Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Nagaland/Hot articles

2026-05-08T10:23:22Z

Ekyaschool: Made A Entry

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Chief Minister of Meghalaya

2026-05-08T06:52:11Z

Ekyaschool: Done...

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Meghalaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox political post
| image = The Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Shri Conrad Sangma.JPG
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| incumbentsince = 6 March 2018
| appointer = [[Governor of Meghalaya]]
| inaugural = [[Williamson A. Sangma]]
| salary = ₹1.09 lakh (gross) per month<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/meghalaya-assembly-passes-bill-to-double-mlas-salaries/|title=Meghalaya Assembly Passes Bill to Double MLAs' Salaries|publisher=The Northeast Today|date=25 March 2017|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref>
| residence = [[Shillong]]
| post = Chief Minister
| body = Meghalaya
| insignia = Emblem of Meghalaya.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Meghalaya]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| style = [[The Honourable]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr. Chief Minister]] {{small|(informal)}}
| status = [[Head of government]]
| abbreviation = CMoMeghalaya
| type = Leader of the Executive
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Meghalaya]]}}
| member_of = *[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|State Cabinet]]
| reportsto = [[Governor of Meghalaya]] [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Meghalaya as well.</ref>
| nominator = MLAs of the majority party or alliance
| deputy = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|DCM]]
| formation = {{Start date and age|1970|04|02|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
}}

The '''chief minister of Meghalaya''' is the [[head of government|chief executive]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]]. As per the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governors of states of India|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]]. Following elections to the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]], the [[Governor of Meghalaya|state's governor]] usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the [[Government of Meghalaya|government]]. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] is [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Meghalaya as well.</ref> Chief Minister also serves as Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house</ref>

Since 1970, twelve people have served as chief minister of Meghalaya. Six of these belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]], including the inaugural officeholder [[Williamson A. Sangma]]. The current incumbent is [[Conrad Sangma]] of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] since 6 March 2018.
== Oath as the state chief minister ==
The chief minister serves five years in the office. The following is the oath of the chief minister of state:
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}
==List of chief ministers (1970-present)==

* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
* {{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term

=== Autonomous state of Meghalaya (1970{{ndash}}1972) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! rowspan="2"| Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office<ref name="list">{{cite web|url=http://megassembly.gov.in/governors_chiefministers.htm |title= NAME OF THE GOVERNORS/CHIEF MINISTER AND CHAIN OF EVENTS IN MEGHALAYA|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109052706/http://megassembly.gov.in/governors_chiefministers.htm| archive-date=9 January 2009}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Ministry
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! 1
| bgcolor="{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Williamson A. Sangma]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1990) MLA for [[Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]}}
| {{ndash}} {{small|(Interim)}}
| 2 April 1970
| 20 January 1972
| {{ayd|2 Apr 1970|20 Jan 1972}}
| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
| [[Williamson A. Sangma|Williamson I]]
|-
|}

=== Meghalaya state (1972{{ndash}}present) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! rowspan="2"| Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office<ref name="list"/>
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Ministry
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! rowspan="3"| (1)
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Williamson A. Sangma]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1990) MLA for [[Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]}}
| {{ndash}} {{small|(Interim)}}
| rowspan="3"| 21 January 1972
| rowspan="3"| 3 March 1978
| rowspan="3"| {{ayd|21 Jan 1972|3 Mar 1978}}
| rowspan="2"| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
| [[Williamson A. Sangma|Williamson I]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] {{small|(1st)}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Williamson A. Sangma|Williamson II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 2
| bgcolor="{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Darwin Diengdoh Pugh]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2008) MLA for [[Mawkhar Assembly constituency|Mawkhar]]}}
| rowspan="3"| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] {{small|(2nd)}}
| 10 March 1978
| 6 May 1979
| {{ayd|10 Mar 1978|6 May 1979}}
| rowspan="2"| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
| [[Darwin Diengdoh Pugh|Pugh]]
|-
! 3
| bgcolor="{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[B. B. Lyngdoh]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2003) MLA for [[Langkyrdem Assembly constituency|Lyngkyrdem]]}}
| 7 May 1979
| 7 May 1981
| {{ayd|7 May 1979|7 May 1981}}
| [[B. B. Lyngdoh|Lyngdoh I]]
|-
! (1)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Williamson A. Sangma]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1990) MLA for [[Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]}}
| 7 May 1981{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 2 March 1983
| {{ayd|7 May 1981|2 Mar 1983}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Williamson A. Sangma|Williamson III]]
|-
! (3)
| bgcolor="{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[B. B. Lyngdoh]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2003) MLA for [[Langkyrdem Assembly constituency|Lyngkyrdem]]}}
| rowspan="2"| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] {{small|(3rd)}}
| 2 March 1983{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 1 April 1983
| {{ayd|2 Mar 1983|1 Apr 1983}}
| [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
| Lyngdoh II
|-
! (1)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Williamson A. Sangma]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1990) MLA for [[Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency|Baghmara]]}}
| 2 April 1983{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 5 February 1988
| {{ayd|2 Apr 1983|5 Feb 1988}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Williamson IV
|-
! 4
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:P. A. Sangma official portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. A. Sangma|Purno Agitok Sangma]]''' {{small|(1947{{ndash}}2016) MLA for [[Tura Assembly constituency|Tura]]}}
| rowspan="2"| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] {{small|(4th)}}
| 6 February 1988
| 25 March 1990
| {{ayd|6 Feb 1988|25 Mar 1990}}
| Purno
|-
! (3)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hill People's Union}}"|
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[B. B. Lyngdoh]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2003) MLA for [[Langkyrdem Assembly constituency|Lyngkyrdem]]}}
| 26 March 1990{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 10 October 1991
| {{ayd|26 Mar 1990|10 Oct 1991}}
| [[Hill People's Union]]
| Lyngdoh III
|-
| colspan="10"| '''Position vacant''' (11 October 1991{{snd}}5 February 1992) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR|[[President's rule]] may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005.</ref>}}
|-
! 5
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:D. D. Lapang.png|70px]]
| '''[[D. D. Lapang]]''' {{small|(1934-2025) MLA for [[Nongpoh Assembly constituency|Nongpoh]]}}
| {{ndash}} {{small|(4th)}}
| 5 February 1992
| 19 February 1993
| {{ayd|5 Feb 1992|19 Feb 1993}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Lapang I
|-
! rowspan="2"| 6
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[S. C. Marak]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2024) MLA for [[Resubelpara Assembly constituency|Resubelpara]]}}
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] {{small|(5th)}}
| rowspan="2"| 19 February 1993
| rowspan="2"| 10 March 1998
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|19 Feb 1993|10 Mar 1998}}
| Marak I
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] {{small|(6th)}}
| Marak II
|-
! (3)
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}"|
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[B. B. Lyngdoh]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2003) MLA for [[Langkyrdem Assembly constituency|Lyngkyrdem]]}}
| 10 March 1998{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 8 March 2000
| {{ayd|10 Mar 1998|8 Mar 2000}}
| rowspan="2"| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
| Lyngdoh IV
|-
! 7
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}"|
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[E. K. Mawlong]]''' {{small|(1946{{ndash}}2008) MLA for [[Umroi Assembly constituency|Umroi]]}}
| 8 March 2000
| 8 December 2001
| {{ayd|8 Mar 2000|8 Dec 2001}}
| Mawlong
|-
! 8
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
| [[File:Flinder Anderson Khonglam.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2012) MLA for [[Sohra Assembly constituency|Sohra]]}}
| 8 December 2001
| 4 March 2003
| {{ayd|8 Dec 2001|4 Mar 2003}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Khonglam
|-
! (5)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:D. D. Lapang.png|70px]]
| '''[[D. D. Lapang]]''' {{small|(1934-2025) MLA for [[Nongpoh Assembly constituency|Nongpoh]]}}
| rowspan="3"| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] {{small|(7th)}}
| 4 March 2003{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 15 June 2006
| {{ayd|4 Mar 2003|15 Jun 2006}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Lapang II
|-
! 9
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:J. D. Rymbai.png|70px]]
| '''[[J. D. Rymbai|J. Dringwell Rymbai]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2022) MLA for [[Jirang Assembly constituency|Jirang]]}}
| 15 June 2006
| 10 March 2007
| {{ayd|15 Jun 2006|10 Mar 2007}}
| Rymbai
|-
! rowspan="2"| (5)
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:D. D. Lapang.png|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[D. D. Lapang]]''' {{small|(1934-2025) MLA for [[Nongpoh Assembly constituency|Nongpoh]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 10 March 2007{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| rowspan="2"| 19 March 2008
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|10 Mar 2007|19 Mar 2008}}
| Lapang III
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] {{small|(8th)}}
| [[Fourth Lapang ministry|Lapang IV]]
|-
! 10
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}"|
| [[File:Donkupar Roy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Donkupar Roy]]''' {{small|(1954{{ndash}}2019) MLA for [[Shella Assembly constituency|Shella]]}}
| 19 March 2008
| 19 March 2009
| {{ayd|19 Mar 2008|19 Mar 2009}}
| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
| [[Donkupar Roy ministry|Roy]]
|-
| colspan="10"| '''Position vacant''' (19 March{{snd}}12 May 2009) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR}}
|-
! (5)
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:D. D. Lapang.png|70px]]
| '''[[D. D. Lapang]]''' {{small|(1934-2025) MLA for [[Nongpoh Assembly constituency|Nongpoh]]}}
| rowspan="2"| {{ndash}} {{small|(8th)}}
| 13 May 2009{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 19 April 2010
| {{ayd|13 May 2009|19 Apr 2010}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Lapang V
|-
! rowspan="2"| 11
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Mukul Sangma 2014.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Mukul Sangma]]''' {{small|(born 1965) MLA for [[Ampati Assembly constituency|Ampati]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 20 April 2010
| rowspan="2"| 6 March 2018
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|20 Apr 2010|6 Mar 2018}}
| Mukul I
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] {{small|(9th)}}
| [[Second Mukul Sangma ministry|Mukul II]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 12
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:The Chief Minister of Meghalaya, Shri Conrad Sangma.JPG|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Conrad Sangma]]''' {{small|(born 1978) MLA for [[South Tura Assembly constituency|South Tura]]}}
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|([[10th Meghalaya Assembly|10th]])}}
| rowspan="2"| 6 March 2018
| rowspan="2"| Incumbent
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|6 Mar 2018}}
| rowspan="2"| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| [[First Conrad Sangma ministry|Conrad I]]
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] {{small|([[11th Meghalaya Assembly|11th]])}}
| [[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Conrad II]]
|-
|}

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! colspan="2" |Term of office
|-
! Longest continuous term
! Total duration of chief ministership
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[Williamson A. Sangma]]
| {{Party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}/[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 7 years, 335 days
| 14 years, 207 days
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| '''[[Conrad Sangma]]'''
| {{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
| '''{{age in years and days|2018|3|6}}'''
| '''{{age in years and days|2018|3|6}}'''
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[Mukul Sangma]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 7 years, 320 days
| 7 years, 320 days
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[B. B. Lyngdoh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2 years, 0 days
| 6 years, 102 days
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[D. D. Lapang]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 103 days
| 5 years, 226 days
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[P. A. Sangma]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2 years, 47 days
| 2 years, 47 days
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[S. C. Marak]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5 years, 19 days
| 5 years, 19 days
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[E. K. Mawlong]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 1 year, 275 days
| 1 year, 275 days
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[Flinder Anderson Khonglam]]
| {{Party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
| 1 year, 86 days
| 1 year, 86 days
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[Darwin Diengdoh Pugh]]
| {{Party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
| 1 year, 57 days
| 1 year, 57 days
|-
! data-sort-value="" |
| [[Donkupar Roy]]
| {{Party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| 1 year, 0 days
| 1 year, 0 days
|-
! data-sort-value=" |
| [[J. D. Rymbai|J. Dringbell Rymbai]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 268 days
| 268 days
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Government of Meghalaya]]
* [[Chief Ministers of India]]

==Notes==
;Footnotes
{{notelist}}

;References
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.megassembly.gov.in Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]

{{Chief_Ministers_of_Indian_States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chief Ministers Of Meghalaya}}
[[Category:Chief ministers of Meghalaya| ]]
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Meghalaya-related lists|Chief Ministers]]

Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2

2026-05-05T08:06:37Z

Ekyaschool:

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{For|the 2000–2008 series|Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Per TVCAST. Now protected and experienced users are doign so.|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = KSBKBTSeason2.jpg
| caption =
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Rajesh Joshi
*Anantica Sahir
*[[Dheeraj Sarna]] }}
| director = {{Plainlist|
*Muzammil Desai
*Khwaja Mughal }}
| screenplay =
| story =
| creative_director = Siddharth Vankar
| starring = [[Smriti Irani]] [[Amar Upadhyay]]
| open_theme = ''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'' by Priya Bhattacharya
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 238 
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| cinematography =
| editor = {{Plainlist|
*Vikas Sharma
*Vishal Sharma
*Sandeep N. Bhatt }}
| runtime =
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|07|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
}}

'''''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2''''' ({{translation}} ''Because Even a Mother-in-Law Was a Daughter-in-Law Once 2'') is an Indian Hindi-language [[television series]] premiered on 29th July 2025 on [[StarPlus]] and streams digitally on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 Premiere Date Out! Smriti Irani AKA Tulsi Features In New Promo – Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-premiere-date-out-smriti-irani-aka-tulsi-features-in-new-promo-watch-article-152240212 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 first promo: Smriti Irani is back as Tulsi Virani after 25 years, show to premiere on this date |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-first-promo-smriti-irani-is-back-as-tulsi-virani-after-25-years-show-to-premiere-on-this-date-on-jio-hotstar-star-plus-3166519 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> It is a sequel and reboot of the ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Reboot: Smriti Irani Returns After 25 Years |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/tulsi-returns-with-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-reboot-after-25-years-3654521 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> [[Smriti Irani]] and [[Amar Upadhyay]] returned to portray the leads, Tulsi and Mihir Virani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smriti Irani Returns To Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Reboot, First Look As Tulsi Out |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/smriti-irani-returns-to-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-reboot-first-look-as-tulsi-out-8836499 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> [[Rohit Suchanti]], Tanisha Mehta, [[Shagun Sharma]] and [[Aman Gandhi (actor)|Aman Gandhi]] portray second-generation characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-22 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi: Amar Upadhyay, Hiten Tejwani, Gauri Pradhan introduce us to Mihir and Tulsi's children |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-amar-upadhyay-hiten-tejwani-gauri-pradhan-introduce-us-to-mihir-and-tulsi-s-children-101753175402733.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Following a positive response to the reboot version, a separate storyline featuring Angad and Vrinda, initially as an extension of ''Kyunki Saas...'' , was launched and subsequently developed into a standalone spin-off titled '''''Kyunki Rishton Ke Bhi Roop Badalte Hain'''''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-26 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi spin-off overtakes Anupamaa on the TRP chart, clocks in reach of 2.3 million |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-spin-off-overtakes-anupamaa-on-the-trp-chart-10602856/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-22 |title=Smriti Irani shuts down rumours of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 spin-off |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/smriti-irani-shuts-down-rumours-of-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-spin-off-23622037 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
''{{Hatnote|The plot connects with the predecessor. See [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi#Plot|Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]].}}''

Twenty-five years later, Tulsi remembers Amba and Savita with fondness as Mihir gifts her a luxury car on their 38th anniversary. Mihir and Tulsi's children Gautam, Shobha and Karan have all shifted abroad. Karan, Nandini and Shobha visit for the anniversary party. Tulsi had adopted and raised her late cousin Kesar and her husband Anupam's children—Angad, Paridhi, and Hrithik. Mihir's aunt Daksha still loves gossiping about films. Mihir's other aunt, Gayatri, berates Tulsi and questions her son Hemant's place in the family. Later, Mihir and Tulsi celebrate their anniversary, where Mihir openly expresses his immense love for her.

Trouble begins when Paridhi confesses about her love-interest Ranvijay, who lives in a chawl and Mihir initially disapproves of him. While Angad is also arrested on charges of hit and run. Here enters Vrinda Gokhale, a girl from humble background who witnessed the actual accused Viren Mehta, a man who also beats his wife Sandhya Parekh. Vrinda helps Angad to prove his innocence by revealing about her brother Nitin being pressured to falsely accuse Angad which helps her land a job in wing managed by Angad. Soon Noina Sarabhai, an NRI businesswoman and Mihir's college friend enters and through her Paridhi marries Ajay Parekh, brother of Sandhya, when Ranvijay ditches her after the shares of Mihir's company dropped and the Parekh family has Viren arrested for troubling Angad and assaulting Sandhya.

Unbeknownst to everyone, Noina always loved Mihir one-sided which Paridhi learns of and plots to separate her parents by fueling to Noina's hidden feelings. Meanwhile Ranvijay reconnects with Paridhi and to be with him she falsely accuses Ajay and his family in domestic violence case leading to their arrests. But Tulsi learns of it and testifies in their support [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi#Plot|just like she killed her son Ansh to protect Nandini]]. Noina's niece Mitali develops a crush on Angad and fixes her alliance with him while Vrinda's marriage is fixed to Ranvijay's abusive friend Suhas. Angad and Vrinda's friendship blossoms into love while Suhas and Mitali plot against them. Vrinda finally breaks the alliance when Suhas tries to molest her and Angad does so when he discovers Mitali's plot about fooling her friends by pretending that she is possessed to escape her gambling loan. However, Mitali tries to blackmail him into marriage, leading him and Vrinda to elope and be banished from Shantiniketan.

Noina becomes obsessed and plots against Mihir and in one such plot, she feigns suicide after Angad's marriage and a drunk Mihir saves her and spends night with her. While the family maid Manjuri Sinha aka Munni falls for Hrithik and starts chatting with him as "Munmun". After the truth reveal, Tulsi sends her to a hostel sponsoring her further education. A guilt-ridden Mihir transfers his property to Tulsi's name while his brother Kiran repeatedly encourages him for a divorce. Tulsi and Mihir's attempt to stop Paridhi and Ranvijay's marriage fails when Tulsi learns about Noina and Mihir and leaves home leaving behind the whole property and a letter ensuring the family about her safety and shifts to ancestral home of Amba in [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]], which she transferred on her name before dying and vows to start off her life again from there.

Six years later, Tulsi has established her handloom textile start-up Bandhej Cooperative Business in Amba's ancestral home with several poor girls and leads it with Vaishnavi, a girl working there as designer while Noina has taken control of Shanti Niketan and made life of Gayatri, Daksha, Maharaj, the family cook and other members of family miserable which made Gayatri repent. Mihir yearns for Tulsi but does not allow Noina to cross her boundaries outside professional meetings and taunts her for her plotting against Tulsi and family. Paridhi repents her earlier behaviour with Tulsi as Ranvijay actually beats her and is careless for their daughter Garima too while Ritik is also in a loveless marriage with Mitali and has a daughter, Timsi, whom she ignores. While quarrels have become a routine in Shantiniketan. Angad and Vrinda happily inhabit a chawl with their children, Akshay and Madhavi. Meanwhile Manjuri has now the become [[Indian Administrative Services|District Collector]] of [[Mumbai]]. Mihir along with Noina, Ritik, Mitali and Parth visit to [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]] for handicraft designs for their business where Noina spots Tulsi but prevents Mihir from meeting her.

Tulsi and her team is invited to [[Mumbai]] for a exhibition-cum-competition. With much reluctance, Tulsi agrees for her team not knowing that Viranis are also participating in the same exhibition. Tulsi meets Angad and Vrinda who take her to their home. Soon, Karan's son Parth locks horns with Vaishnavi while Sahil's son Dev, who is spoilt by Noina, develops a crush for her.

Tulsi and Mihir finally meet after six years but hiding his true feelings, Mihir fakes love for Noina so that Tulsi can move on and win the competition. Ritik fails to get permission from Manjuri for their new factory and blames Tulsi for his failure. He slits his wrist but Tulsi saves him. Gayatri and Shobha meet Tulsi at hospital where Gayatri apologizes for her past behaviour. Angad visits Ritik after his suicide attempt but both get into an heated argument as Ritik calls Angad a gold digger who is jealous of his brother and holds Vrinda responsible for breaking their family.

Tulsi discovers that the Viranis are in big financial crisis and even Shanti Niketan is mortgaged to her grandfather-in-law Govardhan's friend and businessman Prataprai Dhangiri of [[Surat]]. She even discovers Ranvijay's plot of taking over Virani Industries. Ranvijay tries to manipulate Angad for transferring shares of Virani Industries in his name. Prataprai calls Mihir and orders him to attend his great-grandson's wedding with Tulsi and entire Virani family. Gayatri requests Tulsi to accompany them for the wedding as Prataprai is very conservative man who will not accept Tulsi and Mihir getting separated. He holds Tulsi in very high esteem and only she can convince him to give them some time to repay the loan. Tulsi agrees to visit Surat and fake her relationship with Mihir to be normal for the sake of her kids and Shanti Niketan. On the way to Surat, insecure Noina taunts Tulsi for her relationship with Mihir but Tulsi is unaffected. Mihir and Tulsi get some time alone but Tulsi avoids talking with him.The twist of events led Tulsi to know about the truth of Ranvijay about whom she warned Pari before. All of it ends up with Dev marrying Prataprai's granddaughter Saloni. Here Pari meets Ajay and repents for her behaviour and shows her insecurity towards the safety of her daughter Garima. Various acquaintance led Ajay to confess his feelings to Pari, who refuses feeling embarrassed about her past behaviour.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Smriti Irani]] as Tulsi Virani: Matriarch of the Virani's; Virani's Priest's Daughter (2025–present)
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] as Mihir Virani: Patriarch of the Virani's; Savita & Mansukh's elder son (2025–present)

===Recurring===
* [[Rohit Suchanti]] as Angad Virani: Anupam and Kesar's elder son; Vrinda's husband; Akshay and Madhavi's father (2025–present)
* [[Shagun Sharma]] as Paridhi "Pari" Virani: Anupam and Kesar's daughter; Garima's mother (2025–present)
** Adhira Chavan as child Paridhi (2025)
* [[Aman Gandhi (actor)|Aman Gandhi]] as Hrithik Virani: Anupam and Kesar's younger son; Munni's husband; Timsy's father (2025–present)
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Karan Virani: Mandira and Mihir's son; Nandini's husband; Parth, Samaira and Ronak's father (2025–present)
* [[Sumeet Sachdev]] as Advocate Gautam "Gomzi" Virani: Tulsi and Mihir's elder son; Damini's husband (2026–present)
* [[Shakti Anand]] as Advocate Hemant Virani: Jamnadas and Gayatri's son (2025–present)
* Tanisha Mehta as Vrinda Gokhale Virani: Malti and Parameshwar's daughter; Angad's wife; Akshay and Madhavi's mother (2025–present)
* Prachi Singh as DM Manjuri "Munni" Sinha Virani: Hrithik's wife; Timsy's stepmother (2025–present)
* Nirvaan Anand as Ajay Parekh: Indira and Naveen's son (2025; 2026–present)
* [[Gauri Pradhan]] as Nandini Virani: Karan's wife; Samaira and Ronak's mother (2025–present)
* Ravee Gupta as Damini Virani: Gautam's wife (2026–present)
* Daksh Sharma as Nakul Virani: Gautam and Damini's younger son (2026–present)
* [[Ritu Chaudhary]] as Shobha Virani: Tulsi and Mihir's daughter (2025–present)
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as Kiran Virani: Savita and Mansukh's younger son (2025)
* [[Prachi Kowli]] as Pooja Virani: Rajeev's widow (2025–present)
* [[Sandeep Baswana]] as Sahil Virani: Hemant and Pooja's elder son (2025)
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Gayatri Virani: Jamnadas' widow (2025–present)
* [[Ketaki Dave]] as Daksha Virani: Himmat's wife (2025–present)
* Sohil Singh Jhuti as Parth Virani: Karan and Tanya's son (2025–present)
* Jia Narigara as Samaira Virani: Karan and Nandini's daughter (2025-present)
* Samar Birje as Ronak Virani: Karan and Nandini's son (2025)
* [[Barkha Bisht]] as Noina Sarabhai: Mihir's college friend, one-sided lover and business partner (2025–present)
* [[Aditi Sanwal]] as Mitali "Mits" Sarabhai: Suchitra's daughter; Hrithik's ex-wife (2025–present)
* Lucky Mehta as Suchitra "Suchu" Sarabhai: Noina's sister (2025–present)
* Summit Jaiswal / Tanish Mahendru as Ranvijay Singh: Paridhi's second ex-husband; Garima's father (2025) / (2025–present)
* Sanjivani Sathe as Indira Parekh: Naveen's wife (2025; 2026–present)
* Hemang Palan as Naveen Parekh: Indira's husband (2025; 2026–present)
* Shrashti Maheshwari as Sandhya Parekh: Indira and Naveen's elder daughter (2025; 2026)
* Ami Joshi as Priya Parekh: Indira and Naveen's younger daughter (2025; 2026)
* Kunj Anand as Nitin Gokhale: Parmeshwar and Malti's son (2025)
* Bhavna Rokade as Supriya Gokhale: Nitin's wife (2025–2026)
* [[Bharati Achrekar]] as Malti Gokhale: Parmeshwar's wife (2025–present)
* Saarth Kumar as Gopu Gokhale: Nitin and Supriya's son (2025)
* Pradeep Solanki as Vallabh Bhai: Mihir's personal assistant (2025–2026)
* [[Imran Hasnee]] as Raman: Noina's stalker; Naren's business partner (2025)
* Swati Sharma as Vaishnavi: A girl who works as designer and leads Bandhej co-operative business with Tulsi; Parth's love-interest (2025–present)
*Preeti Mishra as Aarti: Employee at Bandhej Co-operative Business (2025–present)
*Alfiya Khan as Vandana: Employee at Bandhej Co-operative Business (2025–present)
*Richa Pandey as Kruti: Employee at Bandhej Co-operative Business (2025–present)
* Sandeep Patil as Suhas: Vrinda's ex-fiancé (2025–present)
* Ashna Kishore as Shalini: Ranvijay's ex-wife (2025)
* Medha Muskan as Ginni: Maid of the Viranis (2025)
* Ankit Bhatia as Viren Mehta: Sandhya's ex-husband (2025)
* [[Vishal Nayak]] as Vikram: Mihir's friend and colleague (2025)
* Kanak Arora as Garima "Garu" Singh: Paridhi and Ranvijay's daughter (2025–present)
* Ansh Saini as Akshay Virani: Angad and Vrinda's son (2025–present)
* Swara Kadam as Madhavi Virani: Angad and Vrinda's daughter (2025–present)
* Saavi Jain as Timsy Virani: Hrithik and Mitali's daughter (2025–present)
* Abhiman as Sunny Parekh: Ajay's son (2026–present)
*Navein Prakaashh as Dev Virani: Sahil and Ganga's son; Saloni's husband (2025–present)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-09 |title=Navein Prakaashh joins the cast of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/navein-prakaashh-joins-the-cast-of-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi/articleshow/126430707.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*Shriya Tiwari as Saloni Virani: Baapji's granddaughter; Dev's wife (2026–present)
*Sandhya Shungloo as Kanta (2026)
*Reeta Prajapati as Parul: Baapji's daughter-in-law (2026)
*Laxmi Kushwaha as Antara: Baapji's granddaughter-in-law (2026)
*Rannveer Verma as Jatin: Baapji's grandson (2026)
*Pravesh Mishra as Gaurav: Baapji's son (2026)
*Nikhil Sharma as Aryan Bhatnagar: Pari's childhood friend (2026–present)
*[[Parakh Madan]] as Niyati Oberoi: Ansh's girlfriend (2026–present)
*[[Akashdeep Saigal]] as Riyansh "Riyo" Virani: Ansh's son (2026–present)

====''Kyunki Rishton Ke Bhi Roop Badalte Hain''====
* Kushagre Dua as Vikrant "Vicky" Thakur: CFO of Jamshedpur plant of Viranis Group of Industries (2026–present)
* Pardeep Singh as Mangal (2026–present)
* Vinayak Bhave as Bheekhu Chaudhary (2026–present)
* Aarti Sachdeva as Bharti Bheekhu Chaudhary (2026–present)

===Guest appearance===
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Savita Virani: Former matriarch of the Viranis (2025)
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as Parvati Agarwal from ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' (2025)
* [[Kiran Karmarkar]] as Om Agarwal from ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' (2025)
* [[Bill Gates]] to promote Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smriti Irani calls Bill Gates's appearance on Kyunki... a historic milestone |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/smriti-irani-calls-bill-gates-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-cameo-a-historic-milestone-2806805-2025-10-22 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* Astrologer Janardhan Dhurve as himself (2025)
* Shruhad Goswami as Lord [[Krishna]] (2025)
* Ashika Padukone as Deepa from ''Shehzaadi...Hai Tu Dil Ki'' (2025)
*Ashish Raghav as Raj Ranjan from ''[[Tod Kar Dil Mera]]'' (2026)
*Anurima Chakraborty as Raushni Ranjan from ''[[Tod Kar Dil Mera]]'' (2026)
*[[Kanikka Kapur]] as Taara from ''[[Taara (TV series)|Taara]]'' (2026)

==Production==
===Development===
[[Ekta Kapoor]], the producer of the show, plans to infuse the story with a modern sensibility to resonate with the younger audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 first promo: Smriti Irani returns as Tulsi after 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-first-promo-smriti-irani-and-amar-upadhyay-10111390/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The first promo featuring [[Smriti Irani]] was released by [[Star Plus]] on 7 July 2025. She made it clear that season two would not chase TRPs but aim to impact, entertain, probe thoughts, and inspire while raising important questions, sparking conversations, and standing out in a time dominated by visual gimmicks.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Ekta Kapoor on bringing back 'Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi' after 25 years; writes 'Let's create a show that's not afraid to raise important questions' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ekta-kapoor-on-bringing-back-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-after-25-years-writes-lets-create-a-show-thats-not-afraid-to-raise-important-questions/articleshow/122360063.cms |website=Times of India |date=10 July 2025 |access-date=10 July 2025 |archive-date=10 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710122816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ekta-kapoor-on-bringing-back-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-after-25-years-writes-lets-create-a-show-thats-not-afraid-to-raise-important-questions/articleshow/122360063.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sumanta Bose, Head of Cluster, Entertainment, [[JioStar]] said, "It's a show which is just not only about entertainment. It was a character who fought patriarchy, who taught how to do right parenting. So, it was so ahead of its time and the new storyline that we have embarked on creating, it's going to reshape the way India looks at content."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title='Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 will reshape the way India looks at content,' says Sumanta Bose |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-will-reshape-the-way-india-looks-at-content-says-sumanta-bose-101753098703336.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2025, the show introduced a six-year time leap, depicting Tulsi and Mihir living separately after the revelation of Mihir and Noina's extramarital affair.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-18 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2: Smriti Irani opens up about Tulsi’s emotional journey after leap; says “Portraying Tulsi in this phase of her life feels deeply personal” |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-smriti-irani-opens-up-about-tulsis-emotional-journey-after-leap-says-portraying-tulsi-in-this-phase-of-her-life-feels-deeply-personal/articleshow/126058028.cms |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2: Amar Upadhyay opens up about leap, calls it one of the most challenging phases as Mihir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-amar-upadhyay-opens-up-about-leap-calls-it-one-of-the-most-challenging-phases-as-mihir/articleshow/126042279.cms |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Since 20 March 2026, a separate storyline featuring Angad and Vrinda, operating under changed identities to investigate the conspiracies in the Jamshedpur plant, has been introduced and telecast in the latter half of the episodes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-21 |title='Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi' : Vrinda takes charge at Jamshedpur factory |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-20th-march-written-update-vrinda-takes-charge-at-jamshedpur-factory-as-nandini-shocks-tulsi-with-divorce-demand/articleshow/129711851.cms |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> There were several speculations regarding whether it was an extension or a spin-off.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyunki Rishton Ke Bhi Roop Badalte Hai: Here’s all what you can expect from Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2’s spin-off- Moneycontrol.com |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/kyunki-rishton-ke-bhi-roop-badalte-hai-here-s-all-what-you-can-expect-from-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-s-spin-off-article-13872536.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327095207/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/kyunki-rishton-ke-bhi-roop-badalte-hai-here-s-all-what-you-can-expect-from-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-s-spin-off-article-13872536.html |archive-date=27 March 2026 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2026-03-23 |title=Smriti Irani clears air on Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi spin-off rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/smriti-irani-clears-air-on-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-spin-off-rumours-2885698-2026-03-23 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The show was eventually developed as a spin-off.<ref name=":0" /> It was also rumoured that the show would eventually replace ''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'', as it was launched as a limited series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2026-03-27 |title=Amid spin-off buzz, Kyunki 2 makers clarify if show will end. Read what they say |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-not-ending-star-plus-clarifies-amid-spin-off-announcement-2887741-2026-03-27 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> However, the channel debunked these rumours by issuing an official statement clarifying that the claims were false and that the series was not ending anytime soon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-27 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi to shut down? Channel reacts to the rumours and spin-off claims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-to-shut-down-channel-reacts-to-the-rumours-and-spin-off-claims/articleshow/129840248.cms |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi to go off-air, Smriti Irani, Amar Upadhyay's iconic show will be replaced by spin-off? Channel issues statement |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-to-go-off-air-smriti-irani-amar-upadhyay-s-iconic-show-will-be-replaced-by-spin-off-channel-issues-statement-3204310 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Smriti Irani]] and [[Amar Upadhyay]] returned to reprise their roles as Tulsi Virani and Mihir Virani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amar Upadhyay Aka Mihir Starts Shooting For Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/amar-upadhyay-aka-mihir-starts-shooting-for-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-ws-l-aa-aa-9422807.html |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Hiten Tejwani]] and [[Gauri Pradhan]] also returned to portray Karan Virani and Nandini Virani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-16 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2: Hiten Tejwani CONFIRMS His Return As Karan, Wife Gauri To Play Nandini - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-hiten-tejwani-confirms-he-will-return-as-karan-wife-gauri-to-play-nandini-exclusive-article-152000227 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Other returnees are [[Shakti Anand]] as Hemant Virani, [[Ritu Chaudhary]] as Shobha Virani, [[Ketki Dave]] as Daksha Virani and [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Gayatri Virani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-13 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2: Kamalika Says Show In Pre Production Stage, Recalls Goosebump Moment When... {{!}} EXCL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-kamalika-guha-thakurta-says-show-in-pre-production-stage-recalls-goosebump-moment-when-exclusive-article-151913128 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> [[Shagun Sharma]], [[Rohit Suchanti]] and [[Aman Gandhi (actor)|Aman Gandhi]] were introduced as the new generation characters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Fresh Cast Of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Reboot |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rohit-suchanti-to-shagun-sharma-fresh-cast-join-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-8914540 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> Tanisha Mehta was cast as Vrinda Gokhale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smriti Irani To Amar Upadhyay: Meet The Cast Of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-cast-full-list-smriti-irani-amar-upadhyay-ws-l-aa-9463909.html |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2025, it was confirmed that [[Sakshi Tanwar]] and [[Kiran Karmarkar]] would reprise their iconic roles as Parvati Agarwal and Om Agarwal from ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' to celebrate the show's 25th anniversary in a special crossover with ''Kyunki...''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-10-16 |title=Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii meets Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi: Crossover promo featuring Parvati and Om joining Tulsi and Mihir Virani takes internet by storm : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kahaani-ghar-ghar-kii-meets-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-crossover-promo-featuring-parvati-om-joining-tulsi-mihir-virani-takes-internet-storm/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-15 |title=Sakshi Tanwar's Parvati reunites with Smriti Irani's Tulsi on Kyuki 2; fans say 'she still looks the same' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-sakshi-tanwar-still-looks-the-same-say-excited-fans-as-she-reunites-with-smriti-irani-101760511345247.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The crossover aimed to finally resolve the long-standing season one cliffhanger, revealing Baa’s last wish – for her property to go to Tulsi through Parth.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2: Parvati reveals Baa’s last wish, leaving Tulsi in tears |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-parvati-reveals-baas-last-wish-leaving-tulsi-in-tears/articleshow/124716668.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In October 2025, [[Bill Gates]] also made his Indian television debut on ''Kyunki...'' to promote the Gates Foundation and raise awareness about child and maternal health,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sneha |date=2025-10-23 |title=Bill Gates goes ‘Jai Shri Krishna’, makes Indian TV debut in Smriti Irani show, netizens call it ‘crossover of the year’ |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/bill-gates-goes-jai-shri-krishna-makes-indian-tv-debut-in-smriti-irani-show-netizens-react-11761234574235.html |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> in connection with a baby shower ceremony of Tulsi’s servant’s daughter in the show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=When Bill Gates met Tulsi: Indians are likely to pay heed to the sermons of their favourite bahu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bill-gates-smriti-irani-kyunki-saas-bhi-tulsi-10324366/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2026, [[Akashdeep Saigal]] returned to play Riyansh Virani, the illegitimate son of Ansh Gujral.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=2026-04-27 |title=Akashdeep Saigal returns to Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 with shocking twist |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/akashdeep-saigal-returns-to-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-with-shocking-twist-2902271-2026-04-27 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-28 |title=Exclusive - Akashdeep Saigal on joining Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2: Carrying a legacy forward while building something new |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-akashdeep-saigal-on-joining-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-carrying-a-legacy-forward-while-building-something-new/articleshow/130556373.cms |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Ratings===
The show recorded over 1.659 billion minutes of watch time across television and streaming platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/smriti-iranis-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-scripts-history-as-it-clocks-1-6-billion-views-in-launch-week-9047964 | title= Smriti Irani's 'Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2' Scripts History As It Clocks 1.6 Billion Views In Launch Week}}</ref> The show received 31.1 million television viewers in just four days. Out of which 15.4 million viewers had tuned in for the premiere episode alone, according to a press release by the channel.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ekta-kapoors-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-creates-history-gets-1-6-billion-views-in-launch-week-10177372/lite/| title= Ekta Kapoor’s Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 creates history, gets 1.6 billion views in launch week}}</ref> The channel added, "The reboot season also witnessed 17,300 mentions across social media platforms."<ref>{{cite web| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/trp-list-of-the-week-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-anupamaa-take-the-number-spot-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-slips-down-to-number-5/articleshow/123179117.cms | title= Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 tops the TRP Charts}}</ref>

The latest count makes Smriti Irani led ''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2'' the highest-rated fiction launch across general entertainment channels in recent times and the biggest-ever GEC fiction debut across both television and digital in India, the release added.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/smriti-irani-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-reboot-success-ott-action-content-2768479-2025-08-08 | title= Smriti Irani reacts to Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi reboot topping TV, OTT charts}}</ref> According to [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]], ''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2'' recorded a 2.5 TVR on its launch day in the HSM Urban market (MF15–50 ABC demographic).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 launch gets a TRP of 2.5, overtakes Anupamaa and Tarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-launch-gets-a-trp-of-2-5-overtakes-anupamaa-and-tarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-10174947/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Critical response===
[[India Today]] noted that the first episode serves as "a nostalgic trip down memory lane, bringing back iconic characters and moments without much new development."<ref>{{cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi review: Tulsi Virani, nostalgia and nothing more |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-reboot-review-tulsi-and-nostalgia-well-thats-it-2763411-2025-07-30 |website=India Today |date=30 July 2025 |access-date=31 July 2025 |archive-date=10 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810202310/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-reboot-review-tulsi-and-nostalgia-well-thats-it-2763411-2025-07-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some critics argued that the reboot relied too heavily on nostalgia rather than offering fresh storylines. India Today observed that while it successfully revived iconic characters, the premiere "brought little new development beyond sentimentality."<ref>{{cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi review: Tulsi Virani, nostalgia and nothing more |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/kyunki-saas-bhi-bahu-thi-2-reboot-review-tulsi-and-nostalgia-well-thats-it-2763411-2025-07-30 |website=India Today |date=30 July 2025}}</ref> Mid-Day similarly noted that the show leaned on "sanskaar and kalesh" tropes without significant innovation, framing it as a sentimental but formulaic return.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2 Review: Sanskaar and kalesh have returned to the screens with Tulsi and her Virani Parivaar |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/kyunki-saas-bhi-bahu-thi-review-smriti-irani-nostalgia-baa-and-savita-montages-23587199 |website=Mid-day |date=30 July 2025}}</ref> NDTV highlighted that while Smriti Irani’s performance brought gravitas, the show risked "rehashing themes already explored two decades ago" instead of adapting to contemporary family dynamics.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Radhika |title=Review: In Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Season 2, Smriti Irani Brings Sanskar To Tackle Trouble |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/review-in-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-season-2-smriti-irani-brings-sanskar-to-tackle-trouble-8980270 |website=NDTV |date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

===ITA Awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Nominee !! Role!! Result !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
| [[Shagun Sharma]]
|Paridhi Virani Singh
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=The 25th ITA Awards 2025 – Winners |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-25th-ita-awards-2025/ |website=Indian Television Academy |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231175943/https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-25th-ita-awards-2025/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular]]
|[[Smriti Irani]]
|Tulsi Virani
| {{Nominated}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi/1271432399 ''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|0278212}}

{{Balaji Telefilms}}
{{SP Shows}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]

Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station

2026-05-05T06:54:47Z

Ekyaschool: Info...

{{Short description|Power station in West Bengal, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|35|08|N|87|12|31|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = [[Durgapur]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]], [[West Bengal]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = 2012
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]]
| operator =
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational = 2×500 [[megawatt|MW]](Unit 1-2)
| ps_units_manu_model =
| psps_hydraulic_head =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 1000 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website = {{URL|http://www.dvc.gov.in/}}
| extra =
}}

'''Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station''' is a coal-based thermal power plant located in [[Durgapur]] city in [[Paschim Bardhaman]] district in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The power plant is operated by the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]].

==Capacity==
It has an installed capacity of 1,000 megawatts.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Unit No. !! Generating Capacity !! Commissioned on !! Status
|-
| 1 || 500 MW || 2012 May || Running <ref name="dvc">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvc.gov.in/powerplants.htm |title=Damodar Valley Corporation |publisher=dvc.gov.in |accessdate=2014-03-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227195833/http://www.dvc.gov.in/powerplants.htm |archivedate=2014-02-27 }}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 500 MW || 2013 March || Running
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Energy}}
{{Power Plants of West Bengal}}
{{Damodar Valley}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Durgapur]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in West Bengal]]

Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-03T00:19:35Z

Ekyaschool: data

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Amritsar {{Small|PB-2}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Amritsar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| incumbent_image = Gurjeet Singh Aujla - Kolkata 2017-07-10 3378.JPG
| mp = [[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Ajnala Assembly Constituency|Ajnala]] [[Raja Sansi Assembly Constituency|Raja Sansi]] [[Majitha Assembly Constituency|Majitha]] [[Amritsar North Assembly Constituency|Amritsar North]] [[Amritsar West Assembly Constituency|Amritsar West]] [[Amritsar Central Assembly Constituency|Amritsar Central]] [[Amritsar East Assembly Constituency|Amritsar East]] [[Amritsar South Assembly Constituency|Amritsar South]] [[Attari Assembly Constituency|Attari]]
}}
'''Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], represented since 2017 by [[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]] of the [[Congress party]].The Minister of Finance of India (2014–2019), [[Arun Jaitley]], unsuccessfully contested this constituency for the BJP in 2014.

==Assembly segments==
Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency comprises nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments, which are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|11
|[[Ajnala Assembly Constituency|Ajnala]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
|[[Kuldeep Singh Dhaliwal]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|12
|[[Raja Sansi Assembly Constituency|Raja Sansi]]
|[[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13
|[[Majitha Assembly Constituency|Majitha]]
|[[Ganieve Kaur Majithia]]
|{{party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|{{party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|15
|[[Amritsar North Assembly Constituency|Amritsar North]]
|[[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|16
|[[Amritsar West Assembly Constituency|Amritsar West]] (SC)
|[[Jasbir Singh Sandhu]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|17
|[[Amritsar Central Assembly Constituency|Amritsar Central]]
|[[Ajay Gupta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|18
|[[Amritsar East Assembly Constituency|Amritsar East]]
|[[Jeevan Jyot Kaur]]
|-
|19
|[[Amritsar South Assembly Constituency|Amritsar South]]
|[[Inderbir Singh Nijjar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|20
|[[Attari Assembly Constituency|Attari]] (SC)
|[[Jaswinder Singh Ramdas]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|value1=66.666|value2=14.285|value3=4.761|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (14 Times)]]|label2=[[BJP|'''BJP '''(3 Times)]]|label3=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color3={{party color|Janata Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Amritsar Lok Sabha|label4=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|'''BJS''' (1 Time)]]|label5=[[Independent Candidate|'''IND''' (1 Time)]]|label6=[[Indian National Congress (I)|'''INC (I)''' (1 time)]]|color4={{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|color5={{party color|Independent Candidate}}|color6={{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|value4=4.761|value5=4.761|value6=4.761}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Gurmukh Singh Musafir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Yagya Dutt Sharma (Punjab politician)|Yagya Dutt Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Durgadas Bhatia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1972^
| [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Baldev Prakash]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|[[Indian National Congress ]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| Kirpal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| [[Daya Singh Sodhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2007^
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Amarinder Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|| 2017^ || rowspan="4" | [[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]
|-
|| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==
=== 2024===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Amritsar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]
|votes = 255,181
|percentage = 28.18
|change = {{decrease}}23.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Kuldeep Singh Dhaliwal]]
|votes = 214,880
|percentage = 23.73
|change = {{increase}}21.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
|votes = 207,205
|percentage = 22.88
|change = {{decrease}}17.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Anil Joshi]]
|votes = 162,896
|percentage = 17.99
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Emaan Singh Mann
|votes = 26,796
|percentage = 2.96
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,714
|percentage = 0.41
|change = {{decrease}} 0.61
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,301
|percentage = 4.45
|change = {{decrease}} 7.14
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 905,656
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =1,611,263 |ref = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}23.60
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019 ===
: <section begin="General Election 2019"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Amritsar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]|votes={{formatnum:445032}}|percentage=51.78|change={{increase}}1.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Hardeep Singh Puri]]|votes={{formatnum:345406}}|percentage=40.19|change={{increase}}9.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Kuldeep Singh Dhaliwal]]|votes={{formatnum:20087}}|percentage=2.34|change={{decrease}}12.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link ||party=Communist Party of India |candidate=Daswinder Kaur|votes={{formatnum:16335}}|percentage=1.90|change={{increase}}0.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes={{formatnum:8763}}|percentage=1.02|change={{increase}}0.06}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:99626}}|percentage=11.59|change={{decrease}}8.05}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:860582}}|percentage=57.07|change={{decrease}}13.32}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2019"/>

==== By-election - 2017 ====
 <section begin="Bye Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin|title=Bye-Election, 2017: Amritsar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gurjeet Singh Aujla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:508153}}
|percentage = 50.09
|change = {{increase}}2.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajinder Mohan Singh Chhina
|votes = {{formatnum:308964}}
|percentage = 30.45
|change = {{decrease}}7.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Upkar Singh Sandhu
|votes = {{formatnum:149984}}
|percentage = 14.78
|change = {{increase}}6.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Daswinder Kaur
|votes = {{formatnum:17886}}
|percentage = 1.76
|change = {{increase}}0.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:9747}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change ={{increase}}0.71
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:199189}}
|percentage = 19.64
|change ={{increase}}9.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1016125}}
|percentage = 70.50
|change ={{increase}}2.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Bye Election 2017"/>

=== General election 2014 ===
: <section begin="General Election 2014"/>{{Election box begin|title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Amritsar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[ Amarinder Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:482876}}
|percentage = 47.94
|change = {{increase}}0.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Arun Jaitley]]
|votes = {{formatnum:380106}}
|percentage = 37.74
|change = {{decrease}}10.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Daljit Singh (ophthalmologist)|Dr. Daljit Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:82633}}
|percentage = 8.20
|change =''new''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Amarjit Singh Asal
|votes = {{formatnum:12902}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pardeep Singh Walia
|votes = {{formatnum:5870}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = {{decrease}}0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2533}}
|percentage = 0.25
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:102770}}
|percentage = 10.20
|change ={{increase}}9.36
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1007286}}
|percentage = 68.19
|change ={{increase}}2.56
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2014"/>

=== General election - 2009 ===
: <section begin="General Election 2009"/>{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Amritsar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,92,046
|percentage = 48.13
|change ={{decrease}}2.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Om Parkash Soni]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,85,188
|percentage = 47.29
|change = {{increase}}5.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[B. K. N. Chhibber]]
|votes = 11,108
|percentage = 1.36
|change = {{decrease}}1.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lavinder Kumar
|votes = 8,121
|percentage = 1.00
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Naresh Singh Bhadauriya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,357
|percentage = 0.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,858
|percentage = 0.84
|change = {{decrease}}7.99
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,14,594
|percentage = 65.63
|change = {{decrease}}1.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2009"/>

==== By-election - 2007 ====
: <section begin="Bye Election 2007"/> {{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2007: Amritsar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,44,748
|percentage = 50.60
|change ={{decrease}}4.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Surinder Singla]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,67,122
|percentage = 41.77
|change = {{increase}}1.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surinder Arjun Pandit
|votes = 21,416
|percentage = 2.44
|change = {{increase}}0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gurvinder Singh Shampura
|votes = 11,656
|percentage = 1.33
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mukhjit Singh Bhullar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)
|votes = 8,938
|percentage = 1.01
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 77,626
|percentage = 8.83
|change = {{decrease}}6.56
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,78,992
|percentage = 67.10
|change = {{increase}}12.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Bye Election 2007"/>

=== General election - 2004 ===
: <section begin="General Election 2004"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Amritsar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,94,223
|percentage = 55.38
|change ={{increase}}10.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,84,691
|percentage = 39.99
|change = {{decrease}}10.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Sharan Paul
|votes = 15,796
|percentage = 2.21
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramesh Talwar
|votes = 5,695
|percentage = 0.80
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rehmat Masih
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,252
|percentage = 0.45
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,09,532
|percentage = 15.39
|change = {{increase}}9.97

}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,11,820
|percentage = 55.05
|change = {{increase}}7.67

}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2004"/>

=== General election - 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Amritsar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
|votes = 2,96,533
|percentage = 50.29
|change ={{increase}}8.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Daya Singh Sodhi]]
|votes = 2,64,534
|percentage = 44.87
|change ={{decrease}}11.2
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Sarb Hind Shiromani Akali Dal|SHSAD]]
|candidate = Bhupinder Singh Mann
|votes = 17,581
|percentage = 2.98
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Chaturbhuj Joshi
|votes = 2,444
|percentage = 0.41
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramesh Talwar
|votes = 2,219
|percentage = 0.38
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,999
|percentage = 5.42
|change ={{decrease}}8.73
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,89,600
|percentage = 47.38
|change ={{decrease}}6.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election - 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Amritsar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Daya Singh Sodhi]]
|votes = 3,61,133
|percentage = 56.07
|change ={{increase}}43.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
|votes = 2,69,993
|percentage = 41.92
|change ={{increase}}0.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Durga Dass
|votes = 5,746
|percentage = 0.89
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)
|candidate = Amarjit Kaur Gopalpura
|votes = 3,277
|percentage = 0.51
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Kirpal Singh
|votes = 1,484
|percentage = 0.23
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 91,140
|percentage = 14.15
|change ={{increase}}9.00
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,44,112
|percentage = 53.75
|change ={{decrease}}3.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election - 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Amritsar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
|votes = 2,68,490
|percentage = 41.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Kirpal Singh]]
|votes = 2,34,818
|percentage = 35.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Baldev Raj Chawla]]
|votes = 83,981
|percentage = 12.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Daljit Singh Sandhu
|votes = 19,980
|percentage = 3.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Kewal Krishan
|votes = 12,430
|percentage = 1.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rehmat Masih
|votes = 11,669
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,672
|percentage = 5.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,54,439
|percentage = 57.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Amritsar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/amritsar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Amritsar lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|31.66|74.87|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Amritsar district]]

Dangal (1977 film)

2026-04-29T17:00:22Z

Ekyaschool: Entry...

{{Short description|1977 Indian Bhojpuri film}}
{{italic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
'''''Dangal''''' ({{Translation|The Bout}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri-language]] film produced by Bachubhai Shah, directed by Rati Kumar, and written by Rajpati Rahi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAuTZ6_1XL4C&dq=Bahina+Tohare+Khatir+bhojpuri&pg=PT53 |title=CINEMA BHOJPURI |date=2010-05-22 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-256-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kumar |first=Rati |title=Dangal |date=1977-01-01 |type=Action |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5224274/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |others=Iftekhar, Sujit Kumar, Prema Narayan |publisher=Vimal Chitra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-01 |title=North India, which has languages like Bhojpuri, Angika, Santali, Braj Bhasha, and others, needs to resist imposition of Hindi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/north-india-needs-to-resist-imposition-of-hindi/article19401960.ece |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भोजपुरी में 39 साल पहले सुपरहिट हुई थी फिल्म 'दंगल' हिंदी में कॉपी किया नाम - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-dangal-is-the-name-of-old-bhojpuri-superhit-movie-now-in-hindi-15256527.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Starring [[Sujit Kumar]] and [[Prema Narayan]] in the lead roles, it is the first [[color film]] made in Bhojpuri.<ref name=":0" /> The music of the film was composed by [[Nadeem–Shravan]].<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
* [[Sujit Kumar]]
* [[Prema Narayan]]
* [[Ram Singh]]
* [[Laxmi Chhaya]]

== Background ==
The film was produced during a lull in the [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri film industry]]. Between 1969 and 1976, only one film had been released, and there was no sense of a continuous ''Bhojpuri industry'' at the time. The movie emerged in a more open-ended production environment, less defined by the commercial constraints and audience stereotypes that would characterize later Bhojpuri cinema. To establish its regional identity, the film's opening credits feature shots of [[Varanasi]] (showing the ghats on the river [[Ganges|Ganga]]) and [[Patna]] (showing landmarks like the [[Golghar]] and the Martyr's Memorial).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardy |first=Kathryn C. |date=2015-07-01 |title=Constituting a Diffuse Region: Cartographies of Mass-mediated Bhojpuri Belonging |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0974927615600623 |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |language=EN |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.1177/0974927615600623 |issn=0974-9276|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The song ''[[Arrah Hile Chhapra Hile Baliya Hilela|Kashi Hile Patna Hile]]'' is an important element of the film, as it is a direct adaptation of a very popular Bhojpuri folk song titled [[Arrah Hile Chhapra Hile Baliya Hilela|Aara Hile, Chhapra Hile]]. The filmmakers changed the lyrics in two significant ways. First, the original folk song's lyrics, Aara hile, Chhapra hile, Ballia hilela refer to three district headquarters that are considered the heartland of the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpuri-speaking region]].

These lyrics were changed to ''Kashi hile, Patna hile, Calcutta hilela'' in order to represent a thematic move away from a geographically contained homeland to a broader map defined by migration. Kashi (Varanasi), [[Patna]], and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] were all major destinations for people from the Bhojpuri region. Secondly, the perspective of the song was changed. In the film, it is sung by the male lead to the female lead ("when '''your''' waist sways"), changing it from the original version which is typically sung from a woman's perspective ("when '''my''' waist twitches").<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardy |first=Kathryn C. |date=2015-07-01 |title=Constituting a Diffuse Region: Cartographies of Mass-mediated Bhojpuri Belonging |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0974927615600623 |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |language=EN |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=145–164 |doi=10.1177/0974927615600623 |issn=0974-9276|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

* "Phoot Gaile Kismatiya" - [[Mohammed Rafi]]
* "Bada Pareshan" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
* "More Honthwa Se Nathuniya" - Asha Bhosle
* "Phoolwa Ki Beni Se" - Asha Bhosle
* [[Arrah Hile Chhapra Hile Baliya Hilela|Kashi Hile Patna Hile Kalkatta Hilela]] - [[Manna Dey]]

== Release and reception ==
The film was a success and did a business of 40,000 rupees in the first week.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5224274}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1970s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
{{Bhojpuri-film-stub}}
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]

Amita Nangia

2026-04-28T14:19:33Z

Ekyaschool: creating

{{Short description|Indian Actress}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amita Nangia
| image = Amita nangia.jpg
| birth_date =20 October 1966
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Sanjay Bansal
}}

'''Amita Nangia''' (also known as '''Ameeta Nangia''') is a TV actress in [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/a-different-shade-of-beauty/article5192997.ece|title=A different shade of beauty|website=The Hindu|date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Her initial popularity was from her role as Sheena in the very famous TV serial ''[[Tara (TV series)|Tara]]'', in Season 2 broadcast on [[Zee TV]] in 1993. She has acted in Bollywood Horror movies like ''Purani Haveli'' and ''[[College Girl (1990 film)|College Girl]]''. She was a sorcerer in the Indian [[mystery film|mystery]] and [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] show, [[Kaal Bhairav Rahasya]]. She is also remembered for the role of Radhika in the tele-serial Hum Paanch where [[Rakhi Vijjan]] who played Sweety Mathur worked with her.

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
#''[[Balma Mora Banka]]'' (1988) Bhojpuri film
#''[[Purani Haveli (film)|Purani Haveli]]'' (1989)
# ''[[Ghabrahat]]'' (1989)
#''[[College Girl (1990 film)|College Girl]]'' (1990)
#''[[Pathar Ke Insan]]'' (1990)
#''[[Paap Ki Kamaee]]'' (1990)
#''[[Baaghi (1990 film)|Baaghi]]'' (1990)
#''[[Jeevan Daata]]'' (1991)
#''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]'' (1991)
#''[[Afsana Pyar Ka]]'' (1991)
#''[[Pratigyabadh]]'' (1991)
#''[[Ranbhoomi]]'' (1991)
#''[[Dastoor]]'' (1991)
#''[[Jeena Teri Gali Mein]]'' (1991)
#''[[Pratikar]]'' (1991)
#''[[Yaara Dildara]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaara Dildara - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=5952 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (1991) as Madhavi aka Madhu
#''[[Hatyarin]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hatyarin - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=6054 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (1991) as Reshma
#''[[Police Matthu Dada|Inspector Dhanush]]'' (1991)
#''[[Rupaye Dus Karod]]'' (1991)
#''[[Sanam Tere Hain Hum]]'' (1992)
#''[[Zulm Ki Hukumat]]'' (1992)
#[[Ghar Jamai (1992 film)|''Ghar Jamai'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghar Jamai |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/ghar-jamai |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref> (1992) as Suman
#''[[Giraft]]'' (1992)
#''[[Geetanjali (1993 film)|Geetanjali]]'' (1993)
#''[[Ishq Aur Inteqaam]]'' (1993)
#''[[Hum Hain Kamaal Ke]]'' (1993)
#''[[Aakhri Chetawani]]'' (1993)
#''[[Baali Umar Ko Salaam]]'' (1994)
#''[[Gangster (1994 film)|Gangster]]''(1995)
# ''[[Raja (1995 film)|Raja]]'' (1995)
#''[[Diya Aur Toofan (1995 film)|Diya Aur Toofan]]'' (1995)
#''[[Angrakshak]]'' (1995)
#''[[Fauji (1995 film)|Fauji]]'' (1995)
#''[[Zulm Hi Zulm]]'' (1996)
#''[[Namak (film)|Namak]]'' (1996)
#''[[Dil Ke Jharoke Main]]'' (1997)
#''[[Suche Moti]]'' (1998) Punjabi film
#''[[Miss 420]]'' (1998)
#''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' (2001)
#''[[Chup Chup Ke]]'' (2006)
#''[[Bhagam Bhag]]'' (2006)
#''[[Khatta Meetha]]'' (2010)
#''[[Rajnandini (film)|Rajnandini]]'' (2021)
{{div col end}}

==Television==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1993-97
|[[Tara (TV series)|Tara]]
|Sheena Pratap Singh
|Recurring role
|-
|Rowspan="2"|1994
|''[[Tehkikaat]]''
|Anjali Rao
|
|-
|''[[Ajnabi]]''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]]''
|Radhika Mathur
|
|-
|2001
|''Aane Wala Pal''
|
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
|Lacchobai
|Recurring role
|-
|2012-13
|''Sukanya Hamari Betiyaa''
|Shakuntala
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
-

==External links==
{{Commons category|Amita Nangia}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nangia, Amita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

Bapusaheb Gorthekar

2026-04-27T06:55:53Z

Ekyaschool:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bapusaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh
| native_name = श्रीनिवास उर्फ बापूसाहेब गोरठेकर
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = At.[[Gortha]], Tq.[[Umri, Nanded]]
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Bhokar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhokar]]
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Balajirao Gopalrao Gorthekar Deshmukh]]
| successor1 = [[Ashok Chavan]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (2019-2020)
| other_party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (till 2019)
| assembly = Maharashtra Legislative
| nickname = Bapu
| spouse = 2
| children = Shirish,
Kailas.
| education = SSC
| father = [[Balajirao Gopalrao Gorthekar Deshmukh|Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh]]
}}

'''Shrinivas Sawant Deshmukh alias Bapusaheb Babasaheb Gorthekar Deshmukh''' is a politician and a former [[Nanded]] District President of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], and son of [[Balajirao Gopalrao Gorthekar Deshmukh]]. He was a Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bhokar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhokar]] constituency.<ref>[https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/2004-election-results.html Maharashtra Assembly Election Results in 2004]</ref>

He Contested an Assembly election against [[Ashok Chavan]] in 2019 from [[Bhokar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhokar]] as [[BJP]] Candidate.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorthekar, Bapusaheb}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Nanded district]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]

Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission

2026-04-27T04:43:22Z

Ekyaschool: Made A Stub

{{short description|State government commission conducting examinations and recruitment}}
{{Infobox organization
| formation = {{start date and age|2014|09|17}}
| name = Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission
| abbreviation = UKSSSC
| type = [[Government agency]]
| image =
| image_size =
| region_served = [[Uttarakhand]]
| services = Recruitment
| leader_title = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name = G. S. Martolia, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retired IPS Officer GS Martolia Appointed as Chairman of UKSSSC - https://indianmasterminds.com |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/movements/ips/retired-ips-officer-gs-martolia-appointed-as-chairman-of-uksssc/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| website = {{official website|http://sssc.uk.gov.in/}}
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Dehradun]]
| location = Thano Road, [[Raipur, Uttarakhand|Raipur]], [[Dehradun]]-248008<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us: Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission, Government of Uttarakhand, India |url=https://sssc.uk.gov.in/pages/display/121-contact-us |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=sssc.uk.gov.in}}</ref>
}}

The '''Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission (UKSSSC)'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-09 |title=Recruitment for 4,400 govt jobs to begin this month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-government-to-recruit-4400-jobs-this-september/articleshow/113203351.cms |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is a government organization in the state of Uttarakhand, India, responsible for conducting examinations and recruiting candidates for various subordinate services within the state. Established under the '''Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly Act''', the commission aims to ensure transparent and merit-based recruitment processes for positions in various state departments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home: Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission, Government of Uttarakhand, India |url=https://sssc.uk.gov.in/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=sssc.uk.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us: Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission, Government of Uttarakhand, India |url=https://sssc.uk.gov.in/pages/display/12-about-us |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=sssc.uk.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
The UKSSSC was established to streamline the recruitment process for Group C posts in the Uttarakhand state government. It operates under the provisions of the '''Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission Act, 2014''',<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission Act, 2014 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttarakhand/2014/Act%20No.%2020%20of%202014%20UKD.pdf |journal=Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission Act, 2014}}</ref> and works towards providing a fair selection system to attract skilled candidates for government services.

== Functions of UKSSC ==

# Recruitment of the candidates.
## Conducting competitive exams and interviews for Group C and other subordinate services.
## Preparing merit lists for recruitment based on examination results.
## Ensuring adherence to reservation policies as mandated by the government.
## Managing advertisements and notifications for available positions.
## Overseeing the examination and selection process to maintain fairness and integrity.

== Controversy ==
According to various media reports and public grievances, the '''Uttarakhand Subordinate Service Selection Commission (UKSSSC)''' has faced criticism over the years due to certain operational issues. These include:

* '''Examination Paper Leaks'''
** Several recruitment examinations conducted by UKSSSC have been marred by allegations of paper leaks. For instance, in 2022, the commission faced severe backlash when question papers for a Group C recruitment exam were reportedly leaked, leading to widespread protests and cancellation of exams.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-04 |title=UKSSSC paper leak: Segregation of guilty and innocent candidates is highly improbable, Uttarakhand govt’s reply in HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uksssc-paper-leak-segregation-of-guilty-and-innocent-candidates-is-highly-improbable-uttarakhand-govts-reply-in-hc/articleshow/99234000.cms#:~:text=DEHRADUN:%20Uttarakhand%20Subordinate%20Services%20Selection%20Commission%20(UKSSSC),categorically%20stated%20that%20it%20is%20highly%20improbable |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''Delay in Recruitment Processes'''
** Candidates have frequently raised concerns over delays in conducting exams and declaring results, which hinder timely recruitment. Such delays have also contributed to vacancies remaining unfilled in various government departments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=Why the Uttarakhand Selection Commission is under the scanner over ‘irregularities’ in recruitment exams |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttarakhand-selection-commission-recruitment-exams-irregularities-explained-8148942/#:~:text=The%20Uttarakhand%20state%20cabinet,%20last%20Friday%20(September,Commission,%20in%20the%20wake%20of%20allegations%20of |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Allegations of Corruption'''
** Allegations of corruption and favoritism in the recruitment process have occasionally surfaced. Reports claim that certain candidates received unfair advantages due to connections with officials or middlemen.
* '''Technical Challenges'''
** The transition to online application and computer-based testing has exposed technical issues such as website crashes during application periods, lack of robust IT infrastructure, and inadequate support for rural candidates unfamiliar with digital platforms.
* '''Protests and Legal Interventions'''
** Unfair practices and recruitment irregularities have often led to public protests, court cases, and intervention by the Uttarakhand High Court. These instances have sometimes resulted in the cancellation or postponement of exams, further eroding public trust.
* '''Impact on Aspirants'''
** Due to these challenges, aspirants have faced uncertainties and additional financial burdens, as they often need to reapply or reappear for canceled exams.

== See also ==
* [[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Services Selection Commission]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:State agencies of Uttarakhand|S]]
[[Category:Employment agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government recruitment in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

Rowdy Boys

2026-04-27T03:50:09Z

Ekyaschool: created basic info v1

{{short description|2022 film by Sree Harsha Konuganti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rowdy Boys
| image = Rowdy Boys.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sree Harsha Konuganti
| writer = Sree Harsha Konuganti, Chiranjiv Makwana
| screenplay = Chiranjiv Makwana
| story = Chiranjiv Makwana
| producer = [[Dil Raju]] Shirish
| starring = {{ubl|Ashish Reddy|[[Anupama Parameswaran]]}}
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| editing = Madhu
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|01|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Rowdy Boys''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[coming of age film|coming of age]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[college]] [[drama film]] written and directed by Sree Harsha Konuganti<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-12|title=రౌడీ బాయ్స్‌ను 'ప్రేమదేశం'తో పోలుస్తున్నారు, కానీ|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/director-sri-harsha-konuganti-about-rowdy-boys-movie-1426781|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112024932/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/director-sri-harsha-konuganti-about-rowdy-boys-movie-1426781|url-status=live}}</ref> Screen play by Chiranjiv Makwana and produced by [[Dil Raju]] and Shirish through [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowdy Boys దిల్‌రాజు నా జీవితంలో మరిచిపోలేని వ్యక్తి అల్లు అర్జున్‌|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/allu-arjun-speech-at-rowdy-boys-song-launch-event/0201/122007361|access-date=2022-01-13|website=EENADU|language=te|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113075018/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/allu-arjun-speech-at-rowdy-boys-song-launch-event/0201/122007361|url-status=live}}</ref> The film features debutant Ashish Reddy, son of Dil Raju's brother, Sirish Reddy, and [[Anupama Parameswaran]] in lead roles<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashish talks about Sankranthi release Rowdy Boys|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/celebrity-interview/1792/ashish-talks-about-sankranthi-release-rowdy-boys|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.ragalahari.com|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114060407/https://www.ragalahari.com/celebrity-interview/1792/ashish-talks-about-sankranthi-release-rowdy-boys|url-status=live}}</ref> with music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowdy Boys locks Sankranthi date|url=https://telugucinema.com/uncategorized/rowdy-boys-locks-sankranthi-date|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Telugu Cinema|language=en-US|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113075020/https://telugucinema.com/uncategorized/rowdy-boys-locks-sankranthi-date|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 14 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=COVID-19 kicks RRR and Radhe Shyam out of Sankranthi race, small films try to cash in|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/covid-19-kicks-rrr-and-radhe-shyam-out-sankranthi-race-small-films-try-cash-159694|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113075021/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/covid-19-kicks-rrr-and-radhe-shyam-out-sankranthi-race-small-films-try-cash-159694|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Complete plot is needed. See [[WP:TEASER]]|date=January 2025}}
Akshay is a first year engineering student who falls for a medical student Kavya. However the rivalry between the medical college and engineering college is a threat to their love. Will their love survive? No in the end they broke up, a medical student named Vikram who was in love with Kavya married her.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Ashish Reddy as Akshay Varma
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Kavya
* [[Karthik Rathnam]]
* Vikram Sahadev
* Tej Kurapati as Naresh Yadav
* [[Komalee Prasad]] as Shruthi, Kavya's friend
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Akshay's father
* Racha Ravi
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Akshay’s mother
* Praneeth Reddy Kallem
* Pridhvi
* Shrinath Kulkarni as Baby, Akshay's friend
}}

== Production ==
Anupama was cast in March 2020 to play the lead actress.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] was approached to do a role in the film, but couldn't join the film as he was busy working with [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']]. Later, Racha Ravi was cast to do the role.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-10|title='Rowdy Boys' has the graph similar to 'Happy Days': Sree Harsha|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rowdy-boys-has-the-graph-similar-to-happy-days-sree-harsha|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114060415/https://telanganatoday.com/rowdy-boys-has-the-graph-similar-to-happy-days-sree-harsha|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with [[Deccan Chronicle]], Komalee Prasad told about role in the film that "I am a qualified dental surgeon, so shooting for scenes involving doctors and the medical fraternity was a great experience. In fact, I got nostalgic while shooting for campus scenes".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-02|title=Playing a medico made me nostalgic: Komalee Prasad|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020921/playing-a-medico-made-me-nostalgic-komalee-prasad.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062728/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020921/playing-a-medico-made-me-nostalgic-komalee-prasad.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Filming began in January 2020{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} and was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] on 13 October 2021 after shooting the song "Date Night", choreographed by [[Jani Master]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowdy Boys Movie Shooting Updates|url=http://www.zeecinemalu.com/en/news-gossip/rowdy-boys-movie-shooting-updates-196004/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.zeecinemalu.com|language=en|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062647/http://www.zeecinemalu.com/en/news-gossip/rowdy-boys-movie-shooting-updates-196004/|url-status=live}}</ref> Speaking about the idea of the film, director Konuganti revealed that the film is inspired by an incident in his own college days. He further told: "My personal experiences in my academic life inspired me to write Rowdy Boys. The story is a perfect blend of comedy, friendship, gang fights, misunderstandings, ego clashes and, of course, love. The film brings back fond memories of college life and for those still at college, it tells you that these are the most cherished days in your life. I think all of us have these memories because it's a phase of mixed emotions".<ref>{{Cite web|title='Rowdy Boys' is a celebration of college life: Director Sree Harsha Konuganti|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/jan/12/rowdy-boys-is-a-celebration-of-college-life-director-sree-harsha-konuganti-2405704.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114060404/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/jan/12/rowdy-boys-is-a-celebration-of-college-life-director-sree-harsha-konuganti-2405704.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rowdy Boys
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| released = {{Start date|2022|1|13|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2021–2022
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=29|s=8}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]] [[Lahari Music]] (One track)
| producer = Devi Sri Prasad
| prev_title = [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|Pushpa: The Rise]]
| prev_year = 2021
| year = 2022
| next_title = [[Good Luck Sakhi]]
| next_year = 2022
}}

The film's soundtrack album is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra3 = [[Mangli]]
| title1 = Rowdy Boys Title Song
| lyrics1 = [[Roll Rida]]
| extra1 = Roll Rida
| length1 = 2:52
| title2 = Preme Aakasamaithe
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra2 = [[Jaspreet Jasz]]
| length2 = 3:34
| title3 = Brindavanam
| lyrics3 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| total_length = 30:18
| title4 = Date Night
| length3 = 3:52
| lyrics4 = Roll Rida
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith Govind]], Sameera Bharadwaj
| length4 = 4:01
| title5 = Ye Zindagi
| length5 = 3:54
| lyrics5 = Krishna Kanth
| extra5 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| title6 = Nuvve Na Dhairyam
| length6 = 3:17
| lyrics6 = Sri Mani [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| extra7 = [[Kapil Kapilan]], Sameera Bharadwaj
| length8 = 3:29
| length7 = 1:52
| extra9 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| title10 = Rajyangam Chattamantu Remix
| length10 = 1:10
| lyrics10 = Gaddar
| extra10 = Deepu
| extra8 = Devi Sri Prasad
| lyrics7 = Sri Mani
| lyrics9 = Krishna Kanth
| lyrics8 = Krishna Kanth
| title8 = Okariki Okarani
| title9 = Okariki Okarani (Rock Version)
| title7 = Vesane O Nicchena
| length9 = 2:11
}}

== Release ==
During the release event of "Preme Aakasamaithe" song in October 2021, producer Dil Raju announced that the film will release on 19 November 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuppili|first=Sravan Kumar|date=2021-10-21|title=Ashish Gandhi And Anupama Parameswaran Starrer Rowdy Boys Movie Release Date Announced|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2021/10/21/ashish-gandhi-and-anupama-parameswaran-starrer-rowdy-boys-movie-release-date-announced/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Telugu Filmnagar|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062719/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2021/10/21/ashish-gandhi-and-anupama-parameswaran-starrer-rowdy-boys-movie-release-date-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref> but was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowdy Boys is again postponed|url=https://m.suryaa.com/cinema-28262-rowdy-boys-release-date-postponed.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=m.suryaa.com|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114060406/https://m.suryaa.com/cinema-28262-rowdy-boys-release-date-postponed.html}}</ref> Finally, the film was released on 14 January 2022 coinciding with the festival of [[Bhogi]] and [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=#Sankranthi Boxoffice: Ashok Galla, Ashish Reddy or Naga Chaitanya; who will rule the ticket window this festive season? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sankranthi-boxoffice-ashok-galla-ashish-reddy-or-naga-chaitanya-who-will-rule-the-ticket-window-this-festive-season/articleshow/88851517.cms|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114054626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sankranthi-boxoffice-ashok-galla-ashish-reddy-or-naga-chaitanya-who-will-rule-the-ticket-window-this-festive-season/articleshow/88851517.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> following the postponement of major Telugu productions like [[RRR (film)|''RRR'']] and ''[[Radhe Shyam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-06|title=Nagarjuna, Naga Chaitanya's 'Bangarraju' joins Sankranti race|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagarjuna-naga-chaitanyas-bangarraju-joins-sankranti-race/article38146706.ece|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111143747/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagarjuna-naga-chaitanyas-bangarraju-joins-sankranti-race/article38146706.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received negative reviews from critics, although praising the performances of lead cast but criticized the story, narration and second half. ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote "DSP's catch-all music saves this generic, bland love story".<ref>{{cite web|title=Rowdy Boys Review:DSP's catch-all music saves this generic, bland love story|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rowdy-boys-movie-review-dsps-catch-all-music-saves-generic-bland-love-story-994786%3famp|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|access-date=20 Feb 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220145653/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rowdy-boys-movie-review-dsps-catch-all-music-saves-generic-bland-love-story-994786%3Famp|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123 Telugu]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.75/5 and wrote "Rowdy Boys is a college drama with not many twists and turns. Ashish Reddy makes a decent debut and the first half is good. But a dull second half and lack of a strong story is a drawback. Youngsters might connect to the movie as it offers relatable elements. Just go in with low expectations and enjoy this college romance".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review : Rowdy Boys – Youthful drama that works in parts|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/rowdy-boys-telugu-movie-review.html/amp|website=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123 Telugu]]|date=14 January 2022|access-date=20 Feb 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220145656/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/rowdy-boys-telugu-movie-review.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi K of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated the music by Devi Sri Prasad and wrote: "The biggest issue with ''Rowdy Boys'' is that it can remind you of a bunch of older films, to the extent that it ends up like a patchwork of inspired sequences."<ref>{{Cite news|last=K|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2022-01-15|title=Rowdy Boys' movie review: Music salvages this glitzy launch vehicle|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/rowdy-boys-movie-review-a-patchy-college-drama-helped-hugely-by-devi-sri-prasads-music/article38273646.ece|issn=0971-751X|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117102126/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/rowdy-boys-movie-review-a-patchy-college-drama-helped-hugely-by-devi-sri-prasads-music/article38273646.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Eenadu]]'' praised the storyline and chemistry between the leads while criticizing the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-16|title=Rowdy Boys Review రివ్యూ రౌడీబాయ్స్‌|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/rowdyboys-movie-review/0203/122010254|url-status=live|access-date=|website=Eenadu|language=te|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114223042/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/rowdyboys-movie-review/0203/122010254}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt15289342|title=Rowdy Boys}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]

Ajay Kumar Kushwaha

2026-04-24T22:08:14Z

Ekyaschool: stub.

{{short description|Indian politician from Bihar}}
{{For|other people named Ajay Kumar|Ajay Kumar (disambiguation){{!}}Ajay Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Kushwaha
| office = Member of Bihar [[Legislative Assembly]]
| image = Ajay Kumar MLA.jpg
| caption = Kumar addressing a demonstration of Nyojit teachers at Gardanibagh, Patna, Bihar, India on 11 July 2023.
| constituency = [[Bibhutipur Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor = [[Ram Balak Singh Kushwaha]]
| office1 = Leader of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cpim-bihar-mla-attacked-party-demands-probe-and-punitive-action-against-culprits/article34681437.ece|title=CPIM MLA attacked party demands probe|website=The Hindu|accessdate=25 March 2023|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612044849/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cpim-bihar-mla-attacked-party-demands-probe-and-punitive-action-against-culprits/article34681437.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| term_start1 = 10 November 2020
| term_end1 =
| successor =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]
| spouse =
| birth_date =
| term_start = 10 November 2020
| term_end =
}}
'''Ajay Kumar''' also known as '''Ajay Kushwaha'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/virpur/news/vibhutipur-mla-ajay-kushwaha-said-central-government-failed-on-every-front-129093743.html|title=आमसभा आयोजित:विभूतिपुर विधायक अजय कुशवाहा ने कहा-केंद्र सरकार हर मोर्चे पर विफल|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=24 March 2023|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208220608/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/virpur/news/vibhutipur-mla-ajay-kushwaha-said-central-government-failed-on-every-front-129093743.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian politician and leader of the legislative party of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/cpim-made-ajay-kumar-the-leader-of-the-legislature-party/bh20201125214646991|title=CPIM ने अजय कुमार को बनाया विधायक दल का नेता, सत्येंद्र यादव होंगे सचेतक|website=etvbharat|accessdate=25 November 2020}}</ref> He got elected from [[Bibhutipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bibhutipur Vidhan Sabha Constituency]] in 2020 Bihar State Assembly Elections.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Bibhutipur Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Ajay Kumar of CPIM Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bibhutipur-election-result-2020-live-updates-bibhutipur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061016.html|access-date=2020-11-10|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117085356/https://www.news18.com/news/india/bibhutipur-election-result-2020-live-updates-bibhutipur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061016.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajay Kumar, Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) from Bibhutipur constituency Candidate|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar-election/candidate/ajay-kumar/cpm/435|access-date=2020-11-10|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116153320/https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar-election/candidate/ajay-kumar/cpm/435|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections, he defeated [[Ram Balak Singh Kushwaha|Ram Balak Singh]] of [[Janata Dal (United)]] by a margin of 40,496 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bibhutipur-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-rjd-bjp-jdu-congress-rlsp-cpim-1159798-2020-11-10|title=Bibhutipur Election Result 2020: माकपा के अजय कुमार बंपर वोटों से जीते, जेडीयू प्रत्याशी को हराया|website=Aajtak|accessdate=25 March 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217184840/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bibhutipur-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-rjd-bjp-jdu-congress-rlsp-cpim-1159798-2020-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Life ==
He is the son of [[Yogendra Singh Kushwaha]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ajay Kumar (Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M)):Constituency- Bibhutipur (Samastipur) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12291|access-date=2020-11-10|website=myneta.info|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116193823/https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12291|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed Post Graduate in 1993 from Samastipur College.<ref name=":1" /> In 1996 he completed LL.B from BS College Sultanganj.<ref name=":1" />

== Political career ==

=== 2019 Lok Sabha election ===
Ajay Kumar was the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] candidate in [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujiarpur]] for 2019 Lok Sabha Election.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-28|title=Elections 2019: CPI(M) May Make Battle Tough For BJP, Congress in Ujiarpur|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Ujiarpur-Elections-2019-Bihar-CPIM-Congress-BJP|access-date=2020-11-10|website=NewsClick|language=en|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110202915/https://www.newsclick.in/Ujiarpur-Elections-2019-Bihar-CPIM-Congress-BJP|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ujiarpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Ujiarpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/ujiarpur |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116145944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/bihar/ujiarpur |archive-date=16 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2020 Bihar State Assembly elections ===
Ajay Kumar won the [[Bibhutipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bibhutipur Vidhan Sabha Constituency]], in Mithila region and Samastipur district of Bihar.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taneja|first=Nidhi|date=2020-10-05|title=Bihar Election 2020: CPI(M) announces 4 candidates|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bihar-election-2020-cpi-m-announces-4-candidates-full-list-654391|access-date=2020-11-10|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110231027/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-bihar-election-2020-cpi-m-announces-4-candidates-full-list-654391|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bibhutipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bibhutipur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ajay Kumar
|votes = 73,822
|percentage = 45.0
|change = +17.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Ram Balak Singh Kushwaha|Rambalak Singh]]
|votes = 33,326
|percentage = 20.31
|change = -19.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|candidate = Chandra Bali Thakur
|votes = 28,811
|percentage = 17.56
|change = -4.6
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=164,051|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing = +17.08
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ajay}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Wahabpora

2026-04-23T20:23:15Z

Ekyaschool:

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Distinguish|Garand Kallan}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wahabpora
| settlement_type = Village
| image_flag =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Wahabpora Map
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Budgam district|Budgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34.057|74.660|region:IN_type:village|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1610
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 14000
| population_footnotes = {{better|date=January 2021}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 191111
| official_name =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01951
| registration_plate = JK04
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 860[[female|♀]]/1000[[male|♂]] (2011)
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 90.91% (2011)
| website = {{URL|budgam.nic.in/}}
| footnotes = Wahabpora means village of providers
}}
'''Wahabpora''' is a [[village]] in [[Budgam district|district Budgam]] in [[India]]n administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. Situated on the banks of [[Aihaji River]] (Bada Ara/Gam kuel), Wahabpora is about {{convert|10|km|mi}} away from the district headquarters [[Budgam]] and {{convert|21|km|mi}} from [[Srinagar]], the summer capital of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The village Wahabpora consists of about six [[mohallah]]s— Peer Mohallah (Mosvey Abad), Taingapora, Watipora, Ganaiepora, New Colony and Chinar colony.{{cn|date=January 2021}} 
It is necessary to describe that Chinar colony was a part of Mosviabad and Al-Mehdi Chowk is the famous region of Chinar colony, the colony which is the central part of the village where five big [[Platanus orientalis|chinars]], about the age five hundred years old are present. The brother in law of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[King]] [[Jahangir]] and that time Governor of Kashmir Asif Khan had planted these five chinars. Chinar Garden of Wahabpora is also known as “Asif Ali Khan Bagh”. [[Gariend]] is the neighbouring village to Wahabpora. Famous plane crushing event occurred near this place is also known as ''Gariend-Wahabpora plane crashing event-2019''. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/6-iaf-men-1-civilian-die-in-chopper-crash-1466757-2019-02-28|title=6 IAF men, 1 civilian die in chopper crash|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="greaterkashmir">{{cite web|url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/news.aspx?story_id=314538&catid=2&mid=53&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|website=m.greaterkashmir.com|title=7 killed as IAF aircraft crashes in Budgam|access-date=2019-03-02|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044405/https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/news.aspx?story_id=314538&catid=2&mid=53&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
The area of the village is about {{cvt|6|km2}} which is the total area of the village captured by residential land, deep wet land (Nambal/daldal), Agricultural land and dry high land (Wuder) etc. It contains {{convert|600|ha|acres}} of total land. It has an average elevation of {{convert|1610|m|ft}}. This village consists of many sects of Islam like as [[Shias]], [[Sunnis]] and [[Noorbakshia Islam]] . Literacy rate of this village is 91.90%.{{better|date=October 2017}}

== Al-Mehdi Chowk ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
Al-Mehdi Chowk is the central part of Wahabpora. This area is named after 12th [[Shia]] [[Imam]] [[Imam Mahdi]]. This area consists of head offices of many organisations like as Almehdi Islamic Library, Raheislam Organisation, Ali Asgar a.s. Relief Trust, JK Bank Khidmat Centre, Mosvi Computers, Mosiviyat Enclave, [[Mosvey Abad]] and Matam-Sarai Asadshah Peermohlla. [[Mosvey Cemetery]] is also located in this region. This area playing an important role for economy and culture of the village. It is called the ''Business Hub of Wahabpora''. It is also the centre of [[Islam Naab]]. <ref>Pan Islamic Unity Booklet by Syed Zulfikar Ali</ref>

==Wahabpora==

===Meaning of Wahabpora===

The name ''Wahabpora'' is made of two words:
''Wahab'' and ''Pora'', ''Wahab'' is a name of [[Allah]] which means ''provider or one who gives'' and in common language ''Pora'' is used to indicate any region, village or town. So ''Wahabpora'' means ''region of providers which provides humanitarian services to all''.<ref>Arabic-Urdu Dictionary Page No. 220</ref><ref>Mosavi Dictionary of local words, Page No. 28-29</ref>{{better|date=January 2021}}

===Shrine of Aga Mir Mosavi===
In this village there is a shrine situated near the main bus stand. A renowned scholar and a'alim [[Aga Mir Syed Mohammad Baqir Mosavi]] is buried here. The shrine is surrounded with cemented wall and the colour of the shrine is dark green. Famous marsiya khani [[Astan Bandar]] is held here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.t.me/raheislamkmr|title=موسسئہ راہ اسلام Raheislam Organisation|website=Telegram}}</ref><ref>تاریخ کشمیر مطبوعہ راہ اسلام وہاب پورہ</ref>

== Schools ==
* Government Higher Secondary School, Wahabpora
* Government Primary Boys School, Wahabpora
* Government Primary Girls School, Wahabpora
* Imamia Public High School, Wahabpora
* Geo Professional School, Wahabpora
* Raheislam Educational Organisation, Wahabpora
* Tanzeemul Makatib A, B and C, Wahabpora

== Religious organisations ==
* Raheislam Organisation and Library
* Idarah Islamia Al-Mehdi a.s. and Library
* Ali Asgar a.s. Relief Trust and Blood Bank
* Hussaini a.s. Relief Committee
* Al-Asr a.s Relief Committee
* Markazi Waqk Committee
== Festivals ==
Many [[Majlis]] and festivals are celebrated here like as [[Nauroz]], [[Ashoora]], [[Sham-i-Ghareban]], [[Eid-ul-Fitr]], [[Eid-ul-Azha]], [[Eid-i-Ghadeer]], [[Shab-e-Meraj]] and [[Astan Bandar]] etc. Wahabpora is famous for the annual marsiya khani [[Astan Bandar]]. <ref>Pan Islamic Unity Booklet by Syed Zulfikar Ali</ref>

== Telecom services ==
This village is connected through the telecom services to the entire world. Airtel, Bsnl, Vodafone-Idea, and Reliance Jio are the main telecom service providers in this area. On 21 February 2018 Aircel stopped its services in the whole country. The local subscribers also affected in this village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/business/34-lakh-mobile-subscribers-in-lurch-is-aircel-going-tata-tele-way-in-jk/|title=34 lakh mobile subscribers in lurch: Is Aircel going Tata Tele way in J&K?|date=23 February 2018|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

==Transport==
Wahabpora is connected through roads via Budgam, Magam, Bemina, Srinagar and Beerwah.

===Railway===
The nearest railway station is at [[Budgam]] [[Budgam Railway Station]].

===Airport===
The nearest airport is [[Srinagar International Airport]].

==Stadium==
The Maidan Stadium is Wahabpora's biggest sports venue. It was modelled by cutting down at least 100 wallnut trees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2018/03/29/100-trees-cut-down-in-budgam-patrwari-suspended-one-arrested/|title=100 trees cut down in Budgam, Patrwari suspended, one arrested|date=29 March 2018|website=Kashmir Observer}}</ref>

==Profession data==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Number of Employees in Education Department || 130
|-
|Number of Employees in Health Department || 34
|-
|Number of Employees in Defence || 409
|-
|Number of Employees in Judiciary || 07
|-
|Number of Employees in Agriculture || 23
|-
|Number of Employees in other departments || 214
|-
|Number of farmers || 2,023
|-
|Number of private Employees || 250
|-
|Number of businessmen and shopkeers || 149
|-
|Number of person with other occupations || 561
|}

==Gallery==
[[File:Almehdilibrary.jpg|thumb|Idarah Islamia Al-Mehdi a.s. Library, Al-Mehdi a.s. Chowk, Wahabpora|left]]

[[File:Astan Wahabpora.jpg|thumb|Astan Aaliyah of Mir Aga Syed Mohammad Baqir Moosavi]]

{{bar box
|title=Religions|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]]|green|90}}
{{bar percent|[[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]|red|5}}
{{bar percent|[[Noorbakshia Islam|Noorbakh Shia]]|yellow|5}}
{{bar percent|Others|pink|0}}
|caption=Distribution of population on religion.
}}

{{bar box
|title=Demography|titlebar=#Fca116
|left1=
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Male]] ♂|green|55.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Female]] ♀|red|45.00}}
|caption=Male and female population
}}

{{bar box
|title=Land-Distribution|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Land
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Agricultural]]|red|50}}
{{bar percent|[[Residential]]|blue|30}}
{{bar percent|[[Pastures]]|pink|10}}
{{bar percent|[[Barren vegetation|Barren]]|orange|10}}
|caption=Distribution of land.
}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption =Wahabpora: mother-tongue of population.
|label1 = Kashmiri |value1 = 70.00 |color1 = Tomato
|label2 = Urdu |value2 = 20.00 |color2 = Yellow
|label3 = English |value3 = 06:00 |color3 = LightGreen
|label4 = other |value4 = 04:00 |color4 = Purple
}}

==External links==
* {{URL|budgam.nic.in|District Budgam - Official website}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]

Satyanarayan Pradhan

2026-04-23T06:00:06Z

Ekyaschool: Made A Pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Surama Padhy
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| term_end1 = 2024
| term_start1 = 2019
| predecessor2 = [[Rabinarayan Mohapatra]]
| image =
}}
'''Satyanarayan Pradhan''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Ranpur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranpur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Ranpur Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/ranpur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ranpur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ranpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916777.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Satyanarayan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Vishwanath Singh Patel

2026-04-22T02:34:49Z

Ekyaschool: Made Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| native_name = विश्वनाथ सिंह पटेल
| native_name_lang =
| constituency = [[Tendukheda Assembly constituency|Tendukheda]]
| district =
| office = [[16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly|Member of the 16th Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| name = Vishwanath Singh Patel
| birth_place = [[Narsinghpur]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|01|01}}<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite news |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=444 |title = Madhya Pradesh vidhan Sabha}}</ref>
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| image = Vishwanath Singh Patel (cropped).jpg
| predecessor = Sanjay Sharma
| profession = [[Agriculturist]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| children = 01
| spouse =
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University|Sagar University]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| nickname = Mulayam Bhaiya
| source = https://myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=444
}}

'''Vishwanath Singh Patel''' popularly known as '''Mulayam Bhaiya'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=Vishwanath singh mulam bhaiya madhya pradesh tendukheda candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP न्यूज़ |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/vishwanath-singh-mulam-bhaiya-madhya-pradesh-tendukheda-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|16th Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Tendukheda Assembly constituency]].

== Career ==
He commenced his professional journey as the mayor of the village. In 2009, he participated in a by-election for the Tendukheda Assembly constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Candidates in Tendukheda: Bye Election 10-09-2009 : Narsingpur Madhya Pradesh 2008 |url=https://myneta.info/2008mp/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=232 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> In [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]], he contested the election and lost by 8,643 votes against the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. He re-contested in [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly election]] and won by a margin of 12,347 votes, securing his position as an MLA from the Tendukheda Assembly Constituency.

Patel is the nephew of Late Shri Sujan Singh Patel who was a minister in the Government of Madhya Pradesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tendukheda Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Vishwanath Singh mulam Bhaiya wins Tendukheda with 83916 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tendukheda-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470489-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tendukheda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Tendukheda में Vishwanath Singh mulam Bhaiya ने 12347 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/tendukheda-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830264-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Vishwanath Singh}}
[[Category:Politicians from Narsinghpur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Omrao Khan

2026-04-21T12:00:28Z

Ekyaschool: created a biography v1 - done

{{short description| 18th-century Indian musician}}
'''Omrao Khan''' beenkar was a vina wizard of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.013.5066 |title = Umrāo Khan (b. ?, c. 1788) (Rudra Veeṇā) : The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India - oi}}</ref> He was a descendant of [[Naubat Khan]].

==Early life==
Omrao Khan beenkar was born in [[Agra]] to Naubat Khan II. He was the nephew of Nirmol Shah and first cousin of Pyar Khan, Jafar Khan and Basit Khan, of [[Awadh]]. He came to [[Banda (state)|Banda]] on the invitation of Nawab of Banda. Omrao Khan had two sons [[Ameer Khan Khandara|Ameer Khan beenkar]] and Rahim Khan. Ameer Khan was the father of legendary vina player [[Wazir Khan (Rampur)|Wazir Khan]].

==Career==
The court of Maharaja [[Udit Narayan Singh]] of [[Banaras]] was the home of one of the foremost bin playing lines of the time. Topmost among the musicians of banaras and first among all contemporary musicians named by Karam Imam is Omrao Khan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nPHTCS8vfUC&q=omrao+khan+beenkar+banaras&pg=PA125|title = Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries|isbn = 9788120814936|last1 = Miner|first1 = Allyn|date = April 2004| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref> Omrao Khan was the master of Nawab of Banda 'Hashmat Jung' or [[Ali Bahadur II]] who participated in the 1857 war of independence. Ali Naqi the prime minister of [[Awadh]] and Raja sahab Rewa also learnt music under his instruction.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine/page/120 120] | quote=umrao khan. |title = Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn = 9788120814936|last1 = Miner|first1 = Allyn|date = April 2004}}</ref>

==Surbahar==
Omrao Khan invented [[surbahar]] and taught it to his disciple Ghulam Mohammad at Banda.

==See also==
*[[Sadarang]]
*[[Wazir Khan (Rampur)]]
*[[Tansen]]
*[[Naubat Khan]]
*[[Kishangarh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:18th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian nobility]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Bisfi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:14Z

Ekyaschool: Stub...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bisfi
| type = SLA
| map_image = 35-Bisfi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = Asif Ahmed
|party = {{party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|35]]
| established = 1967
| electors = 328,813
| reservation = None
}}

'''Bisfi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Madhubani district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. As of 2020, [[Haribhushan Thakur]] of [[BJP]] is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 35 Bisfi Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Bisfi [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Satlakha, Rahika, Saurath, Najirpur, Jagatpur, Kakraul North, Kakraul South, Malangia, Basauli, Sapta, Ijra and Hasanpur [[gram panchayat]]s of Rahika, Madhubani, Bihar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madhubani.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title=Village & Panchayats | District Madhubani, Government of Bihar | India}}</ref> CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Bisfi Assembly constituency is part of No. 6 [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Bisfi Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/bisfi.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Raj Kumar Purbey
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Aziz Nuruddin
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Raj Kumar Purbey
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Shakeel Ahmed
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Ramchandra Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Shakeel Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Haribhushan Thakur]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Faiyaz Ahmad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Haribhushan Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Asif Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bisfi<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Asif Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:100771}}
|percentage = 48.62
|change = {{increase}}5.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Haribhushan Thakur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92664}}
|percentage = 44.71
|change = {{decrease}}3.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md Mohiuddin
|votes = {{formatnum:3772}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:3124}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sogarath Choupal
|votes = {{formatnum:2149}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1596}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{decrease}}0.87
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8107}}
|percentage = 3.91
|change = {{decrease}}1.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207250}}
|percentage = 63.03
|change = {{increase}}8.42
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bisfi<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Haribhushan Thakur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86787}}
|percentage = 48.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Faiyaz Ahmad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76505}}
|percentage = 42.7
|change = -1.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maheshwar Prasad Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2416}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change = -0.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Kumar Mukhiya
|votes = {{formatnum:2176}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2935}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change = +0.6
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10282}}
|percentage = 5.73
|change = -16.35
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179189}}
|percentage = 54.61
|change = +1.92
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===

In the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015|Bihar legislative assembly election, 2015]], Dr. [[Faiyaz Ahmad]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] defeated Manoj Kumar Yadav Bhojpandaul of [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party|RLSP]] by a margin of 35,325 votes & became 2nd Term MLA. In [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|November 2010 state assembly elections]], Dr. [[Faiyaz Ahmad]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] defeated his nearest rival Hari Bhusan Thakur of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. Hari Bhusan Thakur, contesting as an Independent, defeated Md. Ahmar Hussain of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Dr. Shakil Ahmad of Congress defeated Abdul Hai of RJD in 2000. Ram Chandra Yadav of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] defeated Dr. Shakil Ahmad of Congress in 1995. Dr. Shakeel Ahmed of Congress defeated Ram Chandra Yadav of CPI in 1990 and Raj Kumar Purbe of CPI in 1985. Raj Kumar Purbe of CPI defeated Aziz Nooruddin of Congress in 1980 and Siazul Islam of [[Janata Party|JP]] in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |title=Bisfi election results from 1977 |url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/bisfi.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027055504/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/bisfi.php |archive-date=27 October 2010 |access-date=2011-01-10 |publisher=Travel India Guide}}</ref><ref name="election1977-1">{{cite web |title=74 - Bisfi Assembly Constituency |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp74.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316072936/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp74.htm |archive-date=2012-03-16 |access-date=2011-01-10 |work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> Muslim voters are largest (30%) in Bisfi vidhansabha. Dalit, Brahmin, Ahir, Bhumihar, voters also play vital role in elections.

{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bisfi<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Faiyaz Ahmad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:70975}}
|percentage = 44.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:35650}}
|percentage = 22.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Haribhushan Thakur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:25796}}
|percentage = 16.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:9309}}
|percentage = 5.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maheshwar Prasad Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3389}}
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prem Shanker Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:2701}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chameli Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2271}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anil Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1754}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1670}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35325}}
|percentage = 22.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159971}}
|percentage = 52.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}{{coord|26|19|20|N|85|52|33|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Hindupur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:28Z

Ekyaschool: adding first entry more to come!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hindupur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (157-Hindupur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Hindupur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by = '''P. Abdul Ghani''' {{Small|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
| constituency_no = 157
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = 208,327
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
}}

'''Hindupur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate=12 February 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516071904/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency]].

{{Pie chart|value1=39|value2=61|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (7 Times)]]|label2=[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP '''(11 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Hindupur Assembly Constituency}}

[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 208,327 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404171543/http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Hindupur mandal|Hindupur]]
|-
| Lepakshi
|-
| Chilamathur
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Hindupuram Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q24948760,Q60213289,Q60213324"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2 |Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Sivasankara Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Kallur Subbarao
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| K. Ramakrishna Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 1965^
| Kallur Subbarao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| A. Katnagante
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| G. Somasekhar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[K. Thippeswamy]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Pamishetty Ranganayakulu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=11}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |[[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| 1996^
| [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| C. C. Venkataramudu
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Pamisetty Ranganayakulu
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| P. Abdul Ghani
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hindupur<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Hindupur">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Hindupur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01157.htm |accessdate=12 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612175333/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01157.htm |archivedate=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=election2024>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01157.htm/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2024 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 5 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]|votes=1,07,250|percentage=54.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Tippegowda Narayan Deepika|votes=74,653|percentage=38.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mohammad Hussain Inayathulla|votes=8,958|percentage=4.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|party=[[Independent (politician)|IND]]|candidate=Paripoornananda Swami|votes=1,512|percentage=0.77|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=32,597|percentage=16.63|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,95,961|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hindupur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320142645/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Nandamuri Balakrishna ]]|votes=90,704|percentage=51.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Shaik Mohammed Iqbal|votes=72,676|percentage=41.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Aakula Umesh|votes=7,305|percentage=2.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,290|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,028|percentage=9.55|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,78,167|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hindupur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917121943/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|votes = 81,543
|percentage = 51.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = B. Naveen Nischal
|votes = 65,347
|percentage = 40.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = M. H. Enayathulla
|votes = 8,435
|percentage = 5.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Mohammad Ilias
|votes = 957
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 785
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,196
|percentage = 10.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,506
|percentage = 76.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hindupur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925220933/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = P. Abdul Ghani
|votes = 45,506
|percentage = 31.69
|change = -18.97
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = B. Naveen Nischal
|votes = 36,742
|percentage = 25.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A. Lakshmi Narayana
|votes = 30,769
|percentage = 21.42
|change = -23.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Palla Lakshmi Narayana
|votes = 18,713
|percentage = 13.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,746
|percentage = 6.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 143,664
|percentage = 69.63
|change = -1.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hindupur<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027071229/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = P. Ranganayakulu
|votes = 68,108
|percentage = 50.65
|change = -14.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = B. Naveen Nischal
|votes = 60,745
|percentage = 45.18
|change = +11.46
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,363
|percentage = 5.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 134,458
|percentage = 71.28
|change = +2.65
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Naveen Nischal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Hindupur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sivasankara Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,868 |percentage=34.09 |change=34.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sreenivasa Reddy |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=12,686 |percentage=31.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=Venkataseshiah |party=[[Independent politician|IND]] |votes=12,123 |percentage=29.80 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=Seshagiri Rao |party=[[Independent politician|IND]] |votes=1,135 |percentage=2.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkataswamy |party= |votes=872 |percentage=2.14 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,182 |percentage=2.91 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,684 |percentage=56.03 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,606 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|13.82|77.50|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Sri Sathya Sai district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sri Sathya Sai district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Maa Mahamaya Airport

2026-04-12T16:34:32Z

Ekyaschool: new new stub w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Domestic airport in Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Maa Mahamaya Airport
| image = Airport Front side.jpg
| IATA = AHA
| ICAO = VEAP
| type = Public
| owner = [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]]
| location = Darima, Ambikapur, [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 1930
| elevation-m = 588
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|59|14.1|N|83|11|46.1|E|type:airport_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/node/71997 Ambikapur Airport]
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Chhattisgarh
| pushpin_label = '''AHA'''
| pushpin_label_position = right
| r1-number = 16/34
| r1-length-f = 6,299
| r1-length-m = 1,920
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 922 {{increase}}
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 161 {{increase}}
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = -
}}

'''Maa Mahamaya Airport''' {{Airport codes|AHA|VEAP}}, also known as '''Ambikapur Airport''' and '''Darima Airport''', is a [[domestic airport]] serving the city of [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]] in [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Unserved Airports|url=http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/DETAILS-OF-UNSERVED-AIRPORTS-AIRSTRIPS.pdf|access-date=9 August 2017|website=[[Airports Authority of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234610/http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/DETAILS-OF-UNSERVED-AIRPORTS-AIRSTRIPS.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located at Darima, {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the city centre. It also serves the surrounding northern part of the state consisting of nearby towns like [[Surajpur, Chhattisgarh|Surajpur]], [[Baikunthpur, Koriya|Baikunthpur]], [[Bhatgaon, Surajpur|Bhatgaon]], [[Mainpat]], [[Sitapur]], [[Bishrampur, Chhattisgarh|Bishrampur]], [[Balrampur]] and [[Ramanujganj]]. In the coming years, as the airport will develop, it will connect major cities like [[Jabalpur]], [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Prayagraj]] with more airlines and bigger aircraft, resulting in enhanced development and employment opportunities to locals and the overall state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-10-20 |title=PM Modi Virtually Inaugurates Airport In Surguja; Common Man Can Now Board Flight in Slippers, Says CM Sai |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/inauguration-of-ambikapur-airport-pm-modi-gave-gift-of-air-service-to-surguja-enn24102003925 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> Presently there are no operational flights from Ambikapur Airport

== History ==
The airstrip in Darima area near Ambikapur was constructed in 1950. Then Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi visited the airstrip in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh: Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel visits Mahamaya Airport runway to inspect finished work |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chhattisgarh-chief-minister-bhupesh-baghel-visits-mahamaya-airport-runway-to-inspect-finished-work/cid/1935033 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The airstrip was used for small aircraft and helicopters primarily for VIP visits.

The name of airport was changed from Darima Airport to "Maa Mahamaya Airport, Ambikapur" on 30 March 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-03 |title=दरिमा एयरपोर्ट का बदल गया नाम, अब इस नाम से जाना जाएगा {{!}} Airport: Now Darima Airport will be known by Maa Mahamaya airport |url=https://www.patrika.com/ambikapur-news/airport-now-darima-airport-will-be-known-by-maa-mahamaya-airport-6778503/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> In the name of Maa Mahamaya (Ambika Devi), the goddess of Ambikapur city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambikapur Mahamaya Temple - History, Timings, Accommodations, Puja |url=https://www.rvatemples.com/listings/ambikapur-mahamaya-temple/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=RVA Temples |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Upgrade ==
The airstrip upgrade work was finished in May 2023 at a cost of Rs. 48 crore from category 2C to 3C,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh: Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel visits Mahamaya Airport runway to inspect finished work |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chhattisgarh-chief-minister-bhupesh-baghel-visits-mahamaya-airport-runway-to-inspect-finished-work/cid/1935033 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> to enable operations of 70-72 seater aircraft under UDAN Scheme. Making this the Fourth Public Serving Airport in Chhattisgarh after Raipur, Jagdalpur and Bilaspur.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chhattisgarh to get second airport at Raigarh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/Chhattisgarh-to-get-second-airport-at-Raigarh/articleshow/19824286.cms|access-date=9 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date= 1 May 2013}}</ref><gallery mode="nolines">
File:15 06 2023-darima airport2.jpg|Ambikapur Airport
File:Airport Entry.jpg|Airport entry
File:Airport Runway side.jpg|Rear view
File:Parking and Landscape.jpg|Parking and landscaping
File:Runway view.png|Runway view
</gallery>

== Airlines and destinations ==
{{Airport destination list|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]|[[Delhi Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh CM inaugurates Ambikapur–New Delhi flight; Kolkata service from April 2 |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/chhattisgarh-cm-inaugurates-ambikapur-new-delhi-flight-kolkata-service-from-april-2/ |website=DD News |publisher=Prasar Bharati |date=30 March 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> [[Kolkata Airport|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh CM inaugurates Ambikapur–New Delhi flight; Kolkata service from April 2 |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/chhattisgarh-cm-inaugurates-ambikapur-new-delhi-flight-kolkata-service-from-april-2/ |website=DD News |publisher=Prasar Bharati |date=30 March 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref>
|
[[FlyBig]]|[[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Mahamaya Airport |url=https://flyteam.jp/en/airport/maa-mahamaya-airport/airline_route |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=flyteam.jp}}</ref> [[Bilasa Devi Kevat Airport|Bilaspur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Mahamaya Airport |url=https://flyteam.jp/en/airport/maa-mahamaya-airport/airline_route |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=flyteam.jp}}</ref>}}

==Operational status==
Upgrades of the airport were completed in May 2023. The first test flight landed on 4 May 2023 by the Aviation authority. After approval of DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation), flights to Delhi, Varanasi, and Raipur are proposed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh: Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel visits Mahamaya Airport runway to inspect finished work |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chhattisgarh-chief-minister-bhupesh-baghel-visits-mahamaya-airport-runway-to-inspect-finished-work/cid/1935033 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

DGCA team inspected Ambikapur Airport on 15/05/2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ambikapur के Darima Airport पहुंची DGCA की टीम {{!}} रनवे, टर्मिनल और निर्माणकार्यों का ले रहे जायजा | date=15 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfRzVLFbimg |access-date= May 31, 2023|language=en}}</ref> The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) has issued the aerodrome license for Ambikapur airport in Chhattisgarh's Surguja district on 15/03/2024 to start flight operations<ref>{{cite news |title=DGCA licenses Ambikapur airport, opens gateway for air travel in northern Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/dgca-licenses-ambikapur-airport-opens-gateway-for-air-travel-in-northern-chhattisgarh/cid/2007287 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=29 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316173801/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/dgca-licenses-ambikapur-airport-opens-gateway-for-air-travel-in-northern-chhattisgarh/cid/2007287 |archive-date=16 March 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] virtually inaugurated the airport on October 20, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=PM Modi: पीएम मोदी 20 अक्टूबर को करेंगे मां महामाया एयरपोर्ट का वर्चुअल उद्घाटन, यहां तैयारी शुरु {{!}} PM Modi will virtually inaugurate Ambikapur Airport on 20 October |url=https://www.patrika.com/ambikapur-news/pm-modi-will-virtually-inaugurate-ambikapur-airport-on-20-october-19067753 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Airports in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Airports in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Sizdah Be-dar

2026-04-12T05:43:12Z

Ekyaschool: Made New Article

{{short description|Iranian holiday}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Sizdah Bedar
|type =
|longtype =
|image = Persians in Holland Celebrating Sizdah Bedar, April 2011 - Photo by Persian Dutch Network-PDN.jpg
|caption = [[Iranians in the Netherlands]] celebrating Sizdah Bedar, April 2011
|observedby = {{flag|Islamic Republic of Iran|name=Iran}} [[Iranian diaspora]]
|ends =
|date = Thirteen days after [[Nowruz]]
| date2025 = 2 April
| date2026 = 2 April
| date2027 = 2 April



|celebrations = [[Picnic]]king outdoors
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = Annual
|relatedto = [[Nowruz]], [[Charshanbe Suri]]
|significance =
}}
'''Sizdah Bedar''' ({{langx|fa|سیزده‌بدر|sīzdæh bedar|lit=thirteen outdoor}}<ref name="Iranica"/><ref name="The Persian Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Mosaheb|editor-first=Gholamhossein |editor-link= Gholamhossein Mosaheb|encyclopedia=[[The Persian Encyclopedia]]|title=سیزده‌بدر|trans-title=Sizde be.dar|language=Persian|edition=2nd|year=2002|orig-year=1966|publisher=[[Amirkabir (publisher)|Amirkabir]]|location=Tehran|isbn=964303044X|page=1404|volume=1}}</ref>), also known as '''Nature Day''' ({{lang|fa|روز طبیعت|rtl=yes}}, {{Transliteration|fa|rūz-e tabī'at}}),{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} is an annual Iranian festival held thirteen days after [[Nowruz]], which is on the thirteenth day of [[Farvardin]], the first month of the [[Solar Hijri calendar|Iranian calendar]] (and the first month of spring), during which people spend time [[picnic]]king outdoors.<ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Shahbazi|first=A. Shapur|title=NOWRUZ ii. In the Islamic Period|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nowruz-ii|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|accessdate=January 8, 2012}}</ref> It marks the end of the Nowruz holidays in Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mypersiankitchen.com/sizdeh-bedar-13th-day-of-norouz/
|title=Iranians mark Sizdah Bedar in nature|work=mypersiankitchen|date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> While it is celebrated thirteen days after Nowruz in Iran, it is generally celebrated on a weekend day near the thirteenth day by the [[Iranian diaspora]].<ref>https://iranianhotline.com/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=10274</ref>

== History ==
Generally, among Iranian festivals, "Sizdah Bedar" is a bit vague in terms of historical roots. There is no direct mention of such a celebration in history books prior to [[Qajar]] era. But in ancient sources, such as Shahnameh, there is a reference to "the thirteenth day of Farvardin". The popular belief is that ancient Iranians celebrated the 13th day of Nowruz after twelve days of celebrating, each day represents a month of the year. It was an official ending to Nowruz and a beginning to the remaining twelve months of the year.

=== Zoroastrian background ===

In ancient times, there was a name for each day of the month. For example, the first day of each month was called "Ormazd Rooz", and the thirteenth day of each month was called "Tir Rooz" and belonged to "Izad Tir" (the angel of Tir). The word "Rooz" means "day" in [[Persian language|Persian]]. The word "Tir" is called "Tishtariah" in the [[Avestan]] language. It is the same as the name of Tishter, the angel of rain. So, we can say that Tir was a symbol of divine kindness among ancient Iranians because rain is symbolically equal to god's kindness and generosity in [[Culture of Iran|Persian culture]]. Nature Day is the ancient Persian tradition of celebrating the occasion of the god of rain's victory over the drought-inducing demon. Celebrating this day was customary even before the emergence of [[Asha|Asho Zoroastrianism]] (1800 BC).

As stated in the book ''From Nowruz to Nowruz'' by Mr. Kourosh Niknam (MP for Zoroastrianism), pp. 41 and 42, "the thirteenth day of Farvardin is called Tir or Teshtar." In Avesta, "Teshtar" is the angel of rain. Before Asho Zoroaster, for the rain angel to overcome the drought demon, people believed that they should ask this angel on this particular day for rain. In ancient Iran, after celebrating the 13th day of Nowruz, which was the beginning of an agricultural semi-year, Iranians went to their fields and farms or plains and deserts and the banks of rivers to request rain. They would rejoice and dance and happily asked for rain.

== Etymology ==
According to some Iranians’ belief the number thirteen is ominous. Sizdah Bedar, therefore, means "getting rid of the ominous of the day thirteen". Going on a picnic in the heart of nature and natural places is one way to do so. According to the [[Dehkhoda Dictionary]], "dar" means "valley and plain" and "be" means "towards". Thus "Sizdah Bedar" means "towards the valley on the thirteenth day".

== Observances ==
Sizdah Be-dar is celebrated on the thirteenth day<ref>https://theotheriran.com/2016/04/03/photos-sizdah-bedar-nature-day-in-iran/ Sizdah Be-dar, literally “thirteenth in outdoors”, is an Iranian festival, and part of the Nowruz celebration rituals, held annually on the thirteenth day of the first month of the Iranian calendar (Farvardin).</ref> of [[Nowruz]], the Iranian New Year. It is celebrated by going outside to be in nature and spend the day outdoors.

=== Releasing sprouted greens back into nature ===
[[File:Sabzeh for norouz.jpg|thumb|Greenery (''Sabze'') for [[Haft-Seen]]]]
[[File:Kooteh Food 1.jpg|thumb|225px|Special lunch 13 Be-dar]]
A custom performed at the end of the picnic is to throw the sprouted greens ({{lang|fa|سبزه}} – {{Transliteration|fa|Sabze}}) that were part of the traditional [[Haft-Seen]] Nowruz display into moving water.

=== Knotting the greens ===
Knotting the stems of the greens (سبزه گره زدن – ''sabzeh gereh zadan'') before tossing them into the water is a customary ritual for young single people, especially for young women. This commonly indicates a wish to find a partner or a husband, or a wish for anything.

=== Lie of the Thirteen ===
''Lie of the Thirteenth'' (دروغ سیزده – ''dorūgh-e sīzdah''), which is similar to [[April Fools' Day]], is observed on the first or second day of April in Iran, on the day of Sizdah Bedar. Pranks have reportedly been played on this holiday since 536 BCE in the [[Achaemenid Empire]].<ref>[https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/04/01/april-fools-day-traditions-around-the-world/ April Fools’ Day in Iran]</ref><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/12195948/April-Fools-Day-why-do-we-play-pranks-on-this-day.html ''April Fools' Day 2016: how did the tradition originate and what are the best pranks?'']. Emily Allen and Juliet Eysenck. March 17, 2016.</ref>

== Food of Sizdah Bedar ==

=== Sekanjabin and lettuce ===
[[Sekanjabin]] is a very old Iranian drink. The Persians make it with vinegar, honey, and sometimes mint. It is very popular in summer, but it is also an inseparable part of Sizdah Bedar. Iranians eat lettuce with Sekanjabin. This act is symbolically a promise to stay healthy during the New Year.<ref>[[:fa:سکنجبین]]</ref>

=== Ash-e Doogh ===
[[Ash-e doogh]], ([[Persian language|Persian]]: آش دوغ), also known as "[[yogurt soup]]", originates from the [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Azeri]] region of northwest Iran and is one of the traditional soups of [[Ardabil]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sabziblog.com/ash-e-mast-persian-yogurt-soup-with-meatballs/|title = Ash-e Mast (Persian Yogurt Soup with Meatballs)|website = Sabzi|access-date = March 26, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160320182722/http://www.sabziblog.com/ash-e-mast-persian-yogurt-soup-with-meatballs/|archive-date = March 20, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a common dish found in many regions and cultures within West Asia, including Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey.

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Sizdah Be-dar}}
{{Portal|Holidays}}
* [[Nowruz]]
* [[Iranian festivals]]
* [[Public holidays in Iran]]

== References ==
<references/>
* [http://msnselectedarticles.blogspot.ca/2013/03/outdoor-moments-of-sizdah-bedar.html Outdoor Moments of Sizdah Bedar: A Reference Article by M. Saadat Noury]

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjfWMIaOvIM ''Sizdah-Bedar in Delft'' (Netherlands)] on YouTube (Video)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSv1RfG1zfo ''Animation about Sizdah-Bedar''] on YouTube (Video)
{{Nowruz}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sizdah Be-Dar}}
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Nowruz]]
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar]]
[[Category:Spring (season) in Iran]]

Pretakshi Devi

2026-04-07T10:59:20Z

Ekyaschool: created some biography with sources - done

{{Orphan|date=April 2026}}{{Short description|Yogini among the 64 Yoginis in Tantric Hinduism}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Pretakshi (Pretākṣī)
| deity_of = Spirits
| member_of = The sixty-four Yoginīs
| venerated_in = Tantric traditions
| associate = Kṣetrapāla (as subordinate)
| affiliation = [[Mahadevi]], [[Shakti]]
| gender = Female
| region = Regional Indian traditions
| temples = Chausath Yogini Temples
}}
'''Pretākṣī''' (lang-sa|प्रेताक्षी, {{IAST|Pretākṣī}}) is one of the sixty-four [[Yogini]]s in the [[Shaktism|Shakta]]-Tantric tradition of Hinduism. The name is a compound of ''preta'' ("departed spirit" or "ghost") and ''akṣī'' ("eye"), commonly interpreted as "She whose eyes are on the spirits" or "She who oversees the departed".<ref name="WisdomPretakshi">{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pretakshi |title=Pretakshi |publisher=Wisdom Library |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref> She belongs to the circle of fierce, esoteric goddesses associated with cremation grounds, protection from malevolent spirits, and the acquisition of supernatural powers.<ref name="WisdomPretakshi"/>

== Scriptural and textual mentions ==
Pretākṣī appears primarily in lists of the Catuḥṣaṣṭi Yoginī (sixty-four Yoginis) found in Tantric texts and some Jain manuscripts. She is enumerated as the fifth Yogini in the ''Chausatha Yogini Namavali''.<ref name="WisdomDeviTantra">{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/devi-tantra-mantra-yantra-study/d/doc1474199.html |title=Chausatha Yogini Namavali |publisher=Wisdom Library |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref> In [[Jain]] sources she is described as a subordinate attendant of the guardian deity Kṣetrapāla.<ref name="WisdomPretakshi"/> No detailed narrative or independent chapter about her exists in the major [[Puranas]]; her presence is confined to specialised Yogini lists and Tantric compendia.<ref name="OxfordYoginis">{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/abstract/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0233.xml |title=Yoginīs in South Asian Goddess Traditions |publisher=Oxford Bibliographies |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref><ref name="Academia64Yoginis">{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/36586087 |title=The 64 Yoginis |author=White, David Gordon |year=2017 |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
Detailed canonical iconography for Pretākṣī alone is not widely recorded. As one of the sixty-four Yoginis, she is typically depicted in the open-air circular temples (e.g., [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Hirapur]] or [[Bhedaghat]]) with a distinctive posture, mount (''vāhana''), and set of emblems. Given her name's association with ''preta'', scholars suggest her imagery may include cremation-ground attributes such as a skull cup (''kapāla''), severed head, or fierce expression, similar to other Yoginis linked to the śmaśāna (cremation ground).<ref name="JOACS2025">{{cite journal |title=Sixty-four Yoginis of Hirapur |journal=Journal of Indian Art and Culture Studies |year=2025 |url=https://journals.lww.com/joacs/fulltext/2025/01000/sixty_four_yogini_s_of_hirapur.2.aspx |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref><ref name="AcademiaBheraghat">{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/90978429 |title=Yoginīs of Bheraghat: A Study of Mythology, Iconography and Symbolism |year=2022 |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

== Associated shrines ==
Pretākṣī has no known independent major temple. She is represented as one of the sixty-four sculpted Yoginis in the surviving Chausath Yogini temples of central and eastern India (notably Hirapur in Odisha, [[Bhedaghat]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], and the ruined temples at Khajuraho and Ranipur-Jharial).<ref name="JOACS2025"/>

== Relation to other deities ==
Pretākṣī is regarded as a manifestation of the supreme [[Shakti]] and belongs to the broader circle of fierce goddesses such as [[Kali]] and the [[Matrikas]]. Her connection with spirits places her functionally alongside Yoginis and deities who govern the dead and protect against ghostly affliction.<ref name="TaylorFrancisYoginiShaman">{{cite book |chapter=Yoginī-Shaman |editor=Keul, István |title=Yoginī in South Asia: Interdisciplinary Approaches |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203361924-3 |doi-broken-date=7 April 2026 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203361924-3/yogin%C4%AB-shaman-hatley |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

== Folk and regional traditions ==
The Yogini tradition itself is widely understood as a Sanskritised incorporation of powerful local and tribal female spirits. Pretākṣī's name strongly suggests an original folk role as a protector against ghosts and malevolent spirits, a function still attributed to many village guardian goddesses (''grāmadevatā'') across India.<ref name="TaylorFrancisIntro">{{cite book |chapter=Introduction |editor=Keul, István |title=Yoginī in South Asia |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203361924-1 |doi-broken-date=7 April 2026 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203361924-1/introduction-istv%C3%A1n-keul |access-date=2025-11-25}}</ref>

== Academic views ==
Scholars view the sixty-four Yoginis, including Pretākṣī, as evidence of the medieval Tantric assimilation of regional shamanic and folk goddesses into the Brahmanical-Shakta pantheon. Her specific association with ''preta'' underscores the Tantric interest in cremation-ground practices and the control of spirits for the attainment of supernatural powers (''siddhi'').<ref name="TaylorFrancisYoginiShaman"/><ref name="OxfordYoginis"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]

Timeline of the insurgency in Punjab, India

2026-04-03T16:32:36Z

Ekyaschool: Made Info

{{short description|none}} 
{{see also|List of terrorist incidents in Punjab, India}}
{{See also|List of actions attributed to KCF}}The following timeline documents the [[insurgency in Punjab, India]]:
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2024}}

{{Incomplete list|date=May 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
|+ '''Punjab insurgency chronology outline'''
|-
! Date || Event || Source
|-
|March 1972
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] loses the [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972 Punjab elections]] to the [[Indian National Congress]].
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Devinder |title=Akali Politics in Punjab, 1964-1985 |publisher=National Book Organisation |year=1993 |isbn=9788185135700 |pages=87–89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=J. C. |title=Elections in India, 1952-96: Constituency Profiles, Results and Analysis Focussing Poll 1996 |last2=Chowdhry |first2=N. K. |publisher=Shipra Publications |year=1996 |isbn=9788185402826 |pages=163–164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhamb |first=Chaman Lal |title=Chief Ministers of Punjab, Since Independence |publisher=Arun Publishing House |year=2003 |isbn=9788180480089 |pages=127}}</ref>
|-
|16–17 October 1973
|Akalis demand [[Sikhs|Sikh]] rights in the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]].
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranjan |first=Amit |title=Federalism and Inter-State River Water Disputes in India |date=Jul 5, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000887280 |chapter=Nature of Federal System in Independent India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurharpal |title=Sikh Nationalism |last2=Shani |first2=Giorgio |date=Nov 25, 2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781009213448 |chapter=Appendix: Anandpur Sahib Resolution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |title=What’s Happening to India?: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test for Federalism |date=Jul 27, 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349234103 |pages=126–129 |chapter=Resolutions from Anandpur Sahib}}</ref>
|-
|13 April 1978
|The [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clash]] was a violent confrontation in Amritsar where traditional Sikhs protested against a [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankari]] convention, resulting in 16 deaths and escalating tensions that contributed to unrest. || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Amritsar grenade attack: 40 years ago, clash between Nirankaris, Sikh radicals pushed Punjab into dark days of terror |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amritsar-grenade-attack-40-years-ago-clash-between-nirankaris-sikh-radicals-pushed-punjab-into-dark-days-of-terror-5452821/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|25 April 1980||[[Gurbachan Singh]] of Sant Nirankari sect shot dead.||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirankari head Baba Gurbachan Singh shot dead |date=28 January 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800515-nirankari-head-baba-gurbachan-singh-shot-dead-806668-2014-01-28}}</ref>
|-
| 2 June 1980||Akalis lose the [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980 Punjab elections]]. ||<ref>Mrs. Gandhi's Party Wins Easily In 8 of 9 States Holding Elections, ''The New York Times'', 3 June 1980 [https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/03/archives/mrs-gandhis-party-wins-easily-in-8-of-9-states-holding-elections.html?sq=akali++1980&scp=1]
</ref>
|-
|16 Aug 1981||Sikhs in [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] meet foreign correspondents||<ref>IN INDIA, SIKHS RAISE A CRY FOR INDEPENDENT NATION, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, ''THE NEW YORK TIMES'', 16 August 1981</ref>
|-
|9 Sep 1981||[[Lala Jagat Narain]], Editor of [[Hind Samachar]] is murdered.||<ref>GUNMEN SHOOT OFFICIAL IN A TROUBLED INDIAN STATE, THE NEW YORK TIMES,
18 October 1981</ref>
|-
|29 Sep 1981||[[Dal Khalsa (organization)|Dal Khalsa]] militants hijack [[Indian Airlines Flight 423]] flying from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi-Palam Airport]] to [[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport|Amritsar-Raja Sansi Airport]] and divert it to [[Allama Iqbal International Airport|Lahore Airport]] in [[Pakistan]]. They demand the release of separatist leader [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and a sum of $500,000 in cash. The hijacking ends with Pakistani [[Special Service Group|SSG]] forces rescuing all the passengers.||<ref>Sikh Separatists murdered on Indian Jetliner to Pakistan, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, ''The New York Times'' 30 September 1981</ref>
|-
| 19 November 1981 ||Police Inspector Pritam Singh Bajwa and Constable Surat Singh of Jalandhar were gunned down in [[Daheru]] village in [[Ludhiana district]]. The terrorists, who were hiding in the house of Amarjit Singh Nihang, all managed to escape. This act gained [[Babbar Khalsa]] and its chief [[Talwinder Singh Parmar]] notoriety. Named in the [[first information report]] were Wadhawa Singh (current Babbar Khalsa chief), [[Talwinder Singh Parmar]], Amarjit Singh Nihang, Amarjit Singh (Head Constable), Sewa Singh (Head Constable) and Gurnam Singh (Head Constable).||<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010521/punjab1.htm |website=www.tribuneindia.com |access-date=19 July 2018 |date=20 May 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043524/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010521/punjab1.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

|-
| 11 Feb 1982||[[Jagjit Singh Chauhan]], founder of the [[Council of Khalistan]], is granted entry in to the [[United States]].|| <ref>Two Visa Disputes Annoy and Intrigue India, MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, ''The New York Times'', 11 February 1982</ref>
|-
|11 Apr 1982||US based Sikh activist Ganga Singh Dhillon barred From India||<ref>Sikh Separatist Is Barred From Visiting India, ''The New York Times'', 11 April 1982</ref>
|-
| July 1982|| Protesting Sikhs storm the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in [[New Delhi]] due to inaction of authorities regarding the deaths of 34 Sikhs in police custody. ||<ref name="select.nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40A14FA3C5F0C718DDDA90994DA484D81&scp=1&sq=ANGRY+SIKHS+STORM+INDIA%27S+ASSEMBLY+BUILDING|title=ANGRY SIKHS STORM INDIA'S ASSEMBLY BUILDING, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, THE NEW YORK TIMES, 12 October 1982|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 4 Aug 1982||Akalis demand autonomy and additional regions for Punjab ||<ref>The Sikh Diaspora: The Search for Statehood By Darshan Singh Tatla</ref>
|-
| 11 Oct 1982||Sikhs stage protests at the Indian Parliament, members of the Pro-Autonomy Faction, belonging to the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] attack with swords the building, killing four people, five wounded, and at least 60 policemen were said to be injured. The attack is in response of the deaths of 34 Sikhs in police custody in Punjab last month.||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/12/world/4-die-many-hurt-as-angry-sikhs-storm-india-s-assembly-building.html|title=4 DIE, MANY HURT, AS ANGRY SIKHS STORM INDIA'S ASSEMBLY BUILDING|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2023-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198210000012|title=GTD ID:198210000012|work=Global Terrorism Database|accessdate=2023-09-24}}</ref>
|-
| Nov 1982||[[Harchand Singh Longowal]], President of the Akali Dal, threatens to disrupt the [[Asian Games]]||<ref>Sikhs Raise the Ante at A Perilous Cost to India, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, ''The New York Times'', 7 November 1982</ref>
|-
| 27 Feb 1983||Sikhs permitted to carry daggers in domestic flights||<ref>Concessions Granted to Sikhs By Mrs. Gandhi's Government, ''The New York Times'', 28 February 1983</ref>
|-
| 23 April 1983||Punjab Police [[Deputy Inspector General]] [[A. S. Atwal]] was shot dead as he left
the Golden Temple compound by a lone unknown gunman||
|-
|3 May 1983||[[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], talks of violence being perpetuated against Sikhs and for India to understand||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F6071FF73E5C0C708CDDAC0894DB484D81&scp=8&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt SIKH HOLY LEADER TALKS OF VIOLENCE, WILLIAM K. STEVENSS, ''The New York Times'', 3 May 1983]</ref>
|-
|18 June 1983||A detective Inspector from Punjab police killed by Sikh militants||<ref name="JeffreySpringer" />
|-
|14 July 1983||Four policemen killed by Sikh militants in physical confrontation||<ref name="JeffreySpringer" />
|-
|21 September 1983||Senior superintendent of Police wounded and his guard killed by Sikh militants||<ref name="JeffreySpringer" />
|-
|29 September 1983||5 Police constables killed by Sikh militants ||<ref name="JeffreySpringer" />

|-
|5 Oct 1983||6 Hindu passengers killed in [[1983 Dhilwan bus massacre]]. ||<ref name="ReferenceA">INDIAN GOVERNMENT TAKES OVER A STATE SWEPT BY RELIGIOUS STRIFE, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, 7 October 1983</ref><ref name="JeffreySpringer">{{cite book |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |title=What's Happening to India?: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test for Federalism |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349234103 |page=167 |edition=2, Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQO_DAAAQBAJ&q=6+hindu+bus+passengers+killed&pg=PA167 |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|6 Oct 1983||President's rule imposed in Punjab||<ref name="JeffreySpringer" />

|-
|14 Oct 1983|| 2 people killed in a bombing at a Hindu festival in [[Chandigarh]]||<ref name="NYT16Oct1983">WILLIAM K. STEVENS, ''The New York Times'', {{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/16/world/mrs-gandhi-says-terrorism-will-end.html?ref=terrorism
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502160420/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/16/world/mrs-gandhi-says-terrorism-will-end.html?ref=terrorism
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=2 May 2019
|title=Mrs. Gandhi Says Terrorism Will Fail
|date=16 October 1983 }}</ref>
|-
| Oct 1983|| Hindu pulled off a train and bus and killed||<ref>11 PEOPLE KILLED IN PUNJAB UNREST, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, ''The New York Times'', 23 February 1984</ref>
|-
| mid-Oct 1983||
* Two people injured in a bomb blast on the outskirts of Chandigarh.
* Two people were killed and more than 30 injured when grenades exploded in two theaters in Delhi.
* 2 people were injured when a grenade went off in the [[New Delhi railway station]].
||<ref name="NYT16Oct1983" />
|-
|21 Oct 1983||A passenger train was derailed and 2 agricultural labourers travelling were killed by Sikh militants||<ref name="JeffreySpringer" />
|-
|18 Nov 1983||A bus was hijacked and 4 passengers were killed by Sikh militants||<ref name="JeffreySpringer" />
|-
| 9 Feb 1984||A wedding procession bombed||<ref>General Strike Disrupts Punjab By SANJOY HAZARIKA, ''The New York Times'', 9 February 1984;</ref>
|-
| 14 Feb 1984||Six policemen abducted from a post near Golden Temple and one of them killed.||
|-
| 14 Feb 1984||More than 12 Sikhs killed in riots in Haryana||<ref name="JeffreySpringer" />
|-
| 19 Feb 1984||Sikh-Hindu clashes spread in North India||<ref>Sikh-Hindu Clashes Spread in North India, ''The New York Times'', 19 February 1984</ref>
|-
| 23 Feb 1984||3 Hindus killed and 24 injured by Sikh militants|| <ref>{{cite news |title=11 HINDUS KILLED IN PUNJAB UNREST |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/23/world/11-hindus-killed-in-punjab-unrest.html |access-date=5 November 2018 |work=New York Times |date=23 February 1984}}</ref>
|-
| 25 Feb 1984||1 Hindu killed in by Sikh militants, total 69 Hindus slayed over last 11 days ||<ref name="NYT25Feb1983">{{cite news |title=Sikh-Hindu Violence Claims 6 More Lives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/25/world/around-the-world-sikh-hindu-violence-claims-6-more-lives.html |access-date=5 November 2018 |work=New York Times |date=25 February 1984}}</ref>
|-
|28 Feb 1984
||President of Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee (DSGMC) H.S Manchada shot dead at ITO, Delhi||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sidhu|first1=G.B.S|title=The Khalistan Conspiracy |date=2020|publisher=HarperCollins|location=India|isbn=978-9390327720|page=113}}</ref>
|-
| 29 Feb 1984||By this time, the Sikh political centre had become the centre of the 19-month-old uprising by the Sikhs ||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C17FE3F5D0C7A8EDDAB0894DC484D81&scp=14&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt Sikh Temple: Words of Worship, Talk of Warfare, ''The New York Times'', 29 February 1984]</ref>
|-
| 3 Apr 1984
||A prominent member of [[BJP]], Harbans Lal Khanna, killed in [[Amritsar]]||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sidhu|first1=G.B.S|title=The Khalistan Conspiracy |date=2020|publisher=HarperCollins|location=India|isbn=978-9390327720|page=113}}</ref>
|-
| 4 Apr 1984
||Professor [[V. N. Tiwari]], a [[Rajya Sabha]] MP and father of Congress leader [[Manish Tewari]] was shot dead in [[Chandigarh]] while on a morning walk||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sidhu|first1=G.B.S|title=The Khalistan Conspiracy |date=2020|publisher=HarperCollins|location=India|isbn=978-9390327720|page=113}}</ref>
|-
| 14 April 1984||Surinder Singh Sodhi, follower of Bhindranwale, shot dead at a tea-stall outside the Golden Temple by a man and a woman||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/15/world/around-the-world-125341.html|title=Around the World|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 April 1984|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|15 April 1984
|Jasjit Singh, owner of the tea stall is shot and killed by two assailants. Co-conspirators Bachan Singh and Malik Singh Bhatia are killed inside the temple
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tension and terror envelop Golden Temple as extremists take over the complex |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19840515-tension-and-terror-envelop-golden-temple-as-extremists-take-over-the-complex-803599-1984-05-14 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=India Today |date=15 May 1984 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 16 April 1984||Discovery of the mutilated bodies of Surinder Singh Shinda alias Chhinda, and Baljit Kaur, the assassins of Surinder Singh Sodhi. ||<ref>3 Sikh Activists Killed In Factional Fighting, ''The New York Times'', 17 April 1984</ref>
|-
| 12 May 1984
||Romesh Chander, son of [[Lala Jagat Narain]], former Editor, Hind Samachar group murdered.||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sidhu|first1=G.B.S|title=The Khalistan Conspiracy |date=2020|publisher=HarperCollins|location=India|isbn=978-9390327720|page=113}}</ref>
|-
| 27 May 1984||Hindu politician killed in [[Firozpur]]||<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/27/world/5-more-die-in-continuing-indian-unrest.html | title=5 More dies in continuing indian unrest|work=The New York Times|date=27 May 1984}}</ref>
|-
|1 June 1984||Army controls Punjab's security ||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A11FB3E5F0C708CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=9&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt INDIAN ARMY TAKES OVER SECURITY IN PUNJAB AS NEW VIOLENCE FLARES, ''The New York Times'', 3 June 1984]</ref>
|-
|1 June 1984|| Total media and the press black out in Punjab, the rail, road and air services in Punjab suspended. Foreigners' and NRIs' entry was also banned and water and electricity supply cut off. ||<ref>{{cite news | last = Hamlyn |first = Michael | title = Journalists removed from Amritsar: Army prepares to enter Sikh shrine | pages =36| work = The Times | date = 6 June 1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle
|last=Tully
|first=Mark
|publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]]
|year=1985
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Gun battle rages in Sikh holy shrine| pages =1| work = The Times | date = 5 June 1984}}</ref>
|-
| 5 June 1984||Operation Blue Star to remove militants from Harmandir Sahib commences, Punjab shut-down from outside world.||<ref>HEAVY FIGHTING REPORTED AT SHRINE IN PUNJAB, ''The New York Times'', 5 June 1984</ref>
|-
|6 June 1984|| Daylong battle in temple ||<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/06/world/indians-report-daylong-battle-at-sikh-temple.html INDIANS REPORT DAYLONG BATTLE AT SIKH TEMPLE, ''The New York Times'', 6 June 1984]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Correcting Previous Statement on Golden Temple|journal=Congressional Record – Senate (US Government)|date=17 June 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KC0dkdQWWwC&q=sikhs+murders++dates&pg=PA13756|access-date=5 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 7 June 1984||[[Harmandir Sahib]] Overtaken by Indian Army||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70914FB395F0C748CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=3&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt 308 PEOPLE KILLED AS INDIAN TROOPS TAKE SIKH TEMPLE, ''The New York Times'', 7 June 1984]</ref>
|-
| 7 June 1984||[[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] was killed and golden temple was relieved by the Indian Army.||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A1FF8395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=2&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt,|title=SIKH CHIEFS: FUNDAMENTALIST PRIEST, FIREBRAND STUDENT AND EX-GENERAL New York Times, 8 June 1984|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|8 June 1984||27 Sikhs killed in protests in Srinagar, Ludhiana, Amritsar after Government forces fired on protesters||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D11F9395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=4&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt SIKHS PROTESTING RAID ON SHRINE; 27 DIE IN RIOTS, ''The New York Times'', 8 June 1984]</ref>
|-
|9 June 1984||Weapons seized, troops fired on||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D11F9395F0C7B8CDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=4&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt SIKHS IN TEMPLE HOLD OUT: MORE VIOLENCE IS REPORTED; 27 DIE IN RIOTS, ''The New York Times'', 9 June 1984]</ref>
|-
| 10 June 1984||Reports of anti-Sikh riots and killings in Delhi||<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10911FE385F0C738DDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=8&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt INDIAN GOVERNMENT TAKES ON SIKHS IN A BLOODY ENCOUNTER, ''The New York Times'', 10 June 1984]</ref>
|-
|11 June 1984||Negotiators close to a settlement on waters||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00B14FB385F0C718DDDAF0894DC484D81&scp=4&sq=Bhindranwale&st=nyt,|title=''The New York Times'', 12 June 1984|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 24 August 1984||7 Sikh terrorists abduct 100 passengers in [[1984 Indian Airlines Airbus A300 hijacking|the Indian Airlines Airbus A300 hijacking]]||<ref name="Nyt_IA_hijack1984">{{cite news |title=INDIAN JET CARRYING Z264 HIJACKED TO PAKISTAN, REPORTEDLY BY SIKHS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/06/world/indian-jet-carrying-z264-hijacked-to-pakistan-reportedly-by-sikhs.html |access-date=13 July 2018 |work=New York Times |date=1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713171330/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/06/world/indian-jet-carrying-z264-hijacked-to-pakistan-reportedly-by-sikhs.html |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|31 October 1984||[[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi assassinated]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1091FFF385D0C728CDDA80994DC484D81&scp=5&sq=Indira+gandhi+killed&st=nyt,|title=GANDHI, SLAIN, IS SUCCEEDED BY SON; KILLING LAID TO 2 SIKH BODYGUARDS New York Times, 1 November 1984|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|1 November 1984||[[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] begin in Delhi||<ref name="2009BBCremember">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm|title=Indira Gandhi's death remembered|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=1 November 2009|publisher=BBC|quote=The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing|access-date=2 November 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm| archive-date= 2 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
|3 November 1984|| Anti Sikh Violence a total of 2,733 Sikhs were killed||<ref name="2009BBCremember" />
|-
|23 June 1985|| [[Air India Flight 182]] was bombed by Sikh terrorists killing 329 people (including 22 crew members); almost all of them Hindus||
|-
|20 August 1985||[[Harchand Singh Longowal]] assassinated||<ref>Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab, By Harnik Deol, Routledge, 2000</ref>
|-
|29 September 1985
||60% vote, Akali Dal won 73 of 115 seats, Barnala CM||<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E5DF1239F93AA1575AC0A963948260&scp=8&sq=punjab+election&st=nyt TEMPLE Gandhi Hails A Loss in Punjab, ''The New York Times'', 29 September 1985]</ref>
|-
|26 January 1986
||Sikhs have a global meeting and the rebuilding of [[Akal Takht]] declared as well as the five member Panthic Committee selected and have draft of the Constitution of Khalistan written||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tatla|first1=Darsham|title=The Sikh Diaspora: The Search For Statehood|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781135367442|page=277}}</ref>
|-
|29 April 1986
| Resolution of Khalistan passed by [[Sarbat Khalsa]] and [[Khalistan Commando Force]] also formed at [[Akal Takht]] with more than 80,000 Sikhs present. ||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|page=103}}</ref>
|-
|25 July 1986
| 14 Hindus and one Sikh passenger killed in the [[1986 Muktsar Bus massacre]] by unidentified separatists||<ref name="LAT15Hindus">{{cite news |last1=Tempest |first1=Rone |title=Suspected Sikh Terrorists Kill 15 on India Bus |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-26-mn-2-story.html |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=26 July 1986}}</ref>
|-
|30 November 1986
|| 24 Hindu passengers killed in the [[1986 Hoshiarpur Bus massacre]] by terrorists ||<ref name="NYT_1Dec1986">{{cite news |title=TEMPLE EXTREMISTS HIJACK PUNJAB BUS AND KILL 24 PEOPLE |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/01/world/sikh-extremists-hijack-punjab-bus-and-kill-24-people.html |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=1 December 1986}}</ref>
|-
| 19 May 1987 || [[Deepak Dhawan]], a member of the Punjab State Committee of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], is murdered in the village of Sangha, [[Tarn Taran district]]||
|-
| 14 June 1987 || Unidentified militants kill 25 in two attacks||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/33ef74e382e1329a3ed2b9e872c2d0c8|title=Sikh mili tanta kill 25 in two attacks|publisher=Apnews|access-date=22 July 2020|language=en|date=14 June 1987}}</ref>
|-
| 7 July 1987|| Unidentified terrorists attacked two buses, singled out and killed 70 Hindu bus passengers in the [[1987 Haryana killings]] ||<ref name=":NYT_34hindus">{{cite web |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |title=34 Hindus Killed in New Bus Raids; Suspected |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/08/world/34-hindus-killed-in-new-bus-raids-suspected.html |work=New York Times |access-date=12 July 2018 |language=en |date=8 July 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Tavleen |last2=Khandekar |first2=Sreekant |title=Terrorists kill bus passengers in Punjab and Haryana mercilessly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870731-terrorists-kill-bus-passengers-in-punjab-and-haryana-mercilessly-799092-1987-07-31 |work=India Today |date=31 July 1987 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 19 February 1988
|| In Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Patiala, bombs were exploded in courts by Babbar Khalsa. 12 to 13 persons killed and nearly 50 injured.||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/02/20/courts-bombed-in-indias-punjab/8b453431-8cee-43db-8a6d-ab0223a364e5|title=Courts bombed in India's punjab|newspaper=Washington Post|date=20 February 1988}}</ref>
|-
| 2 April 1988 ||Unidentified gunmen stormed into huts and houses across Punjab state and killed 37 people, Including seven children.||<ref>{{cite web|url= https://apnews.com/c03d07b22eecb6cd39e5a15e158ee74b|title=Sikh militants kill 35 in year's worst violence|publisher=Apnews|date=2 April 1988}}</ref>
|-
| 12 May 1988||[[Operation Black Thunder II]] to remove militants from Harmandir Sahib||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Sarabjit|title=Operation Black Thunder: An Eyewitness Account of Terrorism in Punjab|date=2002|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9780761995968}}</ref>

|-
| 20 May 1988
|| A series of bombs allegedly planted by extremists exploded in [[Himachal Pradesh]] state buses. At least 10 people were killed. ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/20/world/sikhs-blamed-in-bombing-at-shop-in-punjab-15-die.html|title=Sikhs blamed in bombing at shop in punjab|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 June 1988}}</ref>
|-
|10 January 1990||Senior Superintendent of Batala Police Gobind Ram killed in bomb blast in retaliation of police gang raping Sikh woman of Gora Choor village||<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mahmood|first1=Cynthia|title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants|date=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780812200171|page=46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ghosh|first1=S. K.|title=Terrorism, World Under Siege|date=1995|publisher=APH Publishing|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170246657|page=469}}</ref>

|-
| 16 June 1991||80 people killed on two trains by extremists||<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DE1539F935A25755C0A967958260&scp=3&sq=congress+win+punjab&st=nyt Extremists in India Kill 80 on 2 Trains As Voting Nears End, ''The New York Times'', 16 June 1991]</ref>
|-
| 17 October 1991||[[1991 Rudrapur bombings]]||

|-
| 25 February 1992||Congress sweeps [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992 Punjab elections]]||<ref>The Punjab Elections 1992: Breakthrough or Breakdown?
Gurharpal Singh, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 11 (Nov. 1992), pp. 988–999 {{JSTOR|2645266}}</ref>
|-
| 3 August 1992 || 29 hindus, first kidnapped and then killed by unidentified extremists in [[Uttar Pradesh]]||<ref>{{cite web|url= https://apnews.com/3248f21ad6fc3d5de669a29b501db8c5|title=29 hindus slain by suspected militants|publisher=Apnews|date=3 August 1992 }}</ref>
|-
| 7 January 1993||11 separatists killed in the village of Chhichhrewal Tehsil, [[Batala]]||
<ref>Gurharpal Singh, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 11 (Nov. 1992), pp. 988–999 {{JSTOR|2645266}}</ref>

|-
| 1 March 1993
|| [[Gurbachan Singh Manochahal]] killed by the police. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=S-AVAAAAIBAJ&pg=2130,10808&dq=bhindranwala+tigers+force+of+khalistan&hl=en|title=The Milwaukee Sentinel - Google News Archive Search|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-QwxAAAAIBAJ&pg=1778,127110&dq=bhindranwala+tigers+force+of+khalistan&hl=en|title=The Daily Gazette - Google News Archive Search|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

|-
| 31 August 1995
||Chief Minister [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]] killed in a bomb blast.||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/03/world/assassination-reminds-india-that-sikh-revolt-is-still-a-threat.html|title=Assassination Reminds India That Sikh Revolt Is Still a Threat|first=John F.|last=Burns|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 September 1995|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>

|}

==See also==
* [[Kharku]]
* [[Human rights abuses in Punjab, India]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in Punjab, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Khalistan movement}}

[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]

K. S. Hegde Medical Academy

2026-03-29T03:13:10Z

Ekyaschool:

{{Short description|Medical college in Mangaluru, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = K.S. Hegde Medical Academy
|motto = Long life ahead
|image_name = K_S_Hegde_Medical_Academy.jpg
|caption = Front view of K S Hegde Medical Academy
|type = Private [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
|established = 1999
|dean = P. S. Prakash
|campus =
|city = [[Mangaluru]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
|coordinates = {{coord|12|52|10.1|N|74|50|33.4|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|undergrad =
|affiliation = [[NITTE|NITTE University]] |
|website = {{URL|http://kshema.nitte.edu.in/}}
|mascot =
}}
'''K.S. Hegde Medical Academy''' ('''KSHEMA''') is a medical college in [[Deralakatte]], near the city of [[Mangaluru]]. It is managed by the [[Nitte]] Education Trust, which runs a number of professional colleges in the state of [[Karnataka]]. The college offers the [[MBBS]] course along with post-graduation courses. The academy was affiliated to [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] till 2009. Now it is affiliated to [[NITTE]] (Deemed to be) University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=2024-06-24 |title=Nitte University takes the lead as India's first medical college to acquire Velys Robotic Knee Replacement Technology |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/nitte-university-takes-the-lead-as-indias-first-medical-college-to-acquire-velys-robotic-knee-replacement-technology/2144743/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Campus==
The KS Hegde Medical Academy is located at Deralakatte, a town about 13 km from Mangalore. The full-fledged academy is spread over {{convert|2.5|acre|m2}} of land.

==History==
K S Hegde Medical Academy was established in 1999 by the Nitte Education Trust. The college is named after the visionary and founder, late Justice [[K. S. Hegde]], former Justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and former Speaker of the Lok Sabha and social worker

==Department==
*[[Anesthesiology]]
*[[Anatomy]]
*[[Biochemistry]]
*[[Community Medicine]]
*[[Dermatology]]
*[[Otorhinolaryngology]]
*[[Forensic Medicine]]
*[[General Medicine]]
*[[General Surgery]]
*[[Microbiology]]
*[[Neuroscience]]
*[[Obstetrics & Gynecology]]
*[[Ophthalmology]]
*[[Orthopedics]]
*[[Pediatrics]]
*[[Pathology]]
*[[Pharmacology]]
*[[Physiology]]
*[[Psychiatry]]
*[[Radio diagnostics|Radio diagnosis & Imaging]]
*[[TB, Chest and Respiratory Diseases]]

==Sister institute==
*A B Shetty College of dental sciences (managed by Nitte education trust)
*[[Nitte Usha Institute of Nursing Sciences]]

==Admissions==

===Undergraduate course===
Since 2019 admissions under the General Merit category are being conducted via centralised single window counselling on the basis of merit (rank) obtained in the All India Entrance Test, National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET), conducted by [[National Testing Agency|NTA]].

==Courses offered==

===UG course===
[[Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery|M.B.B.S.]] (4½ year course + 1 year medical internship)

===PG courses===

====M.D.====
*[[Nanotechnology]]
*[[Anatomy]]
*[[Physiology]]
*[[Forensic Medicine]]
*[[Biochemistry]]
*[[Pharmacology]]
*[[Pathology]]
*[[Microbiology]]
*[[Community medicine]]
*[[General Medicine]]
*[[Dermatology]]
*[[Psychiatry]]
*[[Pediatrics]]
*[[Anesthesiology]]
*[[Radiology]]

====M.S.====
*[[General Surgery]]
*[[Ophthalmology]]
*[[Orthopaedics]]
*[[Obstetrics and gynecology]]
*[[Otolaryngology|ENT]]

==International collaborations==
KSHEMA has signed an agreement of co-operation with [[The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston]], USA for co-operation in research, in diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. The college has established a state-of-the-art regional research centre on communicable diseases in collaboration with the University of Texas Health Sciences, on the campus.
The institute also has a staff exchange and training programme with [[Maimonides Medical Center]], Brooklyn, USA.

==Recent developments==
The college hospital recently{{when|date=June 2017}} opened a super specialty block for Nuclear Medicine, Cardiology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Paediatric Surgery, Urology, Nephrology, Plastic Surgery, Gastroenterology and Oncology.

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = Medical college
| OUTLOOK_M_P_2022 = 14
}}
KSHEMA was ranked 14 among private medical colleges in India in 2022 by ''[[Outlook India]]''.<ref name=Rankings_OUTLOOK_M_P_2022/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://kshema.nitte.edu.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mangalore]]

Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994

2026-03-26T11:05:22Z

Ekyaschool: added info

{{short description|Indian legislation}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Pre-Conception Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to provide for the prohibition of sex selection, after conception, and for regulation of prenatal diagnostic techniques for the purposes of detecting genetic abnormalities or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or certain congenital malformations or sex-linked disorders and for the prevention of their misuse for sex determination leading to female foeticide; and, for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1994-57.pdf]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_assented = 20 September 1994
| date_commenced = 1 January 1996
| amended_by = The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition Of Sex Selection) Act. 2003
| status = in force
}}

The '''Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994''' ('''PCPNDT''') is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted to stop female [[foeticide]] and arrest the declining [[sex ratio]] in India. The act banned prenatal sex determination. Every genetic counselling centre, genetic laboratory or genetic clinic engaged in counselling or conducting pre-natal diagnostics techniques, like [[in vitro fertilisation]] (IVF) with the potential of sex selection ([[Preimplantation genetic diagnosis]]) before and after conception, comes under purview of the PCPNDT Act and is banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/zigYIOwLa7gjBJmzqHjTSJ/Health-ministry-receives-complaints-against-web-giants-for-s.html|title=Health ministry receives complaints against web giants for sex determination violations|date=5 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/To-ensure-prized-baby-boy-Indians-flock-to-Bangkok/articleshow/7169495.cms|title=To ensure prized baby boy, Indians flock to Bangkok|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Chandigarh-IVF-expert-helps-police-arrest-Delhi-resident-seeking-sex-selection/articleshow/52926505.cms|title=Chandigarh IVF expert helps police arrest Delhi resident seeking sex selection|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 June 2016 }}</ref>

==Female foeticide in India==
{{main|Female foeticide in India}}
This process began in early 1990 when [[ultrasound]] techniques gained widespread use in India. There was a tendency for families to continuously produce children until a male child was born.<ref name="orissareview">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/December-2008/engpdf/8-17.pdf|title=orissa gov. India|work=Dr. Krushma chandra}}</ref> Foetal sex determination and [[sex-selective abortion]] by medical professionals has today grown into a Rs. 1,000 crore industry (US$244 million) in India. Social discrimination against women and a [[Son preference|preference for sons]] have promoted female foeticide in various forms, skewing the sex ratio of the country towards men.<ref name="UNICEF India">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/media_3285.htm|title=UNICEF India|work=UNICEF|access-date=27 June 2012|archive-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223094010/http://www.unicef.org/india/media_3285.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the decennial Indian census, the [[sex ratio]] in the 0–6 age group in India went from 104.0 males per 100 females in 1981, to 105.8 in 1991, to 107.8 in 2001, to 109.4 in 2011. The ratio is significantly higher in certain [[States and territories of India|states]] such as [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] (126.1 and 122.0, as of 2001).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arnold, Fred, Kishor, Sunita, & Roy, T. K. |year=2002 |title=Sex-Selective Abortions in India |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=759–785 |jstor=3092788 |journal=Population and Development Review |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00759.x}}</ref>

==Objectives==
The main purpose of enacting the law is to ban the use of sex selection techniques after conception and prevent the misuse of prenatal diagnostic technique for sex-selective [[abortions]].

==Definitions==
'''Sex selection''' is any act of identifying the sex of the foetus and elimination of the foetus if it is of the unwanted sex.<ref>{{cite web|title=Answers to Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://pndt.gov.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File53.pdf|work=Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition Of Sex Selection) Act|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|access-date=27 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201506/http://pndt.gov.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File53.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Salient features==
[[File:Sex determination ban.JPG|thumb|right|320px|A sign in an Indian hospital stating that prenatal sex determination is a crime.]]
[[Offence (law)|Offence]]s under this act include conducting or helping in the conduct of prenatal diagnostic technique in the unregistered units, sex selection on a man or woman, conducting PND test for any purpose other than the one mentioned in the act, sale, distribution, supply, renting etc. of any ultra sound machine or any other equipment capable of detecting sex of the foetus.
Main provisions in the act are<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goel|first1=Ayush|title=Preconception and prenatal diagnostic techniques act|url=http://radiopaedia.org/articles/preconception-and-prenatal-diagnostic-techniques-act|website=Radiopaedia|access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>
# The Act provides for the prohibition of sex selection, before or after conception.
# It regulates the use of pre-natal diagnostic techniques, like [[ultrasound]] and [[amniocentesis]] by allowing them their use only to detect:
## [[Genetic disorder|genetic abnormalities]]
## [[metabolic disorders]]
## [[chromosomal abnormalities]]
## certain congenital malformations
## [[Hemoglobinopathy|haemoglobinopathies]]
## sex linked disorders.
# No [[laboratory]] or centre or [[clinic]] will conduct any test including [[ultrasonography]] for the purpose of determining the sex of the foetus.
# No person, including the one conducting the procedure, would communicate the sex of the [[foetus]] to the pregnant woman or her relatives by words, signs or any other method.
# Any person who puts an advertisement for pre-natal and pre-conception sex determination facilities in the form of a [[notice]], [[Flyer (pamphlet)|circular]], label, wrapper or any document, or advertises through interior or other media in electronic or print form or engages in any visible representation made by means of hoarding, [[wall painting]], signal, [[light]], [[sound]], [[smoke]] or [[gas]], can be imprisoned for up to three years and fined ₹ 10,000.

===Compulsory registration===
The Act mandates compulsory registration of all diagnostic laboratories, all genetic counselling centres, genetic laboratories, genetic clinics and ultrasound clinics.<ref name="orissareview"/>

==Amendment in 2003==
Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 (PNDT), was amended in 2003 to The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act (PCPNDT Act) to improve the regulation of the technology used in sex selection.

Implications of the [[Rescind or amend something previously adopted|amendment]] are

# Amendment of the act mainly covered bringing the technique of pre conception sex selection within the ambit of the act
# Bringing [[ultrasound]] within its ambit
# Empowering the central supervisory board, constitution of state level supervisory board
# Provision for more stringent punishments
# Empowering appropriate authorities with the power of civil court for search, seizure and sealing the machines and equipments of the violators
# Regulating the sale of the ultrasound machines only to registered bodies

==See also==
* [[Prenatal sex discernment]]
* [[Sex selection]]
* [[Sex ratio in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://rajswasthya.nic.in/PCPNDT%2005.12.08/Hand%20book%20with%20Act%20&%20Rules%20%285%29%20%20%281%29.pdf Pre- Conception & Pre- Natal. Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 and Rules with Amendments] [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]].
* [http://rajswasthya.nic.in/PCPNDT%2005.12.08/PCPNDT%20Act%20%282%29.pdf Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques(Prohibition Of Sex-Section) Act, 1994] Government of Rajasthan.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1994]]
[[Category:Sex selection in India]]
[[Category:Prenatal sex discernment]]
[[Category:Rao administration]]

Church Mission Society

2026-03-25T04:58:14Z

Ekyaschool: enhanced section also and added references

{{short description|British mission society}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Church Mission Society
| abbreviation = CMS
| formation = {{launch date and age|12 April 1799}}
| headquarters = [[Oxford]], England
| logo = Church Mission Society logo.png
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Evangelical Anglicanism]] [[Ecumenism]] [[Protestant missionary]] [[British Commonwealth]]
| founder = [[Clapham Sect]]
| leader_title = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name = Alastair Bateman from May 2019
| website = {{URL|https://churchmissionsociety.org|Official website}}
}}

The '''Church Mission Society''' ('''CMS'''), formerly known as the '''Church Missionary Society''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Church Missionary Society Archive – General Introduction and Guide to the Archive |url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx |access-date=2020-12-26|website=www.ampltd.co.uk}}</ref> is a British [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[Christian mission|mission]] society working internationally with Christians. CMS was founded in 1799,<ref name="I1">{{cite journal |last=Mounstephen |first=Philip |title=Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS |url=http://www.nzcms.org.nz/teapots-and-dna-the-foundations-of-cms-intermission-issue-22/ |year=2015 |journal=Intermission |volume=22}}</ref><ref name="CV1">{{cite book |title=The Centenary Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899 |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf |year=1902 |publisher= London: Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University}}</ref> and has given its name "CMS" to a number of daughter organisations around the world, including Australia and New Zealand, which have now become independent.

==History==
===Foundation===
[[File:Church Missionary Society 1799.gif|thumb|left|The logo of Church Missionary Society in 1799]]
The original proposal for the mission came from [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]] and [[George Udny (planter)|George Udny]] of the [[East India Company]] and [[David Brown (East India Company chaplain)|David Brown]], of [[Calcutta]], who sent a proposal in 1787 to [[William Wilberforce]], then a young member of [[parliament]], and [[Charles Simeon]], a young [[clergy]]man at [[Cambridge University]].<ref name="CMSatlasHviii">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society)|pages= 210–219|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref> Hans J. Hillerbrand, ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set'', Routledge, UK, 2004, p. 1390</ref>

The ''Society for Missions to Africa and the East'' (as the society was first called) was founded on 12 April 1799 at a meeting of the [[Eclectic Society (Christian)|Eclectic Society]], supported by members of the [[Clapham Sect]], a group of activist [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]] who met under the guidance of [[John Venn (priest)|John Venn]], the Rector of [[Clapham]].<ref name="I1"/> Their number included [[Charles Simeon]], [[Basil Woodd]],<ref name="CMSatlasHviii"/><ref name="Feb1874">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1874|work= The Origin of the Church Missionary Society|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1874_02/0| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> [[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]], [[Thomas Babington]]<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=75363|title=Babington, Thomas|first=Nigel|last=Aston}}</ref> and [[William Wilberforce]]. Wilberforce was asked to be the first president of the society, but he declined to take on this role and became a vice-president. The [[treasurer]] was [[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]] and the founding secretary was [[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]],<ref name="Aug1867">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1867|work= The Church Missionary Society (From the "American Church Missionary Register")|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1867_08/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> a biblical commentator. Many of the founders were also involved in creating the [[Sierra Leone Company]] and the [[Society for the Education of Africans]].<ref name="African academy">{{cite journal|last1=Mouser|first1=Bruce|title=African academy 1799–1806|journal=History of Education|date=2004|volume=33|issue=1|doi=10.1080/00467600410001648797|s2cid=144855979}}</ref>

The first [[Missionary|missionaries]] went out in 1804. They came from the [[Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg]] and had trained at the Berlin [[Seminary]]. The name Church Missionary Society began to be used and in 1812 the society was renamed ''The Church Missionary Society''.<ref name="CMSatlasHviii"/>

In 1829, the CMS began to send medical personnel as missionaries. Initially to care for the mission staff, these missionaries could also care for the physical well-being of local populations. Dr. [[Henry Graham (Medical missionary)|Henry Graham]] was the first CMS Medical missionary when he was sent to [[Sierra Leone]] and shifted the focus from care of the mission staff to assistance for local people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Register of Missionaries (Clerical, Lay, and Female), and Native Clergy from 1804-1894 |publisher=Church Missionary Society |url=http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk./Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Register_01 |access-date=3 January 2021 |format=Available through: Adam Matthew, Marlborough, Church Missionary Society Periodicals}}</ref><ref name=GrahamPapers>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_IV_Part2_Reel36_Vol5|title=West Africa (Sierra Leone): Original papers, 1820-1869 - AM Scholar - Adam Matthew Digital|website=www.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref>

===Training===
During the late 19th and early 20th century, the CMS maintained a training program for women at Kennaway Hall at the former "Willows" estate where the training program started.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whitehead |first1=JAck |title=The March of Bricks and Mortar into Stoke Newington |url=https://www.locallocalhistory.co.uk/willows/final1/page1.htm |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> Kennaway Hall was the Church Missionary Society training center for female missionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kennaway Hall: By One Who is There |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Outlook_1922_05 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref> The training center was called "The Willows", under the Mildmay Trustees, until having been bought by the Church Missionary Society in 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya Mission: Precis book, 1907-1918 |url=https://www.login.amdigital.co.uk/Login.aspx?sessionID=j1y1nwskjbz5siqourtmtxvt&returnURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk%2fDocuments%2fSearchDetails%2fCMS_IV_Part18_Reel386_Vol1&login=http://www.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk/Login&cookiesTesting=true |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.login.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographies |url=https://www.login.amdigital.co.uk/Login.aspx?sessionID=4cbky2ks1m3gbnnz3iamadvd&returnURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk%2fExplore%2fBiographies&login=http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Login&cookiesTesting=true |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.login.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Mary Wells]] took over the presidency in 1918 of Kennaway Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=02 Sep 1918, The Church Missionary Gleaner - Church Missionary Society Periodicals - Adam Matthew Digital |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1918_08 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2026}}
During the early 20th century, the society's theology moved in a more [[Liberal Christianity|liberal]] direction under the leadership of [[Eugene Stock]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Stock|1923}}. The more liberal CMS position may be compared with the attitude expressed in the preface to its 1904 ''English–Kikuyu Vocabulary'', whose author, CMS member {{Nowrap|A. W. McGregor}}, complained of the difficulty in obtaining information about Kikuyu from "very unwilling and unintelligent natives" ({{Harvnb|McGregor|1904|p=iii}}).</ref> There was considerable debate over the possible introduction of a doctrinal test for missionaries, which advocates claimed would restore the society's original evangelical theology. In 1922, the society split, with the liberal evangelicals remaining in control of CMS headquarters, whilst conservative evangelicals established the [[Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society]] (BCMS, now [[Crosslinks]]).

In 1957 the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]] was absorbed into the CMS.

Notable general secretaries of the society later in the 20th century were [[Max Alexander Cunningham Warren|Max Warren]] and [[John Vernon Taylor]]. The first woman president of the CMS, [[Diana Reader Harris]] (serving 1969–1982), was instrumental in persuading the society to back the 1980 ''[[Brandt Report]]'' on bridging the [[North–South divide in the World|North-South divide]]. In the 1990s CMS appointed its first non-British general secretary, [[Michael Nazir-Ali]], who later became Bishop of Rochester in the [[Church of England]], and its first women general secretary, [[Diana Witts]]. [[Gillian Joynson-Hicks]] was its president from 1998 to 2007.

In 1995 the name was changed to the '''Church Mission Society'''.

At the end of the 20th century there was a significant swing back to the [[Evangelical]] position, probably in part due to a review in 1999 at the anniversary and also due to the re-integration of [[Mid Africa Ministry]] (formerly the [[Ruanda Mission]]). The position of CMS is now that of an [[ecumenical]] Evangelical society.

===21st century===
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2026}}
In 2004 CMS was instrumental in bringing together a number of [[Anglican]] and, later, some [[Protestant]] mission agencies to form Faith2Share, an international network of mission agencies.

In June 2007, CMS in Britain moved the administrative office out of London for the first time. It is now based in east Oxford.

In 2008, CMS was acknowledged as a mission community by the Advisory Council on the Relations of Bishops and Religious Communities of the Church of England. It currently has approximately 2,800 members who commit to seven promises, aspiring to live a lifestyle shaped by mission.

In 2010 CMS integrated with the [[South American Mission Society]] (SAMS).

In 2010 Church Mission Society launched the Pioneer Mission Leadership Training programme, providing leadership training for both lay people and those preparing for ordination as pioneer ministers. It is accredited by Durham University as part of the Church of England's [https://www.churchofengland.org/clergy-office-holders/ministry/ministerial-education-and-development/common-awards-in-theology,-ministry-and-mission.aspx Common Awards]. In 2015 there were 70 students on the course, studying at certificate, diploma and MA level.

In October 2012, [[Philip Mounstephen]] became the Executive Leader of the Church Mission Society.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive leader: Philip Mounstephen|url=http://www.churchmissionsociety.org/executive-leader|website=Church Mission Society|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726191052/http://www.churchmissionsociety.org/executive-leader|archive-date=26 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 31 January 2016 Church Mission Society had 151 [[missionary|mission partners]] in 30 countries and 62 local partners in 26 countries (this programme supports local mission leaders in Asia, Africa and South America in "pioneer settings"<ref name=":0">Church Mission Society Report and Accounts for the year ended 31 January 2016.</ref>) serving in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. In addition, 127 mission associates (affiliated to Church Mission Society but not employed or financially supported through CMS) and 16 short-termers. In 2015–16, Church Mission Society had a budget of £6.8 million, drawn primarily from donations by individuals and parishes, supplemented by historic investments.<ref name=":0" />

The Church Mission Society Archive is housed at the [[University of Birmingham]] Special Collections.

'''In Australia''', the society operates on two levels: firstly, at a national/federal level as 'CMS Australia', training and supporting various missionaries; and secondly, at a state level with 6 Branches, recruiting missionaries and liaising with supporters and support churches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About CMS Australia|url=https://www.cms.org.au/about-us/about-cms-australia/|access-date=2020-10-16|website=CMS Australia|language=en-AU}}</ref>

==Leadership==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2026}}
'''Secretary or Honorary Secretary'''
* [[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]] (1799–1802)
* [[Josiah Pratt]] (1802–1824)
* [[Edward Bickersteth (priest)|Edward Bickersteth]] (1824–1831)
*[[Charles Hodgson (missionary)|Charles Hodgson]] (1832-
* [[Henry Venn (Church Missionary Society)|Henry Venn]] (1841–1872)
* Henry Wright (1872–1880)
* Frederic Wigram (1880–1895)
* Henry E. Fox (from 1895)
{{expand list|date=July 2018}}

'''President'''
* [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|Admiral Gambier]] (first President, 1812–1834)
* [[Henry Pelham, 3rd Earl of Chichester]] (1834–1886)
* Captain the Hon. Francis Maude (1886–1887)
* [[Sir John Kennaway, 3rd Baronet]] (1887–1919)
* 1969 to 1982: [[Diana Reader Harris]]
* 1998 to 2007: [[Gillian Joynson-Hicks]]
{{expand list|date=July 2018}}

=== CEO (with title changes) ===
'''General Secretary'''
* 1942 to 1963: [[Max Alexander Cunningham Warren|Max Warren]]
* 1963 to 1973: [[John Taylor (bishop of Winchester)|John Taylor]]
* 1975 to 1985: [[Simon Barrington-Ward]]
* 1989 to 1994: [[Michael Nazir-Ali]]
* 1995 to 2000: Diana Witts
* 2000 to 2011: [[Tim Dakin]]

'''Executive Leader'''
* October 2012 to 2018: [[Philip Mounstephen]]

'''Chief Executive Officer'''
* From May 2019: Alastair Bateman

=== Clinical leadership ===
'''Medical Superintendent'''
*[[Harold Gilbee Anderson]] (1938-1959)
{{expand list|date=January 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Christian mission]]
* [[Timeline of Christian missions]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in Africa]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in India]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in China]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* Groten, Miel. “Gates to the ‘Heathen World.’” in ''The Architecture of Empire in Modern Europe: Space, Place, and the Construction of an Imperial Environment, 1860-1960'' (Amsterdam University Press, 2022), pp. 41–84. [https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2zjz71m.6 online in JSTOR]

* {{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=John W. |title=We wish we'd done more: Ninety years of CMS and Aboriginal issues in north Australia |date=1998 |publisher=Openbook Publishers |location=Adelaide |isbn=0859108961 |url={{GBurl|srKUOwAACAAJ}}}}
* Hewitt, Gordon, ''The Problems of Success, A History of the Church Missionary Society 1910–1942'', Vol I (1971) ''In Tropical Africa. The Middle East. At Home'' {{ISBN|0-334-00252-4}}; Vol II (1977)''Asia Overseas Partners'' {{ISBN|0-334-01313-5}}
* {{Cite book
|last= McGregor |first= A. W. |year= 1904
|title= English–Kikuyu Vocabulary
|location= London |publisher= [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]]
|ol= 23468442M }}
*{{Cite book
| last =Murray | first =Jocelyn | year =1985
| title =Proclaim the Good News. A Short History of the Church Missionary Society
| location =London | publisher =Hodder & Stoughton
| isbn =0-340-34501-2
}}.
* Porter, Andrew, ed. '' The Imperial Horizons of British Protestant Missions, 1880–1914''. (2003).

*{{Cite book
| last =Stock
| first =Eugene
| author-link =Eugene Stock
| year =1899–1916
| title =The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men, and Its Work
| volume =1–4
| location =London
| publisher =CMS
}}.
*{{Cite book |last=Stock |first=Eugene |year=1923 |title=The Recent Controversy in the C.M.S. |edition=Reprinted from the ''Church Missionary Review'' |location=London |publisher=CMS}}.
* Ward, Kevin, and Brian Stanley, eds. ''The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799-1999'' (Eerdmans, 2000). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Church_Mission_Society_and_World_Chr/r7UlAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=intitle:The+intitle:Church+intitle:Mission+intitle:Society+intitle:and+intitle:World+intitle:Christianity&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Church+intitle:Mission+intitle:Society+intitle:and+intitle:World+intitle:Christianity&printsec=frontcover online]
* Ward, Kevin. ''A History of Global Anglicanism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Global_Anglicanism/hQwU04vx98MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=A++History+of+Global+Anglicanism&printsec=frontcover online]
* ''Missionary Register''; containing an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world. From 1816, containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with the proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society. They were published from 1813 to 1855 by L. B. Seeley & Sons, London
:Some are online readable and downloadable at Google Books; [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtsNAAAAQAAJ 1814], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VtsNAAAAQAAJ 1815], [https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIPAAAAIAAJ 1822], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7c0nAAAAYAAJ 1823], [https://books.google.com/books?id=RUUUAAAAYAAJ 1826], [https://books.google.com/books?id=SgIbAAAAMAAJ 1828], [https://books.google.com/books?id=zkYUAAAAYAAJ 1829], [https://books.google.com/books?id=kUQUAAAAYAAJ 1831], [https://books.google.com/books?id=HykPAAAAIAAJ 1834], [https://books.google.com/books?id=5MEPAAAAIAAJ 1846].
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://churchmissionsociety.org/ Church Mission Society]
*[http://www.cms.org.au/ CMS Australia]
*[http://www.nzcms.org.nz/ New Zealand CMS]
*[http://www.cmsireland.org/ CMS Ireland]

{{Protestant missions to Africa}}
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{{Portal bar|Christianity}}
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1799]]
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Hyderabad House

2026-03-22T02:21:51Z

Ekyaschool: minor edit

{{Short description|Building in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Hyderabad House
|image = Prime Minister Narendra Modi with British Prime Minister Theresa May at Hyderabad House.jpg
|caption = Prime Minister Narendra Modi and British Prime Minister Theresa May at the Hyderabad House (2016).
|construction_start_date = {{start date and age|1926}}
|completion_date = {{start date and age|1928}}
|number_of_rooms = 36
|elevator_count = 0
|cost = {{£|200,000}} (equivalent to {{£|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|0.2|1928|fmt=c|r=0}}}} million in {{Inflation-year|UK-GDP}}){{Inflation-fn|UK-GDP}}
|floor_area = {{convert|8.77|acre}}
|architect = [[Sir Edwin Lutyens]]
|engineer =
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|owner = [[Government of India]]
|operator =
|references =
}}
[[File:President Obama and Prime Minister Modi in an expanded bilateral meeting at Hyderabad House.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] in a meeting in Hyderabad House (2015)]]
'''Hyderabad House''' is an [[official residence]] in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It is the [[State Guest House]] of the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name="ITDC">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad House |url=https://itdc.co.in/hyderabad-house/ |website=India Tourism Development Corporation - The Ashok Group of Hotels |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217072635/https://itdc.co.in/hyderabad-house/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is used by the [[Government of India]] for [[banquet]]s, and as a venue for meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries.<ref>{{cite news|last=NAYAR|first=K.P.|title=Ties too big for Delhi table - Space dilemma mirrors growth in Indo-US relationship|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/frontpage/story_14253175.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411222620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/frontpage/story_14253175.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=13 December 2013|newspaper=telegraphindia.com|date=18 July 2011}}</ref> It was designed by [[British people|British]] architect Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]] as a residence for [[Mir_(title)|Mir]] [[Osman Ali Khan]], the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |title=Of princes, palaces and plush points |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/story-mKjxnswBZVzbKMinScJsvK.html |access-date=2019-09-29 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2011-06-08 |archive-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929151956/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/story-mKjxnswBZVzbKMinScJsvK.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/stories-behind-the-royal-abodes/article8203558.ece|title = Stories behind the royal abodes|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 February 2016|last1 = Smith|first1 = R. V.|archive-date = 8 November 2020|access-date = 29 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103000/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/stories-behind-the-royal-abodes/article8203558.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>

==History==
Hyderabad House was built for [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the last ruling [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. It is situated next to the [[Baroda House]], the erstwhile royal residence of the [[Maharaja of Baroda]] and currently the zonal headquarters office of [[Northern Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/delhi-durbarnizam-india-gate-game-of-thrones-2773342/|title=Game of Thrones|last=Varghese|first=Shiny|date=April 28, 2016|website=Indian Express|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504192222/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/delhi-durbarnizam-india-gate-game-of-thrones-2773342/|url-status=live}}</ref>

After Indian independence in 1947, the palace was occasionally used by the [[Nizam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nizam's Delhi visit in 1952|url=https://www.album-online.com/detail/fr/MzUwZmE0MA/nizam-richest-man-world-visits-new-delhi-first-years-guards-alb5455416|access-date=15 May 2024|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515073836/https://www.album-online.com/detail/fr/MzUwZmE0MA/nizam-richest-man-world-visits-new-delhi-first-years-guards-alb5455416|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1974, Hyderabad House has been under the jurisdiction of the [[Ministry of External Affairs, India | Ministry of External Affairs]], and is used for [[state visit]]s, [[banquet]]s and meetings for visiting foreign dignitaries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad House, New Delhi, by E. L. Lutyens|url=https://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/lutyens/13.html|access-date=15 May 2024|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515073839/https://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/lutyens/13.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=NAYAR|first=K.P.|title=Ties too big for Delhi table - Space dilemma mirrors growth in Indo-US relationship|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/frontpage/story_14253175.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411222620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110718/jsp/frontpage/story_14253175.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=13 December 2013|newspaper=telegraphindia.com|date=18 July 2011}}</ref> It has also been a venue for joint press conferences and major government events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samal |first=Itishree |date=20 January 2013 |title=Hyderabad is also the convention hub of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hyderabad-is-also-the-convention-hub-of-india-111031500064_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160504/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hyderabad-is-also-the-convention-hub-of-india-111031500064_1.html |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian President Vladimir Putin in India for one day summit - India-Russia joint press conference |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/russian-president-vladimir-putin-in-india-for-one-day-summit/delegation-level-meeting-at-hyderabad-house/slideshow/45476116.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Architecture ==
Hyderabad House is spread over 8.2 acres and built in the shape of a [[butterfly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Nehchal |date=16 January 2025 |title=Making short shrift of palaces that stood tall |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/making-short-shrift-of-palaces-that-stood-tall-124049/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rajeev |first=M. |date=12 August 2019 |title=Celebrating 100 years: The tale of Delhi's iconic Hyderabad House |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/celebrating-100-years-the-tale-of-delhis-iconic-hyderabad-house/article28985665.ece |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The entrance hall of the palace, a [[dome]] with an entrance hall beneath with [[symmetrical]] wings at fifty-five degree angle, is one of the features.<ref name=":0" /> The building has 36 rooms, which includes four for the [[zenana]].<ref name=":1" /> Hyderabad House is located near the [[India Gate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Ananya |date=15 May 2021 |title=Delhi: IGNCA building to take cues from neighbour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-ignca-building-to-take-cues-from-neighbour-7315581/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Game of Thrones |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/delhi-durbarnizam-india-gate-game-of-thrones-2773342/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

With the exception of the [[Viceroy's House]], it was the largest and grandest of all the royal palaces built in Delhi by Edwin Lutyens during 1921–1931.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=8 June 2011 |title=Of princes, palaces and plush points |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/story-mKjxnswBZVzbKMinScJsvK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203195104/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/of-princes-palaces-and-plush-points/story-mKjxnswBZVzbKMinScJsvK.html |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The Nizam’s sons disliked the building, finding it too western in style for their tastes and was seldom used by them.<ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Hydpmsingapore.jpg|PM Modi with PM [[Lawrence Wong]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of official residences of India]]
* [[Jodhpur House]]
* [[Jaipur House]]
* [[Bikaner House]]
* [[Baroda House]]
* [[Patiala House]]
* [[Dholpur House]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bhowmick |first=Sumanta K |date=2016 |title=Princely Palaces in New Delhi |location=Delhi |publisher=Niyogi Books |pages=264 |isbn=978-9383098910 }}
* ''Delhi'' By Patrick Horton, Hugh Finlay {{ISBN|1-86450-297-5}}

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline}}
*[http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct52007/realty2007100428721.asp Deccan Herald feature]
*[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/5403445 Panoramio photo]
{{coord|28.616141|77.227948|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Official residences in India]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Delhi]]
[[Category:Works of Edwin Lutyens in India]]
[[Category:Palaces of Nizams of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:State guesthouses]]

List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj

2026-03-20T16:45:01Z

Ekyaschool: added the bio from scratch...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:On the banks of New Yamuna bridge, Allahabad.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad|New Yamuna Bridge]], India's longest cable-stayed bridge and the iconic monument of Prayagraj,{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} attracts considerable numbers of tourists.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}]]
'''[[Prayagraj]]''' (formerly Allahabad),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-allahabad-will-now-be-known-as-prayagraj/articleshow/66236308.cms|title=Prayagraj: Allahabad new name is Prayagraj | Lucknow News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> a city in the State of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] is an important tourist destination attracting many tourists annually. Enriched with a glorious history and being one of the oldest cities in the world. Prayagraj is famous worldwide for the [[Kumbh Mela]], a holy religious gathering of Hindu pilgrims which also attracts many tourists and has been taking place in the city from ancient times. Prayagraj has also several historical monuments from different periods of [[Indian History]], from the tomb of Khusru, in [[Khusrobagh]] which was built during the medieval period under Mughal Rule to [[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad|All Saints Cathedral]] in Civil Lines built during the [[British Raj]] to [[Alopi Devi Mandir]] in [[Alopibagh]] which is one of the oldest Hindu temples built during the ancient period.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} Several more historical locations like the [[Allahabad Fort]] built by [[Emperor Akbar]] during the Mughal Rule to several ancient Hindu temples like the Hanuman Temple near Sangam adorn the city.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} There are several other places of interest like the [[Allahabad University]] which was built by the British during the British Raj to several contemporary monuments, each depicting a different time-period in the history of the city.

{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
! Types !! Picture !! Attraction !! Period !! Description
|-
| [[Holy river]] || [[File:Triveni Sangam.JPG|200px]] || '''[[Triveni Sangam]]''' || - || It is the "[[Confluence (geography)|confluence]]" of two physical rivers [[Ganges]], [[Yamuna]], and the invisible or mythical [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati]]. It is a place of religious importance and the site for historic [[Kumbh Mela]] held every 12 years.
|-
| Park || [[File:Victoria Memorial Allahabad.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Chandrashekhar Azad Park]]''' || 1931 || Formerly known as Alfred park and Company Garden, it is a public park of 133 acres area and is the biggest park in Prayagraj.<ref name="nativeplanet">{{cite web|url=http://www.nativeplanet.com/allahabad/attractions/alfred-park/|title=Alfred Park - Allahabad | Alfred Park Photos, Sightseeing - Native Planet|publisher=nativeplanet.com|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> It is renamed after freedom fighter [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], who sacrificed his life here, during the [[Indian independence struggle]] in 1931.
|-
| Cathedral || [[File:All Saints' Cathedral.jpg|200px]] || '''[[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad|All Saints Cathedral]]''' || 1887 || A noted [[Anglican]] [[Cathedral]] in [[Prayagraj]].<ref>{{cite news |title=An array of city's glorious past at Magh Mela|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-16/allahabad/28551507_1_allahabad-railway-railway-lines-sanskriti-express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108121414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-16/allahabad/28551507_1_allahabad-railway-railway-lines-sanskriti-express |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2011 }}</ref> It is an example of 13th-century [[Gothic style]]<ref name=toi2001>{{cite news |title=All Saints Cathedral celebrates 130th Anniversary today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/All-Saints-Cathedral-celebrates-130th-Anniversary-today/articleshow/1388861542.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108121428/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-31/lucknow/27252566_1_victoria-tower-130th-anniversary-saints-cathedral |url-status=live |archive-date=8 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 October 2001 }}</ref> buildings in Asia built by the British during their rule in India. In 1871 AD, British architect Sir [[William Emerson (British architect)|William Emerson]], architect of [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], [[Kolkata]], designed this monument. It was consecrated in 1887
|-
| Fort || [[File:Akbar Fort Allahabad.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Allahabad Fort]]''' || 1583 || Allahabad Fort was built by [[Emperor Ashoka]] but repaired by [[Emperor Akbar]] in 1583.<ref name="indnav">{{cite web|url=http://www.indnav.com/servlet/Browse?mt=goToName&name=Allahabad+Fort |title= Allahabad Fort |publisher=indnav.com|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> The fort stands on the banks of the [[Yamuna]] near the [[confluence]] with the river [[Ganges]]. It is the largest fort built by Akbar. In its prime, the fort was unrivaled for its design, construction and craftsmanship. This huge fort has three galleries flanked by high towers.
|-
| High Court || [[File:Allahabad high court.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Allahabad High Court]]'''|| 1869 || A fine example of [[Georgian architecture]], it was one of the first high courts to be established in India.
|-
| Museum || [[File:Allahabad Museum Jan 2014 AJ.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Allahabad Museum]]''' || 1931 || Established in 1931,<ref>{{cite news |title=Allahabad Museum to celebrate Foundation Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/-Allahabad-Museum-to-celebrate-Foundation-Day/articleshow/5644718.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108114206/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-05/allahabad/28134388_1_allahabad-museum-foundation-day-senior-citizens |url-status=live |archive-date=8 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 March 2010 }}</ref> it is known for its rich collection and unique objects of art, and is funded by [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].
|-
| University || [[File:Vizianagaram Hall 2.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Allahabad University]]''' || 1887 || One of the oldest universities established in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Its origins lie in the Muir Central College, named after [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces|Lt. Governor of North-Western Provinces]], [[Sir William Muir]] in 1876, who suggested the idea of a Central University at Prayagraj, which later evolved to the present university.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Muir, Sir William}} "In 1885 he was elected principal of [[Edinburgh University]]"</ref><ref>[http://www.allduniv.ac.in/aboutus/hist.html History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525043931/http://allduniv.ac.in/aboutus/hist.html |date=2009-05-25 }} Allahabad University website.</ref> At one point it was called the "Oxford of the East",<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023235141/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-11/india/27850835_1_central-university-allahabad-varsity-political-interference Allahabad Varsity to become a central university] [[The Times of India]], 11 May 2005.</ref>
|-
| Museum || [[File:Anand Bhawan, Allahabad.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Anand Bhavan]]''' || 1930 || Anand Bhavan is a large [[bungalow]] in [[Prayagraj]] which has been turned into museum. It was constructed by Indian political leader [[Motilal Nehru]] in the 1930s to serve as the new residence of the [[Nehru-Gandhi Family|Nehru family]] when the original mansion [[Swaraj Bhavan (old Anand Bhavan)|Swaraj Bhavan]] was transformed into the local headquarters of the [[Indian National Congress]].
|-
| Neighborhood || [[File:Allahabad city.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]]''' || 19th century || Formerly known as '''Cannington'''<ref name="anglicanhistory">{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/chatterton1924/22.html|title=A History of the Church of England in India, by Eyre Chatterton (1924)|publisher=anglicanhistory.org|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> it is the [[central business district]] of [[Prayagraj]], and is famous for its urban setting, [[gridiron plan]] roads,<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=A Hand-book for Visitors to Lucknow: With Preliminary Notes on Allahabad and Cawnpore|author=Keene, H.G.|date=2000|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120615274|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfGFMpm8UbAC&pg=PA15|page=15|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> high rise buildings, offices, cafes, restaurants, hotels, malls, shopping complexes, theatres etc. The area was built by the British during the heyday of the [[British Raj]] and was a residential colony of the British at that time. The present day Civil Lines has several skyscrapers and modern buildings which show the constant change taking place in the city.
|-
| Planetarium || [[File:Jawahar Planetarium, Allahabad Jan 2014 AJ.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Jawahar Planetarium]]''' || 1979 || The planetarium was built in 1979 and is situated beside [[Anand Bhavan]], the former residence of the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]]. It is managed by the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund' (established 1964), which has its headquarters at [[Teen Murti House]], New Delhi.<ref>[http://www.jnmf.in/institutions.html Institutions] JNMF.</ref>
|-
| Garden || [[File:TombofKhusrau.JPG|200px]] || '''[[Khusro Bagh]]''' || 18th century || It is a large walled [[mughal garden]] surrounding the mausoleums of [[Khusrau Mirza]] (died 1622), eldest son of emperor [[Jahangir]], ''Shah Begum'', Khusrau's mother (died 1604), a [[Rajput clans|Rajput]] princess and Jahangir's first wife, and that of Princess ''Sultan Nithar Begam'' (died c.1624), Khusrau's sister.<ref name=brit>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000752S15U00045000 Khusru Bagh (Garden) at Allahabad, 1870s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407105515/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000752S15U00045000 |date=7 April 2009 }} [[British Library]].</ref> It presents an exquisite example of [[Mughal architecture]]
|-
| Festival || [[File:Kumbh Mela 2013 Sangam, Allahabd.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Kumbh Mela]]''' || - || It is a mass [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[pilgrimage]] of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred river. It is considered to be [[List of largest peaceful gatherings in history|largest peaceful gathering]] in the world with over 100 million people visiting during the Maha Kumbh Mela in 2013.<ref name=natgeo>{{cite web|last=Spinney|first=Laura|title=At Largest Religious Festival, Some Abandon Elderly|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/02/130223-culture-travel-religion-india-maha-kumbh-mela-world-women-widow-hindu-festival/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225074343/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/02/130223-culture-travel-religion-india-maha-kumbh-mela-world-women-widow-hindu-festival/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2013|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=24 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Public Library/Meeting Hall || [[File:Mayo Memorial Hall.jpg|200px]]|| '''[[Mayo Memorial Hall]]''' || 1879 || A large public library cum meeting hall in [[Prayagraj]], situated near the [[Thornhill Mayne Memorial]], was meant for public meetings, balls and receptions in commemoration of the assassinated Viceroy.<ref name="indianmirror">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/tourism/allahabad.html|title=Allahabad, Best Tourist Attractions in allahabad, Uttar Pradesh|publisher=indianmirror.com|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> Mayo Memorial Hall was designed by Richard Roskell Bayne and was completed in 1879.<ref name="library.uvic.ca">{{cite web|url=http://library.uvic.ca/spcoll/guides/sc131.html|title=University of Victoria - 404 Error: File Not Found - University of Victoria|publisher=library.uvic.ca|accessdate=27 August 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704112639/http://library.uvic.ca/spcoll/guides/sc131.html|archivedate=4 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Park || [[File:Minto Park 1.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Minto Park, Prayagraj|Minto Park]]''' || 19th century || The park is a historical site for in 1858 [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Earl Canning]] read out the declaration of [[Queen Victoria#Empress|Queen Victoria's Proclamation]] which resulted in the complete transfer of control over [[India]] from The [[East India Company]] to the [[government of Britain]].<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Uttar Pradesh|author=Bhatt, S.C.|date=2005|volume=28|publisher=Kalpaz publ.|isbn=9788178353845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCG5hGZ-hJsC&pg=PA453|page=453|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="bharatonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/uttar-pradesh/travel/allahabad/minto-park.html|title=Minto Park - Minto Park Allahabad - Allahabad Minto Park - Madan Mohan Malaviya Park Allahabad India|publisher=bharatonline.com|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Bridge || [[File:Yamuna bridge Prayagraj.jpg|200px]] || '''[[New Yamuna Bridge]]''' || 2004 || It is the longest [[cable-stayed bridge]] of [[India]], located in [[Prayagraj]]<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable Stayed Bridges: November 19-21, 1999, Hyderabad|author1=Dayaratnam, P.|author2=Indian Institution of Bridge Engineers|date=2000|publisher=Universities Press (India) Limited|isbn=9788173712715|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA204|page=204|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-15-most-amazing-bridges/20110623.htm#10|title=India's 15 most amazing bridges - Rediff.com Business|work=rediff.com|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="jica">{{cite web|url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2007/pdf/project30_full.pdf|date=7 May 2008|title=国名（通称名称：本行年次報告書準拠） | Construction of a Bridge over River Yamuna at Allahabad/Naini|author=JBIC|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> The bridge was constructed by the end of 2004 with the aim of minimizing the traffic over the [[Old Naini Bridge]].<ref name="maurer-soehne">{{cite web|url=http://www.maurer-soehne.com/files/bauwerkschutzsysteme/pdf/en/projectinfo/Allahabad_Naini_Bridge_India.pdf|title= Allahabad Naini Bridge|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref> The bridge runs north–south across the [[Yamuna river]] connecting the city of [[Allahabad]] to its neighborhood of [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]].
|-
| Ghat || [[File:3 Highway NH27 on Yamuna River in Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Saraswati Ghat]]''' || 2002 || '''Saraswati Ghat''' is probably the most spectacular [[ghats|ghat]] in [[Prayagraj]] on the bank of [[Yamuna]] river. It is located close to Mankameshwar Temple of lord Shiva. The name of ghat comes from Hindu Goddess of learning [[Saraswati]].
It is a newly built delightful place. Stairs from three sides descend to the greenish water of the Yamuna. And above there is a park which is always covered with green grass.
|-
| Fort || || '''[[Ulta Qila]]''' || 1855 || This mound, on which Samudra Koop & Ulta Qila are located, is also known as ‘Kot’. A big walled well is located on the mound. It is believed that this ‘Samudra Koop’ is the one, which is aptly described in Matsya Puran & Padm Puran while archaeologists believe that it was built during the reign of Samudra Gupta hence this name. Till 1855, this area was in the form of a mound only but in the same year, a Vaishnav saint Sudarshan Das from Ayodhya renovated the well and got an ashram & a temple built here. This area has big stairs on the Ganges side along with many caves. Five similar wells are found in Ujjain, Mathura, Allahabad, Varanasi & Patalpur also.
Harbenga, the local ruler was very cruel. He hatched the conspiracy of maligning the Sheikh Taqui Baba- a local saint. As a consequence of curses of baba, his evil designs boom ranged and his fort got topsiturveyed (Ulta Qila) and his set up was totally destroyed in a big fire, so the place came to be known as Jhulsi or Jhunsi. But according to some documents released by the Archaeological Department, this incidence happened due to the curses of Guru Gorakhnath, the disciple of Matseyndra Nath.
|-
| Clock Tower |||| '''[[Prayagraj Clock Tower]]''' || 1913 || [[Prayagraj Clock Tower]] is an architectural [[clock tower]] located in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] also known as Chowk Ghantaghar. It was constructed in 1913. It is a landmark of Old Prayagraj and reminds us one of finest structures in India. It is located in centre of the [[Chowk, Prayagraj|Chowk]], [[Prayagraj]]
|-
| Mansion || [[File:SwarajBhawan.JPG|200px]] || '''[[Swaraj Bhavan (old Anand Bhavan)|Swaraj Bhavan]]''' || 19th century || A large [[mansion]] located in [[Prayagraj]] which was owned by Indian political leader [[Motilal Nehru]] in the 19th century, it has served as the ancestral home of the [[Nehru-Gandhi Family]] — future [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]] was born there. The First Prime Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was however not born in Anand Bhawan.<ref name="highbeam">{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979254251.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104055231/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979254251.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Nehru's birthplace in Allahabad is a sex workers paradise - Hindustan Times (New Delhi, India) | HighBeam Research|publisher=highbeam.com|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref>

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Prayagraj landmarks}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Prayagraj| ]]
[[Category:Prayagraj-related lists|Tourism]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India by populated place|Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Uttar Pradesh|Prayagraj]]

Murder 2

2026-03-18T23:49:07Z

Ekyaschool: quick update

{{Short description|2011 film by Mohit Suri}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{For|the crime|Second degree murder}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Murder 2
| image = Murder 2 Hindi Movie Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohit Suri]]
| producer = [[Mukesh Bhatt]]
| writer = [[Shagufta Rafiq]]
| starring = [[Emraan Hashmi]] [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Mithoon]] [[Harshit Saxena]] [[Sangeet-Siddharth]] '''Background Score:''' [[Raju Singh]]
| cinematography = Ravi Walia
| editing = Devendra Murdeshwar
| studio = [[Vishesh Films]]
| distributor = Wave Cinemas (India) [[Eros International]] (overseas)
| released = {{Film date|2011|7|8|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi<ref>{{cite web |title=Murder 2: Complete cast and crew details |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14386/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229112123/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14386/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 May 2011}}</ref>
| budget = {{INRConvert|13|c|year=2011}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=38|title = Murder 2 - Movie |website=Boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|67.84|c|year=2011}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |title=2011 Worldwide Figures: Twenty Films Cross 50 Crore |publisher=Box office India |access-date=22 January 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605052846/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3944&nCat= |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>
}}

'''''Murder 2''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Slasher film|slasher]] film directed by [[Mohit Suri]] and produced by [[Mukesh Bhatt]]. It is the second installment in the ''[[Murder film series|Murder]]'' film series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Murder 2 |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/murder-2-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjm4nty |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> A quasi-sequel to the 2004 film, ''[[Murder (2004 film)|Murder]]'', it stars [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] and [[Prashant Narayanan]], and debutant [[Sulagna Panigrahi]]. The film was released on 8 July 2011 to mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, and became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|highest grossing Bollywood films of 2011]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Emraan- "'Murder 2' is not just about erotica" |url=http://www.asianetindia.com/entertainment/emraan-murder-2-erotica_276869.html |publisher=Asianet India |access-date=22 June 2011 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614080141/http://www.asianetindia.com/entertainment/emraan-murder-2-erotica_276869.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film is reportedly an unofficial adaptation of the 2008 South Korean film ''[[The Chaser (2008 film)|The Chaser]]'', though Bhatt denied this and claimed that it was inspired from the [[2006 Noida serial murders|2006 Nithari killings]] in [[Noida]].<ref name="NDTV">{{citation |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110179477&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=117381 |title=Murder 2 plot lifted from Korean flick(The Chaser(2008)) |publisher=[[NDTV]] |author=Mid-Day.com |author-link=Mid-Day |access-date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174436/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110179477&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=117381|archive-date= 8 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is remembered for its [[erotic]] scenes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=We arent doing love making scene to titillate you- Jacqueline Fernandez: Part 2 : Bollywood News|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/we-arent-doing-love-making-scene-to-titillate-you-jacqueline-fernandez-part-2/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=16 June 2011}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film starts with a woman trying to entice a [[Cross-dressing|man dressed in a woman's outfit]], who later kills her.

Arjun Bhagwat is a money-hungry ex-cop involved in committing crimes. An [[atheism|atheist]], he regularly visits the church to donate money to orphans. At the church, he comes into contact with Priya, a model. Arjun and Priya begin a casual relationship. Priya reveals her romantic feelings for Arjun but he is not interested in a relationship. He asks her to find someone else if she wants love, as Arjun can only have a no-strings-attached relationship, and nothing else.

Meanwhile, the girl who got killed is getting dumped by the man at a well full of dead bodies of women like her.

Arjun makes a deal with a gangster and pimp, Sameer, to solve the mystery of the unexplained disappearance of his prostitutes. While investigating, Arjun finds a phone number linked to the missing girls. He tells Sameer to send a prostitute to that number. Sameer decides to send Reshma, a college newcomer in the business, who has chosen this work to feed her family but keeps this a secret from them. Reshma is sent to the house of Dheeraj Pandey who is a psychopathic murderer responsible for torturing and killing the missing hookers including Jyoti (who gets killed at the beginning of the film). He decides to do the same with Reshma and throws her in a dark well, to torture her till she dies.

Arjun discovers that Dheeraj is the murderer and informs the police. While Dheeraj is in jail, the commissioner calls a psychiatrist Dr. Sania to extract his confession. Dheeraj tells the doctor that he kills women because he thinks they take advantage of men. Dheeraj is eventually released under Nirmala Pandit's influence. Meanwhile, Reshma escapes from the well and tries to find her way through the forest.

Arjun meets Dheeraj's family, and the family reveals that Dheeraj used to beat his wife. Up next, he meets a private dancer, Sonia, who was also tortured by Dheeraj but managed to escape. Arjun then meets an [[Murti|idol-maker]] who used to work with Dheeraj. The maker tells him that Dheeraj used to make idols of [[Devil|devils]] instead of [[Hindu deities|deities]] and killed the factory owner who tried to stop him. Inspector Sadaa informs Arjun that Dheeraj is free, and the police try to track him down as quickly as possible. Nirmala and Dheeraj enter the same [[Hindu temple|temple]] where Reshma is hiding. Nirmala and the priest, who had both been unaware of Dheeraj's true nature, are killed by Dheeraj, but not before the priest reveals that Reshma is also there. Dheeraj finds the terrified Reshma who urinates (out of fear) on seeing him. Dheeraj then brutally murders her, escaping just before Arjun and the cops arrive. Arjun finds Reshma's body and breaks down, feeling guilty and responsible for her death.

Dheeraj targets Priya next, whom he calls for a photo shoot and tries to torture, but Arjun saves her, engaging Dheeraj in a fight as police officers show up. They request Arjun not to kill Dheeraj. Dheeraj then plays the tape he recorded when he was torturing Reshma. Hearing Reshma's pleading cries, Arjun, tormented by her death and blaming himself for it, furiously stabs Dheeraj multiple times until being stopped by inspector Sadaa, but after witnessing the sadistic nature of Dheeraj in the form of Reshma's cries, Sadaa ultimately shoots him, ending his reign of terror once and for all. As the film ends, Arjun visits a church with Priya, implying that he has faith in [[God]] and Priya's near-death has made him realize his love for her.

== Cast ==
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Arjun Bhagawat, an ex-police officer turned criminal, who is an [[atheist]] and is in a [[casual relationship]] with a model, Priya. He tries his best to search for and protect the missing hookers, including Reshma.
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Priya, a pretty but lonely model, who is in a passionate but confused relationship with Arjun.
* [[Prashant Narayanan]] as Dheeraj Pandey, a [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] and psychopathic serial killer who pretends to be a customer, calls the hookers and murders them.
* [[Sulagna Panigrahi]] as Reshma, a poor college girl, who enters prostitution to feed her family. She is later killed by Dheeraj Pandey.
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Inspector Sadaa, an inspector and a friend of Arjun, who helps him to save the missing hookers.
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Nirmala Pandit, a man who used to be Dheeraj's mentor and is killed by him.
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Commissioner Ahmed Khan, a [[police commissioner]] who tries to solve the murder case.
* [[Shweta Kawatra]] as Psychiatrist Dr. Sania, in a special appearance.
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Reshma's mother
* [[Abhijit Lahiri]] as Dheeraj Pandey's father
* Jhuma Biswas as the Hostel Warden
* Premchand Singh as Goa Home Minister
* Santosh Sahu as a male prostitute
* [[Yana Gupta]] as Jyoti, the girl who is murdered by Dheeraj (special appearance in the song "Aa Zara")

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
[[Bipasha Basu]] was offered the leading role, but she refused. [[Asin]] rejected the part as she deemed the role of the female lead 'not powerful enough' and also declined the role. The role was then offered to [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], though actress [[Sonal Chauhan]] was also considered.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} After declining the lead role, Basu was offered the item number "Aa Zara". When she declined again, the role was offered to [[Yana Gupta]], who accepted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yana Gupta replaces Bipasha Basu for an item number |url=http://zoomtv.smashits.com/video/17667/yana-gupta-replaces-bipasha-basu-for-an-item-number.html |publisher=ZoomTv.SmasHits.com |access-date=29 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612024255/http://zoomtv.smashits.com/video/17667/yana-gupta-replaces-bipasha-basu-for-an-item-number.html|archive-date=12 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming took place in [[Mumbai]] and [[Goa]]. The scene featuring the song "Haal-E-Dil" had to be partly re-shot in order to make it more suitable for use in television promos.<ref>{{cite news |title='Murder 2' toned down for television |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-07/tv/29629303_1_song-mahesh-bhatt-filmmakers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616075050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-07/tv/29629303_1_song-mahesh-bhatt-filmmakers |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2012 |access-date=9 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2011}}</ref> Yana Gupta's item number "Aa Zara" was not shown during television promos as it was deemed too violent for audiences under 18. Instead, an alternative music video for the song was shot with Jacqueline Fernandez and [[Emraan Hashmi]], which was aired on television and was used to promote the song. The original scene with Yana was still used in the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yana's Item Is Number Too Hot To Handle |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110177378&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=111098 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614070856/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110177378&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=111098|archive-date=14 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Murder 2'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from various critics of India. [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it 4/5 stars and wrote: "''Murder 2'' is one of the finest crime stories to come out of the Hindi film industry. Also, as a film, it lives up to the expectations that you may associate from a sequel of a smash hit".<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Murder 2: Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14386/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229115917/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14386/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 July 2011 |date=7 July 2011}}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3.5/5 stars commenting, "''Murder 2'' has enough to give the masses a mast time". [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave it 3/5 stars. [[Komal Nahta]] of Koimoi rated ''Murder 2'' with 3/5 stars and said that "it doesn't have too much to offer in terms of entertainment as it is a dark film but its plus points are the abundant sex scenes and the good music. Its reasonable budget on the one hand, and wonderful recovery from sale of its satellite, music and worldwide theatrical rights on the other have ensured that the producers have made a handsome profit before release".<ref>{{cite news |last=Nahta |first=Komal |title=Murder 2 Review |url=http://www.koimoi.com/uncategorized/murder-2-review/ |access-date=8 July 2011 |newspaper=Koimoi |date=8 July 2011}}</ref> Pankaj Sabnani of ''Glamsham'' gave it 3/5 stars, while writing that "an intriguing plot supported by superb performances, make ''MURDER 2'' a 'killer' film". Daily Bhaskar also gave it 3/5 stars, stating that "if Emraan plus Jacqueline under the name ''Murder 2'' don't arise your interest enough, then the story will surely do the trick".

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the movie 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Review: Murder 2 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=635&albumname=Review:%20Murder%202 |access-date=8 July 2011 |newspaper=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816043932/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=635&albumname=Review:%20Murder%202|archive-date=16 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave it 1.5/5 stars and wrote in his review: "''Murder 2'' is flat, boring and not worth talking about. Even Emraan, sporting less stubble than usual, seems baby-faced as he goes through the motions. It might be inspired by some obscure film, but I don't even care enough to look for its name. By now, I've come to accept that the Bhatts have a bigger DVD collection than me. I do wish they'd stop flaunting it, though".<ref>{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Raja |title=Review: Murder 2 isn't worth it without Mallika |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-murder-two/20110708.htm |access-date=8 July 2011 |newspaper=Rediff}}</ref> [[Sudhish Kamath]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said: "At best, ''Murder 2'' is a show reel for the talented Prashant Narayanan, a men's room glossy featuring the saucy Jacqueline Fernandez and just another day on the job for serial kisser Emraan Hashmi".<ref>{{cite news |title=Murder 2 – Serial kisser vs. serial killer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/murder-2-serial-kisser-vs-serial-killer/article2214045.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=29 July 2020 |first=Sudhish |last=Kamath |date=9 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film opened to full houses across India with occupancy ranging from 70 to 100%, earning {{INRConvert|70|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |title=MURDER 2 Murders CHILLAR PARTY at Box-Office! |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/emraan-hashmis-murder-2-murders-salman-khans-chillar-party-at-box-office/ |publisher=Koimoi.com |access-date=15 July 2011 |author-link=Komal Nahta |date=8 July 2011}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|228|m}} in its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite news |title=Murder 2 kills all competition |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-12/box-office/29769478_1_bhatts-second-week-business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910202708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-12/box-office/29769478_1_bhatts-second-week-business |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |access-date=15 July 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office Top 5:Midweek: 'Murder 2' is a monstrous hit, 'Chillar Party' has healthy pick up |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620004305/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 July 2011}}</ref> After the weekend, the film grossed {{INRConvert|47.5|m}} on Monday, {{INRConvert|37.5|m}} on Tuesday and {{INRConvert|32.5|m}} on Wednesday.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3172&nCat=box_office_news |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019142904/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3172&nCat=box_office_news |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film went on to gross {{INRConvert|36.5|c}} in its first week, although collections were affected on 13–14 July due to the [[2011 Mumbai bombings|bomb blasts in Mumbai on 11 July 2011]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office Top 5: Top 5: 'Murder 2' is a smash hit, 'Delhi Belly' is rocking too! |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620004305/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/top5/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>

{{as of|2012|February}}, [[Box Office India]] claimed that it was the 28th biggest opening week of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4015&nCat= |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=12 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212035945/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4015&nCat= |url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie dominated the single screens despite new releases<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3178&nCat=box_office_news |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718085125/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3178&nCat=box_office_news |url-status=dead}}</ref> and grossed {{INRConvert|20.50|c}} in the second week despite limited multiplex release. ''Murder 2'' grossed approximately {{INRConvert|850|m}} at the Indian box office. The all India distributor share stood at {{INRConvert|250|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3922&nCat= |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630061643/http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3922&nCat= |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Murder 2
| type = Album
| artist = [[Harshit Saxena]], [[Mithoon]], Sangeet Haldipur, Siddharth Haldipur
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2011|05|30}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=40|s=29}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

=== Track listing ===
The film's music was to be composed by the original film composer of the previous installemnts [[Anu Malik]]. He even recorded the first song but was replaced by new composers. The film's score was composed by [[Raju Singh]], while the soundtrack was eventually composed by [[Mithoon]], [[Harshit Saxena]] and [[Sangeet-Siddharth]]. The lyrics were written by Mithoon, [[Kumaar]], and [[Sayeed Quadri]].

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Haal-E-Dil
| extra1 = Harshit Saxena
| length1 = 5:46
| music1 = Harshit Saxena
| title2 = Aa Zara
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| music2 = Sangeet Haldipur, Siddharth Haldipur
| length2 = 4:57
| title3 = Aye Khuda
| extra3 = Mithoon, Kshitij Tarey and Saim Bhat
| length3 = 6:50
| music3 = [[Mithoon]]
| title4 = Phir Mohabbat
| extra4 = [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]], [[Arijit Singh]], Saim Bhat
| length4 = 5:29
| music4 = Mithoon, Aditya Kumar
| title5 = Tujhko Bhulana
| length5 = 3:40
| music5 = [[Sangeet Haldipur]], [[Siddharth Haldipur]]
| extra5 = Sangeet Haldipur, Roshni Baptist
| title6 = Aa Zara
| note6 = Reloaded
| length6 = 5:12
| extra6 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| music6 = Sangeet Haldipur, Siddharth Haldipur
| title7 = Haal-E-Dil
| note7 = Acoustic
| length7 = 5:00
| extra7 = Harshit Saxena
| music7 = Harshit Saxena
| title8 = Aye Khuda
| note8 = Remix
| length8 = 3:35
| extra8 = Mithoon, Kshitij Tarey and Saim Bhat
| total_length = 40:29
| music8 = Mithoon
}}

=== Reception ===
The album received positive reviews from critics. Joginder Tuteja from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the album a 3/5 stars saying that "''Murder 2'' turns out to be a good deal overall". ''Musicaloud'' gave the album 3.5/5 stars.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award ceremony
! Category
! Result
! Recipient
! Source
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|Best Actor in Negative Role
| {{Won}}
|[[Prashant Narayanan]]
|
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Stardust Awards]]
|Best Actor (Thriller/Action)
| {{won}}
|[[Emraan Hashmi]]
| rowspan=4 |<ref name="indicine1">{{cite web |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/stardust-awards-2011-2012-nominations/ |title=Stardust Awards 2011–2012 Nominations |publisher=Indicine.com |date=25 January 2012 |access-date=14 July 2012 |archive-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032758/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/stardust-awards-2011-2012-nominations/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress (Thriller/Action)
| {{nom}}
|[[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
|-
|Stardust Award for Breakthrough Supporting Performance – Male
| {{nom}}
|[[Prashant Narayanan]]
|-
|Stardust Award for Standout Performance by a Music Director
| {{nom}}
|Sangeet & Siddharth Haldipur – Tujhko Bhulaana And Aa Zaraa Murder 2
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]
|Best Actor
| {{won}}
|[[Emraan Hashmi]]
|
|-
|Best Performance in Negative Role
| {{nom}}
|[[Prashant Narayanan]]
|
|-
|Best Actress in Supporting Role
| {{nom}}
|[[Sulagna Panigrahi]]
|
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Male
| {{nom}}
|Mohammed Irfan
|
|-
|Best Playback Singer- Female
| {{nom}}
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[4th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Harshit Saxena]] – "Haal-E-Dil"
| rowspan=2 |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 |date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php |archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php|title=Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 Winners|website=Radiomirchi.com|access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
| {{won}}
|}

== Sequel ==
After the success of the first two installments, the producers released a third film ''[[Murder 3]]'',<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Murder-3-next-year/Article1-720518.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713230554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Murder-3-next-year/Article1-720518.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2011 |title=Murder 3 next year |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> on 15 February 2013. The film, which was an official remake of ''[[The Hidden Face (film)|The Hidden Face]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Murder 3 is a remake of Spanish film |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Murder-3-is-a-remake-of-Spanish-film/Article1-990140.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054854/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Murder-3-is-a-remake-of-Spanish-film/Article1-990140.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> starred [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] and [[Sara Loren]] in lead roles. However, unlike the earlier parts, it was an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Top 5: 'Murder 3' recovers cost, in profit zone! |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top5-hindi-movies/id/941/date/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020094341/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/top5-hindi-movies/id/941/date/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2013 |date=22 February 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/indian-cinema-a-very-short-introduction-9780198723097?cc=ca&lang=en& |title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |year=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-872309-7 |page=110}}

== External links ==
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|murder-2}}
* {{IMDb title|1918965|Murder 2}}

{{Mohit Suri}}
{{Mahesh Bhatt}}
{{Murder series}}

[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s police procedural films]]
[[Category:2010s psychological horror films]]
[[Category:2011 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Goa Police]]
[[Category:Films about misogyny]]
[[Category:Films about modeling]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films about real serial killers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohit Suri]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harshit Saxena]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mithoon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sangeet Haldipur]]
[[Category:Films scored by Siddharth Haldipur]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in churches]]
[[Category:Films set in temples]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films with atheism-related themes]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Indian transgender-related films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]

Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry

2026-03-15T15:27:40Z

Ekyaschool: new a details first draft!

{{Short description|1970 cabinet in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| date_formed = 11 November 1970
| date_dissolved = 31 January 1972
| government_head = [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
| state_head = [[Braj Kumar Nehru]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| opposition_party = [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference|AHL]]
| political_parties = *'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| predecessor = [[Third Chaliha ministry|Chaliha III]]
| successor = [[Sarat Chandra Sinha ministry|Sinha ministry]]
| image = Mahendra Mohan Choudhury Rajya Sabha photo.jpg
}}

The '''Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry''' was the Cabinet of [[Assam]] headed by [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choudhry ministry |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref> The Ministry lasted from 11 November 1970 to 31 January 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091830/http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=assamassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

== Ministers ==

=== Cabinet ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolios
!Constituency
!Party
|-
|[[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
Chief Minister
|
* Appointments<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/India_a_Reference_Annual/Ij9EAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=padmakumari+gohain+social+welfare+sericulture+weaving&dq=padmakumari+gohain+social+welfare+sericulture+weaving&printsec=frontcover |title=India, a Reference Annual |date=1971 |publisher=Research and Reference Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Home
* Political
* General Administration
* Secretariat
* Statistics
* Minority Affairs
* Education
* Elections
* Flood Control
* Irrigation
* Students
* Youth Welfare
* General coordination
* '''Any other portfolio not allocated to other ministers'''
|[[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Tripathy]]
|
* Finance
* Planning
* Development
* Town and country planning
* Information
* Public relations
|[[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Biswadev Sarma
|
* Power
* Mines and Minerals
* Industries (including Cottage industries)
|Balipara
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Lakshmi Prasad Goswami
|
* Revenue<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-29 |title=Remembering Late Lakshmi Prasad Goswami |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/remembering-late-lakshmi-prasad-goswami |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mohendra Nath Hazarika
|
* Jails
* Khadi and Village industries
* Fisheries
* Political sufferers
|Bokani
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Ramesh Chandra Barooah]]
|
* Supply
* Excise
* Trade and commerce
* Municipal administration
|[[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Chatrasing Teron
|
* Health
* Family planning
|[[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Joy Bhadra Hagjer]]
|
* Tribal areas’ development
* Cultural affairs
|[[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Altaf Hussain Mazumdar]]
|
* Public Works Department (Buildings and Roads)
|[[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Ataur Rahman]]
|
* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Panchayats and community development
* Parliamentary affairs
|[[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Padma Kumari Gohain]]
|
* Social Welfare
* Sericulture
* Weaving
|[[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Prabin Kumar Chaudhuri|Prabin Kumar Choudhury]]
|
* Transport
* Printing
* Stationery
* Tourism
* Veterinary
|[[Boko Assembly constituency|Boko]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ranen Basumatry
|
* Forests
* Backward Classes
|[[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[A. Thanglura]]
|
* Social conservation
* Registration
* Stamps
|Aijal West
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Syed ahmed Ali
|
* Flood control
* Irrigation and Wakfs
|[[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Jogen Saikia
|
* Relief and rehabilitation
* Law
* Cooperation
* Municipal administration
|[[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

=== Junior ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Ministers of State'''
|-
|Devendra Nath Hazarika
|Saikhowa
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Syed ahmed Ali
|[[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Chatra Gopal Karmakar
|[[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Durgeswar Saikia
|[[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Paramananda Gogoi
|[[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Jagannath Singha
|[[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Sadhan Ranjan Sarkar
|[[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Sarat Goswami
|[[Raha Assembly constituency|Raha]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Deputy Ministers'''
|-
|Golak Chandra Patgiri
|[[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Dandi Ram Dutta]]
|[[Kalaigaon Assembly constituency|Kalaigaon]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Sai Sai Terang
|[[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1970]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:1970 in Indian politics]]

Pemmasani Nayaks

2026-03-11T22:38:32Z

Ekyaschool: typo fix

{{Short description|Clan in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Pemmasani Nayaks
| common_name = Musunuri dynasty
| capital = [[Gandikota]]
| official_languages =
| languages =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = {{ubli|Governors under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]|(Monarchy)}}
| status = Dynasty
| year_end = 1652
| year_start = 1368
| common_languages = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| p1 = Kakatiya dynasty
| s1 = Golconda Sultanate
| p2 = Musunuri Nayakas
| s2 =
| era = [[Medieval India]]
}}
{{APhistory}}The '''Pemmasani Nayaks''' were a prominent [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] dynasty who rose to power in the 14th century, primarily controlling [[Rayalaseema]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They belonged to the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] community.<ref name=":1">{{citation |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th-21st Centuries) |page=99 |year=2014 |editor-last1=Lucassen |editor-first1=Jan |editor-last2=Lucassen |editor-first2=Leo |chapter=Mapping migrations of South Indian weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagara Period: Thirteenth and Eighteenth Centuries |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCqiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27136-4 |quote=Kamma clans like the Pemmasani, migrated as mercenary peasant-warrior}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Satyanarayana |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PHZAAAAMAAJ&q=kamma |title=Society, Economy, and Polity in Modern Andhra |date=2007 |publisher=Kanishka Publishers Distributors |isbn=978-81-7391-971-8 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> They initially served the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] and later aligned with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] around 1370 CE, following the decline of the [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuri Nayaks]] in [[Warangal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jehoiakim |first=Ethan Sören |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqprlwEACAAJ |title=Pemmasani Nayaks |date=2011 |publisher=International Book Market Service Limited |isbn=978-613-7-94708-1 |language=en}}</ref>

They were instrumental in the defense and expansion of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. They commanded large [[mercenary]] armies that formed the vanguard of Vijayanagara’s forces during the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA1 |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |date=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |language=en}}</ref> Their stronghold was [[Gandikota]], on the [[Penna River|Pennar River]], significantly fortified by [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu I|Pemmasani Thimma Nayudu]], who transformed it into a key military bastion. [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]] was a leading commander under [[Krishnadevaraya]]. The Pemmasanis played a critical role in the civil war following Krishnadevaraya’s death. [[Rama Raya]] and the [[Aravidu dynasty]] rose to power following a civil war, largely because of the support of [[Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murthy |first=N. S. Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYDfAAAAMAAJ |title=Forts of Āndhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times Upto 16th C. A.D. |date=1996 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-03-3 |pages=202 |language=en}}</ref> Pemmasani Pedda Timmaraja served as the minister for [[Sriranga Deva Raya|Sriranga I]] and later for [[Venkatapati Raya|Venkata II]], the latter overseeing a revival of the Vijayanagara empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henry Heras |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_man_bc99fd0d7ddf7f556b285a125658560b/page/265/mode/2up |title=The Aravidu Dynasty Of Vijayanagara Vol. 1 |publisher=B. G. Paul And Co., Madras |pages=266, 307 |language=English}}</ref>

The Pemmasanis built and patronized significant Hindu temple construction, such as the [[Bugga Ramalingeswara temple|Bugga Ramalingeshwara Swamy Temple]] and the [[Chintalarayaswami Temple]], reinforcing their influence in religious and cultural spheres.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramaswami |first=N. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pw9uAAAAMAAJ |title=Temples of Tadpatri |date=1976 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |pages=10–11 |language=en}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Talikota]] (1565) and the decline of Vijayanagara, a section of the Pemmasani family migrated south and established the [[Kuruvikulam]] Zamindari in [[Tamil Nadu]], which thrived until 1949. Those who remained in Andhra were referred to as the "Gandikota Kammas," they ruled Gandikota and surrounding estates until the mid-17th century. Along with other influential clans the [[Ravella Nayaks]] and [[Sayapaneni Nayaks]], they supported the Aravidu Dynasty in resisting [[Islam in India|Muslim]] advances. This resistance lasted nearly 90 years, ending with the capture of Gandikota in 1652 and the defeat of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu II|Pemmasani Timmanayudu]] by [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=New_delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170000 |title=Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress |date=1922 |pages=}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Primary sources|section|date=June 2023}}

=== Origin ===
The Pemmasani Nayaks belonged to the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] social group, a prominent [[Telugu people|Telugu]] community in [[South India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadjuela |first=A. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119723/page/n173/mode/2up?q=Pemmasani+kammavars |title=The Aristocracy Of Southern India |date=1984}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Traditionally associated with agrarian and administrative roles, the Pemmasani clan, in particular, rose to prominence through their military leadership and governance of key territories.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh: Exploring Gandikota, India's Grand Canyon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/andhra-pradesh-exploring-gandikota-indias-grand-canyon/articleshow/111384321.cms |access-date=2025-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

According to Yadiki Kaifiat, Vijayanagara Emperor Phrauda Deva Raya granted Nayankarship of Yadiki to Pemmasani Timma Nayaka in 1424–1444 AD period marking the beginning of the rule of Pemmasani Nayaks. According to Tadipatri Kaifiat, Vijayanagara Emperor Sri Krishna Deva Raya granted Nayankarship of Tadipatri to Pemmasani Timma Nayaka between 1509 and 1529 AD period marking the beginning of the rule of Pemmasani Nayaks. After the collapse of Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 at the battle of Tallikota, Pemmasani Nayaks ruled Gandikota, Yadiki, Gutti and Tadipatri estates for over 100 years from 1565 to 1685.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

=== Geography ===
[[File:Indian Grand Canyon Sudhakar Bichali.jpg|thumb|[[Gandikota]] on the banks of the [[Penna River|Pennar River]]]]
Their stronghold was the [[Gandikota|Gandikota Fort]], located on the banks of the [[Penna River|Pennar River]] in Andhra Pradesh. Originally founded in 1123, the fort was significantly fortified and expanded under the Pemmasani Nayaks, particularly by [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu I|Pemmasani Thimma Nayudu]], enhancing its defenses and transforming it into a critical military bastion.

=== Extent ===
The Pemmasani Nayaks ruled [[Yadiki]], [[Gooty]], [[Tadipatri]], and [[Gandikota]]. The maximum extent of Pemmasanis feudatorial influence ranged from [[Gandikota]] to [[Kondapalli]] during the reign of [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka]] which includes areas like Gooty, Kondaveedu, Bellamkonda, Kanchi, Tadipatri, Yadaki.<ref>"Aristocracy of South India" by Vadivelu</ref> Pemmasanis helped [[Aravidu dynasty|Araveeti kings]] to ascend the throne of great [[Vijayanagar Empire]] when there was power shift between Tuluva and [[Araveedu]] dynasties after the [[Battle of Tallikota]] in 1565 A. D. where the Vijayanagar empire under Tuluva dynasty rule faced huge defeat against combined forces of Deccan Sultanates.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} Pemmasanis played a crucial role in protecting the Vijayanagar empire. This is evident from the prime location of land that Vijayanagar kings have provided to Pemmasanis in [[Hampi]] as camp when they visited the city.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}

=== Rule and Military Contributions ===
The first ruler of Pemmasani clan was [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu]] who fought many a battle and won the trust of [[Bukka Raya]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Veera Thimma had a son by name Chennappa who had two sons Ramalinga Naidu and Peda Thimma Naidu. Ramalinga ruled Gandikota (1509-1530 CE) during the time of [[Krishna Deva Raya]]. Ramalinga had 80,000 soldiers under him and he played a crucial role in the victory of Krishna Deva Raya over the combined armies of [[Gulbarga|Kalaburagi]], [[Golkonda]] and [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>Krishnadeva Raya, M. Rama Rao, 1971, National Book Trust, New Delhi, p. 17</ref> His exploits in the battle were extolled by many [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poets. He was the most feared by the Generals of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Ahmednagar]] and [[Golconda]].{{sfn|Wagoner, Tidings of the king|1993|pp=138-139}}

Thimma Naidu II participated in the expeditions of [[Krishna Deva Raya]] and captured [[Udayagiri Fort|Udayagiri]], [[Addanki]], [[Kondapalli]], [[Rajahmundry]] and Katakam ([[Cuttack]]). He also played a crucial role in the conquest of Ummattur.<ref name=":0" />

After the death of Krishna Deva Raya in 1529, his son-in-law [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]] took control of the kingdom. The Bahamani sultan colluded with Salakam Timmaraja and raided Vijayanagar. Ramaraya took refuge in Gandikota. Bangaru Thimma Naidu vanquished Bahamanis in a fierce battle at Komali, killed Salakam Timmaraja and restored the throne to Ramaraya.<ref name=":0">Further Sources of Vijayanagar History by K. A. Nilakanta Sastry, 1946, https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory</ref>

=== Religious and Cultural Patronage ===
The Pemmasanis were significant patrons of [[Hindus|Hindu]] temples. Notable constructions under their patronage include the [[Bugga Ramalingeswara temple|Bugga Ramalingeshwara Swamy Temple]] and the [[Chintalarayaswami Temple]].
[[File:06a_-_Musical_Pillars_and_Main_Unfinished_Gopuram.JPG|thumb|243x243px|Musical pillars at Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple]]
'''Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple'''

Constructed between 1490 and 1509 CE by [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu I]], this [[Shiva]] temple is situated on the southern bank of the Penna River in [[Tadipatri]], [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] district, Andhra Pradesh. The temple is renowned for its unique architectural features, including seven musical pillars in front of the [[Vishnu]] shrine that produce the 'saptaswara' (seven musical notes) when struck. The temple's [[gopuram]]s (gateway towers) remain unfinished and have been described by [[Architecture|architectural]] [[historian]] James Anderson as "wonders".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple anantapur |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/andhra-pradesh/anantapur/bugga-ramalingeswara-swamy-temple#:~:text=The%20temple's%20unfinished%20gopurams,%20described,ambition%20of%20the%20Vijayanagara%20Empire. |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref>

'''Chintala Venkataramana Swamy Temple'''

Built in the mid-16th century by [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu II]], a subordinate of Krishnadevaraya, this [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temple is dedicated to Lord [[Venkateswara]] and is located in Tadipatri, Anantapur district. The temple is notable for its [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian architectural]] style, featuring intricate granite sculptures and a Garuda Mandapa designed as a chariot with rotating [[granite]] wheels. The temple's main deity, a 10-foot-high idol of Venkateswara, is uniquely illuminated by sun rays directly touching its feet during the [[Mukkoti Ekadasi]] festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit the Chintala Venkataramana Swamy Temple near Anantapur |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/andhra-pradesh/anantapur/chintala-venkataramana-swamy-temple |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Decline ===
The Pemmasani Nayaks, along with Ravella and Sayapaneni Nayaks, played a pivotal role in supporting the Aravidu dynasty during a period of sustained resistance against the advancing [[Deccan sultanates|Muslim sultanates]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Their combined military efforts were instrumental in preserving the integrity of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] territories in Andhra for several decades following the Battle of Talikota in 1565. However, by the mid-17th century, the balance of power had shifted. The growing dominance of the [[Golconda Sultanate]] in the region led to a concerted campaign to subdue remaining Hindu strongholds. This culminated in the capture of [[Gandikota]] in 1652 and the decisive defeat of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu II|Pemmasani Timmanayudu]] by the Golconda general [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]]. The fall of Gandikota marked the end of Pemmasani military and political influence in the [[Rayalaseema]] region and signified the final consolidation of Muslim power across much of coastal and interior Andhra.<ref name=":2" />

== Kuruvikulam Zamindari ==
Following the [[Battle of Talikota]], a branch of the Gandikota Pemmasani family migrated to [[Tamil Nadu]] and established the [[Kuruvikulam]] Zamindari. This estate, which included Kuruvikulam and Ilaiyarasanendal, became the most prominent Zamindari in Tamil Nadu and persisted from 1565 to 1949.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFwDWt2N29cC |title=The Aristocracy of Southern India |author2= |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2016 |editor1-last=A. Vadivelu |volume= |page=168 |quote=}}</ref>

== Sources ==
Pemmasani Nayaks are known to be the feudatory rulers of Gandikota in the sixteenth century, serving under [[Aravidu dynasty]] (1542–1652), especially [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]].<ref name="Stein">Vijayanagara, [[Burton Stein]], Cambridge University Press, 1989, p.88, {{ISBN|0-521-26693-9}}</ref> The late sixteenth century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] text ''Rayavachakamu'' mentions [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]] as a Kamma chief serving [[Krishnadeva Raya]] ({{reign|1509|1529}}). It is not known whether he served Krishnadeva Raya or some later ruler.<ref>{{harvnb|Wagoner|1993|p=240|year=1993}}: Pemmasani Ramalingama Nayadu [mentioned in the text] belonged to the influential Pemmasani family that ruled the Gandikota-''sima'' during the second half of the sixteenth century and provided several prominent ministers, including Pemmasani Timma, who served Vijayanagara under the Aravidu dynasty... It is not clear whether he served Krishnadevaraya or a later ruler.</ref> Ramalinga Nayudu, the military commender of Gandikota Fort was in the court of Krishnadeva Raya as clearly mentioned in Rayavachakamu (Telugu).<ref>Kumar, P.A. 2025. Pemmasani Nayaks: Vanguard of Vijayanagara. Ananda Publications, Hyderabad, India</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Gandikota]]
*[[Musunuri Nayakas]]
*[[Sayapaneni Nayaks]]
*[[Ravella Nayaks]]
*[[Nayaka dynasties]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Wagoner |first=Phillip B. |title=Tidings of the king: a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rāyavācakamu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1495-3 |ref={{sfnref|Wagoner, Tidings of the king|1993}}}}
* Ananda Kumar, P. 2025. Pemmasani Nayaks: Vanguard of Vijayanagara. Ananda Publications, Hyderabad, India.
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Nayak dynasties]]
[[Category:Dynasties of medieval Andhra]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1368]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 13th century]]

Damoo Dhotre

2026-03-08T01:34:33Z

Ekyaschool: Stub

{{Short description|Indian animal trainer and circus performer (1902-1973)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Damoo Dhotre
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Damodar Gangaram Dhotre
| birth_date = 31 August 1902
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = 23 January 1973 (aged 70)
| death_place = [[Shukrawar Peth, Pune|Shukrawar Peth]], [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| resting_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Animal trainer}}
| years_active =
| employer = Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus (1940-1949)
| known_for = [[Animal training]]
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Circus Hall of Fame]] (1973)
| father =
| relatives =
| spouse =
}}
'''Damoo Dhotre''' (31 August 1902{{snd}}23 January 1973) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] animal trainer and circus performer.

==Early life==
Damodar Gangaram Dhotre was born on 31 August 1902, in [[Pune]], [[Bombay Province]] (now [[Maharashtra]]), [[Colonial India]].<ref name="BnF">{{cite web|url=https://expositions.bnf.fr/cnac/grand/cir_2878.htm|title=Damoo Dhotre sa panthère Sonia|website=expositions.bnf.fr|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref>

==Circus life==
Damoo Dhotre began visiting his maternal uncle Shellar's [[circus]] as a boy, and his uncle, recognizing his interest, took him under his wing.<ref name="Pandey, V. (1965)">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45950132|title=The Indian animal trainer who became a circus legend|author=Vikas Pandey|date=23 October 2018|website=bbc.com|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> In 1912, he left school and traveled with his uncle for four years.<ref name="Pandey, V. (1965)"/> He was nine when he began his own training, doing acrobatic work and bicycle training.<ref name="Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books. (1961)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NodYAAAAYAAJ&q=Damoo+Dhotre|title=Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books - Volume 15|date=1961|publisher=University of Chicago Press|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> He practiced acrobatics and cycling tricks on two wheels, high wheel, and unicycle under Savlaram Mali, the circus's star acrobat, who instructed and drilled him.<ref name="Internet Archive"/> Later, he set a record as a trick cyclist by jumping a 33-foot gap on a bicycle.<ref name="The Virginian-Pilot. (1946)">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/851692550/?match=1&terms=Damoo%20Dhotre|title=Wild Animal Act In Sparks Circus Here April 22-23|date=April 14, 1946|newspaper=The Virginian-Pilot|access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref>

Right from the beginning, Damoo was more drawn to wild animals than to acrobatics.<ref name="Bulletin from Virginia Kirkus' Service. (1961)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7imzAqNO50C&q=Damoo+Dhotre|title=Bulletin from Virginia Kirkus' Service - Volume 29, Issues 1-16|date=1961|author= Kirkus Service|publisher=|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> Dhotre, at age thirteen, sought out Dhondiram Chavan, the lead wild animal trainer of Shellar's Royal Circus, and started training to handle the animals himself.<ref name="Champad, S. (2013)">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTwNAgAAQBAJ&dq=damodar+gangaram+dhotre&pg=PA122|title=An Album of Indian Big Tops: (History of Indian Circus)|date=2013|author=Kirkus Service|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency (SBPRA)|isbn=978-1-62212-766-5 |access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> Damoo's mother was horrified at the idea of him entering a wild animal cage.<ref name="Pandey, V. (1965)"/> With his uncle's circus, he learned professional approaches to [[animal training]].<ref name="NY Times. (1961)">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/14/archives/leopards-tigers-and-a-ram-wild-animal-man-by-damoo-dhotre-as-told.html|title=Leopards, Tigers and a Ram; WILD ANIMAL MAN. By Damoo Dhotre as told to Richard Taplinger. 154 pp. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $3.50|author=Jane Cobb|date=14 May 1961|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> The first trick he performed was riding a tiger around the ring.<ref name="Champad, S. (2013)"/> By the age of seventeen, he was "breaking" lions and tigers to perform.<ref name="Commercial. (1946)">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1108961103/?match=1&terms=Damoo%20Dhotre|title=Circus Wild-Animal Man Hails Via Europe|date=July 9, 1946|newspaper=Commercial|access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref>

Feeling homesick after four years, he returned to Pune.<ref name="Pandey, V. (1965)"/>

With circuses like Great Olympia, Great Asiatic, Raymer's, Carson's American, and Franz Isako's Russian Circus, Damoo toured the [[Orient]], including India, Burma, Ceylon, Indochina, Thailand, China, and the Malay States.<ref name="The Virginian-Pilot. (1946)"/>

When the French circus artist [[Alfred Court]] visited India in 1939 for [[black leopard]]s, Damoo Dhotre, their owner, demanded to go with them.<ref name="Collier's Once a Week. (1940)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SEfAQAAMAAJ&q=Damoo+Dhotre|title=Collier's Once a Week - Volume 106|date=1940|publisher=P. F. Collier|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> From [[Calcutta]], Dhotre journeyed to [[Paris]] to join Alfred Court as a trainer.<ref name="International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera Uncia. (1979)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slHzX0tDHFwC&q=Damoo%20Dhotre|title=International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera Uncia - Volume 4|date=1979|author=|publisher=Helsinki Zoo|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> He gained extensive knowledge of animals as a pupil of Court.<ref name="O'Brien, E. (1959)">{{cite web|url=http://google.ca/books/edition/Circus/M3c4AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Damoo%20Dhotre|title=Circus: Cinders to Sawdust|date=1959|author=|publisher=Naylor Company|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> His work at the French circus provided enough income to support his wife and three sons back in India.<ref name="Homegrown. (2022)">{{cite web|url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/indias-forgotten-circus-legend-the-life-work-of-damoo-dhotre|title=Indian Circus Ring Master Damoo Dhotre Was A Circus Legend|date=15 June 2022|website=homegrown.co.in|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref>

With circuses disrupted amid [[World War II]], the French circus company soon relocated to the United States.<ref name="Homegrown. (2022)"/> They were signed by [[John Ringling North]], who traveled to Europe to recruit fresh acts before the supply was cut off.<ref name="Internet Archive 2">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/circuskingsourri00innort/circuskingsourri00innort_djvu.txt|title=Circus kings : our Ringling family story|author=Henry Ringling North|website=archive.org|date=1960|access-date=2025-07-14}}</ref>

For the 1940 season, Damoo Dhotre joined the [[Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus]] as one of the assistants of Alfred Court.<ref name="OCLC">{{cite web|url=https://cdm17426.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p17426coll5/id/11668/rec/1|title=Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Combined ... - CONTENTdm|website=cdm17426.contentdm.oclc.org|access-date=2025-07-14}}</ref> Court's center ring [[big cat]] act, worked by Dhotre, debuted in the early 1940s and became a regular feature on the 1942 Ringling tour.<ref name="Billboard. (1942)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Damoo+Dhotre&pg=PT41|title=Billboard - Vol. 54, No. 11|date=14 March 1942|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> He worked a cage filled with leopards, pumas, jaguars, panthers, and cheetahs, while the other two rings featured animals from polar bears to Great Danes.<ref name="Times, the Picture Paper. (1940)">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/813324323/?match=1&terms=Damoo%20Dhotre|title=Circus, After Six Years Again In Eastern Maine|date=August 6, 1940|newspaper=Times, the Picture Paper|access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref> Damoo's mentor, Court, preferred to stay in the background, letting him lead the act.<ref name="Bradna, F., Spence, H. (1952)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggmCAAAAMAAJ&q=Damoo%20Dhotre|title=The Big Top: My Forty Years with the Greatest Show on Earth|date=1952|publisher=Simon and Schuster|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> "Prince" Damoo Dhotre presented himself as a bare-chested [[fakir]] in a turban, baggy purple trousers, and glittering attire.<ref name="Bouissac, P. (2021)">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsY4EAAAQBAJ&dq=Damoo+Dhotre&pg=PT181|title=The End of the Circus: Evolutionary Semiotics and Cultural Resilience|date=2021|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-350-16651-6 |access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> His leopards, both close to 150 pounds, allowed him to wear them around his neck like [[fur stole]]s.<ref name="Internet Archive 3">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/circuskingsourri00innort/circuskingsourri00innort_djvu.txt|title=Circus Doctor by J.Y. Henderson D.V.M. Chief Veterinarian of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus as told to Richard Taplinger|author=J.Y. Henderson|website=archive.org|date=1951|access-date=2025-07-14}}</ref>

He continued to impress international audiences with his fearlessness and expertise.<ref name="Homegrown. (2022)"/> Unlike other trainers who provoked animals with guns, chairs, and whips, Damoo Dhotre relied on affection and voice cues.<ref name="Hobbies. (1955)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlooAQAAMAAJ&q=Damoo+Dhotre|title=Hobbies - Volume 60|date=1955|publisher=Lightner Publishing Company|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> He began by calming fear, then taught respect. He stood by their cages for days, speaking and feeding them until they settled. During training, he relied on ropes, rewards, and gentle correction, certain fear alone caused resentment. With a guiding stick, a chew stick, and a whip to give signals, he stayed in command but always warned that no wild animal could be completely tamed.<ref name="Internet Archive 3"/>

From 1942 to 1945, Damoo was enlisted as a [[US Army]] corporal and spent time at [[Camp Sibert]] in Alabama.<ref name="Billboard. (1945)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBEEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Damoo+Dhotre&pg=PT56|title=Billboard - Vol. 57, No. 3|date=20 January 1945|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> He served in the [[Special Services (entertainment)|Special Services]] branch of the Army. During the war, he entertained servicemen, delivering lectures on wild animal training. At one point, his unit included [[Mickey Rooney]], [[Red Skelton]], [[Sabu (actor)|Sabu]], and [[Bobby Breen]].<ref name="The Bangor Daily News. (1946)">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/662005686/?terms=Damoo%20Dhotre&match=2|title=Circus, After Six Years Again In Eastern Maine|first=Oscar|last=Shepard|date=July 15, 1946|newspaper=The Bangor Daily News|access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref>

After three years, he rejoined the American circus scene when the war ended in 1945.<ref name="Pandey, V. (1965)"/> He spent the season of 1946 as a featured act with [[Sparks Circus]].<ref name="Milner Library">{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.illinoisstate.edu/digital/collection/p15990coll5/id/17992|title=Sparks Circus Route Book Season 1946|website=digital.library.illinoisstate.edu|access-date=2025-07-14}}</ref>

By 1947, he was again performing with the Ringling-Barnum show. During the 1949 program, Damoo Dhotre performed his act featuring six black and [[spotted leopard]]s, two [[puma (genus)|puma]]s, and four [[black jaguar]]s.<ref name="Billboard. (1949)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ow4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Damoo+Dhotre&pg=PT71|title=Billboard|date=16 April 1949|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> For several seasons, the Ringling-Barnum circus featured the mixed cat act in its center ring.<ref name="Billboard. (1950)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PUDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Damoo+Dhotre&pg=PA62|title=Billboard - Vol. 62, No. 22|date=3 June 1950|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref>

Dhotre resigned from Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1949 due to an illness and headed back to Europe.<ref name="Pandey, V. (1965)"/> Following recovery from a surgery, Dhotre rejoined the spotlight at [[Cirque Amar]] in France, opening an extended Paris engagement at [[Porte Maillot]] on 20 May 1950. The cats had been owned by Alfred Court, who had taken them to Ringling Brothers years before and sold them when he left for France. When Ringling disposed of the cats, Court bought them back, sold them to the Amars, and arranged for Dhotre to continue managing the act.<ref name="Billboard. (1950)"/> He spent late 1950 performing across Africa and, by February 1951, was touring [[North Africa]] with Cirque Amar in [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], and [[Morocco]].<ref name="Billboard. (1951)">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Damoo+Dhotre&pg=PA63|title=Billboard|date=10 February 1951|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref>

Two years later, worsening health brought Dhotre back to his native India.<ref name="Pandey, V. (1965)"/> He spent his final years residing in [[Shukrawar Peth, Pune]].<ref name="The Indian Express. (2010)">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/great-grandson-wants-dhotre-memorial/|title=Great grandson wants Dhotre memorial|first=Nisha|last=Nambiar|date=3 September 2010|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2025-07-24}}</ref>

==Death==
Damoo Gangaram Dhotre died in Pune, Maharashtra, India, on 23 January 1973.<ref name="Champad, S. (2013)"/>

==Legacy==
He recounted his story to Richard Taplinger in ''Wild Animal Man,'' published in 1961.<ref name="Internet Archive">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/wildanimalman00dhot/page/n3/mode/1up|title=Wild animal man|website=archive.org|date=1961|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> The autobiography documents the trainer's career highlights and experiences in the circus.<ref name="Montana Libraries.">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHcVAAAAIAAJ&q=Damoo+Dhotre|title=Montana Libraries - Volumes 13-17|date=|author=|publisher=|website=books.google.ca|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref>

The [[Circus World Museum]] received several items from Dhotre in December 1963.<ref name="Baraboo News Republic. (1963)">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/869227058/?match=1&terms=Damoo%20Dhotre|title=Museum Has New Collection|date=December 21, 1963|newspaper=Baraboo News Republic|access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref>

Damoo Dhotre was inducted into the [[International Circus Hall of Fame]] in 1973.<ref name="International Circus Hall of Fame">{{cite web|url=https://circushalloffame.com/circus-hall-of-fame-inductees/|title=Circus Hall of Fame Inductees|website=circushalloffame.com|date=9 November 2016 |access-date=2025-07-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhotre, Damoo}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:20th-century circus performers]]
[[Category:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus people]]

Jadhikkoru Needhi

2026-03-03T05:18:24Z

Ekyaschool: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jadhikkoru Needhi
| image = Jadhikkoru Needhi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. Sankaran
| screenplay = S. Sankaran
| based_on = {{based on|''Sekku Maadugal''|[[Komal Swaminathan]]}}
| producer = Vadalur S. Chidambaram
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]]
| cinematography = M. Kesavan
| editing = T. Thirunavukkarasu
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = P. S. V. Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1981|9|18|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jadhikkoru Needhi''''' ({{Translation|Justice for caste}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by S. Sankaran, starring [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]]. The film is based on the play ''Sekku Maadugal'' by [[Komal Swaminathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=அரவிந்த் |date=April 2018 |title=கோமல் சுவாமிநாதன் |url=http://www.tamilonline.com/thendral/article.aspx?aid=12083 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331070314/http://www.tamilonline.com/thendral/article.aspx?aid=12083 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=Thendral |language=Ta}}</ref> It was released on 18 September 1981.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=April 2023}}

== Cast ==
*[[Vijayakanth]]
*[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]]
*[[Nagesh]]
*[[S. S. Chandran]]

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1981 |title=Saathikkoru Needhi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/saathikkoru-needhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1371489576 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823133653/https://music.apple.com/in/album/saathikkoru-needhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1371489576 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saathikkoru Needhi Tamil Film EP VInyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/saathikkoru-needhi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305214801/https://mossymart.com/product/saathikkoru-needhi-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yetramadi Yetram
| lyrics1 = Era. Palanisamy
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Bharatha Bhoomi
| lyrics2 = Poonguyilan
| extra2 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length2 = 4:16
| title3 = Ondru Sernthu
| lyrics3 = M. Pavanan
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan, K. Latha
| length3 = 4:09
| title4 = Orinathu
| lyrics4 = Pulavarmari
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan, K. Latha, S. P. Ponnusamy, Manimala
| length4 = 4:09
| total_length = 17:10 
}}

== Reception ==
Sindhu and Jeeva of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the dialogues, acting performances of cast especially Nagesh, Kesavan's cinematography and Sankaran's direction but found the climax a huge drawback.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிந்து |last2=ஜீவா |date=11 October 1981 |title=சாதிக்கு ஒரு நீதி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-10-11/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230405065513/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-10-11/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=5 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=55 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Yes Madam (2003 film)

2026-03-03T04:40:23Z

Ekyaschool: corrected structure for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yes Madam 2003 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Rajaji
| producer = K. Sandeep Bandari, P. Santhilal Borundiya
| writer = Rajaji Jai Ramji (dialogues)
| story =
| screenplay =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]|[[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]]}}
| music = [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
| cinematography = Nithyanandham
| editing = Peter Babiya
| studio = Bheemaraja Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|02|21}}
| country = India
| runtime =
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Yes Madam''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film, directed by Rajaji, starring [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] and [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]]. The film was released on 21 February 2003.
== Plot ==
Sivaramakrishnan reads a poem written by Gayathri and starts to call and talk to her regularly as a fan. Meanwhile Gayathri's parents look for a groom for her and a doctor comes to see her for getting married. But because he was late, Gayathri leaves to office and couldn't meet him. So the doctor sends his photograph which is mistakenly exchanged with Sivaramakrishnan's photo and Gayathri ends up seeing his photos and also starts loving him. This creates a hot conversation between the doctor and Gayathri and Gayathri leaves her house because of her father's scolding. She stays in her friend's house where she meets Sivaramakrishnan who is staying in his colleague's house. She mistakes him thinking he has ruined her marriage and tries to take revenge but later her friend who returns back to her house, tells that she did it purposefully because that doctor cheated her and doesn't want Gayathri also to be cheated by him. Gayathri realises her mistake and asks sorry and also in the 'Pattimandram' she talks in such a way that she marries Sivaramakrishnan then and there and goes to his house. It is revealed that sivaramakrishnan has a first wife named Sumathi who has divorced him and they have a son. In order to trouble him again and spoil his married life she starts to live in a house in front of his house. She quarrels with gayathri telling that Sivaramakrishnan is her husband. Gayathri loses peace of mind but Sivaramakrishnan assures her that he loves only Gayathri and tells her the flashback in which Sumathi who is his father's sister's daughter is being compelled and married to him and after marriage he and his parents understand that she is a very arrogant and selfish woman who doesn't give any importance to their feelings. Even though she becomes pregnant she decides to get a divorce from him because of a fight with Sivaramakrishnan and his parents. After many quarrels between Sumathi and Gayathri, Sumathi realises her mistake and goes to Sivaramakrishnan and apologises for her mistake and tells that she will leave him and Gayathri to live peacefully by going back to her house. Meanwhile her son gets fits and Gayathri carries him to a hospital where the doctor is the one she previously had misunderstanding with. He tells that he will give treatment to the boy only if she accepts to pose naked for the photos he take. Sivaramakrishnan and Sumathi come there and rescue them and in the process Sivaramakrishnan gets stabbed by the villain and gets admitted in the hospital. Finally he wakes up and sees Sumathi and his son and catches their hands for which Gayathri feels sad and is about to leave when the boy calls her back and then Sivaramakrishnan thinks about the flashback in which Sumathi has assured that she is leaving them and going back to her village with her dad and her son.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Sivaramakrishnan
*[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Gayathri
*[[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] as Sumathi
*[[Goundamani]] as Ganesh Kumar
*[[Senthil]] as Arvind Swamy
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Sivaramakrishnan's mother
*[[Anandaraj]] as Doctor
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Sivaramakrishnan's father
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] as Rani
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yes Madam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yes-madam/lD0b9MuLD8w_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004808/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yes-madam/lD0b9MuLD8w_ |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=2 January 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Aada Ponnu" || [[Harish Raghavendra]] || [[Kamakodiyan]]
|-
| "Avaram Poo Meni" || [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Palani Bharathi]]
|-
| "Bam Bam Barala" || [[Anuradha Sriram]], Harish Raghavendra || Ravi
|-
| "Mama Yem Mama" || Swarnalatha || Newton
|-
| "Samimelai Sathyam" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Pa. Vijay]]
|}

== Reception ==
Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the humour; however felt the film was absurd, cited songs as speed breakers and climax as so-so and called the film as just pass.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=6 April 2003 |title=எஸ் மேடம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-04-06/page/80/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240218142752/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-04-06/page/80/mode/2up |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=18 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=81 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of Chennai Online said the film "doesn’t disappoint, in the sense that it moves in the expected, predictable way one would expect a Prabhu-film to".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=28 Feb 2003 |title=Yes Madam |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov253.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406033105/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov253.asp |archive-date=6 April 2005 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "It is the same old wine in a new bottle. Such genre of films will work only in Tamil where the B and C audience lap up such subjects".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Yes Madam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yes-madam-review-tamil-pcluzWidhbcbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102193333/http://www.sify.com/movies/yes-madam-review-tamil-pcluzWidhbcbb.html |archive-date=2 January 2019 |access-date=2 January 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The relative success of the film prompted the producers to sign Prabhu to work on a film titled ''Sabash Sagalai'' soon after release. [[Sherin]] was cast opposite Prabhu, though the film was later stalled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2003 |title=Gossip |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2003/july/24-07-03.htm |url-status=dead |website=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202134624/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2003/july/24-07-03.htm }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharani (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sandhya (ruler of Kamarupa)

2026-02-27T09:20:10Z

Ekyaschool: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|First ruler of Kamata Kingdom}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sandhya
| title = Gaudeshwar (Victor/Lord of [[Gaur]])
| image =
| caption =
| succession = 1st King of [[Kamata Kingdom|Kamatapura]]
| reign = 1228 – 1260 CE
| predecessor = [[Raja Prithu]]
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| issue =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
}}

'''Gaudeshwar Raja Sandhya''' was the ruler of [[Kamarupa]] in north-eastern India in the present-day state of [[Assam]]. He founded the [[Kamata Kingdom]] when he moved his capital west to Kamatapur (present-day [[Gosanimari]]) sometime after 1257 CE.<ref>"[[Kamarupa]] was reorganized as a new state. 'Kamata' is by name, with Kamatapur as the capital. The exact time when the change was made is still being determined. But it was possibly made by Sandhya (c. 1250–1270) to safeguard against mounting dangers from the East and the West. Its control on the eastern regions beyond the Manah (Manas river) was lax." {{harv|Sarkar|1992|pp=40–41}}</ref>
==Accession==
He became the ruler of Kamarupa in 1228, when [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]], who had earlier killed his predecessor [[Raja Prithu]] in 1228 AD,{{sfn|Baruah|1986|p=175}} However, after Nasir-ud-din Mahmud withdrew from Kamrup, Sandhya stopped paying tribute and declared independence of his kingdom.{{sfn|Baruah|1986|p=175}}<ref name="Acharyya">{{cite thesis |last=Acharyya |first=Nagendra Nath |date= 1 June 1957|title=The History of Medieval Assam (AD 1228 to 1603) |type=PhD |chapter=5 |publisher=University of London |url= https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29178/1/10731273.pdf|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>
==War with Lakhnauti==
{{Main|Yuzbak Khan's invasion of Kamarupa}}
In 1229, after the death of Nasiruddin, Sandhya drove the Muslims out of his territory and captured territory until [[Karatoya River]]. After that, to avenge the previous defeats, he invaded the western border of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] (Lakhnauti) and annexed regions across the Karatoya into his kingdom. In retaliation, [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak]] the governor of Bengal under Delhi Sultanate attempted an invasion on Sandhya's domain in 1257. However, Sandhya resisted the invasion, captured and executed Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak.<ref>{{harv|Sarkar|1992|pp=39–40}}</ref><ref name="Barman">{{cite thesis |last=Barman |first=Rup Kumar |date=2005 |title=From tribalism to independent state : reflection on the emergence of Kamate-koch Kingdom |type=PhD |chapter=5 |publisher=University of North Bengal |url=http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1214 |access-date=9 August 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Acharyya"/>

==Establishment of the Kamata Kingdom==
After this attack, Sandhya moved his capital from Kamarupanagara (present-day [[North Guwahati]]) to Kamatapur in present-day [[Cooch Behar district]]. He established a new kingdom called the [[Kamata Kingdom]].<ref>(Kamarupa) was reorganized as a new state, 'Kamata' by name, with Kamatapur as the capital. The exact time when the change was made is still being determined. But it was possibly made by Sandhya (c. 1250 – 1270) to safeguard against mounting dangers from the East and the West. Its control on the eastern regions beyond the Manah (Manas river) was lax.{{harv|Sarkar|1992|pp=40–41}}</ref><ref name="Acharyya"/>

== See also ==
[[Yuzbak Khan's invasion of Kamarupa]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation
| first = S L
| last = Baruah
| title = A Comprehensive History of Assam
| year = 1986
| publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal
}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=35–48 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhya}}
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Kamarupa]]

Nilba Khandekar

2026-02-26T03:02:32Z

Ekyaschool: created new data needs work

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nilba A. Khandekar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Navelim]], [[Goa]], India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[playwright]]
| notable_works = ''The Words'' (poetry collection)
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2019)
| years_active = 1974–present
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| employer = [[Indian Navy]] (retired)
}}
'''Nilba A. Khandekar''' is an Indian poet and playwright from [[Goa]] who writes in the [[Konkani language]]. In 2019, he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], India's highest literary honour, for his poetry collection titled ''The Words''.<ref name="TOI_Khandekar">{{Cite news |last=Sayed |first=Nida |date=2019-12-19 |title=Konkani poet Nilba Khandekar wins Sahitya Akademi award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/konkani-poet-khandekar-wins-sahitya-akademi-award/articleshow/72877166.cms |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Goa365_Khandekar">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-18 |title=Nilba Khandekar bags Sahitya Academy Award for 'The Words' |url=https://www.goa365.tv/general/N/nilba-khandekar-bags-sahitya-academy-award-for-the-words-/08804.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Goa 365}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Khandekar is based in [[Navelim]], [[Goa]]. He served as an upper-division clerk in the defense department of the [[Indian Navy]] at [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]], retiring in March 2019 after 36 years of service. Following his retirement, he dedicated himself to full-time reading and writing.<ref name="TOI_Khandekar" />

He has been active in the literary field for over 45 years, during which he has published seven books.4 His first book, ''Vedh'', was released in 1992. In 2016, he published an anthology of plays titled ''The Peace before Storm''.<ref name="TOI_Khandekar" />

==Literary style and themes==
Khandekar's poetry is known for addressing social issues, injustices, and discrimination. His work often highlights atrocities, the plight of victims, and human exploitation of natural resources. He has stated that his writing aims to raise a voice against societal ignorance and delayed justice.<ref name="TOI_Khandekar" /><ref name="Goa365_Khandekar" />

His award-winning collection, ''The Words'', includes notable poems such as
''Unknown Sky'', a poem centered on nature and the exploitation of its resources, and ''Words'', the titular poem which contrasts traditional literary heritage with contemporary socio-political situations.<ref name="TOI_Khandekar" />

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2019): Awarded for his seventh book, ''The Words''. The prize included a cash purse of ₹1 lakh, an engraved copper plaque, and a shawl.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Damini |title=Sahitya Akademi’s 2019 awards includes non-fiction by Shashi Tharoor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-shashi-tharoor-named-for-english/article30338408.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 December 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="TOI_Khandekar" />
* [[Kala Academy]] Award (2013): Conferred for his work ''Dandkaranya''.<ref name="Goa365_Khandekar" />
* [[Goa Konkani Akademi]] Award (2009): Awarded for literature and language service.<ref name="Goa365_Khandekar" />
* [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]] Awards: Received for his books ''Suryawanshi'' (2000) and ''Agni'' (2003).<ref name="Goa365_Khandekar" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandekar, Nilba}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani-language poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Gujarat Vidya Sabha

2026-02-25T07:29:09Z

Ekyaschool: Started

{{Short description|Institute in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Gujarat Vidya Sabha''', originally called '''Gujarat Vernacular Society,''' is a literary institution for the promotion of vernacular [[Gujarati literature]] and education, and for the collection of manuscripts and printed books; located in the city of [[Ahmedabad]], India. It was founded by a British administrator, [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes]], in 1848 with the Gujarati author [[Dalpatram]].<ref name=c/><ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1729|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1729}}</ref> The name was changed on the occasion of the centenary of the institution.

It published Gujarat's first newspaper, established the first Gujarati school for girls, the first library and the first Gujarati periodical.<ref name=c/>

==History==
[[File:Buddhi Prakash Gujarati periodical 1850.jpg|thumb|''[[Buddhiprakash]]'', Gujarati periodical, 1850]]
[[File:Vartamaan Gujarati newspaper 1849.jpg|thumb|''Vartaman'', Gujarati newspaper, 1849]]Gujarat Vernacular Society was founded by [[British East India Company]] administrator, [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes]] on 26 December 1848 along with [[Dalpatram]].<ref name=c/> The fund of Rs 9601 was raised from locals, [[Baroda State]] and British officers.<ref name="Shastriv2015">{{cite web | last=Shastri | first=Paul John & Parth | title=Forbes, Gujarati's renaissance man | website=The Times of India | date=31 August 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Forbes-Gujaratis-renaissance-man/articleshow/48737160.cms | access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="vShastri 2013">{{cite web | last=Shastri | first=Parth | title=Gujarat Vernacular Society instrumental in revival of language | website=The Times of India | date=26 December 2013 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-Vernacular-Society-instrumental-in-revival-of-language/articleshow/27927564.cms | access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> The society had in 1877 a fund of £2791 (Rs. 27,910), of which £1000 (Rs. 10,000) were contributed by [[Premchand Raichand]] of Bombay. The first newspaper in Gujarat was started in Ahmedabad by this society. It was a weekly paper issued on Wednesday, ''Budhvar'', and hence in Ahmedabad all newspapers were called ''Budhvariya'' during those times. In 1849 the Native Library was established for members which mainly contained English books. The nagarsheth of Ahmedabad Himabhai had donated a large amount of money for the construction of the library and in 1857 it was converted into the Himabhai Institute.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pārekha |first=Madhusūdana |title=Gujarāta Vidyāsabhā (Gujarāta Varnākyulara Sosāyaṭī) : |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4-%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4/ |website=Gujarāta Viśvakośa}}</ref>

The first girls' school in Ahmedabad. were established by the help of this society. Useful books were printed by it, and the publication of others was helped by money grants. It brought out a monthly magazine, ''[[Buddhiprakash]]'', which in 1876 had a monthly sale of 1250 copies. The magazine is still published. The society helps libraries in all parts of Gujarat and Kathiawar, and gives prizes to schools. It undertakes to sell and distribute books, and offers annual prizes for essays on various useful subjects. A yearly prize of £15 (Rs. 150) is given for the best Gujarati essay on a given subject, the funds coming from an endowment of £250 (Rs. 2500) made in 1864 by a Bombay merchant, Sorabji Jamsedji Jijibai. Its library contained (1877) 1590 volumes in various languages. At the close of 1876 there were forty-eight life members, two yearly members, and two honorary members. Its yearly receipts amount to about £180 (Rs. 1800) and its expenditure to £129 (Rs. 1290).<ref name=":0">{{cite book | title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad | date=7 January 2015 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4IAAAAQAAJ | access-date=1 February 2015|pages=310–311}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

The textile pioneer of Gujarat, Rao Bahadur [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]], donated money to the Gujarat Vernacular Society to start a girls' high school, which was started in 1892 and was named [[RB Ranchhodlal Chhotalal Girls High School]] after the donor.<ref name="c">Census of India, 1961 – Volume 5, Issue 1 – Page 187</ref>

In 1939, the society's president [[Anandshankar Dhruv]] instituted the Department of Postgraduate Education and Research with a donation of 2 lakh rupees from Bholabhai Jeshingbhai and since 1946 functions as the Sheth Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning And Research.<ref name=":1" />

The society changed its name to Gujarat Vidya Sabha in 1946.<ref name="Shastriv2015" />

H.K. (Harivallabhdas Kalidas) Commerce College was founded by the GVS in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title=College History |url=https://www.hkcommerce.in/history/ |publisher=Shree H.K. Commerce College}}</ref>

[[Premabhai Hall]] is owned by the Gujarat Vidya Sabha.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Premabhai hall: AMC offers Rs10 crore, trust wants Rs30 crore |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-premabhai-hall-amc-offers-rs10-crore-trust-wants-rs30-crore-1967099 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Premabhai Hall to become AMC city civic centre |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/premabhai-hall-to-become-amc-city-civic-centre/72078121.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable members ==

* [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Dalpatram]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ambalal Sakarlal Desai]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Keshavlal Dhruv]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ramanbhai Nilkanth]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (honorary)<ref name=":1" />
* [[Anandshankar Dhruv]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Vidyagauri Nilkanth]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Rasiklal Parikh]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Chinubhai Chimanlal]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Keshavram Kashiram Shastri]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Kaḍiyā |first=Kr̥ṣṇakānta |title=Śāstrī, Keśavarāma Kāśīrāma |script-title=gu:શાસ્ત્રી, કેશવરામ કાશીરામ |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%e0%aa%b6%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b8%e0%ab%8d%e0%aa%a4%e0%ab%8d%e0%aa%b0%e0%ab%80-%e0%aa%95%e0%ab%87%e0%aa%b6%e0%aa%b5%e0%aa%b0%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%ae-%e0%aa%95%e0%aa%be%e0%aa%b6%e0%ab%80%e0%aa%b0%e0%aa%be/ |website=Gujarāta Viśvakośa |language=gu}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]
*[[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]]
*[[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* [https://rekhtagujarati.org/authors/gujarat-vidyasabha-gujarat-varnacular-society-ahmedabad/ebooks Books] published by Gujarat Vidya Sabha

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gujarati literature]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:1848 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Education in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Gujarati literary institutions]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]

INS Jamuna (J16)

2026-02-22T11:39:57Z

Ekyaschool: updated page

{{other ships|INS Jamuna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=Survey tasking being undertaken by Southern Naval Command ships on World Hydrographic Day 2014.jpg
|image_caption=INS ''Jamuna'' in the foreground
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=
| country=India
| flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name= INS ''Jamuna''
| namesake= [[Yamuna River|Jamuna River]]
| ordered=
| awarded=
| builder= [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| original_cost=
| yard_number=
| way_number=
| laid_down=
| launched= 4 September 1989
| sponsor=
| christened=
| completed=
| acquired=
| commissioned=31 August 1991
| decommissioned=
| in_service=
| out_of_service=
| renamed=
| reclassified=
| refit=
| struck=
| identification=*{{IMO Number|9012018}}
*[[Hull number]]: J16
| reinstated=
| homeport=
| motto=
| nickname=
| honours=
| fate=
| status= {{ship in active service}}
| notes=
| badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/j-sandhayak.htm |title=J 16 Sandhayak Class |work=globalsecurity.org |year=2012 |accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref>
|type= Hydrographic survey ship
|displacement={{convert|1929|LT|t|0}} full
|length={{convert|87.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|12.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draft={{convert|3.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|propulsion=
|speed= {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range=*{{convert|6000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}
*{{convert|14000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}
|complement=18 officers + 160 enlisted
|armament=1 × [[Bofors 40 mm]] gun
|aircraft=1 × [[HAL Chetak]] helicopter
|aircraft_facilities=[[Helipad]]
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Jamuna'' (J16)''' is a hydrographic [[survey ship]] in the [[Indian Navy]], under the [[Southern Naval Command]]. ''Jamuna'' is equipped with a [[helicopter]], a Bofors 40 mm gun, four survey [[motor boats]], and two small [[boats]]. The ship has the distinction of being associated with [[relief work]] in the wake of the [[Gujarat earthquake]], [[Tsunami 2004]], as well as [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] during the [[Kargil war]]. ''Jamuna'' was also awarded a Mention in Dispatches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangalore: Excited Locals Throng NMPT to View Anchored Ships, Return Disappointed|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=127401}}</ref>

==Ship history==
Built by [[Goa Shipyard Limited]] and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the Naval service at [[Kochi]] in 1991, ''Jamuna'' is the Indian Navy's third [[hydrographic survey]] ship of the {{sclass|Sandhayak|survey ship|||1981}}s to have been [[indigenous peoples of Asia|indigenously]] designed and constructed. The ship is the [[namesake]] of {{ship|HMIS|Jumna}}, a {{sclass|Black Swan|sloop|0}} [[Sloop-of-war|sloop]], which served in the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://psuwatch.com/ins-jamuna-progresses-joint-hydrographic-operations-off-sri-lanka|title=INS Jamuna progresses joint hydrographic operations off Sri Lanka|publisher=PSU Watch|date=2020-02-20}}</ref>

The new ''Jamuna'' is equipped with a range of surveying, [[navigation]]al and [[communication]] systems. The next-generation surveying systems provided onboard include the multi-beam swath [[Echo (phenomenon)|echo]] sounding system, differential global positioning system, [[motion sensors]], sea [[gravimeter]], [[magnetometer]] oceanographic sensors, [[side scan sonar]]s, and an automated data logging system. These are designed to meet the stringent international/[[ISO 9002]] digital survey accuracy standards required for the production of electronic navigation charts and publications as laid down by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]].

The primary tasks of INS ''Jamuna'' include hydrographic surveys, [[nautical chart]] preparation, [[cartography]], and [[training]]. The ship is also equipped with [[Remotely operated underwater vehicle|ROV]], [[AUV]] and [[Unmanned surface vehicle|USV]], similar to other [[sister ships]] of the ''Sandhayak'' class. ''Jamuna'' is powered by two diesel engines and is capable of sustained speeds. The ship is one of the most versatile survey vessels in the world. It can undertake a variety of tasks under trying conditions. After the tsunami of 2004, INS ''Jamuna'' undertook relief operations for the people of [[Sri Lanka]] when it was temporarily converted into a [[hospital ship]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Navy continues salvage operations|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-01-01|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010114730300.htm}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Search for INS ''Khukri''==
INS ''Jamuna'' was instrumental in locating the wreckage of {{INS|Khukri|F149}}, a British [[Blackwood-class frigate|Type 14 (''Blackwood''-class)]] [[frigate]] of the [[Indian Navy]], which was the first [[warship]] sunk in action by a submarine since World War II. The ship sunk off the [[coast]] of [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Gujarat]], India by the [[Pakistan Navy]] [[Daphné-class submarine]] {{ship|PNS|Hangor|S131|6}} on 9 December 1971 during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War]]. Furthermore, it also remains the post-Independence era Indian Navy's only warship to be lost in war to date.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The warship's sunken secret|date=3 June 2013 |url=https://www.russellphillipsbooks.co.uk/the-sinking-of-ins-khukri/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy's story of supreme valour : Remembering Captain M N Mulla and his ship INS Khukri |url=http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313093601/http://www.spsnavalforces.net/mn_mulla.asp |archivedate=2012-03-13 }}</ref>

Between 4 February and 6 February 2009, INS ''Jamuna'' was dispatched to search for ''Khukri''. The survey ship deployed its side scan sonar, to take a picture of the bottom of the sea. One of the images obtained was of a large silt-covered hump on the [[seabed]]. This was located {{convert|80|m}} below the sea surface and close to ''Khukri''{{'}}s last reported position. ''Jamuna''{{'}}s magnetometer also confirmed the presence of [[steel]] inside this hump. The object was nearly {{convert|300|ft}} long, had a northeast-southwest orientation and seemed to be sitting on its keel with its mast sticking out of the [[silt]], confirming that it was the sunken ship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The warship's sunken secret|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20040607-after-33-years-wartime-casualty-ins-khurki-navy-found-resting-place-789898-2004-06-06}}</ref>

==Survey work==

In 2013, INS ''Jamuna'' conducted a hydrographic survey off the [[Kenya]] [[coastline]] on the request of the [[Government of Kenya|Kenyan government]] to survey Manda Bay and Kiwaiyu Bay. Subsequently, the "first updated navigational charts" of the areas were presented to Kenyan authorities in 2014 by the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Admiral]] [[RK Dhowan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NATIONAL REPORT TO REGIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC COMMISSION|url=https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/rhc/NIOHC/NIOHC14/NIOHC%2014-08c%20-%20India%20National%20Report.pdf|access-date=25 February 2017|archive-date=5 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605234002/http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/rhc/NIOHC/NIOHC14/NIOHC%2014-08c%20-%20India%20National%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=from-india-to-kenya-updated-navigational-chart-courtesy-survey-ship-ins-jamuna|url=https://jugalthepurohit.wordpress.com/2014/11/03/from-india-to-kenya-updated-navigational-chart-courtesy-survey-ship-ins-jamuna/|access-date=22 February 2017|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222200627/https://jugalthepurohit.wordpress.com/2014/11/03/from-india-to-kenya-updated-navigational-chart-courtesy-survey-ship-ins-jamuna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ship also conducted a hydrographic survey off the [[Dar es Salaam]] [[port]] in [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TPDF, Indian navy survey Dar port|date=21 April 2021 |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/national/TPDF--Indian-navy-survey-Dar-port/1840392-2161828-hnehlpz/index.html}}</ref>

==Ship upgrade==

INS ''Jamuna'' is set for refit/upgrade by [[Reliance Defence and Engineering]] as part of the Rs 300 crores, 3 naval warship refit deal the [[company]] won in 2016. The refit is to be carried out at a facility at [[Pipavav]] in [[Gujarat]]. Apart from INS ''Jamuna'', the two other warships to be refit are [[fleet tanker]] {{INS|Deepak|A50|6}} and [[offshore patrol vessel]] {{INS|Savitri|P53|6}}. The refit work is expected to be completed by April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reliance Defence Bags Rs 300 Crore Naval Warship Refit Contract|url=http://newsworldindia.in/business/reliance-defence-bags-rs-300-crore-naval-warship-rrefit-contract/227714/|access-date=22 February 2017|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211444/http://www.newsworldindia.in/business/reliance-defence-bags-rs-300-crore-naval-warship-rrefit-contract/227714/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Sandhayak-class survey ship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamuna, INS}}
[[Category:1989 ships]]
[[Category:Sandhayak-class survey ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]

Poornima Ravi

2026-02-18T21:30:54Z

Ekyaschool: created some post with sources

{{Short description|Indian actress and YouTuber}}
{{Indian patronymic|Poornima|Ravi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| name = Poornima Ravi
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Pencil Sketch of Poornima
| birth_name = Poornima Ravi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| othername = Araathi
| alma_mater = [[Vellore Institute of Technology]]
| occupation = Actress, Youtuber
| yearsactive = 2019–Present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
}}

'''Poornima Ravi''' is an Indian actress who has primarily appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. She has played supporting roles in films such as ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' (2021) and ''[[Annapoorani]]'' (2023).<ref name=":0" /> In 2023, she participated in the reality show Bigg Boss 7 Tamil Edition on Vijay TV as a contestant.

==Early life==
Poornima was born in [[Vellore]], Tamil Nadu. As she grew up, she studied at Shrishti Matriculation secondary high school, [[Vellore]]. She later pursued a degree in engineering at [[Vellore Institute of Technology]] and eventually pursued her career on her acting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-7-contestant-poornima-ravis-unique-tattoo-heres-what-makes-it-more-special/articleshow/104122989.cms|title=Poornima Ravi's unique tattoo, here's what makes it special to her|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=3 October 2023 }}</ref>

==Career ==
Poornima started her career as a [[YouTuber]] and opened up a [[YouTube]] channel called "Araathi" on 2 July 2019. She posted videos about [[Indian Premier League]], women's rights, and other things.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 2021, she appeared in the romantic-comedy film ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The following year she appeared in the film ''Chotta''.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In 2023, she participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]'' Tamil Edition on Vijay TV as a contestant.<ref name=":2" />

In 2024, she has played the lead role in the film ''[[Sevappi]]'', directed by M S Raaja.<ref name=":1" />

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes || {{Refh}}
|-
|2019
|''Mine''|| Renu || Independent film directly released on YouTube ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2021 || ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' || Radha || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://silverscreen.in/movies/news/raj-remya-nambeesan-starrer-rio-shoot-wrapped-up/|title=Raj-Remya Nambeesan Starrer 'Rio' Shoot Wrapped Up|date=2020-01-07|website=Silverscreen.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"|2022 ||''Chotta'' || Ganga || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2023 ||''[[Annapoorani]]'' || Keerthi || ||<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title=Nayanthara's 75th film titled 'Annapoorani' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayantharas-75th-film-titled-annapoorani/articleshow/104685797.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119044105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayantharas-75th-film-titled-annapoorani/articleshow/104685797.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024||''[[Sevappi]]'' ||Bhoomi||OTT release; Aha Tamil||<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-27 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil Fame Poornima Ravi Shines In Sevappi Poster, Promises A Heartwarming Tale |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-poornima-ravi-shines-in-sevappi-poster-promises-a-heartwarming-tale-8719037.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nalla Perai Vaanga Vendum Pillaigale]]''||Sofia Banu|| ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Nalla Perai Vaanga Vendum Pillaigale Press Release
|url=https://chennaivision.com/nalla-perai-vaanga-vendum-pillaigale-press-release/|language=en|date=18 February 2024|access-date=21 February 2024|newspaper=Chennai Vision}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nalla Perai Vaanga Vendum Pillaigale review: A non-preachy exploration of modern relationships|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Mar/09/nalla-perai-vaanga-vendum-pillaigale-review-a-non-preachy-exploration-of-modern-relationships|language=en|date=18 February 2024|access-date=21 February 2024|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|2025
|''[[Trauma (2025 film)|Trauma]]''
|Selvi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-03-07 |title=விவேக் பிரசன்னாவின் "ட்ராமா" டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/vivek-prasanna-starring-trauma-trailer-out-1146990 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yellow (2025 film)|Yellow]]''
| Aadhirai
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-08-23 |title=Poornima Ravi's next titled Yellow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/23/poornima-ravis-next-titled-yellow |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes ||{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="1"|2023–2024||''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]''|| Contestant || [[Star Vijay]] ||Walked out Day 96 with 16 lakhs (2nd Highest amount cash box exit in the history of Biggboss Tamil as of now) ||<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ansgar R|title=பிக் பாஸ் வீட்டிற்குள் நுழைந்த ஆராத்தி.. இனி Entertainmentக்கு பஞ்சமே இல்ல - யார் இந்த பூர்ணிமா ரவி?|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/television/kamalhaasans-bigg-boss-season-7-tamil-contestants-announced-youtuber-poornima-ravi-entered-house-ans-s1usnl|access-date=1 October 2023|website=tamil.asianetnews.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/watch-poornima-ravi-walks-out-of-bigg-boss-tamil-7-with-rs-16-lakh-2484547-2024-01-05|title=Watch: Poornima Ravi walks out of Bigg Boss Tamil 7 with Rs 16 lakh|date=2024-01-05|website=IndiaToday|language=en-US|access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss 9]]''
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay]]
|To promote the movie ''[[Yellow]]''. (Day 46)
|
|}

===Web Series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !!Channel ||{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020 ||''Selfie Kadhal''|| Poornima || ||
|-
|''The Roommate - In my Vaalkai''|| Priya || ||
|-
|2024
|''Lingam'' || || Disney+Hotstar ||[https://www.ottplay.com/news/kathir-is-rowdy-lingam-in-hotstars-new-web-series-we-show-you-what-he-looks-like/9cee197fe6343]
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 2020 || ''Ennai Vittu Sendravaney''||Madhura Dhara Talluri & Aswath Ajith
|-
| 2021 || ''Kanda Kanavu''||Anand Kashinath, [[Sublahshini]]
|-
| 2022 || ''Adiyaathi''||Arun Gautham
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Instagram|id=poornima_ravii|name=Poornima Ravi}}
* {{IMDb name|nm14741116}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Poornima}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian comedy YouTubers]]

Crawling Order

2026-01-31T10:45:37Z

Ekyaschool: Pg...

{{Short description|1919 punitive order in Amritsar, British India}}
The '''Crawling Order''' was a [[punishment|punitive]] directive issued by [[Reginald Dyer]], on 19 April 1919, during the period of [[martial law]] in [[Amritsar]], British India, following the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]. The order required all Indians using Kucha Kaurhianwala, the narrow street where British missionary [[Marcella Sherwood]] had been assaulted on 10 April 1919, to crawl on their hands and knees between the hours of 6am and 8pm.<ref name=Anand2021>{{cite book |last1=Anand |first1=Anita |title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence |date=2021 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-9571-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEoiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|location=New York|language=en |chapter=10. I repent, I repent, I repent|pages=115-126}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Nick |title=The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day |publisher=I.B. Taurus |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84885-723-0 |location=London |pages=135-137 |language=English}}</ref>

==Background==
Martial law was introduced in Punjab at midnight between 15 and 16 April 1919 and backdated to 30 March on 21 April by the Viceroy, at the request of [[Michael O'Dwyer]].<ref name=Collett2006>{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel |title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |date=2006 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-85285-575-8 |page=275 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA275|language=en|chapter=17. The crawling order}}</ref>

==Instruction==
[[File:Native crawling up street where Miss Sherwood was assaulted 1919.jpg|thumb|An Indian crawling up street where Sherwood was assaulted, 1919. Taken by [[Reginald Mortimer Howgego]].<ref name=Willcock2019>{{cite journal |last1=Willcock |first1=Sean |title=Guilt in the archive: photography and the Amritsar Massacre of 1919. |journal=History of Photography |date=2019 |volume=43 |issue=1 |url=https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/27606/3/27606.pdf |access-date=5 September 2025 |publisher=Birkbeck, University of London |issn=0308- 7298|doi=10.1080/03087298.2019.1613791}}</ref>]]
The order to crawl was a [[punishment]] issued by [[Reginald Dyer]], on 19 April 1919, during the period of [[martial law]] in [[Amritsar]], British India, following the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] that occurred on 13 April of that year.<ref name=Wagner2016>{{cite journal |last1=A |first1=Wagner, Kim |title=‘Calculated to Strike Terror’: The Amritsar Massacre and the Spectacle of Colonial Violence |journal=Past & Present |date=1 November 2016 |volume=233 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/pa |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/233/1/185/2915150 |language=en |issn=0031-2746|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Lloyd2011>{{cite book |last=Lloyd|first=Nick|author-link=Nick Lloyd (historian)|editor-last=Roy|editor-first=Kaushik|title=The Indian Army in the Two World Wars |date=2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-21145-2|chapter=The Indian Army and Civil Disorder:1919–22|pages=348–363 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cON5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA348|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Report1>{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee Appointed in the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab, Etc |date=1920 |volume=1|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cE1AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA114|chapter=Written Statements: At Lahore, Thursday 19 November 1919, Reginald Dyer |pages=114–139 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Report2>{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee Appointed by the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOk2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA76|chapter=12. Administration of Marshal Law: Crawling Order|pages=76–83 |language=en}}</ref>

The order required all Indians using Kucha Kaurhianwala, the narrow street where British missionary [[Marcella Sherwood]] had been assaulted on 10 April 1919, to crawl on their hands and knees.<ref name=Furneaux2022>{{cite book |last1=Furneaux |first1=Rupert|author-link=Rupert Furneaux |title=Massacre at Amritsar |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-68932-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2J6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT109|chapter=7. The Crawling Order|pages=109–117 |language=en}}</ref> In practice the expectation was to slither like a reptile on one's abdomen.<ref name=Malaviya1919>{{cite book |last1=Malaviya |first1=K. D. (Kapil Deva) |title=Open rebellion in the Punjab : with special reference to Amritsar |date=1919 |publisher=Abhyudaya Press |location=Allahabad |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/openrebellioninp00malauoft/page/n45/mode/2up?|chapter=How an Indian lady was assaulted: the story of flogging and crawling|pages=36-38}}</ref><ref name=Horniman1920>{{cite book |last1=Horniman |first1=B. G. |title=Amritsar And Our Duty To India |date=1920 |publisher=T Fisher Unwin |location=London |page=125 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.351510/page/n125/mode/2up }}</ref>

The instruction was enforced for several days, and those who disobeyed were beaten by soldiers.<ref name=Wagner2016/><ref name=Talbott2004>{{cite book |last1=Talbott |first1=Strobe |author-link=Strobe Talbott|title=Engaging India |date=2004 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0-8157-8300-8 |pages=73, 243 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb/page/n5/mode/2up|chapter=4. Jaswant's village}}</ref> The order was enforced between 6am and 8pm, and about 50 people were forced to crawl.<ref name=":0" />

Upon hearing of the order, [[Edwin Montagu]] messaged [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]] and called for Dyer to be relieved from his post.<ref name=Holburn2020>{{cite book |last1=Holburn |first1=Vanessa |title=The Amritsar Massacre: The British Empire's Worst Atrocity |date=2020 |publisher=Pen and Sword History |isbn=978-1-5267-4578-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5PaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 |language=en}}</ref> The order was lifted on 26 April 1919.<ref name=Wagner2016/><ref name=Report2/>

==Hunter Commission==
The Hunter Commission of Inquiry later condemned the order, calling it "indefensible".<ref name=Report1/><ref <ref name=Report2/><ref name=Mitchell2012>{{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Neil James |title=Democracy's Blameless Leaders: From Dresden to Abu Ghraib, how leaders evade accountability for abuse, atrocity, and killing |date=2012 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-6144-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6IUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|chapter=4. Amritsar|pages=50-51 |language=en}}</ref>

Dyer defended the order as a necessary measure to punish "wicked" behaviour and deter further attacks on Europeans. Critics denounced it as an act of deliberate humiliation and cruelty.<ref name=Furneaux2022/><ref name=Littlefield1920>{{cite news |last1=Littlefield |first1=Walter |title=Has England a Dreyfus case?; Controversy Over Justice of Convicting Brig. Gen. Dyer for Firing on Indian Mob Grips Britain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/08/22/archives/has-england-a-dreyfus-case-controversy-over-justice-of-convicting.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=New York Times |date=22 August 1920 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823155513/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/08/22/archives/has-england-a-dreyfus-case-controversy-over-justice-of-convicting.html |archive-date=23 August 2025|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Later responses==
Mahatma Gandhi responded by saying that "the shooting was ‘frightful’, the loss of innocent life deplorable. But the slow torture, degradation and emasculation that followed was much worse, more calculated, malicious and soul-killing, and the actors who performed the deeds deserve greater condemnation than General Dyer for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The latter merely destroyed a few bodies but the others tried to kill the soul of a nation".<ref name="Hansard2019">{{cite web |title=Jallianwala Bagh Massacre - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-04-09/debates/A5FB9CDE-F333-46BB-9336-5F9C9500726B/JallianwalaBaghMassacre#:~:text |website=hansard.parliament.uk |access-date=23 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823154858/https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-04-09/debates/A5FB9CDE-F333-46BB-9336-5F9C9500726B/JallianwalaBaghMassacre|archive-date=23 August 2025 |language=en |date=9 April 2019}}</ref>

The episode became an example of the repressive measures imposed under martial law in Punjab after the disturbances of April 1919.<ref name=Wagner2016/><ref name=Furneaux2022/><ref name=Hansard1920>{{cite web |title=Punjab Disturbances: The Case Of General Dyer - Hansard - UK Parliament |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/1920-07-19/debates/a68e5794-4044-4aec-8673-f65850358e66/PunjabDisturbancesTheCaseOfGeneralDyer |website=hansard.parliament.uk |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823133305/https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/1920-07-19/debates/a68e5794-4044-4aec-8673-f65850358e66/PunjabDisturbancesTheCaseOfGeneralDyer|archive-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> It was widely cited in parliamentary debates and contributed to public condemnation in Britain and India against Dyer's actions.<ref name=Wagner2016/><ref name=Furneaux2022/><ref name=Hansard1920/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Martial law]]
[[Category:1919 in British India]]
[[Category:British military scandals]]
[[Category:Whipping]]

Almora Municipal Corporation

2026-01-21T12:46:52Z

Ekyaschool:

{{Short description|Civic body that governs the town of Almora in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Almora Municipal Corporation
| native_name = अल्मोड़ा नगर निगम
| transcription_name = Almora Nagar Nigam
| area_total_km2 =
| legislature = Unicameral Legislature
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| body =
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Ajay Verma
| leader2_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader2 = Seema Vishwakarma, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 7 February 2025
| party2 =
| election2 =
| members = 40
| structure1 = India Almora, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (15)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (15)
'''Others (25)'''
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (25)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election|23 January 2025]]
| next_election1 = 2030
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Nagar Nigam Bhavan, Almora
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Almora Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Almora]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=August 2024 |title=Pithoragarh and Almora set to be made as Municipal Corporations |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-uttarakhand-government-planning-to-upgrade-almora-and-pithoragarh-municipality-to-municipal-corporation-201723115377897.html |work=Hindustan Times |pages=2–3}}</ref>

==List of mayors==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | S. No.
! Name
! colspan=3| Term
! colspan=2| Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1
|Ajay Verma
|7 February 2025
|[[Incumbent]]
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|2|7}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Current members==
Almora Municipal Corporation has a total of 40 members or corporators, who are directly elected after a term of 5 years. The council is led by the Mayor. The latest elections were held in [[2025 Uttarakhand local elections|23 January 2025]]. The current mayor of Almora is Ajay Verma of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/almora-municipal-corporation-election-results-under-uttarakhand-municipal-body-elections-2025-uttarakhand-news-uts25012503229|title=Almora Municipal Corporation Election Result: BJP won the Mayor post|work=ETV Bharat|date=25 January 2025 |accessdate=25 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan=6 align=center bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''Mayor: Ajay Verma'''
|-
! Ward No !! Ward Name !! Name of Corporator || colspan="2"|Party<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secresult.uk.gov.in/ElectionResultDashboard_main3|title=SEC Uttarakhand Election Result Portal 2025|work=SEC Uttarakhand|accessdate=28 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>|| Remarks
|-
| 1 || Hanuman Mandir || Vaibhav Pandey || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 2 || Selakhola || Vandana Verma || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 3 || Dubakia || Anju Bisht || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 4 || Ramshila || Naveen Chandra Arya || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 5 || Badreshwar || Janki Pandey || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 6 || Champanaula || Poonam Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 7 || Dhuni Mandir || Meera Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 8 || Narmadeshwar || Asha Bisht || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 9 || Heeradungri || Ekta Verma || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 10 || NTD || Radha Matiyani || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 11 || Jhijhar || Amit Shah || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 12 || Tripura Sundari || Shyam Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 13 || Mission Compound || Devesh Bisht || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 14 || Lakshmeshwar || Abhishek Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 15 || Paniyudiyar || Bhupendra Joshi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 16 || Pandekhola || Jyoti Shah || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 17 || New Collectorate Pandekhola || Tulsi Devi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 18 || Murli Manohar || Neha Tamta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 19 || Vamankhola || Rohit Kumar Karki || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 20 || Narsinghbari || Poonam Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 21 || Siddhpur || Gunjan Singh Chamiyal || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 22 || Baleshwar || Indra Mohan Singh Bhandari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 23 || Makeri || Rahul Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 24 || Chinakhan || Sanjay Kumar Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 25 || Awas Vikas || Vijay Kumar Bhatt || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 26 || Gandhi Park || Deep Chandra Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 27 || Talla Joshikhola || Hem Chandra Tiwari || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 28 || Vivekanandpuri || Kamla Kirola || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 29 || Bhayarkhola || Anup Bharti || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 30 || Talla Aurkhola || Deepak Kumar || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 31 || Rajpur || Mukesh Kumar || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 32 || Malla Rajpur || Vikas Kumar Arya || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 33 || Nanda Devi || Arjun Singh Bisht || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 34 || Lala Bazar || Kuldeep Singh Mer || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 35 || Niyaganj || Intekhab Alam Qureshi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 36 || Dharanaula || Reena Tamta || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 37 || Railapali || Pradeep Chandra Arya || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 38 || New Indira Colony || Geeta Bisht || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 39 || Dugal Khola || Chanchal Durgapal || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
| 40 || Khagmarakot || Madhu Bisht || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|}

==Election results==
The Almora Municipal Corporation holds direct elections every five years in the state and the latest elections were those held in the year 2025.

===Mayoral===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|Year
!rowspan="2"|No. of Wards
!colspan="5"|Winner
!colspan="5"|Runner Up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!colspan="2"|Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
|[[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election|2025]]
|40
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ajay Verma
|8,788
|56.95
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhairav Goswami
|6,309
|40.88
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,479
|}

===Ward-wise===
====2025====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| Almora Municipal Corporation
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Won !! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 15 || ''New''
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] || 25 || ''New''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''|| '''40''' ||
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Almora]]

Suryamani massacre

2026-01-11T15:56:46Z

Ekyaschool: expanded content

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Suryamani massacre সূর্যমণি হত্যাকান্ড
| partof = [[Bangladesh genocide]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|Bangladesh|lat=22.28|long=89.99|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = Suryamani, Barisal, East Pakistan
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| coordinates =
| date = 7 October 1971
| time =
| timezone = UTC+6:00
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 24
| injuries =
| perps = [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
| weapons = Rifles
| numparts =
}}

The '''Suryamani massacre''' ({{langx|bn|সূর্যমণি হত্যাকান্ড}}) of 24 [[Bengali Hindus]] took place on the early hours of 7 October 1971 in Suryamani village of the then Barisal district in East Pakistan. The [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] shot dead 24 [[Bengali Hindus]].

== Background ==
The village of Suryamani was located in Pirojpur sub-division of erstwhile Barisal district, now under [[Mathbaria Upazila]] of [[Pirojpur District]]. The village is two and a half kilometres to the east of [[Mathbaria Upazila]] headquarters. Towards the south of the village is a [[Water and Power Development Authority|WAPDA]] embankment.

== Killings ==
On the night of 6 October, a group of 60-65 armed [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] raided the houses of Haldar and Mitra families in the village of Angulkata now under Sadar Union of [[Mathbaria Upazila]].<ref name="pa07102012">{{cite news|url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/295756|script-title=bn:মঠবাড়িয়ায় সূর্যমণি গণহত্যা|last=Faisal|first=A.K.M.|date=7 October 2012|work=Prothom Alo|language=bn|access-date=28 January 2013|location=Dhaka|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011080145/http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/295756|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] were led by Commander Iskander Ali Mridha, Mukul Ahmed Badshah, Ansar Ali Khalifa and Syed Howladar. They broke open the doors and tied up the men, women and children. After that they raped the women, and took 37 men captive, tied with ropes. The men were taken to Mathbaria police station. Seven of them were released for a huge ransom. They rest 30 were taken to the [[Water and Power Development Authority|WAPDA]] embankment to the south of Suryamani village. They were made to stand in a line and shot by the [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]. 24 [[Bengali Hindus]] died on the spot. Six others survived the bullet wounds.<ref name="pa07102012"/>

== Investigation ==
On 8 October 2010, survivor Jnanendra Mitra filed a lawsuit with the Court of Senior Assistant Judge at Mathbaria against eight persons, accusing them of the killings.<ref name="kk07102011">{{cite news|url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/index.php?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=07-10-2011&type=gold&data=Loan&pub_no=664&cat_id=1&menu_id=56&news_type_id=1&index=9#.UQaYEqN9jII|script-title=bn:মঠবাড়িয়ার সূর্যমণি গণহত্যা দিবস আজ|date=7 October 2011|work=Kaler Kantho|language=bn|access-date=28 January 2013|location=Dhaka|archive-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204232246/http://www.kalerkantho.com/index.php?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=07-10-2011&type=gold&data=Loan&pub_no=664&cat_id=1&menu_id=56&news_type_id=1&index=9#.UQaYEqN9jII|url-status=dead}}</ref> The lawsuit accused Abdur Jabbar Engineer (Vice Chairman of [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] and former M.P. from Pirojpur-3 constituency), Iskander Ali Mridha (Charmain of Tikikata Union and leader of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]), Mukul Ahmed Badshah (Industrialist and [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] leader), Mohammad Ansar Ali Khalifa ([[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] leader), Mohammad Habib Mian Howladar, Ruhul Amin and Mohammad Alam Mridha of the war crimes.<ref name="kk22092010">{{cite news|url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/~dailykal/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=22-09-2010&type=gold&data=news&pub_no=289&cat_id=1&menu_id=58&news_type_id=1&index=5#.UQgHDx1b7h0|script-title=bn:মঠবাড়িয়ার সূর্যমণি গণহত্যা মামলা ট্রাইব্যুনালে যাচ্ছে|date=22 September 2010|work=Kaler Kantho|language=bn|access-date=29 January 2013|location=Dhaka|archive-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204225844/http://www.kalerkantho.com/~dailykal/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=22-09-2010&type=gold&data=news&pub_no=289&cat_id=1&menu_id=58&news_type_id=1&index=5#.UQgHDx1b7h0|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The judge directed the Officer in Charge of Mathbaria police station to lodge an FIR and investigate into the matter. When the police asked for further directive from the court, the judge referred the case to the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]].<ref name="kk22092010"/> The [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] have visited the place twice for investigation. The tribunal has so far collected the testimony of 18 witnesses.<ref name="dj05112010">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=15&dd=2010-11-05&ni=38408|script-title=bn:কুমিল্লা ও মঠবাড়িয়ায় তদন্ত দলের আরও বধ্যভূমি পরিদর্শন|date=5 November 2010|work=The Daily Janakantha|language=bn|access-date=29 January 2013|location=Dhaka|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212345/http://www.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=15&dd=2010-11-05&ni=38408|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{coord missing|Bangladesh}}

[[Category:October 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mathbaria Upazila]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Violence against men in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Sexual violence in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:History of Barisal Division]]

Dheeme Dheeme (song)

2026-01-06T18:05:15Z

Ekyaschool: expanded page further

{{short description|Tony Kakkar & Neha Kakkar}}
{{notability|1=Music|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Dheeme Dheeme Ft.Tony Kakkar, Neha Kakkar
| type = single
| cover = Dheeme Dheeme Cover Art.jpeg
| artist = [[Tony Kakkar]]
| language = Hindi
| English_title = Slowly, slowly
| released = {{Start date|2019|05|08|df=y}}
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length = {{duration|m=2|s=42}}
| label = [[Desi Music Factory]]
| writer = [[Tony Kakkar]]
| producer = Tony Kakkar
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|9mWdw-09dso|"Dheeme Dheeme"}}
}}
}}

"'''Dheeme Dheeme'''" ({{Translation|Slowly Slowly}}) is a [[Hindi]] romantic song by [[Tony Kakkar]], released as a single by Desi Music Factory on 8 May 2019 via [[YouTube]] and online music streaming services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-dheeme-dheeme-sung-by-tony-kakkar-featuring-neha-sharma/videoshow/69262907.cms|title=Latest Hindi Song 'Dheeme Dheeme' Sung By Tony Kakkar Featuring Neha Sharma|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/music-neha-kakkar-brother-s-tony-kakkar-new-music-video-dheeme-dheeme-is-out-neha-sharma-636208|title=Dheeme Dheeme: नेहा कक्कड़ के भाई टोनी कक्कड़ का नया गाना रिलीज, 'कोका-कोला' और 'कुछ-कुछ' पहले ही हिट|date=10 May 2019|publisher=IndiaTV|access-date=10 May 2019|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Background ==
The song was composed and written by Tony Kakkar, and was released under the label Desi Music Factory. Music video of this song was produced by Anshul Garg, co-produced by Raghav Sharma and directed by Parth Gupta & Gurdas. The video features actress-model [[Neha Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bollywood/tony-kakkar-new-song-dheeme-dheeme-trending-on-youtube-2035866|title=टोनी कक्कड़ के नए सॉन्ग 'धीमे-धीमे' ने YouTube पर मचाया तहलका, बार-बार देखा जा रहा Video|last=Singh|first=Nandan|date=10 May 2019|website=NDTVIndia|publisher="NDTV", which owns "NDTVIndia"|language=Hindi|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref> The song and its music video was released on 8 May 2019.

== Reception ==
Music video has 548 million views on [[YouTube]] as of November 2020.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== Personnel ==
* '''Song''': "Dheeme Dheeme"
* '''Artist''': [[Tony Kakkar]]
* '''Starring''': Tony Kakkar ft. [[Neha Sharma]]
* '''Music, Lyrics & Composition''': Tony Kakkar
* '''Producer''': Anshul Garg
* '''Co-Producer''': Raghav Sharma
* '''Director''': Parth Gupta & Gurdas
* '''DOP''': Sukh Kambooj
* '''Production''': Aman Production
* '''Label''': Desi Music Factory

=== Note ===
* All credits for the personnel can be found on the description of the song's official music video on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|title =Dheeme Dheeme – Tony Kakkar ft. Neha Sharma {{!}} Official Music Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mWdw-09dso|via=[[YouTube]]|date=8 May 2019}}</ref>

==Remake==
{{Infobox song
| name = Dheeme Dheeme Ft. Tony Kakkar, Neha Kakkar
| album = [[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)#Soundtrack|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]
| artist = [[Tony Kakkar]], [[Neha Kakkar]] & [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| language = Hindi
| English_title = Slowly, slowly
| released = {{Start date|2019|11|10|df=y}}
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length = {{duration|m=2|s=26}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| writer = * Tony Kakkar
* Tanishk Bagchi
* Mellow D
| producer = * [[Bhushan Kumar]]
* Renu Ravi Chopra
* [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|V_tG1OSJUsQ|"Dheeme Dheeme"}}
| type = song
}}
}}

A remake version of this song was used in the 2019 film ''[[Pati, Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati, Patni Aur Woh]]'' starring [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]], and [[Ananya Panday]]. The song was recreated by [[Tanishk Bagchi]] with a [[dance club]] beat, with Kakkar once again singing the song, with additional vocals by [[Neha Kakkar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pati, Patni Aur Woh Releases Dance Club Version of 'Dheeme Dheeme' with Kartik, Bhumi and Ananya|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pati-patni-aur-woh-releases-dance-club-version-of-dheeme-dheeme-with-kartik-bhumi-and-ananya-2382251.html|publisher=[[News 18]]|date=11 November 2019|accessdate= 9 December 2019}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Neha Kakkar}}

[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:2019 singles]]
[[Category:Tony Kakkar songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]

Against the Tide (2023 film)

2025-12-29T02:52:28Z

Ekyaschool: creating.

{{Infobox film
| name = Against the Tide
| image = Against the Tide (2023 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Sarvnik Kaur
| producer = {{Ubl| Koval Bhatia
| Sarvnik Kaur}}
| writer = Sarvnik Kaur
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|* Rakesh Koli
* Ganesh Nakhawa}}
| narrator =
| music = Igor Vasilev Novogradska
| cinematography = Ashok Meena
| editing = {{Ubl| Atanas Georgiev
| Blagoja Nedelkovski}}
| studio = {{Ubl| Snooker Club Films
| A Little Anarky Films
| Les Films de l'Oeil Sauvage}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|1|20|df=yes}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = India France
| language = Marathi Hindi English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Against the Tide''''' is a 2023 documentary film directed by Sarvnik Kaur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jun/26/against-the-tide-review-old-ways-vs-the-new-in-a-study-of-modern-indian-fisherfolk|title=Against the Tide review – old ways vs the new in a study of modern Indian fisherfolk|first=Ryan|last=Gilbey|work=The Guardian |date=Jun 26, 2023|accessdate=Mar 11, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/films/againstthetide/|title=Against The Tide - POV|accessdate=14 March 2025|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> It is produced by Koval Bhatia and Sarvnik Kaur under the banners of Snooker Club Films, A Little Anarky Films and Les Films de l'Oeil Sauvage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/against_the_tide|title=Against the Tide|accessdate=14 March 2025|website=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chickeneggfilms.org/filmmakers-and-films/film/against-the-tide|title=Against the Tide|accessdate=14 March 2025|website=chickeneggfilms.org}}</ref> The film got official selections at various film festivals, which include San Francisco International Film Festival 2023, [[Seattle International Film Festival]] 2023, [[2023 Sundance Film Festival]], [[Sheffield DocFest]] 2023, [[Dharamshala International Film Festival]] and [[2nd Eikhoigi Imphal International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catapultfilmfund.org/films/AgainstTheTide/|title=Against the Tide|accessdate=14 March 2025|website=catapultfilmfund.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sheffdocfest.com/film/against-tide|title=Against the Tide|accessdate=14 March 2025|website=www.sheffdocfest.com|date=16 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diff.co.in/film/against-the-tide/|title=AGAINST THE TIDE|accessdate=14 March 2025|website=diff.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://powercorridors.in/imphal-film-festival-unveils-diverse-lineup-with-57-films-showcasing-manipuri-classics/|title=Imphal Film Festival Unveils Diverse Lineup with 57 Films, Showcasing Manipuri Classics|author=Navin Upadhyay|website=powercorridors.in}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film details the lives of two fishermen from the Koli community of Mumbai. One fisherman, Ganesh follows modern practices and owns a crewed fishing boat, has a modern apartment, but is saddled with debt, while the other, Rakesh, follows the traditional practices of the community and lives in a modest way. The film contrasts the two men while exploring the larger currents at play in 21st century India.

==Reception==
Devika Girish of ''[[The New York Times]]'' opined, "Sarvnik Kaur's breathtaking documentary about indigenous fishermen in Mumbai brings to life an ecosystem wrecked by corporate greed and climate change."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/23/movies/against-the-tide-review.html|title='Against the Tide' Review: Tales of the Sea|first=Devika|last=Girish|work=The New York Times |date=Nov 23, 2023|accessdate=Mar 11, 2025|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> Siddhant Adlakha of ''[[IndieWire]]'' said it was "a film concerned with conveying blockades — both logistical and emotional — more than solutions."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/against-the-tide-documentary-review-1234802103/|title='Against the Tide' Review: Another Excellent, Insightful Indian Documentary About Life Itself|author=SIDDHANT ADLAKHA|accessdate=14 March 2025|newspaper=IndieWire|date=20 January 2023 }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Festival
!Award
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| [[Seattle International Film Festival]] 2023
| Documentary Competition Award
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/en/in/films/against-the-tide-2023|title=Watch Against the Tide (2023) on MUBI|accessdate=14 March 2025|website=mubi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/sarvnik-kaur-on-her-critically-acclaimed-documentary-against-the-tide-story-of-arabian-sea-is-the-story-of-world-exclusive-6469899/|title=Sarvnik Kaur on Her Critically Acclaimed Documentary 'Against The Tide': 'Story of Arabian Sea is The Story of World'|author=Anurag Singh Bohra|accessdate=14 March 2025|website=www.india.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[2023 Sundance Film Festival]]
| Grand Jury Prize: World Cinema - Documentary
| {{won}}
|-
| Vérité Filmmaking
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Sydney Film Festival]] 2023
| Sustainable Feature Award
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] 2023
| Best Documentary Film
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023]]
| Golden Gateway Award: International Competition
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com/detail/?UID=3F53CE50-E727-4CC3-BCEE-2E921B2E3C81|title=Against the Tide|accessdate=14 March 2025|website=mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com}}</ref>
|-
| Gotham Independent Film Awards 2023
| Best Documentary
| {{nominated}}
| <ref>_
* {{cite web | title=Nominees Announced for 33rd Annual Gotham Awards | website=The Gotham | date=24 October 2023 | url=https://thegotham.org/press/nominees-announced-for-33rd-annual-gotham-awards/ | access-date=27 July 2025}}
* {{cite web | title=33rd Annual Gotham Awards Winners Announced | website=The Gotham | date=28 November 2023 | url=https://thegotham.org/press/33rd-annual-gotham-awards-winners-announced/ | access-date=27 July 2025}}
</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|International Documentary Association Awards 2023
| Best Feature Documentary
| {{nominated}}
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| Best Director
| {{nominated}}
|-
| Munich International Documentary Festival 2023 (DOK.fest)
| Viktor Award DOK.horizons
| {{nominated}}
|
|-
| Bergen International Film Festival 2023
| Documentaire Extraordinaire
| {{nominated}}
|
|-
| Visions du Réel International Film Festival Nyon 2023
| Audience Award: Grand Angle Competition
| {{nominated}}
|
|-
| Cinema Eye Honors Awards 2024, USA
| Spotlight Award
| {{nominated}}
|
|-
| DocsBarcelona, ES 2023
| Best Documentary: DocsBarcelona TV3 Award
| {{nominated}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt24082466}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 documentary films]]

Adajya

2025-12-29T02:09:00Z

Ekyaschool: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adajya
| image = Adajya.jpg
| caption = Screenshot
| director = [[Santwana Bardoloi]]
| writer = Santwana Bardoloi [[Indira Goswami]] (novel)
| producer = Santwana Bardoloi
| starring = [[Tom Alter]] Trisha Saikia
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Mrinal Kanti Das (cinematographer)|Mrinalkanti Das]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996||}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
}}
'''''Adajya''''' ({{Translation|The flight}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Assamese language]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Santwana Bardoloi]] based on [[Indira Goswami]]'s 1986 novel ''[[The Moth Eaten Howdah of the Tusker|Dontal Haatir Uiye Khowa Haoda]]'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/waiting-with-hope-1499673117.html|title=Waiting with hope|last=Thakuria|first=Nava|date=10 July 2017|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|location=India}}</ref> The film was screened at several international film festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/maj-rati-keteki-revealing-authors-insight/|title=Maj Rati Keteki: Revealing an author's insight|last=Thakuria|first=Nava|work=The News Mill|date=30 May 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is set in 1940s [[Assam]]. Three widows struggle to lead dignified lives amid the extreme restrictions mandated by law and custom. The arrival of a young American scholar, a poisonous snakebite, and the theft of ancestral jewelry combine to bring the situation of the young and beautiful widow Giribala to a painful crisis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pathak|first1=Namrata |last2=Sarma |first2=Dibyajyoti |date=22 June 2022 |title=Indira Goswami: Margins and Beyond |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tgJuEAAAQBAJ&dq=Adajya+review&pg=PT188|publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781003147015}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Tom Alter]] as Mark Sahib
*Trisha Saikia as Giribala
*[[Bishnu Kharghoria]]
*Triveni Bora
*Bhagirothi
*Nilu Chakrabarty
*Chetana Das
*Indira Das
*Mintu Barua

==Awards==
;[[44th National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maj-rati-keteki-a-mirror-to-assamese-society/article22529503.ece|title=Maj Rati Keteki: A mirror to Assamese society|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 January 2018|last=Phukan|first=Vikram}}</ref>
*[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] – Mrinalkanti Das (also for ''Rag Birag'')
*[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] – Bhagirothi (also for [[Dolon Roy]] for ''Sanghat'')
;[[International Film Festival of India]]
*Special Jury Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Back-to-films-after-a-two-decade-hiatus/article16792841.ece|title=Back to films after a two-decade hiatus|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. R. Praveen|date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0142066|title=Adajya}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061123094815/http://www.3continents.com/3continents/fiche_films.jsp?filmid=126 Adajaya preview]

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Assamese}}
{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1990s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:Best Assamese Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]

{{Assamese-film-stub}}
{{1990s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Indian National Association

2025-12-16T14:38:24Z

Ekyaschool: small changes

{{Other uses|National Indian Association (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Bharat Sabha Hall in Kolkata 14.jpg|thumb|Inside of the Indian Association]]
The '''Indian Association''' was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in [[British India]] by [[Surendranath Banerjee]] and [[Ananda Mohan Bose]] in 1876.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Indian Associationpolitical organization, India |website= Britannica.com | url = http://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Association | accessdate = 2015-09-10 }}</ref> The objectives of the Association were for "promoting by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people". The Association attracted educated Indians and civic leaders from all parts of the country and became an important forum for India's aspirations for independence. It later merged with the [[Indian National Congress]].

{{Short description|Former nationalist organization of India}}

==Timeline==
Indian Association formed in 1876 was one of the pioneer political associations with an all India outlook. During the second half of the 19th century, India witnessed marked changes in social and economic life. One of the striking developments of this time was the growth of political consciousness leading to the birth of political associations and national movements for independence. Prior to the Indian Association, [[Sisir Kumar Ghosh]] along with Sambhu Charan Mukherjee founded 'The India League' in Calcutta on 25 September 1875. The nationalist leaders like [[Ananda Mohan Bose]], [[Durga Mohan Das]], [[Nabagopal Mitra]], [[Surendranath Banerjee]] and others were associated with this organisation. The League represented the middle class and worked to stimulate the sense of nationalism among the people and to encourage political education. With a broad vision of an all India outlook, the leaders kept the organisation above provincial and communal politics.

But soon the League foundered and shortly afterwards Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian Association along with his friend Ananda Mohan Bose on 26 July 1876. The leaders who were associated with this organisation were [[Sivanath Sastri]], [[Kristodas Pal]], [[Dwarkanath Ganguly|Dwarakanath Ganguly]], Narendra Kishore, and others. Rev [[Krishna Mohan Banerjee]] and Ananda Mohan Bose were elected the first President and Secretary respectively of the Association. There was not much difference between the India League and the Indian Association in objectives and outlook. Both of them had worked to help the growth of national awakening and political unity among the educated middle class in India. The very name 'Indian Association' implied that national movement was assuming an all India character in outlook and approach.

The Association started its programme with a number of objects: (a) the creation of a strong body of public opinion in the country; (b) the unity of the Indian races and peoples on the basis of common political interest and aspirations; (c) the promotion of friendly feeling between Hindus and Muslims and (d) the inclusion of the masses in the great public movement of the time.

Prior to Indian National Association, there was no political organisation in Bengal that represented the interest of the middle class and the raiyats. The Association gave the young middle-class community a political platform on a more democratic basis. The leaders of the Association were mostly educated young men, lawyers, and journalists. Surprisingly it did not include big business leaders and landlords as members. In the words of Anil Seal, the Indian Association had worked as a pressure group for graduates and professional men, which claimed to represent 'The middle class'.

Being founded by moderate leaders like Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose, who were also at the helm of its affairs, the Association was above extreme and narrow Hindu nationalism and parochialism. As a gesture of friendship and goodwill towards the Muslims, they invited Nawab Mohammad Ali to preside over its second annual conference. Indeed, the Indian Association had laid the foundation for the growth of national awakening and political consciousness that ultimately saw the establishment of the Indian national congress in 1885, and for this Surendranath Banerjea deserves credit. In fact, the Association was the forerunner of the Congress.

Right from its birth, the Association started its work in right earnest. The reduction of age limit (1877) from 21 to 19 years for the candidates of the [[Indian Civil Service]] examination gave it an excellent opportunity to start an all India movement. Under the leadership of Surendranath Banerjee, the Association strongly protested against this unjust decision. Surendranath was chosen as a special delegate to visit different parts of India to secure support for the memorial that the Association intended to send to British Parliament. Surendranath's tour of India was a great success. It enkindled a new spirit of nationalism, which helped to create a feeling of national unity on important political issues. He was the first politician to receive all India popularity. Under his able leadership, the Association demanded simultaneous holding of civil service examination in England and India and Indianisation of higher administrative posts. Besides, the Association led the campaign against the repressive arms act (1878), the [[Vernacular Press Act|vernacular press act]], and the exemption of duties on cotton goods. Public meetings were held in Calcutta demanding the removal of racial inequality between Indians and Europeans and reduction of the [[salt tax]]. The Association gave its support to the Bengal tenancy act of 1885 and demanded self Government in India.

It is true that with the establishment of the Indian National Congress, the Association gradually lost much of its political importance. Yet it must be given the credit for initiating the idea of holding an all India conference with representatives from every province. The first Indian National Conference was accordingly held in Calcutta in 1883. The second National Conference, organised by the Association, held in 1885 in Calcutta. It coincided with that of the National Congress, which was meeting for the first time in Bombay in December 1885. The Indian Association expressed its solidarity and decided its merger with the Congress when the National Congress was organising its second annual conference in Calcutta in December 1886.

It is true that the Indian Association lost its earlier political importance as soon as Congress began to function as an all India organisation. Even then when the partition of Bengal (1905) occurred, the Association under the leadership of Surendranath Banerjea became very active. The Association, under the leadership of Surendranath, organised the Boycott and [[swadeshi movement]] against the partition, raised a National Fund, drew up a National Educational Policy and, in 1906, formally inaugurated the National Council of Education. Violent agitation compelled the government to revoke the partition of Bengal in December 1911. After the annulment of the partition, the Indian Association lost much of its political importance and continued its existence being engaged mainly in social works.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book|author=Jogesh Chandra Bagal|title=History of the Indian Association, 1876-1951|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66042/page/n1/mode/2up|year=1953|publisher=Indian Association}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in India]]

Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja

2025-12-01T05:49:24Z

Ekyaschool: Made New Entry

{{Infobox Writer 
| name = Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja
| image =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1891|11|27}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1970|2|27|1891|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Vaikom]]
| occupation = [[Sanskrit]]-[[Malayalam]] [[scholar]]
| nationality = Indian
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| spouse =
| awards = Sahithya Rathnam, Vidyabhushanam, Kavithilakan
| website =
}}

'''Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja''' (also written as '''Vadakkumkur Rajaraja Varma Raja''') (27 November 1891 - 28 February 1970) was a [[Sanskrit]]-[[Malayalam]] [[scholar]] from the [[India|Indian]] State of [[Kerala]]. He has written several [[Mahakavya|great epics]], short poems and deep interpretations, all based on stories appearing in classical Sanskrit [[Puranas|puranic]] and other texts. He is known as a great poet, biographer, literary critic, researcher and also as a scientist.

He was born on 27 November 1891 as the son of [[Vaikom]] Vazhuthanakkattu Kottarathil Kavukkutty Thampuratty (mother) and [[Sukapuram]] Thottupurathu Purushothaman Achyuthan Nambuthiri (father). He had his early formal education in Govt School, Vaikom. He also studied Sanskrit in the traditional style at home. He was associated with the Tranvancore Manuscript Library in several capacities, was a member of Kochi Malayala Bhasha Parishkarana Committee and also has served Kerala Sahithya Academy as an Executive Committee Member. Among his several works, his interpretation of ''Krishnagatha'' had wide popularity among Malayalam speaking people.<ref>{{cite web|title=മഹാകവി വടക്കൂംകൂർ രാജരാജ വർമ്മ രാജ - ഒരനുസ്മരണം.|url=http://www.jayakeralam.com/kerala_news/Magazine/article/mahakavi-vatakumkoor-raajaraaja-varmma-by-raaju-vilaavath-koovappadi-2048.html|work=രാജു വിളാവത്ത്‌ കൂവ്വപ്പടി|publisher=www.jayakeralam.com|accessdate=17 December 2013|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031819/http://www.jayakeralam.com/kerala_news/Magazine/article/mahakavi-vatakumkoor-raajaraaja-varmma-by-raaju-vilaavath-koovappadi-2048.html}}</ref>

==Publications==
The following is a partial list of books authored by Raja.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rājarājavarmma Rāja, Vaṭakkuṃkūr 1891-1970 |url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n89215840/ |website=WorldCat Identities |publisher=OCLC |access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref>

#Śr̲imahābhārataṃ
#Uḷḷūr mahākavi: paṭhanaṃ
#Mahākavi Rāmapāṇivādan
#Kēral̥īyasaṃskr̥ta sāhityacaritraṃ
#Śailīpr̲adīpaṃ
#Sāhityamañjūṣika
#Mēpputtūr Nārāyaṇabhaṭṭatiri
#Uttara Bhārataṃ : mahākāvyaṃ
#Rāmārjjunīyaṃ campu; savyākhyānaṃ
#Śr̲ī Vālmīki
#Sāhityamañjjuṣika
#Rāmārjjunīyaṃ
#Sāhitīsarvvasvaṃ : sāhityaśāstr̲agranthaṃ
#Mahaccaramaṃ : oru vilāpakāvyaṃ
#Sahithee Sarvaswam

==See also==
*[[Vadakkumkur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Additional reading==
*{{cite web|title=മഹാകവി വടക്കൂംകൂർ രാജരാജ വർമ്മ രാജ - ഒരനുസ്മരണം.|url=http://www.jayakeralam.com/kerala_news/Magazine/article/mahakavi-vatakumkoor-raajaraaja-varmma-by-raaju-vilaavath-koovappadi-2048.html|work=രാജു വിളാവത്ത്‌ കൂവ്വപ്പടി|accessdate=15 January 2023|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031819/http://www.jayakeralam.com/kerala_news/Magazine/article/mahakavi-vatakumkoor-raajaraaja-varmma-by-raaju-vilaavath-koovappadi-2048.html|url-status=dead}}
*[[:ml:%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC %E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE|'''Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja''' in Malayalam Wikipedia]]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]

Balarama

2025-11-28T20:27:17Z

Ekyaschool: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Hindu god and brother of Krishna}}
{{Other uses}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Balarama Mural.jpg
| caption = Early 18th century depiction of Balarama from a wall hanging in a South Indian temple
| deity_of = God of Agriculture and Strength<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=balarama+God+of+agriculture&pg=PT258 | title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide | isbn=9788184752779 | last1=Dalal | first1=Roshen | date=18 April 2014 | publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Gokul|Gokula]]
| consort = [[Revati]]
| parents =
[[Vasudeva]] (father) 
[[Devaki]] (mother) [[Rohini Devi|Rohini]] (surrogate and foster mother)
| weapon = [[Plough]], [[Gada (mace)|Mace]]
| siblings = [[Krishna]], [[Subhadra]]
| children = Nishatha and Ulmuka (sons)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp142.htm|title=The Vishnu Purana: Book V: Chapter XXV}}</ref>
| dynasty = [[Yadava|Yaduvamsha]] – [[Chandravamsha]]
| affiliation = Avatar of [[Shesha]] in [[Bhagavata]] [[Vaishnavism]]; eighth avatar of Vishnu in some [[Vaishnava]] traditions<ref name="EB_Balarama"/>
| abode = [[Vaikuntha]], [[Patala]], [[Vrindavan]]
| festivals = Balarama Jayanti, [[Ratha Yatra]]
| member_of = [[Dashavatara]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&dq=balarama+avatar&pg=PA90 | title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities | isbn=9781135963903 | last1=Coulter | first1=Charles Russell | last2=Turner | first2=Patricia | date=4 July 2013 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nD5dpTyYdYoC&dq=balarama+avatar&pg=PT128 | title=Hinduism & Its Military Ethos | isbn=9781935501473 | last1=Nehra | first1=Air Marshal R. K. | publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/l3-dashavatara | title=L3 - Dashavatara }}</ref>
}}

'''Balarama''' ({{langx|sa|बलराम}}, {{IAST3|Balarāma}}) is a [[Hindu god]], and the elder brother of [[Krishna]].<ref name="US438" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/448184|title="Balarama and Krishna Fighting the Enemy", Folio from a Harivamsa (The Legend of Hari (Krishna)|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref> He is particularly significant in the [[Jagannath]] tradition, as one of the triad deities.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p82">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=82–84, 269}}</ref> He is also known as '''Haladhara''', '''Halayudha''', '''Baladeva''', '''Balabhadra''', and '''Sankarshana'''.

The first two epithets associate him with ''hala'' (''langala'', "plough")<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|author-link=Jan Gonda|title=Aspects of Early Viṣṇuism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8urRsuUJ9oC |year=1969|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1087-7|pages=100, 152–153}}</ref> from his strong associations with farming and farmers, as the deity who used farm equipment as weapons when needed, and the next two refer to his strength.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p82"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani|title=Hindu and Mythology of Balarāma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXnXAAAAMAAJ |year=2006|location=[[Lewiston, New York]] |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|isbn=978-0-7734-5723-2|pages=30–31, 52–59, 68–69 with footnotes}}</ref>

Originally an agricultural deity, Balarama is mostly described as an incarnation of [[Shesha]], the serpent associated with the deity Vishnu<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p82"/><ref name="EB_Balarama">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balarama|title=Balarama | Hindu mythology|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=23 August 2023 }}</ref> while some [[Vaishnava]] traditions regard him as the eighth avatar of Vishnu,<ref name="EB_Balarama"/> with [[Jayadeva]]’s [[Gita Govinda]] (c.1200) "incorporat[ing] Balarama into the pantheon" as the ninth of the [[Dashavatara|10 principal avatars]] of Vishnu.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p82"/>

Balarama's significance in Indian culture has ancient roots. His image in artwork is dated to around the start of the common era, and in coins dated to the second-century BCE.<ref name="Elgood2000p57">{{cite book|author=Heather Elgood|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=1 April 2000|publisher=Bloomsburg Academic|isbn=978-0-304-70739-3|pages=57, 61}}</ref> In Jainism, he is known as Baladeva, and has been a historically significant farmer-related deity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vemsani|first1=Lavanya|title=Hindu and Jain Mythology of Balarama|date=2006|location=[[Lewiston, New York]]|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|isbn=9780773457232|edition=1}}</ref><ref name=olivelle391>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA391|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1|pages=391 with note 15}}</ref>

==History==
{{Vaishnavism}}
[[File:Balarama - Early Mediaeval Period - Maholi - ACCN 18-1515 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5791.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Balarama from [[Mathura]], [[Medieval India|Early Medieval period]] (8th–13th century CE).]]
Balarama is an ancient deity, a prominent one by the epics era of Indian history as evidenced by archeological and numismatic evidence. His iconography appears with [[Nāga]] (many-headed serpent), a plough and other farm artifacts such as a watering pot, possibly indicating his origins in a bucolic, agricultural culture.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion of the Hindus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C |year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0387-9|page=57}}</ref>

===Texts===
Narratives of Balarama are found in ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Harivamsha]]'', ''[[Bhagavata Purana]],'' and other [[Puranas]]. He is identified with the [[vyuha]] avatar of [[Saṃkarṣaṇa|Sankarshana]], along with the deities of [[Shesha]] and [[Lakshmana]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Srimad-Bhagavatam: Bhagavata Purana|isbn=0892132507|author=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|author-link=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|editor=Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|year=1987}}</ref> The legend of Balarama as the avatar of Shesha, the demigod-serpent Vishnu rests upon, reflects his role and association with Vishnu.<ref name=" JonesRyan2006p65"/> However, Balarama's mythology and his association with the ten avatars of Vishnu is relatively younger and post-Vedic, because it is not found in the Vedic texts.<ref>Padmanabh S. Jaini (1977), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/615287 Jina Ṛṣabha as an "Avatāra" of Viṣṇu], ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', Cambridge University Press, Vol. 40, No. 2 (1977), pp. 321–337</ref>

Balarama's legend appears in many ''Parva'' (books) of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Book Three ([[Vana Parva]]) states about Krishna and him that Balarama is an avatar of Vishnu, while Krishna is the source of all avatars and existence. In some art works of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], temples of Gujarat and elsewhere, for example, Baladeva is the eighth avatar of Vishnu, prior to the [[Buddha]] (Buddhism) or [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]] (Jainism).<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=112}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion of the Hindus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C&pg=PA55| year=1987|publisher =Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-0387-9|page=55}}</ref>

Balarama finds a mention in Kautilya's [[Arthashastra]] (4th to 2nd century BCE), where according to Hudson, his followers are described as "ascetic worshippers" with shaved heads or braided hair.<ref name="Hudson2008p99"/>

Balarama, as Baladewa, is an important character in the 11th-century Javanese text ''[[Kakawin Bhāratayuddha]]'', the Kakawin poem based on the ''Mahabharata''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Helen Creese|title=Women of the Kakawin World: Marriage and Sexuality in the Indic Courts of Java and Bali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ1sBgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45179-2|pages=93, 104–105, 110}}</ref>

===Archeology, coins, arts, and epigraphy===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Balarama on punch-marked coins 
(2nd century BCE)
| image1 = MauryanBalaramaCoin3rd-2ndCenturyCE.jpg
| image2 = Mauryan Balarama Coin 3rd-2nd Century CE (detail).jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer=Possible depiction of Balarama on late, post-[[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]], [[punch-marked coins]].<ref name="MHA"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Susan Verma |last2=Ray |first2=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-19374-6 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |language=en}}</ref> He is shown wielding a mace and a plough.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence |url=https://www.academia.edu/25807197 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MHA">"Post-Mauryan punch-marked coin" {{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{main|Saṃkarṣaṇa}}

Balarama was anciently a powerful local deity named [[Samkarshana]], associated with the local cult of the [[Vrishni heroes]] in [[Mathura]] from around the 4th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=151–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA152 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="US438">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |page=438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA438 |language=en}}</ref> The concept of the avatars of Vishnu formed during the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] period in the 3rd to 2nd century CE.<ref name="US439">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |page=439 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439 |language=en}}</ref>

Coins dated to about 185-170 BCE belonging to the Indo-Greek King [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]] show Balarama's iconography and Greek inscriptions. Balarama-Samkarshana is typically shown standing with a gada in his right hand and holding a plough in his left. On the other side of these coins is [[Vāsudeva-Krishna]] holding the conch and chakra.

[[File:Rama Krishna at Chilas.jpg|thumb|left|upright|(Bala)rama and Krishna with their attributes at [[Chilas]]. The [[Kharoshthi]] inscription nearby reads ''Rama [kri]ṣa''. 1st century CE.<ref name="DS215">{{cite book |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Doris |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |date=1997 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10758-8 |page=215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA215 |language=en}}</ref>]]
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Balarama on Indo-Greek coins 
(190-180 BCE)
| image1 = Coin of the Bactrian King Agathokles.jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer=Coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria]] with depiction of Balarama, 190-180 BCE.<ref name="books.google.com">Iconography of Balarāma, Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, p.22 [https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22]</ref><ref name="Bopearachchi">[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], 2016, [https://www.academia.edu/25807197/Emergence_of_Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u_and_%C5%9Aiva_Images_in_India_Numismatic_and_Sculptural_Evidence Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence]</ref> This is "the earliest unambiguous image" of the two deities.<ref name="DS215"/> '''Obv''' Balarama-[[Samkarshana]] with Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ "King Agathocles".<ref>{{cite book|author=Benjamín Preciado-Solís|title=The Kṛṣṇa Cycle in the Purāṇas: Themes and Motifs in a Heroic Saga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvCaWvjGDVEC&pg=PA155 |year=1984|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-89581-226-1|pages=155, see Plate 2}}</ref> '''Rev''' [[Vāsudeva-Krishna]] with [[Brahmi]] legend ''Rajane Agathukleyasasa'' "King Agathocles".
}}
At [[Chilas]] II archeological site dated to the first half of 1st-century CE in northwest Pakistan, near Afghanistan border, are engraved two males along with many Buddhist images nearby. The larger of the two males hold a plough and club in his two hands. The artwork also has an inscription with it in Kharosthi script, which has been deciphered by scholars as ''Rama-Krsna'', and interpreted as an ancient depiction of the two brothers Balarama and Krishna.<ref>{{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC |year=1997|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10758-4|pages=214–215 with footnotes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jason Neelis|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC |year=2010|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-18159-5|pages=271–272}}</ref> The early Balarama images found in Jansuti (Mathura, Uttar Pradesh) and two at Tumain (Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh) are dated to 2nd/1st-century BCE and these show Balarama holding a ''Hala'' (plough) and a ''musala'' (pestle) in his two hands.<ref>{{cite book|author=Julia Shaw|title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-43263-2|page=lxxix}}</ref>

In all of these early depictions, Balarama-Samkarsana seems to hold a senior position over Vāsudeva-Krishna.<ref name=" DS215"/> On the coins of [[Agathocles of Bactria]], Balarama is on the front of the coin (the side with a legend in Greek), whereas Vāsudeva-Krishna is on the reverse ([[Brahmi]] side).<ref name=" DS215"/> At Chilas, Balarama is shown taller and bigger than Vāsudeva-Krishna.<ref name=" DS215"/> The same relationship is also visible in the hierarchy of the Vrishni heroes.<ref name="DS215"/>

In some Indian ancient arts and texts, Balarama (Sankarsana) and Krishna (Vasudeva) are two of the five heroes (''Pancaviras of the Vrishnis'').<ref name="upinder437">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|author=Upinder Singh|publisher=Pearson|year=2008|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=437}}</ref> The other three differ by the text. In some those are "Pradyumna, Samba and Aniruddha",<ref>{{cite book|author=T. Richard Blurton|title=Hindu Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA50 |year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5|page=50}}</ref> in others "Anadhrsti, Sarana and Viduratha".<ref>{{cite book|author=Parmanand Gupta|title=Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC |year=1989|publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-248-4|pages=57–59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=11, 203, 239}}</ref> The 1st-century [[Mora well inscription]] near Mathura, dated between 10 and 25 CE, mention the installation of five Vrishni heroes in a stone temple.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edwin F. Bryant|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC |year=2007 |publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-972431-4|pages=18 note 19}}</ref>

[[File:Balarama Avatar on a brass chariot of Searsole Rajbari, West Bengal, India.jpg|thumb|Balarama Avatar on a brass chariot of Searsole Rajbari, West Bengal, India]]
The earliest surviving southeast Asian artwork related to Balarama is from the Phnom Da collection, near Angkor Borei in [[Cambodia]]'s lower [[Mekong Delta]] region.<ref>Nancy Dowling (1999), [http://hl-128-171-57-22.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17119/1/AP-v38n1-51-61.pdf A new date for the Phnom Da images and its implications for early Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331191949/http://hl-128-171-57-22.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17119/1/AP-v38n1-51-61.pdf |date=31 March 2019 }}, ''Asian Perspectives'', University of Hawaii Press, Volume 38, Number 1, pages 54–57</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=John Guy|author2=Pierre Baptiste|author3=Lawrence Becker|display-authors=et al|title=Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCw_AwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-20437-7|pages=146–148}}</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Krishna meets parents.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Krishna]] and Balarama meet their parents. 19th-century painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
Balarama was the son of [[Vasudeva]]. The evil king [[Kamsa]], the tyrant of [[Mathura]], was intent upon killing the children of his cousin, [[Devaki]], because of a prophecy that he would die at the hands of her eighth child.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=kamsa+cousin+devaki&pg=PT632 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=632 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Harivamsa|Harivamsha]] states that Kamsa went on to murder the first six children of the imprisoned Devaki by smashing the newborns against a stone floor.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U26fDwAAQBAJ&dq=kamsa+smashed+newborns&pg=PA156 |title=Krishna's Lineage: The Harivamsha of Vyasa's Mahabharata |date=2019-07-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-027919-6 |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref> When Balarama was conceived, Vishnu intervened, state the Hindu legends; his embryo was transferred from Devaki's womb into the womb of [[Rohini Devi|Rohini]], Vasudeva's first wife.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p82"/><ref name="JonesRyan2006p65"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion of the Hindus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulz9mO9cK54C&pg=PA55|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0387-9|page=406}}</ref> In some texts, this transfer gives Balarama the epithet ''Sankarshana'' (one who was dragged away). Balarama grew up with his younger brother Krishna with his foster-parents, in the household of the head of cowherds [[Nanda (mythology)|Nanda]], and his wife, [[Yashoda]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p82"/> The chapter 10 of the Bhagavata Purana describes it as follows:

{{Blockquote|
The Bhagavan as the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Self]] of everything tells the creative power of His unified consciousness (yogamaya) about His plan for His own birth as Balarama and Krishna. He begins with Balarama. The whole of Shesha, which is my abode, will become an embryo in Devaki's womb which you shall transplant to Rohini's womb.
|''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' 10.2.8|Tr: D Dennis Hudson<ref name="Hudson2008p34">{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title= The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C |year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-970902-1|pages=34–35}}</ref>}}

He was named Rama, but because of his great strength, he was called Balarama, Baladeva, or Balabhadra, meaning ''Strong Rama''. He was born on [[Shraavana]] [[Purnima (day)|Purnima]], which coincides with the occasion of [[Raksha Bandhan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Manish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&dq=shravan+purnima+raksha+bandhan&pg=PA40 |title=Fasts and Festivals of India |date=2013 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-076-4 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref>

===Childhood and marriage===
[[File:Krishna and Balarama Studying with the Brahman Sandipani (1525-1550 CE).jpg|thumb|''[[Krishna]] and Balarama Studying with the Brahman [[Sandipani]]'' (''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', 1525-1550 CE print).]]
[[File:Balarama with Consort LACMA AC1999.127.33.jpg|thumb|Balarama with his consort Revati (right), [[Nathdwara Painting]].]]

One day, Nanda requested the presence of Sage [[Gargamuni]], his priest, to name the newborn [[Krishna]] and Balarama. When the Garga arrived, Nanda received him well and requested the naming ceremony. Gargamuni then reminded Nanda that Kamsa was looking for the son of Devaki and if he performed the ceremony in opulence, it would come to his attention. Nanda, therefore, asked Garga to perform the ceremony in secret and Garga did so:

{{blockquote|Because Balarama, the son of Rohini, increases the [[transcendence (religion)|transcendental]] bliss of others, his name is Rama and because of his extraordinary strength, he is called Baladeva. He attracts the Yadus to follow his instructions and therefore his name is Sankarshana.|Bhagavata Purana, 10.8.12<ref>{{cite web |title=ŚB 10.8.12 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/8/12/ |website=vedabase.io |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|When his elder brother, fatigued from playing, would lie down with his head upon the lap of a cowherd boy, Lord Kṛiṣṇa would help him relax by personally massaging his feet and offering other services|source=Srimad Bhagavatam, Canto 10, Chapter 15, Verse 14<ref>{{cite web |title=ŚB 10.15.14 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/15/14/ |website=vedabase.io |access-date=24 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>}}
Balarama spent his childhood as a cow herder with his brother Krishna. He killed [[Dhenuka]], an [[Asura (Hinduism)|asura]] sent by Kamsa, as well as [[Pralamba]] and Mushtika wrestlers sent by the king. When Krishna was killing Kamsa, Balarama slew his mighty commander, [[List of characters in the Mahabharata#Kaalvakra|Kalavakra]]. After the evil king was slain, Balarama and Krishna went to the ashrama of sage [[Sandipani]] at [[Ujjain]] for their education. Balarama married [[Revati]], the daughter of King [[Kakudmi]].<ref name=pargiter135>Pargiter, F.E. (1922, reprint 1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 135</ref> He had two sons - Nishatha and Ulmuka, and a daughter - Shashirekha also known as Vatsala.

Balarama is the celebrated tiller, one of the embodiments of agriculture along with livestock with whom Krishna is associated with. The plough is Balarama's weapon. In the ''Bhagavata Purana'', he uses it to fight asuras, dig a way for [[Yamuna]] river to bring it closer to [[Vrindavan]], and he also availed it to drag the entire capital of [[Hastinapura]] into the Ganga river.<ref name="Hudson2008p99">{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1|pages=97–101}}</ref>

===Kurukshetra War ===

Balarama taught both [[Duryodhana]] of the Kauravas and [[Bhima]] of the Pandavas the art of war with a [[Gada (mace)|mace]]. When war broke between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, Balarama carried obligations for both sides and so remained neutral. He went for a pilgrimage with his nephew [[Pradyumna]] and other [[Yadava|Yadavas]] during the war, and returned on the last day, to watch the fight between his disciples. When Bhima defeated Duryodhana by striking him in the thigh with his mace, a traditional violation of the rules of combat, Balarama threatened to kill Bhima. This was prevented when Krishna reminded Balarama of Bhima's vow—to kill Duryodhana by crushing the thigh he had exposed to Bhima's wife, [[Draupadi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Varkey|first=C.P.|title=A Pilgrimage Through The Mahabharata|year=2001|publisher=St. Paul Society|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7109-497-X|pages=148–149}}</ref>

===Disappearance===

In the [[Bhagavata Purana]], it is described that after Balarama took part in the battle causing the destruction of the remainder of the [[Yadu dynasty]] and witnessing the disappearance of Krishna, he sat down in a meditative state and departed from this world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/11/30/26/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326075600/http://vedabase.net/sb/11/30/26/en1|url-status=dead|title=ŚB 11.30.26|archive-date=26 March 2007|website=vedabase.io}}</ref>

Some scriptures describe a great white snake that left the mouth of Balarama, in reference to his identity as Ananta-[[Sesha]], a form of Vishnu. The place where he departed is situated near [[Somnath Temple]] in [[Gujarat]].

The local people of [[Veraval]] believe about the cave near the temple place, that the white snake who came out of Balarama's mouth got into that cave and went back to [[Patala]]''.''

===Significance===

In Hindu tradition, Balarama is depicted as a farmer's patron deity, signifying the one who is "harbinger of knowledge", of agricultural tools and prosperity.<ref name=" Vemsani2016p23">{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ |year= 2016|publisher =ABC-CLIO|isbn= 978-1-61069-211-3|pages= 23–25}}</ref> He is almost always shown and described with Krishna, such as in the act of stealing butter, playing childhood pranks, complaining to Yashoda that his baby brother Krishna had eaten dirt, playing in cow sheds, studying together at the school of [[guru]] [[Sandipani]], and fighting malevolent beasts sent by Kamsa to kill the two brothers.<ref name="Vemsani2016p23"/> He is the constant companion of Krishna, ever watchful, leading to the epithet ''"Luk Luk Dauji"'' (or ''Luk Luk Daubaba'') in the [[Pushtimarg|Pustimarga]] tradition of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Vemsani2016p23"/><ref>{{cite book|author=A. Whitney Sanford|editor=Guy L. Beck|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional And Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8z-v1p2qrwsC&pg=PA91|year=2006|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6416-8|pages=91–98}}</ref> In the classical Tamil work [[Akanaṉūṟu|Akananuru]], Krishna hides from Balarama when he steals the clothes of the [[Gopi|milkmaids]] while they bathe, suggesting his brother's vigilance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padmaja |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&dq=balaramar+tamil&pg=RA1-PA36 |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu |date=2002 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-398-4 |pages=35–36 |language=en}}</ref> He is a creative store of knowledge for the agriculturists: the knowledge that dug a water channel to bring Yamuna water to Vrindavan; that restored groves, farms and forests; that produced goods and drinks.<ref name=" Vemsani2016p23"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani|title=Hindu and Jain Mythology of Balarāma: Change and Continuity in an Early Indian Cult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXnXAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|location=[[Lewiston, New York]]|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|isbn=978-0-7734-5723-2|pages=64–66, 94–100, 116–125}}</ref>

In Hindu texts, Balarama almost always supports Krishna in form and spirit. However, there are occasions where the dialogues between Balarama and Krishna present different viewpoints, with Krishna's wisdom establishing him to be the ultimate divinity.<ref name="Vemsani2016p23"/> Balarama's constant symbolic association with Krishna makes him the protector and supporter of [[dharma]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|page=26}}</ref>

==Iconography==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| footer = Above: 11th-century art showing Balarama with [[Subhadra]] and [[Vāsudeva]] (Krishna). Below: Abstract icons of the three in the Jagannath tradition.
| image1 = 11th century Balarama, Lakshmi (Shubadra), Vasudeva (Krishna, Jagannath).jpg
| image2 = 3 icons Jagannath Balabhadra Shubhadra.jpg
}}
[[File:Popular print, album (BM 2003,1022,0.71 1).jpg|thumb|Late 19th century lithograph from Bengal depicting Krishna & Balarama. Instead of the plough, Balarama holds a bugle made out of buffalo-horn, a characteristic of Shaiva ascetics, based on the description of [[Nityananda]], who is revered by [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnavas]] as Balarama's incarnation. ]]

Balarama is depicted as light-skinned, in contrast to his brother, Krishna, who is dark-skinned; Krishna in Sanskrit means dark.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p65">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA65 |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=65–66}}</ref> His ''ayudha'' or weapons are the [[plough]] ''hala'' and the [[Mace (bludgeon)|mace]] ''gadā''. The plough is usually called Balachita.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/75 75]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> He often wears blue garments and a [[garland]] of forest flowers. His hair is tied in a topknot and he has earrings, bracelets and armlets; he is known for his strength, the reason for his name; Bala means strength in Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2009-04-26 |title=Bala, Bāla, Balā, Bālā: 78 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/bala |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Jagannath]] tradition, one particularly popular in eastern and central regions of India, he is more often called Balabhadra. Balarama is one in the triad, wherein Balarama is shown together with his brother Jagannath (Krishna) and sister Subhadra ([[Subhadra]]). Jagannath is identifiable from his circular eyes compared to an oval of Shubhadra and almond-shaped eyes of the abstract icon for Balarama. Further, Balarama's face is white, Jagannath's icon is dark, and Subhadra icon is yellow. The third difference is the flat head of Jagannath icon, compared to the semi-circular carved head of abstract Balarama.<ref name=donaldson779>{{cite book|author=Thomas E. Donaldson|title=Tantra and Śākta Art of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2otOAAAAYAAJ|year=2002|publisher=DK Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0198-3|pages=779–780}}</ref> The shape of Balabhadra's head, also called Balarama or Baladeva in these regions, varies in some temples between somewhat flat and semi-circular.<ref name=donaldson779/><ref>{{cite book|author=O. M. Starza|title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C |year=1993|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-09673-6|pages=61–64 with footnotes}}</ref>
[[File:Revati and Balram, Kalighat Painting.jpg|alt=Revati and Balram, Kalighat Painting|thumb|Revati and Balram, Kalighat Painting]]

===Sculpture===
<gallery>
File:Chaturvuyha Sankarshan Vasudeva 2nd century CE, Mathura Museum.jpg|[[Chatur-vyūha]]: Balarama, with serpent hood and drinking cup, to the right of [[Vasudeva-Krishna]]. 2nd century CE, [[Art of Mathura]].
File:Diety wearing Chang Kben, Phnom Da, Angkor Borei, Cambodia.jpg|6th century Balarama from Phnom Da, Angkor Borei, Takeo, [[Cambodia]]. Now exhibits at [[National Museum of Cambodia]].
File:Balarama - Mediaeval Period - Swami Ghat - ACCN 49-3210 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5342.JPG|Balarama, Medieval period, Mathura
File:Balarama from Badoh, Medieval period.jpg|Balarama from Badoh, Medieval period
File:Balarama - Circa 18th Century CE - ACCN 80-6 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5347.JPG|Balarama, 18th century, Mathura
</gallery>

===Temples===
* [[Kendrapara]], [[Baladevjew Temple]], Odisha
* [[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]]
* Kathmandu temples, [[Nepal]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Guy | first=John | title=New Evidence for the Jagannātha Cult in Seventeenth Century Nepal | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=2 | issue=2 | year=1992 | doi=10.1017/s135618630000239x | pages=213–230| s2cid=162316166 }}</ref>
* [[Hathras Fort|Shri Dauji Mandir]], [[Hathras]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=श्री दाऊजी मंदिर {{!}} Shri Dauji Mandir {{!}} Hathras Uttar Pradesh {{!}} About, Aarti, Timings, History, Photo, How to Reach|url=https://www.bhaktibharat.com/mandir/dauji-hathras|access-date=2020-11-22|website=BhaktiBharat.com|language=hi}}</ref>

==Outside Hinduism==
===Jainism===

The [[Jain]] [[Puranas]], notably, the ''Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacarita'' of [[Hemachandra]], narrate hagiographical accounts of nine Baladevas or [[Balabhadra]]s who are believed to be [[śalākāpuruṣa]]s (literally torch-bearers, great personalities). Balarama was the ninth one.<ref>{{cite book | title=Iconography of Balarāma | publisher=Abhinav Publications | author=Joshi, Nilakanth Purushottam | year=1979 | location=New Delhi | isbn=81-7017-107-5}}, p. 5</ref> Balarama along with Krishna are considered as cousins of the revered [[Tirthankara]] [[Neminatha]] (Aristanemi) by Jains.<ref>{{cite book|author= Umakant Premanand Shah|title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC |year =1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=75–76}}, Quote: "Krsna (Vasudeva) and Baladeva or Balarama are regarded as cousin brothers of Neminatha".</ref>

The Jainism tradition lists 63 ''Śalākāpuruṣa'' or notable figures which, amongst others, includes the twenty-four ''Tirthankaras'' and nine sets of triads. One of these triads is Krishna as the ''Vasudeva'', Balarama as the ''Baladeva'', and [[Jarasandha]] as the ''Prati-Vasudeva''. In each age of the Jain cyclic time is born a ''Vasudeva'' with an elder brother termed the ''Baladeva''. Between the triads, ''Baladeva'' upholds the principle of non-violence, a central idea of Jainism. The villain is the ''Prati-vasudeva'', who attempts to destroy the world. To save the world, ''Vasudeva-Krishna'' has to forsake the non-violence principle and kill the ''Prati-Vasudeva''.<ref>{{citation|last=Jaini|first=P. S.|author-link=Padmanabh Jaini|date=1993|title=Jaina Puranas: A Puranic Counter Tradition|publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1381-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC&pg=PA207}}</ref> The stories of these triads can be found in the ''[[Harivamsa Purana]]'' (8th{{nbsp}}century CE) of [[Jinasena]] (not be confused with its namesake, the addendum to ''Mahābhārata'') and the ''Trishashti-shalakapurusha-charita'' of Hemachandra.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}}<ref name = Jer>See Jerome H. Bauer "Hero of Wonders, Hero in Deeds: [https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA151 "Vasudeva Krishna in Jaina Cosmohistory]" in {{Harvnb|Beck|2005|pp=167–169}}</ref>

[[File:Khajuraho22.jpg|thumb|Balarama with a plough in his left hand, at the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]] Parsvnatha Jain Temple.<ref>{{cite book|author=Devangana Desai|title=Khajuraho|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amPqAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565391-5|page=73}}</ref>]]
The story of Krishna's life in the ''Puranas'' of Jainism follows the same general outline as those in the Hindu texts, but in details, they are very different: they include Jain ''Tirthankaras'' as characters in the story, and generally are polemically critical of Krishna, unlike the versions found in the ''Mahabharata'', the ''Bhagavata Purana'', and the ''Vishnu Purana''.<ref>{{citation|last=Cort| first=J. E.|date=1993|editor=Wendy Doniger|title=An Overview of the Jaina Puranas, in Purana Perennis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC&pg=PA191 |pages=220–233 | publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9781438401362}}</ref> For example, Krishna loses battles in the Jain versions, and his ''gopis'' and his clan of Yadavas die in a fire created by an ascetic named Dvaipayana. Similarly, after dying from the hunter Jara's arrow, the Jaina texts state Krishna goes to the [[Naraka (Jainism)|third hell]] in [[Jain cosmology]], while Balarama is said to go to the [[Svarga (Jainism)|sixth heaven]].<ref name="Glasenapp1999p317">{{cite book|author=Helmuth von Glasenapp|title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA317 |year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2|pages=316–318}}</ref>

In other Jain texts, Krishna and Baladeva are stated to be a cousin of the twenty-second ''Tirthankara'', Neminatha. The Jain texts state that Naminatha taught Krishna all the wisdom that he later gave to Arjuna in the ''Bhagavad Gita''. According to [[Jeffery D. Long]], a professor of Religion known for his publications on Jainism, this connection between Krishna and Neminatha has been a historic reason for Jains to accept, read, and cite the ''Bhagavad Gita'' as a spiritually important text, celebrate Krishna-related festivals, and intermingle with Hindus as spiritual cousins.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffery D. Long|title=Jainism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmRlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |year= 2009|publisher =I. B. Tauris|isbn= 978-1-84511-625-5|page=42}}</ref>

Evidence related to early Jainism, states [[Patrick Olivelle]] and other scholars, suggests Balarama had been a significant farmer deity in Jain tradition in parts of the Indian subcontinent such as near the Mathura region.<ref name=olivelle391/> Jain texts such as the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpasutra]]'' describe the same idea of embryo transfer, as in Hindu texts for Balarama, for the 24th Tirthankara [[Mahavira]]; in the latter case, the embryo of a Brahmin woman is moved into the womb of a Kshatriya woman.<ref name="Pal1997p25"/> Balarama, states [[Pratapaditya Pal]], was one of the historic deities revered in Jainism along with Ambika, Lakshmi and others.<ref name="Pal1997p25">{{cite book|author=Pratapaditya Pal|title=Divine Images, Human Visions: The Max Tanenbaum Collection of South Asian and Himalayan Art in the National Gallery of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMUp4nxAqwwC&pg=PA25 |year=1997 |publisher=National Gallery of Canada |isbn=978-1-896209-05-0| pages=25–26}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=MNP Tiwari|editor=Umakant Premanand Shah|title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC |year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=17–19}}</ref> As with the Hindu farmers, state [[Paul Dundas]] and other scholars, it is likely that Balarama was the patron deity of Jain farmers in the early centuries of the common era, because a large number of Balarama images have been found in early Jain arts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Dundas|title=The Jains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-50165-X|pages=298 note 17}}</ref><ref>MNP Tiwari and K Giri (1985), Balarama – The Deity of Krsikarman in Jaina Art, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, Volume 60, Issue 1, pages 122-125</ref>

===Buddhism===
Balarama images have been discovered in central Indian Buddhist sites, such as with Sanchi stupas at Andher, Mehgaon and Chandna. These are dated to around the start of the common era.<ref>{{cite book|author=Julia Shaw|title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-315-43263-2|pages=135–139, Figures 141–144, 150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi|title=Iconography of Balarāma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA32|year=1979|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-107-2|pages=32–57}}</ref> The Ghata Jataka, one of the Jataka Tales that form part of Buddhist scriptures, depicts Krishna as a previous birth of Buddha's disciple Sariputta and has Balarama depicted as the previous birth of one of the Buddha's disciples.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book | title =Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity | last = Beck| first = Guy L. (Ed.) | author-link = Guy Beck |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C | publisher = SUNY Press | year = 2005 | isbn =0-7914-6415-6 }}
*{{cite book|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|author-link=Wendy Doniger|title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|date=1993|isbn=0-7914-1381-0}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
{{VishnuAvatars}}
{{Mahabharata}}
{{Jagannath}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Deities of Jagannath]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Salakapurusa]]
[[Category:Agricultural gods]]

List of superintendents of Mizoram

2025-11-25T08:48:31Z

Ekyaschool: new first article from scratch!

{{Short description|none}}
The '''Superintendent of the Lushai Hills''' (later '''Superintendent of Mizo District''') was the central administrative authority of the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills]] in India from 1889 to 1952. The superintendent would serve under the [[Chief Commissioner of Assam]].

==Powers and functions==
The administration of the Lushai Hills district was within the power of the Chief Commissioner of Assam, the superintendent and the assistants of the superintendent. The superintendent upheld the authority of the chiefs who ruled over their people in a policy of indirect rule. Chiefs would report to the superintendent of any serious crimes such as murder, rape and serious accidents under their jurisdiction. The superintendent held the power to regulate the succession of chiefs and the inheritance rights of villages after the death of a chief. If a minor chief inherited a chiefdom, the superintendent would be authorised to appoint guardians. The superintendent also held the power to partition villages and establish new ones, with the choice of headmen and any number of houses to be assigned. Boundaries of the chiefs would be enforced so that the jurisdiction of disputes was clear.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=57}}

The control of the police in the district was vested in the superintendent.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=57}} In criminal justice, the superintendent had the freedom to decide on a death sentence, deportation/transportation and imprisonment with permission from the chief commissioner. All proceedings are summoned to the superintendent with rules on ability to appeal to the Chief Commissioner.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=58}} In civil matters the superintendent considered traditional Lushai customs.{{sfn|Lalrimawia|1995|p=58}}

==Leaders of the Lushai Hills==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Number
! Name
! colspan=2| Term of Office
! Notes
|-
! colspan=5 | Political Officers of the North Lushai Hills<ref>{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Sir Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant) |date=1978 |title=The Lushai Hills: Culled from the History of the Frontier Areas Bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |page=68|orig-date=1942}}</ref>
|-
|1
|Captain [[Herbert Richard Browne|H.R Browne]]
|1890
|1890
| Captain Browne was assigned the first political officer of the North Lushai Hills. His headquarters were in Aizawl. Browne's chief responsibility as political officer was to disarm the Lushai tribes. Browne held a chief's conference on 13 June 1890 at Fort Aijal and declared the suspension of chieftainship for [[Zahrawka]] and [[Lianphunga]] for the Chengri Valley raid. A fine for 15 guns was additionally imposed. Browne did not enact harsh measures on Lengpunga as he did not wish to antagonize a prestigious and influential chief. On his way from Aizawl to Changsil post, Browne was ambushed by a western chief, Thonsuma. Outnumbered with only 16 soldiers all sepoys were killed and one escaped to relay the news.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas|date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopedia |location=Bombay |publisher=Jaico Publishing House|page=131}}</ref> As a result, Brown was killed 6 September 1890.{{sfn|Reid|1978|p=68}} Browne's weapons were looted and he was brought to Changsil post fifteen minutes later where he died. After his death, [[Khalkam]]a was emboldened to raid Fort Aijal.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=132|loc=Volume 1}}
|-
|2
|[[Robert Blair McCabe|R.B McCabe]]
|1890
|1892
|R.B McCabe was the political officer to introduce taxes and the [[coolie]] system of quotas for Mizo youths at low wages. The [[coolie]] system and quotas would continue until abolishment in 1953. His administration saw Rev William Williams visit with the first influence of Christianity in the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=18}}
|-
|3
|A.W Davis
|1892
|1894
|A.W Davis renounced Aizawl as the capital and renamed it Fort Aijal and staffed it with 100 soldiers.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=18}}
|-
|4
|[[Granville Henry Loch]] (''Acting'')
|1893
|1894
|G.H Loch is responsible for the development of Aizawl into a city and the establishment of roads and infrastructure around the Lushai Hills. Loch was responsible for building the ''Lammual,'' a field for military drills. He is also known for giving a printing press to the Mizo Presbyterian Church, now known as the Loch Printing Press.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=19}}
|-
|5
|A.W Davis
|1893
|1894
|
|-
|6
|[[Alexander Porteous]]
|1894
|1897
|A. Porteus built two outposts at Siallukawt and Serchhip villages. He is also known for presiding over the arrival of [[Frederick William Savidge]] and [[James Herbert Lorrain]], who contributed to the creation of the [[Mizo alphabet]] and the official beginning of the Christianization of the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=19}}
|-
|7
|Major John Shakespear
|1897
|1898
| The North and South Lushai Hills were merged. Shakespear continued as Superintendent.
|-
! Colspan=5|Superintendents of the South Lushai Hills{{sfn| Reid|1978|p=67}}
|-
|1
|[[Charles Stewart Murray|C.S. Murray]]
|1 April 1891
|16 April 1891
|Captain C.S Murray was a military officer in the Government of Bengal. He was assigned to the Lushai Hills on account of his achievements in subduing the [[Bhutia]]s and [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]s in [[Darjeeling]] and his participation in the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]]. Murray held a chief's durbar on 3 April 1890 explaining the intentions of the British government{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=620|loc=Volume 3}} Murray was sacked from his position after a court case by Zakapa. Murray attempted to demand women for sex and insulted Zakapa by threatening to take his wife upon refusal. Zakapa attacked Murray and managed to decapitate two sepoys before Murray burned the village. He was replaced by Shakespear, who stood by Zakapa in court.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Singh|editor1-first=Lata|editor2-last=Sinha|editor2-first=Shshank Shekhar|last1=Nag |first1=Sajal|last2=Lalsangpuii|first2=R.|date=February 2024 |title=Gender in Modern India: History, Culture, Marginality|chapter=Reversing of Gender: Anti-Colonial Resistance by Women Warriors in Northeast India|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198900788.001.0001 |location=oxford |publisher=Oxford University press |page=86 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198900788.001.0001 |isbn=9780198900818}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Captain [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]]
|1891
|1896
|Brokered a settlement with Chieftainess [[Darbilhi]] to allow the establishment of Fort Tregear.Became a foster brother to Darbilhi.{{sfn|Nag|Lalsangpuii|2024|p=86}} Led the expedition and capture of [[Ropuiliani]] and her son Lalthuama, the central resistance to British rule.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robin |first1=K|date=June 2008 |title=Imperial Hegemony and Subaltern Resistance in Mizoram |url=https://www.pondiuni.edu.in/files/publications/IJSAS/sasvol21_2009.pdf#page=86 |journal=International Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=2 |issue=1|pages=170–176 |doi= |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|3
|R.H Sneyd Hutchinson
|1896
|1898
| After Zakapa's rebellion on Murray's injudicious conduct, Hutchinson was assigned to quell the South Lushai rebellion of 1891 in February. Hutchinson failed to capture Zakapa but succeeded in capturing Zakapa's allies: Lalthuma, Dakopa, Kapchunga and Lemkam.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=395|loc=Volume 2}} Hutchinson was further assigned to conciliate the tribes of Vantura (Howlong) and Tonglion ([[Mara people|Lakher]]). He undertook a risk and met with Vantura who had been shot by Tonglion's men and died in Hutchinson's arms.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=395|loc=Volume 2}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=Mizoram under British Rule |location=Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications|page=116}}</ref> After torturing the women of Zakapa's clan, Hutchinson failed to attain his whereabouts and capture him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}</ref> Hutchinson was later reassigned to his original office of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hutchinson |first=R.H Sneyd |date=1906 |title=An Account Of the Chittagong Hill Tracts |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460846/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secreteriat Book Depot |page=I}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=5|Superintendents of the Lushai Hills District{{sfn| Reid|1978|p=67}}
|-
|1
|Major John Shakespear
|1898
|1899
|
|-
|2
|Captain [[H.W.G. Cole]]
|1899
|1900
|H.W.G Cole was responsible for abolishing the title of political officer and changing it to superintendent. Cole erected tombstones of [[Queen Victoria]] in every village in Mizoram and held a torch ceremony for the coronation of [[Edward VII]]. His rule saw harsh punishment on disturbances of the peace such as the hanging of three cutthroat robbers. He is also responsible for the circle system which limited and demarcated the jurisdiction of chiefs and their possible migrations for jhumming cycles. He embarked on a policy of limiting chief power by creating more chiefs and involving within the institution of [[Mizo Chieftainship|Mizo chieftainship]] more deeply. He oversaw the first school in Mizoram opening in 1899.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=20}}
|-
|3
|Major John Shakespear
|1900
|1903
|Shakespeare further contributed to the administration by creating 11 blocks in Northern Mizoram subdivision and 7 blocks in the Southern Mizoram subdivision.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=20}}
|-
|4
|Loftus Otway Clarke (''Acting'')
|1903
|1904
|
|-
|5
|Major John Shakespear
|1904
|1905
|
|-
|6
|Major John Campbell Arbuthnott
|1905
|1905
|
|-
|7
|Major Granville Henry Loch
|1905
|1906
|
|-
|8
|Major H.W.G Cole
|1905
|1911
| H.W.G Cole is also credited with the encouragement of farming potatoes in Mizoram. He established a bazaar in Aizawl in 1909. Cole was also the superintdent during Peter Fraser's campaign against the [[Bawi system]] of the Lushai Hills. Cole deported Fraser, but Fraser managed to bring the issue to parliament with the help of [[Lloyd George]] and succeeded. Cole left the Lushai Hills as a result.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=21}}
|-
|9
|Major W. Kennedy
|1911
|1912
|Kennedy oversaw the [[mautam]] famine of 1911. Kennedy took initiative in addressing the issue with an application for a loan of Rs. 800,000 from the British Raj government. {{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=21}}
|-
|10
|F.C Henniker
|1912
|1912
| F.C Henniker worked with Mizo elders and scholars on researching the nature of the mautam famine. With assistance, he was the first administrator to map out the upcoming famines and realize their cyclical nature as an ecological phenomenon.{{sfn|Nag|2008|p=71-73}}
|-
|11
|Major Granville Henry Loch
|1912
|1913
|
|-
|12
|J Hezlett
|1913
|1917
| J Hezlett worked towards repaying the debts of responding to the mautam famine under Kennedy. He oversaw Lushai volunteers for World War One to fight against Germany.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=22}}
|-
|13
|H.A.C Colguhoun
|1917
|1919
|Colguhun oversaw the [[Spanish flu]]'s influence in Mizoram. Lushai volunteers from World War One had developed immunity and were in charge of digging graves for the victims.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=22}}
|-
|14
|[[Walter Lawrence Scott]]
|1919
|1921
|W.L Scott opened the [[Assam Rifles]] to Mizo volunteers. He is also credited with defending Tripura's claims to Mizo territory.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=22}}
|-
|15
|S.N Mackenzie
|1921
|1922
|
|-
|16
|W.L Scott
|1922
|1923
|
|-
|17
|S.N Mackenzie
|1923
|1924
|
|-
|18
|[[N.E. Parry]]
|1924
|1928
|Parry oversaw the development of changes in the Lushai Hills in his four-year administration, which concerned the preservation of indigenous culture and codification of customary law.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=23}}
|-
|19
|Charles George Gordon Helme
|1928
|1932
|Presided over a period of intense rainfall which led to logistical issues and stoppage of services such as mail and food. This period is known as ''Minpui Kum''. Helme tried to control the population of Aizawl and began a program of deporting excess dwellers into outlying villages. Exemptions were provided to government workers, missionaries and vulnerable individuals.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=24}}
|-
|20
|Major [[Anthony Gilchrist McCall]]
|1931
|1943
|
|-
|21
|A.R.H MacDonald
|1943
|1945
|
|-
|22
|J. Dumbreck
|1945
|1945
|
|-
|23
|A.I Bowman
|1945
|1946
|-
|24
|Captain D.A Penn
|1946
|1947
|
|-
|25
|Leonard Lamb Peters {{efn| Peters remained as superintendent after Indian Independence.}}
|1947
|1949
|
|-
|26
| [[Satyen Barkataki]]
|1947
|1953
| Established a voluntary road construction project between [[Aizawl]] and [[Lunglei]] of 128 miles.{{sfn|Barkataki|1969|p=88}}
|}

==See also==
*[[British rule in the Lushai Hills]]
*[[Chief Commissioner of Assam]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Ramchuani Sena|date=1985 |title=Love Mizoram|location=Imphal |publisher=Goodwill Press}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lalrimawia |title=Mizoram History and Cultural Identity (1890-1947) |date=1995 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |location=Guwahati}}
*{{cite book |last1=Barkataki |first1=Satyen |title=Assam |date=1969 |publisher=National Book Trust |location=Assam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyE-AAAAMAAJ |access-date=19 February 2025}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Government of Mizoram]]

M. A. Awal

2025-11-04T19:42:53Z

Ekyaschool: updated page

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{about|the Lakshmipur politician|the Narayanganj politician|M. A. Awal (Narayanganj politician)|the Pirojpur politician|AKMA Awal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. A. Awal
| native_name = এম এ আউয়াল
| native_name_lang = bn
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Lakshmipur-1]]
| term_start = 29 January 2014
| term_end = 29 October 2018
| predecessor = [[Nazim Uddin Ahmed (politician, born 1968)|Nazim Uddin Ahmed]]
| successor = [[Anwar Hossain Khan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|03|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lakshmipur]], [[East Pakistan]]
| party = Islamic Gonotantrik Party
| otherparty = [[Bangladesh Tarikat Federation]] {{small|(2014-2018)}}
}}
'''M A Awal''' (born 16 March 1968)<ref name=bio/> is a Bangladeshi politician. He is the chairman of the [[Islami Ganatantrik Party]]. Earlier he served as the secretary general of the [[Bangladesh Tarikat Federation]] and a [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Lakshmipur-1]] constituency from 2014 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of 10th Parliament Members English|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-10th-parliament-members-english|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.parliament.gov.bd|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129015648/http://parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/former-mp-s/list-of-10th-parliament-members-english|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Awal was born on 16 March 1968. He completed his master's degree in social science.<ref name=bio>{{cite web |title=M.A. Awal -এম,এ,আউয়াল Biography |url=https://amarmp.com/mp/727/biography |website=Amarmp |accessdate=9 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Awal was elected to the parliament on 5 January 2014 from the [[Lakshmipur-1]] constituency as a [[Bangladesh Tarikat Federation]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web |title=M.A. Awal -এম,এ,আউয়াল History |url=https://amarmp.com/mp/727/history |website=Amarmp |accessdate=9 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> On 17 April 2018, he was removed from the post of Secretary General of the party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tariqat Federation removes its Secretary General MA Awal |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/04/17/tarikat-federation-removes-secretary-general-m-awal |accessdate=9 January 2019 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=17 April 2018}}</ref> On 16 September 2018, he led the same party in joining the Islamic Democratic Alliance, an alliance of Islamist parties that supported the [[Awami League]]-led government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic Democratic Alliance formed |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/islamic-democratic-alliance-formed-support-ruling-awami-league-14-party-1634179 |accessdate=9 January 2019 |work=The Daily Star |date=16 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

On 20 May 2021, the [[Rapid Action Battalion]] arrested Awal on suspicion of being involved in killing Shahinuddin, a trader in the [[Pallabi Thana|Pallabi]] neighborhood of [[Dhaka]], over a land dispute.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Murder in Pallabi: Ex-MP Awal arrested|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/murder-pallabi-ex-mp-awal-arrested-2095905|access-date=2021-05-21|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former MP Awal arrested over Pallabi murder|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2021/05/20/former-mp-awal-arrested-over-pallabi-murder|access-date=2021-05-21|website=bdnews24.com|date=2021-05-20|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521061655/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2021/05/20/former-mp-awal-arrested-over-pallabi-murder|url-status=dead}}</ref> The police found evidence of a phone call to Awal which recorded the assailant saying "Sir Finish".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21 |title=Murder in Pallabi: Ex-MP Awal arrested |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/murder-pallabi-ex-mp-awal-arrested-2095905 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> After a year and a half of investigation, the [[Police Bureau of Investigation]] submitted a probe report in September 2023.<ref name=finish/>

In September 2023, Awal formed a coalition of fifteen parties, ''Progotishil Islami Jot'', which would participate at the [[2024 Bangladeshi general election]].<ref name=finish>{{Cite web |last=ইসলাম |first=নজরুল |date=2023-09-16 |title=‘স্যার ফিনিশ’, সেই খুনের মামলার আসামি এখন জোটের চেয়ারম্যান |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/8wi0b0e910 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> He is the chairman of this coalition, which includes the Islamic Democratic Party, Nezame Islam Bangladesh, Bangladesh Public Freedom League, Bangladesh Tarikat Front, Bangladesh Nationalist Janata Party, Islamic Liberal Party, and Bangladesh Islamic Democratic League.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-13 |title=New 15-party alliance formed |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/new-15-party-alliance-formed-3418131 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Awal was arrested after the fall of the Sheikh Hasina led Awami League government in a fraud case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Ex-MP MA Awal arrested in fraud case |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/ex-mp-ma-awal-arrested-fraud-case-950556 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Awal, M. A.}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Tarikat Federation politicians]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Lakshmipur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]

{{Chittagong-politician-stub}}

U. Srinivas

2025-10-28T11:33:17Z

Ekyaschool: improved article

{{Cleanup|reason=The article is not well-organized and does not maintain a neutral tone.|date=January 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = U. Srinivas
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|image = U. Srinivas (01).jpg
|image_size =
|caption = U. Srinivas
|native_name = ఉప్పలపు శ్రీనివాస్
|birth_name = Uppalapu Srinivas
|alias = U. Srinivas, Mandolin Srinivas
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1969|2|28}}
|birth_place = [[Palakollu]], [[West Godavari|West Godavari District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|origin = Andhra Pradesh, India
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|09|19|1969|2|28}}
|death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|genre = [[Indian classical music]]
|occupation = Musician ([[Mandolin]] Maestro)
|instrument = [[electric mandolin|Electric Mandolin]]<ref name=cnn/>
|years_active = 1978–2014
|label = [[Real World Records]] [[EMI Classics|Virgin Classics]]/[[EMI]]
|associated_acts = [[Remember Shakti]]<ref name="NYT"/>
|website = [https://www.mandolinbrothers.in/ Mandolin U Shrinivas]
|current_members =
|past_members =
}}

{{family name hatnote|Uppalapu|lang=Telugu}}'''Uppalapu Srinivas''' (28 February 1969 – 19 September 2014) was an Indian [[mandolin]] player in [[Carnatic classical music]] and composer.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/09/25/351492627/remembering-mandolin-hero-u-srinivas|title=Remembering Mandolin Hero U. Srinivas|website=NPR.org|access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ramamoorthy |first=Mangala |title='We move around like brothers' |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |date=17 June 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/06/17/stories/2006061702170400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030074619/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/06/17/stories/2006061702170400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2010 |access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–1999)|1998]], by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards|publisher=Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=0&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Srinivas&award=All|access-date=8 March 2009}}</ref> He was also awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award#Instrumental 2|2009]] given by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], which is the National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama, in India.

==Early life and background==
Srinivas was born 28 February 1969, in [[Palakollu]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=Allmusic>{{cite web|last=Hunt|first=Ken|title=U. Srinivas – Biography|website=Allmusic|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p34614|pure_url=yes}}|access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref> At the age of five, he picked up his father U. Satyanarayana's mandolin, after he heard it being played at a concert he attended with his father.<ref name=first/> Upon realizing the talent of his son, his father, who had studied classical music, bought him a new mandolin,<ref name=first/> and started teaching him. Guitarist Vasu Rao, introduced seven-year-old Srinivas to western music in 1976.<ref name=toi/> Soon, Satyanarayana's [[guru]], Rudraraju Subbaraju, (disciple of [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar]]) who had also taught Srinivas' father and Vasu Rao, recognized the potential of the young Srinivas and started teaching him.<ref name=toi/> Since Rudraraju Subbaraju did not know how to play the mandolin, he would just sing pieces from the Carnatic classical repertoire, and U. Srinivas, all of six, would play them on the mandolin, thus developing a phenomenal style of playing entirely his own, and astonishingly, on an instrument that had never been played in the rigorous and difficult Carnatic style before. Soon, the family moved to Chennai, the hotspot of Carnatic music, where most Carnatic musicians live.<ref name=deccan>{{cite web | title = Disarming humility | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/116234/F |author=Aruna Chandraraju| access-date = 19 September 2014 }}</ref> When Srinivas gave his first performance it led to him being compared to the world's greatest prodigies: "Some of you have heard or read about exceptionally gifted children, our own Mandolin Srinivas, Sir Yehudi Menuhin, Beethoven, Sir Isaac Newton, Picasso, Madam Curie, the list is endless."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herschelfreemanagency.com/mike_marshall/mike_marshall.html |title=Mike Marshall's Mandolin World - Global Mandolin Summit |website=Herschelfreemanagency.com |access-date=2020-04-23 |archive-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110205550/http://www.herschelfreemanagency.com/mike_marshall/mike_marshall.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At a young age he was internationally viewed as the successor to [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |title= U. Shrinivas, 45, Indian Mandolin Virtuoso With Global Reach, Dies |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/arts/music/u-shrinivas-indian-mandolin-virtuoso-dies-at-45-.html?_r=0 |newspaper= nytimes.com |date=30 September 2014 }}</ref>

==Career==
He made his debut public Carnatic concert performance in 1978 during the [[Thyagaraja Aradhana]] festival at [[Gudivada]] in Andhra Pradesh. Thereafter, at age eleven, in 1981, he gave his first public concert in Chennai at the Indian Fine Arts Society during the December Music Season, and never looked back.<ref name=cnn>{{cite web| title = Renowned musician Mandolin U Srinivas passes away at 45 |work=CNN-IBN| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/renowned-musician-mandolin-u-srinivas-passes-away-at-45/500198-45-75.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140921033535/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/renowned-musician-mandolin-u-srinivas-passes-away-at-45/500198-45-75.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 September 2014 |date=19 September 2014| access-date = 19 September 2014 }}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite news | title = Mandolin U Srinivas, a rebel who silenced his critics with music| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mandolin-U-Srinivas-a-rebel-who-silenced-his-critics-with-music/articleshow/42892114.cms |author=Kamini Mathai|date= 19 September 2014| access-date = 19 September 2014 | newspaper = The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwAol7jQvBA |title=U. Srinivas BindumAlini 1984 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=2014-10-04 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> He started off playing the [[Acoustic music|acoustic]] mandolin, but he later switched to the electric mandolin as he felt it allowed the playing of lengthy, sustained notes - the quintessential component in classical Indian music - in addition to making them clearly audible.<ref name=first>{{cite web | title = Carnatic world mourns as mandolin great U Srinivas passes away in Chennai |work=Firstpost| url = http://www.firstpost.com/living/carnatic-world-mourns-as-mandolin-great-u-srinivas-passes-away-in-chennai-1720051.html |date=19 September 2014 | access-date = 19 September 2014 }}</ref> [[George Harrison]]'s favorite piece of Indian music was Mandolin Ecstasy. "It was, like, my dad's favourite album of all time," says (Dhani) Harrison. "U Srinivas is 27 now and still making music. He plays an electric five-string mandolin, he's fantastic...."<ref>{{cite news|author=Will Hodgkinson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/may/09/homeentertainment.features |title=Dhani Harrison | Music |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>

Over his career, he toured across the world, and collaborated with John McLaughlin, [[Michael Nyman]], and [[Michael Brook]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gautam|first=Savitha|title=The 'shakti' of sound |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |date=27 March 2003|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032700930100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030624171239/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/27/stories/2003032700930100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2003|access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Remember Shakti Shrinivas McLaughlin Selvaganesh.JPG|left|thumb|[[Remember Shakti]] Concert, [[Munich]], [[Germany]] (2001) (left to right) U. Srinivas, John McLaughlin, [[V. Selvaganesh]]]]
{{quote box|align=right|width=246px|quote="Collaborating with him ''(U.Srinivas)'' was one of the greatest experiences of my life, and I have played with the greatest" |source=—[[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]], speaking with [[The Times of India]]<ref name="NYT"/>}}
He was the first musician to use the electric mandolin in Carnatic music: he modified the electric western instrument, using five single strings instead of the traditional four doubled strings to suit the Carnatic pitch, [[raga]] system, and especially [[Gamaka (music)|gamakas]], or nuanced oscillations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carnatica.net/sangeet/mandolin2.htm |title=Stringed Instruments In Carnatic Music |website=Carnatica.net |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> Starting in 1982, he performed regularly during the December season of the prestigious [[Madras Music Academy]], performing there every year except in 2002 - 23 December of each year was a reserved slot for U. Srinivas - the highest accolade.<ref name=toi/><ref name=mint>{{cite web | title = U. Srinivas, who made the mandolin his own, and many others', passes |work=Mint| url = http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/fArVJ7FRw0fXgyCocGBCSN/U-Srinivas-who-made-the-mandolin-his-own-and-of-many-other.html# |author=Samanth Subramanian|date=19 September 2014|access-date = 19 September 2014 }}</ref><ref name=hindu10>{{cite news| title = Mandolin magic|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/mandolin-magic/article598029.ece |date=27 August 2010| access-date = 19 September 2014| first = Prema | last = Manmadhan }}</ref> Srinivas performed at age thirteen at the [[Berlin Jazz Festival]]. Initially booked to play a half-hour concert after [[Miles Davis]], Srinivas won a standing ovation, and had to play for another hour.<ref>{{cite web|author=G.C. Shekhar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140920/jsp/nation/story_18854469.jsp#.VE6_YFfuzFw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028004823/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140920/jsp/nation/story_18854469.jsp#.VE6_YFfuzFw |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2014 |title=Mandolin master leaves behind huge void |website=Telegraphindia.com |date=2017-10-30 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> "He's got it in him. He's fantastic,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://womad.org/artists/u-shrinivas/ |title=U Shrinivas » Artists » WOMAD |access-date=2014-10-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141027220551/http://womad.org/artists/u-shrinivas/ |archive-date=27 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> said the legendary [[Don Cherry (trumpeter)|Don Cherry]] at the time. Guitarist John McLaughlin first heard a tape of this concert by the thirteen-year-old prodigy, and was left very impressed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/all-that-matters/Shrinivas-was-the-spirit-of-Shakti-who-can-replace-him-John-McLaughlin/articleshow/43045691.cms |title=Shrinivas was the spirit of Shakti, who can replace him |author=John McLaughlin |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-09-21 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> He played at the Olympic Arts Festival, Barcelona in 1992<ref name=mint/> and in 1995 recorded a successful fusion album with [[Michael Brook]].{{sfn|Broughton|Ellingham|2000|p=85}} When John McLaughlin revived his group Shakti, and renamed it [[Remember Shakti]], in 1997, he asked Srinivas to join the group and tour the world with it, along with other Indian musicians Zakir Hussain, Shankar Mahadevan, and V. Selvaganesh. Srinivas was a leading player of the group.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/all-that-matters/Srinivas-was-the-spirit-of-Shakti-who-can-replace-him-John-McLaughlin/articleshow/43045691.cms |title=Shrinivas was the spirit of Shakti, who can replace him |author=John McLaughlin |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-09-21 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=116-117}}<ref name=mint/> Srinivas toured extensively across the world, in his own right - he played in Australia, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and extensively and frequently across the United States and Canada.<ref name=cnn/>

[[File:U. Srinivas 2009.jpg|right|thumb|Srinivas performing in Pune, January to December 2009]]
[[File:Tatvameruga - U.Srinivas (Raga Garudahwani) Tyagaraja Carnatic classical music.ogg|right|thumb|Tatvameruga tarama, performed by U. Srinivas]]

His gifted younger brother, [[U. Rajesh]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/mandolin-and-u/article3811999.ece |title=Mandolin and U |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> studied with Srinivas for some 27 years and is also an accomplished mandolin player who often accompanied him at concerts during the last 20 years of his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJRNX4fM6jI |title=Indian Mandolin by U Srinivas |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=2008-08-28 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>{{sfn|Broughton|Ellingham|2000|p=85}} He also plays jazz and western music, and played the mandolin in the John Mclaughlin album 'Floating Point' which received a Grammy nomination in the Best Contemporary Jazz Album Category in 2008.<ref name=hindu10/> Srinivas and Rajesh have together composed music as well, and, besides Carnatic music, they have extensively worked on the fusion of Carnatic and western music. They also played with the [[Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra]], with French electric bass player [[Dominique Di Piazza]], pianist [[Anil Srinivasan]] and [[Stephen Devassy]], a pianist from Kerala. In 2008, they collaborated again with John Mclaughlin for the album ''Samjanitha'', which also featured Zakir Hussain, [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]], and [[George Brooks (musician)|George Brook]].<ref name=hindu10/> Srinivas compared Carnatic music to the Sanskrit language, "It's the basis, from which spring so many other languages. Carnatic music is here to stay with us and all other music that we play is based on that."<ref name=hindu10/>

Over the years, Srinivas recorded over 137 albums, in diverse genres from Carnatic music solos to [[jugalbandi]]s with Hindustani musicians, and world music.<ref name=deccan/> He performed with Western artists such as John McLaughlin, [[Michael Brook]], [[Trey Gunn]], [[Nigel Kennedy]], [[Nana Vasconcelos]], and [[Michael Nyman]], as well as with [[Hindustani music]] artists such as [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]] and [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], besides Carnatic artists like [[Vikku Vinayakram]] and [[V. Selvaganesh]].<ref name=toi/><ref name=hindu>{{cite news| title = Mandolin Shrinivas passes away |work=The Hindu| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mandolin-shrinivas-passes-away/article6425892.ece |date=19 September 2014|access-date = 19 September 2014 }}</ref> U. Srinivas started a music school called the Srinivas Institute of World Music (SIOWM) in Chennai,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/mandolin-magic/article598029.ece |title=Mandolin magic |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-08-27 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> where, since he was barely eighteen, he taught a number of students gratis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shrinivas-gave-away-music-as-a-gift-with-free-lessons-to-all-students-at-his-institute/articleshow/42946071.cms |title=Shrinivas gave away music as a gift with free lessons to all students at his institute |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-09-20 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> Srinivas has trained almost a hundred students worldwide, many of whom have studied with him and U. Rajesh for as long as ten years. U. Rajesh continues teaching their students at the SIOWM.<ref name=first/><ref name=hindu10/>

==Instrument==
Srinivas' first mandolin belonged to his father, a clarinetist. That instrument was a 'standard' Western mandolin; however, he made modifications to suit his playing style over the course of his musical career.

Srinivas started out on the acoustic mandolin, but neither the size nor plucking required of the acoustic mandolin was suited for long, sustained notes. He then switched to the electric mandolin, which was better suited for sustained notes and musical ornamentations.
In 1999, he credited American player [[Tiny Moore]] with the invention of the five-string electric mandolin. Five-strings are often tuned C-G-D-A-E, adding a mandola's low string to the mandolin, but Srinivas said his tuning at the time was E-A-D-G-G<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carnatica.net/sangeet/mandolin.htm |title=U Srinivas |website=carnatica.net |access-date=2024-11-11}}</ref>
He later tuned his five strings to CGCGC. (He sometimes played an instrument built with a sixth tuner, which he did not use.) Copies of his style of mandolin are available in India, and several other Indian mandolin players have used instruments like it (including his brother, U.Rajesh).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emando.com/players/U_Srinivas.htm |title=U Srinivas |website=Emando.com |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Srinivas married U. Sree, daughter of a vigilance officer from Andhra Pradesh, and veena player, in 1994.<ref name="npr.org"/> The couple had a son, Sai Krishna (also known as Naani Krissh, a director who made his directorial debut with Opperah in 2017), and were divorced in 2012.<ref name=toi/> After their divorce U. Sree received custody of their son.<ref name="npr.org"/>

U. Srinivas was an ardent devotee of the [[Paramacharya]] of [[Kanchi]]. He was also a follower and devotee of [[Sri Sathya Sai Baba]] and had performed in front of him on several occasions.<ref>{{cite web | title = Beautiful Mandolin Concert by U. Srinivas and U. Rajesh|work= Prasanthi Diary| url = http://media.radiosai.org/journals/Portal/pd-articles/PD-05_08_2010.htm |date=5 August 2010| access-date = 19 September 2014 }}</ref><ref name=toi/>

==Illness and death==
Srinivas (also known as Mandolin Shrinivas) was undergoing treatment for a liver condition<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-u-srinivas-and-the-mandolin-falls-silent-2020025 |title=U Srinivas: And the mandolin falls silent |website=Dnaindia.com |date=2014-09-20 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> and had undergone a liver transplant on 11 September 2014. While recovering, he died at [[Apollo Hospital]] at 9:30 AM on 19 September 2014 after experiencing complications.<ref>{{cite news | title = Mandolin U Srinivas, popular Carnatic musician, passes away
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mandolin-U-Srinivas-popular-carnatic-musician-passes-away/articleshow/42877658.cms
|author=Janani Sampath |date= 19 September 2014| access-date = 19 September 2014 | newspaper = The Times of India}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
Some of the awards that Mandolin U. Srinivas received:
* ''[[Padma Shri]]'' in 1998, given by Government of India<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* ''[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]'' in 2010, given by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref>
* ''Sangeet Ratna''
* ''Sanatan Sangeet Puraskar'' from ''Sangeet Sanskriti''
* Titled ''′Asthana Vidwan′'' (at age 15), of the [[Tamil Nadu]] in July 1984, [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam]] on 1 October 1990, at [[Sringeri]], at [[Kalahasti temple]], at [[Mantralayam]] [[Raghavendra Swami|Raghavendra]] [[Mutt (hinduism)|Matha]] in 2006, [[Pillayarpatti]] Temple on 27 August 1995
* ''[[Raja-Lakshmi Award]]'' for the year 1985 from [[Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation]], Chennai
* ''[[Chowdiah Memorial Hall|T. Chowdiah Memorial National Award]]'', [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]] in 1992
* ''Sangeetha Bala Bhaskara'' by [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]] in 1995
* ''Sangeetha Choodamani Award'' in 1985
* ''[[Indian honours system|National Citizen's Award]]'', 1991 by [[President of India]]
* ''Special TTK Award'' and ''Best Artist Award'' by the [[Madras Music Academy]] in 1983 and 1993 respectively
* ''Rajiv Gandhi National Integration Award''
* Madhya Pradesh Government Award, in 2004 by the Government of Madhya Pradesh
* Maharajapuram Santhanam Award, in 2010
* Lifetime Achievement Award, in 2014 by [[Mahindra Finance]] on 17 January 2015

==Discography==
He recorded a CD of Carnatic compositions by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] called ''Ilaiyaraaja's Classics in Mandolin''. In 2008, U Srinivas released ''Samjanitha'' featuring Debashish Bhattacharya (Lap Steel Guitar), [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]], [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Sivamani (percussionist)|Sivamani]], [[T. H. Vinayakram|Vikku Vinaykram]], [[Dominique Piazza]] [[Michael Brook]], U Rajesh and others.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

Partial discography:
{{div col}}
*Mandolin - Master U. Srinivas (Magnasound, 1986)
*Mandolin Ecstasy (Oriental, 1986)
*Magic Mandolin (Chhanda Dhara, 1989)
*Music on Mandolin (Super Cassette, 1990)
*Double Mandolin (The Master Company, 1991)
*Modern Mandolin Maestro (GlobeStyle, 1991)
*Trio Mandolin (Koel, 1992)
*Mandolin Duets (EMI, 1994)
*Prodigy (Koel, 1994)
*Rama Sreerama ([[Real World Records]], 1994)
*Dream, with [[Michael Brook]] (Real World/Virgin/EMI, 1995)
*Dawn Raga (Womad, 1996)
*Marvels on Mandolin (Magnasound, 1996)
*Mandolin (Geethanjali, 1998)
*Mystic Raptures (Music Today, 2000)
*[[Remember Shakti]]: The Believer (Verve/Universal, 2000)
*Mandolin Magic (Dunya, 2001)
*Gamanashrama (Charsur, 2003)
*Sangam: [[Michael Nyman]] Meets Indian Masters (WEA, 2003)
*Om Nama Shivaya (Sea, 2004)
*Five Star (Saregama 2004)
*Mandolin Melodies: South Indian Classical Music (Felmay, 2005)
*Ragasangamam (Music Today, 2006)
*Sahavaadhan (Living 2006)
*Samjanitha (Dreyfus Records, 2008)
*Chinnanchiru Kiliye (Music Today, 2011)
*Sangeet Santaj Vol. 1 & 2 (Music Today, 2011)
*Ru-Ba-Ru: A Unique Confluence of Sarangi & Mandolin (Music Today, 2011)
*Dikshitar Masterpieces (Music Today, 2011)
{{div col end}}

For the Sangeetha Music label, U. Srinivas recorded the following albums:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Mokshamugalada
*Nadasudharasa
*Double Mandolin
*Meenakshi Memudam
*Pancharatna Kritis –Trio Mandolin
*Magnetic Mandolin
*Naada Brahmaanandam (Double Mandolin)
*Naanu Palimpa
*Vaathapi on Mandolin
*Endaro Mahanubhavulu
*Enduko Dayaradura
*Gaana Sampoornam
*Mandolin Ganamrutham
{{div col end}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Lavezzoli|first=Peter|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC&pg=PA116|date=2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9}}
*{{cite book|last1=Broughton|first1=Simon|last2=Ellingham|first2=Mark|title=World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA85|year=2000|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-636-5}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs = IN MEMORY OF MANDOLIN U.SRINIVAS BY HIS SON SAI KRISHNA(Nani Krish)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycQu8XwR83M}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|U. Srinivas}}
*{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p34614|label=U. Srinivas}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivas, U}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Indian mandolinists]]
[[Category:Real World Records artists]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists]]
[[Category:Deaths from liver failure]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Indian world music musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Liver transplant recipients]]
[[Category:People from Palakollu]]
[[Category:Followers of Sathya Sai Baba]]
[[Category:Remember Shakti members]]

Wadhwan

2025-10-06T05:50:00Z

Ekyaschool: added references

{{Short description|City in Gujarat, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wadhwan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Vadhwan
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|42|N|71|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Surendranagar district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Surendranagar Wadhwn Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=541702 | title=Madhya Pradesh (23) | publisher=Census of India | access-date=10 August 2018 }}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 75,755
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 363030
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02752
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#GJ.E2.80.94Gujarat|GJ]]-13
| website = {{URL|https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/3792-wadhwan-surendranagar-gujarat.html}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
{{Other uses|Vadhavan}}
'''Wadhwan''', also spelled '''Vadhwan''', is a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Surendranagar district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]]. Located on the banks of the [[Bhogavo River]], around 3 km from [[Surendranagar]] and 111 km from [[Ahmedabad]], Wadhwan is a known location for its old world royal charm and serene space with a life and culture of its own. It was historically the capital of [[Wadhwan State]].

==Demographics==
[[File:Wadhwan flag.svg|thumb|left|Flag of Wadhwan]]
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Wadhwan city had a population of 61,739. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Wadhwan city has an average literacy rate of 71%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 63%. In Wadhwan city, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Geography==
It is located on the bank of the dry [[Bhogavo River]].

==History==
The name "Wadhwan" is said to derive from "Vardhmānpur", after Vardhamana, also known as [[Mahavira]], the 24th [[Tirthankar]] of [[Jainism]]. According to legend, the site of Wadhwan was originally a place called "Astigram", or "the village of bones", due to the predations of a man-eating [[yaksha]] named Shulpani, who lived in a cave on the bank of the Bhogavo river half a mile east of the present town. However, Mahavira visited the town and converted Shulpani, and the relieved inhabitants renamed the town Vardhmanpur in his honor. A temple dedicated to Mahavira now stands on the site said to have been Shulpani's home.<ref name="Gazetteer 1884">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume VIII: Káthiáwár |date=1884 |publisher=Government Central Press |location=Bombay |page=504 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz3rFgOTkyUC |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

Another legendary account holds that, around 295 CE, Wadhwan was ruled by the [[Vala dynasty]] king Ebhal, remembered in oral tradition for defeating an [[Irani (India)|Irani]] force of 200,000 men.<ref name="Gazetteer 1884"/>

A copper-plate inscription dated to ''[[samvat]]'' 639 (717 CE) records Wadhwan (as Vardhmanpur) as being ruled by a Raja Dharnivaraha of the [[Chapa dynasty]]; Dharnivaraha is described as subservient to one Mahipal Dev, whose identity is uncertain. Dharnivaraha's ancestry is also given: he appears to have succeeded his brother Dhruvabhta as king; their father was Pulkeshi, who was the grandson of Vikramark, founder of the dynasty, via Vikramark's son Adraka.<ref name="Gazetteer 1884"/>

The later [[Solanki dynasty]] of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] made Wadhwan a fortified post on their military highway from [[Viramgam]] to [[Junagadh]] and [[Somnath]]; Wadhwan lay between [[Jhinjhuvada]] and [[Sayla]] on this road. Later still, Wadhwan was the seat of a branch of the [[Vaghela dynasty]]; after that, it came under Muslim rule. From the time of [[Ahmad Shah I]] of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], Wadhwan was the site of a strongly fortified [[thana]] to secure control over the region. The city's Pada mosque was constructed during this period; a [[Persian language|Persian]] inscription formerly in the mosque (but later kept in the Darbar enclosure which was later converted into a granary) dated to 1439 CE records it as having been built by one Malik Muhammad b. Malik Musa during the reign of Ahmad Shah. Another inscription, this one in [[Old Gujarati]] and dated to ''samvat'' 1613 (1556 CE, during the reign of [[Ahmad Shah II]]), records the local Kotia and Talavia [[Koli people|Kolis]] as being landholding [[pasaita]]s responsible for the maintenance of the forts (''kot'') and water tanks (''talavi'') near their lands.<ref name="Gazetteer 1884"/>

=== Wadhwan State ===
[[File:Vintage studio portrait of the Thakore of Wadhwan.jpg|thumb|The Thakore of Wadhwan]]
During the [[British Raj]], [[Wadhwan State]] was one of several [[princely states]] governed by the [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]] [[Rajput]]s. It was classified as a 9-gun [[salute state]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the States of Western India, 1916-1947 |first=John |last=McLeod |publisher=BRILL |year=1999 |isbn=9789004113435 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXpzWlPpE1cC&pg=PA9 |pages=8–9}}</ref>

Vadhwan rulers belonged to the Jhala Rajput clans and had good administrative and culturally inclined society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infolog.in/wadhwan-princely-state/|title=Wadhwan (Princely State) - the History Bro|date=16 February 2021}}</ref> To provide sufficient protection to their clan and the people, the town of Vadhwan was fortified and gates were erected at most places to provide safety. Some of these gates and the fortified walls are still found in the city, although city has grown beyond these walls. Vadhwan was the centre of the princely state by the same name, which in earlier days was known as Vardhamanpuri, the name being derived from the great Jain Thirthankaras, Bhagwan Vardhaman. The prime ministers of this princely state belonged to the Rawal family who were given the title of Dewan Bahadur. Under their rule, a number of important structures were constructed, mostly during the era of 18th and 19th century.
Vadhwan is considered as an important centre for Jains and is renowned as one of the fortified towns of Gujarat. Formerly known as Vardhamanpuri, the town is believed to have footprints of Lord Mahavir. The Raj Mahal and Hawa Mahal were constructed here by the erstwhile rulers of the region.

The Raj Mahal was the residence of His Highness Balsinhji in the 19th century, replete with exotic gardens, cricket pitches, fountains, tennis courts and lily ponds. The Raj Mahal is now functioning as a heritage hotel.

Several members of the Thakar family served as Dewans (Prime Ministers) of the princely state, most prominent amongst them being Vishwanath Thakar and Khodidas Thakar in the 19th century.

=== Historical buildings ===
Hawa Mahal, "the wind palace," was built during the era of Jhala rulers. Even though it was an ambitious project with ultimate craftsmanship, the work was left incomplete. The part which is incomplete is outside the actual fort and is in different stages of construction along with the study of architectural designs, which were stopped midway. These give a glimpse into the style of architecture used by the artisans in erecting Hawa Mahal. In the present day also, many of the Sompura artisans whose community built Hawa mahal are seen involved in carvings and cutting of sculptures for various Hindu and Jain temple projects. Sompura Salat community was one of the Brahmin communities in Gujarat who were master artisans. They built famous Somnath Temple. In recent years, these artisans have been called upon for restoration work of various temples in Gujarat as well as in other parts of India, and also building new temples.

Vadwala Temple here is some 450 years old.

11th century Gangva Kund at Dedadara village is believed to have been constructed during the Chalukya period.

The popular ancient Gangavav step-well is believed to have been constructed in Vikram Samvat in 1969. There is Lakhavav also.

[[Madhavav]] is popular stepwell for its historical significance. It is believed that the son and daughter-in-law of King Sarang Dev sacrificed their lives here for the natives of the region. The Automobile Library, Wagheshwari Devi Temple and Swami Narayan Temple are some of the prominent attractions located in the vicinity of Wadhwan.

== Education ==

C. U. Shah University is a private university located in Wadhwan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=7&Unitype=3 | title=Private University Gujarat | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] | access-date=20 September 2014}}</ref> It is run by Vardhman Bharti Trust and named after Chimanlal Ujamshibhai Shah. It had been created by the state of Gujarat under the Private University Amendment Bill in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2013/04/01/a-bill-for-setting-up-three-private-universities-passed-in-assembly/ | title=A bill for setting up three private universities passed in assembly | publisher=DeshGujarat | date=1 April 2013 | access-date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bilkulonline.com/gujarat-news/general-news/1988-gujarat-s-prominent-philanthropist-cu-shah-passed-away | title=Gujarat's prominent Philanthropist CU Shah passed away | publisher=Bilkul | date=31 January 2013 | access-date=20 September 2014 | archive-date=14 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914053619/http://www.bilkulonline.com/gujarat-news/general-news/1988-gujarat-s-prominent-philanthropist-cu-shah-passed-away | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Other schools include Dajiraj High School, established in 1885, and Ladkibai Kanya Vidhyalaya, established in 1921.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
Freedom At Midnight

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[[Category:Cities and towns in Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Talukas of Surendranagar]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Surendranagar district]]