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INS Sindhurashtra

2026-05-05T16:48:12Z

Eldarljt:

{{Short description|Diesel-electric submarine of the Indian Navy}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Sindhurashtra}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Sindhushastra''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder =
| laid_down =
| launched = 14 October 1999
| acquired =
| commissioned = 19 July 2000
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| fate =
| status = Active
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine}}
| type =
| displacement = *2325 tons surfaced
*3076 tons dived
| length = {{convert|72.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|9.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|6.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| propulsion = *2 × {{convert|3650|hp|abbr=on}} diesel-electric motors
*1 × {{convert|5900|hp|abbr=on}} motor
*2 × {{convert|204|hp|abbr=on}} auxiliary motors
*1 × {{convert|130|hp|abbr=on}} economic speed motor
| speed = *Surfaced; {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/submarines/project-636/|title=Large diesel-electric submarine Project 636 | Catalog Rosoboronexport|website=roe.ru}}</ref>
*Snorkel Mode; {{convert|9|kn|km/h}}
*Submerged; {{convert|19|kn|km/h}}<ref name="auto"/>
| range = *Snorting: {{convert|6000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|7|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
*Submerged: {{convert|400|mi|km}} at {{convert|3|kn|km/h}}
| endurance = Up to 45 days with a crew of 52
| test_depth = *Operational Depth; {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*Maximum Depth; {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| complement = 52 (incl. 13 Officers)
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament = *[[Strela 3|9M36 Strela-3]] (SA-N-8) SAM launcher
*[[3M-54 Klub|Klub-S (3M-54E) ASCM]]
*[[53-65 torpedo|Type 53-65]] passive wake homing torpedo
*TEST 71/76 anti-submarine, active-passive homing torpedo
*24 DM-1 [[Naval mine|mines]] in lieu of torpedo tube
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sindhushastra'' (S65)''' ({{Lit|Nation of the Sea}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/rashtra | title=Rashtra, Rāṣṭra: 26 definitions | date=17 August 2015 }}</ref> is a {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine|0}} diesel-electric [[submarine]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-sg>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |title=Submarines of Indian Navy |access-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071559/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kilo class submarine}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhurashtra (S65)}}
[[Category:Sindhughosh-class submarines]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built by Sevmash]]
[[Category:1999 ships]]
[[Category:Submarines of India]]

{{submarine-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

Pheni

2026-05-05T10:54:30Z

Eldarljt: Made new entry

{{Short description|Type of vermicelli from Indian subcontinent}}
{{good article}}
{{Redirect distinguish|Khajla|Khaja}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Pheni
| image = Pheni 2020 Rawalpindi.png
| caption = Pheni in a market in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan
| alt = A bunch of nest-like threaded food having golden brown color
| alternate_name = Fenia<ref>{{cite book |title=People of India Maharashtra (Part Three Volume xxx) |author1=Kumar Suresh Singh |author2=B. V. Bhanu |author3=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan, 2004 |isbn=978-81-7991-102-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C&q=Fenia |access-date=12 March 2026 |page=1752}}</ref>
| country = [[Rajasthan]]
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Semolina]] [[Flour]]
| variations = Sutarfeni Khajla
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Pheni''' or '''fenia''' is a form of [[vermicelli]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Although similar to ''[[Vermicelli#History in Asia|seviyan]]'', pheni uses finer noodles. Pheni is ritually used for the [[Karva Chauth]] festival, which is celebrated in parts of India, where it is one of the dishes on the traditional platter ''sargi thali'' and is consumed just before the fast associated with the festival begins.

Similar dishes include '''khajla''' and '''sutarfeni'''; latter of these originates from [[Rajasthan]]. Since khajla and pheni are used as traditional foods for [[Ramadan]] in different cities of Pakistan, therefore, its preparation creates job opportunities for additional labour, and the trade for multiple grain industries rises.

==Etymology==
The term ''sutarfeni'' is a combination of two words; ''sutar'' means thread and ''feni'' means fine.<ref name=Locavore/> The food's name pheni is derived from ''phenaka'', which is defined in Sanskrit dictionary as "a kind of pastry", and included various kinds of layered fried doughs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phenaka |url=https://sanskritdictionary.com/?iencoding=iast&q=phenaka%22&lang=sans&action=Search |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=Sanskrit Dictionary}}</ref><ref name=cadbury>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Suterfeni |url=https://www.cadburydessertscorner.com/quickbites/a-brief-history-of-sutarfeni |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=Cadbury Desserts Corner |author=Niveditha K}}</ref>

==Preparation and serving==
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 270
| image1 = Pheni 2020 Rawalpindi.gif
| image2 = Doodh Pheni (2).jpg
| footer = From stretching the dough into multiple layers (left) to a serving of pheni with milk (right)
| alt1 = Act of stretching a dough into multiple layers by hand
| alt2 = A bowl filled with pheni soaked up in milk, along with a spoon
}}
The basic ingredient of pheni is [[semolina]] or [[flour]], from which a [[dough]] is made using either [[ghee]] or [[vegetable oil]], depending upon the quality{{sndash}}as with any other [[vermicelli]]. The difference lies in the processing: when the dough is converted into small balls, the artisan stretches these into layers. Ghee is applied and the layer is rolled back to rest for a while. The process is repeated until multiple finely thin layers are formed, while ghee prevents each layer fusing together. It is then transformed into a finely threaded flatbread, which is then deep fried until a roasted color appears. After draining the excess oil, pheni is ready to be served with milk because it has the ability to soak up the liquid.{{efn|name=sum}}

{{anchor|Khajla}}
{{anchor|Sutarfeni}}
[[File:Pathar peni.jpg|thumb|upright|Sutarfeni in a market in [[Karnataka]], India|alt=A bunch of nest-like threaded food having whitish color]]
Alternately, dishes like suterfeni and khajla can be prepared which are similar to pheni but have a slight difference in how they are processed. Suterfeni is a kind of pheni which originates from [[Rajasthan]], but it is served as a ready-made sweet dish, that resembles a bird's nest, in which additional flavours and scents can be added by using either honey, [[saffron]], [[rose water]], or similar. Khajla, however, is also served with milk just like pheni during Ramadan, but it is prepared by [[deep frying]] the flatbreads directly without making threads out of the dough balls, until they are roasted and expanded.{{efn|1=Pieces of information are gathered from multiple sources, such as ''The Locavore''<ref name=Locavore>{{cite web |title=Acacia Honey "Sutarfeni" |url=https://thelocavore.in/2024/08/07/acacia-honey-sutarfeni |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=The Locavore |author=Archish Kashikar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Old Delhi's Flaky Ramadan Treat |url=https://thelocavore.in/2025/04/20/old-delhis-flaky-ramadan-treat |access-date=14 March 2026 |website=The Locavore |author=Mohammad Rehan}}</ref> Cadbury Desserts Corner,<ref name=cadbury/> and BBC News Gujarati<ref>{{cite web |title=હાથથી કેવી રીતે બને છે Khambhat ની પ્રખ્યાત sutarfeni - Gujarati Food |trans-title=How Khambhat's famous sutarfeni is made by hand - Gujarati Food |last=BBC News Gujarati |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=SsIshEnEvhI |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=29 April 2026 |via=YouTube}}</ref> from India, and ''Dawn'',<ref>{{cite news |author=Caroline Eden |title=Showcasing real Indian cooking by local housewives |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1104963 |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=Dawn |date=8 May 2014}}</ref> Express News,<ref name=ak>{{cite news |author={{Nq|آفتاب خان}} |title={{Nq|رمضان کی آمد روایتی سوغات کھجلہ اورپھینی کی تیاریاں شروع}} |trans-title=Arrival of Ramadan, Preparations Start for the Traditional Dishes Khajla and Pheni |url=https://www.express.pk/story/1658153 |access-date=14 March 2026 |publisher=Express News |date=6 May 2019 |language=ur}}</ref> and Chef Afzal,<ref>{{cite web |title=Khajla Recipe Ft. Chef Afzal |last=Chef Saadat |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=36dmKRS9c-I |date=11 May 2019 |access-date=14 March 2026 |via=YouTube}}</ref> all based in Pakistan.}}

Pheni with milk is served for [[fasting]] traditions in the Indian subcontinent. Hindu families use this during the occasion of Karva Chauth, celebrated in [[North India|Northern]] and [[Western India]], as one of the dishes while preparing their ''sargi thali'', a traditional platter which is presented by mother-in-law to the daughter-in-law. Muslim families prepare khajla and pheni with milk during ''[[suhur]]'' particularly in the month of Ramadan. It may be served with various sweet items, as well as dry fruits (whether [[garnish (cooking)|garnished]] or provided separately).{{efn|name=sum|1=Pieces of information gathered from multiple sources, such as VOA Urdu,<ref name=voa/> BBC Urdu,<ref>{{cite news |title={{Nq|لاک ڈاؤن، رمضان اور روایتی پکوان: لچھے دار پھینی جو آسانی سے گھر میں تیار ہوسکے}} |trans-title=Lockdown, Ramadan and traditional dishes: finely-threaded Pheni that can be easily prepared at home |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-52649689 |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=BBC Urdu |date=13 May 2020 |language=ur}}</ref> ''Arab News'',<ref name="arab">{{cite news |author=Saadullah Akhtar |title=In southwest Pakistan, fried vermicelli is everyone's favorite Ramadan delight |url=https://arab.news/p6aw9 |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=[[Arab News]] |date=27 March 2023}}</ref> ''Dawn'',<ref name="dawn">{{cite news |author=Aamir Yasin |title=Rawalpindi starts its fast on a sweet note |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1336069 |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=[[Dawn.com|Dawn]] |date=29 May 2017}}</ref> and Express News,<ref name="express">{{cite news |author=Kashif Hussain |title={{Nq|رمضان کی سوغات کھجلہ اور پھینی کی تیاری عروج پر پہنچ گئی}} |trans-title=Preparations Reach Peak for the Ramadan Dishes Khajla and Pheni |url=https://www.express.pk/story/147278 |access-date=12 March 2026 |publisher=Express News |date=8 July 2013 |language=ur}}</ref> all based in Pakistan, while ''People of India Maharashtra'', a book,<ref>{{cite book |title=People of India Maharashtra (Part Three Volume xxx) |author1=Kumar Suresh Singh |author2=B. V. Bhanu |author3=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan, 2004 |isbn=978-81-7991-102-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C&q=Fenia |access-date=12 March 2026 |page=1746}}</ref> and Her Zindagi,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sargi is a Significant Part Of Karwa Chauth; Know All About It |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/what-is-sargi-significance-article-210535 |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=Her Zindagi |author=Lakshita Singh |date=11 October 2022}}</ref> both based in India.}}

In different states of India, pheni with milk is also prepared and served along with the other traditional dishes eaten during [[Dhanteras]] for the occasion of [[Diwali]], and as a winter delight during the festival of [[Makar Sankranti]].<ref name=nm>{{cite web |title=Pheni: How this north Indian delicacy became an essential part of Hyderabadi Diwali |url=https://newsmeter.in/hyderabad/pheni-how-this-north-indian-delicacy-became-an-essential-part-of-hyderabadi-diwali-702542 |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=News Meter |date=24 October 2022 |author=Sumavarsha Kandula}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Makar Sankranti 2017: These are the traditional sweets eaten on the kite flying festival in different states of India |url=https://www.india.com/lifestyle/makar-sankranti-2017-these-are-the-traditional-sweets-eaten-on-the-kite-flying-festival-in-different-states-of-india-1755460 |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=[[India.com|India]] |date=12 January 2017 |author=Sakshita Khosla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Food of Rajasthan - 11 Dishes You Must Try - Take Off With Me |url=https://www.tripoto.com/rajasthan/trips/famous-food-of-rajasthan-11-dishes-you-must-try-take-off-with-me-62604b36e11f8 |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=Tripoto |author=Seema Choudhari}}</ref>

==Surveys==
According to surveys by different publishers, pheni is usually prepared for traditional purposes, for which the bakers hire additional staff under the artisan. A local shop can stock and store it at a normal temperature for weeks without damage, and can sell up to a [[ton]] per day. In Pakistan, preparation of khajla and pheni boosts the trade of the flour, ghee, and sugar industries during the month of [[Ramadan]].{{efn|1=Pieces of information gathered from multiple sources, such as News Meter from India,<ref name=nm/> and ''Dawn'',<ref>{{cite news |author=Ammar Shahbazi |title=Precision of the pheni walla |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1195051 |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=Dawn |date=18 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Mohiuddin Aazim |title=Bustling food trade activity ahead of Ramazan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1334576 |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=Dawn |date=22 May 2017}}</ref> Express News,<ref name=ak/><ref name=express/> ''Arab News'',<ref name=arab/> and VOA Urdu,<ref name=voa>{{cite news |author={{Nq|واجد شاہ}} |title={{Nq|'پھینی' رمضان کی سوغات، لیکن اس کی تیاری آسان نہیں}} |trans-title='Pheni' a Ramadan Dish, but its Preparation is not Easy |url=https://www.urduvoa.com/a/special-food-in-ramdan-25apr2020/5390242.html |access-date=14 March 2026 |publisher=[[VOA Urdu]] |date=22 April 2020 |language=ur}}</ref> all from Pakistan.}}

Some publications note that pheni with milk is considered a calorie-dense and fat-enriched sweet dish that should only be consumed occasionally. Although it offers quick carbohydrates, helping in slow digestion and sustained energy while fasting during the day, consuming it in large amounts may cause resistance in weight-losing physical activities. While semolina has slightly higher fibre than flour, pheni still lacks significant fibre and is made up of [[empty calories]] more than an average [[paratha]].{{efn|1=Facts are largely attributed to Jacked Nutrition,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jackednutrition.pk/blogs/do-you-know/pheni-nutritional-value |title=What You Need to Know About the Nutritional Value of Pheni |date=18 April 2023 |accessdate=15 March 2026 |website=Jacked Nutrition}}</ref> while portions of the text are also taken from two of the reports published in ''Dawn''.<ref name=dawn/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/649950 |title=Healthy eating: Weight loss in Ramazan |date=6 August 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2026 |work=Dawn}}</ref>}}

In January 2026, the Chief Medical and Health Officer (CMHO) ordered the destruction of about a ton of pheni at a shop in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, when concerns about hygiene were raised after a video circulated on social media in which the dough for pheni was being prepared with feet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/phini-prepared-using-feet-jodhpur-officials-destroy-110-kg-after-video-goes-viral-2856337-2026-01-22 |title=Phini prepared using feet? Jodhpur officials destroy 110 kg after video goes viral |date=22 January 2026 |accessdate=21 April 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref> In a separate incident in February, the police seized a warehouse in Jiyaguda, [[Hyderabad, India]], which contained material for preparing pheni worth est. {{INR|3.98 [[lakh]]}}, because it reportedly violated guidelines of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) by being substandard.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/substandard-pheni-manufacturing-unit-busted-in-jiyaguda-one-held/article70688434.ece |title=Substandard pheni manufacturing unit busted in Jiyaguda, one held |date=28 February 2026 |accessdate=21 April 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Indian cuisine]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Pakistani desserts]]

Dholai Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T12:55:45Z

Eldarljt: info...

{{Short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dholai
| mla = [[Nihar Ranjan Das]]
| party = {{party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP}}
| alliance = {{party index link|National Democratic Alliance|NDA}}
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Cachar district|Cachar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| electors =
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 120
| map_image = Dholai Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
}}

'''Dholai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 [[Assam Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in [[Northeast India|North Eastern]] India. It is also one of the 7 state legislative assembly constituencies included in the [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency]]. This constituency is reserved for the Scheduled caste candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Dholai Assembly constituency==

Following are details on Dholai Assembly constituency:

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Cachar district.
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Silchar Lok Sabha constituency.
* Area Includes: Barjalenga Dev. Block(Part), Binnakandi Dev. Block(Part), Narsingpur Dev. Block(Part), Palonghat Dev. Block(Part), Sonai Dev. Block(Part)

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Following is the list of members representing Dholai Assembly constituency in Assam Legislature:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2"|Political Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Amiya Kanti Das
|rowspan=4 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}| ||rowspan=4|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Incumbent
|-
|2024{{efn|by-election}}
|[[Nihar Ranjan Das]]
|2024-2026
|-
|2021
|rowspan=2|[[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
|rowspan=2|2016-2024
|-
|2016
|-
|-
|2011
|[[Girindra Mallik]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2011-16
|-
|2006
|rowspan=2|[[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}| ||rowspan=2|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|rowspan=2|2001-11
|-
|2001
|-
|1996
|[[Girindra Mallik]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1996-01
|-
|1991
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1991-96
|-
|1985
|[[Digendra Purkayastha]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}| ||rowspan=4|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1985-91
|-
|1983
|rowspan=2|[[Sisir Ranjan Das]]
|rowspan=2|1978-85
|-
|1978
|-
|1972
|D.C Purkayastha
|1972-78
|-
|1970
|S.P Baindya
|style="background-cokor:{{party color|Independent}}| ||NJC
|1970-72
|-
|1967
|J.M Barbhuiya
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}| ||[[Independent politician|IND]]
|1967-70
|}

==Election results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dholai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Amiya Kanti Das|party=National Democratic Alliance|votes=100634 |percentage=64.18

|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=DHRUBAJYOTI PURKAYASTHA |party=Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance |votes=56172 |percentage=35.82

|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1972 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44462 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Assam|Assam Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Dholai<ref name="NDA makes a clean sweep of bypolls in the Northeast">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=NDA makes a clean sweep of bypolls in the Northeast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/nda-makes-a-clean-sweep-of-bypolls-in-the-northeast/article68902364.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123144021/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/nda-makes-a-clean-sweep-of-bypolls-in-the-northeast/article68902364.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Dholai Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Dholai Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S0311.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125114229/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S0311.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Nihar Ranjan Das]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=69,945|percentage=49.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhrubajyoti Purakayastha|party=Indian National Congress|votes=60,847|percentage=43.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amalendu Das|party=Independent|votes=5,061 |percentage=3.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,528|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=9,098|percentage=6.44|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,41,339|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dholai<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/2021/form21E_2021.html |title=AC_Wise Final Result as per Form 21E |work=CEO Assam |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Parimal Suklabaidya]]|votes=82,568|percentage=55.03|change={{increase}}1.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kamakhya Prasad Mala|votes=62,176|percentage=41.44|change={{increase}}8.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Gour Chandra Das|votes=1,834|percentage=1.22|change={{increase}}0.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,561|percentage=1.04|change={{decrease}}0.60}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 20,392
|percentage = 13.73
|change = {{decrease}}7.19
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=148,490|percentage=78.13|change=-2.01}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}1.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dholai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
|votes = 68,694
|percentage = 53.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Girindra Mallik
|votes = 41,857
|percentage = 32.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Lalta Prosad Mala
|votes = 13,382
|percentage = 10.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Gour Chandra Das
|votes = 1,146
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nihar Ranjan Das
|votes = 1,114
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,110
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,837
|percentage = 20.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,28,303
|percentage = 80.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,60,092
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Cachar district]]
* [[Dholai]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Silchar]]
[[Category:Cachar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Shakti Samuha

2026-04-26T16:32:58Z

Eldarljt: new some data first draft...

{{Short description|Non-profit organization}}
{{Infobox non-profit
| name = Shakti Samuha
| image = Shakti Samuha logo.png
| caption =
| purpose =
| tax_id =
| registration_id =
| founded = 
| founder =
| dissolved = 
| location =
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| key_people =
| region_served =
| products =
| services = Support for the victim of women trafficking and enslavement
| focus =
| mission =
| method =
| revenue =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| subsid =
| owner =
| former_name =
| website = {{URL|shaktisamuha.org.np}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shakti Samuha''' is a non-profit organisation working against women trafficking. It is based in [[Nepal]] and was formed by the survivors of women trafficking in [[India]], including [[Charimaya Tamang]]. The organisation is a recipient of the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2013/07/24/4686/ |title=The Brief » Blog Archive » Shakti Samuha wins Magsaysay |publisher=Nepali Times |date=2013-07-27 |accessdate=2013-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2013/07/25/headlines/Shakti-Samuha-bags-Magsaysay-Award/375311/ |title=Shakti Samuha bags Magsaysay Award | Top Stories |publisher=Ekantipur.com |date=2013-07-25 |accessdate=2013-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/81309/first-afghan-woman-governor-wins-magsaysay-award | title=First Afghan woman governor wins Magsaysay Award |date=July 25, 2013| publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer | accessdate=August 30, 2013 | author=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

==Background==
India operated a massive raid in illegal brothels and enslavements in 1996 and rescued 500 women including 128 of [[Nepal|Nepalese]] background. These women realised they need an organisation to support other women in the similar situations and together they formed Shakti Samuha in 1996 and registered in 2000.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nepal topics}}

[[Category:Feminism in Nepal]]
[[Category:Forced prostitution]]
[[Category:Human trafficking in Nepal]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in Nepal]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in Nepal]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Nepal]]

Dhone Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T07:31:50Z

Eldarljt: stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhone
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (141-Dhone highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Dhone Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Shri Kotla Jaya Surya Prakash Reddy taking charge as the Minister of State for Railways, in New Delhi on October 29, 2012.jpg
| established = 1951
| electors = 219,678
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 141
}}

'''Dhone Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 219,678 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Bethamcherla
|-
| Dhone
|-
| Peapally
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| VenkataSetty Kotrike
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| B. P. Sesha Reddy
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| K. V. K. Murthy
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Seshanna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=4 |[[K. E. Krishna Murthy]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| K. E. Prabhakar
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Kotla Sujathamma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| K. E. Krishna Murthy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Buggana Rajendranath]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhone<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkatasetty Kotrike |party=Independent politician |votes=28,493 |percentage=59.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkatasubbiah Nivarthi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,946 |percentage=35.68% |change=35.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakshmayya Padde |party=Independent politician |votes=2,057 |percentage=4.33% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,547 |percentage=24.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,496 |percentage=60.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,264 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhone}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kotla Sujathamma]]
|votes = 55,982
|percentage = 49.17
|change = +16.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. E. Pratap]]
|votes = 53,373
|percentage = 46.88
|change = -20.15
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,609
|percentage = 2.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 113,857
|percentage = 65.28
|change = -3.69
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhone}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. E. Krishna Murthy]]
|votes = 60,769
|percentage = 43.56
|change = -3.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kotla Sujathamma]]
|votes = 56,118
|percentage = 40.22
|change = -8.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Marri Govinda Raj]]
|votes = 14,535
|percentage = 10.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,651
|percentage = 3.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 139,516
|percentage = 70.50
|change = +5.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhone}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Buggana Rajendranath|Buggana Rajendranath Reddy]]
|votes = 83,683
|percentage = 49.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. E. Pratap]]
|votes = 72,531
|percentage = 43.21
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,152
|percentage = 6.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 167,849
|percentage = 77.51
|change = +7.01
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhone}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Buggana Rajendranath|Buggana Rajendranath Reddy]]
|votes = 1,00,845
|percentage = 57.79
|change = +7.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[K. E. Prathap]]
|votes = 65,329
|percentage = 37.44
|change = -5.77
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,516
|percentage = 20.48

|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 173,414
|percentage = 78.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhone}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
|votes = 93,523
|percentage = 51
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Buggana Rajendranath|Buggana Rajendranath Reddy]]
|votes = 87,474
|percentage = 46.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Garlapati Madhileti Swami
|votes =4023

|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,362
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,049
|percentage = 3.18

|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,90,120
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|15.40|77.87|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Nandyal district}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandyal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Dharamvir Singh

2026-04-24T12:05:23Z

Eldarljt: added

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1990)}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Dharamvir Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality = Indian
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|8|5}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 177 cm
| weight = 78 kg
| country = India
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| event =
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club = Chandigarh Hockey Academy
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach = {{ubl|[[Michael Nobbs]] (national)|Harinder Singh|[[Jose Brasa]]|[[Terry Wash]]|[[Realant Oltmans]]}}
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals =
| updated = 8 December 2012
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FIH Hockey World League|Hockey World League]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2015 Raipur]]||Team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2010 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition| [[Asia Cup ]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Malaysia]]||India}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2012 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2012 Doha]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2012 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2012 Malaysia]]||Team}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2015 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2015 Malaysia]]||Team}}
}}

'''Dharamvir Singh''' (born 5 August 1990) represented India in Men's Hockey during the [[2012 London Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.london2012.com/athlete/singh-dharamvir-1020849/ Dharamvir Singh] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130127233713/www.london2012.com/athlete/singh-dharamvir-1020849/ |date=27 January 2013 }}. London 2012.</ref> He was part of the Indian team that won the silver medal at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/hockey/1008122/dharamvir_singh.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Dharamvir Singh Profile|website=g2014results.thecgf.com|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref>

He supports [[Indian Collegiate Athletic Program (ICAP)|Indian Collegiate Athletic Program]] (ICAP) and has agreed to be a mentor for Hockey.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{Sports reference}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2010 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2012 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2012 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2013 Asia Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Commonwealth Games}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dharamvir}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:2014 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Partapur metro station

2026-04-24T04:47:00Z

Eldarljt:

{{Short description|Metro station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:A11 Partapur RRTS station.svg|40px]] Partapur
| style = Meerut Metro
| type =
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Partapur, Uttar Pradesh|Partapur]], [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.92203|77.64994|display=inline}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| operator = NCRTC
| line = {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}} RRTS {{rcb|Meerut Metro|Blue|croute}} MRTS
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]{{efn|Structurally [[Island platform|island]]. See [[Partapur metro station#Design and structure|design and structure]].}} Platform-1 → {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}} Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Meerut South}}
| tracks = 4
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| levels = 2
| parking = Yes
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| code =
| opened = {{start date and age|2026|02|22|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Meerut Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Meerut South|right1=Rithani}}
| route_map = {{Meerut Metro Route}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
}}

The '''Partapur metro station''' is an [[elevated]] [[Meerut Metro]] station on the Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut RRTS corridor (also known as the '''Namo Bharat''' corridor) serving [[Partapur, Uttar Pradesh|Partapur]] in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It serves as a halt for Meerut Metro trains that run at a speed of 120 km/h. The RRTS trains, which do not stop here, pass through the station at a speed of 160 km/h. The station is constructed, owned and operated by the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC). The station was inaugurated on 22 February 2026.<ref name="IT">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=PM inaugurates India's fastest metro in Meerut, entire Namo Bharat corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-meerut-metro-yogi-adityanath-inauguration-2872326-2026-02-22|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS now fully operational: Will improved connectivity drive real estate demand along the corridor? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/delhimeerut-rrts-now-fully-operational-will-improved-connectivity-drive-real-estate-demand-along-the-corridor-101771743611396.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The station is part of the 23 km-long Meerut Metro segment within the Delhi–Meerut RRTS corridor. Construction works began in 2020 under the supervision of the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC). All major civil works and finishing works, including electrical and platform installations, were completed by January 2026, paving the way for the station's inauguration with the entire RRTS and metro corridors on 22 February 2026.<ref name="IT"/><ref>{{cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS construction update: Partapur metro station nears completion |url=https://meerutmetro.in/partapur-meerut-metro-station |access-date=5 March 2026|publisher=Meerut Metro}}</ref>

== Location ==
The station is located on the old [[Delhi]] road running from [[Meerut|Meerut's]] historic city centre to the [[Delhi–Meerut Expressway]], adjacent to Partapur's Sector 2 industrial area and close to the Partapur railway station on the [[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. Thanks to its location, the station provides direct access to public transport routes, commercial and residential zones.

== Design and structure ==
The station is designed as an elevated structure with two [[island platforms]] and four tracks. The platforms have metro tracks on one side and RRTS tracks on the other. Only one side of the platform (facing the metro tracks) is accessible to passengers, with doors opening onto the metro trains. The other side of the platform (facing the RRTS tracks) is inaccessible to passengers, as RRTS trains pass through without stopping at these stations, thus technically making the platforms [[side platforms]]. This design has optimized land use and reduced construction costs, while also leaving space for future expansion or modifications.

=== Facilities ===

* Four lifts and six escalators
* Passenger waiting areas
* Ticket vending machines and smartcard facilities
* CCTV surveillance and security systems
* [[Platform screen doors]] (PSDs)
* Dedicated facilities for physically challenged passengers
* Parking and drop-off zones for last-mile connectivity

== Connectivity ==
Apart from serving the metro, the station has made multiple transport options accessible for ease of travel, including local modes like [[autorickshaws]], buses, cabs, and the nearby Partapur railway station. These plus points have improved accessibility and has cut down travel time from Partapur to Meerut South, directly to Delhi through the RRTS, to the Meerut city centre, and to Modipuram in the city's north.

== Station layout ==

{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = [[File:A11 Partapur RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] Partapur metro station
| title-bg = #{{rail color|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = \\CONTg\CONTfa\\~~ ~~ ~~ to/from [[File:A12 Rithani RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Rithani metro station|Rithani]]
KRW+l\KRWgr\KRWgl\KRW+r
ePSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\PSTR(L)\ePSTR(R)~~ ~~'''Partapur'''
KRWl\KRWg+r\KRWg+l\KRWr
\\CONTge\CONTf\\~~ ~~ ~~ from/to [[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]]
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with four tracks and two side platforms ''** (The platforms are structurally island platforms. The light gray portions of the platforms along the bypassing lines are metro facing; the dark gray portions along the straight lines are RRTS facing) ''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine/Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, Station agent, Facilities, Retail stores, Token and ticket vending machines, Crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|{{blue|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''}}
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards
'''AS3''' [[Modipuram Depot metro station]] '''Next Station:''' [[File:A12 Rithani RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Rithani metro station|Rithani]]
|-
|{{blue|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''}}
|Towards
[[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Meerut South RRTS station]] '''Metro Terminates in Next Station (Meerut South)'''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

== Future ==
In view of rising in traffic due to growth in population, Meerut's city expansion and heightened demand for Delhi, Partapur, along with all 13 stations of the metro, have sufficient spaces to expand into RRTS stations to allow both the metro and RRTS trains to halt for handling passengers. This expansion will make the metro stations aligned with the RRTS services, thus enhancing connectivity between Delhi and Meerut even further in the next 10-20 years.

== See also ==

* [[Meerut Metro]]
* [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]]
* [[RapidX]]
* [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://meerutmetro.in/partapur-meerut-metro-station Official Meerut Metro – Partapur metro station page]
* [https://ncrtc.in/project/delhi-ghaziabad-meerut/ NCRTC official Delhi–Meerut project page]

[[Category:Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh]]

Anisur Rahman Qasmi

2026-04-22T12:48:16Z

Eldarljt: adding a article

{{Short description|Indian Sunni Islamic scholar (born 1960)}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = Mawlana, Mufti
| name = Anisur Rahman Qasmi
| native_name = انیس الرحمن قاسمی
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|7|6}}
| birth_place = Katahari, [[West Champaran district]], Bihar, India
| birth_name = Mohammad Anisur Rahman
| occupation = Islamic scholar, writer, community leader
| known_for = Leadership in Imarat-e-Shariah, Islamic jurisprudence
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| organization =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Anisur Rahman Qasmi''' (born 6 July 1960), also written as '''Aneesur Rahman Qasmi''', is an Indian Sunni Islamic scholar, writer, and community leader from [[Bihar]]. He has held various senior positions in religious and community organisations, including roles connected to [[Imarat-e-Shariah]] (Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand) and the All India Milli Council, where he serves as Vice President. A graduate of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], he is known for his writings and lectures on [[Islamic jurisprudence]] and public issues. Qasmi has authored several works in [[Urdu]] and Arabic on subjects such as Islamic law and social ethics, and has been active in community affairs, including work with the Bihar Haj Committee and initiatives for Muslim welfare.

== Early life and education ==
Anisur Rahman Qasmi was born in Katahari, [[West Champaran district]], Bihar, India, on 6 July 1960. His father was Muhammad Abul Kalam. He received his early education at Madrasa Riyaz-ul-Uloom in his hometown. He graduated from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in the traditional [[dars-e-nizami]] course in 1978 and then completed a one-year specialization in Islamic jurisprudence (ifta) in 1979.<ref name="FDKFS">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi|first1=Aaftab Ghazi|last2=Qasmi|first2=Abdul Hasib|title=Fuzala-e-Deoband Ki Fiqhi Khidmāt|trans-title=Jurisprudential services of Darul Uloom Deoband's alumni|url=https://archive.org/details/fuzal-e-deoband-ki-fiqhi-khidmaat|date=February 2011|publisher=Naeemia Book Depot|location=[[Deoband]]|pages=413–414|language=ur}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his studies, Qasmi joined [[Imarat-e-Shariah]], based in [[Phulwari Sharif]], Patna. He taught at the institution's Al-Ma'had Al-Aali Lit-Tadreeb Fi Al-Qada Wa Al-Ifta (Higher Institute for Judicial and Fatwa Training). He served as Naib Qazi-e-Shariat (Deputy Islamic Judge) in the central Darul Qaza of Imarat-e-Shariah and held administrative responsibilities.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=413}}

Qasmi has also held several significant positions, including Secretary of Imarat Shariah Educational and Welfare Trust, Treasurer of Al-Ma'had Trust, and Member of the Board of Darul Uloom Al-Islamia Imarat Shariah Trust. He is a founding member of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board and the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]], and has been affiliated with the All India Milli Council, the Central [[Islamic Development Bank]] (Jeddah) as a zonal member, and has served as Vice President of Wifaq-ul-Madaris Al-Islamia of Imarat-e-Shariah, Patna.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=413}} As of 2025, he continues to serve as Vice President of the All India Milli Council,<ref name="Hawzah">{{cite web |date=27 November 2022 |title=آل انڈیا ملی کونسل کا مقصد ملت کے ہر فرد میں احساس جواب دہی پیدا کرنا اور آداب مسلمانی سکھانا ہے: مولانا انیس الرحمن قاسمی |trans-title=The purpose of All India Milli Council is to instill accountability and Islamic etiquette among every individual of the community: Maulana Anisur Rahman Qasmi |url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/386129/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=Hawzah News |language=ur}}</ref> and is also the Chairman of the Abul Kalam Research Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosa |first=Aasha |date=12 January 2024 |title=Maulana Anisur Rahman Qasmi asks Muslims not to oppose Ram temple |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/maulana-anisur-rahman-qasmi-asks-muslims-not-to-oppose-ram-temple-26481.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Awaaz – The Voice |language=en}}</ref>

=== Role in Bihar State Haj Committee ===
In 2009, Qasmi was elected Chairman of the Bihar Haj Committee, where he oversaw logistical arrangements for pilgrims, noting in 2010 that approximately 5,575 pilgrims from Bihar had registered for the pilgrimage and expressing his prayers for their safe journey.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2009 |title=Maulana Anisur Rahman Qasmi elected chairman of Bihar Haj Committee |url=https://twocircles.net/2009aug20/maulana_anisur_rahman_qasmi_elected_chairman_bihar_haj_committee.html |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=TwoCircles.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pilgrims set out for Haj |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/news-in-brief/cid/470446 |work=The Telegraph India |date=14 October 2010 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> During his tenure as Chairman of the Bihar State Haj Committee, Qasmi played a significant role in improving the travel arrangements for Haj pilgrims from Bihar. In 2012, he oversaw the introduction of direct flights from Gaya International Airport to Medina, which significantly reduced travel time for pilgrims who previously had to transit via [[Kolkata]]. He raised concerns about the early flight timings, arguing that pilgrims traveling overnight from Patna faced hardship. His efforts led to a rescheduling of flights in 2012, with departures shifted to later times, improving convenience for pilgrims. He also highlighted broader concerns regarding infrastructure and equitable services for Haj pilgrims from Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Alok |title=Direct flight to Haj from Gaya |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/direct-flight-to-haj-from-gaya/cid/387155 |work=The Telegraph India |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Alok |title=Haj flight time change for pilgrims |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/haj-flight-time-change-for-pilgrims/cid/377574 |work=The Telegraph India |date=10 September 2012 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

In 2011, Qasmi commented on the disqualification of a councillor in Bihar who lost her seat for exceeding the two-child norm imposed by the Bihar Municipal Act. He argued that selectively enforcing such rules was unjust and a violation of human rights, emphasizing that, under Islamic teachings, preventing childbirth is impermissible. He expressed concern that such measures could negatively impact Muslim representation in governance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |title=Councillor son wish costs seat |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/councillor-son-wish-costs-seat/cid/365870 |work=The Telegraph India |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> He has been active in public religious discourse and community initiatives. In 2013, he announced that Imarat-e-Shariah would launch a comprehensive website, islamicshariah.in, to provide information on Shariat laws, [[fatwa]]s, and Islamic teachings, aiming to help younger generations access authentic religious knowledge online.<ref>{{cite news |title=Imarat Shariah to launch website on Islamic issues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/imarat-shariah-to-launch-website-on-islamic-issues/articleshow/19284287.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 March 2013 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, he issued guidance for mosque congregations, advising worshippers to maintain [[social distancing]], perform ablutions at home, and carry personal prayer mats.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Kerala, Friday prayers cut short; mosque panel booked for allowing 500 odd crowd |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-kerala-friday-prayers-cut-short-mosque-panel-booked-for-allowing-500-odd-crowd/story-webUkrxD5TnPEDHMzxaM9I.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 March 2020 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> He has advocated for Muslim community welfare, including supporting reservations to promote socio-economic upliftment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslims hail court order on Andhra quota, want states to follow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/muslims-hail-court-order-on-andhra-quota-want-states-to-follow/story-YDzHQLG3utrq8Jaj93jHCJ_amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 March 2010 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> In 2015, he proposed a centralized qurbani (sacrifice) scheme to prevent fraud related to animal sacrifices during Eid, though this proposal sparked debate among other Islamic scholars.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2015 |title=Centralised qurbani scheme: HCI says it will help check fraud; some Ulemas raise objections |url=https://twocircles.net/2015may01/1430496299.html |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=[[TwoCircles]]}}</ref>

=== Controversies ===
{{Further|Imarat-e-Shariah#2025 political activism and leadership dispute}}
In March 2025, Anisur Rahman Qasmi was named as a claimant to the position of Ameer-e-Shariat of [[Imarat-e-Shariah]] by a faction within the organisation. This faction announced the removal of [[Ahmad Wali Faisal Rahmani]], citing concerns related to nationality, religious qualifications, and organisational matters. However, Rahmani and his supporters rejected this move and asserted that he continues as Ameer-e-Shariat.<ref name="Navbharat">{{cite news |date=30 March 2025 |title=बिहार में इमारत- ए- शरिया में नेतृत्व को लेकर भारी बवाल, दो गुटों में वर्चस्व के सवाल पर टकराव तेज |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/there-is-a-ruckus-between-two-groups-in-imarat-e-sharia-in-bihar-over-dominance-and-leadership/articleshow/119753734.cms |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2025 |title=امارت شرعیہ تنازعہ : پولیس اور جے ڈی یو پر سنگین الزامات |trans-title=Imarat-e-Shariah controversy: Serious allegations against police and JD(U) |url=https://www.urdu.awazthevoice.in/india-news/emirates-e-sharia-controversy-serious-allegations-against-police-and-jdu-46354.html |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=Awaz the Voice |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 2025 |title=Attack allegation on Imarat Shariah by JDU leaders |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/muslim-news/bihar-news-attack-allegation-on-imarat-shariah-by-jdu-leaders-revenge-waqf-amendment-bill/2699539 |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=Zee Salaam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=Super ambitious Maulanas attempt a 'Coup d'État' on Imarat Sharia |url=https://muslimmirror.com/super-ambitious-maulanas-attempt-a-coup-detat-on-imarat-sharia/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=[[Muslim Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="22-05-2025">{{cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=امارت شرعیہ کا مقصد نفاذ شریعت، مستند عالم دین ہی ہو سکتا ہے امیر شریعت |trans-title=The objective of Imarat-e-Shariah is enforcement of Shariah; Only a recognised Islamic scholar can be Ameer-e-Shariat |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/223487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527030120/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/223487 |archive-date=27 May 2025 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref>

== Views ==
In 2021, Qasmi cautioned that changing the traditional method of electing the Ameer-e-Shariat could cause divisions and stressed maintaining established procedures.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=امیر شریعت کے انتخاب کا طریقہ بدلنے پر انتشار لازمی: مولانا انیس الرحمن قاسمی |trans-title=Changing the method of electing Ameer-e-Shariat is bound to cause divisions: Maulana Anisur Rahman Qasmi |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/bihar/etv-bharat-exclusive-interview-with-former-nazim-maulana-anis-ur-rehman-qasmi/na20210731140951973 |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=ETV Bharat News |language=ur}}</ref>

In 2025, he urged Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] to oppose the [[The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025|Waqf Amendment Bill]], saying Muslims hoped Kumar would support “the truth” and expressed disappointment with [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] leaders backing the bill.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2025 |title=Nitish Kumar Silent On Waqf Bill: Bihar Muslim Leaders Want CM To Stand Up For Community |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/are-muslims-getting-disillusioned-with-nitish-kumar-know-inside-story-enn25032902042 |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=ETV Bharat |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, Qasmi called the [[Ahmed Bukhari|Shahi Imam of Delhi]]’s refusal to invite Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to his son’s dastarbandi “immature,” arguing that hospitality required inviting the Prime Minister despite personal views.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2014 |title=Imarat-e-Shariah calls Delhi Shahi Imam's decision for not inviting PM Modi 'immature' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/imarat-e-shariah-calls-delhi-shahi-imams-decision-of-not-inviting-pm-modi-immature/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101073000/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/imarat-e-shariah-calls-delhi-shahi-imams-decision-of-not-inviting-pm-modi-immature/ |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2015, as general secretary of Imarat-e-Shariah, he supported Nitish Kumar’s alliances, praising initiatives like scholarships for Muslims, Urdu teacher recruitment, and madrasa funding.<ref>{{cite news |title=For Muslim voters, grand alliance is a necessary evil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/for-muslim-voters-grand-alliance-is-a-necessary-evil/articleshow/49530292.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 October 2015 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

In 2024, he joined Muslim leaders in condemning the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)]], calling it a violation of constitutional principles of equality and secularism.<ref>{{cite news |title=CAA undermines principle of equality: Muslim bodies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/caa-undermines-principle-of-equality-muslim-bodies-9210918/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Qasmi has authored several books in Urdu and Arabic on Islamic jurisprudence and other subjects. Some of his works include:{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=414}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=All writings of Mohammad Anisur Rahman Qasmi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/mohammad-anisur-rahman-qasmi/all |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Tahara Ke Ahkam wa Masail'' (Rules and Issues of Purity)
* ''Khula ka Islami Tareeqa'' (Islamic Procedure of Khula Divorce)
* ''Libas ke Sharai Ahkam'' (Islamic Rules of Clothing)
* ''Ghiza ke Sharai Ahkam'' (Islamic Rules of Food)
* ''Tameerat ke Sharai Ahkam'' (Islamic Rules of Construction)
* ''Musannifeen-e-Zindan'' (Prison writers)
* ''Islami Huqooq'' (Islamic Rights)
* ''Makārim Akhlaq''
* ''Khutbat-e-Juma'' (Friday Sermons in Urdu)
* ''Al-Sheikh Ibn Taymiyyah wa Afkaruhu'' (Arabic)
* ''Akhlaqiyat al-Harb fi al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah'' (Arabic)
* ''Hayāt-e-Sajjad'' (a biography on [[Abul Mahasin Muhammad Sajjad]])
* ''Maqalat-e-Sajjad''

== See also ==
* [[Imarat-e-Shariah]]
* [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasmi, Anisur Rahman}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]

Lab Quarters

2026-04-20T21:09:20Z

Eldarljt: stub

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}

'''Lab Quarters''', also known as '''DRDO Township''' and '''Kanchanbagh''', is a neighbourhood in [[Old City, Hyderabad]], in the southern [[India|Indian]] state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-02 |title=Special bus services for Koti Deepotsavam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/special-bus-services-for-koti-deepotsavam/article70233365.ece |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=SRH vs PK: TGSRTC buses to Uppal Stadium for IPL match on Saturday |url=https://www.siasat.com/srh-vs-pk-tgsrtc-buses-to-uppal-stadium-for-ipl-match-on-saturday-3206411/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> It is located near the headquarters of [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]], which manufactures missle systems.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lo |first=Joe |date=22 February 2022 |title=Prison, party mansions and a naval base among urban areas India claims as “forest” |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2631669443/BE66600E833845A7PQ/4 |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=Climate Home |via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> It accommodates employees of the Defence Laboratories of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).

Lab Quarters is one of the largest colonies in Hyderabad, comparable to those of [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] and [[KPHB|Kukatpally Housing Board]]. It is well connected with the city, with the [[Midhani]] depot being just adjacent to it. It is close to the [[Santoshnagar|Santosh Nagar]] colony and Babanagar area.

The [[Central Government Health Scheme]] dispensary, Owaisi Hospital and [[Apollo Hospital|Apollo DRDO hospitals]] are located nearby. The main commercial places are the shopping complex, community hall, parks and mess (general and for officers). Educational institutions in Lab Quarters include the Defence Laboratories school and the Kendriya Vidyalaya Kanchanbagh, with the latter being managed by the all-India [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]] and financed by DRDO Laboratories. The township has several grounds, the largest of which is the one at the Kendriya Vidyalaya. There is a temple in the township. The township has a [[helipad]], used for the arrival of dignitaries.

President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] lived in the township. He served as director of the Defence Research and Development Laboratory, which has since been renamed in his memory.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

Dentam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:54Z

Eldarljt: added...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dentam
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 7,480
| mla = Deepak Kumar Gurung
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Dentam''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || rowspan=3 | Padam Lall Gurung || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Chakra Bahadur Subba || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Narendra Kumar Subba]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Deepak Kumar Gurung
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Dentam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Kumar Gurung |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,158 |percentage=65.42% |change={{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Hang Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,093 |percentage=32.93% |change={{increase}}29.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Dhoj Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=105 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,065 |percentage=32.49% |change= {{increase}}24.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,356 |percentage=84.97% |change= {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,480 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Dentam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narendra Kumar Subba]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,112 |percentage=52.41% |change={{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Lall Gurung |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,636 |percentage=44.39% |change={{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Prasad Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=190 |percentage=3.20% |change={{decrease}}16.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=476 |percentage=8.02% |change= {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,938 |percentage=86.62% |change= {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,934 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Dentam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chakra Bahadur Subba |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,193 |percentage=40.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Lall Gurung |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,844 |percentage=34.34% |change={{decrease}}39.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharka Dhoj Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,042 |percentage=19.40% |change={{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Punya Prasad Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=291 |percentage=5.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=349 |percentage=6.50% |change= {{decrease}}54.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,370 |percentage=85.53% |change= {{increase}}15.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,393 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}33.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Dentam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Lall Gurung |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,102 |percentage=74.14% |change={{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puspa Mani Chettri |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=566 |percentage=13.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Prasad Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=516 |percentage=12.33% |change={{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,536 |percentage=60.61% |change= {{increase}}0.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,184 |percentage=70.92% |change= {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,097 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Dentam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Lall Gurung |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,355 |percentage=77.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Prasad Subba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=515 |percentage=16.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh Subba |party=Janata Party |votes=56 |percentage=1.84% |change={{decrease}}2.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Sherpa |party=Independent politician |votes=54 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Til Bahadur Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=41 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=29 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,840 |percentage=60.31% |change= {{increase}}34.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,051 |percentage=66.51% |change= {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,759 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |swing= {{increase}}33.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Dentam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Lall Gurung |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=949 |percentage=43.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pahalman Subba |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=379 |percentage=17.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kedar Jang Basnet |party=Independent politician |votes=362 |percentage=16.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh Tewari |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=206 |percentage=9.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phur Tshering Lucksom |party=Janata Party |votes=104 |percentage=4.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=74 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kul Bahadur Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=57 |percentage=2.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Tshering Sherpa |party=Independent politician |votes=41 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babulal Goyal |party=Independent politician |votes=23 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=570 |percentage=25.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,195 |percentage=72.03% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,253 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.25|88.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

Treesha Thosar

2026-04-19T16:25:24Z

Eldarljt: new a stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian child actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Treesha Thosar
| birth_name = Treesha Vivek Thosar<ref name=":0" />
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2023–present
| known_for = ''[[Naal 2]]''
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
}}
'''Treesha Thosar''' is an Indian child actress known for her work in Marathi cinema. She made her debut with Marathi film ''[[Naal 2]]'', for which she received the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]], becoming the youngest National Award winner.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=Meet Treesha Thosar, 4-year-old youngest National Award winner for Naal 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/story/treesha-thisar-4-year-old-youngest-national-award-winner-for-naal-2-2793356-2025-09-25 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Treesha acted in ''[[Naal 2]]'' at just three years old.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The 5-Year-Old Girl Who Broke Kamal Haasan's Record – Do You Know Who She Is? |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/regional-cinema/the-5-year-old-girl-who-broke-kamal-haasans-record-do-you-know-who-she-is-ws-akl-9597202.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251112023300/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/regional-cinema/the-5-year-old-girl-who-broke-kamal-haasans-record-do-you-know-who-she-is-ws-akl-9597202.html |archive-date=2025-11-12 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikalgar |first=Swalia |date=2025-09-25 |title=Treesha Thosar {{!}} वय फक्त ५...मोती कलर साडी नेसून येताच टाळ्यांचा गडगडाट; कोण आहे राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार घेणारी त्रिशा ठोसर? |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/trisha-thosar-national-award-winner-5-year-old-girl-in-saree-ss88 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Pudhari |language=mr}}</ref> At the age of four, she won the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] at the [[71st National Film Awards]] for her role as Chimi in ''Naal 2'', becoming the youngest National Award recipient and surpassing the record previously held by [[Kamal Haasan]], who received the honour at the age of six.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=“You've beaten my record!”: Kamal Haasan congratulates Treesha Thosar, youngest ever winner of national award for best child artist |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/youve-beaten-record-kamal-haasan-congratulates-treesha-thosar-youngest-ever-winner-national-award-best-child-artist/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=Kamal Haasan hails 4-year-old Treesha Thosar on National Award win, which broke his own record: 'My loudest applause…' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kamal-haasan-hails-child-actor-treesha-thosar-on-national-award-win-beating-his-record-101758817747447.html |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan Commends Treesha Thoshar After She Surpasses Him to Claim the Title of Youngest National Film Award Winner |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/kamal-haasan-appreciates-treesha-thoshar-national-award-article-152892704 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> She first gained public attention through the television serial ''Aai Tuljabhavani'' in 2024.<ref name=":1" /> She then acted in the crime series ''[[Manvat Murders]]'', which is based on ghastly murders that occurred in the [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra in the early 1970s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-26 |title=Who is Trisha Thosar? All about the 4-year-old National Film Award recipient |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/71st-national-film-awards-4-year-old-trisha-thosar-wins-big-naal-2-star-becomes-one-of-the-youngest-recipients/articleshow/124105250.cms |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2025, she starred alongside [[Siddharth Jadhav]], [[Mohan Agashe]], and [[Rohini Hattangadi]] in the Marathi comedy crime thriller ''[[Aatli Baatmi Futli]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-09-19 |title='Aatli Batmi Futlii' review: Seasoned actors in an amateurish drama |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1086667/aatli-batmi-futlii-review-seasoned-actors-in-an-amateurish-drama |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> She later acted in [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]'s drama film ''Punha Shivaji Raje Bhosale''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Kimaya |date=2025-10-20 |title='पुन्हा शिवाजीराजे भोसले'मध्ये राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार विजेत्या बालकलाकारांच्या महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/national-award-winner-child-actors-trisha-thosar-and-bhargav-jagtap-playing-lead-role-in-upcoming-marathi-movie-entertainment-news-kds07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107212018/https://www.esakal.com/premier/national-award-winner-child-actors-trisha-thosar-and-bhargav-jagtap-playing-lead-role-in-upcoming-marathi-movie-entertainment-news-kds07 |archive-date=2025-11-07 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref> She will next star in the Hindi heist thriller film ''The Great Escape Faraar'' alongside [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-11 |title='The Great Escape Faraar': Nawazuddin Siddiqui teams up with national award winners Parth Bhalerao and Treesha Thosar in the Kushagra Sharma's heist thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-great-escape-faraar-nawazuddin-siddiqui-teams-up-with-national-award-winners-parth-bhalerao-and-treesha-thosar-in-the-kushagra-sharmas-heist-thriller/articleshow/125805430.cms |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-06 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui teams up with National Award winners Parth and Teesha for Kushagra Sharma's heist thriller Faraar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/nawazuddin-siddiqui-teams-up-with-national-award-winners-parth-and-teesha-for-kushagra-sharmas-heist-thriller-faraar-101764933289244.html |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|2023
|''[[Naal 2]]''
|Revati "Chimni" Lokhande
|Debut; Won [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
|<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-11 |title='नाळ भाग २'मधील गोंडस चिमी चर्चेत, असा मिळाला तिला पहिला ब्रेक |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/she-got-her-first-break-in-naal-part-2-with-the-cute-chimi-chatterjee-a-a603/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Aatli Baatmi Futli]]''
|Meenu
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|''[[Punha Shivajiraje Bhosale]]''
|Rakhma
|
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=तुझा आवडता अभिनेता कोण? बॉलिवूड कलाकारांना डावलून राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार विजेत्या चिमुकल्या त्रिशाचं मनं जिंकणारं उत्तर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/treesha-thosar-favorite-actor-is-ritiesh-deshmukh/articleshow/124751484.cms |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|The Great Escape Faraar}}
|Mansi Verma
|Hindi film
|<ref name=":5" />
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Aai Tuljabhavani''
|Young [[Bhavani|Tuljabhavani]]
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Manvat Murders|Manwat Murders]]''
|Anita Kulkarni
|
|<ref name=":6" />
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|Best Child Artist
| rowspan="3" |''[[Naal 2]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title='झी मराठी चित्र गौरव'मध्ये 'या' चित्रपटाने मारली बाजी, तर सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेता-अभिनेत्री ठरले…; पाहा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/zee-marathi-chitra-gaurav-2024-full-list-of-award-winners-read-in-detail-sva-00-4264816/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404100513/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/zee-marathi-chitra-gaurav-2024-full-list-of-award-winners-read-in-detail-sva-00-4264816/ |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|Best Child Artist
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024 Winners - Complete List Out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2024/winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205153538/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2024/winners |archive-date=2025-12-05 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Filmfare Marathi : यंदा 'या' दोन चित्रपटांनी मारली बाजी! सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेता-अभिनेत्री ठरले...; पाहा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/filmfare-marathi-2024-awards-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-aatmapamphlet-movie-got-maximum-awards-sva-00-4326290/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514203709/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/filmfare-marathi-2024-awards-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-aatmapamphlet-movie-got-maximum-awards-sva-00-4326290/ |archive-date=2025-05-14 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[71st National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Treesha Thosar? 4-year-old actress making waves at National Awards, |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/who-is-treesha-thosar-4-year-old-actress-making-waves-at-national-awards-nc-125092400934_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250928104251/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/who-is-treesha-thosar-4-year-old-actress-making-waves-at-national-awards-nc-125092400934_1.html |archive-date=2025-09-28 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=Inside 71st National Film Awards ceremony |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/inside-71st-national-film-awards-ceremony/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=15475071}}

[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television child actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rukn-e-Alam

2026-04-18T12:09:26Z

Eldarljt:

{{Short description|Punjabi Sufi saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background =
| name = Shah Rukn-e-Alam {{nobold|{{Nastaliq|شاہ رکن عالم}}}}
| image = Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 2014-07-31.jpg
| caption = The shrine of ''Rukn-e-Alam'' in [[Multan]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| alias =
| location = [[Multan]], [[Punjab]]
| Title =
| Period = 13th and 14th century
| Predecessor =
| Successor =
| birth_date = 26 November 1251
| birth_place = [[Multan]], [[Punjab]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1335|1|3|1251|11|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Multan]], [[Punjab]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
}}

{{Sufism}}
'''Sheikh Rukn-ud-Din Abul Fateh''' ({{Langx|pa|{{nq|شیخ رکن الدین ابوالفتح}}}}; 26 November 1251 – 3 January 1335), commonly known by the title '''Shah Rukn-e-Alam''' ("Pillar of the World"), was an eminent 13th and 14th-century [[Punjabi Muslim]] [[Sufi]] saint from [[Multan]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan), who belonged to [[Suhrawardiyya]] [[Sufi order]].<ref name=PakistanToday/>{{Dead link|date=January 2024}} His shrine in Multan is one of [[Punjab]]'s most important places of historical and cultural value.

== Biography ==
Shah Rukn-e-Alam was the son of Pir Sadar-Al-Din Arif. His mother was Bibi Raasti who was the princess of Ferghana. He was born in [[Multan]] on 26 November 1251 and died 3 January 1335.<ref name="Historic Multan">[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/historic_multan.htm History of Multan (scroll down to read The Tomb Of Shah Rukn-e-Alam)] Government of Pakistan website, Retrieved 18 March 2021</ref> He was the grandson and successor of Sheikh [[Baha-ud-din Zakariya]]. His grandfather [[Baha-ud-din Zakariya]] named him "Rukn-ud-Din". He was buried in the mausoleum of his grandfather, according to his own will, but later, his coffin was transferred to the present mausoleum.

==Mausoleum==
{{main|Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam}}The saint is still revered today and [[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam|his tomb]] is the focus of the pilgrimage of over 100,000 pilgrims yearly from all over [[South Asia]].<ref name=UNESCO>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1884/ Over 100,000 pilgrims yearly as visitors] [[UNESCO]] World Heritage website, Published 30 January 2004, Retrieved 20 March 2021</ref> [[Shah Mehmood Qureshi]] is the current Sajjada Nashin and custodian of the Mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam.<ref name=PakistanToday>{{cite news|url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/01/23/urs-celebrations-of-sufi-saint-shah-rukn-e-alam-underway/ |newspaper=Pakistan Today (newspaper)|date=23 January 2018|title=Urs celebrations of sufi saint Shah Rukn-e-Alam underway |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>
The tomb was built between 1320 and 1324 CE in the pre-[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] architectural style. The tomb is believed to have been commissioned by [[Ghias-ud-Din Tughlak|Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq]] (r. 1320–1325 CE) during his governorship of Depalpur (1320–1324 CE). It was later granted by his son, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], to the descendants of Shah Rukn-e-Alam for his burial in 1330. In the 1970s, the mausoleum was thoroughly repaired and renovated by the [[Punjab Auqaf and Religious Affairs Department|Auqaf Department]] of the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]. The entire glittering glazed interior is the result of new tiles and brickwork done by the Kashigars of Multan.<ref name="Historic Multan"/>

This tomb is on the tentative list as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name=UNESCO/>

==Memorandum==
*[[Shah Rukan e Alam]], named after the saint, is one of the autonomous towns of the city of Multan.
*A daily train service, [[Shah Rukn-e-Alam Express]], between Multan and Karachi was named after him. It was suspended in February 2011 due to lack of locomotives.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/603277/more-trains-may-be-suspended More trains may be suspended] Dawn (newspaper), Published 2 February 2011, Retrieved 18 March 2021</ref>

==See also==
*[[Baha-ud-din Zakariya]]
*[[Muhammad Muslehuddin Siddiqui|Qari Muhammad Muslehuddin Siddiqui]]
*[[Suhrawardiyya]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{South Asian Muslim Saints}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rukn-E-Alam}}
[[Category:Punjabi Sufi saints]]
[[Category:People from Multan]]
[[Category:1251 births]]
[[Category:1335 deaths]]

Bhaskarrao Jadhav

2026-04-18T01:44:25Z

Eldarljt: adding new bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav
| image = 
| image_size = 
| caption = 
| office = Member of [[Bombay Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 1922
| term_end = 
| governor = 
| lieutenant = 
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| office1 = Minister of Education, [[Bombay Presidency]]
| term_start1 = 1923
| term_end1 = 1926
| governor1 = 
| lieutenant1 = 
| predecessor1 = 
| successor1 = 
| office2 = Minister of Forest, Excise & Agriculture, [[Bombay Presidency]]
| term_start2 = 1928
| term_end2 = 1930
| governor2 = 
| lieutenant2 = 
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| office3 = Member of Central Legislative Assembly
| term_start3 = September 1930
| term_end3 = 
| governor3 = 
| lieutenant3 = 
| predecessor3 = 
| successor3 = 
| office4 = 
| term_start4 = 
| term_end4 = 
| governor4 = 
| lieutenant4 = 
| predecessor4 = 
| successor4 = 
| birth_date = 17 June 1867
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 26 June 1950
| death_place = 
| party = 
| spouse = 
| children = 
| alma_mater = [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]], [[Elphinstone College]], [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[social reformer]]
| profession = 
| signature = 
}}

'''Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav''' (17 June 1867 – 26 June 1950) was an Indian politician, social reformer, and leader of the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]], Non-Brahmin movement and the co-operative movement.

==Early life==
Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav was born on 17 June 1867 in [[Nagaon Beach|Nagaon]] in a poor [[Maratha]] family. His schooling was often disturbed due to his father's frequent job changes. He finally studied at [[Elphinstone High School]] where he stood first in the matriculation examination. He was further educated at the [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]], [[Elphinstone College]], and the [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] in Bombay. During his student days, he was influenced by the ideology of the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]].<ref name=LWBJ>{{cite book|last=Babar|first=Bhimrao|title=Life and work of Bhaskarrao Jadhav|hdl=10603/136873 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/136873}}</ref><ref name="RTC">{{cite book |title=Indian Round Table Conference St. James's Palace |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/conferencing-the-international/documents/india-office-guides/rtc1-delegates.pdf}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhaskarrao Jadhav started his career as an administrator in the [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur princely state]] in 1895. He worked as the Superintendent or administrator of [[Kolhapur]] municipality from 1904 to 1918 and retired as Revenue Member of the State Council in 1895. He finally retired from the Kolhapur state service in 1921 to work in the Bombay Presidency.<ref name="LWBJ" /><ref name="RTC" />

Jadhav started the Maratha Educational Conference in 1907 and was in the Non-Brahmin movement in the Bombay Presidency since its inception. He represented the claims of the Maratha and allied Communities before the joint Parliamentary Committee in England in 1919, and secured seven reserved seats for them.<ref name="RTC" />

Jadhav was nominated to the [[Bombay Legislative Council]] in 1920 and became the leader of the Non-Brahmin Party in the Bombay Legislative Council. He was subsequently elected to the Council twice from [[Satara district|Satara]] constituency in 1923 and 1926. Under the system of [[Diarchy in Bombay Presidency|diarchy]] in Bombay Presidency, he served as a Minister of Education from 1923 to 1926 and Minister of Forest, Excise & Agriculture from 1928 to 1930.<ref>{{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=Ramona|title=The Concept of Dyarchy|year=1992|publisher=NIB Publishers|page=86|isbn=9788185538006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvaNAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Jadhav was in favour of cooperating with the [[Simon Commission]] and opposed its boycott which caused rifts in the Non-Brahmin Party. In September 1930, he was elected to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]]. He represented the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]]. Jadhav lost the election to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1937.

==Social Reform==
Bhaskarrao Jadhav was the president of the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] from 1920 onwards.

Bhaskarrao Jadhav was also a scholar of Indian history and philosophy. He wrote scholarly articles on various topics like criticism of Ramayana, origin of the Marathas and their language, development of the Vedas, evolution of the deity Mahadeva etc.<ref>{{cite book|editor= Shyam Yedekar|title=Dnyanbhaskar (ज्ञानभास्कर)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPkXAAAAIAAJ|year=1981|publisher= A. B. Jadhav}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Bhaskarrao}}
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]

Acko Insurance

2026-04-18T00:18:27Z

Eldarljt: adding new entry

{{short description|Insurance company in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Acko Insurance
| trading_name =
| logo = Acko_logo_2025.svg
| logo_caption =
| traded_as =
| founded = 2016
| area_served = India
| key_people = Varun Dua
| industry = [[Insurance]]
| products = [[Motor insurance]] [[Health insurance]] [[Travel insurance]] [[Term life insurance]] [[In-trip domestic insurance]] [[Mobile insurance]]

| services = [[Traffic challan check & payment]] [[FASTag recharge]] [[ABHA ID creation]] [[Car servicing]] [[Car valuation]]
| revenue =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| parent = Acko Technology and Services Private Limited
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|https://www.acko.com/|acko.com}}
| location = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
}}

'''Acko Insurance''' is a private sector general insurance company in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Anu |title=Why investors gave Varun Dua $30 million even before he launched his startup |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/why-investors-gave-varun-dua-30-million-even-before-he-launched-his-startup-acko/articleshow/60386415.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=6 September 2017 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035727/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/why-investors-gave-varun-dua-30-million-even-before-he-launched-his-startup-acko/articleshow/60386415.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhakta |first=Pratik |date=11 July 2023 |title=Acko gears up to disrupt the life insurance space |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/acko-gears-up-to-disrupt-the-life-insurance-space/articleshow/101617964.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 August 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Founded in November 2016, the company received its license from the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]] (IRDAI) in September 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Non-life Insurers |url=https://www.irdai.gov.in/ADMINCMS/cms/NormalData_Layout.aspx?page=PageNo264&mid=3.2.10 |website=irdai.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sinha |first1=Shilpy |title=Acko gets final Irda license; to start operations by December |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/acko-gets-final-irda-license-to-start-operations-by-december/articleshow/60780635.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=21 September 2017}}</ref> Acko follows an online-led model and hence all operations for the company are offered through the digital platform.<ref>{{cite news |title=Online Insurance firms like Acko, Digit aims to disrupt sector with innovative policies - ETtech |url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/online-insurance-firms-like-acko-digit-aims-to-disrupt-sector-with-innovative-polices/64757426 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 June 2018 |language=en |last1=Bhakta |first1=Pratik }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Acko General Insurance named top firm on LinkedIn's Top Startups List 2018 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/acko-named-top-company-on-linkedin-s-annual-top-startups-list-118091900252_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

==History==
Acko General Insurance was founded by Varun Dua, is the chief executive officer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Board Of Directors - Acko Insurance |url=https://www.acko.com/board-of-directors/ |website=Acko Insurance |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035457/https://www.acko.com/board-of-directors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2018, Acko has raised [[Indian rupee|₹]]2.74 billion ($42 million) in funding from investors such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Accel (venture capital firm)|Accel Partners]], SAIF Partners, Catamaran Ventures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deal Street: Amazon Backs Digital Insurance Startup Acko |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/technology/2018/06/04/deal-street-amazon-backs-digital-insurance-startup-acko |website=BloombergQuint |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035645/https://www.bloombergquint.com/technology/2018/06/04/deal-street-amazon-backs-digital-insurance-startup-acko |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Acko General Insurance to develop products for Amazon, in talks with e-commerce giant for investment |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/acko-general-insurance-to-develop-products-for-amazon-in-talks-with-e-commerce-giant-for-investment-2490103.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> The retail products offered by Acko General Insurance include motor insurance, health insurance, travel insurance, in-trip domestic insurance and mobile insurance for smartphones. Acko Insurance also offers term life insurance through its life insurance subsidiary.<ref name="GoogleCloud">{{cite web |title=Acko Case Study |url=https://cloud.google.com/customers/acko |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=Google Cloud}}</ref><ref name="LifeET">{{cite news |date=3 June 2025 |title=New-age life insurers tap group business opportunity in their first year of ops |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/new-age-life-insurers-tap-group-business-opportunity-in-their-first-year-of-ops/articleshow/121575962.cms |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Acko also provides several app-based value-added services, including traffic challan checking and payment, FASTag recharge, Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) ID creation, car servicing through Acko Drive service centres, and online used-car valuation tools.<ref name="ABHAHE">{{cite web |title=ACKO introduces ABHA ID feature on app |url=https://www.healthcareexecutive.in/blog/abha-id-feature |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=Healthcare Executive}}</ref><ref name="DriveService">{{cite web |title=ACKO Drive Service Centre |url=https://ackodrive.com/service-centre |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=Acko Drive}}</ref>

In October 2021, the company secured its position as India's 34th unicorn by raising $255 million through a Series D funding round.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parmar |first=Beena |date=24 January 2023 |title=Acko to raise up to $150 million from Multiples PE, GA, others |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/acko-to-raise-up-to-150-million-from-multiples-pe-ga-others-11674584707208.html |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821120306/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/acko-to-raise-up-to-150-million-from-multiples-pe-ga-others-11674584707208.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=Acko joins unicorn club with $255 million fundraise, valued at $1.1 billion |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/acko-joins-unicorn-club-with-255-million-fundraise-valued-at-1-1-billion-7640451.html |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821120510/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/acko-joins-unicorn-club-with-255-million-fundraise-valued-at-1-1-billion-7640451.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

India's insurance watchdog, [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|IRDAI (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority)]], recently fined general insurer Acko Rs 10 million for multiple regulatory lapses in its outsourcing and commission practices.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2025 |title=Acko General Insurance fined Rs 1 crore by IRDAI: Will you be affected if you bought a policy from Acko? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/insure/acko-general-insurance-fined-rs-1-crore-by-irdai-will-you-be-affected-if-bought-a-policy-from-acko/articleshow/121363267.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Acko Drive==
Acko Drive was introduced in 2019 as part of the company's expansion into automotive services, initially collaborating with car dealerships in Bengaluru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sonali |date=10 March 2025 |title=ACKO drive revolutionizes car buying in India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-acko-drive-revolutionizes-car-buying-in-india-3137959 |access-date= |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413135829/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-acko-drive-revolutionizes-car-buying-in-india-3137959 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2025 |title=How ACKO Drive Is Enhancing Ways To Buy Cars Online |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/how-acko-drive-is-enhancing-ways-to-buy-cars-online-10211855 |access-date= |website=English Jagran |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413135830/https://english.jagran.com/india/how-acko-drive-is-enhancing-ways-to-buy-cars-online-10211855 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2024, the platform was operational in 12 Indian cities, including [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2025 |title=Taking E-Selling of Cars to the Next Level |url=https://zeenews.india.com/internet-social-media/taking-e-selling-of-cars-to-the-next-level-2863779.html/amp |access-date= |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sil |first=Debarghya |date=9 October 2023 |title=Acko Earned INR 1,759 Cr By Selling Insurance In FY23 |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/acko-earned-inr-1759-cr-by-selling-insurance-in-fy23/ |access-date= |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Acko Drive began facilitating online car purchases and financing options through partnerships with banks and non-banking financial institutions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2020 |title=AckoDrive launches online car purchase portal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/ackodrive-launches-online-car-puchase-portal/articleshow/76218149.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Maintenance and repair services were later added, with two service centers operating in Bengaluru as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohile |first=Shally |date=26 June 2024 |title=InsurTech firm ACKO drives into car repair and service space |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/insurtech-firm-acko-drives-into-car-repair-and-service-space/articleshow/111278148.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807053037/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/insurtech-firm-acko-drives-into-car-repair-and-service-space/articleshow/111278148.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=15 March 2022 |title=ACKO Drive launches in Hyderabad, offers one-stop solution for car buyers |url=https://telanganatoday.com/acko-drive-launches-in-hyderabad-offers-one-stop-solution-for-car-buyers |access-date= |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> The company has also collaborated with used-car platforms [[Zoomcar]], Spinny and Cars24.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Zoomcar Partners with ACKO Drive to increase car fleet - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aftermarket/zoomcar-partners-with-acko-drive-to-increase-car-fleet/108816230 |access-date= |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.acko.com}}

[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Online companies of India]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Online insurance companies]]
[[Category:Insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]

Kaithal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:55Z

Eldarljt: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kaithal Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Kaithal Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Aditya Surjewala]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress ]]
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] 
|region =
|state = [[Haryana]]
|district =
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]]
|constituency_no = 17
|established = 1967
| electors = 2,21,883
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Kaithal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] of [[Haryana]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Kaithal]] is also part of [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Kaithal Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/kaithal.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= 13 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 13 October 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaithal Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/kaithal.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | Om Prabha Jain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Charan Dass || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Raghunath || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Roshan Lal || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || rowspan=2 | Surender Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Charan Dass || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || [[Leela Ram Gujjar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Ch. [[Shamsher Singh Surjewala|Shamsher Surjewala]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Randeep Singh Surjewala]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Leela Ram|Leela Ram Gujjar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Aditya Surjewala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kaithal">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kaithal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0717.htm |accessdate=6 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106165138/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0717.htm |archivedate=6 November 2024}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aditya Surjewala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=83,744 |percentage=49.64% |change={{increase}}4.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Leela Ram]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=75,620 |percentage=44.82% |change={{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Tanwer |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,428 |percentage=2.03% |change={{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Garhi |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,910 |percentage=1.13% |change={{decrease}}2.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh Goyat |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,749 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=514 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,124 |percentage=4.82% |change= {{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,68,714 |percentage=75.69% |change= {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,21,883 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Leela Ram]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=72,664 |percentage=45.79% |change={{increase}}20.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randeep Surjewala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=71,418 |percentage=45.00% |change={{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramphal Malik |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=6,358 |percentage=4.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jashvir |party=Sarva Hit Party |votes=2,243 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,212 |percentage=1.39% |change={{decrease}}0.4 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,246 |percentage=0.79% |change= {{decrease}}14.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,58,697 |percentage=78.07% |change= {{decrease}}5.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,03,287 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randeep Surjewala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,524 |percentage=43.19% |change={{decrease}}8.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Bhagat |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=41,849 |percentage=27.58% |change={{decrease}}4.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,171 |percentage=25.16% |change={{increase}}23.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmala Jangra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,722 |percentage=1.79% |change={{decrease}}10.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,675 |percentage=15.60% |change= {{decrease}}3.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,51,716 |percentage=83.71% |change= {{increase}}6.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,246 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randeep Surjewala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=59,889 |percentage=51.29% |change={{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Bhagat |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=37,387 |percentage=32.02% |change={{decrease}}10.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,967 |percentage=11.96% |change={{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Bhushan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,649 |percentage=1.41% |change={{decrease}}2.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh Kashyap |party=Independent politician |votes=973 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=590 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,502 |percentage=19.27% |change= {{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,757 |percentage=77.45% |change= {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,50,744 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shamsher Singh Surjewala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,573 |percentage=47.71% |change={{increase}}28.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Bhagat |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=38,461 |percentage=42.12% |change={{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Bhushan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,578 |percentage=3.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhay Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,743 |percentage=1.91% |change={{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaibhagwan |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=1,212 |percentage=1.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=777 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=618 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jogindra Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=592 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,112 |percentage=5.60% |change= {{decrease}}15.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,322 |percentage=71.55% |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,632 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}5.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Leela Ram]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=35,440 |percentage=42.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal S/O Didara |party=Independent politician |votes=17,483 |percentage=20.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,410 |percentage=19.58% |change={{increase}}8.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=7,399 |percentage=8.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Seth |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,513 |percentage=4.19% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalbir |party=Independent politician |votes=945 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=799 |percentage=0.95% |change={{decrease}}27.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=599 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal S/O Amrit Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=465 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,957 |percentage=21.42% |change= {{increase}}16.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,823 |percentage=71.65% |change= {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,004 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Dass |party=Samata Party |votes=27,384 |percentage=33.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal Tiwari |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=23,145 |percentage=28.44% |change={{increase}}3.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=15,330 |percentage=18.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,235 |percentage=11.35% |change={{decrease}}14.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasbir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,535 |percentage=4.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=420 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,239 |percentage=5.21% |change= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,374 |percentage=73.79% |change= {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,035 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,190 |percentage=25.90% |change={{increase}}2.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Das |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=16,753 |percentage=25.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Leela Ram]] |party=Janata Party |votes=13,822 |percentage=20.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mai Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,531 |percentage=11.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,096 |percentage=9.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender |party=Independent politician |votes=1,586 |percentage=2.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=855 |percentage=1.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukam Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=620 |percentage=0.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surjan |party=Independent politician |votes=581 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=437 |percentage=0.66% |change= {{decrease}}10.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,368 |percentage=73.32% |change= {{decrease}}3.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,522 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}16.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Kumar |party=Lokdal |votes=26,326 |percentage=42.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=19,637 |percentage=31.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,472 |percentage=23.24% |change={{decrease}}9.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=574 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,689 |percentage=10.74% |change= {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,275 |percentage=75.71% |change= {{decrease}}1.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,509 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=20,996 |percentage=40.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Davinder Shrma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,067 |percentage=32.83% |change={{increase}}30.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Nath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,410 |percentage=23.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=411 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdev Puri |party=Independent politician |votes=303 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,929 |percentage=7.56% |change= {{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,981 |percentage=77.31% |change= {{increase}}5.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,265 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghunath |party=Janata Party |votes=20,846 |percentage=52.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prabha |party=Independent politician |votes=16,901 |percentage=42.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,115 |percentage=2.81% |change={{decrease}}39.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=474 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pokhar Das |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,945 |percentage=9.93% |change= {{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,740 |percentage=71.01% |change= {{decrease}}8.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,464 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}17.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=26,095 |percentage=48.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parbha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,673 |percentage=42.46% |change={{decrease}}7.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harchet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,525 |percentage=2.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Pat |party=Independent politician |votes=929 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zile Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wattu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=518 |percentage=0.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kusum |party=Independent politician |votes=429 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=355 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheo Parshad |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alla Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,422 |percentage=6.41% |change= {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,396 |percentage=80.25% |change= {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,080 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prabha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,273 |percentage=50.41% |change={{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=18,950 |percentage=44.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lila Singh |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,189 |percentage=2.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=791 |percentage=1.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,323 |percentage=5.50% |change= {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,203 |percentage=72.38% |change= {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,598 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaithal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parbha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,933 |percentage=51.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Chand |party=Swatantra Party |votes=20,015 |percentage=47.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=590 |percentage=1.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,918 |percentage=4.51% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,538 |percentage=78.02% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,724 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Kaithal]]
* [[Kaithal district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.80|76.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Kaithal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Kaithal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Lalsot Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T22:59:59Z

Eldarljt: new a stub - done

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lalsot
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-89-Lalsot.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
| established = 1957
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]
| constituency_no = 89
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Rambilas Meena]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 2,25,430
}}
'''Lalsot Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] covering the Lalsot Tehsil in the [[Dausa district]] of Rajsathan, India.<ref name="election2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/lalsot.html|title=Lalsot (Rajasthan) Assembly Constituency Elections|last=|first=|date=|work=www.elections.in|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=29 April 2020}}</ref> Lalsot is one of eight assembly constituencies in the [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 89 amongst 200 constituencies.

Currently this seat belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta party]] candidate '''[[Rambilas Meena]]''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Parsadi Lal Meena]] by a margin of almost 53000 votes.<ref name=RU>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/lalsot-rajasthan-assembly-constituency|title=Lalsot Assembly Constituency Election Result|last=|first=|date=12 December 2018|website=resultuniversity.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of Tehsil Lalsot.<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|last=|first=|date=20 August 2018|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Prabhu Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Nathu Lal
|-
|1962
|rowspan=2|Ram Sahai Sonad
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1967
|-
|1972
|Meetha Lal
|-
|1977
|Har Sahai
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1980
|Ram Sahai Sonad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|1985
|rowspan=4|[[Parsadi Lal Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|1990
|-
|1993
|-
|1998
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Virendra Meena
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Parsadi Lal Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Parsadi Lal Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election |2023]]
|[[Rambilas Meena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Lalsot<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rambilas
|votes = {{formatnum:120962}}
|percentage = 60.77
|change = +14.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Parsadilal
|votes = {{formatnum:73894}}
|percentage = 37.12
|change = -14.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2419}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:47068}}
|percentage = 23.65
|change = +18.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199062}}
|percentage = 77.98
|change = +1.02
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===

In [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] total 5 candidate filled nomination and [[Parsadi Lal Meena]] ([[Indian National Congress]]) won the election, he defeated Ram Bilas ([[BJP]]) by a margin of 9,074 votes.

{{Election box begin |title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Lalsot<ref name=RU/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Parsadi Lal Meena]]
|votes = {{formatnum:88828}}
|percentage = 51.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rambilas Meena]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79754}}
|percentage = 45.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1987}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9074}}
|percentage = 5.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173502}}
|percentage = 76.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = National People's Party (India)
|swing = {{increase}}20.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
In [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] total 8 candidate filled nomination and [[Kirodi Lal Meena]] ([[National People's Party (India)]]) won the election, he defeated [[Parsadi Lal Meena]] ([[Indian National Congress]]) by a margin of 491 votes.
{{Election box begin |title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Lalsot]]<ref name=RU/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
|votes = 43,887
|percentage = 30.66
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Parsadi Lal Meena]]
|votes = 43,396
|percentage = 30.31
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Virendra Meena
|votes = 33,587
|percentage = 23.46
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Prahlad Bhamashah
|votes = 13,013
|percentage = 9.09
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = BYSP
|candidate = Basantilal Meena
|votes = 1,444
|percentage = 1.01
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vijendra Jorwal
|votes = 1,373
|percentage = 0.96
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Harinarayan
|votes = 1,301
|percentage = 0.91
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Babulal Dhanka
|votes = 1,194
|percentage = 0.83
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None Of The Above]]
|votes = 3,963
|percentage = 2.77
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 491
|percentage = 0.35
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,43,158
|percentage = 74.01
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = National People's Party (India)
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|26.55|76.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Dausa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Sekkilhar

2026-04-14T11:28:49Z

Eldarljt: new the post nd citations...

{{Copy edit|date=April 2026}}{{Short description|12th century religious figure}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}

{{Infobox Hindu leader
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| image = Sekizhar1.jpg
| honors = ''Guru Puja'' in [[Vaisakha|Vaigasi]] (May-June)
| flourished = 1133–1150 CE
| birth_place = [[Kundrathur]], [[Tondaimandalam|Jayankonda Cholamandalam]], [[Chola Empire]] (now in [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| birthname =
| philosophy = [[Shaivism]]
| literary_works = ''[[Periyapuranam]]''
| native_name = Sēkkilān Mādēvadigal Rāmadēva
}}

'''Sēkkilān Mādēvadigal Rāmadēva''', popularly known as '''Sekkilhar''',<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of Tamil literature|year=1961|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoftamilli0000unse|url-access=registration|author=C. Jesudasan, Hephzibah Jesudasan|publisher=Y.M.C.A. Pub. House, 1961|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoftamilli0000unse/page/157 157]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature|author=Mu Kōvintacāmi|publisher=Annamalai University, 1977|page=135}}</ref> was a Hindu saint who lived in the 12th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=A handbook of Tamil Nadu|author=K. M. Venkataramaiah, International School of Dravidian Linguistics|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 1996|page=331}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Tirumal?ava?i Temple: History and Culture Through the Ages|author=C. Mookka Reddy|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation, 1986|page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature|author=Mu Kōvintacāmi|publisher=Annamalai University, 1977 - Tamil literature - 436 pages|page=136}}</ref> He was the author and compiler of the ''[[Periya Puranam]]'', a text recounting the life of the sixty-three [[Shaiva]] [[Nayanars]].<ref name="DictionaryofIndianLiterature" />

==Life==
Sekkilhar was born as Arulmozhithevan, meaning ''the one of the divine language''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kalhār (white water-lily): studies in art, iconography, architecture, and archaeology of India and Bangladesh|author1=Enamul Haque|author2=Gouriswar Bhattacharya|publisher=Kaveri Books, 01-Mar-2007 - Art - 370 pages|page=366}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Śaiva Siddhānta|author=Violet Paranjoti|publisher=Luzac, 1954 - Śaiva Siddhānta - 152 pages|page=32}}</ref> He was a native of [[Kundrathur]] village (a suburb of the present-day [[Chennai]]), a sub-division of Puliyur-kottam in [[Thondaimandalam]].<ref name="DictionaryofIndianLiterature">{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|author=Sujit Mukherjee|publisher=Orient Blackswan, 1998 - Literary Criticism - 434 pages|page=356}}</ref> He born in a [[Vellalar]] family. Sekkilhar was a child of precocious genius and having noticed this, king Anapaya, that is [[Kulothunga Chola II]] appointed him as his Prime Minister on account of his talents.<ref>{{cite book|title=Contributions of saints and seers to the music of India, Volume 1|author=Shantsheela Sathianathan|publisher=Kanishka Publishers, Distributors, 1996 - Religion - 589 pages|page=187}}</ref> His life is celebrated by [[Umapati Sivacharya]] in his fourteenth century work (1313 CE) called Sekkilhar Nayanar Puranam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|author=Mohan Lal|publisher=Sahitya Akademi, 1992 - Indic literature - 818 pages|page=3904}}</ref> Sekkilhar had the title ''Uttama Chola Pallavan'' and his brother, the title ''Tondaiman Pallavaraiyan''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of Tamil Culture: Based on Periyapuranam|author=K. Nambi Arooran|publisher=Koodal Publishers, 1977|page=13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Tamil Literature|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Christian Literature Society, 1981|page=49}}</ref> Sekkilhar is also called ''Ganga-kula tilaka'' (the glory of the Ganga race) and ''Bagirathi-kula tilaka'' (the glory of the [[Bhagiratha]] race) by Umapati Sivacharya in his work, the ''Sekkilar Puranam''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kalhar (white water-lily): studies in art, iconography, architecture, and archaeology of India and Bangladesh|author=Enamul Haque, Gouriswar Bhattacharya|publisher=Kaveri Books, 2007|page=369|quote=It says that Sekkilar, the Ganga kula tilaka, composed the Puranam in blemishless language. The title Bhagirathi kula tilaka appears in verse 97, nikarilap-pidu ceyda Bhagirathi kula tilakar Sekkilar ceyda perum tavam, that is, this is the famoush unparalleled contribution of Sekkilhar, the Bhagirathi kula tilaka, as a result of his penance.}}</ref> The ''Guru Puja'' festival for Sekkilhar is celebrated annually in the month of Vaigasi-Poosam (May-June).

== Compilation of Periyapuranam ==
{{Tirumurai}}
[[Kulothunga Chola II]], then a young king, was a devotee of [[Nataraja|Shiva]] at [[Chidambaram]] and continued the reconstruction of the center of [[History of Shaivism|Tamil Shaivism]] that was begun by his ancestors.<ref>{{cite book|title=Epigraphia Indica, Volume 27,Volumes 13-14 of [Reports]: New imperial series, India Archaeological Survey|author=Archaeological Survey of India, India. Dept. of Archaeology|publisher=Manager of Publications, 1985|page=96}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1|author=Madras (India : State)|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press, 1962|page=55}}</ref> At the same time, he was very interested in the highly erotic [[Jain]] epic [[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi|Jivaka Chintamani]]. Sekkilhar, upon noticing this, advised the king to instead turn his attention to the lives of the [[Saiva|Shaiva]] saints as described by [[Sundarar]] in his ''Tiruthondar Thogai''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|publisher=Infobase Publishing|date=2006|page=327}}</ref>

The king thereupon invited Sekkilhar to expound the lives of the Shaiva saints in a great poem. Since Sekkilhar was a scholar in both the Vedas as well as the Agamas and being a Shaiva saint himself, knew about [[Nayanmars|Nayanars]]. He composed the [[Periyapuranam]] or the ''Great Narrative'' about the lives of the sixty three Nayanars or saints and would himself sing it in the ''Thousand Pillared Hall'' of the [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram temple]] and arouse the latent Chola Shaiva zeal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tillai and Nataraja|author1=B. Natarajan|author2=Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1994 - Chidambaram (India) - 632 pages|page=66}}</ref>

According to a folklore, when Sekkilhar sat pondering at Chidambaram temple as to how to begin his work, Shiva appeared and said his first verse should be:{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

{{Verse translation|
{{lang|ta-Latn|Ulakellam unarnthu otharkku ariyavan
Nilavulaviya neermali veniyan
Alakil jothiyan ambalatthu aaduvan
malar chilambadi vaazhthi vanakuvom}}
|
He who is known to those who forsake attachments
He who is of plaited locks of hair in which river flows and baby moon grazes
He who is verily sublime light and who dances in the golden hall of chidambaram
lets worship his rosy anklet girt feet}}

[[Kulothunga Chola II]] was so moved upon hearing the Periyapuranam that he placed the poem and Sekkilhar on the royal elephant and took them out on a grand procession around the streets of [[Chidambaram]], the king himself waved the fly-whisks and showered Sekkilhar with honors.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Saiva Saints|author=M. Arunachalam|publisher=Gandhi Vidyalayam, 1985 - Sivaites - 238 pages|page=206}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1971: Series 19: Tamil Nadu, Volume 6, Part 2|author=India. Office of the Registrar General|publisher=Manager of Publications, 1900 - Housing|page=49}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chidambaram: Home of Nataraja|author1=Vivek Nanda|author2=George Michell|publisher=Marg Publications, 2004 - Travel - 140 pages|page=48}}</ref> This work is considered the most important initiative of [[Kulothunga Chola II|Kulothunga Chola II's]] reign. Although it is only a literary embellishment of earlier hagiographies of the Shaiva saints it came to be seen as the epitome of [[Chola]] literary style.<ref name="TheHomeofDancingŚivan̲">The Home of Dancing Śivan̲ By Paul Younger</ref> Among all the [[Hagiography|hagiographic]] ''Puranas'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the ''[[Periyapuranam]]'' (or ''Tiruttondar Puranam'') stands first.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|author=Ayyappappanikkar|publisher=Sahitya Akademi, 1997 - Indic literature - 924 pages|page=522}}</ref> The ''[[Periyapuranam]]'' is considered a fifth [[Veda]] in the [[Tamil language]] and it immediately took its place as the twelfth and the last book in the Shaiva canon.<ref>{{cite book|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=Macmillan, 2007 - India - 356 pages|page=102}}</ref>

==Temples for Sekkilhar==
[[Image:sekizhar2.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Sekkilhar Peruman]]As per an inscription from [[Thiruvanchiyam|Srivanjiyam]], Sekkilhar was deified and provisions were made for the worship of his idol by a person called Anapaayan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tillai and Nataraja|author=B. Natarajan|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1994|page=91}}</ref>

There are temples dedicated to Sekkilhar. These include the Kundrathur Sekkilhar Temple at [[Kundrathur]], [[Chennai]], and the Devakottai Nagara Sivan Kovil (also called the "Sekkilhar Kovil") in the Chettinad region of [[Sivagangai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], where Saint Sekkilhar is the procession deity.

==Research Centre==
The '''Sekkilhar Research Centre''' conducts research on his epic [[Periyapuranam]] and the period, art, culture, civilization, rituals, socioeconomic conditions, and religion/secularism of the times and place surrounding it.

{{portal|Poetry}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Shaivite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Texts related to Nayanar saints]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]

Jyoti Gaderiya

2026-04-10T17:02:25Z

Eldarljt: made

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Jyoti Radheshyam Gaderiya''' (born 1998) is an Indian para cyclist from [[Maharashtra]]. She qualified to represent India at the [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Summer Paralympics]] at Paris.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Sanjay Samuel |date=2024-06-13 |title=Two para cyclists from Hyderabad to represent India at Paralympic Games 2024 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/two-para-cyclists-from-hyderabad-to-represent-india-at-paralympic-games-2024-898833 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Ajay |date=2024-04-21 |title=Two para-cyclists from India break into top-5 of world rankings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Apr/21/two-para-cyclists-from-india-break-into-top-5-of-world-rankings |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She competes in the women's elite C2 category.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=Meet 2 Para Cyclists Who Will Represent India In Paris 2024 Summer Paralympic Games |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/meet-2-para-cyclists-who-will-represent-india-in-paris-2024-summer-paralympic-games-8939645.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> At the Paris Paralympics on 29 August 2024, she finished 10th in the Women's 3000 m individual pursuit C1-3 with a time of 4:53.929.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-29 |title=Cyclist Jyoti Gaderiya finishes 10th in 3000m individual pursuit event at Paris Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/cyclist-jyoti-gaderiya-finishes-10th-in-3000m-individual-pursuit-event-at-paris-paralympics/articleshow/112900720.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and 15th place. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/paris-2024-paralympic-games-live-updates-day-10-september-7-athletics-javelin-throw-canoe-swimming-cycling-paralympics-updates-6510365|title=2024-Paralympic Games Updates : Day 10|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gaderiya is from Dongargaon village, Mohadi taluk, in Bhandara district. She is the daughter of Radheshyam Kashiram Gaderiya, a farmer, and Usha Radheshyam Gaderiya. She has three sisters and a brother.<ref name=":2" /> She used to take part in athletics at school was a state level kabaddi player before her accident.<ref name=":1" /> She met with a life-threatening accident in May 2016 and lost her left leg. In 2019, she took up rowing and participated in Asian Rowing Championships where she won a bronze medal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=How para cyclist Jyoti Radheshyam escaped death and made it to the Paris Paralympics 2024 |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/cover-story/how-para-cyclist-jyoti-radheshyam-escaped-death-and-made-it-to-the-paris-paralympics-2024/ |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=The Global Indian |language=en-US|date=2 September 2024|last=Sharma|first=Vikram}}</ref> But in 2022, she shifted to cycling.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Paris Paralympics 2024 {{!}} Jyoti Gaderiya’s cycle of life: From pain to pedal |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/paris-paralympics-2024-jyoti-gaderiyas-cycle-of-life-from-pain-to-pedal-23387706 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> She trains at [[Hyderabad]] with Aditya Mehta Foundation.<ref name=":0" /> The para athletes from the foundation met the chief minister [[A.Revanth Reddy|A. Revanth Reddy]] and briefed him about their preparations before the Paralympics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-02 |title=Para athletes call on Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/para-athletes-call-on-chief-minister/article68360279.ece |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
At the para-cycling event of the Asian Track Championships in New Delhi, she won three gold medals.<ref name=":3" /> In November 2022, she won a gold medal in the 13 km time trials of the Malaysia Para Road Championship. She also won the 13.5 km Malaysia Para Road Race Championship, 500m Time Trial at the Malaysia Para Track Championship and 3 km individual pursuit at the Malaysia Para Track Championship.<ref name=":2" />

In 2022, she participated in the 10th Asian Road Para Cycling Championship at Tajikistan and the World Para Cycling Track Championships 2022, where she was ranked 8th. In 2023, she took part in the World Para Track Cycling Championship at Scotland. She also represented India at the 2023 Asian Games in China.<ref name=":2" /> In November 2024, she took part in the Asian Para Track Cycling Championship at New Delhi.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaderiya, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paralympic cyclists]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

2001 elections in India

2026-04-06T14:05:26Z

Eldarljt: corrected citations and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2000 elections in India
| previous_year = 2000
| election_date = 2001
| next_election = 2002 elections in India
| next_year = 2002
}}
{{Politics of India}}

'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in ''2001'' included elections to five state legislative assemblies and to seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]].

==Overall Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan="6" |10 May 2001
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Tarun Gogoi]]
|[[File:IN-AS.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|[[A. K. Antony]]
|[[File:IN-KL.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|Pondicherry]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="2"|[[P. Shanmugham]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="2"|[[P. Shanmugham]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:IN-PY.svg|50px]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| [[File:IN-TN.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
| [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]]
| [[File:IN-WB.svg|50px]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===Assam===
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 2001.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=4230676|-|seats1=71|sc1={{increase}}37
|party2=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes2=2130118|seats2=20|sc2={{decrease}}39
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=995004|seats3=8|sc3={{increase}}4
|party4=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes4=267173|seats4=3|sc4={{increase}}1
|party5=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]|votes5=118610|seats5=2|sc5={{decrease}}3
|party6=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes6=109822|seats6=1|sc6=New
|party7=[[Samata Party]]|votes7=83815|seats7=1|sc7=New
|party8=[[All India Trinamool Congress]]|votes8=58361|seats8=1|sc8=New
|party9=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes9=189349|seats9=0|sc9={{decrease}}2
|party10=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes10=116889|seats10=0|sc10={{decrease}}3
|party11=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee (Progressive)]]|votes11=98032|seats11=0|sc11=New
|party12=[[United Minorities Front, Assam]]|votes12=43712|seats12=0|sc12={{decrease}}2
|party13=[[People's Democratic Front (India)]]|votes13=35147|seats13=0|sc13=New
|party14=Others|votes14=88626|seats14=0|sc14=0
|party15=Independents|votes15=2076653|seats15=19|sc15={{increase}}8
|total_sc={{increase}}4
|invalid=188628
|electorate=14439167
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4007-assam-2001/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Kerala===
{{Main|2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
'''Party-wise vote share of 2001 Kerala Assembly Elections<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/brief01.html |title=Kerala Assembly Elections 2001 |website=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>'''
!Sl.No:
!Party
!Contested
!Won
!Popular Votes
!Share (%)
|-
|1
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress- Indira]] (Congress-I)
|88
|63
|4940868
|31.4
|-
|2
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|74
|24
|3752976
|23.85
|-
|3
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)
|23
|16
|1259572
|8
|-
|4
|[[Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress - Mani]] (KCM)
|11
|9
|556647
|3.54
|-
|5
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|24
|7
|1212248
|7.7
|-
|6
|[[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|Janadhipatya Samrakshana Samithi]] (JSS)
|5
|4
|279831
|1.78
|-
|7
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|Janata Dal- Secular]] (JDS)
|10
|3
|546917
|3.48
|-
|8
|[[Kerala Congress (Joseph)|Kerala Congress - Joseph]] (KCJ)
|10
|2
|455748
|2.9
|-
|9
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|9
|2
|408456
|2.6
|-
|10
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)
|6
|2
|269689
|1.71
|-
|11
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)|Revolutionary Socialist Party - Bolshevik]] (RSPB)
|4
|2
|215562
|1.37
|-
|12
|[[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|Kerala Congress - Jacob]] (KCA)
|4
|2
|207618
|1.32
|-
|13
|[[Kerala Congress (B)|Kerala Congress - Balakrishna Pillai]] (KCB)
|2
|2
|113915
|0.72
|-
|14
|[[Communist Marxist Party]] (CMP)
|3
|1
|145441
|0.92
|-
|15
|[[Indian National League]] (INL)
|3
|0
|139775
|0.89
|-
|16
|CPI(M) Independents ([[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]])
|2
|0
|91058
|0.58
|-
|17
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|123
|0
|789762
|5.02
|-
|18
|BJP Allies ([[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]: 4, Samata: 2, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]: 1)
|7
|0
|10089
|0.06
|-
|19
|Others/ Independents
|266
|1
|340692
|2.16
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
|'''676'''
|'''140'''
|'''15736894'''
|'''100'''
|}

===Puducherry===

{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 2001.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=108700|seats1=11|sc1={{increase}}2
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=83679|seats2=7|sc2=0
|party3=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes3=59926|seats3=3|sc3=0
|party4=[[Puducherry Makkal Congress]]|votes4=48865|seats4=4|sc4=New
|party5=[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|votes5=35390|seats5=2|sc5={{decrease}}3
|party6=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes6=22164|seats6=1|sc6={{increase}}1
|party20=Others|votes20=66981|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=51402|seats21=2|sc21=0
|total_sc=0
|invalid=252
|electorate=658647
|source=ECI<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Tamil Nadu===
{{Main|2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:2001 tamil nadu legislative election map by parties.png|thumb|Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left]]
{{Election table|title=Summary of the 2001 May [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[2001 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election|election results]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: {{party color|AIADMK}}" |
| '''196'''
| '''+138'''
| '''14,043,980'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''50.1%'''
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! style="background-color: #008000" |
| 132
| +127
| 8,815,387
| 31.4%
| 52.1%
|-
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
! style="background-color: #008080" |
| 23
| -15
| 1,885,726
| 6.7%
| 47.5%
|-
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
! style="background-color: #800080" |
| 20
| +16
| 1,557,500
| 5.6%
| 46.8%
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 7
| +7
| 696,205
| 2.5%
| 45.4%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 6
| +4
| 470,736
| 1.7%
| 48.2%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 5
| -3
| 444,710
| 1.6%
| 48.5%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: Black" |
| 2
| +2
| 103,971
| 0.4%
| 46.6%
|-
|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
! style="background-color: #800000" |
| 1
| +1
| 39,248
| 0.1%
| 43.3%
|-
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|MUL]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| -1
| 30,497
| 0.1%
| 41.7%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: Red" |
| '''37'''
| '''-138'''
| '''10,841,157'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''38.7%'''
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! style="background-color: Red" |
| 31
| -142
| 8,669,864
| 30.9%
| 39.0%
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
| 4
| +3
| 895,352
| 3.2%
| 38.7%
|-
|[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MADMK]]
! style="background-color: #FFFF00" |
| 2
| +1
| 129,474
| 0.5%
| 37.1%
|-
|[[Puthiya Tamilakam|PT]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 355,171
| 1.3%
| 33.8%
|-
|[[Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi|MTD]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 257,126
| 0.9%
| 40.9%
|-
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 196,740
| 0.7%
| 33.6%
|-
|[[MGR Kazhagam|MGRK]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 136,916
| 0.5%
| 40.8%
|-
|[[Thamilar Bhoomi|TB]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 45,002
| 0.2%
| 40.0%
|-
|[[Kongunadu Makkal Katchi|CNMK]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 40,421
| 0.1%
| 32.4%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 115,091
| 0.4%
| 36.7%
|-
! style="background-color:Black; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color: Black" |
| '''1'''
| '''–'''
| '''3,192,598'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''11.4%'''
|-
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 1,304,469
| 4.7%
| 5.1%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: #4d4d4d" |
| 1
| –
| 1,509,378
| 6.2%
| 6.3%
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
! style="background-color: " |
| 234
| –
| 28,037,314
| 100%
| –
|-
|}{{refbegin}}
Note: Parties that contested under "rising-sun" or "two-leaves" symbol are listed as DMK or AIADMK respectively. Parties that ran their candidates as independents, (e.g. Indian Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi and Thondar Congress in DMK alliance) are listed as IND for their respective alliance.
 '''‡''': Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the average % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.
 Sources: Election Commission of India<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref> and Rediff Newspaper
<ref>{{cite web |title =The Assembly Elections 2001: Tamil Nadu | url =http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/13tami.htm?h=splitinfinity&d=get&sony}}</ref>
{{refend}}

===West Bengal===
{{Main|2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2001<ref name= eci>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of candidates 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of elected 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]||211||143||13,402,603||36.59%||
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|align="left"|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]||226||60||11,229,396||30.66%||
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||60||26||2,921,151||7.98%||
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|align="left"|[[All India Forward Bloc]]||34||25||2,067,944||5.65%||
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|align="left"|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]||23||17||1,256,951||3.43%||
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]||13||7||655,237||1.79%||
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[West Bengal Socialist Party]]||4||4||246,407||0.67%||
|-
| {{party color cell|Gorkha National Liberation Front}}
|align="left"|[[Gorkha National Liberation Front]]||5||3||190,057||0.52%||
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Biplobi Bangla Congress]]||1||1||62,611||0.09%||
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||530||9||1,848,830||5.05%||
|-
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||'''1676'''||'''294'''||'''36,626,099'''||||
|-
|}

==Rajya Sabha==
{{Main|2001 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2001 elections in India]]
[[Category:2001 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2001 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Abhinav

2026-04-04T01:15:08Z

Eldarljt: adding a pg

'''Abhinava''' ({{lang-Deva|अभिनव}}) is an Indian male given name. The [[Sanskrit]] word ''{{IAST|abhinava}}'' has the meaning "new". Abhinava also means innovative, young, modern, fresh.<ref>{{MWSD}}</ref>

==Notable people==
Notable people with the name include:

*[[Abhinav Kumar Sahai]]

*[[Abhinava Vidyatirtha]]

*[[Abhinav Bindra]]

*[[Abhinavagupta]]

*[[Abhinav Shukla]]

*[[Abhinav Kashyap]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{given name}}

[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Nepalese masculine given names]]

Commissioner of the Kolkata Police

2026-04-03T06:32:33Z

Eldarljt: stub...

{{Short description|Chief of Police, Kolkata}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Commissioner
| body = Kolkata Police Force
| native_name =
| insignia = Director_General_of_Police.png
| insigniasize = 75px
| insigniacaption = Insignia of Commissioner of Police
| flag =
| flagsize = 75px
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = Logo of Kolkata Police
| image =
| caption =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = Ajay Kumar‌ Nand, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 17 March 2026
| department = [[Kolkata Police Force]]
| style = The Learned Commissioner of Police
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = Ld. CP
| member_of =
| reports_to =
* [[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Minister of Home and Hill Affairs, Government of West Bengal]]
* [[Additional Chief Secretary]] (Home and Hill Affairs), Govt. of West Bengal
| residence = 2, Loudon Street, Kolkata
| seat = [[Lalbazar]], Kolkata
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = The Calcutta Police Act, 1866
| precursor =
| formation = {{start date and age|1856}}
| first = S. Wauchope
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary = HAG scale (Level 15)
| website = {{url|https://kolkatapolice.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Commissioner of the Kolkata Police''' (formerly '''Commissioner of the Calcutta Police''') is the head of the [[Kolkata Police]]. The Kolkata [[Commissioner of Police (India)|police commissioner]] is appointed by the [[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Minister of Home and Hill Affairs]] and reports independently to the Home Secretary for West Bengal. The commissioner sits at the Kolkata Police Headquarters, located at 18 Lalbazar Street in the [[Lalbazar]] neighbourhood of [[Kolkata|central Kolkata]].

The commissioner is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer of the rank of Additional Director-General (ADG) of Police. The commissioner heads the almost 35,000 strong metropolitan police force in a jurisdiction consisting of approximately 243km2 area and is the home to 14,617,992 people (2011 census figures).

==List of commissioners of police, Kolkata==

{|class="wikitable"
!Sl.No !! Name !! Terms of office !! Badge name
|-
| 1 || S. Wauchope || 1856–1863 ||
|-
| 2 || V. H. Shalch || 1863–1866 ||
|-
| 3 || [[Stuart Saunders Hogg]] || 1866–1876 ||
|-
| 4 || C. T. Metcalfe || 1876–1881 ||
|-
| 5 || Henry Harrison || 1881–1889 ||
|-
| 6 || Sir John Lambert || 1889–1897 ||
|-
| 7 || A. H. James || 1897–1901 ||
|-
| 8 || E. M. Showera || 1901–1902 ||
|-
| 9 || R. D. O. Bignell || 1902–1905 ||
|-
| 10 || Sir Frederick Loch Halliday || 1905–1916 ||
|-
| 11 || Sir Reginald Clarke || 1916–1923 ||
|-
| 12 || [[Sir Charles Tegart]] || 1923–1931 ||
|-
| 13 || L. H. Colson || 1931–1939 ||
|-
| 14 || Sir C. E. S. Fairweather || 1939–1943 ||
|-
| 15 || R. E. A. Ray || 1943–1946 ||
|-
| 16 || D. R. Hardwick || 1946–1947 ||
|-
| 17 || Surendra Nath Chatterjee || 1947–1951 || S. N. CHATTERJEE {{efn|He was the first Indian origin Police Commissioner}}
|-
| 18 || H. S. Ghosh Chaudhuri || 1951–1960 ||
|-
| 19 || U. Mukherjee || 1960–1962 ||
|-
| 20 || S. M. Ghosh || 1962–1964 ||
|-
| 21 || P. K. Sen || 1964–1967 ||
|-
| 22 || [[Ranjit Kumar Gupta]] || 1970–1971 ||
|-
| 23 || R. N. Chatterjee || 1971–1972 ||
|-
| 24 || S. C. Chaudhuri || 1972–1976 ||
|-
| 25 || S. Basu || 1976–1978 ||
|-
| 26 || S. K. Sinha || 1978–1980 ||
|-
| 27 || N. Som || 1980–1984 ||
|-
| 28 || B. K. Basu || 1984–1988 ||
|-
|| 29 || B. K. Saha || 1988–1992 ||
|-
| 30 || T. K. Talukdar || 1992–1996 ||
|-
| 31 || Dinesh Chandra Vajpai || 1996–2001 ||
|-
| 32 || S. K. Chakroborty || 2001–2004 ||
|-
| 33 || [[Prasun Mukherjee]] || 17 Oct 2004 – 2007 || PRASUN MUKHERJEE
|-
| 34 || Gautam Mohan Chakraborty || 17 Oct 2007 – 16 Mar 2011 || GAUTAM
|-
| 35 || Ranjit Kumar Pachnanda || 17 Mar 2011 – 14 Feb 2013 || R. K. PACHNANDA
|-
| 36 || [[Surajit Kar Purkayastha]] || 14 Feb 2013 – 13 Feb 2016 || SURAJIT
|-
| 37 || [[Rajeev Kumar (police officer, born 1966)|Rajeev Kumar]] || 14 Feb 2016 – 12 April 2016 || RAJEEV
|-
| 38 || [[Soumen Mitra]] || 13 April 2016 – 21 May 2016 || SOUMEN MITRA<ref>{{citation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rajeev-Kumar-removed-Soumen-Mitra-new-Kolkata-CP/articleshow/51796835.cms|title=Rajeev Kumar removed, Soumen Mitra new CP of Kolkata|work=Times of India|date=12 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| (37) || [[Rajeev Kumar (police officer, born 1966)|Rajeev Kumar]] || 21 May 2016 – 19 February 2019 || RAJEEV<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-police-commissioner-rajeev-kumar-under-cbi-scanner-1446077-2019-02-03|title=Why Kolkata Police Commissioner Rajeev Kumar is under CBI's scanner?|work=India Today|date=3 February 2019|author=Munish Chandra Pandey}}</ref>
|-
| 39 ||[[Anuj Sharma (IPS)|Anuj Sharma]]|| 19 February 2019 – 5 April 2019 || ANUJ<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/anuj-sharma-appointed-new-kolkata-police-chief/articleshow/68061970.cms|title=Anuj Sharma appointed new Kolkata police chief|work=Times of India|date=19 February 2019|author=Debashish Konar}}</ref>
|-
| 40 || [[Rajesh Kumar (IPS)|Dr. Rajesh Kumar]]|| 6 April 2019 – 26 May 2019 || DR. RAJESH
|-
| (39) || [[Anuj Sharma (IPS)|Anuj Sharma]]|| 26 May 2019 – 6 Feb 2021 || ANUJ
|-
| (38) || [[Soumen Mitra]]|| 6 Feb 2021 – 31 Dec 2021 || SOUMEN MITRA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/major-ips-reshuffle-soumen-mitra-back-at-the-helm-of-kolkata-police-3213265.html|title=Major IPS reshuffle: West Bengal govt appoints Soumen Mitra as new chief of Kolkata Police|date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 41 || Vineet Kumar Goyal|| 1 Jan 2022 – 17 Sep 2024|| VINEET KUMAR GOYAL
|-
| 42 || Manoj Kumar Verma|| 17 Sep 2024 – 30 January 2026|| M. K. VERMA
|-
| 43 || [[Supratim Sarkar]]|| 31 January 2026 – 16 March 2026|| SUPRATIM<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-16 |title=DGP Peeyush Pandey, Kolkata Police chief Supratim Sarkar shifted in state reshuffle |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/west-bengal-government-reshuffles-ips-officers-following-election-commissions-dgp-removal/articleshow/129609836.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|44
|Ajay Kumar Nand
|17 March 2026 – ''Incumbent''
|AJAY KUMAR NAND<ref name=":0" />
|}

==See also==
* [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate]]
* [[Police Commissioner of Bangalore]]
* [[Police Commissioner of Delhi]]
* [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]]
* [[Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad City]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Police Commissioner Of Kolkata}}
[[Category:Police officers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Kolkata Police Force]]
[[Category:Police commissioners of Kolkata]]

Telangana Police

2026-03-29T03:38:28Z

Eldarljt: further refined details for accuracy and improved wording per sources

{{short description|Indian state police force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Telangana Police Department
| nativenamea = 
| nativenamer =
| commonname = Telangana State Police
| abbreviation = TGP
| fictional =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Telangana_Police_Logo.png
| logocaption =
| badge = Telangana_Police_Badge1.png
| badgecaption = Telangana Police Badge
| imagesize =
| motto = Duty, Honour, Compassion
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2014|06|02}}, [[Hyderabad]]
| formedmonthday =
| preceding1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Police|Andhra Pradesh State Police]]
| employees = 1,00,000
| budget = {{INRConvert|10187.72|c}} (2025-26 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/sites/default/files/budget_files/Budget%20Analysis_Telangana_2019-20_for%20upload.pdf |title=Telangana Budget Analysis 2019-20 |date=2019 |website=prsindia.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| country = India
| divtype = State
| divname = [[Telangana]]
| subdivtype =
| subdivname =
| map = IN-TG.svg
| mapcaption = Telangana Police jurisdictional area
| sizearea = {{convert|114840|km2|sqmi}}
| sizepopulation = 3,51,93,978
| legaljuris = [[Telangana]], India
| police = yes
| local = yes
| oversightbody = [[Government of Telangana]]
| headquarters = [[Saifabad, Hyderabad, Telangana]] -500004
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocmapwidth =
| hqlocmapheight =
| hqlocmapborder =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| minister1name = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]], [[Home Minister]] of [[Telangana]]<ref>https://www.telangana.gov.in/departments/home-department/</ref>
| chief1name = [[B. Shivadhar Reddy]], IPS
| chief1position = [[Director General of Police]], Telangana.
| parentagency = *[[Home Department]], [[Government of Telangana]]<ref>https://www.telangana.gov.in/departments/home-department/</ref>
| child1agency = [[Hyderabad City Police]]
| child2agency = [[Future City Police Commissionerate]]
| child3agency = [[Cyberabad Metropolitan Police]]
| child4agency = [[Malkajgiri Police Commissionerate]]
| child5agency = [[Ramagundam Police Commissionerate]]
| child6agency = [[Warangal Police Commissionerate]]
| child7agency = [[Nizamabad Police Commissionerate]]
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype = Law enforcement
| officename = State Police Head Quarters of Telangana.
| stationtype = Police Stations
| stations = 709
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| vehicle1type = Cars
| vehicles1 = [[Mahindra Bolero]] 5000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.nizamabadpolice.com/news_portal/try2.aspx?data=176|title=Photos of Police Vehicles|publisher=Nizamabad PoliceNizamabad.nic.in|access-date=2015-06-06}}</ref> [[Toyota Innova|Toyota Innova Crysta]] ≈10,000 [[Tata Sumo]] 500
| vehicle2type = Motorcycles
| vehicles2 = [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero Glamour]] 5000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gonizamabad.com/blue-colts-cops-get-new-bikes/ |title=Blue Colts Cops Get New Bikes |publisher=Gonizamabad.com |date=2015-04-22 |access-date=2015-06-25 |archive-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624133427/http://gonizamabad.com/blue-colts-cops-get-new-bikes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| vehicle3type = Jeeps
| vehicles3 = Rakshak [[Jeep]]s ≈5,000
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| animal1type = Animals
| animals1 = Dogs
| anniversary1 = 2 June
| award1 = [[President's Police Medal]]
| award2 = [[Indian Police Medal]]
| website = {{URL|www.tspolice.gov.in}}
| reference =
| governingbody = [[Government of Telangana]]
}}

The '''Telangana Police''', officially known as the '''Telangana Police Department'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Puli Sharath |date=17 May 2023 |title=Telangana police tops in national ranking: Home Minister |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/121022/telangana-police-tops-in-national-ranking-home-minister.html |website=Deccan_Chronicle}}</ref> is the [[law enforcement agency]] for the state of [[Telangana]] in India. It has jurisdiction concurrent with the 33 revenue districts of the state. The police force was created from the remnants of the [[Andhra Pradesh Police]] after Telangana state was formed. It is headed by the [[Director general of police]], [[B. Shivadhar Reddy]], IPS and headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana.

==Structure and organization==

===State Police Headquarters===
The Director General of Police functions from Police Directorate, located in the DGP headquarters in [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]. The Director General of Police (DGP) is designated as the head of the department. He is assisted by a team of senior officers from the ranks of additional DG and IG of police to Assistant Inspector General of Police (AIG - a post equivalent in rank and status to the superintendent of police).

===Districts===
Each police district is either coterminous with the revenue district, or is located within a number of revenue districts. It is headed by a District Superintendent of Police (or simply called Superintendent of Police). Each district comprises two or more Sub-Divisions, several Circles and police stations.

===Sub-divisions===
Each Sub-division is headed by one police officer of the rank [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] (Officers of Telangana Police Service are directly recruited officers or promoted from lower ranks) or an Assistant Superintendent of Police (Officers of Indian Police Service). The officer who heads a Sub-Division is known as S.D.P.O. resp. Sub Divisional Police Officer.

===Circles===
A Circle comprises several police stations. An inspector of police who heads a police circle is the Circle Inspector of Police or CI.

===Stations===
[[File:Nizamabad Police Vehicle.jpg|thumb|Telangana Police SUV]]
A police station is headed by an inspector (an upper subordinate rank). A police station is the basic unit of policing, responsible for prevention and detection of crime, maintenance of public order, enforcing law in general as well as for performing protection duties and making security arrangements for the constitutional authorities, government functionaries, representatives of the public in different legislative bodies and local self governments, public figures etc.

===Commissionerate===
A Police Commissionerate is a law enforcement body especially in the urban parts of the state. The commissionerate is headed by a Commissioner of Police. [[Hyderabad City Police]], [[Cyberabad Metropolitan Police]] and [[Warangal Police Commissionerate]] are the local law enforcement agencies for the cities of Hyderabad and Warangal respectively.

[[Government of Telangana]] has issued ordinance for new commissionerates at [[Rachakonda commissionerate]], [[Karimnagar Police Commissionerate|Karimnagar]], [[Khammam Police Commissionerate|Khammam]], [[Nizamabad Police Commissionerate|Nizamabad]], [[Ramagundam Police Commissionerate|Ramagundam]], and [[Siddipet Police Commissionerate|Siddipet]].

[[File:People of Bhadrachalam 1.jpg|thumb|Telangana police at [[Bhadrachalam]]]]

==Police ranks==
The [[Telangana State Police]] designates the following ranks:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tspolice.gov.in/jsp/userMenu?method=viewPoliceRanks | title=Telangana State Police }}</ref>
[[File:Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 909901 - Police Day - Telangana State Police.jpeg|thumb|left|Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 909901 - Police Day - Telangana State Police]]
'''Higher''' '''Officers'''
*Director General of Police ([[Director general of police|DGP]])
*Additional Director General of Police ([[Additional director general of police|Addl.DGP]]) ([[Commissioner of Police]])
*Inspector General of Police ([[Inspector general of police#India|IGP]])
*Deputy Inspector General of Police ([[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]])
*Superintendent of police ([[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]])/(DCP)
*Deputy Superintendent of Police [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]]/ Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)
*Assistant Commissioner of police (ACP)

'''Sub-ordinates'''
*Circle Inspector of Police (CI)
*Sub-Inspector of Police ([[sub-inspector|SI]])
*Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police (ASI)
*Head Police Constable (HPC)
*Police Constable (PC)
*Home Guard (HG)

==Telangana State Police Recruitment Board==
The Telangana State Level Police Recruitment Board (TSLPRB) is responsible for recruitment. TSLPRB is releasing recruitment notification time to time and conducting a written examination, Physical test, Medical test, and interviews for selecting best aspirants for their department and the department has about 80,000 active personnel in the State<ref name="State profile">{{cite web|title=Telangana Police Recruitment 2017 |url=http://www.result24.co.in/telangana-police-recruitment.html}}</ref>

==Insignia of Telangana Police (State Police)==
'''Gazetted Officers''' 
{{Indian Police Service Officer Ranks}}

'''Non-gazetted officers''' 
{{Indian Police Service Enlisted Ranks}}

==List of Directors General of Police==
===[[Telangana|After bifurcation (2014-''Present'')]]===
{| class="wikitable"
! bgcolor="#cfe4cd" align="center" | ''' Sl. No.'''
| bgcolor="#cfe4cd" | ''' Name'''
| bgcolor="#cfe4cd" align="center" | ''' Batch'''
| bgcolor="#cfe4cd" align="center" | ''' Tenure'''
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Sri]] Anurag Sharma, IPS
| align="center" | 1982 (RR)
| align="center" | 3-6-2014 – 12-11-2017
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[Dr.]] [[M. Mahender Reddy]], IPS
| align="center" | 1986 (RR)
| align="center" | 12-11-2017 – 31-12-2022
|-
| align="center" | 3
| Sri [[Anjani Kumar]], IPS
| align="center" | 1990 (RR)
| align="center" | 31-12-2022 – 3-12-2023
|-
| align="center" | 4
| Sri Ravi Gupta, IPS
| align="center" | 1990 (RR)
| align="center" | 3-12-2023 – 10-07-2024
|-
| align="center" | 5
| Dr. Jitender, IPS
| align="center" | 1992 (RR)
| align="center" | 10-07-2024 – 26-09-2025
|-
| align="center" | 6
| [[B. Shivadhar Reddy]], IPS
| align="center" | 1994 (RR)
| align="center" | 26-09-2025 – ''present''
|}

===[[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Before bifurcation (1956–2014)]]===
{| class="wikitable"
! bgcolor="#cfe4cd" align="center" | ''' Sl. No.'''
| bgcolor="#cfe4cd" | ''' Name'''
| bgcolor="#cfe4cd" align="center" | ''' Batch'''
| bgcolor="#cfe4cd" align="center" | ''' Tenure'''
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Sri]] A. K. K. Nambiar, IPS
| align="center" | 1935 (SPS)
| align="center" | 1-11-1956 to 2-8-1967
|-
| align="center" | 2
| Sri Sivakumar Lal, IPS
| align="center" | 1935 (SPS)
| align="center" | 3-8-1967 to 6-10-1968
|-
| align="center" | 3
| Sri [[Atma Jayaram]], IPS
| align="center" | 1942 (SPS)
| align="center" | 7-10-1968 to 6-11-1971
|-
| align="center" | 4
| Sri B. N Kalyan Rao, IPS
| align="center" | 1943 (SPS)
| align="center" | 7-11-1971 to 15-7-1973
|-
| align="center" | 5
| Sri Abdus Salam Khan, IPS
| align="center" | 1947 (SPS)
| align="center" | 16-7-1973 to 30-4-1975
|-
| align="center" | 6
| Sri K. Ramachandra Reddy, IPS
| align="center" | 1944 (SPS)
| align="center" | 1-5-1975 to 31-10-1978
|-
| align="center" | 7
| Sri M. V. Narayana Rao, IPS
| align="center" | 1948 (RR)
| align="center" | 1-11-1978 to 31-3-1982
|-
| align="center" | 8
| Sri S. Ananda Ram, IPS
| align="center" | 1950 (RR)
| align="center" | 1-4-1982 to 10-4-1983
|-
| align="center" | 9
| Sri K. G. Erady, IPS
| align="center" |1952 (RR)
| align="center" | 11-4-1983 to 21-8-1984
|-
| align="center" | 10
| Sri M. Mahendar Reddy, IPS
| align="center" | 1953 (RR)
| align="center" | 22-8-1984 to 16-1-1985
|-
| align="center" | 11
| Sri P. V. G. Krishnamacharyulu, IPS
| align="center" | 1951 (RR)
| align="center" | 17-1-1985 to 28-2-1986
|-
| align="center" | 12
| Sri C. G. Saldanha, IPS
| align="center" | 1953 (RR)
| align="center" | 1-3-1986 to 31-3-1987
|-
| align="center" | 13
| Sri P. S. Rammohan Rao, IPS
| align="center" | 1956 (RR)
| align="center" | 1-4-1987 to 9-2-1989
|-
| align="center" | 14
| Sri Sushil Kumar, IPS
| align="center" | 1955 (RR)
| align="center" | 10-2-1989 to 23-4-1990
|-
| align="center" | 15
| Sri R. Prabhakar Rao, IPS
| align="center" | 1957 (RR)
| align="center" | 24-4-1990 to 28-2-1992
|-
| align="center" | 16
| Sri T. Suryanarayana Rao, IPS
| align="center" | 1958 (RR)
| align="center" | 1-3-1992 to 28-2-1994
|-
| align="center" | 17
| Sri M. V. Bhaskar Rao, IPS
| align="center" | 1962 (RR)
| align="center" | 1-3-1994 to 16-12-1994
|-
| align="center" | 18
| Sri R. K. Ragaala, IPS
| align="center" | 1962 (RR)
| align="center" | 16-12-1994 to 31-7-1995
|-
| align="center" | 19
| Sri M. S. Raju, IPS
| align="center" | 1962 (RR)
| align="center" | 31-7-1995 to 30-11-1996
|-
| align="center" | 20
| Sri [[HJ Dora|H. J. Dora]], IPS
| align="center" | 1965 (RR)
| align="center" | 30-11-1996 to 18-02-2002
|-
| align="center" | 21
| Sri Pervaram Ramulu, IPS
| align="center" | 1967 (RR)
| align="center" | 18-02-2002 to 31-07-2003
|-
| align="center" | 22
| Sri S. R. Sukumara, IPS
| align="center" | 1967 (RR)
| align="center" | 31-07-2003 to 31-12-2004
|-
| align="center" | 23
| Sri [[Noel Swaranjit Sen]], IPS
| align="center" | 1968 (RR)
| align="center" | 31-12-2004 to 31-12-2006
|-
| align="center" | 24
| Sri M. A. Basith, IPS
| align="center" | 1970 (RR)
| align="center" | 01-01-2007 to 31-10-2007
|-
| align="center" | 25
| Sri S. S. P. Yadav, IPS
| align="center" | 1972 (RR)
| align="center" | 31-10-2007 to 07-10-2009
|-
| align="center" | 26
| Sri R. R. Girish Kumar, IPS
| align="center" | 1976 (RR)
| align="center" | 07-10-2009 to 31-08-2010
|-
| align="center" | 27
| Sri K. Aravinda Rao, IPS
| align="center" | 1977 (RR)
| align="center" | 01-09-2010 to 30-06-2011
|-
| align="center" | 28
| Sri [[V. Dinesh Reddy]], IPS
| align="center" | 1977 (RR)
| align="center" | 30-06-2011 to 29-10-2013
|-
| align="center" | 29
| Dr. [[B. Prasada Rao]], IPS
| align="center" | 1979 (RR)
| align="center" | 30-10-2013 to 02-06-2014
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Telangana State Police Academy]]
* [[Hyderabad City Police]]
* [[Cyberabad Metropolitan Police]]
*[[Future City Police Commissionerate]]
* [[Malkajgiri Police Commissionerate]]
* [[Ramagundam Police Commissionerate]]
* [[Warangal Police Commissionerate]]
* [[Nizamabad Police Commissionerate]]
* [[Karimnagar Police Commissionerate]]
* [[Khammam Police Commissionerate]]
* [[SHE Teams]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telangana Police| ]]
[[Category:Government of Telangana]]
[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2014]]

St. Aloysius Minor Seminary, Trivandrum

2026-03-26T09:45:50Z

Eldarljt:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

'''St. Aloysius Minor Seminary''' is the first minor [[seminary]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] in Thiruvananthapuram, [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is situated at Kesavadasapuram,Thiruvananthapuram.

== History ==

The Minor Seminary was established by the founder of the reunion movement [[Servant of God]] Archbishop Mar Ivanios on 21 June 1934, on the feast of St. [[Aloysius Gonzaga]].<ref name=TVM>[https://malankaratvm.com/welcome/seminaryview Malankara TVM website, ''St. Aloysius Minor Seminary'']</ref> The seminary started working in a temporary building adjacent to the Little Flower Parish Church, Pattom. In 1938 the seminary was shifted to the Archbishop Mar Ivanios’ residence. The seminary remained at St. Mary's Cathedral Compound for a long time. It moved sites several times and in 2016 this seminary moved to Kesavadasapuram to its present building which was used as the clergy home for retired priests.<ref name=TVM />

A Major Seminary was established by Benedict Mar Gregorios in 1983<ref name=TVM /> and it moved to a permanent building at Nalanchira in 1989. The Major Seminary (known as [[St. Mary's Malankara Major Seminary]]) was granted affiliation to the Faculty of Theology of the [[Pontifical Urban University]], Rome on 4 April 2005.<ref name=MS>[https://www.malankaraseminary.org/history-of-smms Malankara Seminary website, ''History of St Mary’s Malankara Seminary'']</ref> The Major Seminary’s motto is ‘to continue Jesus’ mission of love and service.’.<ref name=MS /> In 2019, the Major Seminary had 237 students.{{fact|date=February 2026}}

== Curriculum ==

The Minor Seminary course lasts four years. Some students join after completing secondary school, while others enroll after higher secondary education. Those who have completed higher secondary education typically spend two years at the institute, while others spend four years. Students follow a structured routine that includes daily Mass, prayer, academics, and recreation. The curriculum includes higher secondary education along with subjects such as Bible study, Church history, catechism, liturgy, spirituality, etiquette, personality development, music, and languages, particularly Syriac, English, and Malayalam. Regular confession, spiritual direction, and spiritual conferences are part of the seminary routine. The program is designed to prepare students for entry into a major seminary.

After the successful completion of minor seminary formation, the students are sent to different major seminaries in India for philosophical studies for a period of three years. Subsequently, a whole year is dedicated for practical training called Regency period. After that, they are sent to St. Mary’s Malankara Major Seminary (the only major seminary for the entire Syro-Malankara Catholic Church) for their theological formation.<ref>[https://docslib.org/doc/343890/st-aloysius-minor-seminary-major-archdiocese-of-trivandrum Docs Lib website, ''St Aloysius Minor Seminary, Calendar & Directory 2016-2017'', page 10]</ref> This will last for four years. In short, the priestly formation in the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church extends for a period of 12 years.

== Alumni ==
Former students at the Minor Seminary include;
*[[Geevarghese Panicker]] Principal of Mar Ivanios College<ref>[https://www.syromalankara.church/rev-dr-geevarghese-panicker-dead-2008-12-28.html Malankara Catholic News Network website, ''Rev Dr Geevarghese Panicker'', article dated 28 December 2008 ]</ref>
*[[Joshua Mar Ignathios]] first bishop of Mavelikara<ref>[https://mob.mavelikaradiocese.org/profile.php Catholic Diocese of Mavelikara website, ''His Grace Joshua Mar Ignathois'']</ref>
*[[Samuel Irenios Kattukallil]] Bishop of Pathanamthitta<ref>[https://www.mallasserycatholic.church St Mary’s Malankara Syrian Catholic Church Mallassery website, ''Lights Guiding Us'']</ref>
*[[Benedict Mar Gregorios]] (Varughese/(Kunjukutty) Archbishop of Trivandrum, President of Catholic Bishops Conference of India (CBCI) and Kerala Catholic Bishops Conference (KCBC)<ref>[https://stjohns.ac.in/Welcome/FormerManagement/3 St John’s College Anchal website ''Archbishop Benedict Mar Gregorios'']</ref><ref>[https://mgcl.ac.in/Welcome/History Mar Gregorios College of Law website, ''History'']</ref>
*[[Vincent Mar Paulos]] Bishop of Marthandom<ref>[https://healthforonemillion.com/about/managing-trustee Health for One Million website, ''Managing Trustee'']</ref>
*[[Samuel Mar Irenios]] Auxiliary Bishop of Trivandrum<ref>[https://dioceseofgurgaon.com/info.php?show=495 Diocese of Gurgaon website, ''His Excellency Most Rev. Samuel Mar Irenios'']</ref>
*[[Yoohanon Mar Theodosius]] Bishop of Muvattupuzha and former rector of St Aloysius Minor Seminary,Thiruvananthapuram<ref>[https://www.muvattupuzhadiocese.in/yoohanon-mar-%20theodosius.php Muvattupuzha Diocese website, ''Yoohanon Mar Theodosius'']</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in India]]

Shah Commission

2026-03-25T08:51:42Z

Eldarljt: minor cleanup

{{Short description|1977–78 Indian inquiry into the Emergency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Shah Commission''' was a commission of inquiry appointed by [[Government of India]] in 1977 to inquire into all the excesses committed in the [[Indian Emergency (1975 - 77)]]. It was headed by Justice [[Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah|J.C. Shah]], a former [[chief Justice of India]].{{sfn|Sen|2002|p=139}}

==Background==

The Emergency of 25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977 was a 21-month period when [[President of India|President]] [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], upon advice by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]], declared a [[national emergency]] under Article 352 of the [[Constitution of India]], effectively bestowing on her the power to [[rule by decree]], suspending elections and civil liberties. It is one of the most controversial times in the [[History of the Republic of India|history of independent India]].{{sfn|Palmer|1976|p=95}}
On 23 January 1977, Mrs Indira Gandhi called elections for March and released all political prisoners. In the [[1977 Indian general election|elections held on 16–20 March 1977]] Congress Party suffered a defeat at the hands of the [[Janata Party]], which took office on 24 March 1977.{{sfn|INDIA Dates of Elections...}}

==Process==

The government appointed the commission on 28 May 1977 under Section 3 of the Commissions of Inquiry Act, 1952.{{sfn|Kritz|Mandela|1995|p=235}}
The commission was to report by 31 December 1977, but was later given an extension to 30 June 1978.{{sfn|Kritz|Mandela|1995|p=236}}
Justice Shah was insistent that the commission should complete its work quickly rather than dragging on endlessly like other commissions.{{sfn|Sen|2002|p=139}}
He set a deadline of 3 July 1977 as the last date on which complaints could be filed.
Complaints were categorized, with some being investigated by commission staff and the more important ones being handled through open hearings.{{sfn|Sen|2002|p=140}}

Starting on 29 September 1977 the commission began hearing oral evidence of witnesses.{{sfn|Kritz|Mandela|1995|p=237}}
In these hearings, where everyone testifying was allowed legal representation, the commission tried to follow much the same approach as a courtroom.{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=133}}
Many people gave evidence. Some people who were asked to give evidence declined, or after initial appearances refused to give further evidence.{{sfn|Kritz|Mandela|1995|p=237}}
Indira Gandhi disputed the legality of the commission and refused to file any statement.{{sfn|Sen|2002|p=142}}
[[Katherine Frank (biographer)|Katherine Frank]] said in her biography of Indira Gandhi that the former prime minister was unwilling to cooperate during the deposition.
J.C. Shah lost patience after three days of patient questioning and reprimanded her.{{sfn|Frank|2002|p=426}}
Indira Gandhi used the Shah commission as a forum to present herself as a victim of persecution, and this was reinforced when the government first arrested and then released her.{{sfn|Hewitt|2008|p=158}}

The Shah commission was later criticized for confusing investigation with inquiry.
It had issued notices requesting testimony on oath without telling the requested party what case they were being asked to meet. It was on this grounds that Indira Gandhi and Pranab Mukherjee refused to depose on oath, and this was the reason why a complaint for contempt by the commission was rejected by a magistrate.{{sfn|Sarkar|1990|p=18}}

==Findings==

The commission published its report on the illegal events during the emergency and the persons responsible in three volumes totaling 525 pages.{{sfn|Kumar|Agrawal|1993|p=179}}
The first interim report was submitted on 11 March 1978, dealing with the lead-up to the declaration of the Emergency and the way in which the press was prevented from speaking out. The second interim report discussed police actions and the role of Sanjay Gandhi at the [[Turkman gate demolition and rioting|Turkman Gate]] incident in which police fired on a crowd of people protesting against demolition of their houses. The final report was issued on 6 August 1978 and covered prison conditions, torture and family planning atrocities.{{sfn|Ān̲ant|2010|p=205}}

Concerning the circumstances in which the emergency was proclaimed, the commission found that there was no economic crisis and no crisis of law and order.{{sfn|Sen|2002|p=140-141}}
The commission decided that the decision to impose Emergency was made by prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] alone, without consulting her cabinet colleagues, and was not justified.{{sfn|Sen|2002|p=141}}
The report was particularly scathing of Indira Gandhi, her son [[Sanjay Gandhi]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[Bansi Lal]], [[Kamal Nath]] and officers belonging to civil services who helped Sanjay Gandhi.{{sfn|Kumar|Agrawal|1993|p=193ff}}

The commission concluded that during the Emergency the provisions of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act and the Defence of India Rules were not followed but were abused in order to damage political opponents.{{sfn|Sen|2002|p=141}}
In Chapter XV of the 26 April 1978 Interim Report the Commission said: "The decision to arrest and release certain persons were entirely on political considerations which were intended to be favourable to the ruling party. Employing the police to the advantage of one party is a sure source of subverting the rule of law".{{sfn|Srivastava|1999|p=75}}

The report found that most [[Indian Administrative Service]] officers accepted orders even though they thought these orders were improper and had political motives. It said "Even the cream of the talent in the country in the administrative field often collapses at the slightest pressure". It described cases of IAS officers practicing "forging of records, fabrication of ground[s] of detention, ante-dating detention orders, and callous disregard of the rights of detainees as regards revocation, parole, etc." The overall picture is that the civil servants felt that they had to show loyalty to the party in power in order to advance their careers.{{sfn|Mooij|2005|p=175}}
The commission found that vagabonds and beggars were forced into sterilization clinics during the emergency by Youth Congress workers and the police. Auto-rickshaw drivers had to show a sterilization certificate to get their license renewed.{{sfn|Ān̲ant|2010|p=172-173}}

==Results==

In May 1978, after the second interim report of the commission had been issued, some leaders of the Janata party began demanding that special courts be set up to ensure speedy trial of cases related to the emergency.
Parliament eventually passed an act establishing two special courts on 8 May 1979. However, it was too late.
The government fell on 16 July 1979. After Indira Gandhi returned to power in a landslide election victory in January 1980, the Supreme Court found that the special courts were not legally constituted, so no trials were conducted.{{sfn|Ān̲ant|2010|p=206}}
Several of the officials indicted by the Shah commission went on to have successful careers. On 23 June 1980, Indira Gandhi's son Sanjay Gandhi died in the plane crash.{{sfn|Ān̲ant|2010|p=250}}

As per Hewitt, Indira Gandhi attempted to recall copies of the report wherever possible.{{sfn|Hewitt|2008|p=165}} However, suppression was not successful. Era Sezhian, an Indian parliamentarian republished his copy of the report in a book form called "Shah Commission Report - Lost and Regained".{{sfn|Sezhian}} A copy of the report of the commission is held by [[National Library of Australia]].{{sfn|National Library of Australia}}

In an interview with TV Eye in 1978, Indira Gandhi responded that the Shah commission had been biased and its findings were untrue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indira Gandhi Interview {{!}} TV Eye {{!}} 1978|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8aETK5pQR4|website=YouTube}}</ref> She defended her opinion on the grounds that Justice Shah had already spoken against many policies of her government including the nationalization of banks, and that much of the information regarding her perceived authoritativeness was untrue. She also claimed that there had been clear evidence of the danger of destabilization both from within India as well as from external agencies, which necessitated her writing to the President, asking for permission to impose a state of emergency. However, in an article in Frontline, A.G. Noorani contended that by 1970, the government had commenced trying to exert pressure on the courts to support the government's stance in various matters, and that Justice Shah had been against this.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Noorani |first1=A.G. |title=Justice with a fine balance |url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2508/stories/20080425250808200.htm |access-date=14 June 2018 |publisher=Frontline |date=12 April 2008}}</ref>

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist |colwidth=30em}}

;Also see
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X62Sc3muOyQC&pg=PA206
|title=India since independence: making sense of Indian politics
|first=Vi Kiruṣṇā |last=Ān̲ant
|publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2010 |isbn=978-8131725672}}
*{{cite book |title=Indira: the life of Indira Nehru Gandhi
|first=Katherine |last=Frank
|publisher=HarperCollins |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-00-638715-2}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA133
|title=Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay
|first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen
|publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2001
|isbn=978-0691088402}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6yVyWM4pwC&pg=PA158
|title=Political mobilisation and democracy in India: states of emergency
|first=Vernon |last=Hewitt
|publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1134097623}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|INDIA Dates of Elections...}}
|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1977_E.PDF
|title=INDIA Dates of Elections: March 16 to 20, 1977
|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union
|access-date=2012-03-15}}
*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrGrxt5WKB4C&pg=PA235
|title=Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, Volume III: Laws, Rulings, and Reports
|chapter=India: Shah Commission of Inquiry, Interim Report I
|first1=Neil J. |last1=Kritz |first2=Nelson |last2=Mandela
|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-878379-45-0}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gb2Ry4JLGYC&pg=PA193
|title=1977. Volume 15, Part 1 of Committees and commissions in India
|first1=Virendra |last1=Kumar |first2=S. P. |last2=Agrawal
|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1993 |isbn=978-8170224846}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIZDlAxyACwC&pg=PA175
|title=The politics of economic reforms in India
|first=Jos E. |last=Mooij
|publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=978-0761933434}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|National Library of Australia}}
|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/203795
|title=Shah Commission of Inquiry : third and final report
|publisher=National Library of Australia
|access-date=2012-03-15|year=1978
}}
*{{cite journal |title=India in 1975: Democracy in Eclipse | doi = 10.2307/2643138
|first=N.D. |last=Palmer |journal=Asian Survey |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=95–110
|year=1976|jstor=2643138
}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyrzGM_2R7IC&pg=PA18
|title=Commissions of inquiry: practice and principle with up to date case laws and commentaries
|first=Jnanadhir Sarma |last=Sarkar
|publisher=APH Publishing |year=1990 |isbn=978-8170243311}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCo4OlbeDY8C&pg=PA135
|title=Tryst with law enforcement and human rights: four decades in Indian police
|first=Sankar |last=Sen |author1-link=Sankar Sen (police officer)
|publisher=APH Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7648-340-7}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.zocial.tv/today/News/23343206/shah-commission-report-document-on-emergency-excess-lost-and-regained-interview-with-era-sezhian
|title=Shah Commission Report (document on emergency excess) lost and regained - Interview with Era Sezhian
|first=Era |last=Sezhian
|work=Zocial TV
|access-date=2012-03-15}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qqWcC8ItJ4C&pg=PA75
|title=Role of police in a changing society
|first=Aparna |last=Srivastava
|publisher=APH Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=978-8176480338}}
{{refend}}

{{Indian Emergency}}

[[Category:Public inquiries in India]]
[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:1977 in India]]
[[Category:Desai administration]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:1978 in India]]

Meghalaya

2026-03-25T00:01:47Z

Eldarljt:

{{Short description|State in northeastern India}}
{{for|the geological stage|Meghalayan}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Meghalaya
| official_name = State of Meghalaya
| type = State
| image_seal = Emblem of Meghalaya.svg
| etymology = "Abode of Clouds"
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Dawki River, Meghalaya, India.jpg
| photo2a = Khrangsuri waterfall, Meghalaya 01 (edit).jpg
| photo2b =Tawny-Breasted Wren-Babbler (Spelaeornis longicaudatus).jpg
| photo3a = Noakalikai falls 1480244029215.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| border = 0
| color = white
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Umngot River]], Tawny Breasted Wren, [[Nohkalikai Falls]], Khrangsuri waterfalls
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) "Truth alone triumphs"{{force singular}}
| anthem = Ri Khasi, Ri Pnar, Ri Garo ([[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Pnar language|Pnar]] and [[Garo language|Garo]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1998146|title=Meghalaya gets State Anthem|website=PIB|date=20 January 2024}}</ref> "Meghalaya, My Land"
| image_map = IN-ML.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|25.57|91.88|region:IN-AS|display=inline,title}}
| region = Northeast India
| before_was = Part of [[Assam]]
| formation_date2 = formation1
| formation_date4 = 21 January 1972
| capital = Shillong
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Meghalaya|12]]
| Governor = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]<ref name="Governor_2024"/>
| Chief_Minister = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
| judiciary = [[Meghalaya High Court]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 60 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat
| lok_sabha_seats = 2 seats
| area_total_km2 = 22429
| area_rank = 24th
| length_km = 300
| width_km = 100
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 1,965
| elevation_max_point = Shillong Peak
| elevation_min_m = 150
| elevation_min_point = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011Abstract">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables (India & States/UTs - District Level) |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408052329/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx |archive-date=8 April 2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CensusIndia2011PCA12018">{{cite report|chapter-url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf|chapter=Population, Size and Decadal Change|date=2018|title=Primary Census Abstract Data Highlights, Census of India, 2011|access-date=16 June 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019035341/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2019|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| population_total = {{Increase}} 2,966,889
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 22nd
| population_urban = 20.07%
| population_rural = 79.93%
| population_density = 130
| population_demonym = Meghalayans
| 0fficial_Langs = [[English language|English]]<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=84–89 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>
| official_script = [[Latin script]]
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|0.763|lc|lk=r}}
| GDP_year = 2026-27
| GDP_rank = 27th
| GDP_per_capita = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{INRConvert|174090|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 29th
| HDI = {{Increase}}0.690 {{color|orange|medium}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=13 may 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_rank = 24th
| literacy = 94.2%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 5th
| sex_ratio = 989[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2011
| sexratio_rank = 3rd
| iso_code = IN-ML
| registration_plate = ML
| website = meghalaya.gov.in
| mammal = [[Clouded leopard]]
| bird = [[Hill myna]]
| flower = [[Paphiopedilum insigne|Lady's Slipper Orchid]]
| tree = [[Gmelina arborea|Gamhar]]
| image_highway = SH IN-ML.png
}}

'''Meghalaya''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|eɪ|g|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|ə|,_|m|eɪ|ˈ|g|ɑː|l|ə|j|ə}};<ref>{{MW|Meghalaya}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Meghalaya|title=Definition of Meghalaya in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|work=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]]|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101655/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Meghalaya|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lit.}} "the abode of clouds"<ref name="Etymology"/>) is a [[states and union territories of India|state]] in [[northeast India]]. Its capital is [[Shillong]]. Meghalaya was formed on 21 January 1972 by carving out two districts from the state of [[Assam]]: the united [[Khasi Hills]] and [[Jaintia Hills]], and the [[Garo Hills]].<ref name="meghis">[http://megassembly.gov.in/origin_and_growth.htm History of Meghalaya State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924232301/http://megassembly.gov.in/origin_and_growth.htm|date=24 September 2013}} Government of India</ref> The estimated population of Meghalaya in 2014 was 3,211,474.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 March 2014|title=Fact sheet on meghalaya|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2014/mar/d2014031002.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024544/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2014/mar/d2014031002.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> Meghalaya covers an area of approximately 22,429 square kilometres, with a length-to-breadth ratio of about 3:1.<ref name="ibef">[http://www.ibef.org/download/Meghalaya-110313.pdf Meghalaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903215532/http://www.ibef.org/download/Meghalaya-110313.pdf|date=3 September 2013}} IBEF, India (2013)</ref> The state is bound to the south by the [[Bangladesh]]i divisions of [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]] and [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], to the west by the Bangladeshi division of [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]], and to the north and east by India's [[State of Assam]].

During the [[British Raj|British rule of India]], the British authorities nicknamed it the "Scotland of the East".<ref name=akrl>Arnold P. Kaminsky and Roger D. Long (2011), ''India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic'', {{ISBN|978-0313374623}}, pp. 455–459</ref> English is the official language of Meghalaya. Unlike many Indian states, Meghalaya has historically [[Matrilineal society of Meghalaya|followed a matrilineal system]] where the lineage and inheritance are traced through women; the youngest daughter inherits all wealth and she also takes care of her parents.<ref name=akrl/>

The state is the wettest region of India, with the wettest areas in the southern Khasi Hills recording an average of {{convert|12000|mm|abbr=on}} of rain a year.<ref name="ibef"/> About 70 per cent of the state is forested.<ref name="Meghalaya and Its Forests">[http://www.megforest.gov.in/megfor_extent_forest.htm Meghalaya and Its Forests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822010308/http://www.megforest.gov.in/megfor_extent_forest.htm |date=22 August 2014 }} Government of Meghalaya (2012); Quote – total forest area is 69.5%</ref> The [[Meghalaya subtropical forests]] [[ecoregion]] encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests are notable for their [[biodiversity]] of mammals, birds and plants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Meghalaya's Subtropical Forests & Biodiversity Guide |url=https://www.zentrail.in/blogs/meghalaya-subtropical-forests-ecoregion |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=www.zentrail.in |language=en}}</ref>

Meghalaya has a predominantly [[agrarian economy]] with a significant commercial forestry industry. The important crops are potatoes, rice, maize, [[pineapple]]s, bananas, papayas and spices. The service sector is made up of real estate and [[insurance companies]]. Meghalaya's gross state domestic product for 2012 was estimated at {{INRConvert|16173|c}} in current prices.<ref name=pcindia/> The state is geologically rich in minerals, but it has no significant industries.<ref name=akrl/> The state has about {{convert|1,170|km|abbr=on}} of national highways. It is also a major logistical centre for trade with Bangladesh.<ref name="ibef"/>

In July 2018, the [[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] divided the [[Holocene]] epoch into three,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-news-and-meetings/119-collapse-of-civilizations-worldwide-defines-youngest-unit-of-the-geologic-time-scale|title=Collapse of civilizations worldwide defines youngest unit of the Geologic Time Scale|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718214052/http://stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-news-and-meetings/119-collapse-of-civilizations-worldwide-defines-youngest-unit-of-the-geologic-time-scale|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-ecstatic-after-being-etched-in-geological-history-permanently/story-jmw6vPPuuNAg2ctBbyTztO.html|title=Meghalaya ecstatic after being etched in geological history permanently|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719204920/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-ecstatic-after-being-etched-in-geological-history-permanently/story-jmw6vPPuuNAg2ctBbyTztO.html|archive-date=19 July 2018|url-status=live|date=19 July 2018}}</ref> with the late Holocene epoch being called the ''[[Meghalayan]] stage/age'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44868527|title=Welcome to the Meghalayan Age a new phase in history|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718211344/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44868527|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2018|last1=Amos|first1=Jonathan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/newest-phase-in-earths-history-named-after-meghalaya-rock/articleshow/65046837.cms|title=Newest phase in Earth's history named after Meghalaya rock|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 July 2018 |access-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802183333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/newest-phase-in-earths-history-named-after-meghalaya-rock/articleshow/65046837.cms|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> since a [[speleothem]] in [[Caves of Meghalaya#List of twenty longest caves in Meghalaya|Mawmluh cave]] indicating a dramatic [[4.2-kiloyear event|worldwide climate event around 2250 BCE]] had been chosen as the boundary [[stratotype]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/news/formalsubdivisionoftheholoceneseriesgeogr18.pdf |title=Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194916/https://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/news/formalsubdivisionoftheholoceneseriesgeogr18.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

One of the biggest [[List of institutes funded by the government of India|Central Institutes]], the [[North Eastern Council]] Secretariat, is also situated in Shillong.

==Etymology==
The word ''Meghālaya'' means "the abode of clouds"; the name derives from a compound of the [[Sanskrit]] words ''megha'' ("cloud", मेघ) and ''alaya'' ("abode", आलय).<ref name="Etymology">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh Kant |last2=Sharma |first2=Usha |title=Discovery of North-East India |date=2015 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-034-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUozqyA2e90C&q=meghalaya |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111115903/https://books.google.com/books?id=JUozqyA2e90C&q=meghalaya |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=BHARAT DARSHAN - Embassy of India, Luanda |date=2023 |url=https://indembangola.gov.in/pdf/Newsletter/26_July_Bharat_Darshan.pdf |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111115908/https://indembangola.gov.in/pdf/Newsletter/26_July_Bharat_Darshan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Further|Meitei people in Meghalaya#History{{!}}Meghalayan Manipuri history}}
Meghalaya, alongside the neighbouring Indian states, has been of archaeological interest. People have lived in Meghalaya since the [[Neolithic period]]. Neolithic sites discovered so far are located in areas of high elevation in [[Khasi Hills]], [[Garo Hills]] and in neighbouring states, where Neolithic style ''jhum'' or shifting cultivation is practised even today. The highland plateaus fed by abundant rains provided safety from floods and a rich soil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hazarika |first=Manjil |year=2006 |title=Neolithic Culture of Northeast India: A Recent Perspective on the Origins of Pottery and Agriculture |journal=Ancient Asia |volume=1 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.5334/aa.06104 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The importance of Meghalaya is its possible role in human history via domestication of rice. A theory for the origin of rice is by Ian Glover while states, "India is the center of greatest diversity of domesticated rice with over 20,000 identified species and Northeast India is the most favorable single area of the origin of domesticated rice."<ref>Glover, Ian C. (1985), Some Problem Relating to the Domestication of Rice in Asia, In Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory (Misra, VN. and P. Bellwood Eds.), {{ISBN|978-8120400153}}, Oxford Publishing, pp 265-274</ref> The limited archaeology done in the hills of Meghalaya suggest human settlement since ancient times.<ref name=skr>SANKAR KUMAR ROY, Aspects of Neolithic Agriculture and Shifting Cultivation, Garo Hills, Meghalaya, Asian Perspectives, XXIV (2), 1981, pp 193-221</ref>

After the [[Conquest of Taraf]] in 1304, Shah Arifin Rafiuddin, a disciple of [[Shah Jalal]], migrated and settled in the [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills]] where he preached [[Islamic monotheism]] to the local people. His [[khanqah]] remains in Sarping / Laurergarh on the [[Bangladesh]]i border but the part containing his [[mazar (mausoleum)|mazar]] is in Meghalaya on top of Laur Hill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tahirpur.sunamganj.gov.bd/site/page/4e170264-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF|title=Upazila background|website=Tahirpur Upazila|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040714/http://www.tahirpur.sunamganj.gov.bd/site/page/4e170264-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bhaitbari is an archaeological site first discovered and excavated by A. K. Sharma in 1993, a fortification of burnt brick with mud core was discovered at Meghalaya - Assam border and is dated to 4th-8th century AD, the city has been speculated to have been one of the capital cities of [[Kamarupa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Archaeology: Department of Arts and Culture, Government of Meghalaya|url=http://megartsculture.gov.in/arch.htm|access-date=14 August 2021|website=megartsculture.gov.in|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208111332/http://megartsculture.gov.in/arch.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The British discovered ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'' (tea shrub) in 1834 in [[Assam]] and later companies started renting land from 1839 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Tea |url=https://www.indiatea.org/application/event/assam-tea-200.html |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=www.indiatea.org}}</ref>

The Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia tribes had their own kingdoms until they came under British administration in the 19th century. Later, the British incorporated Meghalaya into Assam in 1835.<ref name="akrl" /> The region enjoyed semi-independent status by virtue of a treaty relationship with the British Crown. When Bengal was [[1905 Partition of Bengal|partitioned on 16 October 1905]] by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], Meghalaya became a part of the new province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]. When the partition was reversed in 1912, Meghalaya became a part of the province of Assam. On 3 January 1921 in pursuance of Section 52A of the [[Government of India Act 1919]], the governor-general-in-council declared the areas now in Meghalaya, other than the Khasi states, as "backward tracts." Subsequently, the British administration enacted the [[Government of India Act 1935]], which regrouped the backward tracts into two categories: "excluded" and "partially excluded" areas.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

At the time of Indian independence in 1947, present-day Meghalaya constituted two districts of Assam and enjoyed limited autonomy within the state of Assam. A movement for a separate hill state began in 1960.<ref name="meghis" /> On 11 September 1968, the Government of India announced a scheme for constituting an autonomous state within the state of Assam comprising certain areas specified in Part A of the table appended to paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|title=High Court of Meghalaya: History|url=http://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/history|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120025420/http://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/history|url-status=live}}</ref> Accordingly, the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act of 1969 was enacted for the formation of an autonomous state.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act, 1969|url=http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1969-55_0.pdf|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813135852/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1969-55_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Meghalaya was formed by carving out two districts from the state of Assam: the United [[Khasi Hills]] and [[Jaintia Hills]], and the [[Garo Hills]].<ref name="meghis" /> The name 'Meghalaya' coined by geographer [[Shiba P. Chatterjee|S.P. Chatterjee]] in 1936 was proposed and accepted for the new state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bareh|first=H.M.|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Vol IV|year=2001|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=81-7099-791-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Releases: Lecture on Emerging Challenges in Mapping|url=http://megipr.gov.in/pr/pr.asp?dt=10-10-2007&prno=750/07|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615030056/https://megipr.gov.in/pr/pr.asp?dt=10-10-2007&prno=750/07|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Act came into effect on 2 April 1970, with the autonomous state having a 37-member legislature in accordance with the Sixth Schedule to the Indian constitution.

In 1971, the Parliament passed the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]], which conferred full statehood on the autonomous state of Meghalaya. Meghalaya attained statehood on 21 January 1972, with a [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of its own.<ref name="meghis" />

== Geography ==
[[File:Meghalaya Abode of the Clouds India Nature in Laitmawsiang Landscape.jpg|thumb|left|Laitmawsiang landscape, wrapped in fog. Meghalaya is mountainous, and it is the rainiest state of India. The word Meghalaya means, "abode of the clouds".]]
Meghalaya is one of the [[Seven Sister States]] of northeast India. The state of Meghalaya is mountainous, with stretches of valley and highland plateaus, and it is geologically rich. It consists mainly of [[Archean]] rock formations. These rock formations contain rich deposits of valuable minerals like coal, [[limestone]], [[uranium]] and [[sillimanite]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Meghalaya| work=indiawris.gov.in| url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=meghalaya#:~:text=January%2021st%201972.-,Geography,grassland%2C%20hills%20and%20river%20valley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315074304/https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=meghalaya#:~:text=January%2021st%201972.-,Geography,grassland%2C%20hills%20and%20river%20valley |archive-date=15 March 2023| access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> The name Meghalaya was given by [[Shiba P. Chatterjee]], a geography professor at the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite journal| date=20 March 1937| title=Le plateau de Meghalaya (Garo-Khasi-Jaintia)| url=https://www.nature.com/articles/139489b0| journal=Nature| language=en| volume=139|issue=3516| pages=489| doi=10.1038/139489b0|bibcode=1937Natur.139Q.489.| s2cid=26835789|issn=1476-4687| access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=15 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315074032/https://www.nature.com/articles/139489b0| url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:India Meghalaya relief map.svg|thumb|left|Relief map of Meghalaya]]
Meghalaya has many rivers. Most of these are rainfed and seasonal. The important rivers in the Garo Hills region are Ganol, Daring, Sanda, Bandra, Bugai, Dareng, [[Simsang River|Simsang]], Nitai and the Bhupai. In the central and eastern sections of the plateau, the important rivers are Khri, Umtrew, Digaru, Umiam or Barapani, Kynshi (Jadukata), Umngi, Mawpa, Umiam Khwan, Umngot, Umkhen, Myntdu and Myntang. In the southern Khasi Hills region, these rivers have created deep gorges and several waterfalls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rawan239 |date=24 December 2024 |title=Rivers of Meghalaya |url=https://meghalaya.pscnotes.com/meghalaya-geography/rivers-of-meghalaya/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Meghalaya PCS Free Notes |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Tea Plantation Agriculture in Meghalaya India on the way to Shillong.jpg|thumb|Farming on hilly terrain (tea plantation).]]
The elevation of the plateau ranges between {{convert|150|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1961|m|abbr=on}}. The central part of the plateau comprising the [[Khasi Hills]] has the highest elevations, followed by the eastern section comprising the [[Jaintia Hills]] region. The highest point in Meghalaya is Shillong Peak, which is a prominent [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] station in the Khasi Hills overlooking the city of Shillong. It has an altitude of 1961 m. The [[Garo Hills]] region in the western section of the plateau is nearly plain. The highest point in the Garo Hills is Nokrek Peak with an altitude of 1515 m.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nokrek |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/nokrek |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114003300/https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/nokrek |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=17 December 2025 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
With the average annual rainfall as high as {{convert|12000|mm|abbr=on}} in some areas, Meghalaya is the wettest place on Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/wettest-place-on-earth-india-mawsynram_n_3675254.html|title=The Wettest Place On Earth: Indian Town Of Mawsynram Holds Guinness Record For Highest Average Annual Rainfall|author=Ammu Kannampilly|publisher=Huffington Post|date=31 July 2013|access-date=16 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823215636/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/30/wettest-place-on-earth-india-mawsynram_n_3675254.html|archive-date=23 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The western part of the plateau, comprising the Garo Hills region with lower elevations, experiences high temperatures for most of the year. The Shillong area, with the highest elevations, experiences generally low temperatures. The maximum temperature in this region rarely goes beyond {{convert|28|C|F}},<ref>{{cite web | url=http://megipr.gov.in/basic_facts.htm | title=Basic facts of Meghalaya | access-date=13 January 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120204955/http://megipr.gov.in/basic_facts.htm | archive-date=20 January 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> whereas sub-zero winter temperatures are common.

[[File:Cherrapunji.jpg|thumb|170px|left|A sign board in Cherrapunji]]
The town of [[Cherrapunji]] in the Khasi Hills south of capital Shillong holds the world record for most rain in a calendar month, while the village of [[Mawsynram]], near Cherrapunji, holds the record for the most rain in a year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuttippurath|first1=J|last2=Murasingh|first2=S|last3=Stott|first3=P A|last4=Sarojini|first4=B Balan|last5=Jha|first5=Madan K|last6=Kumar|first6=P|last7=Nair|first7=P J|last8=Varikoden|first8=H|last9=Raj|first9=S|last10=Francis|first10=P A|last11=Pandey|first11=P C|date=22 January 2021|title=Observed rainfall changes in the past century (1901–2019) over the wettest place on Earth|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16|issue=2|page=024018|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abcf78|bibcode=2021ERL....16b4018K|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation]]|access-date=25 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113854/http://wmo.asu.edu/|archive-date=13 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{See also|Meghalaya subtropical forests}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width = 170
| footer = Meghalaya's forests host 660 species of birds<ref name=avibase/> and numerous species of other wildlife. Peacock pheasant (top) and hoolock gibbon (bottom) are found in Meghalaya.<ref>[http://megtourism.gov.in/wildlife.html Wildlife in Meghalaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301163028/http://megtourism.gov.in/wildlife.html |date=1 March 2014 }} Government of Meghalaya</ref>
| image1 =Grey Peacock-Pheasant.jpg
| image2 =Female Hoolock Gibbon.jpg
}}
About 70% of the state is forested, of which {{convert|9496|km2|abbr=on}} is dense primary subtropical forest.<ref name="Meghalaya and Its Forests"/> The Meghalayan forests are considered to be among the richest botanical habitats of Asia. These forests receive abundant rainfall and support a vast variety of floral and faunal biodiversity. A small portion of the forest area in Meghalaya is under what are known as "[[sacred grove]]s" (see [[Sacred groves of India]]). These are small pockets of an ancient forest that have been preserved by the communities for hundreds of years due to religious and cultural beliefs. These forests are reserved for religious rituals and generally remain protected from any exploitation. These sacred groves harbour many rare plant and animal species. The [[Nokrek Biosphere Reserve]] in the West Garo Hills and the [[Balpakram National Park]] in the South Garo Hills are considered to be the most biodiversity-rich sites in Meghalaya.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} In addition, Meghalaya has four wildlife sanctuaries. These are the [[Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary]], the [[Siju Wildlife Sanctuary]], the [[Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary]] and the [[Baghmara Pitcher Plant Wildlife Sanctuary]], which is also the home of the only insect-eating [[pitcher plant]] in India called ''[[Nepenthes khasiana]]'' also called "Me'mang Koksi" in the Garo language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Captivating carnivores: Saving India's only pitcher plant|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/08/captivating-carnivores-saving-indias-only-pitcher-plant/|website=Mongabay-India|date=7 August 2020|access-date=2 December 2025|language=en-US|first=Sandhya|last=Sekar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Protected Areas {{!}} Official website of Meghalaya Biodiversity Board,Government of Meghalaya, India|url=https://megbiodiversity.nic.in/protected-areas|website=megbiodiversity.nic.in|access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref>

Due to diverse climatic and topographic conditions, Meghalaya forests support a vast floral diversity, including a large variety of [[parasite]]s, [[epiphyte]]s, [[succulent plant]]s and [[shrub]]s. Two of the most important tree varieties are ''[[Shorea robusta]]'' (sal tree) and ''[[Tectona grandis]]'' (teak). Meghalaya is also the home to a large variety of fruits, vegetables, spices, and medicinal plants. Meghalaya is also famous for its large variety of orchids — nearly 325 of them. Of these, the largest variety is found in the Mawsmai, Mawmluh and Sohrarim forests in the Khasi hills.

[[File:Nepenthes khasiana.jpg|170px|thumb|left|''[[Nepenthes khasiana]]'']]
Meghalaya also has a large variety of [[mammal]]s, birds, [[reptile]]s and insects.<ref>Choudhury, A. U. (2003) "Meghalaya's vanishing wilderness". ''Sanctuary Asia'' 23(5): 30–35</ref> The important mammal species include elephants, bear, [[red panda]]s,<ref>Choudhury, A. U. (1996) "Red panda in Garo Hills". ''Environ'' IV(I): 21</ref> [[small Indian civet]]s, [[mongooses]], [[weasel]]s, [[rodent]]s, [[gaur]], [[Wild Asian water buffalo|wild buffalo]],<ref>Choudhury, A. U. (2010) ''The Vanishing Herds: the wild water buffalo''. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India</ref> [[deer]], [[wild boar]] and a number of [[primate]]s. Meghalaya also has a large variety of [[bat]]s. The limestone caves in Meghalaya such as the [[Siju Cave]] are home to some of the nation's rarest bat species. The [[hoolock gibbon]] is found in all districts of Meghalaya.<ref>Choudhury, A. U. (2006) "The distribution and status of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland in Northeast India". ''Primate Conservation'' 20: 79–87</ref>

Common reptiles in Meghalaya are [[lizard]]s, [[crocodile]]s and [[tortoise]]s. Meghalaya also has a number of snakes including the [[Pythonidae|python]], [[Radiated ratsnake|copperhead]], green tree racer, [[Indian cobra]], [[king cobra]], [[coral snake]] and [[Viperidae|viper]]s.<ref>Zoological Survey of India, Fauna of Meghalaya: Vertebrates, Part 1 of Fauna of Meghalaya, Issue 4, Government of India (1995)</ref>

Meghalaya's forests host 660 species of birds, many of which are endemic to Himalayan foothills, [[Tibet]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Of the birds found in Meghalaya forests, 34 are on worldwide threatened species list and 9 are on the critically endangered list.<ref name=avibase>[http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=INneml&list=howardmoore Birds of Meghalaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122054357/http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=INneml&list=howardmoore |date=22 January 2015 }} Avibase (2013)</ref> Prominent birds spotted in Meghalaya include those from the families of [[Phasianidae]], Anatidae, Podicipedidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Ardeidae, Pelecanidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Falconidae, Accipitridae, Otididae, Rallidae, Heliornithidae, Gruidae, Turnicidae, Burhinidae, Charadriidae, Glareolidae, Scolopacidae, Jacanidae, Columbidae, Psittacidae, Cuculidae, Strigidae, Caprimulgidae, Apodidae, Alcedinidae, Bucerotidae, Ramphastidae, Picidae, Campephagidae, Dicruridae, Corvidae, Hirundinidae, Cisticolidae, Pycnonotidae, Sylviidae, Timaliidae, Sittidae, Sturnidae, Turdidae, Nectariniidae and Muscicapidae.<ref name=avibase/> Each of these families have many species. The [[great Indian hornbill]] is the largest bird in Meghalaya. Other regional birds found include the grey [[peacock pheasant]], the large Indian parakeet and the common [[green pigeon]].<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (1998) ''Birds of Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary & adjacent areas''. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India. 31pp.</ref> Meghalaya is also home to over 250 species of butterflies, nearly a quarter of all butterfly species found in India.

In 2020, scientists have discovered the largest known subterranean fish in Meghalaya's [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills|Jaintia Hills]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/02/worlds-largest-cave-fish-found-in-india/|title=World's largest cave fish discovered in India|date=12 February 2020|website=Animals|language=en|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329200355/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/02/worlds-largest-cave-fish-found-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Byrnihat has been ranked 38th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2025, The World Air Quality Report 2024 by Swiss air quality technology company IQAir ranked Byrnihat as the most polluted city in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meghalaya's Byrnihat tops global pollution list; Delhi most polluted capital |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/meghalayas-byrnihat-tops-global-pollution-list-delhi-most-polluted-capital/ |work=The Tribune |agency=PTI |date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Byrnihat tops global pollution list; Delhi most polluted capital: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/byrnihat-tops-global-pollution-list-delhi-most-polluted-capital-report-3441107 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=PTI |date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
{{Further|Meghalayan Manipuri people}}
{{Historical population
| 1901 | 340524
| 1911 | 394005
| 1921 | 422404
| 1931 | 480820
| 1941 | 555820
| 1951 | 605674
| 1961 | 769380
| 1971 | 1011699
| 1981 | 1335819
| 1991 | 1774778
| 2001 | 2318822
| 2011 | 2966889
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |title=A - 2 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commission of India |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225050543/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
Tribal people make up the majority of Meghalaya's population. The [[Khasi people|Khasi]]s are the largest group, followed by the [[Garo (tribe)|Garos]] then the [[Pnar people|Jaintias]]. These were among those known to the British as "[[Hill people#South-East Asia|hill tribe]]s." Other groups include the Bengali, [[Hajong people|Hajong]]s, the [[Biate people|Biate]]s, the [[Koch people|Koch]]es and related [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshi]]s, the [[Bodo people|Boro]]s, [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]], Lakhar, [[Tiwa (Lalung)]], [[Karbi people|Karbi]], [[Rabha]] and [[People of Nepal|Nepali]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Meghalaya recorded the highest decennial population growth of 27.82% among all the seven north-eastern states, as per the provisional report of census 2011. The population of Meghalaya as of 2011 has been estimated at 2,964,007 of which females constitute 1,492,668 and males 1,471,339. As per the census of India 2011, the [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] in the state was 986 females per 1,000 males which was far higher than the national average of 940. The urban female sex ratio of 985 was higher than the rural sex ratio of 972.<ref name="census2011.co.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |title=List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214170814/http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |archive-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2019}}
{{See also|Christianity in Meghalaya|Hinduism in Meghalaya|Niamtre}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Meghalaya (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|color1 = Dodgerblue
|value1 = 74.59
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|color2 = orange
|value2 = 11.52
|label3= [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal religions]]
|color3 = lightgreen
|value3 = 8.70
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|color4 = Green
|value4 = 4.39
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|color5 = Gold
|value5 = 0.33
|label6 = [[Jainism]]
|color6 = magenta
|value6 = 0.02
|label7 = [[Sikhism]]
|color7 = Yellow
|value7 = 0.10
|label8 = Others
|color8 = Gray
|value8 = 0.35
}}

Meghalaya is one of three states in India to have a Christian majority. About 75% of the population practices Christianity, with [[Catholicism|Catholics]], [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]], [[Baptist]]s, and [[Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)|Church of God]] the more common denominations.<ref name="census2011"/> The religion of the people in Meghalaya is closely related to their ethnicity. Close to 90% of the [[Garo people|Garo]] and nearly 80% of the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] are Christian, while more than 97% of the [[Hajong people|Hajong]], 98.53% of the [[Koch people|Koch]], and 94.60% of the [[Rabha people|Rabha tribes]] are Hindus. A minority of Garo and Khasi are also Hindus mainly because of the influence of Hindu populations in Hindu majority villages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxx-st.html?m=1 | title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXX ST Meghalaya | access-date=27 January 2023 | archive-date=25 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025174848/https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxx-st.html?m=1 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Christianity among the Scheduled Tribes of the Northeast: Meghalaya |url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxx-st.html |website=Centre for Policy Studies |access-date=20 September 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921155751/http://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxx-st.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hindus are the largest religious minority in Meghalaya with 11.52% of the total state's population as of 2011 census<ref name="census2011"/> Hindus are concentrated mainly in [[West Garo Hills]], [[East Khasi Hills]] and [[Ri-Bhoi]] with 19.11 per cent, 17.55 per cent and 11.96 per cent respectively. The [[Nartiang Durga Temple]] is a major Hindu temple in Meghalaya and it is one of the 51 [[Shakta pithas]] on Earth.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Manosh|date=15 October 2010|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lofty-Himalayas-notwithstanding-the-tribal-people-of-Nartiang-in-the-Jaintia-Hills-of-Meghalaya-truly-believe-that-their-scenic-little-hamlet-is-the-permanent-abode-of-Goddess-Durga-Perched-atop-a-hillock-is-the-more-than-600-year-old-and-ancient-Durgabari-a-simple-house-made-of-stones-and-wood-complete-with-tin-roofing-Revered-as-one-of-the-51-Shakti-Peethas-the-temple-has-been-drawing-a-large-number-of-pilgrims-from-all-over-the-country-on-occasion-of-Durga-Puja-/articleshow/6754889.cms|title=Lofty Himalayas notwithstanding, the tribal people of Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya truly believe that their scenic little hamlet is the "permanent abode" of Goddess Durga. Perched atop a hillock is the more than 600-year old and ancient Durgabari - a simple house made of stones and wood complete with tin roofing. Revered as one of the 51 Shakta pithas, the temple has been drawing a large number of pilgrims from all over the country on occasion of Durga Puja. - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228134358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lofty-Himalayas-notwithstanding-the-tribal-people-of-Nartiang-in-the-Jaintia-Hills-of-Meghalaya-truly-believe-that-their-scenic-little-hamlet-is-the-permanent-abode-of-Goddess-Durga-Perched-atop-a-hillock-is-the-more-than-600-year-old-and-ancient-Durgabari-a-simple-house-made-of-stones-and-wood-complete-with-tin-roofing-Revered-as-one-of-the-51-Shakti-Peethas-the-temple-has-been-drawing-a-large-number-of-pilgrims-from-all-over-the-country-on-occasion-of-Durga-Puja-/articleshow/6754889.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Indigenous Faiths is followed by 8.7% of population. The indigenous faiths of Meghalaya are [[Niamtre]], followed by Jaintia people,<ref>[1] Singh, K. (2010). "Niamtre: The Indigenous Religion of Meghalaya." *Journal of Tribal Studies*, 5(2), 45-56.</ref> ''Niam Khasi'' and ''Niam Tynrai'', followed by Khasi tribe and [[Songsarek religion|Songsarek]] followed by the Garo people.<ref>[2] Syiem, D. (2015). "Understanding Khasi Indigenous Religion." *Meghalaya Research Journal*, 8(1), 27-39.</ref><ref>[3] Kharshiing, L. (2012). "Niam Tynrai and Its Cultural Significance." *Cultural Studies in Meghalaya*, 10(4), 101-110.</ref>

[[Muslims]] constitute 4.39% of the population<ref name="census2011"/> and are concentrated mainly in [[West Garo Hills]], where they make up 16.60% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/hindu-population-comes-down-in-meghalaya/ |title=Hindu population comes down in Meghalaya - TNT-The NorthEast Today |website=thenortheasttoday.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831091207/https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/hindu-population-comes-down-in-meghalaya/ |archive-date=31 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Conversion from indigenous to Christianity began in the 19th century during the [[British Raj|British colonial]] era. In the 1830s, [[American Baptist International Ministries|American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society]] had become active in Northeast India to convert indigenous tribes to Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=R. E. |year=2010 |title=A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521877817}}</ref> Later, they were offered to expand and reach into Cherrapunji Meghalaya, but they declined out of the lack of resources. Taking up the offer, the Welsh Presbyterian Mission began work at the Cherrapunji mission field. By the early 1900s, other Protestant denominations of Christianity were active in Meghalaya. The outbreak of World Wars forced the preachers to return home to Europe and America. It is during this period that [[Catholicism]] took root in Meghalaya and neighbouring regions. In the 20th century, Union Christian College started operations at Umiam, Shillong. Currently, Presbyterians and Catholics are two most common Christian denominations found in Meghalaya.<ref>Amrit Kumar Goldsmith, ''The Christians In The North East India: A Historical Perspective'', Regional Organizer of Churches' Auxiliary of Social Action, Regional Headquarters at Mission Compound, Satribari, Guwahati</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Further|Manipuri language in Meghalaya}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Meghalaya in 2011
<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=C-16: Population by Mother Tongue|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|last=ORGI|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| value1 = 33.82
| color1 = darkblue
| label2 = [[Garo language|Garo]]
| value2 = 31.60
| color2 = limegreen
| label3 = [[Pnar language|Pnar]]
| value3 = 10.69
| color3 = teal
| label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value4 = 6.44
| color4 = gold
| label5 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value5 = 1.85
| color5 = maroon
| label6 = [[War language|War]]
| value6 = 1.73
| color6 = deepskyblue
| label7 = [[Hindi]]
| value7 = 1.62
| color7 = orange
| label8 = [[Hajong language|Hajong]]
| value8 = 1.40
| color8 = khaki
| label9 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| value9 = 1.34
| color9 = salmon
| label10 = Others
| value10 = 9.51
| color10 = Gray
}}

English is the official language of the state.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://megtourism.gov.in/aboutmeghalaya.html | title = Department of Tourism Government of Meghalaya -About Meghalaya | publisher = Megtourism.gov.in | date = 21 January 1972 | access-date = 18 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090515025823/http://megtourism.gov.in/aboutmeghalaya.html | archive-date = 15 May 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The most spoken languages in Meghalaya are [[Khasi language|Khasi]] (33.82%) and [[Garo language|Garo]] (31.60%) followed by [[Pnar language|Pnar]] (10.69%), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (6.44%), [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (1.85%), [[War language|War]] (1.73%), [[Hindi]] (1.62%), [[Hajong language|Hajong]] (1.40%) and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (1.34%).<ref name="Census2011"/>

Khasi (also spelled Khasia, Khassee, Cossyah, and Kyi) is a branch of the [[Mon–Khmer]] family of the [[Austroasiatic]] stock and according to 2001 census, Khasi is spoken by about 1,128,575 people residing in Meghalaya. Many words in the Khasi language have been borrowed from [[Indo-Aryan languages]] such as [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]. Moreover, the Khasi language originally had no script of its own. The Khasi language is one of the very few surviving [[Mon–Khmer languages]] in India today.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

The [[Garo language]] has a close affinity with the [[Bodo language]]s, a small family of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. Garo, spoken by the majority of the population, is spoken in many dialects such as Abeng or Ambeng,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.westgarohills.gov.in/people.htm | title = The People | publisher = Westgarohills.gov.in | access-date = 18 July 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100528205013/http://westgarohills.gov.in/people.htm | archive-date = 28 May 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Atong, Akawe (or Awe), Matchi Dual, Chibok, Chisak Megam or Lyngngam, Ruga, Gara-Ganching and Matabeng.

[[Pnar language|Pnar]] is spoken by many people of [[Jaintia Hills district|both the West and East Jaintia Hills]]. The language is related to the Khasi language. Apart from the main languages, various local dialect are being spoken by the War Jaintia (West Jaintia Hills), Maram and Lynngam (West Khasi Hills), War Pynursla (East Khasi Hills), [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwa language]] by Tiwa peoples of Ri-Bhoi district. Another example is the [[Biate language]] spoken by many people inhabiting the south-eastern part of Meghalaya bordering Assam.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

[[Indo-Aryan languages]] like [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Hindi]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] are spoken by many people residing mostly in the [[East Khasi Hills district]] and the [[West Garo Hills district]].<ref name="Census2011"/>

English is spoken as a common language across the diverse ethnic and demographic groups. In urban centres most of the people can speak English; rural residents vary in their ability.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== Districts ==
{{Main|List of districts of Meghalaya}}

[[File:Aerial view of Shillong Meghalaya India.jpg|230px|thumb|An aerial view of the state capital, Shillong.]]
Meghalaya currently has 12 districts.<ref>[http://meghalaya.gov.in:8080/megportal/district_details Districts of Meghalaya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607034735/http://meghalaya.gov.in:8080/megportal/district_details |date=7 June 2014 }} Government of Meghalaya</ref>

'''Jaintia Hills Division:'''
* [[West Jaintia Hills district|West Jaintia Hills]] ([[Jowai]])
* [[East Jaintia Hills district|East Jaintia Hills]] ([[Khliehriat]])

'''Khasi Hills Division:'''
* [[East Khasi Hills]] ([[Shillong]])
* [[West Khasi Hills]] ([[Nongstoin]])
* [[South West Khasi Hills]] ([[Mawkyrwat]])
* [[Ri-Bhoi]] ([[Nongpoh]])
* [[Eastern West Khasi Hills]] ([[Mairang]])

'''Garo Hills Division:'''
* [[North Garo Hills]] ([[Resubelpara]])
* [[East Garo Hills]] ([[Williamnagar]])
* [[South Garo Hills]] ([[Baghmara, India|Baghmara]])
* [[West Garo Hills]] ([[Tura, India|Tura]])
* [[South West Garo Hills]] ([[Ampati]])

The '''Jaintia Hills''' district was created on 22 February 1972. It has a total geographical area of {{convert|3819|km2}} and a population of 295,692 as per the 2001 census. The district headquarters is in [[Jowai]]. [[Jaintia Hills]] district is the largest producer of coal in the state. Coal mines can be seen all over the district. [[Limestone]] production in the state is increasing, as there is high demand from cement industries.
Recently, the one big district was divided into two: West Jaintia Hills and East Jaintia Hills

The '''East Khasi Hills''' district was carved out of the Khasi Hills on 28 October 1976. The district has covered an area of {{convert|2748|km2}} and has a population of 660,923 as per the 2001 census. The headquarters of East Khasi Hills is located in Shillong.

The '''Ri-Bhoi''' district was formed by the further division of East Khasi Hills district on 4 June 1992. It has an area of {{convert|2448|km2}}. The total population of the district was 192,795 in the 2001 census. The district headquarters is at [[Nongpoh]]. It has a hilly terrain, and a large part of the area is covered with forests. The Ri-Bhoi district is known for its pineapples and is the largest producer of pineapples in the state.

The '''West Khasi Hills''' district is the largest district in the state with a geographical area of {{convert|5247|km2}}. The district was carved out of Khasi Hills District on 28 October 1976. The district headquarters are located at [[Nongstoin]].

The '''East Garo Hills''' district was formed in 1976 and has a population of 247,555 as per the 2001 census. It covers an area of {{convert|2603|km2}}. The District Headquarters are at [[Williamnagar]], earlier known as Simsangiri. [[Nongalbibra]], a town in this district, has many coal mines. The coal is transported to [[Goalpara]] and [[Jogighopa]] via [[National Highway 62 (India, old numbering)|NH62]].

The '''West Garo Hills''' district lies in the western part of the state and covers a geographical area of {{convert|3714|km2}}. The population of the district is 515,813 as per the 2001 census. The district headquarters are located at [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]].

The '''South Garo Hills''' district came into existence on 18 June 1992 after the division of the West Garo Hills district. The total geographical area of the district is {{convert|1850|km2}}. As per the 2001 census the district has a population of 99,100. The district headquarters are at [[Baghmara, India|Baghmara]].

In 2012, there were 11 districts, 16 towns and an estimated 6,026 villages in Meghalaya.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in:8443/megportal/department/38 |title=Meghalaya State Portal |publisher=Meghalaya.gov.in:8443 |date=31 March 2011 |access-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218171849/https://meghalaya.gov.in:8443/megportal/department/38 |archive-date=18 December 2012 }}</ref> A 12th district, Eastern West Khasi Hills, was created in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rashir |first=Princess Giri |date=10 November 2021 |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/meghalaya/2021/11/10/meghalaya-mairang-civil-sub-division-announced-as-eastern-west-khasi-hills-district/ |title=Meghalaya Mairang Civil Sub-Division announced as Eastern West Khasi Hills District |newspaper=EastMojo |accessdate=28 December 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229061252/https://www.eastmojo.com/meghalaya/2021/11/10/meghalaya-mairang-civil-sub-division-announced-as-eastern-west-khasi-hills-district/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The table below shows the [[human development index]] of various districts of Meghalaya, as of 2021.<ref name="OGD">{{cite web |title=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India - Meghalaya |url=https://data.gov.in/resource/district-wise-human-development-index-hdi-ranking-meghalaya-reply-unstarred-question-25 |website=data.gov.in |access-date=12 August 2023 |language=en |date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812082937/https://data.gov.in/resource/district-wise-human-development-index-hdi-ranking-meghalaya-reply-unstarred-question-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Human development index (HDI) of various districts of Meghalaya, as of 2021<ref name="OGD"/>
!Rank!!District!!HDI score
|-
|1||East Khasi Hills||0.676
|-
|2||West Garo Hills||0.571
|-
|3||Ri Bhoi||0.496
|-
|4||South Garo Hills||0.484
|-
|5||Jaintia Hills||0.469
|-
|6||West Khasi Hills||0.405
|-
|7||East Garo Hills||0.396
|-
| ||Meghalaya||0.550
|}

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Meghalaya}}

[[File:Indian Institute of Management, main gate, Shillong.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Indian Institute of Management, Shillong]] Campus]]
Meghalaya schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is only in English. Other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] like Assamese, Bengali, Garo, Hindi, Khasi, Mizo, Nepali and Urdu are taught as optional subjects. The secondary schools are affiliated with the council for the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)]], the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE), the [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Institute of Open School (NIOS)]] or the [[Meghalaya Board of School Education]].

Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the [[Meghalaya Board of School Education]] or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams: liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

=== Colleges ===
[[File:NEHU campus, Mawlai, Shillong.jpg|thumb|[[North-Eastern Hill University]] Campus, Mawlai, Shillong]]


{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Acheng Rangmanpa College]], Mahendraganj
* [[Don Bosco College, Tura]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management, Shillong]]
* [[Kiang Nangbah Government College]], [[Jowai]]
* [[Lady Keane College]], Shillong
* [[National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya]],
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]],
* [[Northeast Adventist College]], Thadlaskien
* [[North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences]]
* [[North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy]]
* [[Nongtalang College]], [[Nongtalang]]
* [[Nongstoin College]], [[Nongstoin]]
* [[Raid Laban College]], Shillong
* [[Regional Institute of Science and Technology]]
* [[Ri-Bhoi College]], [[Nongpoh]]
* [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong]]
* [[Sankardev College]], Shillong
* [[Seng Khasi College]], Shillong
* [[Shillong College]], Shillong
* [[Shillong Commerce College]], Shillong
* [[Shillong Law College]], Shillong
* [[Sohra Government College]], [[Cherrapunji]]
* [[Synod College]], Shillong
* [[Tikrikilla College]], Tikrikilla W.Garo Hills
* [[Tura Government College]], [[Tura, India|Tura]]
* [[Tura Law College]], Tura
* [[Union Christian College, Meghalaya]]
* [[Women's College, Shillong]]
{{div col end}}

===Universities===


{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[The English and Foreign Languages University]], Shillong Campus<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eflushc.ac.in/ | title=The English & Foreign Languages University, Shillong Campus – Shillong Campus | access-date=3 May 2019 | archive-date=3 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503043706/https://eflushc.ac.in/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Martin Luther Christian University]], Meghalaya
* [[North Eastern Hill University]] ([[North Eastern Hill University|NEHU]]), [[Shillong]]
* [[University of Technology and Management]], Meghalaya
* [[University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya]] ([[University of Science and Technology Meghalaya|USTM]]), Meghalaya
* [[William Carey University, Meghalaya]], Shillong
* [[CMJ University]], [[Jorabat]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya]]
{{div col end}}

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya Legislative Assembly}}

Meghalaya's Governor is [[C. H. Vijayashankar]] since July 2024.<ref name="Governor_2024">{{cite news |title=C.H. Vijayashankar appointed Meghalaya Governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ch-vijayashankar-appointed-meghalaya-governor/article68456452.ece |work=The Hindu |date=28 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>

=== State government ===
The [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] has 60 members at present. Meghalaya has two representatives in the [[Lok Sabha]], one each from Shillong and Tura. It also has one representative in the [[Rajya Sabha]].

Since the creation of the state the [[Gauhati High Court]] has jurisdiction in Meghalaya. A Circuit Bench of the Guwahati High Court has been functioning at Shillong since 1974. In March 2013, the [[Meghalaya High Court]] was separated from the Gauhati High Court and now the state has its own High Court.

=== Local self-government ===
[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|thumb|Autonomous District Councils in Northeast India]]
To provide local self-governance machinery to the rural population of the country, provisions were made in the [[Constitution of India]]; accordingly, the [[Panchayati Raj]] institutions were set up. Because of distinct customs and traditions prevalent in the northeast region, it was felt necessary to have a separate political and administrative structure in the region.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Some of the tribal communities in the region had their own traditional political systems, and it was felt that Panchayati Raj institutions may come into conflict with these traditional systems. The Sixth Schedule was appended to the Constitution on the recommendations of a subcommittee formed under the leadership of [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], and the constitution of [[Autonomous regions of India|Autonomous District Councils]] is provided in certain rural areas of the northeast including areas in Meghalaya.
The ADCs in Meghalaya are the following:
* [[Garo Hills Autonomous District Council]]
* [[Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council]]
* [[Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council]]

== Economy ==
Meghalaya is predominantly an [[agrarian economy]]. Agriculture and allied activities engage nearly two-thirds of the total workforce in Meghalaya. This sector's contribution to the state's NSDP is about one-third. Agriculture in the state is characterised by low productivity and unsustainable farm practices. Despite the large percentage of the population engaged in agriculture, the state imports food from other Indian states.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Infrastructural constraints have also prevented the economy of the state from creating high-income jobs at a pace commensurate with that of the rest of India.

Meghalaya's gross state domestic product for 2012 was estimated at {{INRConvert|16173|c}} in current prices.<ref name=pcindia>[http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/finres/fr_2013_14/fr_meghalaya1314.pdf Meghalaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716065506/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/finres/fr_2013_14/fr_meghalaya1314.pdf |date=16 July 2014 }} Planning Commission, Govt of India (May 2014)</ref> As of 2012, according to the [[Reserve Bank of India]], about 12% of total state population is below the poverty line, with 12.5% of the rural Meghalaya population is below the poverty line; while in urban areas, 9.3% are below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |title=See 3rd table set for 2012 in Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line |publisher=Reserve Bank of India, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102043/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Tea Plantation Agriculture in Meghalaya India on the way to Shillong.jpg|thumb|Tea Plantation in Meghalaya, on the way to Shillong]]
Meghalaya is basically an agricultural state with about 80% of its population depending entirely on agriculture for their livelihood. Nearly 10% of the geographical area of Meghalaya is under cultivation. Agriculture in the state is characterised by limited use of modern techniques, low yields, and low productivity. As a result, despite the vast majority of the population being engaged in agriculture, the contribution of agricultural production to the state's GDP is low, and most of the population engaged in agriculture remain poor. A portion of the cultivated area is under the traditional [[shifting cultivation|shifting agriculture]] known locally as {{transliteration|INC|[[jhum]]}}.

Meghalaya produced 230,000 tonnes of food grains in 2001. Rice is the dominant food grain crop accounting for over 80% of the food grain production in the state. Other important food grain crops are maize, wheat, and a few other cereals and pulses. Besides these, potato, [[ginger]], [[turmeric]], [[black pepper]], [[areca nut]], [[Bay leaf]] ([[Cinnamomum tamala]]), betel, short-staple cotton, [[jute]], [[mesta]], [[mustard plant|mustard]] and [[rapeseed]] etc. are some of the important cash crops. Besides the major food crops of rice and maize, the state is renowned for its horticultural crops like orange, lemon, pineapple, guava, litchi, banana, jack fruits and fruits such as plum, pear, and peach.<ref name="Horticulture Crops">[http://megagriculture.gov.in/PUBLIC/crops/horticulture_crops.aspx Horticulture Crops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119223536/http://megagriculture.gov.in/PUBLIC/crops/horticulture_crops.aspx |date=19 November 2014 }} Department of Agriculture, Govt of Meghalaya (2009)</ref>

[[File:Agriculture in Kukon Meghalaya India.jpg|thumb|Agriculture in Kukon, Meghalaya]]
Grains and staples production covers about 60% of the land area dedicated to crops. With the introduction of different crops of high yielding varieties in the mid-1970s, a remarkable increase in food grain production has been made. A major breakthrough was achieved when high yielding varieties of paddy<ref>[http://megagriculture.gov.in/PUBLIC/crops/rice.aspx Rice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221115007/http://megagriculture.gov.in/public/crops/rice.aspx |date=21 December 2016 }} Department of Agriculture, Govt of Meghalaya (2009)</ref> such as Masuri, Pankaj IR 8, RCPL and other improved varieties series – especially IR 36 which is suitable for Rabi season – allowing three crops to be grown every year. Another milestone was reached when Megha I and Megha II, which are cold tolerant rice varieties developed by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] North East Region at Umroi near Shillong, was released in 1991–92 for the higher altitude regions where there was no high yielding rice varieties earlier. Today the state can claim that about 42% area under paddy has been covered with high yielding varieties with the average productivity of {{convert|2300|kg/ha|abbr=on}}. As is the case with maize and wheat where the productivity has increased tremendously with the introduction of HYV from {{convert|534|kg/ha|abbr=on}} during 1971–72 to {{convert|1218|kg/ha|abbr=on}} of maize and from {{convert|611|kg/ha|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1490|kg/ha|abbr=on}} of wheat.<ref>[http://megagriculture.gov.in/PUBLIC/crops/food_grains.aspx Food grains] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301011048/http://megagriculture.gov.in/PUBLIC/crops/food_grains.aspx |date=1 March 2014 }} Department of Agriculture, Govt of Meghalaya (2009)</ref>

Oilseeds such as rapeseed, mustard, linseed, soybean, castor, and sesame are grown on nearly {{convert|100|km2|abbr=on}}. Rape and mustard are the most important oilseeds<ref>[http://megagriculture.gov.in/PUBLIC/crops/oil_seeds.aspx Oil Seeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010052401/http://megagriculture.gov.in/PUBLIC/crops/oil_seeds.aspx |date=10 October 2013 }} Department of Agriculture, Govt of Meghalaya (2009)</ref> accounting for well over two-thirds of the oilseed production of nearly 6.5 thousand tonnes. Fiber crops such as cotton, jute, and ''mesta'' are among the only cash crops in Meghalaya, grown in Garo Hills.<ref>[http://megagriculture.gov.in/PUBLIC/crops/fibre_crops.aspx Fibre Crops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009002901/http://megagriculture.gov.in/PUBLIC/crops/fibre_crops.aspx |date=9 October 2013 }} Department of Agriculture, Govt of Meghalaya (2009)</ref> These have been losing popularity in recent years as indicated by their declining yield and area under cultivation.

Climatic conditions in Meghalaya permit a large variety of horticulture crops including fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, mushrooms, and medicinal plants.<ref name="Horticulture Crops"/> These are considered to be higher value crops, but home food security concerns have prevented farmers at large from embracing them. The important fruits grown include citrus fruits, pineapples, papayas, and bananas. In addition to this, a large variety of vegetables are grown in the state, including cauliflower, cabbages, and radishes.

Areca nut plantations can be seen all over the state, especially around the road from [[Guwahati]] to [[Shillong]]. Other plantation crops like tea, coffee and [[cashews]] have been introduced lately and are becoming common. A large variety of spices, flowers, [[medicinal plants]] and [[mushrooms]] are grown in the state.

===Industry===
[[File:Cement Plant MCL.jpg|thumb|View of MCL Cement plant, Thangskai, P.O. Lumshnong, Jaintia Hills]]
Meghalaya has a rich base of [[natural resource]]s. These include minerals such as coal, [[limestone]], [[sillimanite]], [[Kaolin]] and [[granite]] among others. Meghalaya has a large forest cover, rich biodiversity, and numerous water bodies. The low level of industrialisation and the relatively poor infrastructure base acts as an impediment to the exploitation of these natural resources in the interest of the state's economy. In recent years two large cement manufacturing plants with production capacity more than 900 MTD have come up in Jaintia Hills district and several more are in pipeline to use the rich deposit of very high-quality limestone available in this district.

===Electricity infrastructure===
[[File:Mawphlang Dam Reservoir Meghalaya India.jpg|thumb|Meghalaya has abundant but undeveloped hydroelectric resources. Above is Mawphlang hydroelectric dam reservoir.]]
Meghalaya, with its high mountains, deep gorges, and abundant rains has a large, unused hydroelectric potential. The assessed generation capacity exceeds 3000 MW. The current installed capacity in the state is 185 MW, but the state itself consumes 610 MW. In other words, it imports electricity.<ref>[http://meecl.nic.in/demand.htm Demand for power in Meghalaya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713120902/http://meecl.nic.in/demand.htm |date=13 July 2014 }} Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited</ref> The economic growth of the state suggests rising demand for electricity. The state has the potential to export net hydroelectric-generated electricity and earn income for its internal development plans. The state also has large deposits of coal, thus being a candidate for thermal power plants.

Several projects are under works. The proposed Garo Hills thermal project at Nangalbibra is expected to generate an additional 751 MW of power. There is a proposal for setting up a 250 MW thermal power plant in West Khasi Hills. The State Government aims to increase its power generation output by about 2000-2500 MW, of which 700-980 MW will be thermal based while 1400-1520 MW will be hydroelectricity. The State Government has outlined a cost-shared public-private partnership model to accelerate private sector investments in its power sector.<ref>[http://megplanning.gov.in/MSDR/infastructural_development.pdf State Planning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001713/http://megplanning.gov.in/MSDR/infastructural_development.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} Govt of Meghalaya, pp 129-130</ref> The generation transmission, transformation and distribution of electricity is entrusted to the Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited which was constituted under the Electricity Supply Act, 1948. At present, there are five hydel power stations and one mini hydel including Umiam Hydel Project, Umtrew Hydel Project, Myntdu-Leshka-I Hydel Project, and the Sunapani Micro Hydel (SESU) Project.

For the 12th five-year plan of India, there is a proposal to set up more hydel power projects in the state: Kynshi (450 MW), Umngi −1 (54 MW), Umiam-Umtru -V (36 MW), Ganol (25 MW), Mawphu (120 MW), Nongkolait (120 MW), Nongnaw (50 MW), Rangmaw (65 MW), Umngot (260 MW), Umduna (57 MW), Myntdu-Leshka-II (60 MW), Selim (170 MW) and Mawblei (140 MW).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in |title=Central Electricity Authority |website=Cea.nic.in |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309115717/http://cea.nic.in/ |archive-date=9 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Of these, Jaypee Group has committed itself to building the Kynshi and Umngot projects in Khasi hills.<ref>[http://www.jalindia.com/hydropower.htm Hydro Power] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408042645/http://jalindia.com/hydropower.htm |date=8 April 2014 }} Jaypee Group (2010)</ref>

===Education infrastructure===
[[File:St edmunds school.jpg|thumb|St. Edmund's School, Shillong]]
{{Main|Education in Meghalaya}}

Meghalaya had a literacy rate of 62.56 as per the 2001 census and is the 27th most literate state in India. This increased to 75.5 in 2011. As of 2006, the state had 5851 primary schools, 1759 middle schools, and 655 higher secondary schools respectively. In 2008, 518,000 students were enrolled in its primary schools, and 232,000 in upper primary schools. The state monitors its school for quality, access, infrastructure and teachers training.<ref>[http://megplanning.gov.in/MSDR/infastructural_development.pdf State Planning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001713/http://megplanning.gov.in/MSDR/infastructural_development.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} Govt of Meghalaya, pp 154-155 (2010)</ref>

Institution for higher studies like [[Indian Institute of Management Shillong|Indian Institute of Management]], the [[University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya|University of Technology and Management]] (USTM) which is in Shillong is the first Indian university to introduce [[cloud computing]] engineering as a field of study, in collaboration with IBM and the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies. IIM Shillong is one of the top ranked management institutes in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2017/04/06/iim-shillong-ranked-21st-among-management-institutes/|title=IIM Shillong Ranked 21st Among Management Institutes|date=6 April 2017|work=The Shillong Times|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801064407/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2017/04/06/iim-shillong-ranked-21st-among-management-institutes/|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Health infrastructure===
The state has 13 state government dispensaries, 22 community health centres, 93 primary health centres, 408 sub-centres. There were 378 doctors, 81 pharmacists, 337 staff nurses and 77 lab technicians as of 2012. A special program has been launched by the state government for the treatment of [[tuberculosis]], [[leprosy]], cancer and [[mental disorder|mental diseases]]. Though there has been a steady decline in the death rate, improvement in life expectancy and an increase in health infrastructure, about 42.3% of the state's population is still uncovered by health care, according to the status paper prepared by the Health Department. There are numerous hospitals being set up, both private and government, some of them are Civil Hospital, Ganesh Das Hospital, K.J.P. Synod Hospital, [[NEIGRIHMS]], North Eastern Institute of [[Ayurveda]] & [[Homoeopathy]] (NEIAH), R P Chest Hospital, Wood Land Hospital, Nazareth Hospital, Christian Hospital etc.

== Urban areas ==
* '''Municipalities:''' [[Shillong]], [[Tura, India|Tura]], [[Jowai]]
* '''Municipal boards:''' [[Williamnagar]], [[Resubelpara]], [[Baghmara, India|Baghmara]]
* '''Cantonment board:''' [[Shillong Cantonment]] (Umroi)
* '''Town committees:''' [[Nongstoin]], [[Nongpoh]], [[Mairang]]
* '''Census towns:''' [[Mawlai]], [[Madanrting]], [[Nongthymmai]], [[Nongmynsong]], [[Pynthorumkhrah]], [[Cherrapunji]], Pynursla
* '''Minor towns:''' [[Khliehriat]], [[Mawkyrwat]], [[Ampati]]
* '''Areas under Shillong Urban Agglomeration:''' [[Shillong]], [[Shillong Cantonment]]/Umroi, [[Mawlai]], [[Madanrting]], [[Nongthymmai]], [[Nongmynsong]], [[Pynthorumkhrah]]

=== New proposal for urban areas ===
* '''Municipal corporations: ''' [[Shillong]] (including [[Shillong Cantonment]]/Umroi, [[Mawlai]], [[Madanrting]], [[Nongthymmai]], [[Nongmynsong]], [[Pynthorumkhrah]])
* '''Municipalities: ''' [[Tura, India|Tura]], [[Jowai]], [[Williamnagar]]
* '''Municipal boards: ''' [[Resubelpara]], [[Baghmara, India|Baghmara]], [[Nongstoin]], [[Nongpoh]], [[Mairang]], [[Khliehriat]], [[Mawkyrwat]], [[Ampati]], [[Cherrapunji]]
* '''Town committees: ''' Pynursla

== Culture and society ==
The main tribes in Meghalaya are the [[Khasi people|Khasi]]s, the [[Garo (tribe)|Garos]], and the [[Synteng|Jaintias]]. Each tribe has its own culture, traditions, dress and language.

===Social institutions===
[[File:GARO TRADITIONAL DRESS-9.jpg|thumb|[[Garo people|Garo]] Couple in traditional dress.]]
{{see also|Matrilineal society of Meghalaya}}
The majority of the population and the major tribal groups in Meghalaya follow a [[matrilineal]] system where lineage and inheritance are traced through women. The youngest daughter inherits all the property and she is the caretaker of aged parents and any unmarried siblings.<ref name=akrl/> In some cases, such as when there is no daughter in the family or other reasons, the parents may nominate another girl such as a daughter in law as the heir of the house and all other property they may own.

The Khasi and Jaintia tribesmen follow the traditional matrilineal norm, wherein the ''Khun Khatduh'' (or the youngest daughter) inherits all the property and responsibilities for the family. The male line, particularly the mother's brother, may indirectly control the ancestral property since he may be involved in important decisions relating to property including its sale and disposal. In case a family has no daughters, the Khasi and Jaintia (also called Syntengs) have the custom of ''ia rap iing'', where the family adopts a girl from another family, perform religious ceremonies with the community, and she then becomes ''ka trai iing'' (head of the house).<ref>Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon (1914), {{Google books|Jys1AQAAIAAJ|The Khasis}}, McMillan & Co., 2nd Edition, pp 85-87</ref>

In the Garo lineage system, the youngest daughter inherits the family property by default, unless another daughter is so named by the parents. She then becomes designated as ''nokna'' meaning 'for the house or home'. If there are no daughters, a chosen daughter-in-law (''bohari'') or an adopted child (''deragata'') comes to stay in the house and inherit the property. This adopted girl child is then the head of the house.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Meghalaya has one of the world's last surviving matrilineal cultures.

=== Civil society ===
Meghalaya's [[civil society]] considers the people of the state as a collective community that exists through [[civil society organisation]]s (CSOs), and serves the general interests of the public.<ref name=":1">Gupta, Susmita Sen (2018), Ethnicity and Development – A Civil Society Perspective from North-East India. In: Journal of Social and Political Sciences, Vol.1, No.2, 297-305. DOI: 10.31014/aior.1991.01.02.20</ref> These organisations include a wide spectrum of [[Non-governmental organization|non-government organisations (NGOs)]], other community associations, and foundations. The current status of Meghalaya's civil society and the effectiveness of the many programs is debated by scholars.

There are currently over 181 NGOs within Meghalaya that vary from charities to volunteer services and social empowerment groups.<ref>"List of NGOs in Meghalaya" ''www.giveindia.org''. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</ref><ref name=":2">"NGO Darpan". ''ngodarpan.gov.in''. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</ref> Most civil society organisations are also ethnically affiliated as the interests of different groups are championed between each organisation . This in turn causes them to become representatives of ethnic communities around the state since the same individuals from such communities also participate in corresponding organisations that protect their ethnic interests. Three student organisations that represent the major ethnic groups of Meghalaya: [[Seng Khasi Movement|Khasi Students' Union]] (KSU), Jantia Students' Union (JSU), and Garo Students' Union (GSU) embody this example into their overall functions as CSOs by applying pressure to local government in order to ensure that certain rights are being met.<ref name=":1" />

There also exists many forms of community associations that revolve around the idea of community building. This includes examples such as sports, religious, educational, and other clubs that aim to establish individuals into different social circles based on their interests.<ref name=":2" />

Philanthropic foundations in Meghalaya's civil society strive for the overall well-being of its citizens. The [[Public Health Foundation of India|Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI)]] has recently partnered with the government of Meghalaya to improve public health in many rural parts of the state by first strengthening the abilities of non-government organisations to perform such services.<ref>"Enhancing Rural Public Health Capacity in Northeast India". ''Clinton Foundation''. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</ref>

Scholars are divided on the effectiveness Meghalaya's civil society. Some argue for its important role in state development through CSOs, while others point out that their impact is not only limited from above by the central government and its military, but also from below by insurgent groups.<ref name=":3">McDuie-Ra, Duncan (19 January 2007). "Civil society organisations and human security: transcending constricted space in Meghalaya". ''Contemporary South Asia''. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1080/09584930600938040.</ref>

Concerns over national security, such as the unification of neighbouring hostile countries and local insurgent groups for a possible attack on the Indian state, has served as the longstanding point of emphasis on how the Indian Central Government operates in the Northeast. Different administrative programs have been created to establish peace and stability in this region through economic development.<ref>Sachdeva, Gulshan. "India's Northeast: rejuvenating a conflict-riven economy", Faultines. Vol 6, 2000. http://www.satp.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103143002/http://www.satp.org/ |date=3 January 2014 }} satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume6/Fault6-GSach-F.htm</ref> The [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA)]] that was passed in 1958 by the Indian Government granted the Indian Army exclusive powers to maintain order in this area. Many insurgent organisations were also developed alongside cultural and political movements, making it very difficult to distinguish them from what constitutes a civil society.<ref name=":3" /> These two factors have combined to enable CSOs to be easily deemed as insurgencies and grouped with other insurgent organisations that were banned by the government, thus restricting Meghalaya's civil society as a whole.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Baruah, Apurba K. (2003) ''Tribal traditions and crises of governance in north east India, with special reference to Meghalaya.'' Crisis States Research Centre working papers series 1 (22). Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK</ref>

=== Traditional political institutions ===
All the three major ethnic tribal groups, namely, the Khasis, Jaintias and the Garos also have their own traditional political institutions that have existed for hundreds of years. These political institutions were fairly well developed and functioned at various tiers, such as the village level, clan level, and state level.<ref name=prtg66/>

In the traditional political system of the Khasis, each clan has its own council known as the ''Dorbar Kur'' which is presided over by the clan headman. The council or the Dorbar managed the internal affairs of the clan. Similarly, every village has a local assembly known as the ''Dorbar Shnong'', i.e. village Durbar or council, which is presided over by the village headman. The inter-village issues were dealt with through a political unit comprising adjacent Khasi Villages. The local political units are known as the raids, under by the supreme political authority is known as the ''Syiemship''. The Syiemship is the congregation of several raids and is headed an elected chief known as the ''Syiem'' or ''Siem'' (the king).<ref name=prtg66>Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon (1914), {{Google books|Jys1AQAAIAAJ|The Khasis}}, McMillan & Co., 2nd Edition, pp 66-75</ref> The Siem rules the Khasi state through an elected State Assembly, known as the Durbar Hima. The Siem also has his ''mantris'' (ministers) whose counsel he would use in exercising executive responsibilities. Taxes were called ''pynsuk'', and tolls were called ''khrong'', the latter being the primary source of state income. In the early 20th century, Raja Dakhor Singh was the Siem of Khymir.<ref name=prtg66/>

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Meghalaya festival<ref name=dacmegh/>
! Local calendar month
! Vedic calendar month
! Gregorian calendar month
|-
| Den'bilsia
| Polgin
| Phalgun
| February
|-
|A'siroka
| Chuet
| Chaitra
| March
|-
|A' galmaka
| Pasak
| Vaisakha
| April
|-
|Miamua
| Asal
| Asharha
| June
|-
|Rongchugala
| Bado
| Bhadra
| August
|-
|Ahaia
|Asin
| Ashwin
| September
|-
|Wangala
| Gate
| Kartika
| October
|-
|Christmas
| Posi
| Pausha
| December
|}
The Jaintias also have a three-tier political system somewhat similar to the Khasis, including the Raids and the Syiem.<ref>Philip Richard Thornhagh Gurdon (1914), {{Google books|Jys1AQAAIAAJ|The Khasis}}, McMillan & Co., 2nd Edition</ref> The raids are headed by ''Dolois'', who are responsible for performing the executive and ceremonial functions at the Raid level. At the lowest level are the village headmen. Each administrative tier has its own elected councils or durbars.

In the traditional political system of the Garos, a group of Garo villages form the A·king. The A·king functions under the supervision of the ''Nokmas'', which is perhaps the only political and administrative authority in the political institution of the Garos. The Nokma performs both judicial and legislative functions. The Nokmas also congregates to address inter-A·king issues. There are no well-organised councils or durbars among the Garos.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

===Festivals===
[[File:Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Shillong – Front Side (2).jpg|200 px|thumb|Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Shillong]]

;[[Christmas]]
Being a Christian majority state, Christmas is one of the biggest festivals of Meghalaya, celebrated in almost all of the parts of the state—villages, towns with great fervour and enthusiasm by native Christian Tribes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christmas in a Meghalaya village |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/shoot/christmas-in-a-meghalaya-village/article33418116.ece/photo/1/ |access-date=11 August 2022 |work=Business Line |date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811093022/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/shoot/christmas-in-a-meghalaya-village/article33418116.ece/photo/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/meghalaya-celebrates-christmas/articleshow/50332634.cms?from=mdr |title=Meghalaya celebrates Christmas |work=The Times of India |date=26 December 2015 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811093023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/meghalaya-celebrates-christmas/articleshow/50332634.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The entire state comes alive with Christmas trees, carols and lights during 25 December. Shillong and Cherrapunji are best destination for tourists who want to see and celebrate Christmas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hotelpolotowers.com/m/blogs/christmas-in-meghalaya.html | title=Christmas in Meghalaya | Hotel Polo Towers | Christmas in Cherrapunji | access-date=25 October 2022 | archive-date=25 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025070829/https://www.hotelpolotowers.com/m/blogs/christmas-in-meghalaya.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Dance of Meghalaya.jpg|thumb|Dance of Meghalaya]]
;Khasis
Dance is central to the culture of Khasi life, and a part of the [[rites of passage]]. Dances are performed in ''Shnong'' (village), a ''Raid'' (group of villages), and a ''Hima'' (conglomeration of Raids). Some festivals includes Ka Shad Suk Mynsiem, Ka Pom-Blang Nongkrem, Ka-Shad Shyngwiang-Thangiap, Ka-Shad-Kynjoh Khaskain, Ka Bam Khana Shnong, Umsan Nongkharai, Shad Beh Sier.<ref name=dacmegh/>

;Jaintias
Festivals of the Jaintia Hills, like others, is integral to the culture of people of Jaintia Hills. It celebrates nature, balance and solidarity among its people. Festivals of Jaintias includes Behdienkhlam, Laho Dance, Sowing Ritual Ceremony.<ref name=dacmegh/>

;Garos
For Garos, festivals sustain their cultural heritage. They were often dedicated to religious events, nature and seasons as well as community events such as stages of ''jhum'' cultivation. The main festivals of Garos are Den Bilsia, Wangala, Rongchu gala, Mi Amua, Mangona, Grengdik BaA, Jamang Sia, Ja Megapa, Sa Sat Ra Chaka, Ajeaor Ahaoea, Dore Rata Dance, Chambil Mesara, Do'KruSua, Saram Cha'A, A Se Mania or Tata.<ref name=dacmegh>[http://megartsculture.gov.in/festivals.htm Festivals of Meghalaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527105851/http://megartsculture.gov.in/festivals.htm |date=27 May 2014 }} The Department of Arts and Culture, Govt of Meghalaya (2010)</ref>

;Hajongs
Hajongs celebrate traditional festivals and Hindu festivals. The entire plain belt of Garo Hills is inhabited by the Hajongs, they are an agrarian tribe. Major traditional festivals include [[Pusnâ|Pusne']], Biswe', Kati Gasa, Bastu Puje' and Chor Maga.

;Biates
The Biates had many kinds of festivals, including Nûlding Kût, Pamchar Kût, Lebang Kût and Favang Kût, for different occasions. They no longer practise or observe most, except Nûlding Kût ("renewal of life") every January, with singing, dancing and traditional games. A priest (thiampu) prays to Chung Pathian to bless Biates in every sphere of life.

=== Spirituality ===
In southern Meghalaya, located in [[Mawsynram]], is the Mawjymbuin cave. Here a massive stalagmite has been shaped by nature into a [[Shivalinga]]. According to legend, from the 13th century, this Shivalinga (called ''Hatakeswarat'') has existed in the [[Jaintia Hills]] under the reign of Ranee Singa.{{sfn|Roy|1981|p=139}} Tens of thousands of the Jaintia tribe members participate over the Hindu festival of [[Shivratri]] (''Night of Lord Shiva'') every year.{{sfn|Roy|1981|p=132}}<ref>Sudhansu R. Das, [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/vibrant-meghalaya/article1644477.ece Vibrant Meghalaya] The Hindu (2008)</ref>

=== Living root bridges ===
[[File:Living root bridges, Nongriat village, Meghalaya2.jpg|right|thumb|278x278px|Double-Decker Living root bridge, Nongriat village.]]
The practice of creating [[living root bridges]] can be found in Meghalaya. Here, functional, living, architecture is created by slowly training the [[aerial root]]s of the [[Ficus elastica]] (rubber tree). Examples of these structures can be found as far west as the valley east of [[Mawsynram]],<ref name="The Living Root Bridge Project">{{Cite news|url=https://livingrootbridges.com/root-bridges-of-the-umiam-river-basin/|title=Root Bridges of the Umiam River Basin|date=27 April 2017|work=The Living Root Bridge Project|access-date=11 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908021631/https://livingrootbridges.com/root-bridges-of-the-umiam-river-basin/|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and as far east as the East Jaintia Hills District,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.riluk.com/living-root-bridge-symbol-benevolence/|title=The Living-Root Bridge: The Symbol Of Benevolence|date=10 October 2016|work=Riluk|access-date=11 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908021245/https://www.riluk.com/living-root-bridge-symbol-benevolence/|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> meaning that they are made by both Khasis and Jaintias. Large numbers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://livingrootbridges.com/|title=The Living Root Bridge Project|website=The Living Root Bridge Project|language=en-US|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905001717/https://livingrootbridges.com/|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> of these man-made living structures exist in the mountainous terrain along the southern border of the [[Shillong Plateau]], though as a cultural practice they are fading, with many individual examples having disappeared recently, either falling in landslides or floods or being replaced with more standard steel bridges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://livingrootbridges.com/threats-to-meghalayas-botanical-architecture/|title=Why is Meghalaya's Botanical Architecture Disappearing?|date=6 April 2017|work=The Living Root Bridge Project|access-date=11 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204634/https://livingrootbridges.com/threats-to-meghalayas-botanical-architecture/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The [[Partition of India|partition of the country]] in 1947 created severe infrastructural constraints for the [[Northeast India|Northeastern region]], with merely 2% of the perimeter of the region adjoining the rest of the country. A narrow strip of land often called the [[Siliguri Corridor]] or the Chicken's Neck, connects the region with the state of [[West Bengal]]. Meghalaya is a landlocked state with many small settlements in remote areas. The road is the only means of transport. While the capital [[Shillong]] is relatively well connected, road connectivity in most other parts is relatively poor. A significant portion of the roads in the state is still unpaved. Most of the arrivals into the Meghalaya take place through [[Guwahati]] in neighbouring Assam, which is nearly 103 km away. Assam has a major railhead as well as an airport with regular train and air services to the rest of the country.

When Meghalaya was carved out of Assam as an autonomous state in 1972, it inherited a total road length of 2786.68 km including 174 km of National Highways with road density of 12.42 km per 100 square kilometre. By 2004, total road length has reached up to 9,350 km out of which 5,857 km were surfaced. The road density had increased to 41.69 km per 100 square kilometre by March 2011. Meghalaya is far below the national average of 75 km per 100 km2. To provide better services to the people of the state, the Meghalaya Public Works Department is taking steps for improvement and up-gradation of the existing roads and bridges in phased manner.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:State Highway 5 Cherapunjee Meghalaya India.jpg|State Highway 5 near Cherrapunji, Meghalaya
File:Shillong Bypass road.jpg|Shillong Bypass road
File:Shillong Airport terminal building 4.jpg|[[Shillong Airport]]
File:National_Highway_6_to_Guwahati.jpg|National Highway 6
File:National_Highway_6_Toll_Plaza.jpg|National Highway 6 Toll Plaza
</gallery>

=== Road network ===
Meghalaya has a road network of around 7,633 km, out of which 3,691 km is black-topped and the remaining 3942 km is gravelled. Meghalaya is also connected to Silchar in Assam, Aizawl in Mizoram, and Agartala in Tripura through national highways. Many private buses and taxi operators carry passengers from Guwahati to Shillong. The journey takes from 3 to 4 hours. Day and night bus services are available from Shillong to all major towns of Meghalaya and also other capitals and important towns of Assam and the northeastern states.

=== Railway ===
Meghalaya has a railhead at {{rws|Mendipathar}} and regular train service connecting [[Dudhnoi - Mendipathar Rail Line|Mendipathar]] in Meghalaya and [[Guwahati]] in [[Assam]], has started on 30 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141130/jsp/frontpage/story_19105595.jsp#.VIEWp8lBFd4|title=Meghalaya rail dream on track|publisher=telegrapfindia.com|date=30 November 2014|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208050935/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141130/jsp/frontpage/story_19105595.jsp#.VIEWp8lBFd4|archive-date=8 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[The Cherra Companyganj State Railways]] was a former mountain railway through the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/a-mountain-railway-that-existed-125-years-ago_763894.html |title=A mountain railway that existed 125 years ago |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319053844/http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/a-mountain-railway-that-existed-125-years-ago_763894.html |archive-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Guwahati ({{convert|103|km}} from Shillong) is the nearest major railway station connecting the north-east region with the rest of the country through a broad gauge track network. There is a plan for extending the rail link from Guwahati to [[Byrnihat]] ({{convert|20|km}} from Guwahati) within Meghalaya and further extending it up to state capital [[Shillong]].

=== Aviation ===
State capital Shillong has an airport at [[Shillong Airport|Umroi]] {{convert|30|km}} from Shillong on the Guwahati-Shillong highway. A new terminal building was built at a cost of {{INRConvert|30|c}} and inaugurated in June 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shillong airport's new terminal to open on Saturday |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/shillong-airports-new-terminal-to-open-on-saturday/articleshow/8948403.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 June 2011 |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412000151/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/shillong-airports-new-terminal-to-open-on-saturday/articleshow/8948403.cms |archive-date=12 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Air India Regional]] operates flights to Kolkata from this airport. There is also a helicopter service connecting Shillong to Guwahati and Tura. [[Baljek Airport]] near [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]] became operational in 2008.<ref>[http://megplanning.gov.in/MSDR/infastructural_development.pdf State Planning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001713/http://megplanning.gov.in/MSDR/infastructural_development.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} Govt of Meghalaya, pp 153-154 (2010)</ref> The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) is developing the airport for operation of [[ATR 42]]/[[ATR 72]] type of aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |title=Better Air Connectivity for NE Region |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=95050 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114054503/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=95050 |archive-date=14 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other nearby airports are in Assam, with [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Borjhar, Guwahati]] airport (IATA: GAU), about {{convert|124|km}} from Shillong.

== Tourism ==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2019}}
{{main|Tourism in North East India}}

[[File:Elephanta Falls.JPG|thumb|Elephant Falls]]
[[File:Near Krang Suri Waterfall.jpg|thumb|right|Krang Suri Waterfall]]
[[File:Umiam Lake, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.jpg|thumb|Umiam Lake, Shillong, Meghalaya, India]]
Until 1955, foreign tourists required special permits to enter the areas that now constitute the state of Meghalaya, which is sometimes compared to Scotland for its highlands, fog and scenery.<ref name=akrl/> Meghalaya has some of the thickest primary forests in the country and therefore constitutes one of the most important ecotourism circuits in India. The Meghalaya subtropical forests support a vast variety of flora and fauna. The state has two national parks and three wildlife sanctuaries.

Meghalaya also offers many adventure tourism opportunities in the form of mountaineering, rock climbing, trekking, and hiking, [[caving]] (spelunking) and water sports. The state offers several trekking routes, some of which also afford an opportunity to encounter rare animals. The [[Umiam Lake]] has a water sports complex with facilities such as rowboats, paddleboats, sailing boats, cruise-boats, water-scooters, and speedboats.

[[Cherrapunji]] is a tourist destination in north-east India. It lies to the south of the capital Shillong. A rather scenic 50-kilometre long road connects Cherrapunji with Shillong.

[[Living root bridges]] are also a tourist draw, with many examples located near Cherrapunji.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cherrapunjee.com/living-root-bridges/|title=Living Root Bridges|work=Cherrapunjee|access-date=11 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609231150/http://cherrapunjee.com/living-root-bridges/|archive-date=9 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Double-Decker root bridge, along with several others, is found in the village of [[Nongriat]], which is tourist friendly. Many other root bridges can be found nearby, in the villages of Nongthymmai, Mynteng, and Tynrong.<ref name="The Living Root Bridge Project"/> Other areas with root bridges include Riwai village, near the tourist village of [[Mawlynnong]], Pynursla, especially the villages of Rangthyllaing and Mawkyrnot, and the area around [[Dawki]], in the [[West Jaintia Hills district]], where there are many living root bridges scattered throughout the nearby villages.<ref name=":0" />

;Waterfalls and rivers
{{multiple image
| align = left
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Nohkalikai Falls Cherrapunji.JPG
| width1 = 300
| caption1 = Multiple drops of Nohkalikai Falls
| image2 = The Elegant Nohkalikai Falls during a summer sunset.jpg
| width2 = 150
| caption2 = Main drop of Nohkalikai Falls
| footer = [[Nohkalikai Falls]] is one of the tallest plunge type waterfalls in India and on Earth.<ref name=database>{{cite web|title=Showing all Waterfalls in India |url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=T&t=G&category=country&search=India&orderby=height%20DESC |publisher=World Waterfalls Database |access-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901164803/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=T&t=G&category=country&search=India&orderby=height%20DESC |archive-date=1 September 2009 }}</ref>
| footer_align = center
}}

The most visited waterfalls in the state include the [[Elephant Falls]], Shadthum Falls, Weinia Falls, Bishop Falls, [[Nohkalikai Falls]], Langshiang Falls and Sweet Falls.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The hot springs at Jakrem near [[Mawsynram]] are believed to have curative and medicinal properties.

Nongkhnum Island located in the West Khasi Hills district is the biggest river island in Meghalaya and the second biggest in Asia. It is 14 kilometres from Nongstoin. The island is formed by the bifurcation of Kynshi River into the Phanliang River and the Namliang River. Adjacent to the sandy beach the Phanliang River forms a lake. The river then moves along and before reaching a deep gorge, forms a waterfall about 60 meters high called Shadthum Fall.

;Sacred groves
Meghalaya is also known for its "sacred groves". They are small or large areas of forests or natural vegetation that are usually dedicated to local folk deities or tree spirits or some religious symbolism over many generations, often since ancient times. These spaces are found all over India, are protected by local communities, and in some cases, the locals would neither touch leaves or fruits or in other ways damage the forest, flora or fauna taking refuge in them. This guardianship creates a sacred area where nature and wildlife thrive. The Mawphlang sacred forest, also known as "Law Lyngdoh," is one of the most famous sacred forests in Meghalaya. It's located about 25 kilometres from Shillong. It's a scenic nature destination, and one can find the sacred [[Rudraksha]] tree here.<ref>[http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/viewsacdetail.php?$mFJyBfK$MOIb-B5vugEjzLdzxFAXZ List of Sacred Groves in Meghalaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602134727/http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/viewsacdetail.php?$mFJyBfK$MOIb-B5vugEjzLdzxFAXZ |date=2 June 2015 }} Government of Meghalaya (2011)</ref>

;Rural areas
Meghalaya rural life and villages offer a glimpse in northeast mountain life.{{tone inline|date=August 2020}} The [[Mawlynnong]] village located near the India-Bangladesh border is one such village. It has been featured by travel magazine ''Discover India''.<ref name="megtourism_eco">[http://megtourism.gov.in/ecodestination.html Eco Destination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209012830/http://megtourism.gov.in/ecodestination.html |date=9 December 2011 }}, Department of Tourism, Government of Meghalaya</ref> The village is geared for tourism and has a [[Simple suspension bridge|Living Root Bridges]], hiking trails and rock formations.

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width =
| footer = Umaim lake (top & bottom) and scenery near Shillong.
| image1 = Umiam Lake - by Vikramjit Kakati.png
| image2 = Near Shillong Meghalaya India.jpg
| image3 = Umiam Lake, Shillong, Meghalaya.jpg
}}

;Lakes
Meghalaya also has many natural and manmade lakes. The Umiam Lake (popularly known as Bara Pani meaning Big water) on the Guwahati-Shillong road is a major tourism attraction for tourist. Meghalaya has several parks; Thangkharang Park, the Eco-park, the Botanical Garden and Lady Hydari Park to name a few. [[Dawki]], which is located at about 96 Kilometres from Shillong is the gateway to Bangladesh and affords a scenic view of some of the tallest mountain ranges in Meghalaya and the Bangladesh borderlands.

[[Thadlaskein Lake]] also ''Pung Sajar Nangli'' is the only historical Lake of Meghalaya. It is located besides National Highway 6 by the side of a small village called Mukhla village which falls under [[West Jaintia Hills district]] [[Jowai]]. It is about 35 mile from the city of Shillong

Balpakram National Park with its pristine habitat and scenery is a major attraction.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2008) Balpakram –Meghalaya's heritage IBA. ''Mistnet'' 10 (4): 11–13</ref> The Nokrek National Park, also in Garo Hills has its own charm with a lot of wildlife.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010) Nokrek national park – an IBA in Meghalaya. ''Mistnet'' 11 (1): 7–8</ref>

;Caves
Meghalaya has an estimated 500 natural limestone and sandstone caves spread over the entire state including most of the longest and deepest caves in the sub-continent. [[Krem Liat Prah]] is the longest cave, and Synrang Pamiang is the deepest cave. Both are located in the Jaintia Hills. Cavers from the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Ireland, and the United States have been visiting Meghalaya for over a decade exploring these caves. Few have been developed or promoted adequately as major tourist destinations.

;Living root bridges
Meghalaya is famous for its living root bridges, a kind of [[Simple suspension bridge|suspension bridge]] made over rivers using intertwined roots of ''Ficus elastica'' trees planted on opposite banks of the river or hill slopes. These bridges can be seen around Cherrapunji, [[Nongtalang]], Kudeng Rim and Kudeng Thymmai villages (War Jaintia). A double-decker bridge exists in Nongriat village.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Shillong golf course2.jpg|Shillong Golf Course, one of the oldest golf courses of India
File:Nohkalikai Falls.JPG|[[Nohkalikai Falls]]
File:Expedition is in progress in Meghalayan Caves.jpg|Meghalaya has many limestone caves. Above are in Jaintia Hills
File:Single_Decker_Living_Root_Bridge_at_Riwai.jpg|Single Decker Living Root Bridge at Riwai
</gallery>

Other important places of tourism interest Meghalaya include:
* '''Jakrem''': 64 km from Shillong, a potential health resort having gushing hot-spring of sulphur water, believed to have curative medicinal properties.
* '''Ranikor''': 140 km from Shillong, is one of Meghalaya's most popular spots for angling, with an abundance of carp and other freshwater fish.
* '''[[Dawki]]''': 96 km from Shillong, is a border town, where one can have a glimpse of the neighbouring country of Bangladesh. The colourful annual boat race during spring at the [[Umngot River|Umngot river]] is an added attraction.
* '''Kshaid Dain Thlen Falls''': Located near Cherrapunji, meaning the falls where the mythical monster of Khasi legend was finally [[butchered]]. The axe-marks made on the rocks where Thlen was butchered are stillintact and visible.
* '''Diengiei Peak''': Located to the west of the Shillong plateau, Diengiei Peak is just 200 feet lower than Shillong peak. On the top of Diengiei, there is a huge hollow, shaped like a cup, believed to be the crater of an extinct pre-historic [[volcano]].
* '''Dwarksuid''': A scenic pool with wide, rocky sandbanks located on a stream alongside the Umroi-Bhoilymbong Road is known as Dwarksuid or Devil's doorway.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
* '''Kyllang Rock''': Located about 11 kilometres off Mairang, is a several million years old steep dome of red granite rising to an elevation of about 5400 feet above sea level.
* '''Sacred Forest [[Mawphlang]]''': One of the most celebrated sacred-groves of the State is the grove at Mawphlang about 25 kilometres off Shillong. Preserved since time immemorial, these sacred groves have wide range of [[flora]], thick cushion of humus on the grounds accumulated over the centuries, and trees heavily loaded with epiphytic growth of [[araceae|aroids]], [[Piper (genus)|pipers]], [[fern]]s, fern-allies and [[orchids]].

==Major issues==
The significant issues in the state include illegal migrants from Bangladesh, incidences of violence, political instability, and deforestation from traditional cut-and-burn shift farming practices. There have been several clashes between Khasi people and Bangladeshi in Meghalaya.

===Illegal immigration===
Illegal immigration has become a major issue in Indian states that surround Bangladesh – West Bengal to the west, Meghalaya and Assam to the north, and Tripura, Mizoram, and Manipur to the east.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tripathi |first1=Sanjeev |title=Illegal Immigration From Bangladesh to India: Toward a Comprehensive Solution |url=https://carnegieindia.org/2016/06/29/illegal-immigration-from-bangladesh-to-india-toward-comprehensive-solution-pub-63931 |access-date=20 June 2023 |journal=Carnegie India |date=29 June 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518042253/https://carnegieindia.org/2016/06/29/illegal-immigration-from-bangladesh-to-india-toward-comprehensive-solution-pub-63931 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dozens of political and civic groups have demanded that this migration be stopped or controlled to manageable levels.<ref>Palash Ghosh, [http://www.ibtimes.com/indias-2014-elections-narendra-modi-says-some-illegal-immigrants-bangladesh-are-better-others India's 2014 Elections: Narendra Modi Says Some Illegal Immigrants From Bangladesh Are Better Than Others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001456/http://www.ibtimes.com/indias-2014-elections-narendra-modi-says-some-illegal-immigrants-bangladesh-are-better-others |date=15 July 2014 }} International Business Times, NY Times, (2014)</ref> The border between Meghalaya and Bangladesh is about 440 kilometres long, of which some 350 is fenced; but the border is not continuously patrolled and is porous. Efforts are underway to fence it completely and introduce means to issue ID cards.<ref>V Singh, [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/mha-asks-meghalaya-to-speed-up-border-fencing-work/ MHA asks Meghalaya to speed up border fencing work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428000439/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/mha-asks-meghalaya-to-speed-up-border-fencing-work/ |date=28 April 2015 }} Indian Express (16 April 2014)</ref>

Chief Minister [[Mukul Sangma]], in August 2012, called upon Government of India to take corrective measures to stop the illegal immigration of Bangladeshis into the northeast of the country before the situation goes out of hand.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/meghalayas-congress-cm-mukul-sangma-too-rings-alarm-on-influx-of-illegal-migrants/articleshow/15432673.cms|title= Meghalaya's Congress CM Mukul Sangma too rings alarm on influx of illegal migrants|date= 10 August 2012|access-date= 10 August 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120812064704/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Meghalayas-Congress-CM-Mukul-Sangma-too-rings-alarm-on-influx-of-illegal-migrants/articleshow/15432673.cms|archive-date= 12 August 2012|url-status= live|df= dmy-all|newspaper= The Economic Times}}</ref>

===Violence===
Between 2006 and 2013, between 0 and 28 civilians have died per year in Meghalaya (or about 0 to 1 per 100,000 people), which the state authorities have classified as terror-related intentional violence.<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html Meghalaya Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994-2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529084134/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html |date=29 May 2011 }} SATP (2014)</ref> The world's average annual death rate from intentional violence, in recent years, has been 7.9 per 100,000 people.<ref name=gede>[http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/GBAV2/GBAV2011-Ch2-Summary.pdf Global Burden of Armed Violence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021451/http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/GBAV2/GBAV2011-Ch2-Summary.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }} Chapter 2, Geneva Declaration, Switzerland (2011)</ref> The terror-related deaths are from conflicts primarily between different tribal groups and against migrants from Bangladesh. Along with political resolution and dialogue, various Christian organisations have taken the initiative to prevent violence and help the process of discussion between groups.<ref>SNAITANG, R. (2009), Christianity and Change among the Hill Tribes of Northeast India, Christianity and Change in Northeast India (Editors: Subba et al.), {{ISBN|978-8180694479}}, Chapter 10</ref>

There have been repeated clashes with [[Assam]] e.g. Mukroh.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/5-meghalaya-villagers-killed-in-border-firing-by-assam-cops/articleshow/95697806.cms | title=Assam Meghalaya Border News: Six killed as Assam cops and armed Meghalaya mob clash along border | Guwahati News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 November 2022 | access-date=27 November 2022 | archive-date=27 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127114317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/5-meghalaya-villagers-killed-in-border-firing-by-assam-cops/articleshow/95697806.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Political instability===
The state has had 23 state governments since its inception in 1972, with a median life span of less than 18 months. Only three governments have survived more than three years. Political instability has affected the state's economy in the past.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://megplanning.gov.in/report/vision2030/chapter2.pdf |title=Participatory Planning and Inclusive Governance |website=Megplannnig.gov.in\accessdate=2017-02-27 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911004507/http://megplanning.gov.in/report/vision2030/chapter2.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Over recent years, there has been increasing political stability. The last state assembly elections were held in 2013, after a five-year government that was elected in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/mla-election-2013.htm |title=Official Website of the Election Department, Government of Meghalaya, India |website=Ceomeghalaya.nic.in |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122045103/http://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/mla-election-2013.htm |archive-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Jhum farming===
[[File:Jhum cultivation in Nokrek Biosphere Reserve Meghalaya India Northeast India 2004.jpg|thumb|Jhum cultivation, or cut-and-burn shift farming, in Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Meghalaya.]]
Jhum farming, or cut-and-burn shift cultivation, is an ancient practice in Meghalaya.<ref name=skr/> It is culturally engrained through folklores. One legend states the god of wind with the god of hail and storm shook off seeds from the celestial tree, which were picked up and sown by a bird known as ''do' amik''. These were the seeds of rice. The god gave the human beings some of those celestial seeds, provided instruction on shift agriculture and proper rice cultivation practice, with the demand that at every harvest a portion of the first harvest must be dedicated to him. Another folktale is from the Garo Hills of Meghalaya where a man named ''Bone-Neripa-Jane-Nitepa'' harvested rice and millet from a patch of land he cleared and cultivated near the rock named ''misi-Kokdok''. He then shared this knowledge with others, and named the different months of the year, each of which is a stage of shifting cultivation.<ref>Mazumdar, Culture Change in Two Garo Villages, Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India (1978)</ref>

In modern times, shift cultivation is a significant threat to the biodiversity of Meghalaya.<ref>Ramakrishnan, P. S. (1992), Shifting agriculture and sustainable development: an interdisciplinary study from north-eastern India, Parthenon Publishing Group, {{ISBN|1-85070-383-3}}</ref> A 2001 satellite imaging study showed that shift cultivation practice continues and patches of primary dense forests are lost even from areas protected as biosphere.<ref>Roy, P. S., & Tomar, S. (2001), Landscape cover dynamics pattern in Meghalaya, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22(18), pp 3813-3825</ref> ''Jhum'' farming is a threat not only for natural biodiversity, it is also a low yield unproductive method of agriculture. It is a significant issue in Meghalaya, given majority of its people rely on agriculture to make a living.<ref>Saha, R., Mishra, V. K., & Khan, S. K. (2011), Soil erodibility characteristics under modified land-use systems as against shifting cultivation in hilly ecosystems of Meghalaya India, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 30(4), 301-312</ref><ref>Pakrasi, K., Arya, V. S., & Sudhakar, S. (2014), Biodiversity hot-spot modeling and temporal analysis of Meghalaya using Remote sensing technique, International Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol 4, Number 5, pp 772-785</ref> Shift farming is a practice that is not unique to northeastern Indian states such as Meghalaya, but the issue is found throughout southeast Asia.<ref>Spencer, J. E. (1966), Shifting cultivation in southeastern Asia (Vol. 19), University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520035171}}</ref>

==Media==
Some major media outlets in the state are:{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}
* ''Meghalaya Times'': Meghalaya Times is one of the new entrants in the market and the fastest growing English newspaper in the state. In a short period of time, it has already established large readership across the state.
* ''[[Salantini Janera]]'': Salantini Janera is the first [[Garo language]] Daily of the state
* ''Shillong Samay'': Shillong Samay is the first Hindi Daily of the State.
* ''[[Shillong Times]]'': Shillong Times is one of the oldest English newspapers of the region.
* ''The Meghalaya Guardian'': The Meghalaya Guardian is one of the oldest newspapers of the state.

Over the years there have been several weeklies and Dailies that have come up. To name a few:
* ''The Tura Times'': The Tura Times is the first English Daily which is published out from Tura.
* ''Salantini Ku'rang'': Salantini Ku'rang is the Garo edition of The Tura Times, Pringprangni Aski being the most recent [[Garo language]] newspaper to circulate.
* ''U Nongsaiñ Hima'': U Nongsaiñ Hima is the oldest circulating Khasi newspaper in Meghalaya. Established in December 1960, it is now the highest circulated Khasi daily (ABC July – December 2013).
* 'Mawphor': It is one of the daily newspaper circulating in Jowai, Meghalaya.

Weekly Employment Newsletter which is distributed throughout the state:
* ''Shillong Weekly Express'': Weekly Newsletter that was started in 2010.
* Eclectic northeast

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last = Roy | first = Hira Lal Deb | year = 1981 | title = A Tribe in Transition | publisher = Cosmo }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

* {{official website}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|2027521}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Geographic location
| Centre = Meghalaya
| North = [[Assam]]
| Northeast =
| East = [[Assam]]
| Southeast = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Sylhet Division]]
| South = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka Division]]
| Southwest =
| West = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Rangpur Division]]
| Northwest =
}}
{{Meghalaya}}
{{Educational Institutes in Meghalaya}}
{{North East India}}
{{States and territories of India}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meghalaya| ]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Deepak Parashar

2026-03-12T06:21:11Z

Eldarljt: minor edit

{{short description|Indian actor and former model (born 1952)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepak Parashar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Parashar in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1952|04|2}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Bombay State]], India
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=2}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sarita Parashar|1985|1987|end=divorce}}
| relatives = [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohar Kumar]] (uncle)
| awards =
}}
'''Deepak Parashar''' (born 2 April 1952) is an Indian actor and former model. His best known films include ''[[Insaf Ka Tarazu|Insaaf Ka Tarazu]]'' (1980), ''[[Nikaah (film)|Nikaah]]'' (1982) and ''[[Sharaabi]]'' (1984). He was a contestant on ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Rahul Roy's Bigg Boss colleagues- Rupali Ganguly, Salil Ankola, Deepak Parashar, Bobby Darling – pray for his recovery – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rahul-roys-bigg-boss-colleagues-roopali-ganguly-salil-ankola-deepak-parashar-bobby-darling-pray-for-his-recovery/articleshow/79491887.cms |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born in [[Pune]], India on 2 April 1952 to Shobha and Vishvanath Parashar. Belonging to a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] family, he'd grew up in [[Delhi]] and graduate from [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/deepak-parashar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101130833/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/deepak-parashar |archive-date=1 January 2025 |website=Cinemaazi}}</ref> Film director [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] was his maternal uncle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Nilanjana |date=7 August 2019 |title=Filmmaker J Om Prakash, Hrithik Roshan's Grandfather, Dies At 93 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmmaker-j-om-prakash-hrithik-roshans-grandfather-dies-at-93-2081485 |website=[[NDTV]] |quote=Director Mohan Kumar, who died in 2017, was Deepak Parashar's maternal uncle.}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Mr. India ===
During his college days, he would become Mr. Delhi, later competing for Mr. India.<ref name=":0" /> In 1976, he was crowned very first Mr India/India Prince (A Personality Contest) along with [[Nafisa Ali]] as Miss India and [[Poonam Dhillon]] as Miss Delhi. His claim to fame was "ONLY VIMAL" suitings in
the late 1970s, [[New Delhi]] donned his photograph.

=== Actor ===

==== Films ====
In the early 1980s, Parashar took several [[Hindi]] cinema roles, including ''[[Sharaabi]]'', ''[[Insaaf Ka Tarazu]]'', ''[[Nikaah (film)|Nikaah]]'', ''[[Purani Haveli (film)|Purani Haveli]]'' and ''[[Aap To Aise Na The|Aap to Aise Na They]]''. Till date ''[[Nikaah (film)|Nikaah]]'' remains his best performing movie and ''Insaaf ka Tarazu'' one of the best supporting roles he played.

==== Television series ====
Deepak Parashar appeared in the [[soap opera]] ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'', and donned the "royal robes" of a [[Mughal era|Mughal]] badshah in the costume drama ''[[Chandramukhi (TV series)|Chandramukhi]]''. He also appeared in Doordarshan TV serial ''[[Swabhimaan]]'' as Mahendra Malhotra.

=== ''Bigg Boss'' ===
In 2006, he appeared in reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'', until he was evicted in the second week.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Parashar married Sarita in 1985 and had a daughter. Sarita left him in 1987, when their daughter was only five months old.<ref name=":0" />

In 2024, Parashar revealed he was romantically linked with actress [[Zeenat Aman]], his co-star in ''Insaaf Ka Tarazu'', in late 1970s, while she was preparing to divorce her husband [[Sanjay Khan]]. The relationship was brief and ended with Aman and Parashar marrying different people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeenat Aman's Insaf Ka Tarazu Co-Star Deepak Parashar On Not Marrying The Actress: "She Was Going Through..." |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/deepak-parashar-opens-up-about-his-bond-with-zeenat-aman-5193613 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Deepak Parashar didn't marry Zeenat Aman because of his mom, spoke about her relationship with Sanjay Khan: 'She was going through a difficult time' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/deepak-parashar-didnt-marry-zeenat-aman-because-of-his-mom-spoke-about-her-relationship-with-sanjay-khan-she-was-going-through-a-difficult-time/articleshow/118733905.cms |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===TV serials===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Neem Neem Shahad Shahad]]'' (2011) as Chiman Bhai
* ''[[Chandramukhi (TV series)|Chandramukhi]]'' (2007) as Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh
* ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)|Bigg Boss 1]]'' (2006) as Participant
* ''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]'' (2003) as Chetan Garewal
* ''[[Dollar Bahu]]'' (2001) as Father in Law
* ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]'' – Kashish (2000)
* ''[[Hello Friends (TV series)|Hello Friends]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1997 TV series)|Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (1997) as Nirmal Joshi
* ''[[Saturday Suspense]]'' (1997)
* ''Tamanna'' (1997)
* ''[[Kanoon (1993 TV series)|Kanoon]]'' (1995) as Deepak Dasgupta
* ''[[Swabhimaan]]'' (1995) as Mahendra Malhotra
* ''[[Deewarein]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Tujh Pe Dil Qurban]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Raat Ki Pukar]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Zee Horror Show]] – Aafat'' (1994)
* ''Aandhiyan'' (1993)
{{div col end}}

=== Web series ===
* ''[[Raisinghani VS Raisinghani]]'' (2024)

===Films===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Jaise Karni Vaisi Bharni'' (2007)
* ''[[Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke]]'' (2004) as Shekhar
* ''[[Champion (2000 film)|Champion]]'' (2000) as Nawab Mansoor Ali Khan
* ''[[Hai kaun Woh]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Hatya Kaand]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Aaj Ka Maseeha]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Aaja Re O Sajana]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Pathbhrashtha]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Insaan Bana Shaitan]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Ajooba Kudrat Ka]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Aakhiri Cheekh]]'' (1991) as Samuel David
* ''[[Hatyarin]]'' (1991) as Inspector Ravi
* ''[[Shaitani Ilaaka]]'' (1990) as Deepak
* ''[[Daata]]'' (1989) as Inspector Rao
* ''[[Mirza Ki Shaadi]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Khooni Murdaa]]'' (1989) as Inspector Rakesh Chopra
* ''[[Purani Haveli (film)|Purani Haveli]]'' (1989) as Sunil
* ''[[Padosi Ki Biwi]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Awam (film)|Awam]]'' (1987) as Surender Jagrathan
* ''[[Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Babu (1985 film)|Babu]]'' (1985) as Prem
* ''[[Mehak]]'' (1985) as Deepak Parashar
* ''[[Tawaif (film)|Tawaif]]'' (1985) as Sulaiman
* ''[[Meetha Jehar]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Maan Maryada (Hindi film)|Maan Maryada]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maan Maryada (1984) Cast – Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/maan-maryada-5775/cast-crew |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> (1984) as Inspector Ajay Kumar
* ''[[Sharaabi]]'' (1984) as Inspector Anwar
* ''[[Maqsad]]'' (1984) as Groom
* ''[[Kaun? Kaisey?]]'' (1983) as Rakesh Rai
* ''[[Muqaddar Ki Baat]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Nikaah (film)|Nikaah]]'' (1982) as Wasim Ahmed
* ''Waqt Ke Shehzade'' (1982) as Shankar
* ''Apna Bana Lo'' (1982) as Deepak
* ''[[Patthar Ki Lakeer]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Armaan (1981 film)|Armaan]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Shradhanjali]]'' (1981) as Amit Kumar
* ''[[Sannata (film)|Sannata]]'' (1981) as Vinod
* ''[[Pyar Ki Manzil]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Aap To Aise Na The]]'' (1980) as Vikram Chawla
* ''[[Insaaf Ka Tarazu]]'' (1980) as Ashok Sharma
{{div col end}}

===Producer===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Achha Bura]] '' (1983) as Producer
{{div col end}}

===Assistant director===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* ''[[Bhumika – The Role]]'' (1977) as Location Assistant
* ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]'' (1975) as Assistant Director
* ''[[Ankur (film)|Ankur]]'' (1974) as (Assistant Director & location in-charge)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1024997|name=Deepak Parashar}}

{{Bigg Boss 1}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parashar, Deepak}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Male actors from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Jabardasth (film)

2026-03-09T22:54:13Z

Eldarljt: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|2013 film directed by B.V. Nandini Reddy}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jabardasth
| image = Jabardasth poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[B.V. Nandini Reddy]]
| producer = [[Bellamkonda Suresh]]
| writer = B. V. Nandini Reddy
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]|[[Nithya Menen]]}}
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Muthuswami]] Sanjay Loknath
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Sri Sai Ganesh Productions
| distributor =7SEAS Inc (Overseas) <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2013 |title=Jabardasth overseas rights by 7SEAS Inc |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/jabardasth.html |access-date=29 January 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|2|22}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Jabardasth''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Nandini Reddy under the banner of Sri Sai Ganesh Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2011 |title=Surender Reddy ropes in Sid-Sam |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/72145.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018132500/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/72145.html |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=8 May 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> It stars [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] and [[Nithya Menen]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sid and Sunil join hands for Surender Reddy's film |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/81911.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518064047/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/81911.html |archive-date=18 May 2012 |access-date=8 May 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2012 |title='Jabardasth' year-end for Siddharth |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-20/news-interviews/35227024_1_film-chamber-love-failure-siddharth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083517/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-20/news-interviews/35227024_1_film-chamber-love-failure-siddharth |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=21 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2012 |title=It's official, Sid and Sam's film is on |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/it%E2%80%99s-official-sid-and-sam%E2%80%99s-film-326 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322104127/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/it%E2%80%99s-official-sid-and-sam%E2%80%99s-film-326 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=8 May 2012 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film released on 22 February 2013 and was commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Jabardasth' film got 'U/A' certificate rating |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/15383/-Jabardasth-film-got--U-A--certificate-rating/ |access-date=15 February 2013 |publisher=APHerald.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Samantha Ruth Prabhu the new style icon of Southern cinema? |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13017-11.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403123651/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13017-11.html |archive-date=2013-04-03 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref>

The film is inspired by 2010 Hindi film ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]''.<ref name="inspired" /> [[Yash Raj Films]], producers of the Hindi film, claimed that ''Jabardasth'' is an unofficial remake and planned to take legal action against its makers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YRF to sue makers of Jabardasth |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-26/news-interviews/37308127_1_jabardasth-yrf-legal-action |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301054832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-26/news-interviews/37308127_1_jabardasth-yrf-legal-action |archive-date=1 March 2013 |access-date=27 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Remake of Band Baaja Baaraat Barred by High Court for Copyright Infringement |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/telugu-remake-of-band-baaja-baaraat-barred-by-high-court-for-copyright-infringement-2074086}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{empty section|date=June 2024}}

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Bairraju
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as Shreya
* [[Nithya Menen]] as Saraswati
* [[Srihari]] as Javed Ibrahim
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu, Bairraju's friend
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Bihar Yadav
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Shreya's mother
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Ramesh
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Software Subramanyam
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Vamshi Krishna
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Bairraju's friend
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Dance master
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]]
* [[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]
* [[Venu Yeldandi|Venu]] as Dance master
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]]
* [[Uttej]]
* Kadambari Kiran
* Geeta Bhagat
* Sushma
*Seeta Reddy
* Swapnika Reddy
* [[Prince Cecil]] as cameo appearance
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jabardasth
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Jabardasth
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 February 2013
| recorded = 2012–2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:06
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The film's audio was launched on 1 February 2013. It was attended by Surender, Samantha, Thaman, Siddharth, [[Srihari]] and Sunil with [[V. V. Vinayak]] being the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Jabardasth 'Audio Launch |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/90583.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204000956/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/90583.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 21:06
| title1 = Arere Arere
| extra1 = [[Nithya Menon]]
| length1 = 05:11
| title2 = Allah Allah
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Naveen Madhav
| length2 = 04:25
| title3 = Meghamala
| extra3 = [[Khushi Murali|Muralidhar]], Rahul, Vandana, Rita, Megha
| length3 = 05:34
| title4 = Tees Maar Khan
| extra4 = Naveen Madhu
| length4 = 03:12
| title5 = Lashkar Pori
| extra5 = Muralidhar
| length5 = 03:30
}}

==Release==
The film's satellite and audio telecast rights were sold for {{INR}} 5.25 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sid leaks Jabardasth collections | New Telugu News |url=http://www.newtelugunews.com/c/sid-leaks-jabardasth-collections |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140205103159/http://www.newtelugunews.com/c/sid-leaks-jabardasth-collections |archive-date=5 February 2014 |access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jabardasth Review, Rating : Jabardasth Movie Review - Telugu Mirchi |url=http://www.telugumirchi.com/en/reviews/jabardasth-telugu-movie-review-ratings.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218115535/http://telugumirchi.com/en/reviews/jabardasth-telugu-movie-review-ratings.html |archive-date=2013-02-18 |website=www.telugumirchi.com}}</ref>

==Critical reception==

===Reception===
Idlebrain.com's Jeevi gave a rating of 3/5 for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jabardasth review |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/jabardasth.html |access-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> Rediff wrote:"First half was fun but second half was dragged".<ref name="inspired">{{Cite web |title=Review: Jabardasth is inspired by Band Baaja Baraat |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-jabardasth-is-inspired-by-band-baaja-baraat/20130222.htm}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2699290}}

{{B. V. Nandini Reddy}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]
[[Category:2013 controversies]]

Sandhya Roy

2026-03-09T05:47:23Z

Eldarljt:

{{Short description|Indian actress and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sandhya Roy
| image = Sandhya Roy 1975.png
| caption = Roy in the film ''Surjo Snan'' (1962)
| imagesize =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = [[Prabodh Panda]]
| successor = [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2014–present)
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1941|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Nabadwip]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| birth_name =
| website =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Tarun Majumdar]]|1967|2022|reason=his death}}
| children =
| education =
| years_active = 1956–2019
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Politician}}
| parents =
| notable_works = ''Alor Pipasa'' ''[[Nimantran]]'' ''Phuleshwari'' ''Baba Taraknath'' ''[[Ganadevata (film)|Ganadevata]]'' ''Sansar Simante'' ''[[Dadar Kirti]]''
}}
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4898&lastls=16
}}

'''Sandhya Roy''' (born 11 April 1941) is an Indian actress and politician.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/sandhya-roy-81580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613142904/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/sandhya-roy-81580 |url-status=live |archive-date=13 June 2018 |title=Sandhya Roy movies, filmography, biography and songs – Cinestaan.com |website=Cinestaan |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sandhya-roy-reveals-why-she-couldnt-reject-manojder-adbhut-bari/articleshow/65961863.cms |title=Sandhya Roy reveals why she couldn't reject 'Manojder Adbhut Bari' |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 September 2018 |accessdate=6 March 2021}}</ref> One of the most successful actresses of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], she reigned as a leading actress for approximately 30 years. She has received numerous awards including four [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association|BFJA Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/awards-won-by-sandhya-roy/1106 |title=Sandhya Roy Awards, List Of Awards Won By Sandhya Roy |website=gomolo.com |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204194437/http://www.gomolo.com/awards-won-by-sandhya-roy/1106 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a [[Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Award]] for Best Actress for ''[[Ganadevata (film)|Ganadevata]]''.

==Acting career==
Roy made her silver screen debut with ''Mamlar Phol'' (1956).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=হাসপাতাল থেকে ছাড়া পেলেন, এখন কেমন আছেন সন্ধ্যা রায়? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-sandhya-roy-is-stable-now-released-from-hospital-31718970495641.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717121808/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-sandhya-roy-is-stable-now-released-from-hospital-31718970495641.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2024 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> She rose to stardom for her role as Shabala in Salil Sen's ''Nagini Kanyar Kahini'' (1958) based on [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]'s celebrated novel of the same name. She is celebrated for her roles in films such as ''Nimantran'', ''Phuleswari'' (1972), ''[[Ami Sirajer Begam]]'' (1973), ''[[Ashani Sanket]]'' (1974).

==Political career==
In 2014, she contested a seat in the Lok Sabha elections for the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SANDHYA ROY |url=https://www.myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=8259 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref> She won the 2014 Lok Sabha elections from the [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]] constituency and became a Member of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal Lok Sabha Election Results 2014, WB Constituency List |url=http://indianballot.com/lok-sabha-election-2014-stateresult-west-bengal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929000748/https://www.indianballot.com/lok-sabha-election-2014-stateresult-west-bengal.html |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=27 September 2015 |work=indianballot.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1956
|''Mamlar Phol''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=মামলার ফল (১৯৫৬) |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/TW5rNWFWSkRXVU5rV0ZwUWJucGtRa3RuVVVzMFVUMDk= |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref>
|-
|1957
|''Antariksha''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1958
|''Brindaban Leela''
|
|
|
|-
|''Kangsa''
|
|
|
|-
|''Naginikanyar Kahini''
|Shabala
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=নাগিনীকন্যার কাহিনী (১৯৫৮) |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/UkZJeVVUaDJSVXhWTVRjemFGbHRUWFZtTldwbFp6MDk= |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1959
|''Jal-Jangal''
|
|
|
|-
|''Nrityeri Tale Tale''
|
|
|
|-
|''Sree Sree Nityananda Prabhu''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1960
|''Dui Bechara''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Ganga (1960 film)|Ganga]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Kathin Maya]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Maya Mriga''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1961
|''[[Arghya (film)|Arghya]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Subha Dristi''
|
|
|
|-
|1962
|''Rakta Palash''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1962
|''Nav Diganta''
|
|
|
|-
|''Dhoop Chhaya''
|
|
|
|-
|''Bandhan''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Asli-Naqli]]''
|
|
|Main actress in song "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpvaEr190_c Lakh chhupao chhup na sakega raaz ho kitna gehra]"
|-
| rowspan="2" |1963
|''[[Palatak]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhrantibilas]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1964
|''[[Pooja Ke Phool]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Jiban Kahini]]''
|Shyamali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1965
|''Surya Tapa''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Ek Tuku Basa]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Antaral''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Alor Pipasa]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1966
|''Monihar''
|
|
|
|-
|''Natun Jiban''
|
|
|
|-
|1967
|''[[Prastar Swakshar]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1968
|''Tin Adhyay''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Baghini]]''
|Dugga
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1969
|''[[Rahgir]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Dadu''
|
|
|
|-
|''Aparachita''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Arogya Niketan (film)|Arogya Niketan]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1970
|''Rupasi''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1971
|''[[Nimantran]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Jaane-Anjaane]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Kuheli]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1973
|''[[Chithi (1973 film)|Chithi]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Sriman Prithviraj''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Ami Sirajer Begam]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Ashani Sanket]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1974
|''[[Thagini]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Fuleswari]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1975
|''[[Sansar Seemantey]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Palanka (film)|Palanka]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1977
|''Baba Taraknath''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Kabita]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1978
|''Ke Tumi''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhanraj Tamang]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Ganadevata (film)|Ganadevata]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|''[[Nagpash]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Dadar Kirti]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Shahar Theke Dooray]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Meghmukti''
|
|
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Khana Baraha]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1981
|''Khelar Putul''
|
|
|
|-
|1983
|''Amar Geeti''
|
|
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Agradani]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
|''[[Pathbhola]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Bouma]]''
|Laxmi
|
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Choto Bou]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Path-o-Prasad]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1991
|''Nabab''
|
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Satya Mithya]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Debipaksha]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Nabab Nandini (film)|Nabab Nandini]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2009
|''Maa Amar Maa''
|
|
|
|}

== Awards ==
* "Banga Bibhushan" – the highest civilian award in West Bengal for her contribution to Indian Cinema in 2013.
* BFJA Award – Best Supporting Actress Award for ''Tin Adhay'' in 1969.
* BFJA Award – Best Actress Award for ''Nimantran'' in 1972.
* BFJA Award – Best Actress Award for ''Sansar Simante'' in 1976.
* BFJA Award – Best Actress Award for ''Ganadevata'' in 1979.
* [[Filmfare Awards East]] – Best Actress Award for ''Ganadevata'' in 1979.
* [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|National Film Award For Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] – ''Ganadevata'' in 1979.
* [[Bharatnirman Award]] in 1997.
* Kalakar Awards – Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0747178}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220601000000*/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4898&lastls=16 Official biographical sketch] at the Parliament of India website
*[https://prsindia.org/mptrack/16-lok-sabha/sandhyaroy Sandhya Roy– PRS profile]

{{16th LS members from West Bengal|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Sandhya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Manase Mandiram

2026-03-06T03:34:09Z

Eldarljt: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manase Mandiram
| image = Manase Mandiram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| story =
| screenplay =
| writer = C. V. Sridhar
| based_on = ''[[Nenjil Or Aalayam]]'' (1962)
| producer = Yarra Appa Rao
| director = [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = Balu
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| studio = Sri Krishna Sai Films
| distributor = Sri Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1966|10|06}}
| runtime = 158 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Manase Mandiram''''' ({{translation|The heart is a temple}}) is a 1966 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]], produced by Yarra Appa Rao and directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], with music composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]]. The film was a remake of Sridhar's own Tamil film ''[[Nenjil Or Aalayam]]'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=8 December 2012 |title=Nenjil Ore Alayam 1962 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/nenjil-ore-alayam-1962/article4178726.ece |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309105601/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/nenjil-ore-alayam-1962/article4178726.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins at a cancer institute owned by Dr. Raghu, who dedicates his life to the profession. Once Seeta, his ex-lover, forcibly married to a wise Ramu, arrives as her husband is diagnosed with cancer and terminally ill. Raghu and Seeta are uncomfortable interacting in front of Ramu. Seeta suspects that Raghu will not be able to treat Ramu properly because of his love interest in her. Now, Raghu assures Radha that he will make Ramu recover. Parallelly, Ramu overhears the conversation and later takes a promise from Seeta that she should wedlock Raghu after his death. Now Ramu is to undergo significant surgery under Raghu, which will decide his fate. Here, Raghu seizes with a feeling that he cannot afford to fail in the surgery as it might seem that he was biased due to Seeta. So, he toils a lot for the preparation without proper food and sleep. At last, the surgery successfully takes place, but Raghu dies of hypertension. Finally, the movie ends with Ramu and Seeta constructing a memorial hospital in the name of Raghu.

== Cast ==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Dr. Raghu
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Seeta
*[[Jaggayya]] as Ramu
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Father
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Devaiah
*[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Kantham's husband
*[[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as Jogulu
*[[Santha Kumari]] as Raghu's mother
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Kasulu
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Kantham
*Jhansi as Nurse
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Uma's mother
*''Baby'' Shantikala as Uma

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manase Mandiram (1966)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DAS/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231130104600/https://indiancine.ma/documents/DAS/info |archive-date=30 November 2023 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Annadhi Neevena"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[P. Susheela]]
|4:57
|-
|"Challaga Undali"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|3:37
|-
|"Allaru Muddu Kade"
|Acharya Aatreya
|P. Susheela
|3:38
|-
|"Rupuleni"
|Karthik
|Ghantasala, [[L. R. Eswari]]
|3:15
|-
|"Thalachinade Jariginadaa"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|3:26
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0810419}}
{{C. V. Sridhar}}

[[Category:1966 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1966 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Balarama (film)

2026-03-04T07:29:40Z

Eldarljt: adding new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balarama
| image = Balarama (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[S. Mahendar]]
| writer = B. A. Madhu (dialogue)
| screenplay = S. Mahendar
| story = M. V. S. Haranatha Rao
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Yerra Mandaram]]'' (1991)}}
| producer = Ramesh Yadav
| starring = [[Rockline Venkatesh]] [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = A. C. Mahendra
| editing = P. R. Sounder Rajan
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Royal Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|8|2|ref1=<ref name="V"/>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Balarama''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[S. Mahendar]] and produced by Ramesh Yadav. The film stars [[Rockline Venkatesh]] and [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]].<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://viggy.com/news/volume2/wings_balarama.asp|title='Balarama' - on big screen after the success of comedy express..|website=viggy.com|access-date=23 April 2024|archive-date=22 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422072708/http://viggy.com/news/volume2/wings_balarama.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1991 Telugu film ''[[Yerra Mandaram]]'' (1991). The film revolves around a criminal who, after committing a series of crimes, traps an innocent politician in his vicious web. Soon, the politician's wife sets out to exact revenge. The film was a box office flop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chitraloka.com/flash-back/3154-2002-year-round-up.html|title=2002 Year Round Up|date=30 December 2002|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141113073316/http://chitraloka.com/flash-back/3154-2002-year-round-up.html|archive-date=13 November 2014|website=[[Chitraloka.com]]|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

==Plot==
Balarama is an uneducated and innocent person working in a theatre. Sevanthi loves Balarama and marries him. Due to allegations of corruption, Saahukaar Durgappa, the incumbent President of Mandal Panchayat, is barred from contesting elections. Hence, Saahukaar decides to make Balarama as the President since he is innocent and can be made a puppet in his hands. However, Balarama wants to reform his village but is left helpless as he lacks courage. Later one day, he feels ashamed of himself for being so powerless and unable to stop the crimes committed by Saahukaar. He revolts against this which results in his arrest with false accusations and is killed by Saahukaar's men after he returns from the police station. The police take Saahukaar's side and close the case, reporting that the person killed was someone other than Balarama. Finally, Saahukaar is then murdered by Sevanthi and her son, both of whom allege that the murder was committed by Balarama who is still said to be alive by the police. The movie ends with Sevanthi and her son walking free.

==Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rockline Venkatesh]] as Balarama
*[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Sevanthi
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Saahukaar Durgappa
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[Shobaraj]]
*[[Shivaram]]
*[[C. R. Simha]]
*[[Karibasavaiah]]
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*[[Kishori Ballal]]
* Renuka Prasad
}}

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Hamsalekha]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/balarama/PhWL6zSp5XE_|title=Balarama|work=[[JioSaavn]]|access-date=23 April 2024|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423063653/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/balarama/PhWL6zSp5XE_|url-status=live}}</ref> who also penned lyrics for all the six songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/balarama-2002#movie_crew_list|title=Balarama (2002) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|work=chiloka.com|access-date=23 April 2024|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328013505/https://chiloka.com/movie/balarama-2002#movie_crew_list|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Badava Ninna Kopa
| extra1 = [[S. Mahendar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Chairmenre Chairmenre
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Latha Hamsalekha]], [[Hamsalekha]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Entha Chenda Nodi
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, Sangeetha
| length3 =
| title4 = Onti Henna
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[B. Jayashree]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Rama Balarama
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length5 =
| title6 = Seere Utta Singaari
| extra6 = Rajesh Krishnan, Divya Raghavan
| length6 =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' wrote that "Though it has all the characteristics of parallel cinema, it is overwhelming with commercial aspects. Still one can feel the beautiful blend of comedy, song and sentiments".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/balarama.html|title=Balarama - Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015192627/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/balarama.html|archive-date=15 October 2002|access-date=23 April 2024|website=indiainfo.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Viggy]]'' wrote that "Director Mahendar succeeded in not making the film look like photocopy of its original film 'Erra Mandaram'. With his consecutive success of remake films ''Vaali'', ''Ninagagi'' and ''Balarama'' Mahendar now is a hatric[k] director".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/news/volume2/review_balarama.asp|title='Balarama' - 'Dheera' Rockline Venkatesh shines again|website=[[Viggy.com]]|access-date=23 April 2024|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210113319/http://www.viggy.com/news/volume2/review_balarama.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14677508}}

[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Kasethan Kadavulada

2026-03-04T04:53:28Z

Eldarljt: info

{{short description|1972 film by Chitralaya Gopu}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kasethan Kadavulada
| image = Kasethan Kadavulada.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Chithralaya Gopu]]
| writer = Chithralaya Gopu
| based_on = {{based on|''Kasethan Kadavulada''|Chithralaya Gopu}}
| producer = {{ubl|M. Murugan|M. Kumaran|[[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]|M. Balasubramanian|[[M. S. Guhan]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]]|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]}}
| cinematography = K. S. Bhaskar
| editing = R. G. Gopu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1972|5|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cEzAQAAIAAJ&q=Kadavulada |title=Indian Films |publisher=B. V. Dharap |year=1973 |pages=142 |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514031031/https://books.google.com/books?id=-cEzAQAAIAAJ&q=Kadavulada |archive-date=14 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kasethan Kadavulada''''' ({{Translation|Only money is God}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Heist film|heist]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Chithralaya Gopu]]. The film stars [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], with [[M. R. R. Vasu]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy|Moorthy]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Rama Prabha]] and [[Jayakumari]] in supporting roles. It focuses on a young man (Muthuraman) collaborating with his cousin (Srikanth) and friend (Srinivasan) to steal money from his stingy stepmother (Manorama).

''Kasethan Kadavulada'', based on Gopu's play of the same name is the directorial debut of Gopu, and was produced by [[AVM Productions]]. Muthuraman and Moorthy reprise their roles from the play. The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], cinematography was handled by K. S. Bhaskar, and editing by R. G. Gopu.

''Kasethan Kadavulada'' was released on 19 May 1972. The film became a commercial success, with Srinivasan's role as a fake [[Godman (India)|godman]] becoming immensely popular. A remake with the [[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|same name]] was released in 2023.

== Plot ==
Lakshmi is a dominating woman who has complete control over her husband Sivaswamy's money and treats him with utter contempt. When Ramu, Sivaswamy's son from his first wife, needs {{INRConvert|3000|year=1972}} for his sister's husband, the miserly Lakshmi refuses outright. Ramu and his cousin Mali hatch a plan with their tea shop friend Appaswamy, who disguises himself as a [[Godman (India)|godman]] named Badrinath Swamy Sukranada, to access Lakshmi's locker and steal {{INR}}50,000.

Meanwhile, Rama, an orphan, has only one friend—Iruthayam, a doctor at a mental hospital. When Rama asks for a conduct certificate to apply for a job as Lakshmi's secretary, Iruthayam makes a blunder and gives her the certificate of another girl named Rama—who is mentally unstable.

[[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Paramantham, who had earlier arrested Appaswamy, comes to meet the supposed godman. Appaswamy manages to convince him not to take up any cases for the time being. Things take a turn when Rama sees Appaswamy without his beard but, to his surprise, does not suspect anything. Soon, a telegram arrives announcing that the real Badrinath Swamy Sukranada will be arriving in two days. This puts pressure on Appaswamy to complete the theft before then.

Meanwhile, Lakshmi's brother Mani wants to buy jewellery for his girlfriend Latha, but gets exposed by her brother. In need of money, Mani steals ₹5,001 that Lakshmi had donated to Appaswamy, but Rama catches him red-handed.

Soon, the sane Rama joins Lakshmi's household as a secretary. Despite the odd conduct certificate that claims Rama turns violent if denied what she wants, Lakshmi decides to keep her on. Rama and Ramu begin to fall in love. Coincidentally, the mentally unstable Rama and her father also land up at the same house. Matters get more tangled when her father overhears the heist plan. The unstable Rama, in a fit of anger, attacks Appaswamy. A secret understanding is struck: Ramu and Appaswamy will not reveal that the sane Rama is actually insane, and in return, the father will not expose the robbery plan.

Lakshmi, trusting the godman, shows Appaswamy her hidden stash and how to access it. That night, Appaswamy and Ramu carry out the heist and hide the money in a flower pot. But things unravel when the insane Rama's father, the sane Rama, and Mani all stumble upon the stash. Mani throws the cash to Latha's brother, but once again Rama catches him red-handed. The money ends up inside Latha's brother's coat.

To prove the other Rama is insane, the sane Rama cleverly tells her the coat would look nice on her. When Latha's brother refuses to part with it, the unstable Rama creates a scene, exposing her condition. With all confusions cleared, Lakshmi calms down and agrees to Ramu and the sane Rama's marriage.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=55%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
; Actors<ref name="credits" />
* [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] as Ramu<ref name="BFTP" />
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as the insane Rama's father<ref name="BFTP" />
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Appaswamy<ref name="b4umedia" />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Mali<ref name="b4umedia" />
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy|Moorthy]] as Sivaswamy<ref name="BFTP" />
* [[Typist Gopu]] as Dr. Iruthayam<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkataramanan |first=Geetha |date=13 April 2017 |title='I'm like a fish out of water' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/life-time-achievement-award-for-typist-gopu/article17985601.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406061105/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/life-time-achievement-award-for-typist-gopu/article17985601.ece |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Sasikumar (actor, born 1944)|Sasikumar]] as Mani<ref name="b4umedia" />
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Paramantham (guest appearance)
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Chettiar (guest appearance)<ref name="b4umedia" />
* S. Rama Rao as Iyer
* S. L. Narayanan as Dr. Iruthayam's secretary
* Sundhar as Mugilan
{{col-break|width=55%}}
;Actresses<ref name="credits" />
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as the secretary Rama<ref name="BFTP" />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Lakshmi<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=12 October 2015 |title=When the camera rolled, she lived the character' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-camera-rolled-she-lived-the-character/article7751052.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029074558/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-camera-rolled-she-lived-the-character/article7751052.ece |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=20 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Rama Prabha]] as the insane Rama<ref name="BFTP" />
* [[Jayakumari]] as Latha
* [[Sachu|Kumari Sachu]] as a popular dancer (guest appearance)
* Vijayarekha as Appaswamy's wife
* Renuka Sheshathri as Prema
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==

''Kasethan Kadavulada'' was a play written and directed by [[Chithralaya Gopu]],<ref name="TCRC" /> and staged over 300 times.<ref name="behindwoods" /> [[AVM Productions]] founder [[A. V. Meiyappan]] who saw the play decided to adapt it into a feature film and insisted Gopu direct; Gopu initially refused the directorial offer and wanted [[C. V. Rajendran]] to direct the film.<ref name="kasethan" /><ref name="LookingBack" /> The film adaptation marked Gopu's directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=9 June 2016 |title=Classic comedy revisited |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/Classic-comedy-revisited/article14412484.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406061426/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/Classic-comedy-revisited/article14412484.ece |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=11 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> While [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] and [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy|Moorthy]] reprised their roles from the play as son and father, [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], who portrayed the lead actor's love interest in the play, portrayed the matriarch in the film; the lead actor's love interest in the film was instead portrayed by [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]. [[Thengai Srinivasan]] portrayed the tea vendor Appaswamy masquerading as a godman, reprising the role originally played by Ramani, a mimicry artist, though many thought [[Nagesh]] would be cast in that role.<ref name="TCRC" /><ref name="behindwoods" /><ref name="kasethan" /> In portraying Appaswamy, Srinivasan spoke in [[Madras Bashai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sampath |first=Janani |date=20 August 2014 |title=Language Found in Transition |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/Aug/20/language-found-in-transition-650041.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325115517/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/Aug/20/language-found-in-transition-650041.html |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by K. S. Bhaskar, and editing by R. G. Gopu.<ref name="credits" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasethan Kadavulada (1972) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001646 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140626035511/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001646 |archive-date=26 June 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasethan Kadavulada Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kasethan-kadavulada-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120063004/https://mossymart.com/product/kasethan-kadavulada-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Jambulingame" became popular upon release.<ref name="BFTP" /> Elements of the song were borrowed by [[Thaman S]] and used in "Pudhu Punal" from ''[[Mouna Guru]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Twin treat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/twin-treat/article2684004.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406061242/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/twin-treat/article2684004.ece |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=20 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> That song and "Indru Vandha" were reused in the film's 2023 remake.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=17 August 2021 |title=Shoot at Site: Cult heist comedy Kasethan Kadavulada gets a new makeover |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/cult-heist-comedy-kasethan-kadavulada-gets-a-new-makeover/articleshow/85372940.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817055350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/cult-heist-comedy-kasethan-kadavulada-gets-a-new-makeover/articleshow/85372940.cms |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=26 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mella Pesungal
| extra1 = Kovai Soundararajan, [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length1 = 4:18
| title2 = Jambulingame Jadaadaraa
| extra2 = K. Veeramani, Kovai Soundararajan, Dharapuram Sundarrajan
| length2 = 3:33
| title3 = Andavan Thodangi
| extra3 = [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], K. Veeramani
| length3 = 3:29
| title4 = Aval Enna Ninaithal
| extra4 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length4 = 3:24
| title5 = Indru Vantha Intha Mayakkam
| extra5 = P. Susheela
| length5 = 3:35
| total_length = 18:19 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kasethan Kadavulada'' was released on 19 May 1972.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Publications |year=2013 |pages=227 |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> Gopu recalled that producers put up a huge cut-out for Srinivasan in the saint get-up. Srinivasan who was pleased did not want the lead actor Muthuraman to misunderstand so he and Gopu went to Muthuraman and explained that it was the role that became popular and even apologised to Muthuraman who smiled it away.<ref name="muthu" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=20 October 2012 |title=He walked tall in tinsel town |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-walked-tall-in-tinsel-town/article4016391.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130005021/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-walked-tall-in-tinsel-town/article4016391.ece |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=20 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=கமல்குமார் |date=9 November 2018 |title=கதாநாயகனுக்கு நோ கட் அவுட், காமெடியனுக்கு 16 அடி கட் அவுட்!!! 1970 களிலேயே கலக்கிய 'தேங்காய்' சீனிவாசன் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/thengai-srinivasan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181121100006/https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/thengai-srinivasan |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=6 April 2020 |work=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref> This cut-out created controversy when a journalist wrote that Srinivasan's look from the film resembled religious singer [[Pithukuli Murugadas]], which led Murugadas to call Gopu and express his dissatisfaction, but Gopu asked him to watch the film to learn the truth; he did so and was impressed with it.<ref name="muthu" /> The film was a commercial success, and Gopu received more film offers to work as both director and writer.<ref name="LookingBack" /> Historian [[Randor Guy]] attributed the success to "the excellent comedy sequences, humorous dialogue, fine direction of Chitralaya Gopu and excellent performances".<ref name="BFTP" />

== Other versions ==
In 2017, [[Y. G. Mahendran]] organised a play based on the film that was staged in [[Mylapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2017 |title=The Mint Planner, 26 May 2017 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/wVHEBAO4zrfUqpUQGUYOWL/The-Mint-Planner-26-May-2017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021153815/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/wVHEBAO4zrfUqpUQGUYOWL/The-Mint-Planner-26-May-2017.html |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> Mahendran reprised the role of Srinivasan from the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2017 |title=100th show of Kasethan Kadavulada next month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/100th-show-of-kasethan-kadavulada-next-month/article18595958.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032646/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/100th-show-of-kasethan-kadavulada-next-month/article18595958.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The play was performed 100 times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2017 |title=100 மேடைகள் கண்ட காசேதான் கடவுளடா |trans-title=Kasethan Kadavulada drama reached 100th stage show |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/60061/cinema/Kollywood/Kasethan-Kadavulada-drama-reached-100th-stage-show.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116014111/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/60061/cinema/Kollywood/Kasethan-Kadavulada-drama-reached-100th-stage-show.htm |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> The film was remade in Tamil under [[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|the same title]] by [[R. Kannan]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2022 |title='Kasethan Kadavulada' trailer promises a complete comedy entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kasethan-kadavulada-trailer-promises-a-complete-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/93093048.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725043008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kasethan-kadavulada-trailer-promises-a-complete-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/93093048.cms |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and released on 27 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பூபாலன் |first=மு. |date=27 May 2023 |title=What to watch on Theatre & OTT: இந்த மே கடைசி வாரம் என்னென்ன படம் பார்க்கலாம்?! |trans-title=What films can we watch in this last week of May?! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/what-to-watch-on-theater-ott-list-of-films-to-watch-in-the-last-week-of-may |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230527180500/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/what-to-watch-on-theater-ott-list-of-films-to-watch-in-the-last-week-of-may |archive-date=27 May 2023 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Home media ==
''Kasethan Kadavulada'' was made available for viewing on [[Amazon Prime Video]] when it was launched in India in December 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Poorvaja |first=S. |date=16 December 2016 |title=Tamil movie buffs welcome Amazon Prime Video |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Tamil-movie-buffs-welcome-Amazon-Prime-Video/article16842033.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227124330/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Tamil-movie-buffs-welcome-Amazon-Prime-Video/article16842033.ece |archive-date=27 December 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Kasethan Kadavulada |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[AVM Productions]] |year=1972 |time=1:55 to 4:38 |time-caption=opening credits from}}</ref>
<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=20 June 2015 |title=Blast from the Past: Kaasethan Kadavulada (1972) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kaasethan-kadavulada-1972/article7336866.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114100116/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kaasethan-kadavulada-1972/article7336866.ece |archive-date=14 November 2016 |access-date=20 June 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="b4umedia">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2016 |title=Kasethan Kadavulada Press Meet Images & news Release |url=http://www.b4umedia.in/?p=69150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190420111202/http://www.b4umedia.in/?p=69150 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=20 April 2019 |website=B4U Media}}</ref>
<ref name="TCRC">{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Karthik |date=29 June 2016 |title=Kaasethaan Kadavulada: From Stage To Celluloid |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2016/06/29/kaasethaan-kadavulada-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083934/https://tcrcindia.com/2016/06/29/kaasethaan-kadavulada-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=26 January 2018 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref>
<ref name="behindwoods">{{Cite web |last=Rekhs |date=29 June 2012 |title=Gopu Is Gold |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebrity-column/Gopu-is-Gold-29-06-12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200206112346/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebrity-column/Gopu-is-Gold-29-06-12.html |archive-date=6 February 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
<ref name="kasethan">{{Cite web |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=31 August 2018 |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 33: உயிரைக் குடித்த நகைச்சுவை! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/138361-33-4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121131819/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/138361-33.html |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="LookingBack">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 July 2009 |title=Looking back with a smile |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Looking-back-with-a-smile/article15938930.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517045001/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Looking-back-with-a-smile/article15938930.ece |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="muthu">{{Cite web |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=21 September 2018 |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 35: முத்துராமனுக்கு வந்த முரட்டுக் கோபம்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/174702-35.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121134232/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/174702-35.html |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1970s heist films]]
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 comedy films]]
[[Category:1972 controversies]]
[[Category:1972 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films about mental health]]
[[Category:Films adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chithralaya Gopu]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dahini: The Witch

2026-03-02T04:55:46Z

Eldarljt: done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dahini - The Witch
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajesh Touchriver]]
| producer = [[Sunitha Krishnan]] Pradeep Narayanan
| writer = Ravi Punnam (dialogue)
| story = Rajesh Touchriver
| screenplay = Rajesh Touchriver
| starring = [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] [[Sruthy Jayan]]
| music = George Joseph
| cinematography = Noushad Shereef
| editing = K. Sasi Kumar
| studio = Orion Pictures International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|11||Australia, Sweden}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi Odia
| budget =
}}
'''''Dahini - The Witch''''' is a 2022 Indian Hindi language [[supernatural thriller]] film written, and directed by [[Rajesh Touchriver]]; produced by [[Sunitha Krishnan]], and Pradeep Narayanan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/jd-chakravarthis-dahini-to-expose-scourge-of-witch-hunting | title=JD Chakravarthi's 'Dahini' to expose scourge of witch-hunting | date=23 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-11-09 |title='Dahini: The Witch' makes it to the Swedish International Film Festival |url=https://telanganatoday.com/dahini-the-witch-makes-it-to-the-swedish-international-film-festival |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> The film stars [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], and [[Sruthy Jayan]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajesh-touchriver-directs-a-controversial-film-on-witch-hunting-titled-dahini-the-witch/articleshow/87223522.cms |title=Rajesh Touchriver directs a controversial film on witch-hunting titled 'Dahini: The Witch' | Telugu Movie News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2021-10-23 |accessdate=2022-08-05}}</ref>

The film received widespread praise after its release and won several international awards, including Best Feature Film at the Titan International Film Festival and Best International Feature Film at the Pacific Beach International Festival<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajesh Touchriver's social thriller 'Dahini: The Witch' makes it to the Swedish International Film Festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajesh-touchrivers-social-thriller-dahini-the-witch-makes-it-to-the-swedish-international-film-festival/articleshow/95402289.cms |access-date=2023-03-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> also was nominated at the Swedish International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/touchrivers-dahini-the-witch-wins-best-feature-film-award-in-australia/articleshow/95714056.cms|title=Touchriver's 'Dahini - The Witch' wins 'Best Feature Film Award in Australia|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 November 2022|accessdate=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajesh-touchriver-directs-a-controversial-film-on-witch-hunting-titled-dahini-the-witch/articleshow/87223522.cms|title=Rajesh Touchriver directs a controversial film on witch-hunting titled 'Dahini: The Witch' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rajesh-touchrivers-dahini-the-witch-wins-best-feature-film-in-australia|title=Rajesh TouchRiver's 'Dahini – The Witch' wins best feature film in Australia|first=Telangana|last=Today|date=22 November 2022|website=Telangana Today}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot exploits witch hunting tradition in eastern India.<ref name="auto"/>

==Cast==
*[[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Kamala
*[[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Pratap
*[[Sruthy Jayan]] as Pallavi
*Badrul Islam as Chuniya
*Mohd Ashique Hussain as Ojha
*Angana Roy as Uma
*Riju Bajaj

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt17497054}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Demons in film]]
[[Category:The Devil in film]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Indian dark fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Films about human rights]]
[[Category:Films set on farms]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Films set in Odisha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Odisha]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about Satanism]]
[[Category:Films about witchcraft]]
[[Category:2022 independent films]]

Jainism in Karnataka

2026-02-27T20:59:53Z

Eldarljt: Added New Bio First Draft

{{Short description|Religion of Jainism in the Indian state of Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
[[File:Idol of Bhagwan Neminath 20250816 072740505.MP.jpg|thumb|Idol of Bhagwan Neminath at Ancient Jain Basadi, Gerusoppa, Karnataka]]
{{Jainism}}
'''[[Karnataka]]''', a state in [[South India]] has a long association with [[Jainism]], a religion which enjoyed patronage of major historic kingdoms in the state such as the [[Rastrakuta Dynasty]], [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga]], [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] and [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] dynasties and the [[Hoysala Empire]]. Today the state is home to a number of Jain monuments, such as [[Jain temple|temple]]s, [[Gommata statue]]s and [[stambha]]s.

==History==
Historical association of Jainism with [[Karnataka]] dates back to the 3rd century BC.{{sfn|Sangave|2001a|p=115}}<ref name=jain>{{cite book |last=Singh|first=R.B.P.|title=Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn= 9788120833234|language=en}}</ref> [[Acharya Bhadrabahu]] predicted a twelve-year-long famine in north India and led the migration of Jain sangha to the south.{{sfn|Sangave|2001a|p=115}} He was accompanied by his disciple [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and the ''Sangha'' halted at [[Chandragiri Hill]]. Realising that he was nearing the end of his life, Bhadrabahu instructed his disciples to spread the religion and he undertook [[sallekhana]] at Chandragiri.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb142006/spectrum1312382006213.asp |title=A place soaked in religion|access-date=2006-11-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061012044602/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb142006/spectrum1312382006213.asp |archive-date = 2006-10-12}}</ref> However, this account has little authenticity due to the contradiction it offers to ''Darshansaar'', an earlier Digambara text. Two major texts {{En dash}} 10th century CE text ''Darshansaar'' by Devasena, a Digambara ascetic, and 14th century CE text ''Bhadrabahu-charitra'' by Ratnanandi, also a Digambara ascetic, have completely different accounts of how the ''Śvētāmbara'' sect was created. While the previous story mentions that the ''Śvētāmbara'' sect was created in 298 BCE by [[Sthulabhadra]], the former text mentions that it was created in [[Vallabhi]] 136 years after [[Vikramaditya]]'s death and by a monk named ''Jinacandra''. Not only the time periods, but also the location of the sect's creation and installation, as well as the name of the originator differs in both these records.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aacharya Shri Devsen Swami |url=https://archive.org/details/Darshansar/page/2/mode/2up |title=दर्शनसार {{!}} Darshansar {{!}} Darshansaar {{!}} दर्शन सार {{!}} Darshan sar {{!}} Darshan saar}}</ref>

Chandragupta Maurya apparently continued to live on this hill worshipping the foot prints of his teacher and later he too took Sallekhana. There are two monuments on the hill recalling this event, a rock cut cave called Bhadrabahu cave and a structural shrine called the Chandragupta Basadi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr92005/arts11423200548.asp |title=Karnataka's hotbed of Jain religion|access-date=2006-11-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060618070508/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr92005/arts11423200548.asp |archive-date = 2006-06-18}}</ref>

==Architecture and monuments==
There are a number of monuments relating to the Jain religion in Karnataka. The Jain monuments include smaller shrines, Jain temples (known as ''Bastis'' or Basadis), Gommata statues and Sthambas (pillars). Moodabidri is home to the [[1000 Pillar Jain temple]].<ref>{{cite news| last=Ramnarayan | first=Gowri | url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/24/stories/2005042400340800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426232914/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/24/stories/2005042400340800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2005|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 April 2005|title=Moodbidri — woods of yore|access-date=15 July 2018|location=[[Chennai]] }}</ref> The Ganga-Permadi temple at [[Annigeri]] in Navalgund taluq received donation of land from ''mahasamanta'' Katarsa in 1074 CE for maintenance of charity-houses.{{sfn|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008|p=83}} Another temple named ''Samyakratnakara basadi'' situated at Mugad, [[Dharwad district]] received a similar donation some time before 11th century CE.{{sfn|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008|p=83}}

The most prominent among them are as follows:<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXhb38DquzUC|title=Documentation Update: October 2004 to March 2005|publisher=EQUATIONS|page=29}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:View_of_Akkana_Basadi_from_northeastern_side_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Akkana Basadi]], [[Shravanabelagola]]
File:Panchakuta_Basadi_(10th_century_AD)_at_Kambadahalli.JPG|[[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli|Panchakuta Basadi]]
File:Bhagwan Chandraprabha 20250701 172853551.NIGHT~3.jpg|Bhagwan Chandraprabha at [[Mandaragiri]], Karnataka
File:1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG|[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]], the 1000 pillar Jain temple at [[Moodabidri]]
File:Rear_view_of_Shantinatha_basadi_at_Jinanathapura.JPG|[[Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura]]
</gallery>
===Basadis (Bastis)===
* [[Shravanabelagola]]
** [[Chandragiri Hill|Chandragiri]]: [[Chandragupta Basadi]], [[Chamundaraya Basadi]], [[Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola|Parshvanatha basadi]]
** [[Vindhyagiri]] (Vindyagiri): [[Odegal Basadi]]
** Town: [[Akkana Basadi]], [[Bhandara Basadi]]
* [[Moodabidri]]- Also known as "Jain Kashi"
** [[Saavira Kambada Basadi]] - The 1000 pillar Jain temple
** [[Guru Basadi]]
** There are 18 other Basadis in and around Moodabidiri.
* [[Halebidu]]
** [[Basadi complex, Halebidu]] - 3 Basadis
* [[Karkala]] and [[Gerusoppa]]
** [[Chaturmukha Basadi]]
* [[Belgaum]]
**[[Kamal Basadi]]
* [[Lakshmeshwara]]
** [[Shanka Basadi]]
* [[Varanga]]
** [[Kere Basadi]]
* [[Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura]]
* [[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli]]
* [[Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa]]
* [[Chandranatha Basadi, Hadavalli]]
* [[Parshvanatha Basadi, Gundwad]]

===Statues of Gommata===
{{main|Bahubali}}
[[Shravanabelagola]] has the world famous monolithic statue, [[Gommateshwara statue]]. Similar Monolithic statues of Lord [[Bahubali]] can be also seen in [[Venur]], [[Dharmasthala]], [[Karkala]] and [[Mysore]].

There are five monolithic statues of Bahubali in [[Karnataka]] measuring more than 20 feet in height.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
* 57 feet at [[Shravanabelagola]] in [[Hassan District]] in 981 CE
* 42 feet at [[Karkala]] in [[Udupi District]] in 1432 CE
* 39 feet at [[Dharmasthala]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] District in 1973 CE
* 35 feet at [[Venur]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] District in 1604 CE
* 20 feet at [[Gommatagiri]] in [[Mysore District]] in 12th Century CE

In all of the above-mentioned places, the holy festival of ''[[Mahamastakabhisheka]]'' is held once every 12 years when the statue of Bahubali is worshiped and bathed in holy water, milk, turmeric, and other natural herbs that have their own significant importance.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqei_Wo1qXwC|title=Pilgrimage Centres of India|first=Brajesh|last=Kumar|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|date=2003|isbn=9788171821853|page=199|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT_u45_WfCUC|title=Travel House Guide to Incredible India|publisher=Har Anand Publications|date=2004|isbn=9788124110638|page=243|language=en}}</ref>

<gallery heights=120 widths=160>
File:Bahubali Shravana Belagola.jpg|[[Gommateshwara statue]] at Shravanabelagola, 978-993 AD
File:Gomateshwara Statue, Karkala.jpg|[[Gommateshwara statue, Karkala]] (1432 CE)
File:Gomateshwara of Dharmasthala.jpg|Bahubali monolith of Dharmasthala (1973 CE)
File:Venur - Bahubali.JPG|Bahubali monolith of Venur (1604 CE)
File:Statue of Bahubali at Gommatagiri, Mysore.JPG|Bahubali status at Gommatagiri (12th Century CE)
</gallery>

==Jainism in North Karnataka==
{{main|Jainism in North Karnataka}}
[[File:Jain temple at Lakkundi built in the Kalyani Chalukya style.jpg|thumb|[[Brahma Jinalaya]] at [[Lakkundi]] ]]
[[File:Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal.JPG|thumb|[[Pattadakal#Jain Narayana Temple|Jain Narayana temple]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] ]]

Jainism in North Karnataka flourished under the [[Chalukyas]], [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] and [[Rashtrakutas]], and [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/religion-culture/jainisminkarnataka.htm
|title=The Jain Legacy In Karnataka
|access-date=2008-08-20
}}</ref> Imbued with an intense religious feeling, lavish patronage was extended towards the building of basadis, temples and magnificent statues. [[Jainism]] enjoyed the highest repute among the people particularly the ruling classes and the mercantile community thus virtually becoming the state religion.

The earliest dated structure is a [[Basadi]] at [[Halasi]] built under the [[Kadamba Dynasty]] of [[Banavasi]] thus laying the foundation for Jain architecture in [[North Karnataka]]. [[Rastrakutas]] period is the golden age of Jainism in Karnataka. The Jaina monuments of the Rashtrakutas period are found at [[Pattadakal]], [[Malkhed]], [[Lakshmeshwar]], [[Koppal]], Bankur, of North Karnataka. Jainism exerted considerable influence over the cultural life of Karnataka during the rule of the Rashtrakutas.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpnoCwAAQBAJ|title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage - Art and Architecture|edition=From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period|first=Lalit|last=Chugh|publisher=Notion Press|date=2016|isbn=9789352068258|page=312|language=en}}</ref>

[[Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]] were known to be patrons of Jainism. After the rule of the Kadambas of Banavasi most parts of north Karnataka came under the rule of the early Chalukya or [[Badami Chalukyas]].{{Sfn|Sangave|2001b|p=174}}

The [[Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] built cave temples at [[Badami]], [[Pattadkal]] and [[Aihole]]. [[Lakshmeshwara Jain temples|Puligere]] (modern [[Lakshmeshwara]]) was a strong centre of religious activities of the Jain monks during this era.{{Sfn|Abram|2003|p=285}}

[[Lakkundi]] in [[Gadag District]] has a large Brahma Jinalaya of ''Chalukya'' style, built by a noble lady, [[Attimabbe]].{{sfn|Hartmann|Ray|2020|p=2360}}

[[Navagraha Jain Temple]] at Varur near [[Hubli]] is one of the major pilgrimage. The temple features a 61 feet (18.6 m) tall monolithic idol of the Shri 1008 Bhagavan Parshvanatha and the smaller statues of the other 8 Jain teerthankaras.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/hubli-gets-magnificent-jinalaya/article368643.ece Hubli gets magnificent ‘jinalaya’.] The Hindu, 6 January 2009.</ref>

==Religious organisations==
{{main|Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha}}
The [[Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha]] is a religious and social service organisation of the [[Jainism|Jain]]s of South India. The organisation is headquartered at [[Kolhapur]], Maharashtra, India.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&q=dakshina+bharat+jain+sabha&pg=PA368 |title=People of India: Maharashtra - Kumar Suresh Singh |isbn=9788179911006 |access-date=2013-01-30|last1=Bhanu |first1=B. V. |year=2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> The association is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movements among the Jains in modern India.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW8czr_HzzwC&q=South+Indian+Jain+Association&pg=PA235 |title=The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society |date= 4 April 1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521365055 |access-date=2013-01-30|editor-last1=Carrithers |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Humphrey |editor-first2=Caroline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdNNz1jcN9cC&q=South+Indian+Jain+Association&pg=PA72 |title=A World Religions Reader |date= 26 May 2009 |isbn=9781405171090 |access-date=2013-01-30|last1=Markham |first1=Ian S. |last2=Sapp |first2=Christy Lohr|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |language=en}}</ref> The organisation mainly seeks to represent the interests of the native Jains of Maharashtra ([[Marathi Jains]]), Karnataka ([[Kannada Jains]]) and [[Jainism in Goa|Goa]].

== List of famous temples ==
[[File:Chandragiri hill temple complex at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|[[Chandragiri Hill]] Temple Complex, [[Shravanbelgola]] ]]
[[File:Chaturmukha Basadi.jpg|thumb|[[Chaturmukha Basadi]] ]]
[[File:Old jain temple belgaum (1).jpg|thumb|[[Kamal Basadi]] ]]
[[File:Profile of the Parshvanatha basadi (1133 AD) at Halebidu.JPG|thumb|[[Jain temples, Halebidu|Parshvanath Basadi]], [[Halebidu]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] ]]
[[File:Badami, Höhle 4, Bahubali (1999).jpg|thumb|Bahubali in [[Badami cave temples]] ]]

; Cave temples
* [[Badami cave temples]] in [[Badami]]
* [[Aihole#Jain_cave_temple|Aihole cave temple]]

; Main temples
* [[Shravanabelagola]], a monumental statue of Saint Gomateshwar([[Bahubali]]) in [[Hassan district]].
* [[Karkala]], 1. Hiriyangadi Basadi 2. Chathurmukha Basadi 3. Padmavathi Kere Basadi. The famous monolithic {{convert|42|ft|m}} [[Gommateshwara statue, Karkala|Gommateshwara statue]], the second tallest in Karnataka is also here.
* [[Dharmasthala]], a {{convert|39|ft|m}} Gomateshwara idol.
* [[Venur]], a {{convert|35|ft|m}} Gomateshwara idol.
* [[Gommatagiri]], a {{convert|20|ft|m}} Gomateshwara idol.
* [[Moodabidri]], 18 ancient Jain temple including [[Saavira Kambada Basadi]] the Thousand Pillars Temple and [[Guru Basadi]]
* [[Brahma Jinalaya]] in [[Lakkundi]]
* [[Humcha Jain temples]]
* [[Navagraha Jain Temple]] in [[Hubli]]
* [[Sankighatta]]
* [[Jain Narayana temple, Pattadakal]]
* [[Kundadri]] : It is said this is Samadhi sthal of [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]] [[Kundakunda]]
* [[Chaturmukha Basadi]] in [[Karkala]]
* [[Akkana Basadi]]
* [[Odegal basadi]]
* [[Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola|Parshvanatha basadi]]
* [[Jain Basadi complex, Halebidu|Basadi complex]], [[Halebidu]] : 1. Parshvanatha Basadi 2. Shantinatha Basadi 3. Adinatha Basadi
* [[Varanga]] – This is an important Jain centre. The [[Kere basadi]] is located in midst of a lake. There are many other basadis too.
* [[Aihole#Jain Temples|Aihole Jain complex]] - Meguti Jain temple, Charanthimatha Group of temples, Yoginarayana group and Jain cave temple
* [[Kanakagiri Jain tirth]]
* [[Lakshmeshwara#Shanka Basadi|Shanka Basadi]] & Ananthanatha basadi at [[Lakshmeshwara]]
* [[Chandragupta basadi]]
* [[Shravanabelagola#Basadi|Basadi complex]] in [[Shravanabelagola]]
* [[Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura]]
* [[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli]]
* [[Hadavalli|Hadavalli Jain Temple]]
* [[Chavundaraya Basadi]]
* [[Narasimharajapura]]
* [[Kamal Basadi]] & Chikki Basadi at [[Belgaum Fort]]
* [[Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa]]
* [[Mandaragiri]]
* [[Manyakheta#Ancient institutions|Jain Bhattaraka Math]] at [[Manyakheta]]
* [[Aagam Mandir, Tumkur]]
* [[Kamthana#Parshavanatha Teerthankara Jain temple|Kamthana Jain temple]]
* [[Places of worship in Bangalore#Jainism and Jain derasars|Shri 1008 Adinath Digamber Jin Mandir]], [[Jayanagar, Bangalore]]
* [[Places of worship in Bangalore#Jainism and Jain derasars|Shri Mahavira Digambara Jain temple]], [[Chickpet]]
* [[Kalya (Kalyana pura)]]
* [[Gundwad|Gundwad Jain Basadi]]
* [[Barkur#Temple Architecture|Kathale Basadi]], [[Barkur]]
* [[Sringeri#Sri Parshwanath Swamy Basadi|Sri Parshwanath Swamy Basadi]]
* [[Attibele#Jain Temple|Shri Parshwa Sushil Dham]], [[Attibele]]
* [[Hangal#Jain temple at the fort|Jain temple inside Hangal Fort]], [[Hubli]]
* [[Hampi#Jain_monuments|Hampi Jain complex]]
* [[Naregal, Gadag#Padmabbarasi basadi|Padmabbarasi basadi]], [[Naregal, Gadag|Naregal]]
* [[Kalaghatagi#Shantinatha Basadi|Shantinatha Basadi]], [[Kalaghatagi]]
* [[Godageri]]
* [[Sargur]]
* [[Attibele#Jain_Temple|Shri Parshwa Sushil Dham]]
* [[Terdal#jain_temple|Shri 1008 Bhagwan Neminath Digambar Jain Basadi.]],[[Terdal]]
* [[Halingali#jain_temple|Shri khetra Badragiri]],[[Halingali]]

==Notable Karnataka Jains==
*[[Rani Chennabhairadevi]]
* [[Kumudendu Muni]] - Author of [[Siribhoovalaya]], a unique multi-lingual literary work.
* [[Shivakotiacharya]]
* [[Chavundaraya]]- Poet
* [[Hampa Nagarajaiah]]
* [[T._K._Tukol|Justice T. K. Tukol]]
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
* [[Padmanabh Jaini|Professor Padmanabh S Jaini]]
* [[Veerendra Heggade]]
* [[Abhayachandra Jain]]
* [[Shubhachandra]] - Retd. Jainology Professor, Mysore University
* [[Bhavya]]
* [[Abbakka Chowta|Rani Abbakka]]
* [[Durvinita]] - king
* [[Amoghavarsha|Amogavarsha]] - emperor, Pampa, Ranna, Ajitprasad,
* [[Dr.Priti Shrimandhar Kumar]] - Retired Professor(Mysore University), Previous Director- Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies.
Justice R.S.Mahendra

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kere Basadi - Varanga.jpg|[[Kere Basadi]]
File:Dallina_Vardamana_Mahaveera_Jain_temple.jpg|[[Sankighatta]]
File:Jain_temple_aihole.JPG|Meguti Jain temple, [[Aihole]]
File:Lakshmeshwara_Old_Jain_temple_1.jpg|[[Lakshmeshwara#Shanka Basadi|Shanka Basadi]], 8th century
File:Star_temple.JPG|[[Places of worship in Bangalore#Jainism and Jain derasars|Adinath Jain temple]], [[Bangalore]]
File:Chavundaraya Basadi on Chandragiri hill at Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Shravanabelagola#Basadi|Chavundaraya Basadi, Shravanabelagola]]
File:Gommateshwara.jpg|[[Odegal Basadi]], [[Vindhyagiri Hill]]
File:View of Chandragupta Basadi at Chandragiri hill in Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Chandragupta basadi]]
File:Backside view of Basadi in Humcha.jpg|[[Humcha]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Religion|India}}

*[[History of Jainism]]
*[[Timeline of Jainism]]
*[[Jainism in North Karnataka]]
*[[History of Karnataka]]
*[[Kalya (Kalyana pura)|Kalya Inscriptions]]

==External links==
{{commons category|Jainism in Karnataka}}
* [http://203.200.22.249:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1593/1/Jainism_and_Karnataka_culture.pdf Jainism and Karnataka culture (pdf)]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC |title=South India |first=David |last=Abram |publisher=Rough Guides |date=2003 |isbn=9781843531036}}
* {{Citation|last1=Hartmann |first1=Jens-Uwe |last2=Ray |first2=Himanshu Prabha |url={{Google books|KWHwDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT2360|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Power, Presence and Space South Asian Rituals in Archaeological Context| series=Archaeology and Religion in South Asia |date=2020|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | isbn=9781000168808 | volume=5 }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Aspects of Jaina religion |edition=3rd |date=2001a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8RUPwAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |isbn=978-8126307203 }}
* {{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |first=Vilas Adinath |last=Sangave |publisher=Popular Prakashan |date=2001b |isbn=978-8171548392}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Ram Bhushan Prasad |title=Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka |url={{Google books|JtWGm4E4qZIC|plainurl=yes}} |year=2008 |orig-year=1975 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-3323-4 |ref={{sfnref|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008}} }}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jainism in Karnataka| ]]
[[Category:Society of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]

Mohan Lal Chakma

2026-02-20T01:21:08Z

Eldarljt: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mohan Lal Chakma
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1912
| birth_place = Mogchan, [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], British India
| death_date = 21 June 2013
| death_place = Dhanicherra, [[Tripura]], India
| spouse =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| order =
| office = Member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| status =
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1983
| alongside = 
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| primeminister =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| vicepresident =
| viceprimeminister =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| vicechair =
| succeeding = 
| parliamentarygroup =
| constituency = [[Pencharthal Assembly constituency|Pencharthal]]
| majority =
| predecessor =
| successor = Ratna Prava Das
| prior_term =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 
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| president2 = 
| governor_general2 = 
| primeminister2 = 
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| taoiseach2 = 
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}}
'''Mohan Lal Chakma''' (c. 1912 – 21 June 2013) was an Indian politician. He was MLA for [[Tripura|Penchartal, Tripura]] (1978–83).<ref name="mlc">{{cite news|title=Centenarian CPI-M leader Mohan Lal Chakma dies|website=The Economic Times|date=23 June 2013|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centenarian-cpi-m-leader-mohan-lal-chakma-dies/articleshow/20726031.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=23 June 2013}}</ref>

==Life==
Chakma was born at Mogchan village in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. He worked as a school teacher in the [[Rangamati]] district and in 1947 fought for the inclusion of the hill tracts with India during the partition. Due to his political activities, the then [[East Pakistan]] authorities issued an arrest warrant against him; due to this he fled to Tripura in India.<ref name="mlc"/>

He died on 21 June 2013 at the age of 101.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news|title=Centenarian CPI(M) leader Mohan Lal Chakma passes away|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 June 2013|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centenarian-cpim-leader-mohan-lal-chakma-passes-away/article4843055.ece?homepage=true|accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakma, Mohan Lal}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:Chakma people]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from Rangamati District]]
[[Category:People from North Tripura district]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1977–1983]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane

2026-02-09T06:13:13Z

Eldarljt: Made entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1937|12|24}}
| birth_place = [[Chiplun]], [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Plant physiology]] | [[Biochemistry]] | [[Molecular biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] | [[University of California, Berkeley]] | [[Bhabha Atomic Research Center]] | [[National Botanical Research Institute]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Nagpur University]] | [[University of Alberta]] | [[Ruhr University Bochum]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Photosynthesis]]
| awards = 1981 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 1991 Bharat Jyoti Scientist of the Year Award 1994 [[Indian Botanical Society|IBS]] Birbal Sahni Medal
}}

'''Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane''' (born 1937) is an Indian molecular biologist and plant physiologist, known for his pioneering studies on [[photosynthesis]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=31 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="YunusPathre2000">{{cite book|author1=Mohammad Yunus|author2=Uday Pathre|author3=Prasanna Mohanty|title=Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanism, Regulation & Adaptation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3n1a6Ir8RYC&pg=PA9|date=22 June 2000|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7484-0821-4|pages=9–}}</ref> He is a former director of [[National Botanical Research Institute]]<ref name="Khanna1990">{{cite book|author=K. R. Khanna|title=Biochemical Aspects of Crop Improvement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gj7ayiS_UMkC&pg=PR1|date=19 December 1990|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-5418-2|pages=1–}}</ref> and an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] and the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sane">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N91-1081 | title=Indian Fellow - Sane | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1981, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane, born on the Christmas Eve of 1937 at [[Chiplun]], in [[Ratnagiri district]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] to Vishnu Jagannath Sane and Indira, did his schooling at New English High School, Nagpur and college studies at Agriculture College of [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]] from where he graduated in 1958.<ref name="Sane, Prafullachandra Vishnu FELLOW, ELECTED 1991">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/fdetail.html#S009 | title=Sane, Prafullachandra Vishnu FELLOW, ELECTED 1991 | publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> After obtaining his master's degree in agriculture from [[Nagpur University]] in 1960, he started his career at [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] in 1961 and continued there till 1964 when he moved to the [[University of Alberta]], Edmonton for his doctoral studies to secure a PhD in 1968.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sane" /> He stayed in the North America for three more years, working at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] as an assistant research botanist and returned to India to join the Agricultural Biochemistry Section of [[Bhabha Atomic Research Center]] (BARC) as its head in 1972 where he worked till 1984. In between, receiving an [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]] fellowship, he spent one year at [[Ruhr University Bochum]] during 1979–80. In 1984, he became the director of the [[National Botanical Research Institute]], Lucknow and held the post till his superannuation in 1997. Post retirement, he joined Jain Irrigation Systems Limited, [[Jalgaon]] where he is a principal adviser at their Agri-Biotech division.<ref name="Sane, Prafullachandra Vishnu FELLOW, ELECTED 1991" />

Sane is married to Suchitra Khandekar and the couple has two sons. The family lives in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Sane, Prafullachandra Vishnu FELLOW, ELECTED 1991" />

== Legacy ==
During his stint at [[Ruhr University Bochum]], Sane worked on the modality of electron transport and transduction of energy in [[chloroplast]] membranes and discovered that the generation of pH gradient across the membranes is due to the presence of proton-translocating proteins.<ref name="GovindjeeBeatty2006">{{cite book|author1=Govindjee|author2=J.T. Beatty|author3=H. Gest, J.F. Allen|title=Discoveries in Photosynthesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gy4r-aBusC&pg=PA1195|date=15 July 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-3324-7|pages=1195–}}</ref> Basing his studies on a mutant of Gateway Barley, he did an elaborate biochemical analysis of carbon assimilation and reactions of Ch1 biosynthesis. Associating with Roderic Park, he developed a new method for the isolation of PS-I and PS-II, without the use of detergents and propounded a model for distributing the two [[photosystems]] in the [[chloroplast]] [[Lamella (cell biology)|lamellae]]. Their findings were published in an article, ''Distribution of Function and Structure in Chloroplast Lamellae'',<ref name="Distribution of Function and Structure in Chloroplast Lamellae">{{cite journal | title=Distribution of Function and Structure in Chloroplast Lamellae | author=R B Park, and P V Sane | journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology | date=June 1971 | volume=22 | pages=395–430 | doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.22.060171.002143}}</ref> which eventually became a citation classic.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sane" />

During his days at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], Sane led a team who discovered the involvement of charge pairs in producing the emitted light and these researches are reported to have helped in widening our knowledge about ''energy storage during electron transport''.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=28 September 2016 | pages=35 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Later, he also made pioneering studies on [[tobacco]] [[transgenic]] plants and [[sorghum]].<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sane" /> He has published his research findings as chapters in several books and in over 160 articles,<ref name="Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane on Microsoft Academic Search">{{cite web | url=http://65.54.113.26/Author/23465883/prafullachandra-vishnu-sane | title=Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane on Microsoft Academic Search | publisher=Microsoft Academic Search | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific papers, has listed 87 of them.<ref name="P. V. Sane on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/48778876_Prafullachandra_Vishnu_Sane | title=P. V. Sane on ResearchGate | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> It was during his tenure as the director of [[National Botanical Research Institute]], the Centre for Plant Molecular Biology was established at the institute. He is a former president and an adviser to the International Society of Environmental Botanists (ISEB), a Lucknow-based non-profit, non-governmental organisation promoting coordinated research on plants and environmental pollution<ref name="Office bearers">{{cite web | url=http://isebindia.com/iseb-office-bearers.html | title=Office bearers | publisher=International Society of Environmental Botanists | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> and served as a member of the council of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] from 1996 to 1998. He has also mentored 20 scholars in their doctoral studies.<ref name="Indian Fellow - Sane" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Sane the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1981.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees" /> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as their fellow in 1987,<ref name="NASI Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | title=NASI Fellows | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India] | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> the same year as he became an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="IAS fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sane,_Dr_Prafullachandra_Vishnu | title=IAS fellows | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> The year 1991 brought him the ''Bharat Jyoti Best Scientist of the Year Award'' as well as fellowships of the Indian National Science Academy and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]].<ref name="NAAS fellows">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/page.php?pageid=27 | title=NAAS fellows | publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> Sane, who is also a fellow of the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="MAS fellows">{{cite web | url=http://mahascience.org/files/Fellowship/files/academyMembers.htm#s | title=MAS fellows | publisher=Maharashtra Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> and a life member of the Society for Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and the Indian Photobiology Society,<ref name="Life Members">{{cite web | url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxpbmRpYW5waG90b2Jpb2xvZ3lzb2NpZXR5fGd4OjQxODRkMTcxNGI5ZWQxNWU | title=Life Members | publisher=Indian Photobiology Society | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> received the Birbal Sahni Medal of the [[Indian Botanical Society]] in 1994.<ref name="Award Achievers">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianbotsoc.org/aa.php | title=Award Achievers | publisher=Indian Botanical Society | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal | title=Distribution of Function and Structure in Chloroplast Lamellae | author=R B Park, and P V Sane | journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology | date=June 1971 | volume=22 | pages=395–430 | doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.22.060171.002143}}
* {{cite journal | title=Photosynthesis research in India: Transition from yield physiology into molecular biology | author=Agepati S Raghavendra, Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane, Prasanna Mohanty | journal=Photosynthesis Research | date=February 2003 | volume=76 | issue=1 | pages=435–50 | doi=10.1023/A:1024934432008| pmid=16228599 | s2cid=31701565 }}
* {{cite journal | jstor=4281292| title=Changes in the Redox Potential of Primary and Secondary Electron-Accepting Quinones in Photosystem II Confer Increased Resistance to Photoinhibition in Low-Temperature-Acclimated Arabidopsis | author=Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane, Alexander G. Ivanov, Vaughan Hurry, Norman P. A. Huner and Gunnar Öquist | journal=Plant Physiology | date=August 2003 | volume=132 | issue=4 | pages=2144–2151 | doi=10.1104/pp.103.022939| pmid=12913169 | pmc=181298 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Photosystem II reaction centre quenching: mechanisms and physiological role | author=Alexander G. Ivanov, Prafullachandra V. Sane, Vaughan Hurry, Gunnar Öquist, Norman P. A. Huner | journal=Photosynthesis Research | year=2008 | volume=98 | issue=1 | pages=565–574 | doi=10.1007/s11120-008-9365-3| pmid=18821028 | bibcode=2008PhoRe..98..565I | s2cid=8970615 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Male Sterility-Inducing Mitochondrial Genomes: How Do They Differ? | author=Tomohiko Kubo, Kazuyoshi Kitazaki, Muneyuki Matsunaga, Hiroyo Kagami, Tetsuo Mikami | journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences | year=2011 | volume=30 | issue=4 | pages=378–400 | doi=10.1080/07352689.2011.587727| bibcode=2011CRvPS..30..378K | hdl=2115/52681 | s2cid=53364363 | url=https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/52681/1/Critical%20Reviews%20in%20Plant%20Sciences.pdf | hdl-access=free }}

== See also ==
* [[Photosynthesis]]
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://meta.science/author/101395040_prafullachandra_vishnu_sane?page=2 | title=Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane on Meta Science | publisher=Meta Science | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=29 September 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sane, Prafullachandra Vishnu}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Plant physiologists]]
[[Category:Indian botanical writers]]
[[Category:Ruhr University Bochum alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Alberta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Nagpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]

All India Institute of Ayurveda

2026-02-03T12:52:53Z

Eldarljt:

{{short description|Public medicine institution in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox university
|name = All India Institute of Ayurveda
|image = aiia.jpg
|motto =
|established = {{start date and age|2015|10|10|df=yes}}
|director = Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
|city = Gautampuri, [[Sarita Vihar]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|country =
|students =
|type = Public
|parent = [[Ministry of Ayush]] [[Government of India]]
|campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
|affiliations = [[University of Delhi]].
|website = {{URL|http://www.aiia.gov.in}}
}}

'''All India Institute of Ayurveda''', abbreviated as '''AIIA''', is a public [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda medicine]] and [[research institution]] located in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=66540 All India Institute of Ayurveda established by AYUSH]</ref> The All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) is an apex autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Ayush]], established to serve as a center of excellence for the traditional Indian medical system of [[Ayurveda]]. <ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=66580 OPD of all India Institute of Ayurveda Inaugurated CCRAS - Shreedhareeyam Ayurvedic eye care facility Inaugurated ]</ref> The theory and practice of ayurveda is [[pseudoscientific]]. <ref name="kaufman">{{Cite book |last=Beall |first=Jeffrey |title=Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science |publisher=MIT Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-262-03742-6 |editor-last=Kaufman |editor-first=Allison B. |page=293 |chapter=Scientific soundness and the problem of predatory journals |quote=Ayurveda, a traditional Indian medicine, is the subject of more than a dozen, with some of these 'scholarly' journals devoted to Ayurveda alone ..., others to Ayurveda and some other pseudoscience. ... Most current Ayurveda research can be classified as 'tooth fairy science,' research that accepts as its premise something not scientifically known to exist. ... Ayurveda is a long-standing system of beliefs and traditions, but its claimed effects have not been scientifically proven. Most Ayurveda researchers might as well be studying the tooth fairy. The German publisher Wolters Kluwer bought the Indian open-access publisher Medknow in 2011. ... It acquired its entire fleet of journals, including those devoted to pseudoscience topics such as ''An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda''. |author-link=Jeffrey Beall |editor-last2=Kaufman |editor-first2=James C. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105226/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The proposal for the establishment of AIIA at [[New Delhi]] originated from then-Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s declaration to establish a state-of-the-art National Ayurveda Hospital at the ceremony of Vaidya Ram Narayan Sharma Memorial Award Distribution on 5 May 2000, under the aegis of All India Ayurveda Congress.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

The cornerstone of the institute was laid in 2007 upon approval of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] in 2003. The [[Government of India]] recommended the proposal to develop the institute focused on R&D, safety evaluation, and quality standards of Ayurveda medicines. The institute has been providing out-patient services since 2009.<ref name="ayush.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://ayush.gov.in/sites/default/files/2585085890-AIIA%20Webpages%20%20%20%20%20%20%201.pdf|title=All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) }}</ref> In 2014, the Government of India established the [[Ministry of Ayush]] and AIIA Delhi, an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Ayush.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/first-aiims-like-institution-on-ayurveda-to-come-up-in-delhi/articleshow/52206629.cms|title=First AIIMS-like institution on Ayurveda to come up in Delhi|date=10 May 2016|publisher=|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="ayush.gov.in"/> AIIA was first inaugurated in October 2010.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vishwadeepak |date=2017-10-17 |title=Modi 'inaugurates' All India Institute of Ayurveda 7 years after it was opened |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/institution/pm-relaunches-all-india-institute-of-ayurveda-after-7-years |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], inaugurated the Institute for a second time in 2017.<ref name=":0" />

AIIA is the publisher of the ''Journal of Ayurveda Case Reports'' (AyuCaRe), a quarterly peer-reviewed journal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISSN-L 2667-0593 {{!}} Journal of Ayurveda case reports |url=https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN-L/2667-0593 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The ISSN Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of Ayurveda Case Reports : About us |url=https://www.ayucare.org/aboutus.asp |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=www.ayucare.org}}</ref>

== List of Institutes ==
Currently the only AIIA is the AIIA Delhi. A satellite center of AIIA Delhi was established in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2026 |title=Criteria to establish new units of AIIA |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2209290&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> In the [[2026 Union budget of India]], it was announced to create 3 new AIIA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2026-02-01 |title=Union Budget 2026-27: Govt to set up 3 new All India Institutes of Ayurveda |url=https://www.livemint.com/budget/union-budget-2026-27-govt-to-set-up-3-new-all-india-institute-of-ayurveda-11769926882122.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda]]
* [[National Institute of Ayurveda]]
* [[National Research Institute for Panchakarma]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234910/https://aiia.gov.in/ AIIA Website]
{{coord|28|30|50.57|N|77|17|49.14|E|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ayurvedic colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Ministry of Ayush]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]

{{Delhi-university-stub}}

Kharagpur Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital

2026-01-20T10:52:32Z

Eldarljt: basic rework section as per guidelines and improved wording

{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Kharagpur Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital
| image =
| type = [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|1971}}
| principal = Dr. N. C. Ghosh
| address = Kaushallya
| city = [[Kharagpur]], [[Paschim Medinipur district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 721301
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3321733|N|87.3432482|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| campus_type = Residential for both Boys and Girls
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| colors =
| parent = Kharagpur Homoeopathic Medical Education Society
| affiliations = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated Institutions {{!}} WBUHS |url=https://wbuhs.ac.in/affiliated-institutions/ |website=wbuhs.ac.in}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://kharagpurhomoeopathicmedicalcollege.com/}}
}}

'''Kharagpur Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital''', is a homeopathic medical college in [[Kharagpur]], [[Paschim Medinipur district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State-wise list of AYUSH Colleges in the Country as on 01.04.2008|url=https://cdn.ayush.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/File157-State-wise-Institutes-.pdf|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124054936/https://cdn.ayush.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/File157-State-wise-Institutes-.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The college is recognized by the [[Central Council of Homeopathy]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of colleges |url=http://www.cchindia.com/assets/List_of_College.pdf |website=Central Council Of Homoeopathy |access-date=24 June 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601223959/http://cchindia.com/assets/List_of_College.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This college is affiliated to the [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated INSTITUTIONS of the West Bengal University of Health Sciences|url=https://wbuhs.ac.in/affiliated-institutions/|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> It offers the Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (BHMS) degree course.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Calcutta Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]]
*[[Calcutta Unani Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[List of hospitals in India]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://kharagpurhomoeopathicmedicalcollege.com}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

[[Category:Homeopathic hospitals]]
[[Category:Hospitals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Homoeopathic Medical Colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Prince of Arcot

2026-01-18T06:27:14Z

Eldarljt: Made entry

{{Short description|Indian noble title}}
{{Infobox monarchy
| royal_title = Prince
| realm = Arcot
| native_name = أميرِ أركوٹ
| border = imperial
| coatofarms = 
| coatofarms_article = House of Arcot
| coatofarmscaption = Arms of the House of Arcot
| type = other4
| his/her = His Highness
| image = 
| caption = Nawab Muhammed Abdul Ali, the present Prince of Arcot
| incumbent = Nawab Muhammed Abdul Ali
| incumbentsince = July 1993
| heir_apparent = Nawabzada Mohammed Asif Ali
| first_monarch = Azim Jah, 1st Prince of Arcot
| formation = 1867
| residence = Amir Mahal, Chennai
| website = [https://www.princeofarcot.in Official website]
}}

The '''Prince of Arcot''' (also known as ''Amir-e-Arcot'') is a hereditary and titular position held by the head of the [[Amir Mahal|House of Arcot]], a noble Muslim family based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Although it holds no sovereign power, the title continues to carry ceremonial, religious, and cultural significance in South India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Princes of Arcot |url=https://www.princeofarcot.in/princes |website=Prince of Arcot Official Website |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
The Arcot title originates from the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] dynasty. In 1855, following the death of Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan without a male heir, the [[British East India Company]] annexed the Carnatic using the [[Doctrine of Lapse]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Subramanian |first=T. |title=History of Tamil Nadu (1311–1801) |publisher=Manonmaniam Sundaranar University |year=2023 |pages=221–223 |url=https://www.msuniv.ac.in/images/distance%20education/learning%20materials/ug%20pg%202023/ug%202021/BA%20History%202023%20english%20medium/JMHY22_II%20Sem_History_of_TamilNadu_1311_1801.pdf |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

In 1867, Queen Victoria created the title of '''Prince of Arcot''' in favour of '''Azim Jah''', a close relative of the Nawabs of the Carnatic, recognising his family’s long loyalty to the British Crown.<ref>{{cite web |title=House of Arcot – Historical Overview |url=https://www.princeofarcot.in/copy-of-princes |website=Prince of Arcot Official Website |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azeem Jah Nawab Of The Carnatic - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1863-07-07/debates/cecc80e3-4ba0-4a90-adaf-1d5ee4eb4e31/AzeemJahNawabOfTheCarnatic |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=hansard.parliament.uk |language=en}}</ref>

== List of Princes of Arcot ==
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Name !! Reign !! Notes
|-
| 1 || [[Azim Jah]]|| 1867 –1874 || First Prince; granted title by Queen Victoria.<ref name="POA">{{cite web |title=Princes of Arcot |url=https://www.princeofarcot.in/princes |website=Prince of Arcot Official Website |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || [[Zahir-ud-Daula|Sir Zahir-ud-Daula Bahadur]]|| 1874 – 1879 || Eldest son of Azim Jah.<ref name="POA" />
|-
| 3 || [[Intizam-ul-Mulk|Intizam-ul-Mulk Bahadur]]|| 1879 – 1889 || Younger brother of Zahir-ud-Daula.<ref name="POA" />
|-
| 4 || [[Muhammad Munawar Khan|Sir Muhammad Munawar Khan Bahadur]]|| 1889 – 1903 || Died during the Delhi Durbar of 1903.<ref name="POA" />
|-
| 5 || [[Ghulam Muhammad Ali Khan|Ghulam Muhammad Ali Khan Bahadur]]|| 1903 – 1952 || Held the title “His Highness”; active in civic bodies.<ref name="POA" />
|-
| 6 || [[Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan|Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan Bahadur]]|| 1952 – 1969 || Continued ceremonial functions.<ref name="POA" />
|-
| 7 || [[Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader]]|| 1969 – 1993 || Seventh Prince.<ref name="POA" />
|-
| 8 || [[Muhammed Abdul Ali]]|| 1993 – present || Current Prince; noted for philanthropy and interfaith dialogue.<ref name="POA" />
|}

== Role and Recognition ==
Although the [[Privy purse in India|abolition of royal privileges in 1971]] removed constitutional recognition for Indian princes, the Prince of Arcot continues to be regarded as a traditional community leader and a custodian of Muslim endowments in Tamil Nadu.
The Prince oversees the '''Prince of Arcot Endowments''', managing mosques, schools, and charitable trusts in India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Prince of Arcot Endowments |url=https://www.princeofarcot.in/contributions |website=Prince of Arcot Official Website |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

== Amir Mahal ==
The Prince resides at [[Amir Mahal]] in Chennai, a 19th-century Indo-Saracenic palace that continues to serve as the seat of the family.<ref>{{cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Manasa R. |title=The Prince of Arcot on history and the Amir Mahal tradition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/the-prince-of-arcot-on-history-and-the-amir-mahal-tradition/article24161639.ece |work=The Hindu |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

== Legal status, controversies, and criticism ==
The legitimacy of continuing to use the title “Prince of Arcot” and the maintenance of his privileges have occasionally been subjects of public debate and legal scrutiny.

=== 2019 Madras High Court case ===
In 2019, a public interest litigation was filed before the [[Madras High Court]] seeking the withdrawal of the Prince’s title, pension, and government maintenance of Amir Mahal. The petitioner argued that such privileges contradicted the [[Constitution of India]], especially after the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|1971 abolition of princely recognition]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Plea for removal of Nawab Ali’s 'Prince of Arcot' title rejected |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Sep/06/plea-for-removal-of-nawab-alis-prince-of-arcot-title-rejected-2030113.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=6 September 2019 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

A Division Bench comprising [[S. Manikumar|Justices S. Manikumar]] and [[Subramonium Prasad]] dismissed the PIL, holding that:
* The Prince’s pension and privileges were ''administrative arrangements'', not constitutional entitlements.
* The title’s continued ceremonial use did not violate Article 363A or any existing legal provision.
* The petition lacked merit and was “''misconceived and without substance''.”<ref>{{cite news |title=HC junks PIL against 'Prince of Arcot' title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/hc-junks-pil-against-prince-of-arcot-title/articleshow/71017203.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 September 2019 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Privileges of Prince of Arcot remain intact as HC dismisses PIL |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070919/privileges-of-prince-of-arcot-remain-intact-as-hc-dismisses-pil.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=7 September 2019 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Criticism and public debate ===
Scholars and commentators have periodically questioned whether hereditary titles such as “Prince of Arcot” align with the egalitarian principles of the Indian Republic. Critics argue that the continued government maintenance of Amir Mahal and payment of pensions may symbolically contradict the abolition of royal privileges.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why the Prince of Arcot still matters in Tamil Nadu’s social life |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-prince-arcot-still-matters-tamil-nadu-s-social-life-107686 |work=The News Minute |date=7 September 2019 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

However, supporters claim that the title is purely honorary and that the Prince’s social and charitable work justify limited government support for the upkeep of historical properties and endowments.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Prince of Arcot’s enduring influence in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-prince-of-arcot-enduring-influence/article24917620.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 September 2018 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]
* [[Amir Mahal]]
* [[Carnatic Wars]]
* [[Carnatic Sultanate]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.princeofarcot.in Official website of the House of Arcot]
* [https://www.princeofarcot.in/contributions The Prince of Arcot Endowments]

[[Category:Indian nobility]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

The Irish Times

2026-01-16T22:47:55Z

Eldarljt: formatting fix

{{Short description|Daily newspaper in Ireland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Irish Times
| logo = The Irish Times logo.svg
| image = File:Irish_Times_front_page_2024-04-09.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1859|3|29|df=yes}}
| owners = {{ubl|The Irish Times Trust CLG (The Trust)|The Irish Times DAC}}
| political_position =
| headquarters = 24–28 Tara Street, [[Dublin]], Ireland
| language = {{hlist|English|Irish}}
| editor = Ruadhán Mac Cormaic
| oclc = 137350020
| website = {{Official URL}}
| circulation = Circulation no longer audited<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilevel.ie/print/abc-registrations/|title=ABC Registrations|website=ilevel.ie|date=12 June 2020}}</ref>
| issn = 0791-5144
}}
'''''The Irish Times''''' is an [[Ireland|Irish]] daily broadsheet [[newspaper]] and online digital publication. It was launched on 29 March 1859. The editor is Ruadhán Mac Cormaic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/media/2022/10/18/ruadhan-mac-cormaic-appointed-editor-of-the-irish-times/ | newspaper=The Irish Times|title=Ruadhán Mac Cormaic appointed editor of The Irish Times|date=18 October 2022|access-date=21 December 2022
|author=Laura Slattery}}</ref> It is published every day except Sundays.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/irish-times-seeking-euro2m-in-cost-savings-2514659.html|work=Irish Independent|first=Peter|last=Flanagan|title=Irish Times seeking €2m in cost savings|date=28 January 2011|access-date=31 January 2011}}</ref> ''The Irish Times'' is Ireland's leading newspaper and is the largest subscription news service in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Clery |first=Conor |author-link=Conor O'Clery |date=21 October 2014 |title=How an Irish passport opens doors |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3104a3a8-52be-11e4-9221-00144feab7de |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240107121139/https://www.ft.com/content/3104a3a8-52be-11e4-9221-00144feab7de |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |url-access=limited |quote=The Irish Times of Dublin, Ireland's leading newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Message from the Editor: We've hit a milestone – our journalism is fully funded by subscribers | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/media/2025/12/28/message-from-the-editor-we-hit-a-big-milestone-this-year-and-its-thanks-to-you/ }}</ref> It is owned by ''The Irish Times Trust'' rather than by a private commercial entity. It is considered a [[newspaper of record]] for Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |title= The Irish Times, book review |url= http://www.fourcourtspress.ie/reviews.php?intProductID=828 |work= The London Standard |access-date= 26 May 2014 |last= Dwan |first= David |quote= Today, the Irish Times is one of Ireland's most authoritative journals – the newspaper of record for political and intellectual elites from Mayo to Monkstown. Mark O'Brien provides a detailed and colourful account of this transformation. His history of the Irish Times is also the story of modern Ireland: it tracks the newspaper's sceptical response to the emergence of the Free State in 1922 and the declaration of the Republic in 1949; it also examines its fractious relationship with the nation's governments and political figureheads from Eamon de Valera (whom the paper repeatedly compared to Hitler) to Bertie Ahern. |date= April 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230042/http://www.fourcourtspress.ie/reviews.php?intProductID=828 |archive-date= 27 May 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Though formed as a [[Protestant Irish nationalists|Protestant Irish nationalist]] paper, within two decades and under new owners, it became a supporter of [[unionism in Ireland]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Irish Times: A History |first=Mark |last=O'Brien|publisher=[[Four Courts Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84682-123-3}}</ref>

In the 21st century, it presents itself politically as "[[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[progressivism|progressive]]", as well as being centre-right on economic issues.<ref name=TerranceBrown>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Terrance|title=The Irish Times: 150 Years of Influence|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=9781472919069|pages=448}}</ref><ref>McCabe, Conor, Sins of the Father: Tracing the Decisions That Shaped the Irish Economy (Dublin, 2011), p. 179.</ref> The editorship of the newspaper from 1859 until 1986 was controlled by the [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] Protestant minority, only gaining its first nominal [[Irish Catholic]] editor 127 years into its existence.

The paper's notable columnists have included writer and arts commentator [[Fintan O'Toole]] and [[satirist]] [[Miriam Lord]]. The late [[Taoiseach]] [[Garret FitzGerald]] was once a columnist. [[Michael O'Regan (journalist)|Michael O'Regan]] was the [[Leinster House]] correspondent for more than 30 years. Senior international figures, including [[Tony Blair]] and [[Bill Clinton]], have written for its [[op-ed]] page.

Its most prominent columns have included the political column ''Backbencher'', by [[John Healy (Irish journalist)|John Healy]]; ''Drapier'' (an anonymous piece produced weekly by a politician, giving the 'insider' view of politics); ''Rite and Reason'' (a weekly religious column, edited by Patsy McGarry, the religious affairs editor); and the long-running ''An Irishman's Diary''. ''An Irishman's Diary'' was written by [[Patrick Campbell, 3rd Baron Glenavy|Patrick Campbell]] in the forties (under the pseudonym "Quidnunc"); by Seamus Kelly from 1949 to 1979 (also writing as "Quidnunc"); and in the early 2000s by [[Kevin Myers]]. After Myers' move to the rival ''[[Irish Independent]]'', ''An Irishman's Diary'' has usually been the work of Frank McNally. On the sports pages, [[Philip Reid (author)|Philip Reid]] is the paper's golf correspondent.

One of its most popular columns was the biting and humorous ''Cruiskeen Lawn'' satire column written, originally in [[Irish language|Irish]], later in English, by [[Myles na gCopaleen]], the pen name of Brian O'Nolan (Brian Ó Nualláin) who also wrote books using the name [[Flann O'Brien]]. ''Cruiskeen Lawn'' is an [[anglicised]] spelling of the Irish words ''crúiscín lán'', meaning "little full jug". ''Cruiskeen Lawn'' made its debut in October 1940, and appeared with varying regularity until O'Nolan's death in 1966.

==History==
===Origins in 19th century===
A newspaper entitled ''The Irish Times'' was founded in 1823, but this closed in 1825. The title was revived decades later by [[Lawrence E. Knox]], (later known as Major Lawrence Knox), a 22-year-old army officer. Initially he published thrice-weekly publication but soon shifted to a daily newspaper; the first edition was published on 29 March 1859. He founded it as a moderate Protestant newspaper, reflecting his politics. Knox envisaged it as a "new conservative daily".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Geoghegan |first1=Patrick M |editor1-last=McGuire |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Quinn |editor2-first=James |title=Dictionary of Irish Biography |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=Knox, Laurence Edward}}. [https://www.irishtimes.com/archive/a-profile-of-laurence-knox Reproduced] on the ''Irish Times'' website. Retrieved 8 May 2019.</ref> Its headquarters were at 4 Lower Abbey Street in [[Dublin]]. Its main competitor in its early days was the Dublin ''[[Daily Express (Dublin)|Daily Express]]''.<ref>Keenan, Desmond, ''Post Famine Ireland - Social Structure Ireland as it Really Was'' (Xlibris Corporation, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-4257-1602-8}}), [http://deskeenan.com/6pochapter10.htm Chapter 10] available at deskeenan.com</ref>

After Knox's death in 1873, the paper was sold to the widow of Sir [[John Arnott]], a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP), a former [[Lord Mayor of Cork]], and owner of [[Arnotts (Ireland)|Arnotts]], one of [[Dublin]]'s major [[department store]]s.

The sale, for £35,000, led to two major changes. Arnott shifted the headquarters to 31 Westmoreland Street; the newspaper operated from this area until 2005. Its politics shifted dramatically, and it became predominantly [[Unionist (Ireland)|Unionist]] in outlook. It was closely associated with the [[Irish Unionist Alliance]]. The paper, along with the ''[[Irish Independent]]'' and various regional papers, called for the execution of the leaders of the failed [[Easter Rising|1916 Easter Rising]].<ref name=easter_rising>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/newspapers/na04.shtml|title=Sir John Maxwell's Position|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=10 May 1916|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=30 June 2008}}</ref>

===20th century===
Though the paper became a [[public company|publicly-listed company]] in 1900, the Arnott family continued to hold a majority shareholding until the 1960s (even after the family lost control, the great-grandson of the original purchaser was the paper's London editor). The last member of the Arnott family to sit on the paper's board was Sir Lauriston Arnott, who died in 1958.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dempsey |first1=Pauric J. |title=Arnott, Sir Lauriston John |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |date=1 October 2009 |doi=10.3318/dib.000229.v1 |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/arnott-sir-lauriston-john-a0229|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Sir Lauriston Arnott, Bt.|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=3 July 1958|page=5}}</ref>

During the 1930s, the editor was [[R. M. Smyllie]].<ref name= horgan2001>{{cite book|title=Irish Media: A Critical History Since 1922 |first=John |last=Horgan |author-link=John Horgan (academic) |publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2001|pages=38–45}}</ref>
The longest-serving editor of ''The Irish Times'' was [[Douglas Gageby]].<ref name=mallon2003/>

In 1974, ownership was transferred to a non-charitable<ref name="The Irish Times Trust">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/about-us/the-irish-times-trust|title=The Irish Times Trust|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> trust, [[#The Irish Times Trust|The Irish Times Trust]]. The previous owner, ex [[British Army]] officer and [[MI5]] agent, Major [[Thomas Bleakley McDowell|Thomas McDowell]], was made "president for life" of the trust that runs the paper; he was paid a large dividend.<ref name="Collins">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/times-exowner-leaves-836413m-2029316.html|title='Times' ex-owner leaves €13m|work=Irish Independent|first=Liam|last=Collins|date=24 January 2010|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref>

The Irish Times launched an online edition of its newspaper in 1994.<ref>{{cite news|title='The Irish Times' launches international edition in London|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=25 May 2005|page=5}}</ref>

The paper established its first bureau in Asia when foreign correspondent [[Conor O'Clery]] moved to [[Beijing]], China, in 1996.<ref>[http://www.ucd.ie/asia/oclery.htm ''China the Emerging Power: Prospects for Sino-Irish Relations''], Conor O'Clery lecture, Centre for Asian Studies, University College Dublin, 2000. "...I first arrived [in Beijing] to establish the first Irish Times bureau in Asia in 1996."</ref>

===21st century===
''The Irish Times'' suffered considerable financial difficulty in 2002 when a drop in advertising revenue coincided with a decision by the company to invest its reserves in the building of a new printing plant. None of the journalists was laid off, but many took a voluntary redundancy package when the paper was greatly restructured.

Some foreign bureaus were closed and it stopped publishing "colour" pages devoted to Irish regions, with regional coverage merged with news. The paper's problems stemmed partly from internal strife, which led to McDowells's daughter, Karen Erwin, not being made chief executive.<ref name="mcdowell-tax-liability"/> The reorganisation had the desired effect; after posting losses of almost €3 million in 2002, the paper returned to profit in 2003.<ref>{{cite news | title=Irish Times returns to profitability in 2003 | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/irish-times-returns-to-profitability-in-2003-1.1148381 }}</ref>

In 2004, the Irish Times launched a digital edition of its newspaper, whereby it could be read online in the same format as its physical edition.<ref>{{cite news|title='The Irish Times' launches international edition in London|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=25 May 2005|page=5}}</ref>

In May 2005, the paper launched a new international edition, to be printed in [[Great Britain]] so as to be available in London and southeast England at the same time as other daily newspapers (previously, copies of the Irish edition were flown from Dublin to major cities in Britain on passenger flights, arriving around lunchtime).<ref>{{cite news|title='The Irish Times' launches international edition in London|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=25 May 2005|page=5}}</ref>

In 2008 the [[Central Bank of Ireland]] fined ''The Irish Times'' after its management admitted breaking market abuse rules.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0411/financial-business.html|title=Financial Regulator fines Irish Times|work=[[RTÉ Business]]|date=11 April 2008|access-date=1 July 2009}}</ref>

In 2009, the Supreme Court ordered the paper to pay €600,000 in costs, despite it having won its case in support of protecting journalistic sources. The court said the paper's destruction of evidence was "reprehensible conduct".<ref>{{cite news|url-access=subscription|url= https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/1127/1224259547062.html|title='Irish Times' ordered to pay legal costs in full|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=27 November 2009|first=Mary|last=Carolan|access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref>

When the Irish government signed the [[Companies Act 2014]], the Trust registered the overall Irish Times Group as a [[designated activity company]], '''The Irish Times Designated Activity Company''' ('''The Irish Times DAC''').<ref>{{cite report |title=Directors' Report and Consolidated Financial Statements for the Financial Year Ended 31 December 2021 |publisher=The Irish Times Designated Activity Company |date=2022-07-05 |quote=The principal activities of The Irish Times Group are digital and print publishing, the marketing and sale of digital subscriptions and newspapers, printing, radio broadcasting and other digital activities. |url=https://mpm.cmpf.eui.eu/public/upload/sources/Ireland/The+Irish+Times+DAC+F2021_1675792645.pdf |access-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908063023/https://mpm.cmpf.eui.eu/public/upload/sources/Ireland/The+Irish+Times+DAC+F2021_1675792645.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2017, ''The Irish Times'' reportedly had reached an agreement to purchase the newspaper, radio and website interests of [[Landmark Media Investments]], which include the ''[[Irish Examiner]]''. Initially subject to regulatory approval,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstalk.com/news/irish-times-agrees-to-acquire-irish-examiner-and-several-local-newspapers-518701|title=Irish Times agrees to acquire Irish Examiner and several local newspapers|website=Newstalk}}</ref> the sale was completed in July 2018.<ref name="irishexaminer.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/business/irish-times-complete-purchase-of-landmark-media-pledge-to-protect-identity-and-independence-of-titles-854228.html|title=Irish Times complete purchase of Landmark Media; Pledge to protect 'identity and independence' of titles|website=Irish Examiner|date=10 July 2018}}</ref>

In September 2018, ''The Irish Times'' started a voluntary redundancy scheme. This followed the [[Landmark Media Investments]] acquisition.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/ireland-world/article/newspaper-group-looks-for-voluntary-redundancies-bnclw0r8t|title=Newspaper group looks for voluntary redundancies|first=Peter |last= O'Dwyer|date=Nov 19, 2018|access-date=Jul 23, 2019|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref>

Beginning in 2015, the Irish Times focused on growing the number of its subscribers in order to achieve a more sustainable funding model.<ref>{{cite news | title=Subscriptions to support content at 'The Irish Times' | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/subscriptions-to-support-content-at-the-irish-times-1.2108277 }}</ref> In December 2025, it announced that for the first time, its journalism was fully funded by its subscribers.<ref>{{cite news | title=Message from the Editor: We've hit a milestone – our journalism is fully funded by subscribers | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/media/2025/12/28/message-from-the-editor-we-hit-a-big-milestone-this-year-and-its-thanks-to-you/ }}</ref>

====Diversification====
The company has diversified from its original ''Irish Times'' title as a source of revenue. Irish Times Limited has taken a majority share for €5m in the Gazette Group Newspapers, a group publishing three local newspapers in [[West Dublin]], and has acquired a property website, MyHome.ie, the second-largest<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abce.org.uk/cgi-bin/gen5?runprog=abce/abce&type=page&p=news_200706.html&menuid=news%7Cn1%7Cnews_200706%7Cnews_200706 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071115110953/http://www.abce.org.uk/cgi-bin/gen5?runprog=abce%2Fabce&type=page&p=news_200706.html&menuid=news%7Cn1%7Cnews_200706%7Cnews_200706 |archive-date=15 November 2007 |title=Daft.ie Now Ireland's Busiest Certified Property Site |publisher=[[ABCe]] |date=18 July 2006 |access-date=1 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> property internet website in Ireland, for €50m, seen as insurance against the loss of revenue from traditional classified property advertising.<ref name="ret">{{cite web |url-access=subscription |url=http://www.irishexaminerusa.com/mt/2006/08/02/irish_web_site_bought_for_50_m.html|title=Irish Web Site Bought For 50 Million Euro|work=The Irish Examiner|date=2 August 2006|access-date=18 October 2012|last=Heatley|first=Colm}}</ref>

In June 2009, journalists called on the board and trust to review "the flawed investment and diversification strategy of the company" and passed a motion saying that "ongoing investment in loss-making projects poses a serious threat to employment" at the newspaper.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sbpost.ie/post/pages/p/story.aspx-qqqt=IRELAND-qqqm=news-qqqid=42757-qqqx=1.asp|title=Times staffers want a review of paper's direction|work=[[The Sunday Business Post]]|first=Niamh|last=Connolly|date=28 June 2009|access-date=28 June 2009}}</ref> Four months later, the company announced a loss of €37 million and that 90 staff would be made redundant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/finance/2009/1003/1224255776825.html|title=Irish Times registers €37.8m loss for 2008|newspaper=The Irish Times|first=Ciarán|last=Hancock|date=3 October 2009|access-date=3 October 2009|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The director, Maeve Donovan, who instigated the "investment and diversification" strategy, subsequently retired. She dismissed suggestions that she would receive a significant "golden handshake", saying that her package would be "nothing out of the ordinary at all". She was given a €1m "ex-gratia" payment by the newspaper "relating to a commutation of pension rights agreed with her".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/irish-times-ceo-got-euro1m-payoff-as-losses-mount-2391589.html|work=[[Irish Independent]]|first=Peter|last=Flanagan|title=Irish Times CEO got €1m payoff as losses mount|date=23 October 2010}}</ref>

The managing director said in 2009 that mobile phone applications would be a key investment for newspapers and in 2010, ''The Irish Times'' launched an application for [[iPhone]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] smartphones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sbpost.ie/mediaandmarketing/media-world-45189.html|title=Media World|work=[[The Sunday Business Post]] |first=Catherine|last=O'Mahony|date=25 October 2009|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title='Irish Times' launches epaper app | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/irish-times-launches-epaper-app-1.865454 }}</ref>

In June 2010, Gazette Group Newspapers' managing director claimed the company's affairs were being conducted oppressively by its majority shareholder, ''the Irish Times''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/gazette-group-md-accuses-the-irish-times-of-oppression-2238234.html|work=Irish Independent|first=Tim|last=Healy|title=Gazette group MD accuses the 'Irish Times' of oppression|date=29 June 2010|access-date=25 October 2010}}</ref>

On 2 May 2024, it was announced that the Irish Times Group had acquired obituary business [[RIP.ie]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Irish Times Group acquires online death notice platform RIP.ie |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2024/05/02/the-irish-times-group-acquires-online-death-notice-platform-ripie/|first= Ciarán|last=Hancock|date=2 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-31 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Political stances and controversial stories==
The editor during the 1930s, [[R. M. Smyllie]], had strong [[anti-fascist]] views, and angered the Irish Catholic hierarchy by opposing [[Francisco Franco|General Franco]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. During World War II, ''The Irish Times'', like other national newspapers, had problems with Irish Government censorship. The Times was largely pro-[[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and was opposed to the [[Éamon de Valera]] government policy of [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]].<ref name=horgan2001/>

In 1969, the longest-serving editor of ''The Irish Times'', [[Douglas Gageby]], was allegedly called a "white nigger" by company chairman [[Thomas Bleakley McDowell]], because of the newspaper's coverage of [[Northern Ireland]] at the outset of [[the Troubles]], which was supportive of Irish nationalism.<ref name=mallon2003>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/irish-times-major--mcdowell-called-his-editor--a-white-nigger-488144.html|title=Irish Times' Major McDowell called his editor a 'white nigger'|work=Irish Independent|first=Charlie|last=Mallon|date=26 January 2003|access-date=25 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831032653/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/irish-times-major-mcdowell-called-his-editor-a-white-nigger-488144.html |archive-date= Aug 31, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/white-nigger-denial-poses-a-real-dilemma-488276.html|title='White nigger' denial poses a real dilemma|work=Irish Independent|first=Ronan|last=Fanning|date=2 February 2003|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref>

[[John Waters (columnist)|John Waters]], a columnist who spoke out about the perceived vast salaries of the editor, managing director and deputy editor, was sacked and re-hired a week later, in November 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/the-real-story-behind-the-times-rich-list-497097.html|title=The real story behind the Times Rich List|work=[[Irish Independent]]| first1=Liam| last1=Collins|first2=Jody|last2=Corcoran|date=30 November 2003|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> Former editor [[Geraldine Kennedy]] was paid more than the editor of the UK's top non-tabloid newspaper ''The Daily Telegraph'', which has a circulation of about nine times that of ''The Irish Times''. Later, columnist [[Fintan O'Toole]] told the ''[[Sunday Independent (Ireland)|Sunday Independent]]'': "We as a paper are not shy of preaching about corporate pay and fat cats but with this there is a sense of excess. Some of the sums mentioned are disturbing. This is not an attack on Ms Kennedy, it is an attack on the executive level of pay. There is double-standard of seeking more job cuts while paying these vast salaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/irish-times-staff-revolt-at-editor-and-directors-indefensible-salaries-471014.html|work=Irish Independent|title=Irish Times staff revolt at editor and directors' 'indefensible' salaries|date=7 August 2005|access-date=25 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=287121|title=Irish Times staff revolt at editor and directors' 'indefensible' salaries|website=Boards.ie|date=16 July 2005 |access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref>

On 23 December 2004, ''The Irish Times'' ran a front-page story on the [[Provisional IRA]]'s denial of involvement in the [[Northern Bank robbery]], one of Europe's largest ever, and on the same day refused to print a column by [[Kevin Myers]] which said that the Provisional IRA was responsible.<ref name=snooze>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/bank-heist-is-snooze-to-the-irish-times-462931.html|title=Bank heist is snooze to the 'Irish Times'|work=Irish Independent|first=Jim |last=Cusack|date=9 January 2005|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> Myers was reported to be shocked by the spiking of his column.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/myers-shocked-at-spiking-of-column-on-ira-by-irish-times-462776.html|title=Myers shocked at spiking of column on IRA by 'Irish Times'|work=Irish Independent|first=Jim|last=Cusack|date=2 January 2005|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> Some two weeks later, the paper printed a report that there might, after all, be a "nationalist" connection.<ref name=snooze/> Myers later left the paper in May 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGarry |first1=Patsy |title=There's more to Kevin Myers than his errors of judgment |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/there-s-more-to-kevin-myers-than-his-errors-of-judgment-1.3172649 |access-date=4 June 2024 |publisher=The Irish Times |date=31 July 2017}}</ref>

On 31 July 2010, ''The Irish Times'' published an article titled "The fighting Irish" about Irish nationals who enlisted in the [[British Armed Forces]]. The article featured interviews with members of the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]] and the [[Irish Guards]].<ref>{{Cite news|first=Mark|last=Hennessy|title=The fighting Irish|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-fighting-irish-1.630830|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=31 July 2010|access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> It was subsequently criticised by current affairs magazine ''[[The Phoenix (magazine)|The Phoenix]]'', which argued that the article romanticised the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] and served as little more than an indirect advertisement for the British military. ''The Phoenix'' accused the editor of ''The Irish Times'', [[Geraldine Kennedy]], of violating the Irish [[Defence Act]] which prohibits all forms of military recruitment advertising on the behalf of foreign militaries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irish Times for Queen and Country|url=http://www.thephoenix.ie/phoenix/subscriber/library/volume-28/issue-16/contents.pdf|website=[[The Phoenix (magazine)|The Phoenix]]|date=13 August 2010|access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref>

On 9 September 2011, the paper published a pseudonymous article by Kate Fitzgerald.<ref>{{cite news|url-access=subscription|url= https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2011/0909/1224303758047.html|title=Employers failing people with mental health issues|work=Irish Times|date=9 September 2011|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> Unknown to the paper, she had taken her life on 22 August 2011. The revelation sparked a nationwide debate on suicide with her parents appearing on television to discuss suicide and depression.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.rte.ie/ten/2011/1202/thesaturdaynightshow.html|title=X Factor star for Saturday Night Show|work=RTÉ Ten|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]|date=2 December 2011|access-date=2 December 2011}}</ref> The article criticised the reaction to her illness by her employer, [[Communications Clinic|The Communications Clinic]], although it was only after she was identified as the author that her employer became known. The article was later removed from the paper's website,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/2011/0909/Pg016.html#Ar01601:03C8AE0708BB17C47D1AF48B1785671AC57510859E13C5AC1087A913C7B60002CF14F3100507A90897B60006960656A3|title=Legal Redaction|work=Irish Times|date=9 September 2011|access-date=19 December 2011|url-access=subscription}}</ref> causing controversy online. The editor later told her parents that sections of her article were factually incorrect, but could not say which ones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.broadsheet.ie/2011/12/16/let-kate-have-the-final-word|title='Let Kate Have The Final Word|work=Broadsheet.ie|date=16 December 2011|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> Kate's parents complained to the Office of the Press Ombudsman about an apology made to [[Communications Clinic|The Communications Clinic]], their complaint was upheld.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.broadsheet.ie/2012/06/05/kate-fitzgerald-and-the-irish-times-apology-to-the-communications-clinic-the-press-council-decision/|title="Kate" fitzgerald and the Irish times apology to the communications clinic the press council decision|work=Broadsheet.ie|date=5 June 2012|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref>

In September 2019, the paper reprinted an article from the ''[[New York Times]]'' by [[William Broad]]. The article claimed that "the blossoming anxiety over professed health risks of [[5G]] [fifth generation wireless technology] 'can be traced to a single scientist and a single chart{{'"}}. A complaint to the Office of the Press Ombudsman of the [[Press Council of Ireland]] was filed by Tom Butler of the [[University College Cork]]. The Press Council Ombudsman upheld Butler's complaint, ruling that "''The Irish Times'' breached Principle 1 (Truth and Accuracy) of the Code of Practice of the Press Council of Ireland".<ref name=ombudruling20>{{cite news |last1=The Irish Times |title=Professor Tom Butler and The Irish Times |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/professor-tom-butler-and-the-irish-times-1.4164003 |access-date=9 February 2020 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=6 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=presscouncil2020>{{cite web |last1=Press Ombudsman |title=247/2020 – Professor Tom Butler and The Irish Times |url=https://www.presscouncil.ie/about-us/recent-decisions-and-news/2472020-professor-tom-butler-and-the-irish-times- |website=www.presscouncil.ie |publisher=Press Council of Ireland |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>

==Governance {{anchor|The Irish Times Trust}}==
In 1974, ownership was transferred to a non-charitable<ref name="The Irish Times Trust"/> trust, [[#The Irish Times Trust|The Irish Times Trust]]. The former owner, Major [[Thomas Bleakley McDowell|Thomas McDowell]], was made "president for life" of the trust which runs the paper and was paid a large dividend.<ref name="Collins"/> However several years later the articles of the Trust were adjusted, giving Major McDowell 10 preference shares and one more vote than the combined votes of all the other directors should any move be made to remove him.<ref name="mcdowell-tax-liability">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/mcdowell-had-pound30000-tax-liability-512202.html|title=McDowell had £30,000 tax liability|work=Irish Independent|first=Liam|last=Collins|date=23 December 2001|access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> McDowell died in September 2009.<ref>{{cite news | title=Maj Thomas McDowell | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/maj-thomas-mcdowell-1.737164 }}</ref>
The Trust is regulated by a legal document, the Memorandum and Articles of Association, and controlled by a body of people (the Governors) under company law. It is not a charity and does not have charitable status. It has no beneficial shareholders and it cannot pay dividends. Any profits made by ''The Irish Times'' cannot be distributed to the Trust but must be used to strengthen the newspaper, directly or indirectly. The Trust is composed of a maximum of 11 Governors. The Trust appoints Governors who are required to be "representative broadly of the community throughout the whole of Ireland".

As of March 2023, John Hegarty is the chair of the Trust, and the governors are Edmond Harty, Maeve Carton, Catherine Day, Bernard Harbor, David Sterling, Fiach Mac Conghail and Marguerite Sayers. They are predominantly from an Irish public sector background.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/about-us/the-irish-times-trust/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, The Irish Times Trust Limited joined as a member organisation of the [[European Press Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Members |url=https://www.europeanpressprize.com/foundation/members/| access-date=2021-08-23|website=European Press Prize}}</ref>

==Offices==
[[File:The_Irish_Times_building,_Dublin,_Ireland.jpg|thumb|250px|''The Irish Times'' building, on [[Tara Street]]]]
[[File:Ireland Victor Grigas 2011-19.jpg|thumb|250px|The Irish Times Clock, originally mounted on the [[D'Olier Street]] building, moved with the newspaper to the Tara Street offices in 2006.]]
In 1895, the paper moved from its original offices on [[Abbey Street|Middle Abbey Street]] to [[D'Olier Street]] in the centre of Dublin. "D'Olier Street" became a [[Metonymy|metonym]] of ''The Irish Times'' which in turn was personified as "The Old Lady of D'Olier Street". In October 2006, the paper relocated to a new building on nearby [[Tara Street]].<ref>Alison Healy, [https://www.irishtimes.com/news/iconic-irish-times-clock-back-where-it-belongs-1.940966 "Iconic Irish Times clock back where it belongs"], ''Irish Times'', September 27, 2008</ref>

==Irish Times Literature Prizes==

'''The Irish Times Literature Prizes''' were established in 1988, with the inaugural Irish Times International Fiction Prize (worth £7,500 in 1998)<ref name=prizes1998/> awarded in 1989.<ref name= ltaward>{{cite web | title=Irish Times International Fiction Prize | website=[[LibraryThing]] | url=https://www.librarything.com/award/861/Irish-Times-International-Fiction-Prize | access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> The Irish Literature Prizes (four categories, each worth £5,000 in 1998) were awarded for fiction, poetry, and non-fiction written in English. In 1998, a separate prize was for the first time awarded for a work in the Irish language, for the most outstanding title of all of the categories, which was awarded by a separate panel of judges.<ref name=prizes1998>{{cite news | title=The Irish Times Literature Prizes 1998-99 | newspaper=The Irish Times | date=4 June 1998 | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/the-irish-times-literature-prizes-1998-99-1.159768 | access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

The Irish Times International Fiction Prize, also known as the Irish Times/Aer Lingus International Fiction Prize until 1992 (when [[Aer Lingus]] ceased its sponsorship of the awards), was awarded annually until 2001. The winners of this prize were:<ref name= ltaward/>
*1989: ''[[Libra (novel)|Libra]]'', by [[Don DeLillo]]
*1990: ''[[Possession (Byatt novel)|Possession]]'', by [[A. S. Byatt]]
*1991: ''[[Wartime Lies]]'', by [[Louis Begley]]
* 1992: ''[[Mating (novel)|Mating]]'', by [[Norman Rush]]
* 1993: ''[[The Shipping News]]'', by [[E. Annie Proulx]]
* 1995: ''[[The Master of Petersburg]]'', by [[J. M. Coetzee]]
* 1997: ''[[Reading in the Dark]]'', by [[Seamus Deane]]
* 1999: ''[[Birds of America (short story collection)|Birds of America: Stories]]'', by [[Lorrie Moore]]
* 2001: ''[[Anil's Ghost]]'', by [[Michael Ondaatje]]

==Formats and content==
===Columns===
Regular columns include:
* ''An Irish Diary'', a daily column with one frequent author at a time and many occasional contributors. Originally ''An Irishman's Diary'' and credited to "Quidnunc"; once the real authors was credited, the title was sometimes changed to ''An Irishwoman's Diary'', ''An Englishman's Diary'', etc. as appropriate. Frequent authors included [[Patrick Campbell, 3rd Baron Glenavy]] (1950s–60s), [[Kevin Myers]] (1980s–90s), and Frank McNally (since 2000s)
* ''Another Life'', a weekly natural history column written and illustrated since 1977 by [[Michael Viney]]
* ''Rite and Reason'', a weekly religious column, edited by the religious editor, Patsy McGarry. Many prominent [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Church of Ireland]] bishops, Irish Jewish leaders, theologians from all faiths, and journalists, among others, have written the column which is published on the op-ed page on Mondays.
* ''[[Social and Personal]]''

===Print===
The paper has the same standard layout every day; the front page contains one main picture and three main news stories, with the left-hand column, News Digest, providing a "teaser" of some of the stories inside the Home News, World News, Sport, and Business Today sections, as well as other information such as winning lottery numbers and weather forecasts. Inside, it usually contains eight to twelve pages of Irish news, called "Home News", covering the [[Republic of Ireland]] and [[Northern Ireland]]. It devotes several pages to important stories such as the publication of government reports, government budgets, and important courts cases.

World News contains news from its correspondents abroad and from news wires and services such as Reuters, the Guardian Service, and the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post service; the paper has correspondents in London, Paris, Brussels, and Washington.

''The Irish Times'' publishes its residential property supplement every Thursday, one of the printed residential property listings for the Dublin area; this is also online. Motoring and employment supplements are published on Wednesday and Friday respectively, and are also available online.

A business supplement is published every Friday, as is an entertainment supplement called ''The Ticket'', with film, music, theatre reviews, interviews, articles, and media listings. [[Michael Dwyer (journalist)|Michael Dwyer]], the film critic and recipient of the Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres, wrote for the supplement until his death in 2010.<ref name="Film critic Dwyer dies after illness">{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0102/dwyerm.html|title=Film critic Dwyer dies after illness|date=2 January 2010|access-date=2 January 2010|publisher=[[RTÉ]]}}</ref><ref name="Renowned film critic Michael Dwyer was 'one in a million'">{{cite news|author=Simon Brouder|url=http://www.kerryman.ie/news/renowned-film-critic-michael-dwyer-was-one-in-a-million-2000960.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060305/http://www.kerryman.ie/news/renowned-film-critic-michael-dwyer-was-one-in-a-million-2000960.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2011|title=Renowned film critic Michael Dwyer was 'one in a million'|date=6 January 2010|access-date=6 January 2010|newspaper=[[The Kerryman]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Irish Times |author=Donald Clarke |title=Tributes to Michael Dwyer|date=4 January 2010|access-date=6 January 2010 |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2010/0104/1224261598524.html |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

On Saturdays, a Weekend section is published, with news features, arts profiles, television and radio columns, and book reviews of mainly literary and biographical works, with occasional reviews in the technology sector. The Saturday edition also includes the Magazine with consumer and lifestyle features on food, wine, gardening, and there are travel and sports supplements.

Three [[Sudoku]] puzzles and two crosswords are published daily including a [[cryptic crossword]], formerly compiled by "[[Crosaire]]", and a "Simplex" crossword. There is also a letters page. [[J.J. Walsh (chess player)|J.J. Walsh]] contributed a chess puzzle to the paper for 70 years, from April 1955 until his retirement in May 2025.<ref>{{cite news | title=Irish Times chess columnist JJ Walsh retires after 70 years: 'Everything has to come to an end' | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2025/05/13/chess-columnist-jj-walsh-retires/ }}</ref> The puzzle was initially a weekly feature but became a daily fixture in September 1972.<ref>[http://en.chessbase.com/post/barden-on-the-longest-running-chess-column Barden on the Longest running chess column] Leonard Barden, Chessbase.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/chairman-of-the-board-an-irishman-s-diary-about-jim-walsh-the-world-s-longest-running-chess-correspondent-1.2889461 |title=Chairman of the Board – An Irishman's Diary about Jim Walsh, the world's longest-running chess correspondent|first= Frank |last=McNally|newspaper= The Irish Times|date= 2 December 2016}}</ref>

The paper carries [[political cartoon]]s by [[Martyn Turner]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/ireland-world/article/drawing-in-irish-cartoonists-m536d92nm |title=Drawing in Irish cartoonists|first=John|last=Burns|date=19 June 2023 |via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref> and the American cartoon strip, [[Doonesbury]]. The business section has a satirical illustration by David Rooney every Friday. Tom Mathews contributes an arts-inspired cartoon (called "Artoon") to the arts section on Saturday.

The Irish Tones precious carried a weekly Irish-language page on Wednesdays. This was expanded to a full supplement, titled ''Scéal'', in April 2025.<ref>{{cite news | title=Message from the Editor: We've hit a milestone – our journalism is fully funded by subscribers | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/media/2025/12/28/message-from-the-editor-we-hit-a-big-milestone-this-year-and-its-thanks-to-you/ }}</ref>

===Digital===
In 1994, ''The Irish Times'' established a web presence on IEunet.ie, which moved to the address Irish-times.ie in 1995; it was the first newspaper in Ireland and one of the first 30 newspapers in the world to establish an online presence. The company acquired the [[domain name]] ''ireland.com'' in 1997, and from 1999 to 2008, used it to publish its online edition. This was freely available at first but charges and a registration fee were introduced in 2002 for access to most of the content. A number of blogs were added in April 2007, written by [[Jim Carroll (journalist)|Jim Carroll]], Shane Hegarty, and [[Conor Pope]]. On 30 June 2008, the company relaunched ''ireland.com'' as a separate lifestyle portal and the online edition of the newspaper was now published at ''irishtimes.com''. Access to news on the new domain name was supplied free of charge,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0630/1214764288069.html|title='The Irish Times' free online at irishtimes.com|date=30 June 2008|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=30 June 2008}}</ref> but a subscription was charged to view its archives.

On 15 October 2012 John O'Shea, Head of Online, ''The Irish Times'', announced that the ''ireland.com'' domain name had been sold to [[Tourism Ireland]], and that the associated ''ireland.com'' email service would end on 7 November 2012.<ref name=DomainSale>{{cite news |title=Tourism Ireland buys 'Ireland.com' URL from The Irish Times |first=Amy |last=Croffey |work=[[TheJournal.ie]] |date=2012-10-15 |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/tourism-ireland-ireland-com-url-the-irish-times-636463-Oct2012|access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529075211/https://www.thejournal.ie/tourism-ireland-ireland-com-url-the-irish-times-636463-Oct2012|archive-date=2024-05-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> The domain name was sold for €495,000.<ref name=DomainSale/> The ending of the email service affected about 15,000 subscribers.<ref name="fd">{{cite news |first=Hugh |last=O'Connell |title=@ireland.com Email Users Slam 'Disgraceful' Decision to End Service |work=[[TheJournal.ie]] |date=17 October 2012 |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-com-email-shutdown-639046-Oct2012/|access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520184341/https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-com-email-shutdown-639046-Oct2012|archive-date=2024-05-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The newspaper announced on 17 February 2015 the reintroduction of a [[paywall]] for its website, ''irishtimes.com'', beginning on 23 February.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2015/0217/680758-irish-times-paywall/ Irish Times to introduce metered paywall online] RTÉ News, 17 February 2015.</ref><ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/the-irish-times-to-introduce-digital-subscriptions-next-week-1.2106220 The Irish Times to introduce digital subscriptions next week] Irish Times, 17 February 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.ie/business/media/irish-times-to-introduce-paywall-next-week-costing-up-to-50-a-month-30998124.html Irish Times to introduce paywall next week, costing up to €50 a month] Irish Independent, 17 February 2015.</ref>

==Editors==
{{Div col|small=no|colwidth=25em}}
# [[George Ferdinand Shaw]] (1859)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/150/articles/the-editors.html |title=The Irish Times: The Editors |work=Irish Times |access-date=23 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712092527/http://www.irishtimes.com/150/articles/the-editors.html |archive-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
# Rev. George Bomford Wheeler (1859–1877)
# James Scott (1877–1899)
# William Algernon Locker (1901–1907)
# [[John Edward Healy]] (1907–1934)
# [[R. M. "Bertie" Smyllie]] (1934–1954)
# Alec Newman (1954–61)
# Alan Montgomery (1961–1963)
# [[Douglas Gageby]] (1963–1974 and 1977–1986)
# [[Fergus Pyle]] (1974–1977)
# [[Conor Brady]] (1986–2002)
# [[Geraldine Kennedy]] (2002–2011)
# [[Kevin O'Sullivan (journalist)|Kevin O'Sullivan]] (2011–2017)
# [[Paul O'Neill (newspaper editor)|Paul O'Neill]] (2017–2022)
# [[Ruadhán Mac Cormaic]] (2022–present)
{{div col end}}

==Past and present contributors==
{{Div col|small=no|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Charles Acton (critic)|Charles Acton]]
* Malachy Clerkin
* Gerry Thornley
* John O Sullivan
* [[Sean Moran]]
* Johnny Watterson
* Gavin Cumiskey
* Mary Hannigan
* [[John Banville]]
* [[Brendan Behan]]
* [[Maeve Binchy]]
* [[Vincent Browne]]
* [[Tom Clonan]]
* [[Myles na gCopaleen]]
* [[Cónal Creedon]]
* [[Garret FitzGerald]]
* [[Theodora FitzGibbon]]
* [[Donal Foley]]
* [[Elgy Gillespie]]
* [[John Healy (Irish journalist)|John Healy]]
* [[Mary Holland (journalist)|Mary Holland]]
* [[Róisín Ingle]]
* [[Dennis Campbell Kennedy|Dennis Kennedy]]
* [[Karlin Lillington]]
* [[Liam MacGabhann]]
* [[Emer McLysaght]]
* [[Lara Marlowe]]
* [[Seamus Martin]]
* [[Kevin Myers]]
* [[Breda O'Brien]]
* [[Conor O'Clery]]
* Aidan O'Sullivan
* [[Fintan O'Toole]]
* [[Fergus Pyle]]
* [[Arthur Quinlan]]
* [[Martyn Turner]]
* [[John Waters (columnist)|John Waters]]
* [[Noel Whelan (politician)|Noel Whelan]]
* [[Terence de Vere White]]
* [[Thomas Woods (Irish diplomat)|Thomas Woods]]
* [[Maev-Ann Wren]]
* [[Newton Emerson]]
{{div col end}}

==Circulation==
===Print===
Average [[Newspaper circulation|print circulation]] was approximately 100,000 copies per issue in 2011,<ref name="circ2011"/> dropping to approximately 62,000 by 2017.<ref name="circ2017"/> The circulation of the newspaper is no longer audited.

{{Bar chart
| title =
| table_width = 35
| label_type = Year (period)
| data_type = Average circulation per issue
| data1 = 117,370 | label1 = 2005 (July to December)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/irish-times-records-highest-circulation-rise-of-any-daily-1.1023096|title='Irish Times' records highest circulation rise of any daily|date=3 March 2006 |first=Emmet |last=Oliver |newspaper=The Irish Times|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| data2 = 100,951 | label2 = 2011 (January to June)<ref name="circ2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/independent-still-leads-way-as-nations-favourite-2858719.html|work=[[Irish Independent]]|first=Laura|last=Noonan|title='Independent' still leads way as nation's favourite|date=26 August 2011|access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref>
| data3 = 92,565 | label3 = 2012 (January to June)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/102405-irish-morning-newspaper-abc-circulations-jan-june-2012|title=Irish Morning Newspaper ABC Circulations, Jan–June 2012|website=ilevel.ie}}</ref>
| data4 = 88,356 | label4 = 2012 (July to December)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/102467-morning-newspapers-abc-july-dec-2012|title=Morning Newspapers ABC Circulations, July–Dec 2012|website=ilevel.ie|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref>
| data5 = 80,332 | label5 = 2014 (January to June)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/morning-newspaper-circulation-jan-june-2015 |title=Morning Newspaper Circulation Jan–June 2014 |website=ilevel.ie |access-date=22 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160959/http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/morning-newspaper-circulation-jan-june-2015 |archive-date=26 August 2014 }}</ref>
| data6 = 76,882 | label6 = 2014 (July to December)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/abc-morning-newspaper-circulation-july-december-2014 |title=ABC Morning Newspaper Circulation July–December 2014 |website=ilevel.ie |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220225616/http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/abc-morning-newspaper-circulation-july-december-2014 |archive-date=20 February 2015 }}</ref>
| data7 = 76,194 | label7 = 2015 (January to June)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/abc-circulation-jan-june-2015 |title=ABC Circulation Jan June 2015 - revised! |access-date=2015-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906174223/http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/abc-circulation-jan-june-2015 |archive-date=2015-09-06 }}</ref>
| data8 = 72,011 | label8 = 2016 (January to June)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/102902-abc-jan-june-2016-morning-market|title=ABC Jan–June 2016 Morning Market – Media and Marketing Consulting, PPC, SEO Ireland, Search Engine Optimisation|first=Conor|last=Doyle|website=www.ilevel.ie}}</ref>
| data9 = 66,251 | label9 = 2016 (July to December)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48212281.pdf|title=Cross Platform Circulation Certificate|website=Abc.org.uk|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
| data10 = 62,423 | label10 = 2017 (January to June)<ref name="circ2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48554363.pdf|title=Cross Platform Circulation Certificate|website=Abc.org.uk|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
| data11 = 61,049 | label11 = 2017 (July to December)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/102971-irish-newspaper-circulation-july-dec-2017-island-of-ireland-report-2|title=Irish Newspaper Circulation July–Dec 2017 Island of Ireland Report – Media and Marketing Consulting, PPC, SEO Ireland, Search Engine Optimisation|first=Conor|last=Doyle|website=www.ilevel.ie}}</ref>
| data12 = 60,352 | label12 = 2018 (January to June)<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/49060706.pdf|title=Cross Platform Circulation Certificate|website=Abc.org.uk|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
| data13 = 58,131 | label13 = 2018 (July to December)<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/49256125.pdf|title=Cross Platform Circulation Certificate|website=Abc.org.uk|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
| data14 = 56,518 | label14 = 2019 (January to June)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ilevel.ie/print/irish-newspaper-circulation-jan-june-2019-island-of-ireland-report/|title=Irish Newspaper Circulation Jan-June 2019 Island of Ireland Report|date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
| data15 = 54,147 | label15 = 2019 (July to December)<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/49619706.pdf|title=The Irish Times {{!}} July to December 2019|publisher=[[Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK)|ABC]]}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilevel.ie/print/irish-newspaper-circulation-july-dec-2019-island-of-ireland-report/|title=WordPress › Error|website=www.ilevel.ie|date=20 February 2020 }}</ref>
}}

===Digital===
ABC measure digital circulation based on paid for digital subscriptions that include an ePaper in the package. This means that the free student edition and the basic package, which does not include an ePaper, are excluded from the below statistics.
{{Bar chart
| title =
| table_width = 50
| label_type = Year (period)
| data_type = Average circulation per issue
| data1 = 16,939 | label1 = 2017 (July to December)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Slattery |first1=Laura |title='The Irish Times' had combined daily circulation of 77,988 in second half of 2017 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/the-irish-times-had-combined-daily-circulation-of-77-988-in-second-half-of-2017-1.3402249 |newspaper=The Irish Times|date=27 February 2018 |access-date=1 September 2021 |language=en |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| data2 = 18,903 | label2 = 2018 (January to June)<ref name="auto2"/>
| data3 = 21,275 | label3 = 2018 (July to December)<ref name="auto1"/>
| data4 = 24,389 | label4 = 2019 (July to December)<ref name="auto3"/>

}}

==Newspapers owned by The Irish Times DAC==
* ''The Irish Times''
* ''[[Irish Examiner]]'' (acquired from [[Landmark Media Investments]])<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>
* ''[[The Echo (Cork newspaper)|The Echo]]'' (acquired from Landmark Media Investments)<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>
* ''[[Roscommon Herald]]'' (acquired from Landmark Media Investments)<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>
* ''[[Western People]]'' (acquired from Landmark Media Investments)<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>
* ''[[Waterford News & Star]]'' (acquired from Landmark Media Investments)<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>
* [[The Nationalist (Carlow)|''The Nationalist'' (Carlow)]] (acquired from Landmark Media Investments)<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>
* ''Kildare Nationalist'' (acquired from Landmark Media Investments)<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>
* ''Laois Nationalist'' (acquired from Landmark Media Investments)<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>

==The Irish Times DAC investments ownership==
===Magazine===
* ''Gloss Magazine'' (100% stake via Gloss Publications)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/the-irish-times-reports-5-2-rise-in-operating-profit-1.3964020|title=The Irish Times reports 5.2% rise in operating profit|first=Laura |url-access=subscription |last=Slattery |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=22 July 2019}}</ref>

===Radio===
* [[WLR FM]] (acquired from [[Landmark Media Investments]])<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>

===Digital===
* RecruitIreland.com (acquired from [[Landmark Media Investments]])<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>
* BreakingNews.ie (acquired from Landmark Media Investments)<ref name="irishexaminer.com"/>
* Myhome.ie (acquired from Sherry FitzGerald, the Gunne Group and Douglas Newman Good)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myhome.ie/about|title=MyHome.ie Help – Contact Us – MyHome.ie|website=myhome.ie|access-date=Jul 23, 2019}}</ref>
* RIP.ie (acquired from Gradam Communications in 2024)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2024/05/02/the-irish-times-group-acquires-online-death-notice-platform-ripie/|title=The Irish Times Group acquires online death notice platform RIP.ie|publisher=The Irish Times|date=2 May 2024|access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>

===Other assets===
* Itronics (training company)<ref name="operating profit">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/operating-profit-at-irish-times-group-up-46-to-3-82m-in-2019-1.4351742|title=Operating profit at Irish Times group up 46% to €3.82m in 2019|newspaper=The Irish Times|first=Laura|last=Slattery|date=11 September 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* DigitalworX (web publisher)<ref name="operating profit"/>

==See also==
* [[List of newspapers in Ireland]]
* [[Irish Times National Debating Championship|''Irish Times'' National Debating Championship]]
* [[List of Irish companies]]
* ''[[The Times]]'' (United Kingdom)
* ''[[The New York Times]]'' (United States)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Ireland|Journalism|Politics}}
{{Newspapers in the Republic of Ireland}}
{{Ireland newspapers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irish Times, The}}
[[Category:The Irish Times| ]]
[[Category:1859 establishments in Ireland]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in Ireland|Times]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in Europe]]
[[Category:Irish news websites]]
[[Category:Newspaper companies of Ireland]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1859]]
[[Category:Podcasting companies]]

Galaxy Surfactants

2026-01-15T14:21:42Z

Eldarljt: stub...

{{short description|Indian multinational chemical company}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Galaxy Surfactants
| logo = Galaxy Surfactants.svg
| logo_size =
| caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|540935}} {{NSE|GALAXYSURF}}
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1980}}
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = Unnathan Shekhar (Co-Founder) Abhijit Damle (CFO) K. Natarajan (CEO) Vaijanath Kulkarni (COO)
| industry = [[Chemical industry|Chemicals]]
| products = [[Speciality chemicals]], [[surfactant]]s,
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|4455|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|380|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=Galaxy Surfactants Ltd Q4 FY23 consolidated net profit lower at Rs. 90.53 crores |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=332677 |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=EquityBulls |date=23 May 2023}}</ref>
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|https://www.galaxysurfactants.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Galaxy Surfactants Ltd.''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] specialty [[chemical]] company based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is a manufacturer of [[surfactants]] and [[speciality chemicals]] for cleaning and personal care space, and its more than 200 products are exported to over 100 countries. Galaxy has over 1400 clients including [[Colgate-Palmolive]], [[Dabur]], [[Himalaya]], [[L'Oréal]] and [[Unilever]] and more. Performance surfactants account for 60% of revenue, and specialty personal care products account for the rest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tewari |first1=Maulik |title=Why you should accumulate the stock of Galaxy Surfactants |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/stock-fundamental-analysis-india/why-you-should-accumulate-the-stock-of-galaxy-surfactants/article34345589.ece |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[Business Line]] |date=April 17, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Galaxy is considered a power player in the global surfactants market.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jauhari |first1=Ujjval |title=Galaxy Surfactants in focus as supply challenges hit specialty chemical makers |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/mark-to-market/galaxy-surfactants-in-focus-as-supply-challenges-hit-specialty-chemical-makers-11637214883970.html |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] |date=18 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, the annual turnover was {{INR}}2,563 [[crore]]. According to Unnathan Shekhar, managing director of Galaxy Surfactants, two-thirds of their business comes from international customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Galaxy Surfactants will have a Capex outlay of Rs 150-200 crore every year: U Shekhar, MD |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-galaxy-surfactants-will-have-a-capex-outlay-of-rs-150-200-crore-every-year-u-shekhar-md-170704 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[Zee Business]] |date=15 November 2021}}</ref> In 2020, the company spent nearly {{INR}}60 crore and filed for 62 patents.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prashant |first1=Pravin |title=Galaxy Surfactants bags 62 patents |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/chemical/galaxy-surfactants-bags-62-patents-5986 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Indian Chemical News |date=August 25, 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The company was founded in 1980 by Unnathan Shekhar, Geera Ramakrishnan, Shashi Shanbhag, CR Ramakrishna, and Sudhir Patil, five friends, all aged 23, who all came from different backgrounds.<ref name="Lalatendu">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Lalatendu |title=Mumbai-based Galaxy Surfactants makes difference in green process innovation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/city-based-galaxy-surfactants-makes-difference-in-green-process-innovation/article25861923.ece |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 December 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> They began their company as contract manufacturers for [[Colgate-Palmolive]], producing [[Sodium laureth sulfate]] in a small lab in [[Ghatkopar]].

In 1984, Galaxy opened its first plant at [[Tarapur, Maharashtra|Tarapur]] and its second plant for [[sulfonation]] was opened in [[Taloja]] in 1998.
Galaxy also started a research centre at [[Navi Mumbai]] in 1997.

In July 2009, Galaxy acquired ''TRI‐K Industries'', a distributor and producer of specialty ingredients.<ref>{{cite news |title=Galaxy Surfactants acquires majority stakes in TRI-K and OTC |url=https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Galaxy_Surfactants_acquires_majority_stakes_in_TRI-K_and_OTC/49345 |publisher=Cosmetics Business |date=July 10, 2009}}</ref> This acquisition of a 30 year old [[New Jersey]] headquartered company gave the company a foothold in the United States with additional protein manufacturing facilities in [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Galaxy Surfactants Acquires TRI-K Industries |url=https://www.happi.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2009-07-10/galaxy-surfactants-acquires-tri-k-industries/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |magazine=HAPPI Magazine |date=July 10, 2009}}</ref>

In 2011, Galaxy commissioned manufacturing plants at [[Zaghadia]] in [[Gujarat]] and [[Suez]] in [[Egypt]] at the cost of {{INR}}330 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Galaxy to commission Jhagadia, Suez plant in August |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Galaxy-to-commission-Jhagadia-Suez-plant-in-August |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=www.projectstoday.com |date=13 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Disclosure: Galaxy Chemicals |url=https://disclosures.ifc.org/project-detail/ESRS/29246/galaxy-chemicals |website=disclosures.ifc.org |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>

In 2012, Galaxy became a member of [[Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil]], taking a step towards creating a sustainable [[palm oil]] supply chain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Galaxy Surfactants: putting sustainable palm oil at the heart of the business |url=https://www.isealalliance.org/node/3836 |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=ISEAL Alliance |date=2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fink |first1=Hannah |title=Galaxy Surfactants Marks 10 Years of Sustainability by Highlighting its Business Benefits |url=https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/news/companies/news/21843866/galaxy-surfactants-ltd-galaxy-surfactants-marks-10-years-of-sustainability-by-highlighting-its-business-benefits |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[Cosmetics & Toiletries]] |date=7 December 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref>

In 2018, Galaxy floated their [[IPO]] and was listed on the Indian stock exchanges ([[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] & [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shyam |first1=Ashutosh |title=Galaxy Surfactants IPO could bring windfall for existing investors, staff |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/galaxy-surfactants-ipo-could-bring-windfall-for-existing-investors-staff/articleshow/62688776.cms |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Soumeet |title=Galaxy Surfactants' IPO Opens Today: All You Need To Know |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/galaxy-surfactants-ipo-all-you-need-to-know |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=[[BloombergQuint]] |date=January 29, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Galaxy Surfactants IPO fully subscribed on Day 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/galaxy-surfactants-ipo-fully-subscribed-on-day-1/articleshow/62698663.cms |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=January 29, 2018}}</ref>
== Financials ==
It registered {{INR}}2627.38 crores total income in the fiscal year 2022, while {{INR}}1834.90 crores in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Galaxy Surfacta. Profit and Loss |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/galaxy-surfactants-ltd/profitandlose/companyid-3790.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=August 30, 2022}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://www.galaxysurfactants.com}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1980]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1980]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Bellare, Dakshina Kannada

2026-01-03T16:31:50Z

Eldarljt: adding info

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bellare
| native_name = Bellare
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Bellare town pano 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|40|N|75|22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Karnataka}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4814
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = Around 50,000 approx.
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]],
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 574212[[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 574212
| registration_plate = KA 21
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Sullia]], [[Kukke Subramanya]]
| website =
| footnotes = Agriculture, Small Scale Industries,
business center for connecting 3 town
Puttur - Sullia - Subramania [[File:Bellare town pano 2.jpg|thumb|Bellare town bus stand]]
}}

'''Bellare''' is a village located in the [[Sullia]] taluk of [[Dakshina Kannada]] district, [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]].<ref name="CensusIndia">{{cite web |title=Bellare Village Population - Sulya, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/karnataka/dakshina-kannada/sulya/bellare-population.html |website=Census India |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref>

==Educational institutions==
*Govt primary school Bellare.
*Govt Higher primary school.
*Govt primary school Darkasthu.
*Govt Secondary Education.
*Govt Junior College.
*Shivramkarant Degree College, located near Bellare at Pervaje.
*Private Jnana ganga central school.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://demo.jgcs.co.in/ |title=Jnana Ganga Central School |access-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911054507/http://demo.jgcs.co.in/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Hidaya Educational & Charitable Trust Bellare - Education - Sullia D K
*Darul Huda Islamic complex
*Darul Hikma Education Centre

==Economic activities==
#Agriculture. The village has advanced agricultural developments in the field of plantation crops, consisting of areca nut ([[Mangalore]] chali), coconut, coco, vanilla, pepper, cashew nut and rubber.
#Rubber processing factory

==Health care ==
* Govt primary health centre Bellare
* Anupama clinic
* SM Bhat clinic
* Ganesh clinic

==Climate==
The average annual temperature is 34 °C. Summers are warm and humid, whereas during the monsoon season the village receives heavy rainfall, and cools by the year's end.

==Culture and arts==
Pilgrimage and worship places
* Ajipila Mahalingeshwara Temple
* Shri Lakshmi venkatramana Temple
* Pervaje Jaladurga Devi Temple
* Mutthu Mariyamma Temple Darkasthu
* ZAKARIYA JUMA MASJID
* BELLARE valiyullahi DARGA SHARIF
* Churches of Christian community

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Dakshina Kannada district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]

{{DakshinaKannada-geo-stub}}

Panchala

2025-12-28T12:21:44Z

Eldarljt: quick fix

{{Short description|Ancient Hindu kingdom of India}}
{{for|the butterfly genus|Arhopala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = Pañcāla
| conventional_long_name = Panchala
| common_name =
| era = [[Iron Age]]
| life_span = {{circa|1100 BCE}} – {{circa|340 BCE}}
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_leader1 = c. 850 BCE
| leader1 = [[Keśin Dālbhya]]
| year_leader2 = c. 750 BCE
| leader2 = [[Pravahana Jaivali]]
| year_leader3 = c. 400 CE
| leader3 = [[Achyuta of Panchala|Achyuta]]
| year_start = c. 1100 BCE (in [[Vedic period|Late Vedic period]])
| year_end = c. 400 CE (in [[Gupta Empire]])
| p1 = Rigvedic tribes
| s1 = Nanda Empire{{!}}Magadha
| p2 = Maurya Empire{{!}}Magadha
| s2 = Gupta Empire
| image_map = Late_Vedic_Culture_(1100-500_BCE).png
| image_map_caption = Panchala and other kingdoms in the Late Vedic period.
| image_map2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map2_caption = Panchala and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period.
| capital = [[Ahichatra]] (northern), [[Kampil]]a
| common_languages = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Jainism]] [[Buddhism]]
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| today = [[India]]
}}
'''Panchala''' ({{IAST3|Pañcāla}}) was an ancient [[Realm|kingdom]] of [[northern India]], located in the [[Ganges-Yamuna Doab]] of the [[Gangetic plain|Upper Gangetic plain]] which is identified as [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]] or region around [[Kannauj]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=wheeler|first=James Boy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzAQAAAAYAAJ&q=kanyakubja&pg=PA432|title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages: The Rámáyana and the Brahmanic period|publisher= N Trubner|date=1869|page=432}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVE0AAAAIAAJ&q=kanyakubja&pg=PA38|title=Bibliotheca Indica, Volume 270|publisher=Baptist Mission Press|date=1848|page=38}}</ref> During Late [[Vedic period|Vedic times]] (c. 1100–500 BCE), it was one of the most powerful states of [[History of India|ancient India]], closely allied with the [[Kuru kingdom]].<ref>Witzel, Michael (1995), "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state", EJVS |volume=1 |issue=4 |date=1995</ref> By the c. 5th century BCE, it had become an [[Oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[Confederation|confederacy]], considered one of the ''solasa'' (sixteen) [[mahajanapadas]] (major states) of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. After being absorbed into the [[Mauryan Empire]] (322–185 BCE), Panchala regained its independence until it was annexed by the [[Gupta Empire]] in the 4th century CE.

== Location ==
The Pañcāla state was located to the west of the [[Gomti River]], and the north of the [[Chambal River]]. Its western neighbours were the [[Surasena|Sūrasena]]s and the Yakṛllomas, while in the north-west it was separated from the [[Ganga]] and the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]s by dense forests. The northern boundaries of Pañcāla were the forests around the region of the Gaṅgā's source. The territory of Pañcāla corresponded to the modern-day areas of Rohilkhand such as [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]], [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]], [[Budaun district|Budaun]], [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]], [[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]], [[Kannauj]] and [[Kanpur]], and parts of Awadh such as the western half of [[Hardoi]], and parts of [[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Austin Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&dq=kanpur+panchala&pg=PA21|date=2006 |title=Between the Empires, Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|pages=21|publisher=Oxford university press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Dilip K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJAMAQAAMAAJ&q=kanpur+panchala |title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain, The Upper Ganga (Oudh, Rohilkhand, and the Doab)|date=2007|pages=204|publisher=Munshiram Manohar Lal Publications|isbn=978-81-215-1185-8 }}</ref> as well as the [[Doab#Central or Middle Doab|Central]] Gaṅgā-[[Yamuna|Yamunā]] [[Doab]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |pages=70–74 |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}</ref>

== Mahabharata ==
[[Drupada]], the king of [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]] was the father of [[Draupadi]], who married the [[Pandava]]s. To avenge her humiliation during [[Mahabharata#The dice game|the game of dice]] played at [[Hastinapur]] which led to their lengthy exile, he fought on the side of the Pandavas in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. [[Bhishma]] ranked him a Mighty [[Hindu mythological wars#Levels of Warrior Excellence|''Maharathi'']], his son [[Dhrishtadyumna]] an ''Atirathi'' and his other son, [[Shikhandi]], a ''Rathi''. He contributed three (of the seven) [[Akshauhini]] armies to the Pandavas during the war.<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p. 206</ref>

== Vedic period ==
The Panchala [[janapada]] is believed to have been formed by multiple ''[[jana (Vedic period)|janas]]'' (tribes). The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' suggests that Panchala was the later name of the Krivi tribe (who, according to the [[Rigveda]], lived on the bank of the [[Indus River]]). The later [[Vedas|Vedic literature]] uses the term Panchala to describe the close associates of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]].
Panchala is identified with the city of [[Kanyakubja]] or the region around it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=wheeler|first=James Boy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzAQAAAAYAAJ&q=kanyakubja&pg=PA432|title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages: The Rámáyana and the Brahmanic period|publisher= N Trubner|date=1869|page=432}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVE0AAAAIAAJ&q=kanyakubja&pg=PA38|title=Bibliotheca Indica, Volume 270|publisher=Baptist Mission Press|date=1848|page=38}}</ref>
The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions the 'Saranjayas' as a tribe or a family among the Panchalas, occasionally using the terms interchangeably, but also separately at a few places. The ''Mahabharata'' further mentions that the [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala country]] had its capital at [[Kanyakubja]] or modern day [[Kannauj]]<ref>{{Cite book |first=Gurcharn|last=Singh Sandhu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yXcAAAAMAAJ |title=A Military History of Ancient India|page=164|date=2000|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=978-81-7094-375-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x7jAAAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings Volume 29|page=82|date=1968|publisher=Indian History Congress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gJDAAAAYAAJ |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Farrukhabad. 39. Ballia|page=29|date=1988|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagchi|first=Jhunu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7RKoMeAtpUC&dq=Panchal+Kanyakubja&pg=RA1-PA3 |title=The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D.|page=3|date=1993|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-301-4 }}</ref> but was later divided into two territories: the northern Panchala with its capital at [[Ahichchhatra]], and the southern Panchala with its capital at [[Kampilya]].{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1985|p=1}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi|first=Rama Shanker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&q=Kunoj+Panchala |title=History of Kanauj, To the Moslem Conquest|pages=212, 213|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidas|isbn=978-81-208-0404-3 }}</ref>

According to the political scientist Sudama Misra, the name of the Panchala janapada suggests that it was a fusion of five (''pancha'') [[janapadas|janas]] (tribes).{{sfn|Sudama Misra|1973|p=14}} [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H.C. Raychaudhuri]] theorised that these five clans were the Krivis, the Turvashas, the Keshins, the Srinjayas, and the Somakas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Oroon K. Ghosh |title=The Changing Indian Civilization: A Perspective on India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPUtAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Minerva |isbn=978-0-88386-502-6}}</ref> Each of these clans is known to be associated with one or more princes mentioned in the Vedic<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Hemchandra |title=Political History of Ancient India - From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty |date=1953 |publisher=Calcutta University Press |location=Kolkata |page=71 |edition=Sixth |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/1633.pdf |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> texts – the Krivis with Kraivya Panchala, the Turvashas with Sona Satrasaha, the Keshins with Keshin Dalbhya, the Srinjayas with Sahadeva Sarnjaya, and the Somakas with Somaka Sahadevya. The names of the last two clans, the Somakas and the Srinjayas, are also mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]].

King Drupada, whose daughter Draupadi was married into the Pandavas in the Mahabharata, belonged to the Somaka clan.<ref>Pargiter, F.E. (1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.117</ref> However, the Mahabharata and the Puranas consider the ruling clan of the northern Panchala as an offshoot of the [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] clan, identifying [[Divodasa]], [[Sudas]], Srinjaya, Somaka, and [[Drupada]] (also called Yajnasena) as its most notable rulers.<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972) ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.65-8.</ref> It is also mentioned that [[Upapandavas#Sutasoma|Sutasoma]], the son of Draupadi and the Pandava prince [[Bhima]], was the king of the Somaka tribe during the [[Kurukshetra War]].

The Panchala Kingdom rose to its highest prominence in the aftermath of the decline of the Kuru Kingdom, culminating in its eventual defeat by the non-Vedic [[Salva (India)|Salva tribe]]. The king of Panchala, [[Keśin Dālbhya]] (approximately between 900 and 750 BCE<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects'' in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, p.127</ref>), was the nephew of the Kuru king, who had died heirless; Keśin subsequently took over the leadership, establishing his kingdom as the new political and cultural center, and ensuring the continuation of the Vedic tradition.<ref>Witzel (1995), p.22</ref> His dynasty remained in power for many generations; one of his later successors was the philosopher-king [[Pravahana Jaivali]], who was the contemporary of King [[Janaka]] of [[Videha]] and the philosophers [[Uddalaka Aruni]] and [[Svetaketu]] (8th–7th centuries BCE).<ref>Raychaudhury, pp.67–68</ref>

== Under Magadha ==
Originally a [[Monarchy|monarchical]] [[Jat|clan]], the Panchalas appear to have switched to a republican model of government around 500 BCE. The Buddhist text [[Anguttara Nikaya]] mentions Panchala as one of the sixteen [[mahajanapada]]s of the c. 6th century BCE.<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.85</ref> The 4th century BCE text [[Arthashastra]] also attests to the Panchalas as following the ''Rajashabdopajivin'' (king consul) constitution. Panchala was annexed into the [[Nanda Dynasty|Magadha empire]] during the reign of [[Mahapadma Nanda]] in the mid-4th century BCE.<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.206</ref>

== Post-Mauryan period ==
Numismatic evidence reveals the existence of independent rulers of Panchala during the post-Mauryan period. Most of the coins issued by them are found at [[Ahichchhatra|Ahichatra]] and adjoining areas. All the coins are round, made of a copper alloy and have a set pattern on the obverse-a deeply incised square punch consisting of a row of three symbols and the ruler's name placed in a single line below them. The reverse bears depictions of the deities or sometimes of their attributes, whose names form a component of the issuers' names (for example, coins of [[Agnimitra]] bear the depiction of [[Agni]]). The names of the rulers found on these coins are Vangapala, Yajnapala, Damagupta, Rudragupta, Jayagupta, Suryamitra, Phalgunimitra, Bhanumitra, Bhumimitra, Dhruvamitra, Agnimitra, Indramitra, Vishnumitra, Jayamitra, Prajapatimitra, Varunamitra, Anamitra, Bhadraghosha and Yugasena (the reverse of the coins of Varunamitra, Yugasena and Anamitra do not exhibit any deity). Shaunakayaniputra Vangapala, ruler of Ahichatra, whom Vaidehiputra Ashadhasena mentioned as his grandfather in his Pabhosa inscription, is identified with king Vangapala, known from his coins. The name of Damagupta is also found on a clay sealing.<ref>Lahiri, B. (1974). ''Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) '', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.170-88</ref><ref>Bhandare, S. (2006). ''Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain'' in P. Olivelle ed. ''Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE'', New York: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-568935-6}}, pp.76,88</ref>

The last independent ruler of Ahichatra was [[Achyuta of Panchala|Achyuta]], who was defeated by [[Samudragupta]], after which Panchala was annexed into the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.473</ref> The coins of Achyuta found from Ahichatra have a wheel of eight spokes on the reverse and the legend ''Achyu'' on the obverse.<ref>Lahiri, B. (1974). ''Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) '', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.182</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" widths="280px" heights="120px" perrow="3" caption="Panchala coinage">
File:Panchalas of Adhichhatra.jpg|Coin of the Panchalas of Ahichhatra (75-50 BCE). '''Obv''' [[Indra]] seated facing on pedestal, holding bifurcated object. '''Rev''' ''Idramitrasa'' in [[Brahmi]], Panchala symbols.
File:Coin-of-Agnimitra.jpg|Coin of Agnimitra, showing the depiction of [[Agni]] with flaming hair on the obverse, and a reverse showing the three dynastic symbols of the Panchala rulers and a legend naming the king: Agimitasa.
File:I38 12karshapana Panchala MACW4540 1ar (8486500958).jpg|A bronze currency of {{frac|1|2}} [[karshapana]] of King Indramitra (ca 75-50 BC?) Of Ahichatra of Panchala. '''Obv:''' A inside a rectangle, a line of 3 symbols, under the name of the king. '''Rev:''' Indra standing on a pedestal without pillars. '''Dimensions:''' 15 mm. '''Weight:''' 4.18 g.
File:Coin-of-Achyuta.jpg|Coin of Achyuta, the last Panchala king, showing an 8-spoked wheel and the king's name: Achyu.
</gallery>

== Rulers ==

Ajamida II had a son named Rishin. Rishin had two sons namely Samvarana II whose son was [[King Kuru|Kuru]] and Brihadvasu whose descendants were Panchalas.<ref name=Malik>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Dr Malti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |title=History of India |date=2016 |publisher=New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-7335-498-4 |pages=51–54 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 3.</ref><ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Book Chapter 1</ref><ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p. 85</ref>

;List of Panchala Kingdom rulers are-

* Rishin, (his sons were Brihadvasu and Samvarana II)
* Brihadbhanu, (son of Brihadvasu)
* Brihatkaya
* Puranjaya
* Riksha
* Bramhyaswa
* Aramyaswa
* Mudgala, Yavinara, Pratiswan, [[Kampilya]] (Founder of [[Kampilya]] – Capital of [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala Kingdom]]) and Sranjaya were the sons of Aramyaswa and were the founders of [[Panchala|Panchala Kingdom]] and were called as Panchalas.
* Dritimana, (son of Mudgala)
* Drdhanemi
* Sarvasena, (founder of Ujjain Kingdom)
* Mitra
* Rukmaratha
* Suparswa
* Sumathi
* Sannatimana
* Krta
* Pijavana
* Somadutta
* Jantuvahana
* Badhrayaswa
* Brihadhishu
* Brihadhanu
* Brihadkarma
* Jayaratha
* Visvajit
* Seinyajit
* Nepavirya, (after this King's name the country was named Nepaldesh)
* Samara
* Sadashva
* Ruchiraswa
* Pruthusena
* Prapti
* Prthaswa
* Sukrthi
* Vibhiraja
* Anuha
* Bramhadatta II
* Vishwaksena
* Dandasena
* Durmukha
* Durbuddhi
* Dharbhya
* Divodasa
* Sivana I
* Mitrayu
* Maitrayana
* Soma
* Sivana II
* Sadasana
* Sahadeva
* Somaka, (Somaka's eldest son was Sugandakrthu and youngest was Prishata. But in a war all sons died and Prishata Survived and became the king of Panchala)
* [[Prishati]], (son of Somaka)
* [[Drupada]], (son of Prishata)
* [[Dhrishtadyumna]], (was the son of Drupada, [[Draupadi]] and [[Shikhandi]] were the daughters of Drupada)
* [[Keśin Dālbhya]]
* [[Pravahana Jaivali]]
* [[Achyuta of Panchala|Achyuta]], (last known ruler of Panchala Kingdom which was defeated in c. 350 CE by [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] ruler [[Samudragupta]].)

==See also==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
* [[Vedic period]]
* [[Mahabharata]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]
* [[Painted Grey Ware culture]]
* [[Janapadas]] & [[Mahajanapadas]]
* [[Historicity of the Mahabharata]]
* [[Kuru kingdom]] & [[Gandhara Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |title=The Kānyakubja-Gauḍa Struggle |publisher=Asiatic Society |year=1985 |isbn=9788192061580 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mdQAQAAMAAJ |oclc=915112370}}
* {{cite book |author=Sudama Misra |url=http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/131690 |title=Janapada state in ancient India |publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana |location=Vārāṇasī |year=1973 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817151315/http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/131690 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
*[http://coinindia.com/galleries-panchala.html Coins of Panchala janapada]
*[http://coinindia.com/galleries-panchala-kingdom.html Coins of Post-Mauryan Panchala Kingdom]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100217061043/http://tdil.mit.gov.in/coilnet/ignca/panchal.htm Panchal Details from IGNCA]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Panchala
| years =(850 BC–500 BC)
| before =
| after = [[Nanda Dynasty]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bareilly division topics}}
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Mahajanapada |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Pañcāla| ]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of the Puru clan]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Iron Age cultures of Asia]]
[[Category:Iron Age cultures of South Asia]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures in India]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Tribal confederacies]]

List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Malayalam

2025-12-16T18:21:41Z

Eldarljt: new a stub

{{Short description|Winners of a literary honour in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''Bal Sahitya Puraskar''' is given each year to writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2010.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2010 || [[Sippy Pallippuram]] || ''Oridath Oridathu Oru Kunjunni'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2011 || K. Pappootty || ''Chiruthakkuttiyum Mashum'' || Science-Novel ||
|-
| 2012 || [[K. Sreekumar]] || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || ||
|-
| 2013 || Sumangala ([[Leela Nambudiripad]]) || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/October-December_2013_Newsletter.pdf |title=Fourth Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar for 2013 were presented to twenty four writers in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi in a grand function held on 15 November 2013 at Goa State Museum Auditorium, Panaji, Goa |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || [[K. V. Ramanadhan]] || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar November 2014, Awards Presentation Ceremony |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714091455/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || [[S. Sivadas]] || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar/903725 |title=Sahitya Akademi Announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar |date=24 June 2015 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114014641/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar/903725 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|archive-date=|page=4-5}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[N. P. Hafiz Mohamad]] || ''Kuttippattalathinte Keralaparyadanam'' || Informative Literature || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2016 by Sahitya Academy|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/aboutus/pdf/AR-2016-17(3).pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || S. R. Lal || ''Kunhunniyude Yathrapusthakam'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2018 || [[P. K. Gopi]] || ''Olachoottintte Velicham'' || Short Stories || <ref name="the quint"/>
|-
| 2019 || [[Malayath Appunni]] || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=മലയത്ത് അപ്പുണ്ണിക്ക് കേന്ദ്രസാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി ബാലസാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരം; അനൂജ അകത്തൂട്ടിന് യുവപുരസ്‌കാരം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/kendra-sahitya-akademi-bal-sahitya-award-for-malayath-appunni-and-yuva-puraskar-for-anuja-akathoottu-1.3872419|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Mathrubhumi|date=14 June 2019 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || [[Gracy (writer)|Gracy]] || ''Vazhthappetta Poocha'' || Stories || <ref>{{cite web |title=Gracy bags Bal Sahitya Puraskar; Abin Joseph wins Yuva Puraskar. |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/gracy-bags-bal-sahitya-puraskar-abin-joseph-wins-yuva-puraskar-1.5836738 |website=www.english.mathrubhumi.com |date=17 July 2021 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=അബിന്‍ ജോസഫിന് കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി യുവ പുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/07/16/424545.html |work=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live l Latest Malayalam News |date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || [[Raghunath Paleri]] || ''Avar Moovarum Oru Mazhavillum'' || Novel || <ref name="sahitya akademi.gov.in">{{cite web|url= http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards21.pdf| title= SAHITYA AKADEMI AWARD 2021| publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/dec/31/sahitya-akademi-awardhonours-for-onakkoor-raghunath-paleri-2401441.html |title=Sahitya Akademi Award honours for Onakkoor, Raghunath Paleri |date=31 December 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu (A. Sethumadhavan)]] || ''Chekkutty'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=www.adda247.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || [[Priya A. S.]] || ''Perumazhayathe Kunjithalukal'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2023.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Unni Ammayambalam || ''Algorithangalude Nadu'' || Novel ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || [[Sreejith Moothedath]] || ''Penguinukalute Vankarayil'' || Novel || <ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=ശ്രീജിത്ത് മൂത്തേടത്തിന് കേന്ദ്ര ബാലസാഹിത്യപുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/bal-sahitya-award-sreejith-moothedath-kerala-1.10673938 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138824 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 Winners Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-winners-announced-complete-list-of-24-award-recipients/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |agency=Adda 24x7 Current Affairs |date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary awards]]

Howrah–Gwalior Chambal Express

2025-12-07T04:02:53Z

Eldarljt:

{{short description|Passenger train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah–Gwalior Chambal Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1987|11|04}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 29
| end = {{stnlnk|Gwalior}} (GWL)
| distance = {{convert|1288|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 12177/12178 [[Howrah–Mathura Chambal Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Above the head
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12175 / 12176
| speed = {{cvt|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average with halts
| map = [[File:Chambal Express (Mathura - Howrah) and (Gwalior - Howrah) Route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12175 / 12176 '''Howrah–Gwalior Chambal Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} in [[West Bengal]] and {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}} of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is currently being operated with 12175/12176 train numbers three days a week.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Onboard-housekeeping-service-in-trains-to-improve-cleanliness/articleshow/48740642.cms Onboard housekeeping service in trains to improve cleanliness]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://irctcnews.in/22nd-january-2015-reschedulelate-runningdelayed-train-list/ |title=22 January 2015 Reschedule/Late running/Delayed Train list |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216022557/http://irctcnews.in/22nd-january-2015-reschedulelate-runningdelayed-train-list/ |archive-date=16 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Service==

The 12175 Howrah–Gwalior Chambal Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1288 km in 23 hrs 30 mins. 12176 Gwalior-Howrah Chambal Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1288 km in 23 hrs 30 mins.

==Route & halts==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Howrah}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Bardhaman}}
* {{stnlnk|Durgapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh}}
* {{stnlnk|Parasnath}}
* {{stnlnk|Koderma Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dehri-on-Sone}}
* {{stnlnk|Sasaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhabua Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chunar||Chunar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mirzapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Vindhyachal}}
* {{stnlnk|Cheoki Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Manikpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Banda}}
* {{stnlnk|Mahoba Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kulpahar}}
* {{stnlnk|Harpalpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Datia}}
* {{stnlnk|Dabra}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Gwalior}}'''

== Coach composition ==
The train has got LHB rakes from 12 January 2019 with max speed of 120 kmph. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 10 sleeper coaches
* 4 general
* 1 second-class luggage/parcel van
* 1 PC

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

== Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12177/12178 [[Howrah–Mathura Chambal Express]].

== See also ==
* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
* [[Gwalior Junction railway station]]
* [[Howrah–Mathura Chambal Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/256 12175 Chambal Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/258 12176 Chambal Express] India Rail Info
* {{Official website|http://www.indianrail.gov.in/|Indian Railways}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Gwalior]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Mushtaq Guroo

2025-12-05T10:55:06Z

Eldarljt: new new data

{{Short description|Indian politician and business tycoon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chanapora Assembly constituency|Chanapora]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician, Businessman
| predecessor =
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| children = Yahya Guroo (Managing Partner Shuhul Group)
| spouse = Mehar Guroo (Lawyer)
| father =
}}

'''Mushtaq Guroo''' is an Indian politician and business tycoon serving as the member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from 2024, representing [[Chanapora Assembly constituency|Chanapora]] constituency through [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]. He won this seat by defeating Jammu & Kashmir Apni Party Supremo [[Altaf Bukhari]] with a margin of 6000 votes. In addition to his legislative role, he serves as the Political Advisor to the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference President [[Farooq Abdullah|Dr Farooq Abdullah]] since 2018. He is associated with JKNC Party Leadership and is Omar’s confidant. He is the owner of Shuhul Group of Companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Charar-i-Sharif, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Mushtaq Guroo with 13717 defeats JAKAP's Altaf Bukhari |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/charar-i-sharif-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612889-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mushtaq Guroo, NC Candidate from Channapora Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir/mushtaq-guroo-u08aed2022a023e2024c004/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guroo, Mushtaq}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Mata Kaulan

2025-11-15T12:26:06Z

Eldarljt:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Mata Kaulan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮਾਤਾ ਕੌਲਾਂ), also referred to as '''Bibi Kaulan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਬੀਬੀ ਕੌਲਾਂ), is believed to be a spiritual woman who lived during time of [[Guru Hargobind Sahib]], the 6th [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]. Kaulan means the ''one who is Living in abode of Lotus''.<ref>ਕਉਲਾ - kaulā - कउलाਸੰ. ਕਮਲਾ. ਸੰਗ੍ਯਾ- ਲਕ੍ਸ਼੍‍ਮੀ, ਜਿਸ ਦਾ ਨਿਵਾਸ ਕਮਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਹੈ. "ਸੇਵੇ ਚਰਨ ਨਿਤ ਕਉਲਾ." (ਵਾਰ ਕਾਨ ਮਃ ੪), Mahankosh, Kahn Singh Nabha</ref>

== Biography ==
There is dispute among historians regarding Kaulan and her relation to Guru Hargobind. Some scholars<ref>Patishahi 6, Twarikh Guru Khalsa, Giani Gian Singh, Section:Kolan</ref><ref name="mahankosh">ਕੌਲਾਂ, ਕੌਲਸਰ, Mahankosh, Kahn Singh Nabha</ref> believed her to have been the wife of Hargobind, where others believe that she was his servant. Scholars commonly hold the viewpoint that she was a true disciple of Guru Hargobind and spent her life under the directions of the Guru, meditating and singing [[Guru Nanak]]'s bani.

== See also ==

* [[Women in Sikhism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaulan, Mata}}
[[Category:Women mystics]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

{{Sikh-bio-stub}}

Thomas Grantham

2025-11-10T20:16:45Z

Eldarljt: page edit

'''Thomas Grantham''' may refer to:
*Sir [[Thomas Grantham (merchant)]] (1641–1718), English tobacco trader and naval officer
*[[Thomas Grantham (died 1592)]], member of parliament (MP) for [[Great Grimsby (UK Parliament constituency)]]
*[[Thomas Grantham (died 1558)]], MP for Lincoln
*Sir [[Thomas Grantham (died 1630)]], MP for Lincoln, and for Lincolnshire
*[[Thomas Grantham (Parliamentarian)]] (1612–1655), his son, MP for Lincoln
*[[Thomas Grantham (Baptist)]] (1634–1692), English minister

{{hndis|Grantham, Thomas}}

Linthoi Chanambam

2025-10-07T12:09:24Z

Eldarljt: new data

{{short description|Indian judoka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox judoka
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =  
| birth_place =

| country = [[India]]
| weight_class = {{nbnd}}57 kg, {{nbnd}}63 kg
| rank = 
| rank_ref =
| dan = 

| worlds_rank = 
| worlds_year =
| worlds_weight = 
| regionals_type = AS
| regionals_rank = 
| regionals_year =
| regionals_weight = 
| nationals =
| olympics_rank = 
| olympics_year =
| olympics_weight = 

| show-medals =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport| Women's [[judo]] }}
{{Medal|Country| {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[World Judo Juniors Championships|World Juniors Championships]] }}
{{Medal|B| [[2025 World Judo Juniors Championships|2025 Lima]] | {{nbnd}}63 kg }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Junior Judo Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] }}
{{Medal|S| [[2021 Asian Junior Judo Championships|2021 Beirut]] | {{nbnd}}57 kg }}
{{Medal|B| [[2025 Asian Junior Judo Championships|2025 Jakarta]] | {{nbnd}}63 kg }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[World Judo Cadets Championships|World Cadets Championships]] }}
{{Medal|G| [[2022 World Judo Cadets Championships|2022 Sarajevo]] | {{nbnd}}57 kg }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Cadet Judo Championships|Asian Cadet Championships]] }}
{{Medal|G| [[2022 Asian Cadet Judo Championships|2022 Bangkok]] | {{nbnd}}57 kg }}
{{Medal|B| [[2021 Asian Cadet Judo Championships|2021 Beirut]] | {{nbnd}}57 kg }}
| updated = 7 October 2025
}}

'''Linthoi Chanambam''' is an Indian [[judoka]] who won the gold medal in the [[2022 World Judo Cadets Championships]] at [[Sarajevo]] in the 57 kg women's event.<ref name="IJF">{{cite web |title=Chanambam Linthoi |url=https://www.ijf.org/judoka/65266 |website=[[International Judo Federation]] |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="JI">{{cite web |title=Linthoi Chanambam |url=https://www.judoinside.com/judoka/156350 |website=JudoInside.com |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> She hails from [[Manipur]] state in India. She became the first ever Indian medalist in any age category of the World Championships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=The Bridge |date=26 August 2022 |title=Linthoi Chanambam first ever Indian to become Judo world champion |url=https://thebridge.in/judo/linthoi-indias-first-ever-judo-world-champion-34867 |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827052712/https://thebridge.in/judo/linthoi-indias-first-ever-judo-world-champion-34867 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |website=TheBridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

Chanambam won a gold medal at the 2022 Asian Cadet Championships and bronze medals at both the 2021 Asian Junior and Cadet Championships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Anish |date=27 August 2022 |title=Meet Linthoi Chanambam: India's first judo world champion across age groups |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/34467628 |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827173316/https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/34467628/linthoi-chanambam-india-first-judo-world-champion-cadet-age-group |archive-date=27 August 2022 |website=[[Sony ESPN]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sports links}}
* {{The-Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chanambam, Linthoi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female judoka]]
[[Category:Martial artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-judo-bio-stub}}

A. F. M. Entaz Ali

2025-09-26T13:48:57Z

Eldarljt:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = A. F. M. Entaz Ali
| constituency_MP1 = Khulna-12
| term_start1 = 1973
| term_end1 = 1975
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency Established''
| successor1 = Aftabuzzaman
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|01|20|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1998|01|26|1937|01|20|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
}}

'''A. F. M. Entaz Ali''' (20 January 1937 – 26 January 1998) was a [[Bangladesh|Bangladeshi]] lawyer and politician from [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]] belonging to [[Bangladesh Awami League]]. He was a member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]].

==Biography==
Entaz Ali was born on 20 January 1937.<ref name=a/> He was involved in politics during his student life. After completing postgraduate studies from [[University of Dhaka]] he started his career as a lawyer.<ref name=a/> He was an organizer of the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]]. He also took part in the Liberation War of Bangladesh.<ref name=a/> He was elected as a member of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] from Khulna-12 in 1973.<ref name="1973results">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |title=List of 1st Parliament Members |website=Jatiya Sangsad |language=bn |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909153327/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>

Entaz Ali died on 26 January 1998 at the age of 61.<ref name=a>{{cite web |script-title=bn:প্রখ্যাত ব্যক্তিত্ব |url=http://debhata.satkhira.gov.bd/site/page/d495b9b7-1c4a-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC |access-date=14 February 2020 |website=Debhata Upazila |language=bn |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213181256/http://debhata.satkhira.gov.bd/site/page/d495b9b7-1c4a-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-01-26/news/219582 |script-title=bn:মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=Prothom Alo |language=bn |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213181152/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-01-26/news/219582 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Entaz Ali, A. F. M.}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:1st Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Satkhira District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi lawyers]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]

{{Khulna-AL-politician-stub}}

Rangthylliang 1 root bridge

2025-08-06T19:44:39Z

Eldarljt: Made details

{{Short description|Living root bridge in Cherrapunji, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
[[File:1 Rangthylliang 1.JPG|thumb|Rangthylliang 1 root bridge]]

'''Rangthylliang 1 root bridge''' is a [[living root bridge]] in [[Cherrapunji]] region, Meghalaya, northeast India. It is considered to be the longest living root bridge, at over {{convert|50|m}} in length.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Rogers|first=Patrick A.|date=14 September 2015|title=evenfewergoats: The Undiscovered Living Root Bridges of Meghalaya Part 2: Bridges Near Pynursla|url=http://evenfewergoats.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-undiscovered-living-root-bridges-of_14.html|access-date=20 October 2021|website=evenfewergoats}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Binayak|first=Poonam|date=17 July 2017|title=India's Amazing Living Root Bridges Will Blow Your Mind|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/indias-amazing-living-root-bridges-will-blow-your-mind/|access-date=20 October 2021|website=Culture Trip|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020184239/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/indias-amazing-living-root-bridges-will-blow-your-mind/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bridge, named after the village of Rangthylliang, where various other root bridges can also be found,<ref name=":0" /> is situated {{convert|30|m}} above the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Root Bridges of Cherrapunji|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/root-bridges-cherrapungee|access-date=20 October 2021|website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> The trek for visiting the living root bridges starts in Rangthylliang and ends in Mawkyrnot village.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EKH Living Root Bridges – Meghalaya Tourism|url=https://www.meghalayatourism.in/experiences/ekh-living-root-bridges/|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}
[[Category:Bridges in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Living root bridges]]