|AUS}}'''
|RD2-score1='''359/2 (50 overs)'''
|RD2-seed2=2
|RD2-team2={{cr|IND}}
|RD2-score2=234 (39.1 overs)
}}

===Semi-finals===
====Semi-final 1====
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date= 18 March 2003
|team1= {{cr-rt|AUS}}
|team2= {{cr|SRI}}
|score1= 212/7 (50 overs)
|runs1= [[Andrew Symonds]] 91[[not out|*]] (118)
|wickets1= [[Chaminda Vaas]] 3/34 (10 overs)
|score2= 123/7 (38.1 overs)
|runs2= [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 39[[not out|*]] (70)
|wickets2= [[Brett Lee]] 3/35 (8 overs)
|result= Australia won by 48 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L method]])
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-sri-lanka-1st-sf-65284/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
|umpires= [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
|motm= [[Andrew Symonds]] (Aus)
|toss= Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain= Rain interrupted the innings of Sri Lanka at 38.1 overs.
* Sri Lanka were 48 runs behind the DLS par score of 172 from 38.1 overs.
|notes= Australia qualified for the final for fifth time after [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]] and [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]].
* [[Aravinda de Silva]] played his last ODI game.
}}
On a difficult, slow pitch at Port Elizabeth, Australia struggled their way to 212/7 against tight Sri Lankan bowling, thanks mainly to a great innings from [[Andrew Symonds]] (91[[not out|*]] from 118 balls, 7 fours, 1 six), demonstrating again captain [[Ricky Ponting]]'s faith in him. [[Chaminda Vaas]], continuing his excellent tournament, took three wickets. Australia's pace attack then ripped through the Sri Lankan top order, with [[Brett Lee]] (3/35 in 8 overs) taking three early wickets and [[Glenn McGrath]] (1/20 in 7 overs) taking one. By the time rain arrived in the 39th over, continued tight bowling had squeezed Sri Lanka to 123/7, well behind the target given by the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]]. This is the match in which [[Adam Gilchrist]] famously "walked" despite being given not out.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Aussie who walked|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/great-world-cup-moments-gilchrist-walking-in-the-2003-semi-final-500697|access-date=1 October 2022|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
----

====Semi-final 2====
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=20 March 2003
|team1= {{cr-rt|IND}}
|team2= {{cr|KEN}}
|score1= 270/4 (50 overs)
|runs1= [[Sourav Ganguly]] 111[[not out|*]] (114)
|wickets1= [[Thomas Odoyo]] 2/27 (7 overs)
|score2= 179 (46.2 overs)
|runs2= [[Steve Tikolo]] 56 (83)
|wickets2= [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/14 (9.2 overs)
|result= India won by 91 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/india-vs-kenya-2nd-sf-65285/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue=[[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]]
|umpires= [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus)
|motm= [[Sourav Ganguly]] (Ind)
|toss= India won the toss and elected to bat.
|round=
|rain=
|notes= India qualified for the final for second time after [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]].
* [[Aasif Karim]] played his final international game.
|daynight=Yes
}}
The fairytale ended for the Kenyan team, the only non-Test-playing nation to ever make a World Cup semi-final. [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (83 from 101 balls, 5 fours, 1 six) and [[Sourav Ganguly]] (111 from 114 balls, 5 fours, 5 sixes), batted the Kenyans out of the game as India reached a total of 270/4. Under the Durban lights, the potent Indian seam attack of [[Zaheer Khan]] (3/14 in 9.2 overs), the experienced [[Javagal Srinath]] (1/11 in 7 overs) and [[Ashish Nehra]] (2/11 in 5 overs) ripped through the Kenyan top order. Kenya were bowled out for 179, with only [[Steve Tikolo]] (56 from 83 balls, 5 fours, 2 sixes) putting up any significant resistance.

===Final===
{{Main|2003 Cricket World Cup Final}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
|date= 23 March 2003
|team1= {{cr-rt|AUS}}
|team2= {{cr|IND}}
|score1= 359/2 (50 overs)
|runs1= [[Ricky Ponting]] 140[[not out|*]] (121)
|wickets1= [[Harbhajan Singh]] 2/49 (8 overs)
|score2= 234 (39.2 overs)
|runs2= [[Virender Sehwag]] 82 (81)
|wickets2= [[Glenn McGrath]] 3/52 (8.2 overs)
|result= Australia won by 125 runs
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124/australia-vs-india-final-65286/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|venue= [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|umpires= [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
|motm= [[Ricky Ponting]] (Aus)
|toss= India won the toss and elected to field.
|round=
|rain=
|notes= [[Javagal Srinath]] played his last international match.
}}

[[File:Civic Centre-2003 CWC.jpg|thumb|A [[civic centre]] lit up to mark the World Cup]]
India won the toss, and Ganguly, elected to field, hoping to take advantage of a pitch left damp by dew and rain. On a lively [[Wanderers Stadium]] pitch, the Australian openers took advantage of very wayward Indian opening bowlers to get off to a flying start. [[Adam Gilchrist]] (57 from 48 balls, 8 fours, 1 six) and [[Matthew Hayden]] (37 from 54 balls, 5 fours) shared an opening partnership of 105 runs in 14 overs, forcing Ganguly to bring on the spinners unusually early. The change of pace brought wickets with [[Adam Gilchrist]], who had been swinging at everything, holing out off a sweep shot from the bowling of [[Harbhajan Singh]]. [[Matthew Hayden]], looking somewhat better than he had throughout the tournament, soon followed for 37, leaving Australia at 2/125 Captain [[Ricky Ponting]] (140 from 121 balls, 4 fours, 8 sixes) and [[Damien Martyn]] (88 from 84 balls, 7 fours, 1 six), playing with a broken thumb, completing a partnership of 234 runs in 30.1 overs, an Australian record for one-day cricket. Ponting and Martyn started efficiently, putting away bad balls but mostly keeping the scoring going with good running, then letting loose in the last ten overs, taking 109 from them. Ponting in particular dispatched the bowling over the fence with fearsome regularity in scoring 8 sixes, the most from one batsman in any World Cup match at the time. The final Australian total of 359 (2 wickets, 50 overs), at a run rate of 7.18 runs an over, was their then highest ever in ODI history.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruthless Aussies lift World Cup |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/cwc2003/hi/newsid_2870000/newsid_2875100/2875135.stm |access-date=13 July 2019 |publisher=BBC |date=23 March 2003 |location=London}}</ref>

India's run chase was made even more difficult after their best batsman, Sachin Tendulkar, was out in the first over after skying a pull shot, Glenn McGrath completing the caught and bowled. Nevertheless, Virender Sehwag's (82 from 81 balls, 10 fours, 3 sixes) run-a-ball half century gave India respectability as they maintained a high scoring rate. Their only realistic hope—a washout—looked a possibility as the game was interrupted by rain with India at 3/103 after 17 overs. However, this rain passed by, and India's hopes were dashed when Sehwag was run out by Darren Lehmann, and again when Rahul Dravid (47 from 57 balls, 2 fours) was bowled by Andy Bichel, ending their partnership of 88 runs in 13.2 overs. India's batsmen continued to throw wickets away in the chase as the run rate crept up past 7 an over, and they were finally bowled out for 234 (all out, 39.2 overs) at a run rate of 5.97 runs an over giving Australia an emphatic victory by a record margin (in World Cup finals thus far) of 125 runs, underlining their dominance of the tournament. Ponting was named "Man of the Match", and Sachin Tendulkar was named "Player of the Series."<ref name="Finals scorecard CricInfo">{{cite web |title=ICC World Cup, 2002/03, Final |website=ESPNcricinfo |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC2003/SCORECARDS/FINALS/AUS_IND_WC2003_ODI-FINAL_23MAR2003.html |access-date=29 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602085450/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC2003/SCORECARDS/FINALS/AUS_IND_WC2003_ODI-FINAL_23MAR2003.html|archive-date=2 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
{{Main|2003 Cricket World Cup statistics}}

=== Leading run scorers ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Player
!Team
!Runs
|-
|[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|{{cr|IND}}
| style="text-align:center"|673
|-
|[[Sourav Ganguly]]
|{{cr|IND}}
| style="text-align:center"|465
|-
|[[Ricky Ponting]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
| style="text-align:center"|415
|-
|[[Adam Gilchrist]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
| style="text-align:center"|408
|-
|[[Herschelle Gibbs]]
|{{cr|SA}}
| style="text-align:center"|384
|}
*Source: CricInfo<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC World Cup, 2002/03 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-world-cup-2002-03-865 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

=== Leading wicket takers ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Player
!Team
!Wickets
|-
|[[Chaminda Vaas]]
|{{cr|SL}}
| style="text-align:center"|23
|-
|[[Brett Lee]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
| style="text-align:center"|22
|-
|[[Glenn McGrath]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
| style="text-align:center"|21
|-
|[[Zaheer Khan]]
|{{cr|IND}}
| style="text-align:center"|18
|-
|[[Shane Bond]]
|{{cr|NZ}}
| style="text-align:center"|17
|-
|[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
|{{cr|SL}}
| style="text-align:center"|17
|}
*Source: CricInfo<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC World Cup, 2002/03 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/icc-world-cup-2002-03-865 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Security issues in Zimbabwe and Kenya===
The security and political situation in [[Zimbabwe]], and the appropriateness of playing there given the misdeeds of the regime of [[Robert Mugabe]] was a point of concern before the tournament. Two Zimbabwean players, [[Andy Flower]] and [[Henry Olonga]] wore [[Black armband protest|black armbands]] in their opening game protesting against the undemocratic rule in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/standing-up-for-their-principles-292618 |title=Standing up for their principles |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> Both men subsequently retired from Zimbabwean cricket, and began playing overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149353.html |title=The black band of courage |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=2 May 2007 |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> England faced a great deal of domestic pressure to boycott their match in Zimbabwe on political grounds and did not play, citing fears for the players' safety.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Matthew |editor1-last=Engel |editor1-link=Matthew Engel |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2004 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/almanack/year.html?year=2004 |access-date=22 January 2011 |series=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack |date=13 February 2003 |publisher=John Wisden & Co |location=London |isbn=978-0-947766-83-2 |chapter=Pool A – 2003 World Cup – England v Zimbabwe |chapter-url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155838.html }}</ref> The boycott proved costly, as Zimbabwe advanced to the Super Sixes, just 2 points ahead of England, their total including the 4 points achieved from the walkover. Similarly, New Zealand decided against playing in [[Kenya]] because of security fears which would ultimately cost them a semi-final spot.

===Shane Warne's drug test===
Australian star player [[Shane Warne]] was sent home from the cup the day before his team's opening game, after a positive [[drug test]] in a lead-up competition in Australia revealed that he had taken a banned [[diuretic]]. The [[leg spinner]] claimed that he had taken a 'fluid pill' on the advice of his mother.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/cwc2003/default.stm Cricket World Cup 2003] at BBC Sport
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61124.html Cricket World Cup 2003] at ESPN Cricinfo
* [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/cricketworldcup2003 Cricket World Cup 2003] at Guardian.co.uk Sport

{{2003 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Cricket World Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2002–03}}
{{International cricket tours of Kenya}}
{{Portal bar|Cricket}}

[[Category:2003 Cricket World Cup| ]]
[[Category:2003 in South African cricket|World Cup]]
[[Category:2003 in Zimbabwean cricket|World Cup]]
[[Category:2003 in Kenyan cricket|World Cup]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2003|World Cup]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Kenya]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in South Africa]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:February 2003 sports events in Africa|Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:March 2003 sports events in Africa|Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Kenya–South Africa sports relations]]
[[Category:Kenya–Zimbabwe sports relations]]
[[Category:South Africa–Zimbabwe sports relations]]

Yamuna in Hinduism

2026-02-20T13:09:00Z

Eldartpy: started pg!

{{Redirect2|Yami|Kalindi|other uses|Yami (disambiguation)|the Brazilian footballer|Kalindi (footballer)}}
{{Short description|River Yamuna in Hindu texts and beliefs}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Yamuna
| deity_of = Personification of the [[Yamuna river]]
| image = File:YamunaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG
| caption = 5th century terracotta sculpture of Yamuna with attendants
| alt =
| Devanagari = {{lang|sa|यमुना }}
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Yamunā}}
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[River deities in Hinduism|River goddess]], [[Ashtabharya]]
| abode = Suryaloka, [[Yamunotri]]
| festivals = Yamuna Jayanti, Surya Shashti, [[Bhai Dooj]]
| mantra = Om Yamunaya Namaha Yamunashtaka
| symbols = [[Lotus flower|Lotus]]
| mount = [[Tortoise]]
| father = [[Surya]]
| mother = [[Sanjna]]
| siblings = [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], [[Shani]], [[Tapati]], [[Revanta]], [[Ashvins]] and [[Vaivasvata Manu]]
| consort = [[Krishna]]
| children = 10 children including Shruta
| member_of = [[Ashtabharya]]
}}
'''[[Yamuna]]''' is a sacred river in [[Hinduism]] and the main tributary of the Ganges River. The river is also worshipped as a Hindu goddess called Yamuna.{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=398}} Yamuna is known as '''Yami''' in early texts, while in later literature, she is called '''Kalindi'''. In Hindu scriptures, she is the daughter of [[Surya]], the sun god, and [[Sanjna]], the cloud goddess. She is also the twin sister of [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], god of death. She is associated with the deity [[Krishna]] as one of his eight principal consorts, called the [[Ashtabharya]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/62 62]}}</ref> Yamuna plays an important role in Krishna's early life as a river. According to Hindu scriptures, bathing in or drinking Yamuna's waters removes sin.

==Iconography==
Yamuna's iconographic depiction is seen on temple doorjambs, paired with that of [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (the goddess of the Ganges), since the [[Gupta period|Gupta era]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=398}} The ''[[Agni Purana]]'' describes Yamuna as black in complexion, standing on her mount, the tortoise, and holding a water pot in her hand.<ref name="Mani894"/> In an ancient painting she is shown as a beautiful maiden standing on the banks of the river.{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=398}}

==Family and names==
In the [[Puranas|Puranic]] literature, Yamuna is described as the daughter of the sun god [[Surya]] (though some say that she was the daughter of Brahma) and his wife [[Saranyu]] (Sanjna in later literature), the goddess of the clouds, and the twin sister of [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], the god of death. Her other brothers include [[Vaivasvata Manu]], the first man, the twin [[Ashvins]], or divine physicians,{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|p=9}}{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=398}} and the planet Saturn ([[Shani]]). She is described as Surya's favourite child.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|p=11}} As the daughter of Surya, she is also called as Suryatanaya, Suryaja, and Ravinandini.{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=398}}

A tale explains her name Yamuna: Sanjna was unable to bear her husband, the sun's heat, and its light and closed her eyes in his presence. Surya felt insulted and said that their son will be known as Yama ("restraint"), due to the restraint she showed. Thereafter, Sanjna tried her best to keep her eyes open, however she flickered them angering Surya again who proclaimed that her daughter would be Yamuna. Since Sanjna had tried to keep the eyes open, Yamuna was blessed that she would be worshipped as a goddess and remembered throughout time.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|pp=9–10}}

[[File:Indischer Maler um 1640 001.jpg|thumb|Krishna defeats Kaliya, dwelling in the Yamuna.]]
The name ''Kalindi'' may be derived from her association with Yama, the god of death and darkness as Kala.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|p=9}} Another source suggests that she derives the name ''Kalindi'' from her "earthly" source, the mountain Kalinda.<ref name="Mani375"/> Some legends also explain Yamuna's darkness and thus her name ''Kalindi''. The ''[[Vamana Purana]]'' narrates the tale how the originally clear waters turned black. Distraught by the death of his wife [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]], [[Shiva]] wandered the whole universe. Ever thinking of Sati, Shiva jumped into Yamuna to overcome the sorrow and memories of Sati, turning her waters into black by his sorrow and unfulfilled desire.<ref name="Mani894">Mani p. 894</ref> Another legend describes that Krishna defeated and banished the serpent [[Kaliya]] in the Yamuna. While the dark serpent entered the waters, the river became dark.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|p=11}}

==Association with Yama==
According to O'Flaherty, Yami is considered to be the twin sister of [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] in [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] beliefs.{{Sfn|O'Flaherty|1980|p=28}} Yama and Yami are a divine pair of creator deities.{{Sfn|Bhattacharji|1970|p=177}} While Yama is depicted as the Lord of Death, Yami is said to be the Lady of Life.{{Sfn|Conway|1994|p=64}}

Yami also addresses a hymn to Yama in the ''Rig Veda'', describing various drinks offered to dying sacrificers in the after-life. The [[Brahmana]] text ''[[Taittiriya Samhita]]'' says that Yama is [[Agni]] (fire) and Yami is the earth. Yami is thus further described as an association with the earth, relating her to the goddess of graveyards and sorrow, [[Nirṛti (goddess)|Nirriti]], another partner of Yama in the Vedas.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1970|p=96}} In the Brahmanas; however retains the central role of being Yama's twin sister in the Samhita texts. In the [[Purushamedha]] rite in the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', a mother of twins is sacrificed to Yami, while twins are offered in the ''[[Taittiriya Brahmana]]''.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1970|p=98}}

In the dialogue hymn between Yama and Yamī (RV 10.10), as the first two humans, Yamī tries to convince her twin brother Yama to have sex with her. Yamī makes a variety of arguments, including continuing the mortal line, that [[Tvastar|Tvashtar]] created them as a couple in the womb, and that [[Dyaus]]h and [[Prithvi]] are famous for their incest. Yama argues that their ancestors, "the Gandharva in the waters and the watery maiden," as a reason not to commit incest, that [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]]-[[Varuna]] are strict in their ordinances, and that they have spies everywhere. By the end of the hymn, Yamī becomes frustrated but Yama remains firm in his stance. However, by RV 10.13.4, Yama is stated to have chosen to leave offspring, but Yamī is not mentioned.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|pages=1381–1383, 1389–1390}}</ref>

The Brahmana text ''Maitrayani Samhita'' narrates: Yami grieved instantly the death of Yama, the first mortal to die. As there was continuously daytime at the start of creation, Yami was unable to understand the lapse of time since Yama's death. The gods created night separating two days so that Yami understood that time was passing and slowly recovered from her sorrow.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|p=11}}{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1970|p=96}} The concept of the pair of twins with the festival of [[Bhau-beej]], celebrated by a brother and a sister, honors the divine siblings. A prayer recited by the sister to her brother requests him to enjoy her offerings of food and eat them to please Yama and Yamuna.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|p=9}}
[[File:CsAdJA5UIAAXeni.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Yamuna with attendants, 10th century, [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratangiri]] temple.]]

==Association with Krishna==
[[File:Krishna carried over river yamuna.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Krishna being carried over Yamuna by Vasudeva just after his birth.]]
In Krishna's birth-story, Krishna's father [[Vasudeva]] was carrying the new-born Krishna to safety by crossing the Yamuna river. He asked Yamuna to make a way for him to cross the river, which she did by creating a passage. This was the first time that she saw Krishna whom she marries in later life.<ref name=Ashta>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitralakshana.com/ashtabharyas.html|title=The'Ashta Bharyas' of Krishna|author=Veena Shekar|publisher=Chitralakshana.com|access-date=2013-02-05|archive-date=2017-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906133911/http://www.chitralakshana.com/ashtabharyas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yamuna wanted to touch the feet of the baby which she did at deeper depths of the river and as a result the river became very calm.<ref name="Vishwananda2012">{{cite book|author=Sri Swami Vishwananda|title=Just Love 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiFNIYUquEsC&pg=PA409|date=February 2012|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-940381-22-4|pages=409–}}</ref>

Krishna also spent most of youth in [[Vrindavan]] on the banks of Yamuna, playing the flute and playing with his consort [[Radha]] and the gopis on the banks.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|p=9}}

The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' narrates: Once, an adult Krishna visited his cousins – the five [[Pandava]] brothers with their common wife [[Draupadi]] and their mother [[Kunti]] in their capital [[Indraprastha]] (modern-day [[Delhi]]), located on the banks of the Yamuna. The eldest Pandava [[Yudhishthira]] requests Krishna to stay with them for a couple of days. One day, Krishna and the middle Pandava [[Arjuna]] go for hunting in the forest. During their hunting, Arjuna was tired. He and Krishna went to the Yamuna and bathed and drank the clear water. There, a lovely girl was strolling along the river bank. Krishna who saw her and asked Arjuna to meet her to know who she was. When Arjuna inquired, the girl told him that she was Kalindi, the daughter of Surya, and that she was living in a house constructed by her father in the river where she has been was performing austerities with intent to have Vishnu as her husband and would remain there, until she finds him. Arjuna conveys Kalindi's message to Krishna, the avatar of Vishnu, who readily agreed to marry the beautiful damsel. Then they traveled to Indraprastha with Kalindi in the chariot and met Yudhishthira. After a stay of few days there, Krishna and Kalindi returned to his capital [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] with their entourage and duly married each other.<ref name=Ashta/><ref name=Krishna>{{cite web|url=http://krsnabook.com/ch58.html|title=Five Ques married by Krishna|access-date=25 January 2013|publisher=Krishnabook.com}}</ref><ref>[http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/en Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 10 Chapter 58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826143938/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/en |date=2013-08-26 }}. Vedabase.net. Retrieved on 2013-05-02.</ref> According to the ''Bhagavata Purana'' she had ten sons: Shruta, Kavi, Vrsa, Vira, Subahu, Bhadra, Santi, Darsa, Purnamasa, and the youngest, Somaka.<ref name=Genealogy>{{cite web|url=http://krsnabook.com/ch61.html|title=The Genealogical Table of the Family of Krishna|access-date=5 February 2013|publisher= Krsnabook.com}}</ref> The ''Vishnu Purana'' mentions that she had many sons headed by Shruta.<ref name="Wilson1870">{{cite book|author=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ|access-date=21 February 2013|year=1870|publisher=Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ/page/n84 81]–3, 107–8}}</ref>

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' also narrates: Krishna's elder brother [[Balarama]] was staying in Ambadi on Yamuna's banks for a few months. Once, he was frolicking with the [[gopi]]s on the river banks and desired to play in the waters. Experiencing the heat of the sun, Balarama felt a need to take a bath in the river. However, he refused to walk to the waters and called upon the river to come near him, but the chaste Yamuna refused despite repeated orders from Balarama. An angry Balarama dragged the river by his weapon – the plough and changed its course, hurting the river goddess. Terrified, the river assumed her form as a goddess and bowed to Balarama and asked his forgiveness. A pacified Balarama ordered the river to flood the forest so he could bathe and play in her waters, and the river complied.<ref name="Mani375"/>{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|pp=10–11}}

==Religious significance==
[[File:Yamunotri temple and ashram.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A temple dedicated to [[Yamuna]] at [[Yamunotri]] near the source of the river.]]
Yamuna is one of the holiest rivers in Hinduism. Yamuna is only second to the Ganges (Ganga), the holiest river in Hinduism.{{sfn|Bhattacharji|1998|p=9}} Her confluence with the [[Ganges]] and the mythical [[Sarasvati river|Sarasvati River]] is called [[Triveni Sangam]], which is a very holy pilgrimage spot.<ref name="Mani375">Mani p. 375</ref> Other pilgrimage sites along the river banks include Yamuna's source [[Yamunotri]], [[Mathura]] and Bateshvar.{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=399}}

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions Yamuna being one of the seven tributaries of the Ganges. Drinking its waters is described to absolve sin. The river is mentioned many times in the epic as backdrop for events like [[yajna]]s (sacrifices), austerities and even a suicide by a defeated minister Hamsa of Jarasandha.<ref name="Mani375"/>

Various [[Puranas]] narrate the greatness of bathing in the Yamuna. The ''[[Padma Purana]]'' narrates the story of two brothers, who lived a life of indulgence and lust and gave up the virtuous ways. They finally plunged in poverty and resorted to robbery and were killed by beasts in the forest. Both of them reached Yama's court for judgement. While the elder brother was sentenced to [[Naraka]] (hell), the younger was granted [[Svarga]] (heaven). Astonished, the younger brother asked the reason for it, as both had lived similar lives. Yama explained that the younger brother had lived in the [[ashram]] of a sage on Yamuna's banks and bathed in the sacred river for two months. The first month absolved him of sins and the second one granted him a place in heaven.<ref name="Mani894"/>

==See also==
* [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]]
* [[Tapati]]
* [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]]
* [[Rivers in Hinduism]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|last=Bhattacharji|first= Sukumari |title=The Indian Theogony: A Comparative Study of Indian Mythology from the Vedas to the Purānas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102|year=1970|publisher=CUP Archive|id=GGKEY:0GBP50CQXWN}}
* {{citation|last=Bhattacharji|first= Sukumari|title=Legends Of Devi|year=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1438-6}}
*{{citation|last=Conway|first= D. J. |title=Maiden, Mother, Crone: The Myth and Reality of the Triple Goddess|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnJgevpp3DMC&pg=PA64|year=1994|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|isbn=978-0-87542-171-1}}
*{{citation|last=Dalal|first= Roshen |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA398|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341517-6}}
* {{citation | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani}}
*{{citation|last=O'Flaherty|first= Wendy Doniger |title=The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug_9cVR4lW8C&pg=PA411|year=1980|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04098-4}}
*{{citation|last=Ushanas|first= Egbert Richter |title=The Indus Script and the Ṛg-Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DZYbWQbKAsC&pg=PA207|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1405-9}}
==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline|Yamunā (goddess)}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Underworld goddesses]]
[[Category:Sea and river goddesses]]
[[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Divine twins]]
[[Category:Personifications of rivers]]
[[Category:Legendary progenitors]]
[[Category:Children of Surya]]
[[Category:Miraculous water crossings]]

Mathura lion capital

2026-02-15T05:03:18Z

Eldartpy:

{{Short description|Indo-Scythian sandstone capital from northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = Mathura lion capital
| image = Mathura lion capital, Asia, G33 South Asia.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = The Mathura lion capital on display in the Sir [[Joseph Hotung]] Gallery for China and South Asia, at the [[British Museum]].
| material = Red [[Sandstone]]
| size = Height 34cm Width 52.5cm
| writing =Prakrit inscription written in Kharoshthi script
| map =
{{Location map
| India
| width = 300px
| float = center
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Mathura]] (Discovery)
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
| mark =
| marksize =
| link =
| lat_deg = 27.5
| lon_deg = 77.65
}}
| created = 1–10 CE
| discovered = [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] in Central India
| location = [[British Museum]], [[London]]
| id =
| registration =
}}
The '''Mathura lion capital''' is an [[Indo-Scythian]] sandstone [[Capital (architecture)|capital]] (a part of a pillar) from [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] in Northern India, dated to the first decade of the 1st century CE (1–10 CE).<ref>{{cite journal |title=An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman |first=Richard |last=Salomon |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=116 |number=3 |date=July 1996 |page= 442 |doi=10.2307/605147 |jstor=605147}}</ref> It was consecrated under the rule of [[Rajuvula]], one of the [[Northern Satraps]] of the region of [[Mathura]].

The capital was unearthed at the [[Saptarshi|Saptarishi]] mound of Mathura by [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji]] in 1869.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jason Neelis |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA122 |date=19 November 2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |page=122 }}</ref> It is covered with [[Prakrit]] inscriptions in the [[kharoshthi]] script of northwestern [[India]].<ref name=bm>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/r/red_sandstone_pillar_capital.aspx |title=Red Sandstone Pillar Capital |website=British Museum |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216052603/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/r/red_sandstone_pillar_capital.aspx |archive-date=2010-12-16}}</ref> The capital was made on the occasion of the funeral of "the illustrious king Muki and his [[horse]]" (Muki has been conjectured to be [[Maues]]).

The capital describes, among other donations, the gift of a [[stupa]] with a relic of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], by Queen [[Ayasia]], the "chief queen of the [[Indo-Scythian]] ruler of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], satrap [[Rajuvula]]". The Mathura lion capital, an Indo-Scythian sandstone capital from Mathura in Central India, and dated to the 1st century CE, describes in kharoshthi the gift of a stupa with a relic of the Buddha, by queen [[Nadasi Kasa]], "the wife of Rajuvula" and "daughter of {{proper name|Aiyasi Kamuia}}", who is mentioned as the "daughter of [[Kharahostes]]". The lion capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura. It mentions [[Sodasa]], son of Rajuvula, who succeeded him and also made Mathura his capital.

The capital also displays at its center a Buddhist [[triratana]] symbol, further confirming the involvement of Indo-Scythian rulers with Buddhism.

The inscription indicates support of the [[Sarvastivadin]], against the [[Mahasamghikas]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosenfield |first=John M. |title=The dynastic art of the Kushans |page=134 |year=1967 |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>

It is on display in the South Asia section of the Sir [[Joseph Hotung]] Gallery for China and South Asia at the [[British Museum]].

==List of inscriptions==
[[File:Mathura Lion Capital showing Triratana.jpg|thumb|301px|Buddhist symbol of the [[triratana]] at the center of the capital, supported by a convoluted tree, possibly a variation of the [[anthemion]] design.]]
[[File:Kharoshthi inscription on base of Mathura capital.jpg|thumb|[[Kharoshthi]] inscription on base of Mathura capital.]]
[[File:Mathura Lion Capital Detail.jpg|thumb|Lion detail on the Mathura lion capital. [[British Museum]].]]
[[File:Mathura lion capital inscriptions.jpg|thumb|Layout of the Mathura lion capital inscriptions.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kharoshthi Inscriptions With The Exception Of Those Of Asoka |first=Sten |last=Konow |year=1929 |location=India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32007/page/n183 35]}}</ref>]]

In a Latin transliteration of simplified Kharosthi script, the inscriptions read:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gandhari.org/catalog/cki0048 |title=List of the inscriptions on the Mathura lion capital}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last1=Jongeward |author-first1=David |author-last2=Errington |author-first2=Elizabeth |author-link2=Elizabeth Errington |author-last3=Salomon |author-first3=Richard |author-link3=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies) |author-last4=Baums |author-first4=Stefan |date=2012 |title=Gandhāran Buddhist Reliquaries |chapter=Catalog and Revised Text and Translations of Gandhāran Reliquary |chapter-url=https://stefanbaums.com/publications/baums_2012.pdf |location=Seattle |publisher=Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project |pages=219–222 |isbn=978-0-295-99236-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Albery |first=Henry |author-link= |date=2020 |title=Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest: 2nd Century BCE – 3rd Century CE |url=https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/26560/1/Albery_Henry.pdf |location=Munich |publisher=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |pages=352–361 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harmatta |first=János |author-link=János Harmatta |editor-last1=Harmatta |editor-first1=János |editor-link1=János Harmatta |editor-last2=Puri |editor-first2=B. N. |editor-link2=Baij Nath Puri |editor-last3=Etemadi |editor-first3=G. F. |date=1999 |chapter=Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&pg=PA409 409]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&pg=PA416 416] |isbn=978-8-120-81408-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=F. W. |author-link=Frederick William Thomas (philologist) |editor-last1=Hultzsch |editor-first1=E. |editor-link1=E. Hultzsch |editor-last2=Konow |editor-first2=Sten |editor-link2=Sten Konow |date=1907–1908 |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=9 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794 |location=Kolkata |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n173/mode/2up 135]–[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n193/mode/2up 147] |isbn=}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Inscription of the Mathura Lion Capital
|-
!Inscription
!Original ([[Kharosthi|Kharosthi script]])
!Transliteration
!English translation
|-
| '''A1'''
| {{big|𐨨𐨱𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨆𐨬𐨯 [[wiktionary:𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨫|𐨪𐨗𐨂𐨫𐨯]]}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|mahakṣatrovasa Rajulasa}}
| Of the Great Satrap [[Rajuvula]]
|-
| '''A2'''
| {{big|𐨀𐨒𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨱𐨅𐨮𐨁 [[wiktionary:𐨀𐨩𐨯𐨁|𐨀𐨩𐨯𐨁𐨀]]}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|agramaheṣi Ayasia}}
| By the main Queen Ayasi
|-
| '''A3'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨐𐨨𐨂𐨁𐨀|𐨐𐨨𐨂𐨁𐨀]] 𐨢𐨁𐨟𐨿𐨪}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Kamuia dhitra}}
| Kamuia, daughter
|-
| '''A4'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨑𐨪𐨀𐨆𐨯𐨿𐨟|𐨑𐨪𐨀𐨆𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨯]] 𐨩𐨂𐨬𐨪𐨙}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Kharaostasa yuvaraña}}
| of the young king [[Kharahostes]]
|-
| '''A5'''
| {{big|𐨨𐨟𐨿𐨪 [[wiktionary:𐨣𐨡|𐨣𐨡]][[wiktionary:𐨡𐨁𐨀𐨐|𐨡𐨁𐨀𐨐]]𐨯 𐨩}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|matra Nada-Diakasa ya}}
| and mother of [[Nadasi Kasa|Nadadiaka]],
|-
| '''A6'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨢 𐨨𐨟𐨿𐨪 [[wiktionary:𐨀𐨦𐨂𐨱𐨆𐨫|𐨀𐨦𐨂𐨱𐨆𐨫𐨀]]}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|sadha matra Abuholaa}}
| together with (her) mother, Abuhola,
|-
| '''A7'''
| {{big|𐨤𐨁𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨨𐨱𐨁 [[wiktionary:𐨤𐨁𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨯𐨿𐨪𐨁|𐨤𐨁𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨯𐨿𐨪𐨁𐨀]] 𐨧𐨿𐨪}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|pitramahi Piśpasria bhra}}
| (her) father's mother, Piśpasi, and (her) brother
|-
| '''A8'''
| {{big|𐨟𐨿𐨪 [[wiktionary:𐨱𐨩𐨂𐨀𐨪|𐨱𐨩𐨂𐨀𐨪𐨅𐨣]] 𐨯𐨢 𐨱𐨣𐨕𐨣}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|tra Hayuarena sadha hanacana}}
| Hayuara (and) together with the hanacana-
|-
| '''A9'''
| {{big|𐨀𐨙𐨀𐨂𐨪𐨅𐨣 [[wiktionary:𐨱𐨆𐨪𐨐|𐨱𐨆𐨪𐨐𐨤]]}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|añaürena horakapa}}
| añaüra donors'
|-
| '''A10'''
| {{big|𐨪𐨁𐨬𐨪𐨅𐨣 𐨀𐨁𐨭 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨢𐨬𐨁𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|rivarena iśa pradhaviprate}}
| retinue, in this place of the earth,
|-
| '''A11'''
| {{big|𐨭𐨅 𐨣𐨁𐨯𐨁𐨨𐨅 𐨭𐨪𐨁𐨪 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨛𐨬𐨁𐨟𐨆}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|śe nisime śarira prateṭhavito}}
| outside the monastery boundary, a relic is established
|-
| '''A12'''
| {{big|𐨧𐨐𐨩𐨟𐨆 𐨭𐨐𐨨𐨂𐨞𐨁𐨯 𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|bhakavato Śakamuṇisa Budhasa}}
| of the Lord, the [[Gautama Buddha|Śākya sage]], Buddha,
|-
| '''A13'''
| {{big|𐨭𐨐𐨁𐨨𐨂𐨪𐨩𐨯 𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨀𐨅 𐨧𐨂𐨯𐨬𐨁𐨱}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Śakimurayasa śpae Bhusaviha}}
| king of the [[Shakya|Śākya]] in his own Busa
|-
| '''A14'''
| {{big|𐨪 𐨠𐨂𐨬 𐨕 𐨯𐨓𐨪𐨨 𐨯𐨓𐨪𐨨 𐨕 𐨕𐨟𐨂}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|ra thuva ca sagharama ca catu}}
| monastery, and also a [[Stupa|stūpa]], and quarters for the community, and the community of the four
|-
| '''A15'''
| {{big|𐨡𐨁𐨭𐨯 𐨯𐨓𐨯 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|diśasa saghasa sarva}}
| directions, the sangha of the
|-
| '''A16'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨬𐨟𐨣 𐨤𐨪𐨁𐨒𐨿𐨪𐨱𐨅}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|stivatana parigrahe}}
| [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādas]] possesses it.
|-
| '''B1'''
| {{big|𐨨𐨱𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|mahakṣatravasa}}
| The Great Satrap
|-
| '''B2'''
| {{big|𐨬𐨗𐨂𐨫𐨤𐨂𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|vajulaputrasa}}
| Rajuvula's son,
|-
| '''B3'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨭𐨂𐨜𐨯|𐨭𐨂𐨜𐨯]] 𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨅}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Śuḍasa kṣatrave}}
| the Satrap [[Sodasa|Śuḍasa]],
|-
| '''E4′′'''
| {{big|𐨐 𐨐𐨪𐨁𐨟}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|ka karita}}
| makes
|-
| '''E1''''
| {{big|𐨑𐨪𐨀𐨆𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨆}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Kharaosto}}
| Kharahostes
|-
| '''E′'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨐𐨨𐨂𐨁𐨀|𐨐𐨨𐨂𐨁𐨀𐨆]] 𐨩𐨂𐨬𐨪𐨩}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Kamuio yuvaraya}}
| Kamuia, the young king,
|-
| '''E2'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨑𐨫𐨨𐨯|𐨑𐨫𐨨𐨯]] 𐨐𐨂𐨨𐨪}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Khalamasa kumara}}
| Prince Khalama,
|-
| '''E3'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨗|𐨨𐨗]] 𐨐𐨣𐨁𐨛}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Maja kaniṭha}}
| and Maja the youngest,
|-
| '''E4'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨨𐨣𐨂𐨨𐨆𐨡}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|samanumoda}}
| applaudants.
|-
| '''M1'''
| {{big|𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨅 𐨭𐨂𐨜𐨁𐨯𐨅}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|kṣatrave Śuḍise}}
| The Satrap Śuḍasa
|-
| '''J2'''
| {{big|𐨣𐨁𐨯𐨁𐨨𐨆 𐨐𐨪𐨁𐨟 𐨣𐨁𐨩𐨟𐨁𐨟𐨆}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|nisimo karita niyatito}}
| outside the monastic boundary; he offers
|-
| '''M2'''
| {{big|𐨀𐨁𐨨𐨆 𐨤𐨢𐨬𐨁}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|imo padhavi}}
| of the earth
|-
| '''M3'''
| {{big|𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨅𐨭𐨆}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|prateśo}}
| this region,
|-
| '''I2'''
| {{big|𐨣𐨨𐨆 𐨐𐨢}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|namo kadha}}
| called
|-
| '''I3'''
| {{big|𐨬𐨪𐨆}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|varo}}
| the encampment
|-
| '''I1a'''
| {{big|𐨬𐨅𐨩𐨀𐨡𐨁𐨪𐨿𐨞}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Veyaadirṇa}}
| Veyaadirṇa
|-
| '''I4'''
| {{big|𐨬𐨁𐨩𐨀}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Viyaa|}}
| (and) the Viyaa
|-
| '''I1b'''
| {{big|𐨐𐨢𐨬𐨪𐨐𐨆 𐨦𐨂𐨯𐨤}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|kadhavare Busapa}}
| encampment, from the Busa
|-
| '''J1'''
| {{big|𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨟𐨐𐨅𐨣 𐨤𐨫𐨁𐨖𐨁𐨣}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|rvatakena palichina}}
| Mountain separated.
|-
|-
| '''KL3'''
| {{big|𐨀𐨂𐨟𐨀𐨅𐨣 𐨀𐨩𐨨𐨁𐨟}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|utaena ayamita}}
| It is accepted by the water
|-
| '''KL1'''
| {{big|𐨀𐨩𐨪𐨁𐨀𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|ayariasa}}
| by the teacher
|-
| '''KL2'''
| {{big|𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨟𐨅𐨬𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Budhatevasa}}
| Budhateva.
|-
| '''F1'''
| {{big|𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨁𐨫𐨯 𐨣𐨐𐨪𐨀𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Budhilasa nakaraasa}}
| By Budhila, a city-dweller
|-
| '''F2'''
| {{big|𐨧𐨁𐨑𐨯 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨩𐨅𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨬𐨟𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|bhikhasa Sarvestivatasa}}
| (and) Sarvāstivāda monk,
|-
| '''G1'''
| {{big|𐨨𐨱𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨯 [[wiktionary:𐨐𐨂𐨯𐨂𐨫𐨂𐨐|𐨐𐨂𐨯𐨂𐨫𐨀𐨯]] [[wiktionary:𐨤𐨟𐨁𐨐|𐨤𐨟𐨁𐨐𐨯]] [[wiktionary:𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁|𐨨𐨅𐨬𐨐𐨁𐨯]]}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|mahakṣatravasa Kusulaasa Patikasa Mevakisa}}
| in honour of the Great Satrap [[Patika Kusulaka]], and of [[Maues|Mevaki]]
|-
| '''G2'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐|𐨨𐨁𐨩𐨁𐨐𐨯]] 𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨯 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨅}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Miyikasa kṣatravasa puyae}}
| Miyika, the satrap,
|-
| '''J3'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨬𐨟𐨣 𐨤𐨪𐨁𐨒𐨿𐨪𐨱}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Sarvastivatana parigraha}}
| in the possession of the Sarvāstivādas.
|-
| '''N1'''
| {{big|𐨀𐨩𐨪𐨁𐨀𐨯 𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨁𐨫𐨯 𐨣𐨐𐨪𐨐𐨯 𐨧𐨁𐨑𐨂}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|ayariasa Budhilasa nakarakasa bhikhu}}
| The teacher Budhila, city-dweller and monk
|-
| '''N2'''
| {{big|𐨯 𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨬𐨟𐨯 𐨤𐨪𐨁𐨒𐨿𐨪}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|sa Sarvastivatasa parigra}}
| of the Sarvāstivāda community, his act of possession
|-
| '''N3'''
| {{big|𐨣 𐨨𐨱𐨯𐨓𐨁𐨀𐨣 𐨤𐨿𐨪}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|na Mahasaghiana pra}}
| to the [[Mahāsāṃghika]]s
|-
| '''N4a'''
| {{big|𐨙𐨬𐨁𐨟𐨬𐨅}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|ñavitave}}
| must be announced.
|-
| '''P1'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨯 𐨯𐨐𐨯𐨿𐨟}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|sarvasa Sakasta}}
| In the whole of
|-
| '''P2'''
| {{big|𐨣𐨯 𐨤𐨂𐨩𐨀𐨅}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|nasa puyae}}
| Sakastan's honour,
|-
| '''O1'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨣 𐨤𐨂𐨩 𐨢𐨨𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|sarvabudhana puya dhamasa}}
| may all the Buddhas be honoured, may the [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]]
|-
| '''O2'''
| {{big|𐨤𐨂𐨩 𐨯𐨓𐨯 𐨤𐨂𐨩}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|puya saghasa puya}}
| be honoured, may the [[Sangha]] be honoured.
|-
| '''R1'''
| {{big|𐨟𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨁𐨫𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Takṣilasa}}
| Of [[Taxila]].
|-
| '''R2'''
| {{big|𐨐𐨿𐨪𐨆𐨣𐨁𐨣𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Kroninasa}}
| Of Kronina.
|-
| '''N4b'''
| {{big|𐨑𐨫𐨆𐨫𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Khalolasa}}
| Of Khalola.
|-
| '''Q1'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨑𐨪𐨿𐨡𐨀|𐨑𐨪𐨿𐨡𐨀𐨯]]}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Khardaasa}}
| Khardaa,
|-
| '''Q2'''
| {{big|𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨯}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|kṣatravasa}}
| the Satrap.
|-
| '''J′1'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨑𐨫𐨭𐨨𐨂𐨭|𐨑𐨫𐨭𐨨𐨂]]}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Khalaśamu}}
| Khalaśamuśa
|-
| '''J′2'''
| {{big|𐨭𐨆}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|śo}}
|
|-
| '''C1'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨐𐨫𐨂𐨁|𐨐𐨫𐨂𐨁𐨀]]}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Kaluia}}
| Kaluia,
|-
| '''C2'''
| {{big|𐨬𐨪𐨗𐨆}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Varajo}}
| Varaja,
|-
| '''C3'''
| {{big|𐨐𐨨𐨂𐨐}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Kamuka}}
| Kamuka,
|-
| '''D'''
| {{big|[[wiktionary:𐨣𐨀𐨂𐨫𐨂𐨡|𐨣𐨀𐨂𐨫𐨂𐨡𐨆]]}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|Nauludo}}
| Naaluda.
|-
| '''H′'''
| {{big|𐨢𐨨𐨡𐨣}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|dhamadana}}
| Dharma gift,
|-
| '''H'''
| {{big|𐨒𐨂𐨬𐨁𐨱𐨪}}
| {{Transliteration|pra|guhavihara}}
| in the cave monastery.
|}

==Interpretation==
[[File:Kambojika statue Mathura.jpg|thumb|The [[Saptarishi Tila statue]], possibly representing Kambojika, the Chief Queen of Mahakshatrapa Rajula. Found in the Saptarishi Mound, the same mound where the Mathura lion capital was found. {{Circa|1st century CE}}. [http://hi.brajdiscovery.org/images/0/0f/Kambijika-Mix-1.jpg Other angles].]]
[[Sten Konow]], who compiled a definitive listing of Indian Buddhist inscriptions said: "If we bear in mind that '''mb''' becomes m i.e mm in the dialect of [[Kharoshthi]] dhammapada, and that is used for the common o in Sudasa in the Lion Capital Inscriptions, the Kamuia of the Lion Capital can very well represent a Sanskrit Kambojika ... I shall only add that if Kharoshtha and his father Arta were [[Kambojas]], the same may have been the case with Moga, and we understand why the Kambojas are sometimes mentioned with the [[Indo-Scythians|Saka]]s and [[Yona#Ancient Indian references|Yavanas]]".<ref>Sten Konow, ''Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum'', Vol II, Part I, p. xxxvi, p. 36</ref> Many of Konow's readings, his sequence of sentences and some of the interpretation, particularly the connection with king Maues, need to be changed in the light of a new reading of H. Falk.<ref>Harry Falk, "Ten thoughts on the Mathura Lion capital reliquary". Bhandare, Shailendra & Sanjay Garg (eds.), "Felicitas – Essays in Numismatics, Epigraphy and History in Honour of Joe Cribb". Mumbai, pp. 121–141</ref>

Queen Aiyasi is mentioned in the [[Mathura lion capital|Mathura Lion capital]], where she is described as belonging to the Kamuia clan (as rendered in [[Kharosthi]] script). The inscription itself does not provide further clarification regarding the ethnic or regional identity of this group.

The Hungarian-British archaeologist [[Aurel Stein]] proposed that Kamuia may represent a Gandhari-Prakrit form of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], an ancient Indo-Iranian people attested in early Sanskrit and classical sources. [[Aurel Stein|Stein’s]] suggestion was based on phonetic considerations and the historical presence of [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] groups in northwestern regions associated with Indo-Scythian political activity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stein |first=Aurel |date=1905 |title=The Mathura Lion Capital Inscription |url=https://ia801708.us.archive.org/35/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.532465/2015.532465.mathura-inscriptions_text.pdf? |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |pages=679–700}}</ref>

Subsequent scholarship has noted this Identification with caution. The phonological correspondence between Kamuia and [[Kambojas|Kamboja]] is not conclusively established, and the inscription does not preserve the name in a form that directly matches the standard Sanskrit rendering.Accordingly, the equation remains a scholarly hypothesis rather than an established identification.<ref>{{Citation |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Epigraphy as a Source for the Study of Indian Culture |date=1998-12-10 |work=Indian Epigraphy |pages=226–251 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195099843.003.0007 |access-date=2026-02-15 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-509984-3}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*Baums, Stefan. 2012. "Catalog and Revised Texts and Translations of Gandharan Reliquary Inscriptions." In: David Jongeward, Elizabeth Errington, Richard Salomon and Stefan Baums, ''Gandharan Buddhist Reliquaries'', pp. 219–222, Seattle: Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project (Gandharan Studies, Volume 1).
*Baums, Stefan, and Andrew Glass. 2002– . [https://gandhari.org/catalog ''Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts''], no. [https://gandhari.org/catalog/cki0048 CKI 48]
*British Museum Collection Online Reg. No. 1889,0314.1 [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=225661&partId=1&searchText=mathura+lion+capital&page=1]

{{British Museum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathura Lion Capital}}
[[Category:Asian sculptures in the British Museum]]
[[Category:1st century in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist sculpture]]
[[Category:Mathura art]]
[[Category:Sculptures of lions]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian sculptures]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Dasam Granth

2026-02-11T03:58:58Z

Eldartpy: general enhanced details per sources and fixed typos

{{short description|Secondary scripture of Sikhism}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox religious text
|religion=[[Sikhism]]
|name=Dasam Granth ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ
|image=The "Jaap Sahib" from the 1765 "Patna Missal" Dasam Granth Manuscript (cropped).jpg
|caption=Folio of the ''Jaap Sahib'' chapter from the 1765 ''Patna Missal'' manuscript of the Dasam Granth
|author=[[Guru Gobind Singh]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://aarweb.org/AARMBR/AARMBR/Publications-and-News-/Book-Series/Books/Religion-in-Translation-Series/Debating-the-Dasam-Granth.aspx#:~:text=The%20controversy%20stems%20from%20two,liaisons%20between%20men%20and%20women. |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |series=Religion in Translation |publisher=American Academy of Religion |year=2011 |isbn=978-0199755066}}</ref>
|language=[[Sant Bhasha]] (specifically predominantly [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=Lanham |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=191 |edition=3rd}}</ref> with influences of [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kauravi dialect|Kauravi]], [[Arabic]], and [[Persian language|Persian]])<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sukhbir Singh Kapoor |author2=Mohinder Kaur Kapoor |title=Dasam Granth: An Introductory Study |date=2009 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103257 |page=39}}</ref>}}
{{Dasam Granth Sidebar}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
The '''{{Transliteration|pa|Dasam Granth}}''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ''dasama gratha'') is a collection of various poetic compositions attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name="hss54" /><ref name="britdasam">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dasam-Granth Dasam Granth], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref name="SinghFenech2014p136">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=136–138 }}</ref><ref name="McLeod1990">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-226-56085-4|author-link=W. H. McLeod}}, pages 2, 67</ref> It is differentiated from the Guru Granth Sahib due to its focus on martial themes and imagery, such as warfare, weaponry, and other warrior-matters, known collectively as ''bir ras'' (heroic strain of expression), as opposed to the Guru Granth Sahib's ''shanti ras'' (verses that inspire peace).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Kamalroop |last2=Mann |first2=Gurinder Singh |date=24 January 2016 |title=The Guru’s warrior scripture |url=https://blog.oup.com/2016/01/gurus-warrior-scripture/#sthash.eSGXVZPh.dpuf |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=Oxford University Press}}</ref> According to Kamalroop Singh and [[Gurinder Singh Mann]], the text was composed to prepare the Sikhs for warfare against their Mughal enemy.<ref name=":3" />

The text previously enjoyed an equal status with the Adi Granth, or [[Guru Granth Sahib]], in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and were installed side by side on the same platform.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |date=2015-05-04 |title=Framing the Dasam Granth debate: Throwing the baby out with the bath water! |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2015.1032149 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1-2 |pages=108–132 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2015.1032149 |issn=1744-8727|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The ''Dasam Granth'' lost favor during the colonial period when reformist [[Singh Sabha Movement]] scholars couldn't contextualise the reworkings of Puranic stories or the vast collection of 'Tales of Deceit' [[Sri Charitropakhyan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781136451010 |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus |date=2013-07-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-45101-0 |editor-last=Shackle |editor-first=Christopher |edition=0 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315014449 |editor-last2=Mandair |editor-first2=Arvind}}</ref> A section of Sikhs oppose the scripture and question its authenticity based upon its authorship.<ref name=":3" />

The standard edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /><ref name="hss54" /> These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the [[Braj Bhasha|Braj language]] (Old Western Hindi),<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /> with some parts in [[Awadhi language|Avadhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name="hss54" /><ref name=":3" /> The script is written almost entirely in [[Gurmukhi]], except for the Guru Gobind Singh's letters to [[Aurangzeb]]—''[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]]'' and the ''[[Hikaaitaan]]''—written in the [[Persian alphabet]].<ref name="hss54">{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H. S.|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1}}, pp. 53–54</ref>

The ''Dasam Granth'' contains hymns, from [[Hindu texts]],<ref name="britdasam" /> which are a retelling of the feminine in the form of goddess [[Durga]],<ref name="Nesbitt2016p107">{{cite book|author=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD8SDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-106277-3|pages=107–109}}</ref><ref name="britdasam" /> an autobiography, letter to the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], as well as reverential discussion of warriors and theology.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /> The scripture was recited in full within [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] Sikhs in the contemporary era.<ref name="McLeod1990" /><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=92–94}}</ref> Parts of it are retold from Hindu [[Puranas]], for the benefit of the common man, who had no access to Hindu texts of the time.<ref name="McLeod1990" /> Compositions of the Dasam ''Granth'' include [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Tav-Prasad Savaiye]] and [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Kabiyo Baach Benti Chaupai]] which are part of the [[Nitnem]] or daily prayers and also part of the [[Amrit Sanchar]] or initiation ceremony of [[Khalsa]] Sikhs.<ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2012p233">{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold |title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=&pg=PA234 |year=2012|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1387-0 |pages=233–234}}</ref>

''Zafarnama'' and ''Hikayats'' in a different style and format appended to it in the mid 18th century.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92" /> Other manuscripts are said to include the ''Patna Birs'' and the ''Mani Singh Vali Bir'' all originated in mid to late 18th century. One of the 1698 CE Patna Manuscripts includes various ''[[apocrypha]]l writings'' such as the ''[[Ugardanti|Ugradanti]]'' and ''Bhagauti Astotar''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92" />

== Authorship ==
Although the compositions of the ''Dasam Granth'' are traditionally accepted to be written by Guru Gobind Singh, there have been questions of the authenticity of the entirety of ''Dasam Granth'' from time of compilation. There are three major views on the authorship of the ''Dasam Granth'':<ref>{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|title=Historical dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma3G-hjh6SwC&pg=PA52|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5088-0|page=52}}</ref>
# The traditional view is that the entire work was composed by Guru Gobind Singh himself.
# The entire collection was compiled by the poets in the Guru's entourage.
# Only a part of the work was composed by the Guru, while the rest was composed by the other poets.

In his religious court at [[Paonta Sahib|Paonta]] and [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], Guru Gobind Singh had employed 52 poets, who translated several classical texts into Braj Bhasha. Most of the writing compiled at Anandpur was lost while the Guru's camp was crossing the [[Sarsa river|Sirsa river]] before the [[Battle of Chamkaur]] in 1704.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=Bavanja Kavi |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/sikh-scriptures-and-literature/eighteenth-century-literature/bavanja-kavi/ |website=Sikh Encyclopedia|date=19 December 2000 }}</ref> There were copiers available at the Guru's place who made several copies of the writings, and other writings may have been included too which may have led to authenticity issues. There is a theory that later, [[Bhai Mani Singh]] compiled all the available works under the title ''Dasam Granth''.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Dasam Granth re-examined: an examination of the textual history with reference to key authors and commentators |url=https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/4285/ |publisher=University of Birmingham |date=December 2013 |degree=d_ph |language=English |first=Kamalroop Singh |last=Birk}}</ref>

Traditionalist scholars claim that all the works in ''Dasam Granth'' were composed by the Guru himself, often on the basis of a letter attributed to Bhai Mani Singh. The veracity of this letter has been examined by scholars and found to be unreliable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/710992237 |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-984247-6 |page=39 |oclc=710992237}}</ref> Some others dispute the claim of the authorship, saying that some of the compositions included in ''Dasam Granth'' such as ''Charitropakhyan'' are "out of tune" with other Sikh scriptures, and must have been composed by other poets.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |editor=Amaresh Datta |page=888}}</ref> Syan (2013) notes, "Neither in colonial nor post-colonial Sikhism has the issue of the Dasam Granth authorship been satisfactorily resolved. What is germane, however, is that pre-colonial Sikh society wholeheartedly accepted the Dasam Granth as the work of Guru Gobind Singh."<ref>Syan, Hardip Singh. Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century. I.B. Tauris, 2013. Page 147.</ref>

=== Historical writings ===
{{Sikh scriptures}}
The following are historical books after the demise of Guru Gobind Singh which mention that the compositions in the present ''Dasam Granth'' was written by Guru Gobind Singh:
* Rehitnama [[Bhai Nand Lal]] mentioned Jaap Sahib is an important Bani for a Sikh.<ref name="Rehitnama2005">Rehitnama Bhai Nand Lal</ref>
* Rehitnama Chaupa Singh Chibber quotes various lines from Bachitar Natak, 33 Swiayey, Chaupai Sahib, Jaap Sahib.<ref name="RehitnamaChaupa">Rehitnama Chaupa Singh Chibber</ref>
* In 1711, Sri Gur Sobha was written by the poet Senapat and mentioned a conversation of Guru Gobind Singh and Akal Purakh, and written three of its Adhyay on base of Bachitar Natak.<ref name="Gursobha005">Sri Gur Sbha Granth, Poet Senapat, Piara Singh Padam</ref>
* In 1741, Parchian Srvadas Kian quoted lines from Rama Avtar, 33 Swaiyey, and mentioned Zafarnama with Hikayats.<ref>Parchi Sevadas Ki, Poet Sevada, Piara Singh Padam</ref>
* in 1751, Gurbilas Patshahi 10 – Koyar Singh Kalal, mentioned Guru Gobind Singh composed Bachitar Natak, Krisna Avtar, Bisan Avtar, Akal Ustat, Jaap Sahib, Zafarnama, Hikayats etc. This is first Granth mentioned Guruship of Guru Granth Shahib.<ref>Gurbilas, Patshahi 10, Koer Singh, Bhasha Vibagh, Punjabi University</ref>
* In 1766, Kesar Singh Chibber in Bansavalinama writes that Guru Gobind Singh ordered the Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth be kept separate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kesar |title=Bansavalinama |publisher=Singh Brothers |pages=161 |language=Punjabi}}</ref> Kesar Singh frequently quotes Ugardanti, Bachitar Natak, Khalsa Mehima and many other compositions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kesar |title=Bansavalinama |publisher=Singh Brothers |pages=161 258–260 |language=Punjabi}}</ref>
* In 1766, Sri Guru Mahima Parkash – Sarup Chand Bhalla, mentioned about various Banis of Guru Gobind Singh and compilation of ''Dasam Granth''
* In 1790, Guru Kian Sakhian – Svarup Singh Kashish, mentioned Guru Gobind Singh composed, Bachitar Natak, Krishna Avtar, Shastarnaam Mala, 33 Swaiyey etc.
* In 1797, Gurbilas Patshahi 10 – Sukkha Singh, mentioned compositions of Guru Gobind Singh.
* In 1812, J. B. Malcolm, in Sketch of Sikhs mentioned the ''Dasam Granth'' as Bani of Guru Gobind Singh.

== Structure ==
The standard print edition of the ''Dasam Granth'', since 1902, has 1,428 pages.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /><ref name=hss54 /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen|author2=Kristina Myrvold|title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |year=2012|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1387-0 |pages=232–235}}</ref> However, many printed versions of the text in the contemporary era skip a major section (40%) because it is controversial.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Knut A. Jacobsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs |author2=Kristina Myrvold |publisher=A&C Black |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4411-1387-0 |pages=232–235}}</ref>

The standard official edition contains 17,293 verses in 18 sections.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /><ref name=hss54 /> These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the [[Braj Bhasha]] (Old western Hindi),<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /> with some parts in Avadhi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], and the [[Persian language]].<ref name="hss54" /> The script is almost entirely the Gurmukhi script except for the letter of the Sikh Guru to [[Aurangzeb]] – ''Zafarnama'', and the ''Hikayat'' in the [[Persian script]].<ref name=hss54 />

=== Main compositions ===
The ''Dasam Granth'' has many sections covering a wide range of topics:
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Compositions in ''Dasam Granth'''''
|-
! '''No.''' || '''Bani Title''' || '''Alternate Name'''
!Native Script|| '''Description'''
|-
| 1|| [[Jaap Sahib]]|| Gobind Jaapji
|ਜਾਪੁ ਸਾਹਿਬ|| A prayer of 199 verses dedicated to formless, timeless, all-pervading god.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p137">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=137–138 }}</ref>
|-
| 2 || [[Akal Ustat]]||Sri Akal Ji Ki Ustat
|ਅਕਾਲ ਉਸਤਤਿ|| A praise of the timeless primal being Akal Purakh (god), explaining that this primal being takes numerous forms of gods and goddesses, listing most frequently Hindu names of these, but also includes a few Muslim epithets.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p137" /> Criticises overemphasis on rituals related to the devotional worship of god.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p137" />
|-
| 3 || [[Bachittar Natak]]|| Bachitra Natak
|ਬਚਿੱਤਰ ਨਾਟਕ|| Partly an autobiography that states he was born in Sodhi lineage, tracing it to the lineage of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] of ''[[Ramayana]]'';<ref name="SinghFenech2014p138" /> mentions Guru Nanak was born in the Bedi clan and how the next eight Gurus came to lead the Sikhs; describes the persecution and execution of [[Guru Tegh Bahadar]] calling him the defender of [[dharma]] who protected the sacred threads and the tilaks (forehead mark of devout Hindus);<ref name="SinghFenech2014p138" /> he mentions his own rebirth in Patna after God explained to him that he had sent religious leaders to earth, in forms such as Muhammad but these clung to their own self-interest rather than promote devotion to the true God;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p138" /> He took birth to defend and spread the dharma, and was blessed by god to remember his past births;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p138" /> the Bachitra Natak criticises those who take pride in their religious rituals, mentions his own hunting expeditions, battles and journeys in Punjab and the Himalayan foothills.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p138">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor= Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=138–139 }}</ref> It states the author was [[Gurdwara Hemkund Sahib|meditating in the Himalayan foothills]] meditating on [[Mahakala]] and Kalaka before being called to take birth.<ref name=":12">{{cite book |author=Rinehart |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC&pg=PA106 |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-984247-6 |pages=26–27}}</ref> The entire work is fourteen chapters in length, with one section named ''Apni Katha'' ("my story"), which is an autobiographical account of the tenth Guru's life up til the year 1696.<ref name=":12" /> The appellation ''Bachitar Natak'' is sometimes confusingly only applied to that one specific section rather than the entire fourteen chapter composition in which ''Apni Katha'' constitutes a single section of.<ref name=":12" /> Sometimes a huge chunk of the Dasam Granth is termed ''Bachitar Natak Granth'', containing Chandi Charitars 1 and 2, Chaubis Avtar, Brahma Avtar, and Rudra Avtar.<ref name=":12" /> Most Western and Sikh scholars accept the work as a genuine composition of the tenth Guru, even deriders of the Dasam Granth.<ref name=":12" />
|-
| 4 || [[Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas]]|| Chandi Charitar 1
|ਚੰਡੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ (ੳਕਤਿ ਬਿਲਾਸ)|| A discussion of the Hindu goddess, [[Durga]] in the form of [[Chandi]]; this section of the ''Dasam Granth'' declares that it is based on the [[Sanskrit]] text ''[[Markandeya Purana]]''; it glorifies the feminine with her fighting the mythical war between good and evil, after the gods have admitted their confusion and weakness, she anticipating and thus defeating evil that misleads and morphs into different shapes.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p138" />
|-
| 5 || [[Chandi Charitar II]]|| Chandi Charitar 2 Chandi Charitar Trambi Mahatam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Dasam Granth - Facts and Beyond |url=https://www.deutsches-informationszentrum-sikhreligion.de/pdf/web/viewer.html?file=/images/SriDasamGranth.pdf |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=www.deutsches-informationszentrum-sikhreligion.de |publisher=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji Academy |page=12}}</ref>||ਚੰਡੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ (ਭਾਗ ੨)|| A retelling of the story of the Hindu goddess, Durga again in the form of Chandi; it again glorifies the feminine with her fighting the war between good and evil, and in this section she slays the buffalo-demon Mahisha, all his associates and supporters thus bringing an end to the demonic violence and war.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p138" /> Authorship is generally and traditionally attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name="McLeod2005">[https://books.google.com/books?id=8-h8ptzp0lUC&q=dasam+granth Dasam Granth - An Introductory Study]</ref><ref name="SriDasamorg">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=175 |title=Sri Dasam.org - Website contain whole text of dasam granth |access-date=2011-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728053211/http://www.sridasam.org/dasam?Action=Page&p=175 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This composition was written in [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] Language at [[Anandpur Sahib]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It has eight cantos, contains 262 [[couplets]] and quatrains, mostly employing Bhujang prayat and Rasaval measures, divided into 8 chapters.<ref name="Ashta">[http://www.sridasamgranth.com/#/chandi-charitras/4526825498 The Poetry of Dasam Granth - Dharam Pal Ashta] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808112424/http://www.sridasamgranth.com/#/chandi-charitras/4526825498 |date=August 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=43}}</ref> This work was composed at Anandpur Sahib, sometime before AD 1698, the year when the [[Bachitar Natak]] was completed. According to [[Max Arthur Macauliffe]], the language of this composition is not original Sanskrit. He believes it to be written by bards in employ of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and translation of [[Durga Saptashati]], but could not ascertain, whether principles of Sikhism imbibed in Chandi Charitras or flavor of Hinduism is still in it.<ref name="miwk">{{cite book |pages=80, 81|last1=Macauliffe|first1=Max Arthur |date= Mar 28, 2013 |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors, Volume 5|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> It differs from Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas in that it does not reference the chapters within the Markandeya Purana, but still tells the same story.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |author=Robin Rinehart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC&pg=PA106 |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-984247-6 |pages=27–28}}</ref> The work contains 262 verses in total.<ref name="Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory">{{cite book |last1=Makin |first1=Gursharan Singh |title=Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory |date=24 January 2024 |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |isbn=978-8176471794 |pages=13 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=54}}</ref>
|-
| 6 || [[Chandi di Var|Chandi Di Var]]|| Var Durga Ki
|ਚੰਡੀ ਦੀ ਵਾਰ|| The ballad of Hindu goddess, Durga, in Punjabi; this section of the ''Dasam Granth'' states that it is based on the Sanskrit text ''[[Devi Mahatmya|Durga Saptasati]]'';<ref name="SinghFenech2014p139" /> The opening verses from this composition, states Robin Rinehart, have been a frequently recited ''ardas'' petition or prayer in Sikh history;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p139">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |page=139 }}</ref> it is also a source of controversy within Sikhism, as the opening verse states "First I remember Bhagauti, then I turn my attention to Guru Nanak"; the dispute has been whether one should interpret of the word "[[Bhagavati|Bhagauti]]" as "goddess" or a metaphor for "sword".<ref name="SinghFenech2014p1392">{{cite book |author=Robin Rinehart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech |page=139}}</ref>
|-
| 7 || Gyan Prabodh|| Gyan Prabodh
|ਗਿਆਨ ਪ੍ਰਬੋਧ|| The section title means "the Awakening of Knowledge", and it begins with praise of God; it includes a conversation between soul and God, weaves in many references to Hindu and texts such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'';<ref name="SinghFenech2014p140" /> the section summarises those ''parva'' of the Hindu epic which discuss kingship and dharma; the role of Brahmins and Kshatriya varnas.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p140">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |page=140 }}</ref> This composition contains 336 verses in total.<ref name="Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=54}}</ref>
|-
|8||[[Chaubis Avtar]]||Vishnu Avtar
|ਚੌਬੀਸ ਅਵਤਾਰ||The ''[[Chaubis Avatar]]'' (24 avatars) section is about [[Vishnu]]'s 24 avtar which include [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], and [[Buddha]]. It is divided into 24 sections for each of the 24 avatars.
|-
| 9 || Brahma Avtar|| Avatars of Brahma
|ਬ੍ਰਹਮਾ ਅਵਤਾਰ|| Narrative on the seven incarnations of [[Brahma]], who is already mentioned in the Chaubis Avatar section<ref name="SinghFenech2014p140" />
|-
| 10 || [[Rudra Avtar]]|| Avatars of Rudra (Shiva),
Ath Rudra Avtar Kathan(n)
|ਰੁਦਰ ਅਵਤਾਰ|| A poem that narrates [[Rudra]] ([[Shiva]]) and his avatars, also already mentioned in the Chaubis Avatar section<ref name="SinghFenech2014p140" />
|-
|11||[[Sabad Patshahi 10|Shabad Hazare Padishah]]||Sabad Patshahi 10
|ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹਜ਼ਾਰੇ ਪਾਤਿਸ਼ਾਹੀ ੧੦|| Thousand hymns actually contains nine hymns, each set to a ''raga'' (melody), with content similar to ''Chaubis Avatar'' section; the sixth is filled with grief and generally understood to have been composed by Guru Gobind Singh after the loss of all four sons in the wars with the [[Mughal Empire]];<ref name="SinghFenech2014p140" /> this section is missing in some early manuscripts of ''Dasam Granth''.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p140" />
|-
| 12|| [[33 Savaiye]]|| 33 Savaiye
|੩੩ ਸਵਈਏ|| Thirty-three verses that praise a god; asserts the mystery of god who is beyond what is in the Vedas and Puranas (Hindu), beyond the one in Quran (Muslim) and famously the Bible (Christian).<ref name="SinghFenech2014p141">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |page=141 }}</ref>
|-
|13||[[Khalsa Mahima]]|| Praise of Khalsa
|ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮਹਿਮਾ|| A short passage that explains why offerings to goddess Naina Devi by the general public are distributed to the [[Khalsa]] soldiers rather than Brahmin priests.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p141" />
|-
|14||Shastar Naam Mala || Shastar Nam Mala Purana
|ਸ਼ਸਤ੍ਰ ਨਾਮ ਮਾਲਾ (ਪੁਰਾਣ)|| The section title means a "garland of weapon names", and it has 1,300 or 1,323 verses;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p141" /><ref name="Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=54}}</ref> it lists and exalts various weapons of violence, declaring them to be symbols of God's power, states Rinehart;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p141" /> it includes the names of Hindu deities and the weapon they carry in one or more of their hands, and praises their use and virtues; the list includes weapons introduced in the 17th-century such as a rifle; some of the verses are riddles about weapons.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p141" />
|-
|15||[[Sri Charitropakhyan]]|| Charitropakhyan, Pakhyan Charitra, Tria Charitra
|ਪਖ੍ਯਾਨ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ, ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰੋਪਾਖ੍ਯਾਨ, ਤ੍ਰਿਯਾ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ|| The largest and most controversial part of the ''Dasam Granth''; it includes material which is not in tune with Guru Gobind Singh's writings, casting its authenticity into question.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p142">{{cite book |author=Robin Rinehart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech |pages=141–142}}</ref> it includes 405 character features and behavioral sketches;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p142" /> these are largely characters of lustful women seeking extramarital sex and seducing men for love affairs without their husbands knowing; the characters delight in gambling, opium and liquor;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p142" /> these stories either end in illustrating human weaknesses with graphic description of sexual behavior, or illustrate a noble behavior where the seduction target refuses and asserts that "he cannot be a dharmaraja if he is unfaithful to his wife";<ref name="SinghFenech2014p142" /> the section is controversial, sometimes interpreted as a didactic discussion of virtues and vices; the charitras 21 through 23 have been interpreted by some commentators as possibly relating to Guru Gobind Singh's own life where he refused a seduction attempt;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p142" /> the final ''charitra'' (number 405) describes the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Pathan]]s as offsprings of demons, details many battles between gods and demons, ending with the victory of gods; the [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Benti Chaupai]] found in this last ''charitra'' is sometimes separated from its context by Sikhs and used or interpreted in other ways;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p142" /> Many Sikh commentators have questioned the authorship of Dasam Granth in significant part because of this section, while others state that the text must be viewed in the perspective of the traumatic period of Sikh history when Guru Gobind Singh and his soldier disciples were fighting the Mughal Empire and this section could have been useful for the moral edification of soldiers at the war front against the vice.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p142" />{{refn|(entertainment).<ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=144–145 }}</ref>}}{{refn|This view is supported by a remark found in ''Bansavalinama''. This remark states that scribes offered to Guru Gobind Singh to merge Adi Granth and his compositions into one scripture. He replied that they should not do so, keep the two separate because his compositions are mostly ''khed'' (entertainment).<ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=144–145 }}</ref>|group=note}}
|-
| 16||[[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Chaupai Sahib]]|| Kabiyo Baach Benti, Benti Chaupai
|ਕਬਿਯੋਬਾਚ ਬੇਨਤੀ ਚੌਪਈ,
ਚੌਪਈ ਸਾਹਿਬ
| The reflection of the poet on the 405th charitar. A part of the last ''charitra'' of the Charitropakhyan section, it is sometimes separated and used independently.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p142" />
|-
| 17|| [[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]] || Epistle of victory
|ਜ਼ਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ|| A letter written in 1706 by Guru Gobind Singh to Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in Persian language;<ref name="Britannica2009">{{cite book|last=Britannica|first=Inc Encyclopaedia|title=Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDsk47MeksAC|year=2009|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|isbn=978-1-59339-491-2|page=279}}</ref> it chastises the Mughal emperor for promising a safe passage to his family but then reneging on that promise, attacking and killing his family members;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p143">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|editor=Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |pages=142–143 }}</ref> In this Guru Gobind Singh talks about how if the Holy Prophet were at Chamkaur in person then Aurangzeb wouldn't have lied.
|-
| 18|| [[Hikaaitaan|Hikayats]] || Hikaitan
|ਹਿਕਾਇਤਾਂ|| Usually grouped with the Zafarnama section, these are twelve tales unrelated to Zafarnama but probably linked because some versions have these in Persian language; the content of this section is closer in form and focus to the Charitropakhyan section above;<ref name="SinghFenech2014p143" />
|}

=== Other compositions ===

==== Ugardanti ====
Ugardanti ({{langx|pa|ਉਗ੍ਰਦੰਤੀ}}, pronunciation: {{IPA|pa|ʊɡɾd̪aɛt̪iː|}}) is a poetic composition said to be written by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], after the creation of the [[Khalsa Panth]] at [[Anandpur Sahib]]. The composition is present in Dasam Granth Bir Patna Sahib. The [[Gurbani|bani]] contains information about the creation of the [[Khalsa Panth]], the dress code of the [[Sikh]]s, and is strictly against ritualism.<ref name=ugar_dant>Ugardanti – Guru Gobind Singh(Chandd 5th and 6th)</ref>

Etymologically, Ugardanti is a feminine term made of two words, Ugar means Fierce and Danti means Tooth.<ref name=ugar_sanskrit>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laIPgMQF_XsC&dq=danti+sanskrit+dictionary&pg=PA116|title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout|first=Arthur Anthony|last=Macdonell|date=5 January 2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=9788120820005 |via=Google Books}}</ref> One having Fierce Tooth, is called Ugardanti. Guru Gobind Singh Ji invokes Adi Shakti in the form of the Fierce Toothed Ugardanti, writing various attributes of Ugardanti and asking for blessings and protection for the prosperity of the new Panth which is free from hypocrisy, ritualism, [[casteism]], human worship and [[Waheguru|worships only One Non-Dual God]].

In ''Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian ka'' (1769), the author Kesar Singh Chibbar explains and quotes a few passages from Guru Gobind Singh's Ugardanti.<ref name=ugar_bansali>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/sikh-scriptures-and-literature/eighteenth-century-literature/bansavalinama-dasan-patshahian-ka/|title=BANSAVALINAMA DASAN PATSHAHIAN KA – The Sikh Encyclopedia|date=19 December 2000}}</ref>

In ''Hum Hindu Nahi''(1898 ), the author [[Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha]], believed that Ugardanti Bani was not written by Guru Gobind Singh but by Bhai Sukha Singh, a priest at Patna.<ref name=ugar_Nabha>Sikhs...We are not Hindus: Kahn Singh Nabha: {{ISBN|81-7205-379-7}}</ref> However, Sukha Singh's works came into being after the Bansavalinama of Kesar Singh Chibbar.

[[Nihang]] and [[Namdhari]] Sikhs believe it to be written by Guru Gobind Singh and is part of their daily liturgy. It was and is read to inspire warriors to stand up for truth and righteousness in the face of tyranny and oppression. The Composition is divided into six verses called Chhands in which the syllables and the rhythm are arranged in a precisely controlled pattern. The Type of Chhandd used is Bhagvati Chhand.

==== Tav-Prasad Savaiye ====
Tav-Prasad Savaiye ({{langx|pa|ਤ੍ਵਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ਸ੍ਵਯੇ}}, pronunciation: {{IPA|pa|t̪ʋᵊəpɾʱəsäːd̪ sʋⁱ˸je|}}, lit. ‘exclusively you, in war song meter’) is a short composition of 10 stanzas which is part of daily liturgy among [[Sikh]]s (''[[Nitnem]]''). It was penned down by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and is part of his composition ''Akal Ustat'' (The praise of God).<ref name="mcleod">{{cite encyclopedia
|last=McLeod
|first=W. H.
|encyclopedia=The A to Z of Sikhism
|title=Ten Savvayas
|year=2009
|publisher=Scarecrow Press
|quote=''A portion of Akaal Ustat appointed as a part of early morning order of nitnem''
}}</ref> This is an important composition which is read during [[Amrit Sanchar]]. This ''[[Gurbani|Bani]]'' appears in the Dasam Granth on pages 13 to 15, starting from Stanza 21 of Akal Ustat.

Tavprasad means ''with thy grace''.<ref name="mahakosh">{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Nabha
|first=Kahn Singh
|encyclopedia=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahankosh
|title=ਤਵ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ
|language=pa
|publisher=Sudarshan Press
|quote=''ਤੇਰੀ ਕ੍ਰਿਪਾ ਕਰਕੇ. ਤੇਰੀ ਦਯਾ ਦ੍ਵਾਰਾ.''
}}</ref> This composition strongly rejects [[idolatry in Sikhism|idolatry]], [[pilgrimage]]s, [[Veneration of the dead|grave worshiping]], [[samadhi]]s of [[yogi]]s and other ritualistic beliefs of [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Islam]] as being of no use in attaining God if performed without the love of God and all his creation . It is included in [[Nitnem]], the daily morning prayers of Sikhs, and recited after completing [[Jaap Sahib]]. It starts with ''Sravag Sudh Samuh Sidhan Ke'' and goes up to ''Koor Kriya Urjheo Sab Hi Jag''. Among many famous quotes from Tav-Prasad Savaiye, ''"Jin Prem Kiyo Tin Hi Prabhu Paayo"'' is widely quoted by different scholars of different religions. In ''Dialogues on Universal Responsibility and Education'', the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] quoted it while giving lessons on love.<ref>{{cite book |last=(Dalai Lama XIV)|first=Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho |date=1995 |title=Dialogues on Universal Responsibility and Education|publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |page=25}}</ref>

Tav-Prasad Savaiye is very important part of the [[Nitnem]]. Among other things [[Nitnem]] works as a shield for the Khalsa (Khalsa is a perfect human being, which is the vision of Guru Gobind Singh by the orders of Akal Purkh. Such a human is perfectly capable of defending himself and others from the attacks of enemy(both spiritual and temporal)). Specifically Savaiye act as a shield against the attacks of Pride, Ignorance, Hatred, Hypocrisy and Delusions.

== Role in Sikh liturgy and access ==
The compositions within ''Dasam Granth'' play a huge role in Sikh liturgy, which is prescribed by [[Sikh Rehat Maryada]]:
* Jaap Sahib is part of [[Nitnem]], which Sikh recites daily in morning.<ref name="Sikhsdiaspora">Page 133, Sikhs in the Diaspora, Surinder Singh Bakhshi, Dr [[Surinder Singh Bakhshi]], 2009</ref><ref name="srmdasam">''The Japu, the Jaapu and the Ten Sawayyas (Quartets) – beginning "Sarwag sudh"-- in the morning.'': Chapter III, Article IV, Sikh Rehat Maryada</ref>
* [[Tav-Prasad Savaiye]], again a bani of Nitnem, is part of Akal Ustat composition, which is recited daily in morning along with above.<ref name="Sikhsdiaspora" />
* [[Chaupai (Sikhism)|Benti Chaupai]], is part of [[Sri Charitropakhyan]], which is recited in morning as well as evening prayers.<ref name="srmdasam" />
* Jaap, Tav Prasad Savaiye and Chaupai are read while preparing Khande Batey Ki Pahul for Khalsa initiation.<ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2012p233" />
* The first stanza of the Sikh [[ardās]] is from Chandi di Var.<ref name="JacobsenMyrvold2012p233" />
* As per Sikh Rehat Maryada, a stanza of Chaubis Avtar, "pae gahe jab te tumre", should be comprised in So Dar Rehras.<ref>''iii) the Sawayya beginning with the words "pae gahe jab te tumre"'': Article IV, Chapter III, Sikh Rehat Maryada</ref>

In the [[Nihang]] tradition, the ''Dasam Granth'' is given equal scriptural status as the ''Adi Granth'' (first volume).<ref name=britannicanamdhari>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|author= ((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year= 2019}}</ref> [[Chandi di Var]] is also an important prayer among [[Nihang]] and Namdhari Sikhs.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

Except for the liturgical portions and some cherrypicked verses of the ''Dasam Granth'' that are widely shared and used, few Sikhs have read the complete ''Dasam Granth'' or know its contents.<ref name="wd1999p279" /> Most do not have access to it in its entirety, as the generic printed or translated versions do not include all its sections and verses.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p142" /> In its history, the entire text was in the active possession of the Khalsa soldiers.{{refn|group=note|According to Giani Gian Singh, the full copy of the ''Dasam Granth'' was in possession of the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)]], an 18th-century Sikh army, at the [[Battle of Kup]] and was lost during the [[Vadda Ghalughara]].<ref>Giani Kirpal Singh (samp.), Sri Gur Panth Parkash, Vol. 3 (Amritsar: Manmohan Singh Brar, 1973), pp. 1678–80, verses 61-62</ref>}}

=== Opposition to the scripture ===
Opposition to the Dasam Granth arose during the colonial-period, particularly during the Singh Sabha movement. The debate regarding the scripture revolves around the nature of its authorship.<ref name=":3" />

According to Kamalroop Singh, during the [[Akali movement]] in the 1920's, the Dasam Granth codex that was installed in the Akal Takht in Amritsar was attacked by reformist Sikhs allied with Teja Singh Bhasauria, who speared it and threw it out of the window of the building. Also in the 1920's, the pages of the Dasam Granth installed at Gurdwara Ramsar Sahib was desecrated using knives. Between 1920–40, many Dasam Granth manuscripts were desecrated by Sikhs who opposed the scripture. Contemporary writer Bhagat Singh blames these desecrations on so-called ''Ingrez Sikhs'' ("English Sikhs") that were influenced by the British. [[Kartar Singh Jhabbar]] took-control of the Akal Takht from its Nihang custodians in 1920, with the Dasam Granth installed there (supposedly dated to 1698) being desecrated in the process of the takeover. According to the Nihang Sikh Anup Singh, who was active during the period of the Nihang leader Sahib Singh Kaladhari, the SGPC used women to takeover the Akal Takht from the Nihangs, as the Akali-Nihangs would not attack women.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/307301947/Miss%C4%AB-J%C4%81tt-D%C4%AB-Kart%C5%ABt |title=Missī Jātt Dī Kartūt |last2=Singh |first2=Kamalroop |publisher=Sri Chandar Press |year=1923 |edition=Internet |location=Amritsar |trans-title=The Deeds of a Hybrid Caste |chapter=Foreword}}</ref>

Following these incidents, the SGPC stopped holding ''parkash'' (enthronement) of the scripture at Sikh gurdwaras, except on special occasions such as the Gurpurab of Guru Gobind Singh, where an akhand path of the Dasam Granth was performed. After 1947, it was no longer installed at SGPC-controlled gurdwaras even on Guru Gobind Singh's gurpurab.<ref name=":2" />

== Manuscripts ==
[[File:Bhai Mani Singh's letter addressed to Mata Sundari in April 1716 concerning the condition of the Sikhs and his mission of collecting Guru Gobind Singh's compositions.jpg|right|thumb|Acclaimed letter of [[Bhai Mani Singh]] discussing the compilation of various [[Gurbani|banis]] of ''Dasam Granth'']]
The oldest manuscript of ''Dasam Granth'' is likely the Anandpuri Hazuri Bir (Not to be confused with the Anandpuri Marco [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]). It is dated to 1698 CE. A few folio pages were definitely added later ([[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]] and Hikayats), because they were composed after 1700 (circa 1705 CE), and are in a different style and format, and lack the folio numbers present on all pages elsewhere. These letters of Guru Gobind Singh may have been appended in the early 18th century.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92" /> According to another view, the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete text is dated to 1713 CE (Bhai Mani Singh's manuscript), and the early manuscript versions have minor variations with apocryphal writings.<ref name="wd1999p279" />

[[File:Old Dasam Granth Bir (Copy).jpg|thumb|Guru Gobind Singh with the Goddess [[Durga|Bhagwati]]]]
Other important manuscripts include two Patna manuscripts both from 1698 CE found in Bihar, and the Mani Singh Vali Bir (1713 CE) in New Delhi. The Mani Singh Bir is a combined recension of the [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] and Dasam Granth. It presents the Zafarnama and Hikayats in the [[Nastaliq|Perso-Arabic Nastaliq]] script.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92" />

The early Anandpuri, Patna, and Mani Singh manuscripts include writings that are disputed in the contemporary era, as well as sections such as the ''Ugradanti'' and ''Sri Bhagauti Astotra'' that were removed from the ''Dasam Granth'' codified in the 20th century by the ''Sodhak Committee''.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p92" /> There is also a manuscript of the Dasam Granth attributed to Bhai Daya Singh with many Apocryphal Writings, as well as the 1765 Illuminated ''Patna Missal'' manuscript from [[Jammu]].

According to the Indologist [[Wendy Doniger]], many orthodox Sikhs credit the authorship and compilation of the earliest ''Dasam Granth'' manuscript to Guru Gobind Singh directly, while other Sikhs and some scholars consider the text to have been authored and compiled partly by him and partly by many poets in his court at Anandpur.<ref name="wd1999p279">{{cite book|author1=Wendy Doniger|author2=Encyclopaedia Britannica staff|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/279 279]}}</ref>

Prior to 1902, there were numerous incomplete portions of manuscripts of ''Dasam Granth'' in circulation within the Sikh community along with the complete, but somewhat variant, major versions such as the Anandpuri and Patna birs.<ref name="Rinehart2011p43" /> In 1885, during the [[Singh Sabha Movement]], an organization called the Gurmat Granth Pracharak Sabha was founded by Sikhs to study the Sikh literature. This organization, with a request from Amritsar Singh Sabha, established the Sodhak Committee in 1897.<ref name="Rinehart2011p43" /> The members of this committee studied 32 manuscripts of ''Dasam Granth'' from different parts of the Indian subcontinent. The committee deleted some hymns found in the different old manuscripts of the text, merged the others and thus created a 1,428-page version thereafter called the standard edition of the ''Dasam Granth''. The standard edition was first published in 1902.<ref name="Rinehart2011p43" /> It is this version that has predominantly been distributed to scholars and studied in and outside India. However, the prestige of the ''Dasam Granth'' was well established in the Sikh community during the [[Sikh Empire]], as noted in 1812 by colonial-era scholar Malcolm.<ref name="Rinehart2011p43">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Debating the Dasam Granth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-984247-6|pages=43–46 }}</ref> According to Robin Rinehart – a scholar of Sikhism and Sikh literature, modern copies of the ''Dasam Granth'' in Punjabi, and its English translations, often do not include the entire standard edition text and do not follow the same ordering either.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /><gallery>
File:Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh.jpg|Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh
File:'Khas Patra' (important page) containing a correction authored by Guru Gobind Singh from the 'Anandpuri Hazuri bir' (manuscript) of the Dasam Granth.png|A correction authored by Guru Gobind Singh from the 'Anandpuri Hazuri Bir' (manuscript) of the Dasam Granth from 1698 CE
File:Guru Gobind Singh's handwriting in non-calligraphic script.webp|Page from the Bhai Mani Singh combined Adi-Dasam Maniscript authored in 1713 CE
File:Decorated page of the Dasam Granth from the Patna Sahib bir (manuscript) 03.jpg|Decorated page of the Dasam Granth from a Patna Manuscript
File:Patna Sahib bir (manuscript) of the Dasam Granth, traditionally dated to 1755 Bikrami (1698 CE).jpg|Another Patna Manuscript of the Dasam Granth authored in 1698 CE
File:Folio of the Charitropakhyan from the Patna Missal Dasam Granth manuscript from 1765.jpg|Illuminated Charitropakhyan folio from the Patna Missal Dasam Granth manuscript from 1765 CE
File:Folio of the Apocryphal "Bhagauti Astotar" Composition in the "Aurangabadi Dasam Granth Bir" attributed to Bhai Daya Singh.png|Folio of the Apocryphal "Bhagauti Astotar" Composition in the "Aurangabadi Dasam Granth Bir" attributed to Bhai Daya Singh
</gallery>

== Musicology ==
{{Further|Sikh music}}
Similar to the Guru Granth Sahib, the verses found within the Dasam Granth are set to [[Indian classical music|Indic classical music]], known as ''[[Sikh music|gurmat sangeet]]''. All-together, a total of 21 raags are employed in the Dasam Granth, compared to the 174 found in the [[Sarbloh Granth]] and the 62 found in the Guru Granth Sahib (which also contains 17 ''[[Tala (music)|taals]]'').<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra|first=Abinash|title=An Analytical Research on Sri Sarbloh Granth (A Journey from the Unexplored to Explored)|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi Global Foundation (Odisha Chapter)|year=2021|pages=18–25|chapter=5: The Cultural Aspects of Sri Sarbloh Bani}}</ref>

==Other compilations==
===Das Granthi===
A Das Granthi (ਦਸ ਗ੍ਰੰਥੀ) is a small religious booklet containing only few selected compositions from Dasam Granth. Das stands for ''Ten'' and Granthi stands for ''booklet''. It means Booklet of 10th Guru of Sikhism. This booklet was created for beginners and lay readers for reading these compositions in daily liturgy for proper understanding.<ref>Page 330, Punjab District and State Gazetteers: Compiled and published under the authority of the Punjab government, 1900</ref><ref>Page 62, Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty, Surjit Singh Gandhi</ref><ref>Page 180, The Guru Consorts, Mahindara Kaura Gilla, Radha Publications</ref>

There is no standardization of this booklet and various sects in Sikhism have their own versions. The [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] contains eight texts namely, [[Jaap Sahib|Jaap]], [[Bachittar Natak|Bachitra Natak]], [[Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas|Chandi Charitra]] I, [[Sabad Patshahi 10|Shabad Hazare Patshahi 10]], [[Akal Ustat]]i, [[Chandi Charitar II|Chandi Charitra]] 2, Gian Prabodh and [[Chandi di Var]].<ref>[https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/scriptures/sri-guru-granth-sahib-and-guru-gobind-singhs-bani/das-granthi The Sikh Encyclopedia]</ref>

== Apocryphal Dasam Granth writings ==
[[File:1700s Dasam Granth with Missing space after 324th Charitar.png|thumb|1700s Dasam Granth with Missing space after 324th Charitar]]There are a plethora of writings attributed to Guru Gobind Singh that are not in the standardised Dasam Granth. These select writings are sometimes found in certain early manuscripts.<ref>Singh, Kamalroop. "The Granth of Guru Gobind Singh: essays, lectures, and translations."</ref> These include but are not limited to:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/dasam-sri-guru-granth-sahib-ji-maharaj | title=Dasam Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji Maharaj | date=24 January 2024 }}</ref>

* Asfottak Kabitt
* Sahansar Sukhmana
* Gobind Gita
* Rubai P. 10
* Uggardanti
* Raag Sorath P. 10 (Rajput Ghode)
* Raag Asa P. 10
* [[Fatehnama]]
* Indra Kavach
* Malkaus Ki Vaar
* Lakhi Jungle Khalsa (Shabad)
* Ras Mandal
* Brahm Kavach
* Var Bhagat Bhagauti
* 34th Savaiya (Additional couplet for the [[33 Savaiye]])
* 325th Charitar (Missing in a plethora of Dasam Granth manuscripts)
* Sri Kal Astotar
* Sikhi Rehit/Nishan E Sikhi
* Additional Hikayat found in Bhai Mani Singh Bir (1713 CE)

== See also ==
* [[History of Dasam Granth]]
*[[Sarbloh Granth]]
*[[Guru Gobind Singh]]
*[[Guru Granth Sahib]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
===Related to Dasam Granth===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308095625/http://www.sridasamgranth.com/ Dasam Granth website]
*[https://doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2012.671276 Debating the Dasam Granth], Christopher Shackle (2012)
*[https://doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2015.1032149 Framing the Dasam Granth Debate: Throwing the Baby with the Bath Water], Pashaura Singh (2015)
*[https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10110639 Presence and Absence: Constructions of Gender in Dasam Granth Exegesis], Robin Rinehart (2019)
*[https://www.sikhitothemax.org/sundar-gutka/53 Read Ugardanti & Translation Online]
*[http://archimedespress.co.uk/books Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib]
*''[https://nitnemsahib.com/tav-prasad-savaiye-in-punjabi-gurmukhi/ Tav Prasad Savaiye Bani in Punjabi]''
*''[https://nitnemsahib.com/tav-prasad-savaiye-in-hindi/ Tav Prasad Savaiye Bani in Hindi]''

=== Related to Dasam Granth ===
*[http://www.dasamgranth.in/2010/08/bachitar-natak-001-thru-050.html Exegesis on Bachitar Natak on dasamgranth.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318075758/http://www.dasamgranth.in/2010/08/bachitar-natak-001-thru-050.html |date=18 March 2023 }}
*[http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=2107&page=1&CategoryID=3&Searched= Manuscripts of Dasam Granth]
*[http://www.sikhnet.com/hemkuntsahib/myth.htm Hemkunt]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110928133738/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/012009/dg/article2.pdf Analysis of Bichitra Natak]}}

{{Dasven Padshah Da Granth}}

[[Category:Dasam Granth| ]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Sikh scripture]]
[[Category:18th-century manuscripts]]

2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup

2026-02-09T17:38:41Z

Eldartpy:

{{Short description|Field hockey competition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{For|the women's edition|2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup}}
{{Infobox field hockey
| tournament = 2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup
| other_titles =
| image = Rajgir_Asia_Cup_Hockey_2025.png
| size = 200px
| caption =
| country = India
| city = [[Rajgir]]
| dates = 29 August – 7 September
| venues = [[Rajgir Sports Complex|Bihar Sports University Hockey Stadium]]
| teams = 8
| confederations = 1
| champions = {{fh|IND}}
| count = 4
| second = {{fh|KOR}}
| third = {{fh|MAS}}
| matches = 24
| goals = 164
| top_scorer = {{fhicon|MAS}} [[Akhimullah Anuar]]
| top_scorer_goals = 12
| best_player = {{fhicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Nain]]
| young_player = {{fhicon|MAS}} [[Andywalfian Jeffrynus]]
| goalkeeper = {{fhicon|KOR}} [[Kim Jae-hyeon (field hockey)|Kim Jae-hyeon]]
| fair_play =
| previous_year = 2022
| previous_tournament = 2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup
| next_year = 2029
| next_tournament = 2029 Men's Hockey Asia Cup
}}
The '''2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup''' was the 12th edition of the [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup]], the quadrennial international men's [[field hockey]] championship of [[Asia]] organized by the [[Asian Hockey Federation]]. It was held at the Bihar Sports University Hockey Stadium in [[Rajgir Sports Complex]], India from 29 August to 7 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganesan |first1=Uthra |title=Rajgir all set to host men’s Asia Cup next year after Women’s Asian Champions Trophy success |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/hockey-asia-cup-2025-host-bihar-rajgir-venue-womens-asian-champions-trophy-success/article68890766.ece |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |publisher=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=21 November 2024 |date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Raj |first1=Pritish |title=Rajgir set to host Men's Hockey Asia Cup 2025 |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/rajgir-host-mens-asia-cup-2025-50728 |website=thebridge.in |publisher=The Bridge |access-date=21 November 2024 |date=20 November 2024}}</ref> The tournament returned to its usual four-year cycle after the [[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|previous tournament]] was delayed to 2022 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]].

South [[South Korea men's national field hockey team|Korea]], the defending champions, finished as runners-up after losing to [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Koreans wreck Malaysia's Asia Cup dream|url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2022/06/801507/koreans-wreck-malaysias-asia-cup-dream|website=nst.com.my|access-date=1 June 2022|date=1 June 2022}}</ref> The winning team, [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] qualified for the [[2026 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian men qualify for FIH Hockey World Cup Belgium and Netherlands 2026|url=https://www.fih.hockey/news/india-qualify-for-fih-hockey-world-cup-belgium-and-netherlands-2026|website=fih.hockey|access-date=7 September 2025|date=7 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="FIHWorldCup2026">{{cite web |title=Qualification System for 2026 FIH Hockey World Cups |url=https://www.fih.hockey/static-assets/pdf/qualification-system-for-2026-fih-hockey-world-cups-final.pdf |website=fih.ch |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]]}}</ref>

[[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]] withdrew citing security concerns amid the [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis]] and requested a neutral venue, later also withdrawing from the [[2025 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2025 Junior World Cup]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. They were replaced by [[Bangladesh men's national field hockey team|Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan not to travel to India for Asia Cup hockey: HI official|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/pakistan-mens-hockey-team-refuses-to-travel-to-india-for-asia-cup/article69902715.ece|website=thehindu.com|access-date=6 August 2025|date=6 August 2025}}</ref> [[Oman men's national field hockey team|Oman]] also pulled out due to financial issues and was replaced by [[Kazakhstan men's national field hockey team|Kazakhstan]].<ref name="oman">{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Aftar |title=Malaysia eye Super Four stage in Bihar |url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/hockey/2025/08/1262220/malaysia-eye-super-four-stage-bihar |website=nst.com.my |publisher=[[New Straits Times]] |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=19 August 2025}}</ref>

==Qualification==
===Qualified teams===
[[File:2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup participating nations.svg|right|thumb|Highlighted are the countries that are participating in the 2025 Men's Asia Cup.
{{legend|#3584E4FF|Qualified via FIH rankings or [[2025 Men's AHF Cup|AHF Cup]]}}
{{legend|#2EC27EFF|Qualified via FIH ranking and as hosts
}}
]]

{|class="wikitable"
!Dates
!Event
!Location
!Quotas
!Qualifiers
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{nowrap|[[FIH Men's World Ranking]]}}
|{{n/a}}
|align=center|5
|{{fh|CHN}} {{fh|IND}} (host) {{fh|JPN}} {{fh|MAS}} <s>{{fh|PAK}}</s>{{efn|name=PAK|Pakistan and Oman withdrew and were replaced by Bangladesh and Kazakhstan.<ref name="oman"/>}} {{fh|KOR}}
|-
|{{nowrap|17–27 April 2025}}
|[[2025 Men's AHF Cup|2025 AHF Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Match Schedule: Men’s & Women’s AHF Cup 2025 Jakarta, Indonesia |url=https://asiahockey.org/news/match-schedule-mens-womens-ahf-cup-2025-jakarta-indonesia/ |website=asiahockey.org |publisher=[[Asian Hockey Federation]] |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
|[[Jakarta]], Indonesia
|align=center|3
|{{fh|BAN}}{{efn|name=PAK}} {{nowrap|{{fh|TPE}}}} {{fh|KAZ}}{{efn|name=PAK}} <s>{{fh|OMA}}</s>{{efn|name=PAK}}
|-
!colspan=3|Total
!8
!
|}

==Preliminary round==
''All times are local ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]).''<ref>{{cite web|title=Hero Asia Cup Rajgir Bihar 2025 – Match Schedule Announced Rajgir, Bihar – 19 August 2025:|url=https://www.fih.hockey/hero-asia-cup-rajgir-2025/news/hero-asia-cup-rajgir-bihar-2025-match-schedule-announced-rajgir-bihar-19-august-2025|website=fih.hockey|access-date=19 August 2025 |date=19 August 2025}}</ref>

===Pool A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/1808/reports/poolstandings FIH]

|team_order=IND, CHN, JPN, KAZ

|win_CHN=1 |draw_CHN=1 |loss_CHN=1 |gf_CHN=18|ga_CHN=7
|win_IND=3 |draw_IND=0 |loss_IND=0|gf_IND=22 |ga_IND=5 |status_IND=H
|win_JPN=1 |draw_JPN=1 |loss_JPN=1 |gf_JPN=11|ga_JPN=5
|win_KAZ=0 |draw_KAZ=0 |loss_KAZ=3 |gf_KAZ=1 |ga_KAZ=35

|name_CHN={{fh|CHN}}
|name_IND={{fh|IND}}
|name_JPN={{fh|JPN}}
|name_KAZ={{fh|KAZ}}

|result1=S4 |result2=S4

|res_col_header=Q
|col_S4=green1 |text_S4=[[#First to fourth place classification|Super4s]]

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) matches won; 3) goal difference; 4) goals for; 5) head-to-head result; 6) field goals for.
}}

{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 29 August 2025
| time = 13:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|JPN}}
| score = 7–0
| team2 = {{fh|KAZ}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21497/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Kosei Kawabe|Kawabe]] {{fhgoal|FG|1}} [[Naru Kimura|Kimura]] {{fhgoal|FG|5}} [[Koji Yamasaki (field hockey)|Yamasaki]] {{fhgoal|PC|13|FG|36}} [[Ken Nagayoshi|Nagayoshi]] {{fhgoal|PC|48}} [[Shota Yamada|Yamada]] {{fhgoal|PC|50}} [[Ryosuke Shinohara|Shinohara]] {{fhgoal|FG|54}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = Khamis Al-Balushi (OMA) Salim Lucky (BAN)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 29 August 2025
| time = 15:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|IND}}
| score = 4–3
| team2 = {{fh|CHN}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21498/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj]] {{fhgoal|PC|18}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|20|PC|33|PC|47}}
| goals2 = [[Du Shihao|Du]] {{fhgoal|PC|12}} [[Chen Benhai|Chen B.]] {{fhgoal|PC|35}} [[Gao Jiesheng|Gao]] {{fhgoal|PC|41}}
| umpires = Rawi Anbananthan (MAS) [[You Hyo-sik]] (KOR)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 31 August 2025
| time = 13:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|CHN}}
| score = 13–1
| team2 = {{fh|KAZ}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21501/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Du Shihao|Du]] {{fhgoal|PC|10|PC|53}} [[Chen Qijun|Chen Q.]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Lin Changliang|Lin]] {{fhgoal|FG|15|FG|39}} [[Chen Benhai|Chen B.]] {{fhgoal|PC|29|FG|56}} [[Lu Yuanlin|Lu]] {{fhgoal|FG|31|FG|42|PC|44}} [[Gao Jiesheng|Gao]] {{fhgoal|PC|33}} [[Guo Xiaolong|Guo]] {{fhgoal|FG|41|FG|58}}
| goals2 = [[Agymtay Duisengazy|Duisengazy]] {{fhgoal|PC|2}}
| umpires = Salim Lucky (BAN) Balaji Kumar (IND)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 31 August 2025
| time = 15:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|JPN}}
| score = 2–3
| team2 = {{fh|IND}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21502/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Kosei Kawabe|Kawabe]] {{fhgoal|FG|38|FG|59}}
| goals2 = [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|4}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|5|PC|46}}
| umpires = Michiel Otten (NED) Rawi Anbananthan (MAS)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 1 September 2025
| time = 17:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|CHN}}
| score = 2–2
| team2 = {{fh|JPN}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21505/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Lin Changliang|Lin]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}} [[Zhang Xiaojia|Zhang]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}}
| goals2 = [[Kazumasa Matsumoto|Matsumoto]] {{fhgoal|FG|28|PC|51}}
| umpires = Aziz Adimah (GHA) Tyler Klenk (CAN)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 1 September 2025
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|IND}}
| score = 15–0
| team2 = {{fh|KAZ}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21506/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Abhishek (field hockey)|Abhishek]] {{fhgoal|FG|5|FG|8|FG|20|FG|59}} [[Sukhjeet Singh|Sukhjeet]] {{fhgoal|FG|15|FG|32|FG|38}} [[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj]] {{fhgoal|PC|24|PS|31|PS|47}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|26}} [[Amit Rohidas|Amit]] {{fhgoal|PC|29}} [[Rajinder Singh (field hockey, born 2002)|Rajinder]] {{fhgoal|FG|32}} [[Sanjay (field hockey)|Sanjay]] {{fhgoal|PC|54}} [[Dilpreet Singh|Dilpreet]] {{fhgoal|FG|55}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = Zhou Fuyi (CHN) Khamis Al-Balushi (OMA)
}}

===Pool B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/1808/reports/poolstandings FIH]

|team_order=MAS, KOR, BAN, TPE

|win_BAN=1 |draw_BAN=0 |loss_BAN=2 |gf_BAN=10|ga_BAN=12
|win_TPE=0 |draw_TPE=0 |loss_TPE=3 |gf_TPE=3 |ga_TPE=30
|win_MAS=3 |draw_MAS=0 |loss_MAS=0 |gf_MAS=23|ga_MAS=2
|win_KOR=2 |draw_KOR=0 |loss_KOR=1 |gf_KOR=13|ga_KOR=5

|name_BAN={{fh|BAN}}
|name_TPE={{fh|TPE}}
|name_MAS={{fh|MAS}}
|name_KOR={{fh|KOR}}

|result1=S4 |result2=S4

|res_col_header=Q
|col_S4=green1 |text_S4=[[#First to fourth place classification|Super4s]]

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) matches won; 3) goal difference; 4) goals for; 5) head-to-head result; 6) field goals for.
}}

{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 29 August 2025
| time = 09:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|MAS}}
| score = 4–1
| team2 = {{fh|BAN}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21495/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Ashran Hamsani|Hamsani]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} [[Akhimullah Anuar|Anuar]] {{fhgoal|FG|36}} [[Muhajir Abdu Rauf|Abdu Rauf]] {{fhgoal|FG|48}} [[Syed Cholan|Cholan]] {{fhgoal|PC|54}}
| goals2 = [[Ashraful Islam (field hockey)|Islam]] {{fhgoal|PC|16}}
| umpires = Tyler Klenk (CAN) [[Gurbaj Singh]] (IND)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 29 August 2025
| time = 11:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|KOR}}
| score = 7–0
| team2 = {{fh|TPE}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21496/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Son Da-in|Son]] {{fhgoal|FG|17|FG|29|FG|58}} [[Yang Ji-hun|Yang]] {{fhgoal|PC|27|PC|50}} [[Oh Se-yong|Oh]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}} [[Kong Yoon-ho|Kong]] {{fhgoal|FG|54}} 
| goals2 =
| umpires = Balaji Kumar (IND) Aziz Adimah (GHA)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 30 August 2025
| time = 13:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|BAN}}
| score = 8–3
| team2 = {{fh|TPE}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21500/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Md Abdullah|Abdullah]] {{fhgoal|FG|4|FG|26}} [[Shohanur Sobuj|Sobuj]] {{fhgoal|PC|36}} [[Rakibul Hasan (field hockey)|Hasan]] {{fhgoal|FG|42|FG|42}} [[Ashraful Islam (field hockey)|Islam]] {{fhgoal|PC|45|PC|58}} [[Rezaul Babu|Babu]] {{fhgoal|PC|56}}
| goals2 = [[Hsieh Tsung-yu|Hsieh]] {{fhgoal|FG|10|PC|18}} [[Shih Tsung-jen|Shih]] {{fhgoal|PC|60}}
| umpires = Hideki Kinoshita (JPN) Zhou Fuyi (CHN)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 30 August 2025
| time = 15:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|KOR}}
| score = 1–4
| team2 = {{fh|MAS}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21499/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Jin Geon-hyo|Jin]] {{fhgoal|FG|2}}
| goals2 = [[Akhimullah Anuar|Anuar]] {{fhgoal|FG|29|FG|34|FG|38}} [[Ashran Hamsani|Hamsani]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}}
| umpires = Anand Dangi (IND) Michiel Otten (NED)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 1 September 2025
| time = 13:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|BAN}}
| score = 1–5
| team2 = {{fh|KOR}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21503/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Shohanur Sobuj|Sobuj]] {{fhgoal|PC|22}}
| goals2 = [[Son Da-in|Son]] {{fhgoal|FG|9|PC|11}} [[Lee Seung-woo (field hockey)|Lee Seung-w.]] {{fhgoal|FG|16}} [[Oh Se-yong|Oh]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}} [[Yang Ji-hun|Yang]] {{fhgoal|PS|60+}}
| umpires = Hideki Kinoshita (JPN) Anand Dangi (IND)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 1 September 2025
| time = 15:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|MAS}}
| score = 15–0
| team2 = {{fh|TPE}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21504/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Ashran Hamsani|Hamsani]] {{fhgoal|FG|8|FG|15|FG|32|FG|54}} [[Akhimullah Anuar|Anuar]] {{fhgoal|FG|10|FG|20|PS|29|FG|45|FG|56}} [[Norsyafiq Sumantri|Sumantri]] {{fhgoal|FG|20|FG|40|FG|60}} [[Abu Kamal Azrai|Azrai]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}} [[Andywalfian Jeffrynus|Jeffrynus]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Aiman Rozemi|Rozemi]] {{fhgoal|FG|32}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = [[You Hyo-sik]] (KOR) [[Gurbaj Singh]] (IND)
}}

==Fifth to eighth place==
===Bracket===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
|style=white-space:nowrap
|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
|3rdplace=yes
|RD1=5–8th place semi-finals
|RD2=Fifth place
|RD3=Seventh place


|3 September|{{fh|JPN}}|2|{{fh|TPE}}|0
|4 September|{{fh|BAN}}|5|{{fh|KAZ}}|1

|7 September|{{fh|JPN}}|6|{{fh|BAN}}|1

|6 September|{{fh|TPE}}|4|{{fh|KAZ}}|6
}}

===5–8th place semi-finals===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 3 September 2025
| time = 14:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|JPN}}
| score = 2–0
| team2 = {{fh|TPE}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21507/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Ryosuke Shinohara|Shinohara]] {{fhgoal|FG|5|FG|11}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = Balaji Kumar (IND) [[Gurbaj Singh]] (IND)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 4 September 2025
| time = 14:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|BAN}}
| score = 5–1
| team2 = {{fh|KAZ}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21510/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Ashraful Islam (field hockey)|Islam]] {{fhgoal|PC|10|PS|23}} [[Roman Sarkar|Sarkar]] {{fhgoal|FG|28|PC|33}} [[Tayab Ali|Ali]] {{fhgoal|FG|34}}
| goals2 = [[Altynbek Aitkaliyev|Aitkaliyev]] {{fhgoal|FG|38}}
| umpires = Zhou Fuyi (CHN) Anand Dangi (IND)
}}

===Seventh and eighth place===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 6 September 2025
| time = 14:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|TPE}}
| score = 4–6
| team2 = {{fh|KAZ}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21513/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Chang Yu-cheng|Chang Yu-c.]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}} [[Hsieh Tsung-yu|Hsieh]] {{fhgoal|FG|13|FG|18|PC|31}}
| goals2 = [[Agymtay Duisengazy|Duisengazy]] {{fhgoal|PC|12|FG|23|FG|30|PS|36|PS|56}} [[Altynbek Aitkaliyev|Aitkaliyev]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}}
| umpires = Balaji Kumar (IND) Zhou Fuyi (CHN)
}}

===Fifth and sixth place===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 7 September 2025
| time = 14:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|JPN}}
| score = 6–1
| team2 = {{fh|BAN}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21516/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Koji Yamasaki (field hockey)|Yamasaki]] {{fhgoal|PC|9}} [[Ryosuke Shinohara|Shinohara]] {{fhgoal|PC|15|PC|36|PC|56}} [[Ken Nagayoshi|Nagayoshi]] {{fhgoal|PC|36}} [[Seren Tanaka|Tanaka]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}}
| goals2 = [[Amirul Islam (field hockey)|Islam]] {{fhgoal|FG|55}}
| umpires = [[You Hyo-sik]] (KOR) Khamis Al-Balushi (OMA)
}}

==First to fourth place==
===Super4s===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/1808/reports/poolstandings FIH]

|team_order=IND, KOR, MAS, CHN

|win_IND=2 |draw_IND=1 |loss_IND=0 |gf_IND=13|ga_IND=3 |status_IND=H
|win_MAS=1 |draw_MAS=0 |loss_MAS=2 |gf_MAS=6 |ga_MAS=8
|win_CHN=1 |draw_CHN=0 |loss_CHN=2 |gf_CHN=3 |ga_CHN=9
|win_KOR=1 |draw_KOR=1 |loss_KOR=1 |gf_KOR=6 |ga_KOR=8

|name_IND={{fh|IND}}
|name_MAS={{fh|MAS}}
|name_CHN={{fh|CHN}}
|name_KOR={{fh|KOR}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) matches won; 3) goal difference; 4) goals for; 5) head-to-head result; 6) field goals scored.

|result1=S4 |result2=S4
|result3=F |result4=F

|res_col_header=Q
|col_S4=green1 |text_S4=[[#Final|Final]]
|col_F=blue1 |text_F={{nowrap|[[#Third and fourth place|Third place match]]}}
}}

{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 3 September 2025
| time = 17:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|MAS}}
| score = 2–0
| team2 = {{fh|CHN}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21508/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Syed Cholan|Cholan]] {{fhgoal|PC|45}} [[Akhimullah Anuar|Anuar]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = Aziz Adimah (GHA) Hideki Kinoshita (JPN)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 3 September 2025
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|IND}}
| score = 2–2
| team2 = {{fh|KOR}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21509/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Hardik Singh|Hardik]] {{fhgoal|PC|8}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}}
| goals2 = [[Yang Ji-hun|Yang]] {{fhgoal|PS|12}} [[Kim Hyeon-hong|Kim Hyeon-h.]] {{fhgoal|PC|14}}
| umpires = Tyler Klenk (CAN) Khamis Al-Balushi (OMA)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 4 September 2025
| time = 17:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|KOR}}
| score = 0–3
| team2 = {{fh|CHN}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21511/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Chen Benhai|Chen B.]] {{fhgoal|PC|13|FG|43}} [[Gao Jiesheng|Gao]] {{fhgoal|PC|43}}
| umpires = Salim Lucky (BAN) Rawi Anbananthan (MAS)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 4 September 2025
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|MAS}}
| score = 1–4
| team2 = {{fh|IND}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21512/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Shafiq Hassan|Hassan]] {{fhgoal|FG|2}}
| goals2 = [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|17}} [[Sukhjeet Singh|Sukhjeet]] {{fhgoal|FG|19}} [[Shilanand Lakra|Lakra]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Vivek Prasad|Prasad]] {{fhgoal|FG|38}}
| umpires = Michiel Otten (NED) [[You Hyo-sik]] (KOR)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 6 September 2025
| time = 17:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|KOR}}
| score = 4–3
| team2 = {{fh|MAS}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21514/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Kim Hyeon-hong|Kim Hyeon-h.]] {{fhgoal|PC|24|PC|51}} [[Oh Se-yong|Oh]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}} [[Lee Jung-jun|Lee J.]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}}
| goals2 = [[Fitri Saari|Saari]] {{fhgoal|FG|9}} [[Aiman Rozemi|Rozemi]] {{fhgoal|FG|29}} [[Syed Cholan|Cholan]] {{fhgoal|PC|31}}
| umpires = Anand Dangi (IND) Aziz Adimah (GHA)
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 6 September 2025
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|IND}}
| score = 7–0
| team2 = {{fh|CHN}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21515/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Shilanand Lakra|Lakra]] {{fhgoal|FG|4}} [[Dilpreet Singh|Dilpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|7}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|18}} [[Raj Kumar Pal|Pal]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}} [[Sukhjeet Singh|Sukhjeet]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}} [[Abhishek Nain|Abhishek]] {{fhgoal|FG|46|FG|50}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = Hideki Kinoshita (JPN) Tyler Klenk (CAN)
}}

===Third and fourth place===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 7 September 2025
| time = 17:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|MAS}}
| score = 4–1
| team2 = {{fh|CHN}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21517/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Norsyafiq Sumantri|Sumantri]] {{fhgoal|PC|8}} [[Akhimullah Anuar|Anuar]] {{fhgoal|FG|36|FG|50}} [[Syed Cholan|Cholan]] {{fhgoal|PC|58}}
| goals2 = [[Gao Jiesheng|Gao]] {{fhgoal|PC|54}}
| umpires = Tyler Klenk (CAN) Hideki Kinoshita (JPN)
}}

===Final===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 7 September 2025
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|IND}}
| score = 4–1
| team2 = {{fh|KOR}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/21518/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Sukhjeet Singh|Sukhjeet]] {{fhgoal|FG|1}} [[Dilpreet Singh|Dilpreet]] {{fhgoal|FG|28|FG|45}} [[Amit Rohidas|Amit]] {{fhgoal|PC|50}}
| goals2 = [[Son Da-in|Son]] {{fhgoal|PC|51}}
| umpires = Rawi Anbananthan (MAS) Michiel Otten (NED)
}}

==Statistics==
===Final standings===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=Custom
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.fih.hockey/events/men-hero-asia-cup-2025-rajgir-india FIH]
|num_cols=0

|team_order=IND, KOR, MAS, CHN, JPN, BAN, KAZ, TPE

|status_IND=H

|name_IND={{fh|IND}}
|name_KOR={{fh|KOR}}
|name_MAS={{fh|MAS}}
|name_CHN={{fh|CHN}}
|name_JPN={{fh|JPN}}
|name_BAN={{fh|BAN}}
|name_KAZ={{fh|KAZ}}
|name_TPE={{fh|TPE}}

|pos_IND={{Gold1}}
|pos_KOR={{Silver2}}
|pos_MAS={{Bronze3}}

|result1=Q |result2=WCQ |result3=WCQ |result4=WCQ |result5=WCQ |result6=APO

|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=[[2026 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|2026 World Cup]]
|col_WCQ=blue1 |text_WCQ={{nowrap|[[2026 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers|2026 World Cup Qualifiers]]}}
|col_APO=yellow1|text_APO=[[2025 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup Qualifiers – Asia Play-offs|2025 Asia Play–Offs]]
}}

===Goalscorers===
{{Goalscorers
|goals=164|matches=24
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/1808/reports/scorers FIH]
|updated=complete

|12 goals=
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Akhimullah Anuar]]

|6 goals=
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Nain]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Sukhjeet Singh]]
*{{fhicon|JPN}} [[Ryosuke Shinohara]]
*{{fhicon|KAZ}} [[Agymtay Duisengazy]]
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Ashran Hamsani]]
*{{fhicon|KOR}} [[Son Da-in]]

|5 goals=
*{{fhicon|BAN}} [[Ashraful Islam (field hockey)|Ashraful Islam]]
*{{fhicon|CHN}} [[Chen Benhai]]
*{{fhicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Tsung-yu]]

|4 goals=
*{{fhicon|CHN}} [[Gao Jiesheng]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Dilpreet Singh]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj Singh]]
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Syed Cholan]]
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Norsyafiq Sumantri]]
*{{fhicon|KOR}} [[Yang Ji-hun]]

|3 goals=
*{{fhicon|CHN}} [[Du Shihao]]
*{{fhicon|CHN}} [[Lin Changliang]]
*{{fhicon|CHN}} [[Lu Yuanlin]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]
*{{fhicon|JPN}} [[Kosei Kawabe]]
*{{fhicon|JPN}} [[Koji Yamasaki (field hockey)|Koji Yamasaki]]
*{{fhicon|KOR}} [[Kim Hyeon-hong]]
*{{fhicon|KOR}} [[Oh Se-yong]]

|2 goals=
*{{fhicon|BAN}} [[Md Abdullah]]
*{{fhicon|BAN}} [[Rakibul Hasan (field hockey)|Rakibul Hasan]]
*{{fhicon|BAN}} [[Roman Sarkar]]
*{{fhicon|BAN}} [[Shohanur Sobuj]]
*{{fhicon|CHN}} [[Guo Xiaolong]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Shilanand Lakra]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Amit Rohidas]]
*{{fhicon|JPN}} [[Kazumasa Matsumoto]]
*{{fhicon|JPN}} [[Ken Nagayoshi]]
*{{fhicon|KAZ}} [[Altynbek Aitkaliyev]]
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Aiman Rozemi]]

|1 goal=
*{{fhicon|BAN}} [[Tayab Ali]]
*{{fhicon|BAN}} [[Rezaul Babu]]
*{{fhicon|BAN}} [[Amirul Islam (field hockey)|Amirul Islam]]
*{{fhicon|CHN}} [[Chen Qijun]]
*{{fhicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Xiaojia]]
*{{fhicon|TPE}} [[Chang Yu-cheng]]
*{{fhicon|TPE}} [[Shih Tsung-jen]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Raj Kumar Pal]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Vivek Prasad]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Sanjay Rana]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Hardik Singh]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Rajinder Singh (field hockey, born 2002)|Rajinder Singh]]
*{{fhicon|JPN}} [[Naru Kimura]]
*{{fhicon|JPN}} [[Seren Tanaka]]
*{{fhicon|JPN}} [[Shota Yamada]]
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Muhajir Abdu Rauf]]
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Abu Kamal Azrai]]
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Shafiq Hassan]]
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Andywalfian Jeffrynus]]
*{{fhicon|MAS}} [[Fitri Saari]]
*{{fhicon|KOR}} [[Jin Geon-hyo]]
*{{fhicon|KOR}} [[Kong Yoon-ho]]
*{{fhicon|KOR}} [[Lee Jung-jun]]
*{{fhicon|KOR}} [[Lee Seung-woo (field hockey)|Lee Seung-woo]]
}}

===Awards===
The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Crowned Champions of Hero Asia Cup Rajgir Bihar 2025, Qualify for FIH Men’s Hockey World Cup 2026|url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/men-hero-asia-cup-2025-rajgir-india/news/india-crowned-champions-of-hero-asia-cup-rajgir-bihar-2025-qualify-for-fih-mens-hockey-world-cup-2026-rajgir-bihar-september-7-2025|date=7 September 2025|publisher=fih.hockey}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Player
|-
| Player of the tournament || {{fhicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Nain]]
|-
| Goalkeeper of the tournament || {{fhicon|KOR}} [[Kim Jae-hyeon (field hockey)|Kim Jae-hyeon]]
|-
| Young player of the tournament || {{fhicon|MAS}} [[Andywalfian Jeffrynus]]
|-
| Promising goalkeeper of the tournament || {{fhicon|CHN}} [[Wang Caiyu]]
|}

==See also==
* [[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]
* [[2026 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.fih.hockey/events/men-hero-asia-cup-2025-rajgir-india FIH website]

{{Men's Hockey Asia Cup}}

[[Category:Hockey Asia Cup]]
[[Category:2025 in men's field hockey|Asia Cup]]
[[Category:International field hockey competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian sport|Hockey Asia Cup]]
[[Category:September 2025 sports events in Asia|Hockey Asia Cup]]
[[Category:August 2025 sports events in India|Hockey Asia Cup]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajgir]]
[[Category:2026 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup qualification|Asia Cup]]

P. A. Ibrahim Haji

2026-02-09T05:01:02Z

Eldartpy: added references

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist (1943–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. A. Ibrahim Haji
| image = Dr.PA Ibrahim Haji (cropped).tif
| caption =
| birth_name = Pallikere Abdulla Ibrahim<ref name="ZaubaCorp">{{cite web|title=Directors of Indus Motor Company Private Limited|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/director/IBRAHIMHAJI-PALLIKERE-ABDULLA/00017148|website=www.zaubacorp.com|accessdate=5 June 2017|language=en|archive-date=4 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004135655/https://www.zaubacorp.com/director/IBRAHIMHAJI-PALLIKERE-ABDULLA/00017148|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|09|06}}
| birth_place = [[Kasaragod]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|12|21|1943|09|06}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode, Kerala]], India
| occupation = Entrepreneur, philanthropist
| parents = Abdulla Ibrahim Haji, Aysha
| awards = Pravasi Ratna C H Award [[Garshom Awards|Garshom International Award]] 2017
| website =
}}

'''Pallikere Abdulla Ibrahim Haji''' (6 September 1943 – 21 December 2021) was an Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist based in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. He had investments in the education,<ref name="KT">{{cite web|date=24 March 2016|title=PACE delivers high standards of education with reasonable fees|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/education/pace-delivers-high-standards-of-education-with-reasonable-fees|website=[[Khaleej Times]]|language=en|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507232450/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/education/pace-delivers-high-standards-of-education-with-reasonable-fees|url-status=live}}</ref> automotive, and jewellery industries.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web|date=26 September 2011|title=Malabar Gold ropes in local celebrities, industrialists for flagship store in Chennai|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/malabar-gold-ropes-in-local-celebrities-industrialists-for-flagship-store-in-chennai/article2487643.ece|website=[[Hindu Business Line]]|language=en|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225034946/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Malabar-Gold-ropes-in-local-celebrities-industrialists-for-flagship-store-in-Chennai/article20340956.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=29 November 2013|title=Malabar Gold: From Rs50 lakh to Rs22,000 crore in just 20 years!|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/malabar-gold-from-rs50-lakh-to-rs22000-crore-in-just-20-years/35475.html|accessdate=17 September 2017|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213557/http://www.moneylife.in/article/malabar-gold-from-rs50-lakh-to-rs22000-crore-in-just-20-years/35475.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the chairman of the PACE Education group, founder and vice-chairman of the Indus Motor Company,<ref>{{cite web|title=Indus Motors Company|url=http://infowiki.in/company/U50102KL1984PTC004009/INDUS-MOTOR-COMPANY-PRIVATE-LIMITED|accessdate=18 September 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the co-chairman of Malabar Gold.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web|date=5 June 2017|title=P. A. Ibrahim Haji: Executive Profile & Biography|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=280325462&privcapId=261078457&previousCapId=261078457&previousTitle=Cheraman%20Financial%20Services%20Ltd|website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|language=en|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918020931/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=280325462&privcapId=261078457&previousCapId=261078457&previousTitle=Cheraman%20Financial%20Services%20Ltd|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NIE">{{cite news|date=9 January 2017|title=Man With Many Hats|language=en|agency=[[New Indian Express]]|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/1064532/The-New-Indian-Express-Kozhikode/09-01-2017#page/30/2|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514190039/http://epaper.newindianexpress.com/1064532/The-New-Indian-Express-Kozhikode/09-01-2017#page/30/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UAEMD">{{cite web|title=Dr P A Ibrahim Haji|url=http://uae.malayali.directory/dr-p-a-ibrahim-haji/|website=UAE Malayali Directory|language=en|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430051613/http://uae.malayali.directory/dr-p-a-ibrahim-haji/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ibrahim was a recipient of the Indian government's [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman|Pravasi Ratna]] award in 2015.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=21 December 2021|title=P. A. Ibrahim Haji passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/p-a-ibrahim-haji-passes-away/article38006371.ece|access-date=25 December 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223172355/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/p-a-ibrahim-haji-passes-away/article38006371.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ibrahim was born on 6 September 1943, in [[Pallikkara, Bekal|Pallikkere]], in [[Kasaragod]] in the modern Indian state of [[Kerala]], to Abdulla Ibrahim Haji, a textile merchant, and Aysha. He attended the government Mappila LP School, and later the Kottikulam Government Fisheries High School. After completing his schooling, he pursued his diploma in [[automobile engineering]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Chairman – PA College of Engineering Mangalore, PACE|url=https://www.pace.edu.in/about-chairman-message.php|url-status=live|access-date=21 December 2021|website=www.pace.edu.in|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221085240/https://www.pace.edu.in/about-chairman-message.php}}</ref><ref name="NIE"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=ലേഖകൻ|first=മാധ്യമം|title=വൈവിധ്യം നിറഞ്ഞ സംരംഭങ്ങളും സജീവമായ ജീവകാരുണ്യപ്രവർത്തനവും; ഇബ്രാഹിം ഹാജിയുടെ വേറിട്ട വഴി|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/obituaries/memoir/the-different-way-of-ibrahim-haji-897383|access-date=21 December 2021|work=[[Madhyamam]]|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221085234/https://www.madhyamam.com/obituaries/memoir/the-different-way-of-ibrahim-haji-897383|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Ibrahim emigrated to [[Dubai]] in the United Arab Emirates in 1966, traveling in a boat from India.<ref name=":2" /> He started his career in the UAE working in the automotive spare parts division of Austin Car distributors, which was owned by Ali Bin Abdulla Al Owais, for a salary of 400 [[Qatari riyal|riyals]]. Speaking later about his beginnings, he would recount that he lived in the ''Oonth Bazaar'' ({{Translation|camel market}}) neighborhood of the city, sharing a room with 10 other men. He later moved to the Al Ras neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zakir|first=S. M. Ayaz|title=Renowned Dubai businessman Dr PA Ibrahim Haji shared his journey days before fatal stroke|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/renowned-dubai-businessman-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji-shared-his-journey-days-before-fatal-stroke|access-date=25 December 2021|website=Khaleej Times|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223171116/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/renowned-dubai-businessman-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji-shared-his-journey-days-before-fatal-stroke|url-status=live}}</ref> He started his entrepreneurial journey in the UAE in 1974 with his own garments business before branching into cosmetics. In 1976, he expanded into the trading business, starting Century Trading Company and later into the jewellery business.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PA Ibrahim Haji, educational entrepreneur and founder vice-chairman of Malabar Gold, dies at 78|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/12/21/pa-ibrahim-haji-founder-vice-chairman-of-malabar-gold-passes-away.html|access-date=25 December 2021|website=OnManorama|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225034949/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/12/21/pa-ibrahim-haji-founder-vice-chairman-of-malabar-gold-passes-away.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=22 Dec 2021|title=Businessman, philanthropist PA Ibrahim Haji passes away {{!}} Kozhikode News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/businessman-philanthropist-pa-ibrahim-haji-passes-away/articleshow/88419830.cms|access-date=25 December 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223081321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/businessman-philanthropist-pa-ibrahim-haji-passes-away/articleshow/88419830.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ibrahim ventured into the education space in 1999 by setting up the PACE Education Group. The group operates schools and colleges in India, the UAE, and Kuwait, with over 20,000 students from over 25 countries.<ref name="KT" /><ref name="E247">{{cite web|last1=Sathish|first1=VM|title=New education group to target Indian expats in the Gulf|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/new-education-group-to-target-indian-expats-in-the-gulf-2011-10-29-1.425785|website=[[Emirates 24/7]]|accessdate=5 June 2017|language=en|date=29 October 2011|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917172023/http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/new-education-group-to-target-indian-expats-in-the-gulf-2011-10-29-1.425785|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He also operated schools in Kerala, including the RIMs International School and the Manjeri Pace Residential School, and five other institutions in Mangalore, in Karnataka.<ref name=":2" /> He was also the co-chairman of the Malabar Group, a retailer of gold and diamonds, and the founder and vice-chairman of the Indus Motor Company.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gokulan|first=Dhanusha|title=Veteran Dubai businessman Dr PA Ibrahim Haji of Malabar Group dies in India|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/veteran-dubai-businessman-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji-of-malabar-group-dies-in-india|access-date=22 December 2021|website=Khaleej Times|language=en|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222022243/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/veteran-dubai-businessman-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji-of-malabar-group-dies-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref> He was a director of the Muslim Printing and Publishing Company, the publishers of [[Chandrika (newspaper)|''Chandrika'']] the mouthpiece of the [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref name=":2" />

Ibrahim was also the co-founder of the India-Arab foundation in 1981, in advance of the then Indian prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s visit to the UAE.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 December 2021|title=Leading UAE businessman PA Ibrahim Haji dies at 78|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2021/12/21/leading-uae-businessman-pa-ibrahim-haji-dies/|access-date=25 December 2021|website=The National|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221121633/https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2021/12/21/leading-uae-businessman-pa-ibrahim-haji-dies/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also drove many of his charity and community development initiatives through his trust. He was known to have driven a campaign to have international flights operate out of the [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut airport]]. Ibrahim received the UAE Golden Visa in 2021 in recognition of his services to the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Dr PA Ibrahim Haji: Indian salesman who rose to business tycoon in UAE championing education and charity|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/remembering-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji-indian-salesman-who-rose-to-business-tycoon-in-uae-championing-education-and-charity-1.84541756|access-date=25 December 2021|website=gulfnews.com|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223132130/https://gulfnews.com/uae/remembering-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji-indian-salesman-who-rose-to-business-tycoon-in-uae-championing-education-and-charity-1.84541756|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
On 11 December 2021, Ibrahim suffered a stroke in [[Dubai]]. He was then moved to [[Kozhikode]] in an air ambulance, before dying on 21 December 2021, at the age of 78, at Aster MIMS hospital in Kozhikode.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Saseendran |first1=Sajila |title=Prominent UAE-based Indian entrepreneur and philanthropist Dr PA Ibrahim Haji passes away |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/prominent-uae-based-indian-entrepreneur-and-philanthropist-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji-passes-away-1.84535990 |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=gulfnews.com |date=21 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221063641/https://gulfnews.com/uae/prominent-uae-based-indian-entrepreneur-and-philanthropist-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji-passes-away-1.84535990 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rizvi |first1=Anam |title=Leading UAE businessman PA Ibrahim Haji dies at 78 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2021/12/21/leading-uae-businessman-pa-ibrahim-haji-dies/ |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221102550/https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2021/12/21/leading-uae-businessman-pa-ibrahim-haji-dies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His funeral was completed at Najmul Huda Arabic College [[Madrasa]] in Vettekode, [[Manjeri]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gokulan|first=Dhanusha|title=Tributes, condolences pour in for late Dubai businessman Dr PA Ibrahim Haji|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/tributes-condolences-pour-in-for-late-dubai-businessman-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji|access-date=22 December 2021|website=Khaleej Times|language=en|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222023629/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/tributes-condolences-pour-in-for-late-dubai-businessman-dr-pa-ibrahim-haji|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours==
*Board of Governors of the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]], the affiliation body for [[technical education]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University">{{cite news | url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/dubai-based-nri-named-governor-of-new-varsity | title=Dubai-based NRI named governor of new varsity | date=2015 | access-date=27 February 2017 | archive-date=14 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614181851/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/dubai-based-nri-named-governor-of-new-varsity | url-status=live }}</ref>
*C H Award in memory of [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]], former Kerala Chief Minister of Kerala<ref name="Ibrahim Haji chosen for CH award">{{cite news | url=http://www.uniindia.com/ibrahim-haji-chosen-for-ch-award/states/news/672501.html | title=Ibrahim Haji chosen for CH award | date=2016 | access-date=27 February 2017 | archive-date=23 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223025727/http://www.uniindia.com/ibrahim-haji-chosen-for-ch-award/states/news/672501.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
*Pravasi Ratna (September 2005) Awarded at the NRI Global Meet<ref name="Pravasi Ratna award">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/03/stories/2005090303630300.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Pravasi Ratna award to Dubai-based NRI businessman P.A. Ibrahim Haji | date=2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Garshom Awards|Garshom Lifetime Achievement Award 2017]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.garshomonline.com/ibrahim-2017/|title=Dr. P a Ibrahim- Garshom Lifetime Achievement Award|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201171850/https://www.garshomonline.com/ibrahim-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[K. Avukader Kutty Naha]] Memorial Award 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kasargodvartha.com/2013/08/naha-memorial-award-for-ibrahim-haji.html|title=ഡോ. പി.എ. ഇബ്രാഹിം ഹാജിക്ക് അവുകാദര്‍കുട്ടി നഹ സ്മാരക അവാര്‍ഡ്|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216103457/http://www.kasargodvartha.com/2013/08/naha-memorial-award-for-ibrahim-haji.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* K.S. Abdullah Memorial Award 2016 Presented by Kasaragod KMCC Sharjah Committee<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kasargodvartha.com/2016/04/ks-abdulla-award-for-dr-p-ibrahim-haji.html|title=കെ എം സി സി ഷാര്‍ജ കാസര്‍കോട് ജില്ലാ കമ്മിറ്റിയുടെ കെ എസ് അബ്ദുല്ല അവാര്‍ഡ് ഡോ. പി എ ഇബ്രാഹിം ഹാജിക്ക്|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216113609/http://www.kasargodvartha.com/2016/04/ks-abdulla-award-for-dr-p-ibrahim-haji.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Honorary degree of Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa (Hon. D.Litt.), by the [[University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb1219/oth054|title=The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212173515/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb1219%2Foth054|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustm.ac.in/news/dr.-p-a-ibrahim-haji-conferred-hon.-d.litt.-by-governor-at-ustm|title=University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya|website=www.ustm.ac.in|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013103935/http://www.ustm.ac.in/news/dr.-p-a-ibrahim-haji-conferred-hon.-d.litt.-by-governor-at-ustm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theshillongtimes.com/2019/02/12/honorary-degrees-for-david-syiemlieh-3-others/|title=Honorary degrees for David Syiemlieh, 3 others|website=The Shillong Times|date=12 February 2019|language=en-US|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013103929/http://theshillongtimes.com/2019/02/12/honorary-degrees-for-david-syiemlieh-3-others/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibrahim Haji, P A}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Garshom Awardees]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]

Arebhashe dialect

2026-02-02T12:16:08Z

Eldartpy: general improved content

{{Short description|Kannada dialect of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=August 2016}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2016}}
{{cleanup lang|date=November 2025|iso=kn}}
}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Arebhashe
| nativename = {{lang|kn|ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Sullia]], [[Kodagu]], [[Kasaragod]]
| ethnicity = [[Arebhashe|Arebhashe Gowda]]
| speakers =
| date = 2011
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = [[Kannada dialects|Kannada–Badaga]]
| fam6 = Kannadoid
| fam7 = [[Kannada]]
| fam8 = Southwestern
| script = [[Kannada script]]
| glotto = areb1239
| agency = [[Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy]]
| isoexception = dialect
}}

'''Arebhashe''' ({{Langx|kn|ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ|translit=Arebhāṣe}}, {{ipa|kn|ɐrebʰaːʂe|ipa}}), or '''Aregannada''' or '''Gowda Kannada''', is a dialect of [[Kannada]] mainly by Gowda communities in the regions of [[Madikeri]], [[Somwarpet taluk|Somwarpet]], and [[Kushalanagar|Kushalnagar]] taluks of [[Kodagu]] district, Coorg, [[Sullia]] and [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] taluks of [[Dakshina Kannada]] district, as well as [[Bandadka]], [[Kasaragod]] District in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Arebase: A dialect rooted in cultural harmony |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/arebase-a-dialect-rooted-in-cultural-harmony-868290.html |access-date=27 July 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kodavas and Arebhashe Gowdas are like kith and kin: Rangayana Director |url=https://starofmysore.com/kodavas-and-arebhashe-gowdas-are-like-kith-and-kin-rangayana-director/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=Star of Mysore |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> The language was recognized by the Karnataka State government and formed an academy in 2011 to preserve the culture and literature of the Arebhahse Region which is named as [[Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy]] supported by then Chief Minister [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paniyadi |first1=Gururaj |title=This language academy a shame for linguists |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140912/nation-current-affairs/article/language-academy-shame-linguists |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=30 August 2020 |language=en |date=12 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Deepthi">{{cite news |author=Deepthi Sanjiv |title=Mangaluru: Academy begins work on Arebhashe dictionary |department=Mangaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/academy-begins-work-on-arebhashe-dictionary/articleshow/78757932.cms |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gowda Kannada">{{cite book|title=Gowda Kannada|first=K. Kushalappa|last=Gowda|year=1970|publisher=Annamalai University Department of Linguistics |id={{eric|ED045984}} |author-link=K. Kushalappa Gowda}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Grammar of Kannada: Based on the Inscriptions of Coorg, South Kanara and North Kanara Dts.100 to 1400 A.D.|first=K. Kushalappa|last=Gowda|year=1972|publisher=Annamalai University, Department of Linguistics |oclc=4085188 |author-link=K. Kushalappa Gowda}}</ref>
[[File:Hase Modrili Kudrisikana Heluva Shobane.webm|thumb|Arebhashe Shobhane]]

== History ==
According to linguistic scientists, it is very close to the [[Badaga language]] in the Dravidian language.<ref name="auto"/> There was a time when<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gowda|first1=Puttur Anantharaja|title=In Pursuit of Our Roots|publisher=Tenkila Publications|year=2015|location=Bengaluru}}</ref> [[Vokkaliga]] Gowda came from Iguru and started living in [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Kodagu district]], also [[Kasaragod District]] of [[Kerala State]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=January 2025}} They migrated to [[Coorg]] (Kodagu) from [[Mangalore]]-[[Udupi]] (Dakshina Kannada-Udupi) region, to settle among the Canarese [[Tulu language|Tulu]] speaking people.<ref>Valase, Sangarsha, Samanvaya By Purushothama Bilimale, ''Akruthi Publication Mangaluru, 2019 Pg: 216''</ref> And different communities in this region speak Arebhashe as a communication language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Girish |first=Kolyada |title=Hingara, Samputa 1,‌Sanchike 1 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy |year=2015 |location=MADIKERI}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shailaja |first1=A. C. |title=Kodavaru mattu Kodagina arebhashe gowdara samskruti toulanika adhyayana |journal=University |year=2014 |publisher=Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies, University of Mysore |location=Mysore |hdl=10603/110479 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/110479 |language=Kannada}}</ref>

Arebhashe-speaking people in Sulya Taluk are bilingual with [[Tulu language|Tulu]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=January 2025}}

== Geographic distribution ==
Arebhashe is mainly concentrated in the state of Karnataka. There are more than five hundred thousand people speaking Arebhashe in Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu districts in Karnataka and Kasaragod in Kerala are the districts where Arebhashe speaking people live for centuries.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=January 2025}} They are now spread all over India, especially in metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Bengaluru, and other industrial and business centers.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=January 2025}} Arebhashigas are also in large numbers in countries like the United States of America, the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, GCC countries and other places outside India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Language in India |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html |website=languageinindia.com |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arebhashe : Language with rich cultural history|url=https://newskarnataka.com/special/features/arebhashe-language-with-rich-cultural-history/|url-status=live|access-date=17 September 2021|website=News Karnataka|date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827014835/https://newskarnataka.com/special/features/arebhashe-language-with-rich-cultural-history/ |archive-date=27 August 2021 }}</ref>

== Grammar ==
The accepted word order of Arebhashe is [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject-object-verb), same as of Kannada languages.<ref name="Vyakarana">{{cite book |last1=Gowda |first1=Prof.K. Kushalappa |title=Arebase (Gowda Kannada) Vyakarana |date=2019 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy |location=Sullia |pages=30}}</ref> This language lacks aspirated consonants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bilimale |first1=Purushothama |title=Valase, Sangharsa Mattu Samanvaya : Sulya Parisarada Gauda Samudayada Samskrtika Adhyayana |date=2019 |publisher=Aakrithi Aashaya Publications, Mangaluru |location=Mangaluru |isbn=978-81-939906-4-3 |pages=406}}</ref> This is core aspects of the majority of Dravidian languages that set them apart from Indo-Aryan language such Hindi, Marathi, etc. There is a very close connection to [[Kundagannada dialect|Kundagannada]] and [[Havigannada dialect]]. The gender distinction in Arebhashe is as similar to Brahui, a member of the North Dravidian linguistic system. There is no female gender distinction and no difference in the plural masculine, neuter gender.<ref>"Gender Distinction in Gowda Kannada." In Studies in Indian Linguistics, Krishnamurti H D, 1969, pp. 212-220</ref> Arebhashe is different from the Kannada language and has difficult to understand accent and words because of its special vowels and colloquialism.<ref name="mad"/><ref>{{cite journal |first=Preethi V. |last=Kamat |title=Arebhashe: A Language with a rich cultural History |journal=Karnataka News |date=30 December 2021 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23–25 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arebhashe_A_Langauge_with_a_rich_cultural_History.pdf}}</ref> Arebhashe is also influenced and got words from Southwestern languages such as Tulu and Malayalam.

=== Phonology ===
The study of sounds in speech is known as [[phonology]]. The Arebhashe has 22 consonants and 13 vowels.{{clarify|date=April 2024|reason=The vowel table shows 10, not 13}} There are no breathy letters in Arebhashe like Kannada language.<ref name="Vyakarana" />

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! short
! long
! short
! long
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} (ಇ)
| {{IPA link|iː}} (ಈ)
| {{IPA link|u}} (ಉ)
| {{IPA link|uː}} (ಊ)
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} (ಎ)
| {{IPA link|eː}} (ಏ)
| {{IPA link|o}} (ಒ)
| {{IPA link|oː}} (ಓ)
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA link|ɐ}} (ಅ)
| {{IPA link|aː}} (ಆ)
|}

* {{IPA|/ɐ/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} are phonetically central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɐ}}, {{IPAplink|äː}}]}}. {{IPA|/ɐ/}} may be as open as {{IPA|/aː/}} ({{IPAblink|ä}}) or higher {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center href="V K Gokak"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! href="Kavirajamarga" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! href="Adipurana" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}} (ಮ)
|{{IPA link|n}} (ನ)
|{{IPA link|ɳ}} (ಣ)
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} (ಞ)
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} (ಙ)
|
|- href="Eastern Chalukyas#Connection between Kannada and Telugu literature"
! rowspan="2" href="Kadambas of Goa" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!voiceless
|{{IPA link|p}} (ಪ)
|{{IPA link|t̪}} (ತ)
|{{IPA link|ʈ}} (ಟ)
|{{IPA link|tʃ}} (ಚ)
|{{IPA link|k}} (ಕ)
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}} (ಬ)
|{{IPA link|d̪}} (ದ)
|{{IPA link|ɖ}} (ಡ)
|{{IPA link|dʒ}} (ಜ)
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} (ಗ)
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}} (ಸ)
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}} (ಹ)
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|ʋ}} (ವ)
|{{IPA link|l}} (ಲ)
|{{IPA link|ɭ}} (ಳ)
|{{IPA link|j}} (ಯ)
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}} (ರ)
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''English'''
! '''[[Kannada]]'''
! '''[[Arebhashe]]'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nidinji |first1=Dr.Karunakara |title=Negebeku Kedege Gone Hange |date=13 March 2021|publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy }}</ref>
|-
| I
| Nānu (ನಾನು)
| Nā (ನಾನು / ನಾ)
|-
| We
| Nāvu (ನಾವು)
| Nāv (ನಾವ್/ನಾವು)
|-
| You (Singular)
| Nīnu (ನೀನು)
| Nī (ನೀ)
|-
| You (Plural)
| Nīvu (ನೀವು)
| Nīv (ನೀವ್/ನೀವು)
|-
| He
| Avanu (ಅವನು)
| Ava (ಅಂವ)
|-
| She
| Avalu (ಅವಳು)
| Avlu (ಅವ್ಳ್)
|-
| It
| Adu (ಅದು)
| Adh(ಅದ್)
|-
|-
| They (Neutral)
| Avaru (ಅವರು)
| Avu (ಅವ್)
|}

==== Cases ====
Arebhashe has eight cases:<ref>Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich. [[A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages]]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003. Print.</ref> Because the traditional study of Arebhashe grammar is based on [[Kannada grammar]] and in turn, Kannada grammar is based on [[Sanskrit]] grammar, a fifth case (since the dative case is the fourth case and the genitive case is the sixth in the traditional order of the cases) is sometimes considered: the [[ablative case]] (ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ). This case is formed periphrastically by combining the [[genitive case]] of the noun supposedly in the ablative with the instrumental-case form of the noun 'ದೆಸೆ', meaning 'cause, vicinity, place, point'. Thus the Kannada [[ablative]] literally translates to 'from/by the cause/point of the {noun}'. However, this 'ablative' form is not commonly used colloquially, and exists only for propriety—it is not a true case, serving only to provide a parallel to the Sanskrit ablative.<ref name=":1">Ziegler, F. ''A Practical Key to the [[Kannada Language]]''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1984. Print.</ref> In its place, the third case, the instrumental-ablative case, is normally used.

The [[nominative]] is unmarked in Arebhashe. The Accusative-Genitive and Instrumental-Ablative are [[homophonous]] pairs in Arebhashe, while in Kannada, only the latter pair is met with. The Locative marker occurs only in inanimate nouns. in Arebhashe, but in Kannada, it occurs inanimate nouns also. However, inanimate nouns in Kannada, when necessary, the Locative sense is expressed by Postpositions. The distinction between the [[Accusative]] and [[Genitive]] is sometimes determined in -a ending [[Animate noun|inanimate]] nouns, by the kind of Inflexional increments with which they occur. e.g. mara-n-a kaɖi ಮರ-ನ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree' (Acc), mara-d-a gellɨ ಮರ-ದ-ಅ-ಗೆಲ್ಲ್ 'branch of the tree'. Such instances are rare in number and moreover, -n- is sometimes used in both functions. e.g. mara-n-a gellɨ mara-d-a gellɨ 'branch of the tree', mara-n-a kad̪i‌ ಮರ-ನ-ಅ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree'. This variation, perhaps be explained through old Kannada examples, where we come across a few words of the inanimate class taking the same ending as the animate class. e.g. mara-n-a ಮರ-ನ-ಅ 'of the tree', koɭan-a ಕೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the lake', polan-a ಪೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the field' etc. -n occurring before the case marker, perhaps indicates the Singular number, since, these are the concrete objects and therefore countable. Abstract nouns, or the objects which occur in a group or mass, are treated with -m ending. e.g. guɳam ಗುಣಂ 'good character' (Nom), and such nouns will have -d- as Inflexional increment before case markers other than the Dative. e.g. guna-d-a ಗುಣ-ದ-ಅ of the good character', ku:ʈa-d-a ಕೂಟ-ದ-ಅ 'of the gathering', ru:pa-d-a ರೂಪ-ದ-ಅ 'of the beauty. Though this irregularity in pattern was levelled in middle and modern Kannada Arebhashe, seems to have retained the old pattern in having the variation regarding the Inflexional Increments, referred to above.<ref name="Gowda Kannada"/>

=== Cases table ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Case
! 'Standard Kannada' Case-termination
! Arebhashe Case
|-
| [[nominative case]] ಪ್ರಥಮಾ(ಕರ್ತೃವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-kartr̥vibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಉ | maravu(ಮರವು)</nowiki>
| Ø
|-
| [[accusative case]] ದ್ವಿತೀಯಾ(ಕರ್ಮವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-karmavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಅನ್ನು | maravannu(ಮರವನ್ನು)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ನ | mara-na(ಮರನ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[instrumental case]] ತೃತೀಯಾ(ಕರಣವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-karaṇavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಇಂದ | mara-dinda(ಮರದಿಂದ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ನ್ದ | mara-nda(ಮರಂದ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[dative case]] ಚತುರ್ಥೀ(ಸಂಪ್ರದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-sampradānavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಇಗೆ/ಇಕ್ಕೆ | mara-kke(ಮರಕ್ಕೆ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಕೆ/ಗೆ - ke/ge/nge | mara-ke(ಮರಕೆ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[ablative case]] ಪಂಚಮೀ(ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-apādānavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ದೆಸೆಯಿಂದ | marada-deseyinda(ಮರದ ದೆಸೆಯಿಂದ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ನ್ದ | mara-nda(ಮರಂದ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[genitive case]] ಷಷ್ಠೀ(ಸಂಬಂಧವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-saṃbandhavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಅ | mara-da(ಮರದ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಅ | mara-na/a(ಮರನ/ಮರ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[locative case]] ಸಪ್ತಮೀ(ಅಧಿಕರಣವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-adhikaraṇavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಅಲ್ಲಿ | marada-alli(ಮರದಲ್ಲಿ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಲಿ | mara-li(ಮರಲಿ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[vocative case]] ಸಂಭೋದನಾ(ಸಂಬೋಧನಾವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-saṃbōdhanāvibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಏ | mara-vē(ಮರವೇ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಏ | mara-vē(ಮರವೇ)</nowiki>
|}

==== Accusative case ====
:{a} / -a / -na
:''/ -a occurs after [[noun]]s stem ending in [[consonant]]s.''
:E.g. '''/ -a''' : 'It' - ad-ar-a - ಅದ್‌-ಅರ್‌-ಅ; 'them' - av-ar-a - ಅವ್-ಅರ್-ಅ; 'whom' - ya:r-a - ಯಾ-ರ್-ಅ

:''/ -na occurs elsewhere''.
:E.g. '''/ -na''' : 'elder sister'-akka-na-ಅಕ್ಕ-ನ; 'mother'-avva-na-ಅವ್ವ-ನ; 'father'-appa-na-ಅಪ್ಪ-ನ; 'the tree'-mara-na-ಮರ-ನ; 'the blind woman'-kurd-i-na-ಕುರ್ಡ್-ಇ-ನ

==== Instrumental case ====
{-nda}-da nda
: ''/ -da occurs after -n ending stems in [[demonstrative]]s''.
: E.g. '''/ -da''' : 'by him'-av-á-n-da-ಅವ್-ಅ-ನ್‌-ದ 'by this man'-iv-a-n-da-ಇವ್-‌ಅ-ನ್‌-ದ

: ''/ -nda occurs elsewhere''.
:E.g. '''/ -nda''' : 'by father'-appa-nda-ಅಪ್ಪ-ನ್‌ದ; 'by the tree'-mara-nda-ಮರ-ನ್‌ದ; 'by it or her'-ad-ar-nda-ಅದ್‌-ಅರ್‌-ನ್‌ದ 'by the cat'-kotti-nda-ಕೊತ್ತಿ-ನ್‌ದ 'by the ladder'-e:ni-nda-ಏಣಿ-ನ್‌ದ

==== Dative case ====
{ ɲge } /-ke /-ɲge /-ge
: ''/-ke occurs after the [[noun stem]]s having the Inflexional increment -k, and also after the [[Demonstrative]] and [[Interrogative]] [[pronoun]]s.''
: E.g. /-ke : 'to the tree'-mara-k-ke-ಮರ-ಕ್‌-ಕೆ(ಮರಕ್ಕೆ) 'to the book'-pustaka-k-ke-ಪುಸ್ತಕ-ಕ-ಕೆ; 'to the money-haɲa-k-ke-ಹಣ-ಕ-ಕೆ; 'to it'-adi-ke- ಅದಿ-ಕೆ 'to this'-idi-ke-ಇದಿ-ಕೆ; 'to which'-ya-di-ke-ಯಾ-ದಿ-ಕೆ; to which (pl)-ya:vu-ke-ಯಾ-ಉ-ಕೆ(ಯಾವಕ್ಕೆ)

: ''/-ɲge occurs after -a ending [[Noun stem]]s belonging to animate class.''
: E.g. '''/-ɲge''' : 'to father'-appa-ɲge-ಅಪ್ಪ-ನ್‌ಗೆ; 'to mother'-avva-ɲge-ಅವ್ವ-ನ್‌ಗೆ; 'to elder sister'-akka-ɲge-ಅಕ್ಕ-ನ್‌ಗೆ; to the buffalo-ko:ɲa-ɲge-ಕೋಣ-ನ್‌ಗೆ to the parrot-gi:ɲa-ɲge-ಗಿಣ-ನ್‌ಗೆ

: /-ge occurs elsewhere.
: E.g. '''/-ge''' : 'to the donkey'-katte-ge-ಕತ್ತೆ-ಗೆ 'to the coat'-ko:țu-ge-ಕೋಟು-ಗೆ 'to the car'ka:rɨ-ge-ಕಾರ್-ಗೆ

== Literature ==
Arebhashe has all kind of literature like Epics, Novels, Drama, Dictionaries, Poem, riddles, adverbs and rich oral literature.<ref name="Deepthi"/>
*The epic "''Manasa Bharatha''" written by [[K. Kushalappa Gowda]]<ref>Nudi Osage, Dr Kushalappa Gowda Abhinandana Grantha, A Felicitation volume in honor of Pro K Kushalappa Gowda, Edited by Dr K Chinnappa Gowda, 2005, Pg.51</ref>
*Dictionary " Arebhashe Shabdakosha" by Gangadhara<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gangadhara |first1=K R |title=Arebhashe - Kannada - English Shabdakoha; Arebhashe Gadega mattu Nudigattuga |date=2013 |publisher=Gowda Socio-education Trust(R) Sullia}}</ref> and Arebhahse - Kannada English Dictionary<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-81-956598-1-4 |title=Arebhase padakosa: Arebhase-Kannada-Inglis |date=6 August 2023 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrti mattu Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> by Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi Mattu Sahithya Academy
*Arebhahse Grammar by Prof. K Kushalappa Gowda<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gowda |first1=Prof. Kushalappa K |title=Arebhashe Vyakarana(Gowda Kannada) |date=2019 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhahshe Samskruti Mattu Sahithya Academy Sahithya |location=Madikeri |url=https://archive.org/details/arebasegowdakann0000prof}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=ಅರೆಬಾಸೆ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ (ಗೌಡ ಕನ್ನಡ) |date=2019 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಮತ್ತು‍ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ |url=https://archive.org/details/arebasegowdakann0000prof}}</ref>
*Arebhahshe paramparika Kosha<ref>{{cite book |title=Arebhahshe Paramparika Kosha |date=6 August 2023 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy |location=Madikeri |isbn=978-81-956598-4-5 |pages=300 |edition=1}}</ref>

===Folk literature===
The oral traditions of Arebhashe is one of the major traditions that show the finer aspects of the language. The following are various forms of Arebhashe oral tradition and literature.
*'''Shobhane''': One that is commonly recited on occasion marriage function. This is the theme of the way of life of Hindu gods Rama and Seeta.
*'''Paddanas''': This is recited in a ritualistic context by particular communities of the Arebhashe region on the occasion of the Hindu rituals of [[Bhuta Kola]]. These Paddanas are mostly legends about gods or historical personalities among the people.<ref>Poovappa Kaniyoor, Pookare Mattu Itatra Janapadeeya Lekhanagalu, op.cit., p.46</ref>
*'''Riddles and Adverbs''': They are another important aspect of Arebahshe oral traditions.
*'''Siddavesha''': [[Siddavesa]] kind of religious and traditional folk dance it is also called as ''[[Pursere Kattuna|pursere kaṭṭunā]]'' and ''puruṣa makkaḷa kuṇita''. [[Arebhase Gowda|Arebhashe gowdas]] of [[Sullia]], [[Belthangady]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] perform [[full moon]] summer dance in month of [[Tulu calendar]] Suggi. In this same month, Suggi Nalike is also performed.<ref>
Karavali janapada, Purushotha Bilimale 1990. Mangalagangothri Dakshina Kannada, Siddavesha: Partibhatane Mattu Nirasana P.21</ref> Siddavesha is performed from late evening until morning which includes visiting homes of people from all stratas of society. This song is sung during [[Siddavesa|Siddavesha]] Kunita<ref>Yadupathi Gowda, Gauḍaru-janāṅga mattu kuṇita, Yadupati gauḍa, 2003. Okkaligara Yāne Gauḍara Sēvā Saṅgha, Mangaluru, pg.153</ref>
* '''Folktales''' : In Arebhashe cultures, there is no clear line separating myth from folk or fairy tale; all these together form the literature of preliterate societies.<ref>Gowda Kannadada Janapada Kathegalu-varga mattu Ashaya suchi, Vishwanatha Badikana, Madipu Prakashana, Mangala Gangothri,1994.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales, wonder tale, magic tale|last=Bettelheim|first=Bruno|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1989|isbn=0-679-72393-5|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/usesofenchantmen00brun/page/25 25]|url=https://archive.org/details/usesofenchantmen00brun/page/25}}</ref> Fairy tales may be distinguished from other folk narratives such as [[legend]]s (which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described)<ref>Thompson, Stith. ''Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology & Legend'', 1972 s.v. "Fairy Tale"</ref> and explicit moral tales, including beast [[fable]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Badikana |first1=Vishwanatha |title=Arebasena Ajjikathega |date=2014 |publisher=Neha Creation |location=Bengaluru |isbn=978-93-85-895-12-8}}</ref>

=== Theatre ===
==== Yakshagana ====
[[Yakshagana]] is a traditional theater, developed in [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Shimoga]] and western parts of [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]] districts, in the state of [[Karnataka]] and in [[Kasaragod district]] in Kerala that combines dance, music, dialogue, costume, make-up, and stage techniques with a unique style and form.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jatra, Tamasha, Yakshagana and Nautanki: A look at India's traditional folk drama forms on World Theatre Day |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/jatra-tamasha-yakshagana-and-nautanki-a-look-at-indias-traditional-folk-drama-forms-on-world-theatre-day/2221647/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=27 March 2021}}</ref>
Theatre in the form of the traditional [[Yakshagana]], Yakshagana Tāḷamaddaḷe and Drama prevalent in Arebhashe speaking region has greatly preserved the finer aspects of the Arebhashe language. Yakshagana which is conducted in Arebhashe is very popular among the Arebhashe People, they often perform it in summer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yakshagana prasanga in Arebhashe language ready |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/yakshagana-prasanga-in-arebhashe-language-ready-892600.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=24 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Talamaddale ====
[[Tala-Maddale]] is an ancient form of performance dialogue or debate performance in this Arebhashe Region. The plot and content of the conversation are drawn from popular mythology but the performance mainly consists of an impromptu debate between characters involving sarcasm, puns, philosophy positions, and humor. The main plot is sung from the same oral texts used for the Yakshagana form of dance- drama. Performers claim that this was a more intellectual rendition of the dance during the monsoon season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamila |first1=Raviprasad |title=Video of Arebhashe talamaddale to go online soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/video-of-arebhashe-talamaddale-to-go-online-soon/article32888593.ece |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=19 October 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==== Arebhashe plays ====
Arebhashe plays are among the major entertainment for admirers of art and culture in the Arebhashe Region. Which generally centered on particular theme or comic genre or issue related.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangaluru: Multilingual drama festival set in motion at Padua College |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=795858 |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arebhashe Day on December 15 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/arebhashe-day-on-december-15-926273.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=11 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Centres of Arebhashe and government support ==
Arebhashe as a language continues to thrive in Sullia, Kodagu in Karnataka and part of Kasaragod in Kerala. [[Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy]], an institute established by the State Government of Karnataka in 2011. The academy focuses on the retrieval and Propagation of Arebhashe Language and Culture in part of Karnataka and part of Kerala through various activities such as creating glossary, translation, and archival work to preserve and develop the language and culture of the Arebhashe. The academy is also working on a documentary collection for veteran personalities of this region, Digitalization of Arebhashe Books,<ref name="mad">{{cite news |title=Academy takes up digitisation of Arebashe books|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/academy-takes-up-digitisation-of-arebashe-books/articleshow/85390330.cms |website=The Times of India|date=17 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಅರೆ‌ಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ‍ ‌ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯ ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಕನ್ನಡ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳು |url=https://arebashe.sanchaya.net/ |website=arebashe.sanchaya.net |language=en}}</ref> including a seminar on youth literature, a drama camp, art camp among the Arebhashe people etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=ಪ್ರಥಮ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ನಾಟಕ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನಕ್ಕೆ ಸಿದ್ಧ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/district-news/dakshina-kannada-news/ready-for-the-premiere-semi-drama-show |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref> The academy is based in Madikeri.

Number of colleges have Arebhahse Language units and conducting various activities.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ಎನ್ನೆಂಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಘ|language=kn|work=Amara Suddi|url=https://amarasuddi.com/2021/02/23/arebashe-sahithya-sanga-nmc/|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ಸುಳ್ಯ ಎನ್ನೆಂಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಘ ಉದ್ಘಾಟನೆ|language=kn|work=Suddi News, Sullia|url=https://sullia.suddinews.com/archives/506142|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಘ ಉದ್ಘಾಟನೆ|language=kn|work=Shakthi Daily|url=https://www.shakthidaily.info/2021/02/27/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%98-%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86-56495|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ಎನ್ನೆಂಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಘ|language=kn|work=Sullia Mirror|url=https://sulliamirror.com/2021/02/arebashe-sanga/|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

== Arebhashe Research Centre==
State Government of Karnataka announced in the year 2022-23 for a research centre for "Arebhashe" in Mangaluru University.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mar 4 |first1=Stanley Pinto / TNN / |title=Karnataka budget: Few takeaways for coastal region {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-budget-few-takeaways-for-coastal-region/articleshow/89996703.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bommai presents please-all budget with eye on 2023 Assembly polls |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=933062 |work=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable Arebhashe people ==

*[[Kedambadi Ramaiah Gowda]], 19th Century Freedom fighter
*[[Guddemane Appaiah Gowda]], Freedom Fighter
*[[D V Sadananda Gowda]], 20th [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] and Former Union Minister<ref>{{cite news |first1=Deepthi |last=Sanjiv |title=Arebhashe Heritage Village to come up in Sullia: DVS |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/arebhashe-heritage-village-to-come-up-in-sullia-dvs-807487.html |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[K. G. Bopaiah]], 19th Speaker of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Shobha Karandlaje]], Politician
*[[Kurunji Venkataramana Gowda]], Entrepreneur & Philanthropist
*[[K. Kushalappa Gowda|K Kushalappa Gowda]], Writer and scholar
*[[Raj Chengappa]], Editorial Director of [[India Today Group]]
*[[Aditi Chengappa]], South Indian actress
*[[Rachana Inder]], South Indian actress
*[[N. Somanna]], 1st Member of Parliament for [[Coorg State]]

== See also ==
* [[Dakshina Kannada]]
* [[Sullia]]
* [[Tulu Gowda]]
* [[Karnataka ethnic groups]]
* [[Yakshagana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last1=Gowda |first1=Prof.K. Kushalappa |title=Arebase (Gowda Kannada) Vyakarana |year=2019 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy |location=Sullia }}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Kannada language]]
[[Category:All articles that may contain original research]]

Rosera

2026-01-12T14:07:07Z

Eldartpy: enhance references for accuracy

{{About|the town|the Vidhan Sabha constituency|Rosera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rosera
| other_name = Rusera Ghat
| nicknames = Rusera, Rusera Ghat
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|45|16|N|86|01|33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 848210
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06275
| population_total = 13 Lakh+
| leader_name =
| leader_party =
| subdivision_type4 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Rosera Assembly constituency|Rosera]]
}}

'''Rosera''' is a city (subdivision) on the bank of River Budhi Gandak. It is a [[municipality]] in [[Samastipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosera Map|url=http://gis.bih.nic.in/MAPNEW/190017-ROSERA.pdf|work=NIC|accessdate=24 April 2014}}</ref> Rosera block consists of 48 villages. Rosera is well connected by the rest of the country through railway or road network. Rosera is connected to Begusarai district via SH-55 and Darbhanga district via SH-88 and it's approx 120 km from Capital Patna.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 India census]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|publisher=Census Commission of India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|accessdate=2021-03-03}}</ref> Rosera has a population of 31,155. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Rosera had an average literacy rate of 69%: male literacy was 70%, and female literacy 68.5%. 16% of the population were under 6 years of age.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Population_Finder.aspx Population Finder - Ministry of Home Affairs]</ref><ref>https://state.bihar.gov.in/urban/SectionInformation.html?Download, https://state.bihar.gov.in/urban/SectionInformation.html?editForm&rowId=3184,
Data taken from memorandum no. 967 dated 03.03.2021 serial. No. 102, Urban Development department bihar</ref>

== Government ==
Prayag Mandal, Independent, defeated Ramashay Rai of [[Indian National Congress]] in 1977. Ramashray Rai of Congress defeated Ram Lakhan Singh of Janata Party (SC) in 1980. Bhola Mandal of Lok Dal defeated Satyendra Narain Choudhary of Congress in 1985. Gajendra Prasad Singh of Janata Dal defeated Ramashray Roy of Congress in 1995 and Rama Kant Jha of Congress in 1990. Ashok Kumar of Samajwadi Party defeated Gajendra Prasad Singh of RJD in 2000. Gajendra Prasad Singh of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] defeated Ashok Kumar of [[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal]] in October 2005 and February 2005. In the 2010 state assembly elections, Manju Hajari of BJP won the Rosera seat defeating her nearest rival Pitamber Paswan of RJD. In the 2015 state assembly elections, Dr. Ashok Ram won from [[Indian National Congress|congress]] party in collaboration with [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] and defeated Manju Hajari. In 2020 General election [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] candidate Birendra Kumar won.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Economy==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
Rosera is a trading centre due to its location, situated on the trade route of the river Budhi Gandak. Rosera is an active business hub for [[lychee]], jewellery, carpets, clothing, medicine and agriculture.

===Agriculture===
Rosera with multiple rivers flowing through, is rich in agriculture because of its fertile plain. The main crops are tobacco, maize, rice and wheat. Leechi and Mango fruits are grown in abundance. Sugarcanes are also produced in Rosera and sent to the Hasanpur chini mill for processing.

===Businesses===
Rosera was famous for wooden [[kamandalu]] used by Hindu sages for keeping water, though the art vanished with the death of the carpenter Jangal Mistree and Gulten Mistree.

Rosera has been a hub for spices in the past due to its location near the tributary of River Gandak. In modern times, along with flour mills, Rosera has numerous clothing shops. Many branded showrooms are also being set up, making it more urbanized. The main market of Rosera is the Mahavir Chowk on the Station Road.

== Villages ==
* [[Naya Nagar]]

== Notable people ==

* [[Anukul Roy]] ([[India national cricket team|Indian Cricketer]])

==Transport==
Rosera is well connected with other part of state through State Highway 55 and State Highway 88. It also has a broad gauge railway station, Rusera Ghat railway station,<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharan |first=Prabhat |title=Rusera Ghat Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/rusera-ghat-roa/3111 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> with direct train service to Delhi. Rosera has bus services to [[Patna]], [[Ranchi]], [[Samastipur]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Muzzafarpur]] and [[Delhi]] also.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Siwan district]]

English cricket team in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka in 1972–73

2025-12-16T17:30:44Z

Eldartpy: created initial stub initial version!

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series= English cricket team in India in 1972-73
|partof=
|image=
|caption=
|date= 5 December 1972 – 11 February 1973
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
|result=India won the 5-Test series 2-1
|team1={{cr|IND}}
|team2={{cr|ENG}}
|captain1=[[Ajit Wadekar]]
|captain2=[[Tony Lewis]]
|runs1=[[Farokh Engineer]] (415) [[Gundappa Viswanath|Viswanath]] (365) [[Ajit Wadekar]] (312)
|runs2=[[Tony Greig]] (382) [[Keith Fletcher]] (312) [[Mike Denness]] (257)
|wickets1=[[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] (35) [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] (25) [[Erapalli Prasanna]] (10)
|wickets2=[[Geoff Arnold]] (17) [[Chris Old]] (15) [[Derek Underwood]] (15)
}}

The [[England national cricket team]], organised by [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC), toured [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]] from December 1972 to March 1973 and played a five-match [[Test cricket|Test series]] against the [[India national cricket team]] followed by three Tests against the [[Pakistan national cricket team]]. England were captained by [[Tony Lewis]]. The [[Sri Lanka national cricket team]] was not Test-qualified at that time and played a single [[first-class cricket|first-class match]] against MCC in [[Colombo]].<ref name="CATI">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Marylebone_Cricket_Club_in_India,_Pakistan_and_Sri_Lanka_1972-73.html |website=CricketArchive |title=England in India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan 1972–73 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

==Test matches in India==
===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date =20–25 December 1972
| team1 ={{cr-rt|india}}
| team2 ={{cr|England}}

| score-team1-inns1 =173 (84.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Syed Abid Ali]] 58
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Geoff Arnold]] 6/45 (23.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =200 (108.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Tony Greig]] 68
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]] 8/79 (41.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =233 (98.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Eknath Solkar]] 75
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Derek Underwood]] 4/56 (30 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =208/4 (88.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Tony Lewis]] 70
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Bishan Singh Bedi]] 3/50 (39 overs)

| result =England won by 6 wickets
| venue =[[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires =[[M. V. Nagendra|MV Nagendra]], B Satyaji Rao
| report =[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33001.html scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| motm=
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date =30 Dec–4 Jan 1973
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|England}}

| score-team1-inns1 =210 (97.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Farokh Engineer]] 75
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Bob Cottam]] 3/45 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =174 (75.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Alan Knott]] 35
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]] 5/65 (26.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =155 (67.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Salim Durani]] 53
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Tony Greig]] 5/24 (19.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =163 (91 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Tony Greig]] 67
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Bishan Singh Bedi]] 5/63 (40 overs)

| result =India won by 28 runs
| venue =[[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]
| umpires =[[Ahmed Mamsa|AM Mamsa]], J Reuben
| report =[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33024.html scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| motm=
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date =12–17 January 1973
| team1 ={{cr-rt|England}}
| team2 ={{cr|India}}

| score-team1-inns1 =242 (86.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Keith Fletcher]] 97
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]] 6/90 (38.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =316 (135.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Nawab of Pataudi]] 73
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Pat Pocock]] 4/114 (46 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =159 (106 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Mike Denness]] 76
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Erapalli Prasanna]] 4/16 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =86/6 (33.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Salim Durani]] 38
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Pat Pocock]] 4/28 (13 overs)

| result =India won by 4 wickets
| venue =[[Madras Cricket Club Ground, Chepauk]], [[Madras]]
| umpires =[[AM Mamsa]], [[M. V. Nagendra|MV Nagendra]]
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-1972-73-61790/india-vs-england-3rd-test-63091/full-scorecard scorecard]
| toss =England won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| motm=
}}

===4th Test===
{{Test match
| date =25–30 January 1973
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|England}}

| score-team1-inns1 =357 (167 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Ajit Wadekar]] 90
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Chris Old]] 4/69 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =397 (172.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Tony Lewis]] 125
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]] 4/86 (41 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =186/6 (84 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Gundappa Viswanath]] 75
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Derek Underwood]] 2/46 (26 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Green Park Stadium|Modi Stadium]], [[Kanpur]]
| umpires =[[Madhav Gothoskar|MV Gothoskar]], J Reuben
| report =[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33069.html scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| motm=
}}

===5th Test===
{{Test match
| date =6–11 February 1973
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|England}}

| score-team1-inns1 =448 (138.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Farokh Engineer]] 121
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Geoff Arnold]] 3/64 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =480 (163.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Tony Greig]] 148
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]] 5/135 (46.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =244/5 d. (96 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Sunil Gavaskar]] 67
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Derek Underwood]] 2/70 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =67/2 (29 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Graham Roope]] 26
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Bishan Singh Bedi]] 1/25 (10 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]]
| umpires =[[Madhav Gothoskar|MV Gothoskar]], J Reuben
| report =[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33091.html scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| motm=
}}

==Sri Lanka==
Having left India in February, MCC played four matches in Sri Lanka, two of which were first-class including one against the Sri Lanka national team which they won by 7 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/33/33101.html |website=CricketArchive |title=Sri Lanka v MCC 1973 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

==Pakistan==
{{main|English cricket team in Pakistan in 1972–73}}
In March, England played three Tests in Pakistan which were all drawn.<ref name="CATI"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Marylebone_Cricket_Club_in_India,_Pakistan_and_Sri_Lanka_1972-73.html Cricarchive]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61790.html Tour page ESPNcricinfo]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61790.html?view=records Record ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket tours of Pakistan}}
{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:English cricket team in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka in 1972-73}}
[[Category:1972 in English cricket]]
[[Category:1972 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1973 in English cricket]]
[[Category:1973 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1973 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:English cricket tours of India|1972-73]]
[[Category:English cricket tours of Sri Lanka|1973]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 1972–73 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1970–71 to 1975]]

{{India-cricket-tour-stub}}
{{Pakistan-cricket-tour-stub}}
{{SriLanka-cricket-tour-stub}}

Pavan Sadineni

2025-11-27T15:09:51Z

Eldartpy:

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{COI|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pavan Sadineni
| image = Pavan-sadineni 1.jpg
| birth_name = Pavan Kumar Sadineni
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh]]
| education = M.S., Computer Science
| occupation = Director, Writer
| years_active = 2013 - Present
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Pavan Sadineni''' is a [[film director]] and [[screenwriter]] associated with [[Telugu cinema]]. His directorial credits include films ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]'' (2013), [[Savitri (2016 film)|''Savitri'']] (2016) and ''[[Senapathi]]'' (2021). Additionally, he has directed web series ''PillA'' (2017), ''Ee Office Lo'' (2018), [[CommitMental|''Commitmental'']] (2020), and ''[[Dayaa]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pavan Sadineni Movies |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/pavan-sadineni/movies |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
In the early stages of Sadineni's career, he directed several short films, including ''Interview'', ''Love Formula 31'' and ''Bewars''. Pavan has directed a total of ten short films, with his debut work titled ''Toorpu Padamara''.

In 2013, Sadineni directed the film ''Prema Ishq Kaadhal'' as his debut. It is a romantic comedy film, featuring [[Harshvardhan Rane]], Harish Varma, [[Sree Vishnu]], [[Ritu Varma]], [[Vithika Sheru]] and [[Sreemukhi|Sree Mukhi]] in lead roles. In 2014, he directed ''Savitri'' featuring [[Nanditha Raj|Nanditha]] and [[Nara Rohit]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-01 |title=Savitri review: A pedestrian show |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Savitri-A-pedestrian-show/article14213396.ece |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2017, he directed a mini web series titled ''PillA'', a [[science fiction]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] starring [[Dhanya Balakrishna]]n.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-14 |title=The Intense, Suspense Thriller 'Pilla' - Filmy Focus |url=https://filmyfocus.com/the-intense-suspense-thriller-pilla |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Filmy Focus |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Pavan directed ''Ee Office Lo'', a new-age drama with [[Chaitanya Krishna]] and [[Rakendu Mouli]] as leads.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2018-10-20 |title=Director Pavan Sadineni's web series 'Ee Office Lo' tracks entrepreneurial spirits and challenges |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-pavan-sadinenis-web-series-ee-office-lo-tracks-entrepreneurial-spirits-and-challenges/article25271447.ece |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2020, Pavan directed ''Commitmental'', a romantic comedy and a remake of Hindi Web-series ''[[Permanent Roommates]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=2020-11-14 |title=CommitMental review: Permanent Roommates' Telugu remake is too tedious to engage viewers |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/commitmental-review-permanent-roommates-telugu-remake-is-too-tedious-to-engage-viewers-9014241.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 December 2021, ''Senapathi'', directed by Sadineni, was released in Aha. This is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[8 Thottakkal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sing |first=Bobby |date=January 2022 |title=Senapathi review: This Naresh Agastya, Rajendra Prasad-starrer is in parts an entertaining thriller and emotional drama |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/senapathi-review-this-naresh-agastya-rajendra-prasad-starrer-is-in-parts-an-entertaining-thriller-and-emotional-drama |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, he directed ''[[Dayaa]]'', a remake of ''[[Taqdeer (2020 TV series)|Taqdeer]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dayaa Review: JD Chekravarthy is the star of this thriller that's stretched in parts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/dayaa-review-jd-chekravarthy-is-the-star-of-this-thriller-thats-stretched-in-parts-2416213-2023-08-04 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=India Today |date=4 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
Pavan was awarded Best Director of a Series by the OTT Play Awards 2023 for ''Dayaa''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=OTTplay Awards 2023 full list of winners: Rajkummar Rao wins big, Darlings is Best Film, Ayali Best Web Series |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ottplay-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-101698639229871.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Films
!Year
!Title
|-
|2013
|''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]''
|-
|2016
|[[Savitri (2016 film)|''Savitri'']]
|-
|2021
|''[[Senapathi]]''
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Aakasamlo Oka Tara]]}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-24 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's next Telugu film to be announced soon. Director Pavan Sadineni hints on social media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dulquer-salmaans-next-telugu-film-to-be-announced-soon-director-pavan-sadineni-hints-on-social-media/articleshow/111981312.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Web-Series
!Year
!Title
|-
|2017
|''PillA''
|-
|2018
|''Ee Office Lo''
|-
|2020
|[[CommitMental|''Commitmental'']]
|-
|2023
|''[[Dayaa]]''
|-
|}

===As writer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Web-Series
!Year
!Title
|-
|2024
|''[[Paruvu]]''
|}

== Awards ==
=== For The Best Director ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Movie
!Award
|-
|2023
|''Dayaa''
|OTT Play Awards<ref name=":02" />
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6783917}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadineni, Pavan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shibaji Panja

2025-11-25T07:28:01Z

Eldartpy: refined citations as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Shibaji Panja''' is a businessman from [[Kolkata]], known to be close to
[[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref name=toi>
{{cite news
| title = Mamata's close aide Shibaji Panja arrested for fraud
| author = Somreet Bhattacharya
| newspaper = [[Times of India]]
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mamatas-close-aide-Shibaji-Panja-arrested-for-fraud/articleshow/46330332.cms
| date = 22 February 2015
}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news
|title = Mamata's aide arrested, released on bail|work = [[The Hindu]]|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamatas-aide-arrested-released-on-bail/article6923199.ece?homepage=true|date = 23 February 2015}}quote:
Panja is known for his proximity to the Chief Minister and considered one of
her closest aides....
While Panja is referred often as a "prominent businessman"
the nature of his business is unclear. "He has no business as he is a plain
racketeer, who takes loans from banks and never returns," said one of his
former associates.</ref> Shibaji did his education in Kolkata and started RP Infosystems which was manufacturing the very popular PC brand CHIRAG. Under his guidance, CHIRAG became one of the top indigenously manufactured computer brands in India. He was arrested in February 2015<ref name=mint>
{{cite news
| title = Businessman Shibaji Panja in Mamata Banerjee entourage held
| publisher = Livemint
| url = http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ykp9Lrjx5CbU2SvsCM7neK/Businessman-in-Mamata-Banerjees-entourage-held-in-fraud-cas.html
}}</ref> on charges of having forged
papers for taking a Rs. 18 [[crore]] loan from [[Industrial Finance Corporation of India]]. The arrest occurred while Panja was accompanying Mamata as part of the team
returning
from a visit to Bangladesh,<ref name="mint" /> causing widespread media coverage
and opposition accusations of harbouring criminals in her court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/man-in-mamata-s-dhaka-entourage-arrested-opposition-hits-out-115022200638_1.html|title=Man in Mamata's Dhaka entourage arrested, opposition hits out|last=IANS|date=2015-02-22|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref>
Banerjee has said that what businessmen in her entourage may have been doing is not related to her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/mamata-banerjee-shibaji-panja-trinamool-congress-west-bengal-delhi-police-241475-2015-02-22|title=Mamata refuses responsibility over aide Shibaji Panja's arrest|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref> The Economic Offences Wing of the [[Delhi Police]] investigated and claimed that the purchase order, invoices,
ferry receipts and acknowledgement notes were all forged,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/businessman-in-mamata-entourage-held/|title=Businessman Shibaji Panja in Mamata Banerjee entourage held|date=2015-02-23|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en-US}}</ref>
<ref name=factoring>
{{cite news
| title = Fabrication charge in factoring deal
| author = Imran Ahmed Siddiqui
| newspaper = The Telegraph
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150223/jsp/frontpage/story_5010.jsp#.VOqotJtfaSo
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20150223025530/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150223/jsp/frontpage/story_5010.jsp#.VOqotJtfaSo
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 23 February 2015
}}</ref>
and the firm address was found to be non-existent. The matter is still sub-judice and Panja was granted bail for the case in question by the competent Court.

==Profile==

Panja had been appointed to several high-powered [[West Bengal]] committees
related to film and culture and is an official advisor for
industrial promotion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbidc.com/wb_singapore/list_delegates.html |title=WBIDC |accessdate=2015-10-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122050230/http://wbidc.com/wb_singapore/list_delegates.html |archivedate=2015-11-22 }}</ref>

Panja was one of the founders of the RP Group,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rpchirag.com/about-us/group-companies.aspx |title=Chirag : Greenputer : : About Us : Group Companies |accessdate=2015-02-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150223054336/http://rpchirag.com/about-us/group-companies.aspx |archivedate=2015-02-23 }}</ref> a set of businesses
marketing a computer branded "Chirag" and also in film production. The RP Group also is in control of the popular TV News Channel [[Kolkata TV]].

With the revoking of excise benefits, the Indian Computer brands such as HCL, [[Wipro]], Zenith, PCS and CHIRAG were all competing directly with the MNC's without any price advantage which was not the case earlier. This proved to be the bane for all these brands and all of them are today non-existent in the market.

Since then, Panja resigned from the board of the RP Group in early 2013 by officially striking off his name from the Registrar of Companies. He is now a successful producer of content for Bengali Entertainment channels such as STAR Jalsa and ETv Bangla.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panja, Shib}}
[[Category:Indian fraudsters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ram Naresh Pandey

2025-11-09T14:28:13Z

Eldartpy: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}

{{infobox officeholder
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Harlakhi constituency]]
| termstart1 = 2005
| termend1 = 2010
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| residence = Vill+Post-Hisar, Block-Khirhar, [[Madhubani district]], Pincode-847230
| image = Ram naresh Pandey.jpg
}}

'''Ram Naresh Pandey''' is an Indian politician and former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He was the representative from the [[Harlakhi constituency]] from 2005–2010 as a member of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/|title=Bihar 2005|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> He is the state secretary of CPI Bihar state council<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/26/cpi-cpim-to-forge-electoral-tie-up-with-grand-alliance-in-bihar.html|title=CPI, CPI(M) to forge electoral tie-up with Grand Alliance in Bihar|website=TheWeek|accessdate=26 March 2021 }}</ref> and is a member of the National Executive of the Communist Party of India from [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swatvasamachar.com/bihar-update/madhubani/madhubani-ki-pramukh-khabren/|title=23 फ़रवरी : मधुबनी की प्रमुख ख़बरें|last=|first=|date=2020-02-23|website=Swatva Samachar|language=hindi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323050555/https://swatvasamachar.com/bihar-update/madhubani/madhubani-ki-pramukh-khabren/|archive-date=23 March 2020|access-date=2020-03-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Ram Naresh}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Utharappalli River

2025-10-30T23:40:48Z

Eldartpy: started new place!

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
'''Utharappalli River''' or locally called as Varattar is one of the longest interlinking rivers in [[Kerala]], India. It is a tributary of both the Pamba River and the Achankoil River. It starts from Achankoil and ends in Pampa.

Utharappalli river originates from Puthattinkara kadavu of [[Achankovil River]] (Venmoney Panchayat) and merges with [[Pamba River]] at Uthrappalli kadavu ([[Budhanoor Panchayat]]). The river runs through [[Ala, Alappuzha|Ala]], Cheriyanad, Puliyoor Panchayat's and serves the people and their lands for drinking water and agricultural needs.

The river is now almost inexistent due to excessive encroachment and various blockages along its route.

The famous Uthunkuzhi bridge is on the Utharappalli River linking Ala Panchayat with Puliyoor Panchayat.

==References==
*[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/news/28sep2020-1.5088134 Mathrubhumi-09/28/2020]
*[https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/alappuzha/2020/09/11/alappuzha-utharappalliyar-development-project.html Manorama News-1]
*[https://manoramaonline.com/environment/earth-n-colors/2018/10/12/clean-river-utharappallyar.html Manorama news 2]
*[https://malayalam.thebetterindia.com/3074/kerala-village-women-revives-dead-river-water-conservation-model/ The better India Article]
*[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/news/13sep2020-1.5048660 Mathrubhumi-1]
*[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/news/10sep2020-1.5040794 Mathrubhumi-2]
*[https://keralakaumudi.com/epaper/article# keralakaumudi.com/epaper-09/28/2020]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Rivers of Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Pamba River]]

{{Kerala-river-stub}}

Shishira (season)

2025-10-30T08:12:16Z

Eldartpy: started post

{{Short description|Winter in the Hindu calendar}}
{{Redirect|Shishira|the film|Shishira (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Shishira''' ({{Langx|sa|शिशिर|translit=Śiśira}}) is the [[Ritu (Indian season)|season]] of winter in the [[Hindu calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Luke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qP-DwAAQBAJ&dq=Shishira+winter&pg=PT43 |title=The Seasons: Philosophical, Literary, and Environmental Perspectives |last2=Macauley |first2=David |date=2021-07-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8426-6 |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref> It comprises the months of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] and [[Phalguna]] and corresponds to mid-January to mid-March in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC&pg=PA492 |title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition |date=2010-03-10 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3 |pages=492 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*Selby, Martha Ann (translator). ''The Circle of Six Seasons'', Penguin, New Delhi, 2003, {{ISBN|0-14-100772-9}}
* Raghavan, V. ''Ṛtu in Sanskrit literature'', Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Delhi, 1972.



[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Seasons]]

{{India-culture-stub}}
{{hinduism-stub}}

Ata Kakwi

2025-10-16T17:18:25Z

Eldartpy: Starting article - done

{{Short description|Indian poet and writer (1907–1998)}}{{Infobox academic
| name = Ata Kakwi
| occupation = Professor, writer, poet
| discipline = History, religion
| sub_discipline = Sufism, Bihar
| workplaces = [[Patna University]]
| birth_name = Syed Shah Ataur Rahman
| birth_date = 1907
| birth_place = [[Kako, Bihar]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|18 March 1998|1907|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| resting_place = Campus of Dargah Shah Arzan, Patna
}}

'''Syed Shah Ataur Rahman''' (1907–18 March 1998) popularly known as '''Ata Kakw'''i was an Indian poet and writer.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcRHAAAAMAAJ&q=ata+kakvi |title=A Peep Into Seventyfive Years of Bihar: Souvenir, 75th Annual Session of Numismatic Society of India |date=1987 |publisher=Bihar Research Society |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0MbvTkqUxUC&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80 |title=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Lāʼibreri jarnal |date=2008 |publisher=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibreri |pages=124 |language=ur}}</ref> He was a contemporary of Wali Azimabadi, Akhtar Qadri, Azizuddin Balkhi and [[Fasihuddin Balkhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6k5AQAAIAAJ&q=ata+kakvi |title=Comprehensive History of Bihar: pt. 2 [1976] |date=1976 |publisher=[[Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute]] |pages=502 |language=en}}</ref> He served as the head of the Department of Persian at [[Patna University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Muhammad Zubair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMgxAAAAMAAJ |title=Khuda Bakhsh Lectures, Indian and Islamic |date=1993 |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library |pages=6 |language=ur}}</ref>

He was a director of Arabic and Persian Research Institute, Patna.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuZtAAAAMAAJ&q=ata+kakvi |title=Indo-iranica |date=1970 |publisher=Iran Society. |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref> He had served as the professor in the Urdu, Arabic and Persian department of [[Langat Singh College|Langat Singh College, Muzaffarpur]] from 1937 to 1954 succeeding Dr. Abdul Majeed Akhtar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University |url=https://www.brabu.ac.in/Home/collegeView?cid=300 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.brabu.ac.in}}</ref> He was related to the [[Naqshbandi|Abulolai-Naqshbandi]] order of Sufism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=अता काकवी का परिचय {{!}} सूफ़ीनामा |url=https://sufinama.org/poets/ata-kakvi-1/profile?lang=hi |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Sufinama |language=hi}}</ref>

He was the father of Arshad Kakvi, a known Urdu poet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Md Umar |date=2022-02-18 |title=अरशद काकवी, सहते रहे हैं ज़ुल्म हम अहल-ए-ज़मीन के ~ इल्ज़ाम आसमान पे धरते रहे हैं हम - Heritage Times हिन्दी |url=https://hindi.heritagetimes.in/arshad-kakvi-1926-1963/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=hindi.heritagetimes.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Syed Shah Ataur Rahman was born to Syed Shah Ghafurur Rahman Hamd Kakvi in [[Kako, Bihar|Kako]], [[Jehanabad district]], [[Bihar]] in 1907.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzweAAAAMAAJ&q=kakvi |title=ʻArabī, Fārsī, aur ʻalūm-i Islāmiyah men̲ Bihār kā ḥiṣṣah: semīnār men̲ pesh kiʼe gaʼe maqālāt kā majmūʻah |date=1983 |publisher=Idārah-yi Taḥqīqāt-i ʻArabī va Fārsī |pages=6–13 |language=ur}}</ref>

He passed matriculation from Gaya Zila School, Gaya.<ref name=":0" /> He was a student of [[Shad Azimabadi]] in poetry.<ref name=":2" />

== Books ==

* ''Pesh-i guftār: dībācon̲ kā majmūʻah'', 1989
* ''Miʻyār va mīzān: tabṣire'', 1989
* ''Taḥqīqī mut̤ālaʻe: Taḥqīqī maqālon̲ kā majmūʻah'', 1965
* ''Ās̲ār-i Kāko'', 1986
* ''Mut̤ālaʻah-yi Shād'', 1966
* ''Ḥarf-i avvalīn: apnī taṣānīf va tālīfāt ke dībāce'', 1989
* ''Gulhā-yi rang rang'', 1970

== Death and legacy ==
He died on 18 March 1998, in [[Patna]] and buried under the campus of Dargah Shah Arzan.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7+%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C |title=Qaumī zubān |date=1999 |publisher=Anjuman Taraqqī-yi Urdū Pākistān |pages=71 |language=ur}}</ref>

The Urdu Directorate, Bihar organized a commemorative program for Ata Kakwi on 26 October 2022 at the Abhilekh Bhawan Bihar State Archive Directorate, Patna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-10-26 |title=Joint Events Orgnized in Patna عطا کاکوی اور اختر اورینوی کی مشترکہ تقریبات کا انعقاد |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/bihar/joint-events-of-ata-kakvi-and-akhtar-orenvi-organized-by-bihar-urdu-directorate/na20221026205727749749890 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite journal |last=Azad |first=Aslam |title=Ata Kakvi- A poet of lyrics |journal=Khuda Baksh Oriental Library Journal |language=Urdu |location=Patna, Bihar |publisher=[[Khuda Baksh Oriental Library]] |volume=166 |issue=1 |pages=193–200}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/ata-kakwi/profile Ata Kakwi] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakwi, Ata}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]

Haiman Das Rai

2025-10-06T17:03:27Z

Eldartpy: created a pg

{{Short description|Indian-Nepali writer (1919–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Haiman Das Rai''', (1919–2019) better known by his [[Pen name|nom de plume]] '''Kirat''', was an Indian writer, Nepali [[litterateur]], and social worker.

== Literary work ==
Kirat received the Rashtrapari Sikshak Award in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/chief-minister-condoles-demise-of-nepali-litterateur-haiman-das-rai-kirat-363562?infinitescroll=1|title = Chief Minister condoles demise of Nepali litterateur Haiman das Rai Kirat|date = 15 July 2019}}</ref> He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for outstanding contribution to [[Nepali literature]] in 2008 for his work on ''Kehi Namileka Rekhaharu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards :: |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Gorkha Territorial Administration for outstanding contribution to Nepali literature.

Along with his own writings, Kirat was a publisher in his early life. He published numerous books of eminent Nepali authors in the 1950s and 1960s when Nepali books were published from [[Varanasi]].{{fact|date=May 2023}}

The 10 published short-story anthologies penned by Kirat are: ''Chaukidar'' (1953), ''Abhaginiko Sathi'' (1955), ''Binayo'' (1956), ''Bijay'' (1965), ''Batuwa'' (1957), ''Aandhibehri'' (1961), ''Pankhee'' (2000), ''Taha Namileka Rekhaharoo-1'' (2006), ''Taha Namileka Rekhaharoo-2'' (2007), ''Hiking'' (2010).

== Early life ==
Born 1919, Kirat began writing at the age of 15. He favored writing about the lifestyle of the middle-class, and his first story was published in "''Sarada''," then Nepal's
Journal/Magazine in 1934. Kirat later became a literary publisher, and established the publishing house
"Nav Yug Pustak Mandir". He promoted Nepali writers such as Lt. Indra Bahadur Rai, Hari Bhakhta Katuwal, Chandra Sanha Pradhan, and Nar Bahadur Dahal .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siliguritimes.com/haimandas-rai-kirat-passes-away-at-the-age-of-101/ |title=Haimandas Rai 'Kirat' passes away at the age of 101 - Siliguri Times | Siliguri News Updates |access-date=2020-08-14 |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811042705/https://siliguritimes.com/haimandas-rai-kirat-passes-away-at-the-age-of-101/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Death ==
Kirat died on 15 July 2019 at age 101 in the [[Malbazar|Malbazaar]] sub-divisional hospital in the [[Dooars]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/noted-nepali-litterateur-no-1502778548.html|title = Noted Nepali litterateur no more| website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date = 16 July 2019}}</ref> Many senior writers of Nepali literature, political leaders, and social activists expressed their condolences to his family and attended his funeral service.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, H. D.}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:People from Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Nepali]]
[[Category:Rai people]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]

2009 Kings XI Punjab season

2025-09-23T21:26:07Z

Eldartpy: Starting pg - done

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{one source|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kings XI Punjab]]
| season =2009
| coach = [[Tom Moody]]
| captain = [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
| ground = [[PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| comp1 = [[2009 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 5th
| most runs = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (340)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=4801;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2009/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510061019/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=4801%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=10 May 2012 }}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Irfan Pathan]] (17)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4801;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2009/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102231133/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4801%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate= 2 November 2015 }}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2008|2008]]
| nextseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2010|2010]]
}}

[[Kings XI Punjab]] (KXIP) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Mohali]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2009 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Kumar Sangakkara]]. Kings XI Punjab finished 5th in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

==Indian Premier League==

===Season standings===
Kings XI Punjab finished 5th in the league stage of IPL 2009.
{{:2009 Indian Premier League|team=KXIP}}

===Match log===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Opponent
! Venue
! Result
|-
| 1 || 19 April|| [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Cape Town]] || Lost by 10 wickets (D/L Method)
|-
| 2 || 21 April|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Durban]] || Lost by 11 runs (D/L Method)
|-
| 3 || 24 April|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Durban]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM - [[Ravi Bopara]] 84 (59)
|-
| 4 || 26 April|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Cape Town]] || Won by 27 runs, MoM - [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
|-
| 5 || 29 April|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Durban]] || Won by 3 runs, MoM - [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 45* (44)
|-
| 6 || 1 May|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Durban]] || Lost by 8 runs, MoM - [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/22 (4overs) & 50 (33)
|-
| 7 || 3 May|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Port Elizabeth]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM - [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 52* (41)
|-
| 8 || 5 May|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Durban]] || Lost by 78 runs
|-
| 9 || 7 May|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Pretoria]] || Lost by 12 runs
|-
| 10 || 9 May|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] || Won by 3 Wickets, MoM - [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
|-
| 11 || 12 May|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Pretoria]] || Lost by 8 wickets
|-
| 12 || 15 May|| [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Bloemfontein]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM - [[Brett Lee]] 3/15 (4 overs)
|-
| 13 || 17 May|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Johannesburg]] || Won by 1 run, MoM - [[Yuvraj Singh]] 20 (18) & 3/13 (4 overs)
|-
| 14 || 20 May|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Durban]] || Lost by 24 runs
|-
| colspan="6"|Overall record: 7–7. Failed to advance.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kings XI Punjab}}

[[Category:2009 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons]]

Maharakshak: Aryan

2025-09-22T03:51:22Z

Eldartpy: Stub

{{Short description|Indian television show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mhrksk Aryan.jpg
| caption = Show logo
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| creator = Essel Vision Productions Vivle Films
| runtime = Approx. 50 minutes
| genre = [[Action (genre)|Action]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Fantasy (genre)|Fantasy]]
| director =
| first_aired = {{start date|2014|11|1|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2015|2|1|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 27
| num_seasons = 01
}}

'''''Maharakshak: Aryan''''' is an Indian television show that premiered on 1 November 2014 on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Superhero series 'Maharakshak Aryan' launched with fanfare|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/superhero-series-maharakshak-aryan-launched-with-fanfare_1485201.html|accessdate=17 October 2014|publisher=[[Zee News]]|date=15 October 2014}}</ref> Aryan is the first amongst [[Zee TV]]'s superhero trilogy 'Maharakshak' that will showcase the triumph of good over evil.<ref name=zeetv>{{cite news|title=Fight of good against evil - Maharakshak Aryan|url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/maharakshak-aryan/|accessdate=30 October 2014|work=zeetv.com|date=30 October 2014}}</ref> Its sequel, ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]],'' debuted 14 March 2015 on [[Zee TV]].<ref name="devi" /><ref>{{cite news|title=A homegrown superhero series|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/a-homegrown-superhero-series/|accessdate=5 March 2015|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
Maharakshak Aryan is a story of a college student Aryan. He has no clue about his supernatural powers until the day he turns 18.

As he discovers his powers and real identity, he faces and fights off the evils to protect ''Mani'' from getting into hands of evils and protects the world.
<ref name=zeetv/>

==Cast==
* Aakarshan Singh as Aryan Sharma
* [[Vikramjeet Virk]] as Triloki
* Reena Aggarwal as Miyaki
* [[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Arjun Sharma
* [[Abigail Jain]] as Manasvi
* Rishabh Jain as Ishaan "Pissu" Sharma
* Parinita Seth as Amrita Sharma
* [[Shabnam Pandey]] as Riya
* [[Reshmi Ghosh]] as Vishkanya / Vishakha
* [[Mishal Raheja]] as Chhala
* [[Parag Tyagi]] as Lohaputra
* Aparna Kumar as Murtika
* [[Meghna Naidu]] as Swarnakha
* [[Paras Arora]] as Aseem
* [[Dimple Jhangiani]] as Yuvika
* [[Rucha Gujarathi]] as Yuvika
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Senapati Karakasur
* [[Vishal Jethwa]] as Veer (Banasur)
* [[Thakur Anoop Singh]] as Kaal
* [[Alihassan Turabi]] as Haksa

==Game==
[[Zee TV]] launched a mobile version game of this TV series, developed by Bigtrunk Communications.<ref>{{cite news|title=Zee TV Promotes 'Maharakshak Aryan' as a Mobile Game|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42682_Zee-TV-Promotes-Maharakshak-Aryan-as-a-Mobile-Game|accessdate=4 March 2015|work=afaqs.com}}</ref>

==Successor==
Another series named ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]'' debuted 14 March 2015 on [[Zee TV]]. It was the second installment of the ''Maharakshak'' trilogy.<ref name="devi">{{cite news|title=MAHARAKSHAK DEVI : ABOUT THE SHOW|url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/maharakshak-devi/|accessdate=4 March 2015|work=zeetv.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian superhero television shows]]
[[Category:Child superheroes]]
[[Category:Science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Television series about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]

Kailash Puri

2025-09-21T08:05:35Z

Eldartpy: created new details...

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kailash Puri
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Kailash Puri-Ghana-1963 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym = Hamraaz Maassi
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|4|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|6|9|1925|4|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ealing]], [[London]], England
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer Agony aunt Poet Yoga teacher
| language = English Punjabi
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = 3
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| signature_type =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}

'''Kailash Puri''', popularly known as '''Humraaz Maasi''' (17 April 1925 – 9 June 2017) was an Indian writer, poet, yoga teacher, and [[advice column|agony aunt]].

As a young mother, Puri began writing articles on cookery, family planning, and marital relations, publishing them in her weekly Punjabi magazine ''Subhagvati'' (1957–1965). She later produced, distributed and edited the Punjabi and English periodical ''Roopvati'' (1968–1974). In 1975 she became [[Marks & Spencer]]'s first advisor on their range of Indian ready meals, and in the same year published her cookery book titled ''Highlights of Indian Cookery''. During her lifetime she would produce ten books on sex, coining new sexual words difficult to translate to Punjabi.

==Early life and education==
Kailash Puri was born on 17 April 1925<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Last Word |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08tglj9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201172453/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08tglj9 |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> to Sohan Singh Puri and his wife Prem, in [[Rawalpindi]], then in undivided [[British India|India]].<ref name=Chandan2005>{{cite news |last1=Chandan |first1=Amarjit |date=4 July 2017 |title=Kailash Puri obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/04/kailash-puri-obituary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201094309/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/04/kailash-puri-obituary |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=30 January 2025 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Nesbitt2017>{{cite web |last1=Nesbitt |first1=Eleanor |title=In Remembrance: Kailash Puri (1925–2017) |url=https://giss.org/jsps_vol_24/remembrance_of_kailash_puri.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201095937/https://giss.org/jsps_vol_24/remembrance_of_kailash_puri.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref>

==Early career==
[[File:Kailash_Puri.1944.jpg|thumb|Kailash Puri in 1944]]
In 1943, at around the age of 16 years, Puri married Gopal Singh Puri, a scientist who gained a [[Research fellowships in India|Government of India research fellowship]] in London, UK.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/> Puri joined him in 1945 and they had their first child, a son, in 1947.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/> They returned to India in 1950.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/> As a young mother, Puri began writing articles on cookery, family planning, and marital relations, publishing them in her weekly [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] magazine ''Subhagvati'' (1957–1965).<ref name=Nesbitt2017/><ref name=Sahoo>{{cite book |last1=Bebber |first1=Brett |editor1-last=Sahoo |editor1-first=Ajaya K. |title=Routledge Handbook of South Asian Migrations |date=2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-1-032-35544-3 |page=64 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m13bEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |language=en |chapter=2. South Asians in Britain: Migration, settlement, and conflict}}</ref> Puri accompanied her husband to his various posts in [[Dehra Dun]], [[Pune]] and [[Allahabad]], and then to [[Ibadan]] and [[Kumasi]] in West Africa.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/>
[[File:Kailash_Puri.1950.jpg|left|thumb|Kailash Puri in 1950]]
In 1966, by which time Puri also had two daughters, the family moved back to England and initially settled in [[Slough]] and [[Southall]].<ref name=Nesbitt2017/> Before moving to Liverpool, where her husband was offered a post, she worked in factories and then at Harrow Land Registry, while also teaching Punjabi and cooking.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/> In Liverpool she delivered lectures on multicultural Britain, and became a founding member of the Community Relations Council.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/> There, she also produced, distributed and edited ''Roopvati'' (1968–1974), an English and Punjabi magazine that incorporated the former ''Subhagvati''.<ref name=Sahoo/><ref>''[https://archive.org/details/roopvati197208/mode/2up?view=theater&ui=embed&wrapper=false Roopvati]'' (1972)</ref> For ''Des Pardes'' she contributed to its columns.<ref name=Chandan2005/> For the monthly Punjabi magazine ''Kaumi Ekta'' she regularly published features on sexual issues.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/> During her lifetime she would produce ten books on sex, and become popularly known as Humraaz Maassi.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/> For sexual terms difficult to translate to Punjabi, she made up new ones including "madan chhatri" (Cupid's umbrella) for [[clitoris]], and "pashm" (silk) for its [[pubic hair|surrounding hair]].<ref name=Chandan2005/><ref name=Nesbitt2017/>

==Later career==
In 1975 she became [[Marks & Spencer]]'s first advisor on their range of Indian [[frozen meal|ready meals]].<ref name=Chandan2005/><ref name="M&S1975">{{cite web |title=The history of M&S prepared meals |url=https://www.marksandspencer.com/c/style-and-living/the-history-of-marks-and-spencer-food |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201173007/https://www.marksandspencer.com/c/style-and-living/the-history-of-marks-and-spencer-food |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.marksandspencer.com}}</ref> In the same year she published her cookery book titled ''Highlights of Indian Cookery''.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/>

For 21 years Puri and her husband managed a yoga centre.<ref name=Newcombe2019>{{cite news |last1=Newcombe |first1=Suzanne |title=The undocumented history of female yoga teachers in Britain |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/history-female-yoga-teachers-britain-india-a8968676.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |work=The Independent |date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=Jewell1999>{{cite book |last1=Jewell |first1=Albert |title=Spirituality and Ageing |date=1999 |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-85302-631-7 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UUbhxc5SWQC&pg=PA171|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1982 Puri received the Bhai [[Mohan Singh Vaid]] literary award.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/> In 1999 Ealing's mayor awarded her with a Millennium Woman Award.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/>

==Death==
Puri died at [[Ealing Hospital]] on 9 June 2017, 22 years after her husband.<ref name=Nesbitt2017/>

==Selected publications==
*''Mysteries of Indian Cuisine Explained: Englishman's Guide to Indian Cookery'' (1975)
*{{cite book |title=The Myth of UK Integration |date=2012 |publisher=Whittles Publishing |isbn=978-184995-059-6 |url=https://www.whittlespublishing.com/The_Myth_of_UK_Integration |language=en}} (Co-authored with Bob Whittington)
*{{cite book|title=Pool of Life: The Autobiography of a Punjabi Agony Aunt |date=2014 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78284-067-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V6VEAAAQBAJ|language=en}} (Co-authored with [[Eleanor Nesbitt]])

==See also==
*[[Jasvir Kang]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Kailash |last2=Nesbitt |first2=Eleanor |title=Pool of Life: The Autobiography of a Punjabi Agony Aunt |date=2013 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78284-067-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V6VEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Puri|first=Kailash|title=From Across the Shores: Punjabi Short Stories by Asians in Britain |date=2002 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-969-494-124-0 |page=16 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CK1N-oN0DwC&pg=PA1|chapter=1. Behind open doors|language=en}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Kailash}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:British Asian writers]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:People from Rawalpindi]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Relationships and sexuality writers]]
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Marks & Spencer people]]

Rajauli

2025-09-09T14:44:13Z

Eldartpy: created basic post w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajauli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Block (district subdivision)|Township (tehsil or block)]] and [[Subdivision (India)|Sub-Division (Sub-District)]]
| image_skyline = Rajauli hill..JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|39|0|N|85|30|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nawada district|Nawada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 135
| population_total = 166226
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Magahi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 805125
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06336
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = 
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nawada]], [[Koderma]], [[Jhumri Telaiya]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 68%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801410-rajauli-bihar.html|title=Rajauli City Population Census 2011 - Bihar|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Nawada
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|32|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|19|°C|°F}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Rajauli'''{{Efn|Previously also spelt as "Rajouly", "Rajowly"{{Sfn|Buchanan-Hamilton|1925|p=65}} or "Rajawali".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmcRAQAAMAAJ|title=Account of the Operations of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India|date=1882|publisher=Printed at the Office of the Trigonometrical Branch, Survey of India|others=Prepared under the directions of [[James Walker (Surveyor General)|Lieut General JT Walker]], Surveyor General of India, and Superintendent of the Trigonometrical Survey|isbn=|volume=7|location=|pages=|language=en|chapter=Budhon Meridional Series: Description of Principal Stations}}</ref>|name=|group=}} is a [[tehsil]], block and [[Sub-districts of India|subdivision (sub–district)]] in [[Nawada district]] of [[Magadh division]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The [[tehsil]] of Rajauli is located at a distance of about {{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=}} from [[Nawada|Nawada city]] on [[National Highway 20 (India)|National Highway 20]] (previously numbered as NH31) and is situated on the bank of Dhanarjay{{Efn|Also spelt Dhanarjeh, Dhanarje and Dhanarji|name=|group=}} river.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Sajnani|first=Manohar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&q=Rhoinibera+Rajauli&pg=PA182|title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India|date=2001|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-017-2|pages=182|language=en}}</ref> Rajauli, a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] (SC) reserved [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]] (AC) seat, had a total of 302900 electors during the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Rajauli (SC) Vidhan Sabha Election - Rajauli (SC) Assembly Election Results, Polling Stations, Voters, Candidates|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/rajauli-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112195225/https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/rajauli-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|archive-date=12 November 2020|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.electionsinindia.com}}</ref> Rajauli subdivision consists of 95 [[panchayats]] and 688 [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]] while Rajauli block consists of 17 panchayats and 169 revenue villages.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Village & Panchayats|url=https://nawada.nic.in/village-panchayats/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126215146/https://nawada.nic.in/village-panchayats/|archive-date=26 November 2020|access-date=2021-01-08|website=District Administration, Nawada|language=en-US}}</ref>

The hills in Rajauli's neighbourhood have religious significance for Hindus and many legends are attached to them. [[Rishi]]s such as Shringi, [[Durvasa]], Gautama and Lomasa have their ashrams on [[eponym]]ously named peaks here.<ref name=":1" /> [[Veer Lorik]], the [[Ahir]] cowherd hero, is said to have been born in the area and was the reason for the bountiful cultivation in and around Rajauli at one time.{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=236}} Rajauli has a Sikh connection including a visit by [[Guru Nanak]]. The Gurudwara Rajauli Sangat, one of the largest sangats in the state, is in Rajauli and is part of Bihar Tourism's "Guru Circuit".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r84XAAAAIAAJ&q=Rajauli+sikh|title=Guru Nanak and Origins of the Sikh Faith|date=1969|publisher=Asia Publishing House|isbn=978-0-210-22311-6|pages=124|language=en|quote=Another place in this district which marks Guru Nanak's visit is Rajauli, on the left bank of the Dhanarji.}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== History ==
[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] passed through Rajauli during his surveys of Patna and Gaya in 1811–1812. He kept a journal in which he wrote on 14 December 1811, "[…] the town of Rajauli situated among fine mango groves. These were all planted by a Fakir, a most venerable personage, by whom I was visited on my arrival. He is a Saiud born at Baragong near Mirzapur, and after some adventures in the west came and sat down here in the midst of wild beasts and the devils worshipped by the Infidels. After a residence of 25 years he attracted the notice of [[Mayi clan|Kamgar Khan]], from who he obtained a considerable grant of lands, which he has brought into cultivation and ornamented with fine plantations."{{Sfn|Buchanan-Hamilton|1925|p=65}}

An [[Archaeological Survey of India]] report by [[Joseph David Beglar|J D Beglar]] in 1872–73 mentions that the hills of Rajauli "are in their way deserving of mention", as they are said to have been home to the [[Saptarishi|''Saptarishis'']] ({{Translation|seven Rishis or sages}}). The peaks here are named after a number of saints. Singar Peak, named after Sringi Rishi, is ascended by devotees while at the base an annual fair takes place.<ref name=":0">[[Joseph David Beglar|J. D. Beglar]], Assistant, Archaeological Survey (1878) "[https://books.google.com/books?id=wKlShVwVpTAC Report of A Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir and Bhagalpur; The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum, and Birbhum; Bankura, Baniganj, Bardwan, and Hughli; in 1872–73]" Under the Superintendence of Major General A. Cunningham, Director General, Archaeological Survey of India. [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. Retrieved on 9 December 2020. {{Wikisource-inline|Page:Report of a Tour Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir and Bhagalpur; The Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum and Birbhum; Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli in 1872-73.djvu/139}}</ref> The 1873 survey report also mentioned an annual fair at Ektara, Mahabar hill, Satgaon — "Ektâra is a small place of pilgrimage situated in the wild Rajauli Hills at the source of the Dhanarjeh river which flows past Rajauli; here is a very picturesque waterfall and a small rock cell; not far from here I see "rock temples" marked in the Indian Atlas sheet, but my enquiries for them were vain."<ref name=":0" /> Other rishis including Durvasa, Lomasa and Gautama lived in Rajaulis neighbourhood; with their ashrams also housing Goddess [[Durga]] and Goddess [[Indra]], the later to whom villagers use to pray during times of drought.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=32}} Dubaur, 15 kilometers south of Rajauli, claims to be the birthplace of Goala ([[Ahir]]) [[Veer Lorik]].{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=32}} Lorik is said to have been the force behind Rajauli's transformation into a cultivated plain.{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=236}} [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buchanan]] wrote that Dubaur is "a village of Bhunghiyas belonging to Brijomohun Saha, a [[Ghatwals and Mulraiyats|Ghatwal]]".{{Sfn|Buchanan-Hamilton|1925|p=71}}

By 1875, Bihar to Rajauli was a metaled road, a rarity in the region at the time.{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=169}} The Maksudpar estate,{{Efn|"The Fort at Maksudpur [...] was conquered by the ancestors of the Rajas of Maksudpur from the Mughal Faujdar of Pargana Sanaut in the year 1710."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maksudpur.com/about.html|title = Maksudpur}}</ref>|name=|group=}} which in 1900–04 included 160 villages, covered {{Convert|130|mi2|km2|abbr=}} of which about {{Convert|60|mi2|km2|abbr=}} of land was in and around Rajauli.{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=179}} In 1901, the population of Rajauli village was 1509. It was connected to Nawada, 18 km to the north, by a metaled road. Rajauli was an important market for the neighbouring hills.{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=235}}

In 1906 L.S.S. O'Malley of the [[Indian Civil Service]] wrote that Rajauli, "possesses and excellent system of drainage, which dates back to the time it was a municipality. The drains are of cement, but since the abolition of the municipality they have been neglected and have become silted up. Rajauli contains a police-station, a branch establishment of the Nanakpanthi monastery at Akbarpur (8 miles to the north), and a Muhammadan charitable endowment, in which there is a sacred fire said to have been lit 300 years ago by fire brought from Mecca."{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=235}}

Rajauli's neighbourhood also had granite and mica mines which were described by explorers and surveyors.{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=236}}{{Sfn|Martin|1838|p=249}} In 1838, [[Robert Montgomery Martin]] described these in detail after a visit, also mentioning the presence of "felspar" (however most of these locations are now in Jharkhand).{{Sfn|Martin|1838|p=247}}

=== Sikh connection and Gurdwara Rajauli Sangat ===
A large fort-like building in the center of the town is called 'sangat', meaning "a body of men and women who meet religiously specially in presence of the '[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'". It is one of the largest sangats in Bihar.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=November 2007|title=Guru Nanak's Travels in Bihar: A Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLYlAQAAIAAJ&q=Rajauli|journal=The Sikh Review|publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre, Calcutta, India|volume=55|issue=7–12|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jogi|first=Joginder Singh|date=2008-12-01|title=Guru Nanak's Travels in Bihar: A Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLYlAQAAIAAJ&q=Rajauli|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201091956/http://www.sikhreview.org:80/november2007/tsr98.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Sikh Review}}</ref> The [[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation|Directorate of Tourism]] of the [[Government of Bihar]] places Gurdwara Rajauli Sangat in its official "Guru Circuit":<ref>"''Guru Circuit''". Directorate of Tourism, [[Government of Bihar]]. Accessed on 10 December 2020.</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Gurdwara Rajauli Sangat, which is about 4 acres in Rajauli has the khapar of Bhagat Bhagwan, presented to him by Hingraj Devi Sangat. This 200 year old holy place of worship {{sic|comprises |hide=y|of}} about 50 residential rooms. One can take a glimpse of the 100 year old handwritten bir of Guru Granth Sahib and some Hindu deities. There are some Samadhis and gates in the complex with the name of Baba Sandbux Das written in Gurmukhi.|author=|title=|source=Guru Circuit pamphlet, Bihar Tourism}}{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction =
| total_width =
| image1 = Sangat Rajauli.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Gurudwara Sangat Rajauli.jpg
| caption2 =
| image3 = Sangat Rajauli entrance.jpg
| perrow = 3
| width1 = 590
| width2 = 235
| width3 = 135
| footer = The 200 year old Sangat
}}
[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] wrote in 1811 that Rajauli "has a Sanget of the followers of Nanak, a large neat–looking place with a tiled roof".{{Sfn|Buchanan-Hamilton|1925|p=73}}

[[Guru Nanak]] is said to have stopped at Rajauli.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandey|first=Akshay|date=9 November 2019|title=चार माह पटना में रुके थे गुरु नानक देव, जानें श्रीहरिमंदिर जी पटना साहिब का इतिहास Patna News|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-guru-nanak-dev-stayed-in-patna-for-four-months-know-the-history-of-shri-harimandir-ji-patna-sahib-19739794.html|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=When? For how long?|date=December 2020}} In Dr Trilochan Singh's biography of Guru Nanak he writes, "Rajauli bears witness to the fact that the Buddhist sages of this area accepted the teachings of Guru Nanak and established permanent centres of Guru Nanak’s school of thought in this region".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Trilochan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnrXAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajauli+sikh|title=Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism: A Biography|date=1969|publisher=Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|pages=176|language=en|quote=Rajauli bears witness to the fact that the Buddhist sages of this area accepted the teachings of Guru Nanak and established permanent centres of Guru Nanak’s school of thought in this region.}}</ref>

A fair during [[Guru Nanak Gurpurab]] takes place here.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} There is a [[Khanqah|Khankah]] at some distance from the Sangat.<ref name=":5" />

==Geography==
Rajauli is situated along the Dhanarjay river on [[National Highway 20 (India)|NH 20]] (previously numbered as NH31).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 March 2019|title=List of National Highways in the Country|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091514/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2020|access-date=28 December 2020|website=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways}}</ref> It is {{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=}} from the district city [[Nawada]] and {{Convert|144|km|mi|abbr=}} from [[Patna]]. Rajauli is a sub-division that borders the state of [[Jharkhand]], and has an elevation of 135 m above [[mean sea level|sea level]]. Rajauli is mainly surrounded by small and mid-range mountains including Lomash Rishi and Shringi Rishi mountains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Rajauli.html|title=Map and weather of Rajauli}}</ref> More than 100 villages make up Rajauli subdistrict. Rajauli was once home to monsoon and prairie forest. The principal trees were sakhua, paisar, [[khair]], [[Shisham]], parmi, salaiya simar, [[kendu]] and [[peepal]]. The forest and wild life have almost completely disappeared.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} [[Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary]] is nearby.{{OSM Location map
|float = center
|height= 400
|width= 900
| coord = {{coord|24.6720|85.5135}}

| minimap = file bottom right 
| mini-file = IN-BR.svg
| mini-width = 80 
|mini-height = 100 
| minipog-gx = 
| minipog-gy = 

| mark-coord = {{coord| 24.6446930|85.4973193}} |label =Rajauli |label-pos = left | mark-size = 12| mark = Red pog.svg | mark-title = Rajauli | mark-description= Rajauli

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|24.63617|85.51789}}| caption1 = Dhanarjay River |label1=Dhanarjay River|label-size1=11|label-pos1 = right | mark-size1 = 12 | mark1 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg| mark-title1 = Dhanarjay River | mark-description1=

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|24.59857|85.57518}}| caption2 = Dubaur |label2=Dubaur|label-size2=11|label-pos2 =left | mark-size2 = 8 | mark2 = Red pog.svg| mark-title2 = Dubaur | mark-description2=

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|24.5795|85.4871}}| caption3 = Phulwaria dam |label3=Phulwaria dam|label-size3 =11|label-pos3 =left | mark-size3 = 8 | mark3 = Blue pog.svg| mark-title3 = Phulwaria dam | mark-description3=

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|24.67898|85.53158}}| caption4 = Panchane River |label4=Panchane River |label-size4=11|label-pos4 =right | mark-size4 = 12 | mark4 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg| mark-title4 = Panchane River | mark-description4=

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|24.72685|85.63389}}| caption5 =Ektara |label5=Ektara |label-size5=11|label-pos5 =right | mark-size5 = 8 | mark5 = Red pog.svg| mark-title5 = Ektara | mark-description5=

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|24.8925038|85.0811089}}| caption6 =Maksudpur |label6=Maksudpur |label-size6=11|label-pos6 =right | mark-size6 = 8 | mark6 = Red pog.svg| mark-title6 = Maksudpur | mark-description6=

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|24.699722|85.628333}}| caption7 =Kakolat Falls |label7=Kakolat Falls |label-size7=11|label-pos7 =right | mark-size7 = 8 | mark7 = Red pog.svg| mark-title7 = Kakolat Falls | mark-description7=

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|25.091111|85.538611}}| caption8 =Jal Mandir |label8=Jal Mandir |label-size8=11|label-pos8 =right | mark-size8 = 8 | mark8 = Red pog.svg| mark-title8 = Jal Mandir| mark-description8=

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|24.696|84.9913}}| caption9 =Mahabodhi Temple |label9=Mahabodhi Temple |label-size9=11|label-pos9 =top | mark-size9 = 8 | mark9 = Red pog.svg| mark-title9 = Mahabodhi Temple| mark-description9=

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|24.88|85.53}}| caption10 =Kawakole |label10=Kawakole |label-size10=11|label-pos10 =bottom | mark-size10 = 8 | mark10 = Red pog.svg| mark-title10 = Kawakole| mark-description10=

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|24.6550512|85.4048504}}| caption11 =Sirdala |label11=Sirdala |label-size11=11|label-pos11 =top | mark-size11 = 8 | mark11 = Red pog.svg| mark-title11 = Sirdala| mark-description11=

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|24.7725275|85.4250858}}| caption12 =Narhat |label12=Narhat |label-size12=11|label-pos12 =top | mark-size12 = 8 | mark12 = Red pog.svg| mark-title12 = Narhat| mark-description12=

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|24.741018|85.3572547}}| caption13 =Meskaur |label13=Meskaur |label-size13=11|label-pos13 =top | mark-size13 = 8 | mark13 = Red pog.svg| mark-title13 = Meskaur| mark-description13=

| mark-coord14 = {{coord|24.8325386|85.3971092}}| caption14 =Hisua |label14=Hisua |label-size14=11|label-pos14 =top | mark-size14 = 8 | mark14 = Red pog.svg| mark-title14 = Hisua| mark-description14=

| mark-coord15 = {{coord|24.8888576|85.6618447}}| caption15 =Roh |label15=Roh |label-size15=11|label-pos15 =top | mark-size15 = 8 | mark15 = Red pog.svg| mark-title15 = Meskaur| mark-description15=

| zoom = 10 
| caption = Interactive map of Rajauli and nearby locations
}}

== Demographics ==
In 1901, the population of Rajauli village was 1509.{{Sfn|O'Malley|2007|p=235}} By 1951, the population was 12,673.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Pranab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTFuAAAAMAAJ|title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Singhbhum|last2=Choudhury|first2=Roy|publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar|year=1957|isbn=|location=|pages=336|language=en}}</ref> According to the [[2011 census of India]], Rajauli sub–district had a population of 1,66,226 with 24444 households.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables - Bihar|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-BR.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430132602/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-BR.html|archive-date=30 April 2020|access-date=15 December 2020|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
{{Image frame
| caption=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 for Nawada district<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221112612/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|access-date=28 December 2020|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.}}</ref>
| align = right
| content = {{Chart|definition=Rejauli, India, population.chart|data=Rejauli, India, population.tab|Width=350}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name=":6" />
!
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Population
|166226
|85846
|80380
|-
|Children aged below 6 years
|28853
|14820
|14033
|-
|[[Scheduled caste]]
|45489
|23378
|22111
|-
|[[Scheduled tribe]]
|97
|49
|48
|-
|Literates
|81035
|49273
|31762
|-
|Illiterates
|85191
|36573
|48618
|-
|Workers (all)
|62961
|41014
|21947
|-
|Main workers (total)
|42744
|30709
|12035
|-
|Main workers: Cultivators
|12570
|9510
|3060
|-
|Main workers: Agricultural labourers
|16233
|11500
|4733
|-
|Main workers: Household industry workers
|2727
|1471
|1256
|-
|Main workers: Other
|11214
|8228
|9912
|-
|Marginal workers (total)
|20217
|10305
|9912
|-
|Marginal workers: Cultivators
|2701
|1420
|1281
|-
|Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers
|11362
|6011
|5351
|-
|Marginal workers: Household industry workers
|1717
|598
|1119
|-
|Marginal workers: Others
|4437
|2276
|2161
|-
|Non-workers
|103265
|44832
|58433
|}

== Administrative divisions ==
In December 2008, Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] announced that Rajauli would be made into a [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]]. For over a decade the matter of converting Rajauli into a Nagar Panchayat had been pending; even after government approval, delimitation problems caused delays.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chandra|first=Vyas|date=28 November 2020|title=एक दशक से विवादों में उलझा है रजौली को नगर पंचायत बनाने का मामला, नई जणगणना के बाद होगा फैसला|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-the-matter-of-making-rajauli-a-nagar-panchayat-has-been-embroiled-in-controversies-for-a-decade-will-be-decided-after-the-new-census-21109059.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> News reports emerged of Rajauli being upgraded into a [[Nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] in December 2020, however administratively the implementation will take a couple of months.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-27|title=अच्छी खबर: हिसुआ, वारिसलीगंज को नगर परिषद व रजौली को मिला नगर पंचायत का दर्जा|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/nawada/news/hisua-warisleiganj-got-city-council-and-rajauli-got-the-status-of-nagar-panchayat-128055049.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>

Rajauli [[Sub- divisions of India|subdivision]] has seven blocks: Akbarpur, Govindpur, Meskaur, Narhat, Rajauli, Roh, Siradala.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Subdivision & Blocks|url=https://nawada.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124040045/https://nawada.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/|archive-date=24 November 2020|access-date=2020-12-09|website=District Administration, Nawada|language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Blocks, panchayats and revenue villages in Rajauli Subdivision<ref name=":7" />
!District
!Sub Division
!Blocks
!No. of
Panchayats
!No. of
Revenue Villages
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
! rowspan="7" |Rajauli
|Akbarpur
|20
|157
|-
|Govindpur
|9
|73
|-
|Meskaur
|10
|58
|-
|Narhat
|10
|65
|-
!Rajauli
|17
|169
|-
|Roh
|14
|77
|-
|Siradala
|15
|89
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!7
!95
!688
|}

== Politics ==
In the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] in [[Rajauli Assembly constituency]], RJD won.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Madan|date=23 October 2020|title=Bihar elections: Nawada district's Rajauli, Hisua set to witness direct contest between RJD and BJP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-elections-nawada-districts-rajauli-and-hisua-set-to-witness-direct-contest-between-rjd-and-bjp-candidates/articleshow/78833069.cms|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Prakash Veer is the sitting Member of the Legislative Assembly ([[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]) from the Rajauli Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prakash Veer(RJD):Constituency- RAJAULI (SC)(NAWADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=http://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=209|access-date=2020-12-09|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Public amenities==
{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Phulwaria dam wide.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Boats at Phulwaria dam.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = Phulwaria dam and reservoir was built for the purpose of irrigation. It was completed in 1988 and lies on the Tilaiya River. The dam has a height of 25.66m and length of 1135m.
}}
[[File:A fair in Rajauli.jpg|thumb|250x250px|A fair in Rajauli, 2022]]

=== Health ===
Rajauli has a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (PHC){{Efn|"Primary Health Centre is the cornerstone of rural
health services [...] A typical Primary Health Centre covers a population of 20,000 in hilly, tribal, or difficult areas and 30,000 populations in plain areas with 6 indoor/observation beds [...] PHCs should become a 24 hour facility with nursing facilities..."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2011|title=Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) Guidelines for Primary Health Centres (Revised 2011)|url=http://tripuranrhm.gov.in/Guidlines/IPHS_GuidelinesPriHealth_Centres.pdf|access-date=28 December 2020|website=Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India}}</ref>|name=|group=}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandey|first=Alok|date=14 September 2015|title=Doctors and Patients in Bihar Hospitals are Helpless. Does Anyone Care?|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/inside-bihars-hospitals-stories-of-ruin-and-helplessness-1216706|access-date=2020-12-28|website=NDTV}}</ref> as well as a 75-bed Sub-Divisional Hospital (SDH).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hospitals|url=https://nawada.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospital/page/2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108094540/https://nawada.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospital/page/2/|archive-date=8 January 2021|access-date=2021-01-08|website=District Administration, Nawada|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=4 January 2021|title=रजौली अनुमंडल अस्पताल में अब मरीजों को पाइप लाइन सेऑक्सीजन|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/nawada-pipeline-oxygen-to-patients-now-at-rajauli-subdivision-hospital-21238554.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> In 2021 the sub-divisional hospital had posts for 33 doctors out of which 5 general doctors and numerous nursing staff are deputed. There is no provision of a female doctor, and other basic facilities were lacking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2021 |title=रजौली अनुमंडल अस्पताल में अब मरीजों को पाइप लाइन सेऑक्सीजन |trans-title=Oxygen from pipeline to patients now in Rajauli subdivision hospital |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/nawada-pipeline-oxygen-to-patients-now-at-rajauli-subdivision-hospital-21238554.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
The nearest airport is [[Gaya Airport]], 72 km distant. The nearest railway station is at Dilwa, 19 km away. A limited number of passenger trains stop there. The bigger stations are [[Koderma]] (32 km away) and [[Gaya Junction]] (70 km away). Rajauli is on NH20 (old NH 31) and well-connected by bus services. Buses on their way to and from [[Patna]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[Ranchi]] stop at Rajauli or at Chhapra for food. For most buses travelling between [[Patna]] and [[Ranchi]], Rajauli is a meal stop. Local people come to Rajauli using their bicycles, [[jugaad]]s, cars or tractors.

===Education===
In 2017, Rajauli block had 143 schools.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=रजौली प्रखंड के सभी सरकारी विद्यालयों की हुई जांच |trans-title=All government schools of Rajauli block were investigated |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/nawada-all-school-check-in-rajauli-17000262.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The Rajauli Inter School located at block headquarters lacked computer facilities in May 2022, accordingly computer related subjects are not taught.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Prashant Kumar |date=20 May 2022 |title=नवादा: कंप्यूटर शिक्षा से कोसों दूर हैं रजौली इंटर विद्यालय के छात्र-छात्राएं, जानिए कारण |trans-title=Nawada: Students of Rajauli Inter School are far away from computer education, know the reason |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-children-are-far-away-from-computer-education-students-of-rajauli-inter-school-know-the-reason-22728341.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Inspections have revealed basic shortcomings in the situation of some schools located in more rural areas of the block.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=रजौली में चार स्कूलों की हुई जांच, मिली कमियां |trans-title=Four schools were investigated in Rajauli, shortcomings found |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/nawada/story-four-schools-were-investigated-in-rajauli-shortcomings-found-5835750.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=S. B. |date=15 December 2014 |title=Many schools in Rajauli open only twice a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/many-schools-in-rajauli-open-only-twice-a-year/articleshow/45515177.cms |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Project Kanya Inter School, Rajauli, produced a state topper in the [[Bihar School Examination Board]] exams in which over 16 lakh candidates participated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Bihar Matric Result 2022: 500 में से 486 नंबर लाकर सेकेंड टॉपर बनीं नवादा की सानिया, पिता की है मिठाई की दुकान |trans-title=Bihar Matric Result 2022: Sania of Nawada became the second topper by scoring 486 out of 500, father's sweet shop |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-bihar-matric-result-2022-sania-kumari-of-nawada-became-2nd-topper-by-scoring-486-out-of-500-father-has-sweet-shop-jhnj-4165145.html |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Devendra |date=31 March 2022 |title=Bihar Board Matric Result : औरंगाबाद की रामायणी राय बिहार टॉपर, रजौली की सानिया और मधुबनी के विवेक बने सेकंड टॉपर |trans-title=Bihar Board Matric Result: Ramayani Rai of Aurangabad became Bihar topper, Sania of Rajauli and Vivek of Madhubani became second topper |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-board-matric-result-aurangabad-ke-ramayni-roy-topper-rajauli-ke-saniya-aur-madhubani-ke-vivek-second-topper/articleshow/90565385.cms |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
*Maa Mathurasini Mahavidyalaya
*Rajauli Inter Vidyalaya
*Project Kanya Uccha Vidhyalala
*Rajkiye Kanya Madhya Vidhyalaya
*Rajkiye Uccha Vidhyalaya
*Saptrashi Degree College
*Saraswati Shishu/vidya Mandir
*Dayanand Anglo vidyalaya (DAV)
*St. Joseph's school
*South city international public school
*Brilliant Public School
*Tara Memorial Residential school
*Rajeev Gandhi computer Saksharta mission

==Economy==
[[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] has identified Rajauli as a prospective location for creating a 2,000-mW nuclear power plant.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=District Profile|url=https://nawada.nic.in/about-district/district-profile/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919151628/https://nawada.nic.in/about-district/district-profile/|archive-date=19 September 2020|access-date=2021-01-08|website=District Administration, Nawada|language=en-US}}</ref> There are plans to set up a 28MW [[hydro power plant]] in Rajauli, which will help [[Bihar]] become energy independent.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-06-27|agency=PTI|title=Bihar bets big on nuclear power; plans 3,000 MW plant|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/bihar-bets-big-on-nuclear-power-plans-3000-mw-plant/738323/|access-date=2020-03-06|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sinha|first1=S. B.|date=4 April 2020|title=Nawada has glorious past, but a 'tense' future|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nawada-has-glorious-past-but-a-tense-future/articleshow/68711107.cms|access-date=2020-03-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Water will be provided from Phulwaria dam reservoir.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta|first=Alok|date=4 July 2015|title=Bihar fast-tracks nuclear power plant|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/bihar-fasttracks-nuclear-power-plant-44616|access-date=2020-03-06|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Rajauli has clay loam soil.<ref name=":8" /> The accumulation of rain or flood water over a considerable part of the district makes the land fit for paddy cultivation. Principal crops are [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]], [[wheat]], [[legume|gram]], [[maze]], [[arhar]], [[khesari]], [[peas]], [[sugarcane]], [[potatoes]], [[chillies]] and [[mung bean|mung]]. Aghani or winter rice is usually cultivated in the lowlands.

===Business===
Nearly half the population of Rajauli is engaged in small- and medium-sized businesses.<ref>[https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a4f23670e1833f3fdb077ca70bbd5d66/uploads/2018/03/2018031382.pdf Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) IV. Detailed Project report (DPR) Rajauli Block. 2012-2016]. Soil Conservation Office, Nawada. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210325154537/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a4f23670e1833f3fdb077ca70bbd5d66/uploads/2018/03/2018031382.pdf Archived] on 25 March 2021.</ref> [[Balushahi]] is one of the popular takeaways from this place. One of the major businesses in Rajauli is the marketing of agricultural produce. Local merchants sell cloth, kirana, manihari, medicines, and local furniture. The weekly Friday Hat at Bajrangbali Chowk is popular. A few mills, including the rice mill Navdurga Agrotech Pvt., processes raw and export to other states.

== Places of worship ==
Temples include the Bajrangbali temple, Devi Mandap, Shivalaya, Manokamna Dham, Bajrangbali, Kali Mandir and other temples.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Rajauli bridge.jpg|The oldest bridge connected to the outer part of Rajauli, including Simarcol, Amama, Pasraila and Targeer.
File:Kakolat way..jpg|Road to Kakolat
File:Temple..jpg|Temple near the Purani bus stand
</gallery>

== Notable people ==

* [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi (politician)]]
{{commons}}

== See also ==

* [[Tekari Raj]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===

* {{Cite book|last=O'Malley|first=L.S.S.|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Gaya|publisher=Logos Press. Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|isbn=9788172681371|location=New Delhi|orig-year=1906}}
*{{Cite book|last=Buchanan-Hamilton|first=Francis|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56955|title=Journal of Francis Buchanan: Kept during the survey of the districts of Patna and Gaya in 1811–1812|publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa|year=1925|isbn=|editor-last=Jackson|editor-first=V. H.|location=Patna|pages=|author-link=Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|via=archive.org}}
*{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=Robert Montgomery|title=The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India: Behar (Patna city) and Shahabad|publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.]]|year=1838|isbn=|volume=1|location=London|pages=|author-link=Robert Montgomery Martin}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|last=Buchanan-Hamilton|first=Francis|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100300|title=An account of the district of Bihar and Patna in 1811- 1812|publisher=Bihar and Orissa Research Society|year=1939|isbn=|location=Patna|pages=|author-link=Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|via=archive.org}}

== External links ==

* [http://wrd.bih.nic.in/intralinking.htm Dhanarjay Reservoir Scheme and link to Phulwaria Reservoir Scheme.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414004941/http://wrd.bih.nic.in/intralinking.htm |date=14 April 2013 }} Intralinking of Rivers.
*PTI (23 December 2017). [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/guru-circuit-will-be-developed-in-bihar-says-cm-nitish-kumar-4996308/ Guru Circuit will be developed in Bihar, says CM Nitish Kumar]. ''The Indian Express.''
*[https://populationfoundation.in/mausam-kumari-demanding-adolescent-health-services-in-nawada-bihar/ Mausam Kumari: demanding adolescent health services]. [[Population Foundation of India]]
*[http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/Nawada.pdf Ground Water Information Booklet Nawada District, Bihar State. 2013.]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=MGU5AQAAIAAJ&q=rajauli The Journal of the Administrative Sciences, Volume 15]
{{Magadh Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nawada district]]