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15th Maharashtra Assembly

2026-05-15T15:32:11Z

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{{Short description|Maharashtra Assembly session since 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 15th Maharashtra Assembly
| before = [[14th Maharashtra Assembly|14th Assembly]]
| after = 16th Assembly
| image = Vidhan Bhavan aerial view.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = '''[[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] [[Mumbai]]'''
| body = '''[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]'''
| chamber1 = Sovereign
| chamber1_image = File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election 2024.svg
| chamber1_image_size = 350 px
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 = [[Maha Yuti]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = *'''[[C.P. Radhakrishnan]]''' (2024-2025)
*'''[[Acharya Devvrat]]''' (since 2025)
| government = *[[Third Fadnavis ministry]] (Since 2024)
| chamber2_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
| chamber2_leader1 =
* [[Rahul Narwekar]]

| chamber2_leader2_type = [[List of deputy speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the House]]
| chamber2_leader2 =
* [[Anna Bansode]] | chamber2_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader3 =
* [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| chamber2_leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader4 =
*[[Eknath Shinde]]
*[[Ajit Pawar]] (2024-2026)
*[[Sunetra Pawar]] (From 2026)
| chamber2_leader5_type = [[List of Leaders of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]]
| chamber2_leader5 = * [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| election = '''[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]'''
| opposition = Vacant<ref>{{cite web|title=In a first in six decades, no Leader of Opposition in Maharashtra Assembly|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/in-a-first-in-six-decades-no-leader-of-opposition-in-maharashtra-assembly/article68904861.ece|publisher = The Hindu|date=24 November 2024}}</ref>{{efn|No leader of opposition because no political party obtained at least 10% of the seats in the assembly.}}
| term_start = 2024
| term_end = 2029
}}
The '''Members of 15th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]''' were elected in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], with results announced on 23 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results November 2024 - Maharashtra |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywiseresult-S13.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=15 October 2024 |title=Maharashtra election dates announced: Voting in single phase on November 20, result on Nov 23 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/maharashtra-election-dates-announced-check-election-schedule-for-maharashtra-voting-result-date-bjp-congress-ncp-shiv-sena/articleshow/114243422.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerged as the single largest party winning 132 seats alone, and its alliance [[Maha Yuti]] secured a record 237 seats. [[Devendra Fadnavis]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was sworn in as the new CM. None of the opposition parties could win 10% of the seats, hence there is no official opposition.

== Office bearers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Post !! Name !! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| '''[[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor]]'''
| [[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|shortname=Independent}}
|-
| '''[[Speaker of Maharashtra Assembly|Speaker]]'''
| [[Rahul Narwekar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjps-rahul-narvekar-colaba-mla-re-elected-unopposed-maharashtra-assembly-speaker-2646978-2024-12-09 | title=BJP's Rahul Narvekar re-elected unopposed as Maharashtra Assembly Speaker | publisher=India Today | date=9 December 2024 | accessdate=16 December 2024 | author=Bhalekar, Ritvick Arun}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| '''[[List of Deputy Speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]'''
| [[Anna Bansode]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| '''[[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|First Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| [[Eknath Shinde]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Second Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| [[Sunetra Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|'''[[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]'''
| Vacant<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-election-results-a-first-in-6-decades-no-leader-of-opposition-as-main-opposition-party-wins-under-10-of-seats/articleshow/115614620.cms | title=Maharashtra election results: A first in 6 decades, no leader of opposition, as main opposition party wins under 10% of seats | publisher=Times of India | date=24 November 2024 | accessdate=16 December 2024}}</ref>
| colspan="2"| N/A
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!#
!Constituency
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Remarks
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|1
|[[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa]] (ST)
|[[Aamshya Padavi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|2
|[[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]] (ST)
|[[Rajesh Padvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|3
|[[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)
|[[Vijaykumar Gavit]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]] (ST)
|[[Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik|Shirishkumar Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|5
|[[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]] (ST)
|[[Manjula Gavit]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|6
|[[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency|Dhule Rural]]
|[[Raghavendra Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|7
|[[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]]
|[[Anup Agrawal (politician)|Anup Agrawal]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]
|[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal|Jayakumar Rawal]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]] (ST)
|[[Kashiram Vechan Pawara|Kashiram Pawara]]
|
|-
|rowspan="11" | [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|10
|[[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]] (ST)
|[[Chandrakant Sonawane]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=11}}
|
|-
|11
|[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]
|[[Amol Haribhau Jawale|Amol Jawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|12
|[[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Savkare]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]]
|[[Suresh Damu Bhole|Suresh Bhole]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]]
|[[Gulab Raghunath Patil|Gulabrao Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|15
|[[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]
|[[Anil Bhaidas Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|16
|[[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]
|[[Amol Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|17
|[[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]
|[[Mangesh Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|18
|[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]
|[[Kishor Appa Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|19
|[[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]
|[[Girish Mahajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|20
|[[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]]
|[[Chandrakant Nimba Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|rowspan="7" | [[Buldhana district|Buldana]]
|21
|[[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]
|[[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti|Chainsukh Sancheti]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|22
|[[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]
|[[Sanjay Gaikwad]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|23
|[[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]]
|[[Shweta Mahale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|24
|[[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]]
|[[Manoj Kayande]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|25
|[[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]] (SC)
|[[Siddharth Kharat]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|26
|[[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]
|[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar|Akash Fundkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|27
|[[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
|[[Sanjay Kute]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[Akola district|Akola]]
|28
|[[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]
|[[Prakash Gunvantrao Bharsakale|Prakash Bharsakale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|29
|[[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]
|[[Nitin Tale]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|30
|[[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]]
|[[Sajid Khan Pathan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|31
|[[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]]
|[[Randhir Pralhadrao Savarkar|Randhir Savarkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|32
|[[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]] (SC)
|[[Harish Marotiappa Pimple|Harish Pimple]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Washim district|Washim]]
|33
|[[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]]
|[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak|Amit Zanak]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|34
|[[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Ramcharan Khode|Shyam Khode]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|35
|[[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]]
|[[Sai Prakash Dahake]]
|
|-
|rowspan="8" | [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|36
|[[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamangaon Railway]]
|[[Pratap Adsad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|37
|[[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]
|[[Ravi Rana]]
|{{party name with color|Ravi Rana|shortname=RYSP|color=#1A34BB}}
|
|-
|38
|[[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]
|[[Sulbha Khodke]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|39
|[[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]]
|[[Rajesh Shriramji Wankhade|Rajesh Wankhade]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|40
|[[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]] (SC)
|[[Gajanan Lawate]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|41
|[[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]] (ST)
|[[Kewalram Tulsiram Kale|Kewalram Kale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|42
|[[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]
|[[Pravin Vasantrao Tayade|Pravin Tayade]]
|
|-
|43
|[[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]
|[[Chandu Atmaramji Yawalkar|Chandu Yawalkar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|44
|[[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]
|[[Sumit Wankhede]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|45
|[[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli]]
|[[Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane|Rajesh Bakane]]
|
|-
|46
|[[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]
|[[Samir Trimbakrao Kunawar|Samir Kunawar]]
|
|-
|47
|[[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]
|[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Pankaj Bhoyar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="12" | [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|48
|[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]
|[[Charansing Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|49
|[[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]
|[[Ashish Deshmukh]]
|
|-
|50
|[[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna]]
|[[Sameer Meghe]]
|
|-
|51
|[[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Meshram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|52
|[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
| [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
|-
|53
|[[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]
|[[Mohan Mate]]
|
|-
|54
|[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]
|[[Krishna Khopde]]
|
|-
|55
|[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]
|[[Pravin Datke]]
|
|-
|56
|[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]
|[[Vikas Thakre]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|57
|[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]] (SC)
|[[Nitin Raut]]
|
|-
|58
|[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|59
|[[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]
|[[Ashish Jaiswal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|60
|[[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]
|[[Raju Manikrao Karemore|Raju Karemore]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|61
|[[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]] (SC)
|[[Narendra Bhondekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|62
|[[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]
|[[Nana Patole]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|63
|[[Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni Morgaon]] (SC)
|[[Rajkumar Badole]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|64
|[[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]
|[[Vijay Bharatlal Rahangdale|Vijay Rahangdale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|65
|[[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]
|[[Vinod Agrawal]]
|
|-
|66
|[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]] (ST)
|[[Sanjay Hanmantrao Puram|Sanjay Puram]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
|67
|[[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]] (ST)
|[[Ramdas Maluji Masram|Ramdas Masram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|68
|[[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]] (ST)
|[[Milind Ramji Narote|Milind Narote]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|69
|[[Aheri Assembly constituency|Aheri]] (ST)
|[[Dharamrao Baba Atram]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="6" | [[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|70
|[[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]
|[[Deorao Vithoba Bhongle|Deorao Bhongle]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|71
|[[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]] (SC)
|[[Kishor Jorgewar]]
|
|-
|72
|[[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]]
|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|
|-
|73
|[[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]]
|[[Vijay Wadettiwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|74
|[[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]
|[[Bunty Bhangdiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|75
|[[Warora Assembly constituency|Warora]]
|[[Karan Sanjay Deotale|Karan Deotale]]
|
|-
|rowspan="7" | [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|76
|[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]
|[[Sanjay Derkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|77
|[[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]] (ST)
|[[Ashok Uike]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|78
|[[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]
|[[Balasaheb Mangulkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|79
|[[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]
|[[Sanjay Rathod]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|80
|[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]] (ST)
|[[Raju Narayan Todsam|Raju Todsam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|81
|[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
|[[Indranil Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|82
|[[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]] (SC)
|[[Kisan Wankhede]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="9" | [[Nanded district|Nanded]]
|83
|[[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]
|[[Bhimrao Keram]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=9}}
|
|-
|84
|[[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]
|[[Baburao Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|85
|[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]
|[[Sreejaya Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|86
|[[Nanded North Assembly constituency|Nanded North]]
|[[Balaji Kalyankar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|87
|[[Nanded South Assembly constituency|Nanded South]]
|[[Anand Tidke]]
|
|-
|88
|[[Loha Assembly constituency|Loha]]
|[[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar|Prataprao Chikhalikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|89
|[[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]
|[[Rajesh Sambhaji Pawar|Rajesh Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|90
|[[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]] (SC)
|[[Jitesh Antapurkar]]
|
|-
|91
|[[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]
|[[Tushar Rathod]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
|92
|[[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]
|[[Chandrakant Nawghare]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|93
|[[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]
|[[Santosh Bangar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|94
|[[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]
|[[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule|Tanaji Mutkule]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|95
|[[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]
|[[Meghana Bordikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|96
|[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]
|[[Rahul Vedprakash Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|97
|[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]
|[[Ratnakar Gutte]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|98
|[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]
|[[Rajesh Vitekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|99
|[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]
|[[Babanrao Lonikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|100
|[[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi]]
|[[Hikmat Udhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|101
|[[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]
|[[Arjun Khotkar]]
|
|-
|102
|[[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]] (SC)
|[[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche|Narayan Kuche]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|103
|[[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]
|[[Santosh Danve]]
|
|-
|rowspan="9" | [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
|104
|[[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]
|[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=9}}
|
|-
|105
|[[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]
|[[Sanjana Jadhav]]
|
|-
|106
|[[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]]
|[[Anuradha Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|107
|[[Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency|Aurangabad Central]]
|[[Pradeep Jaiswal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|108
|[[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Shirsat]]
|
|-
|109
|[[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]
|[[Atul Save]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|110
|[[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]
|[[Vilas Sandipan Bhumre|Vilas Bhumre]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|111
|[[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]
|[[Prashant Bamb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|112
|[[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]
|[[Ramesh Bornare]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|rowspan="15" | [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|113
|[[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]
|[[Suhas Kande]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|114
|[[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]]
|[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique|Ismail Abdul Khalique]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
|[[AIMIM]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|None
|
|-
|115
|[[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]]
|[[Dadaji Bhuse]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=13}}
|
|-
|116
|[[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]] (ST)
|[[Dilip Manglu Borse|Dilip Borse]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|117
|[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]] (ST)
|[[Nitin Arjun Pawar|Nitin Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|118
|[[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]]
|[[Rahul Daulatrao Aher|Rahul Aher]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|119
|[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]
|[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|120
|[[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]
|[[Manikrao Kokate]]
|
|-
|121
|[[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]
|[[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar|Diliprao Bankar]]
|
|-
|122
|[[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
|[[Narhari Zirwal]]
|
|-
|123
|[[Nashik East Assembly constituency|Nashik East]]
|[[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale|Rahul Dhikale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|124
|[[Nashik Central Assembly constituency|Nashik Central]]
|[[Devayani Farande]]
|
|-
|125
|[[Nashik West Assembly constituency|Nashik West]]
|[[Seema Mahesh Hiray|Seema Hiray]]
|
|-
|126
|[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]] (SC)
|[[Saroj Ahire]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|127
|[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]] (ST)
|[[Hiraman Khoskar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="6" | [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|128
|[[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]] (ST)
|[[Vinod Bhiva Nikole]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|129
|[[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad]] (ST)
|[[Bhoye Harishchandra Sakharam|Harishchandra Bhoye]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|130
|[[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]] (ST)
|[[Rajendra Gavit]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|131
|[[Boisar Assembly constituency|Boisar]] (ST)
|[[Vilas Tare]]
|
|-
|132
|[[Nalasopara Assembly constituency|Nalasopara]]
|[[Rajan Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|133
|[[Vasai (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency|Vasai]]
|[[Sneha Pandit]]
|
|-
|rowspan="18" | [[Thane district|Thane]]
|134
|[[Bhiwandi Rural Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi Rural]] (ST)
|[[Shantaram More]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|135
|[[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]] (ST)
|[[Daulat Daroda]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|136
|[[Bhiwandi West Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi West]]
|[[Mahesh Prabhakar Choughule|Mahesh Choughule]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|137
|[[Bhiwandi East Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi East]]
|[[Rais Shaikh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|None
|
|-
|138
|[[Kalyan West Assembly constituency|Kalyan West]]
|[[Vishwanath Bhoir]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=11}}
|
|-
|139
|[[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]
|[[Kisan Kathore]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|140
|[[Ambernath Assembly constituency|Ambernath]] (SC)
|[[Balaji Kinikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|141
|[[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]
|[[Kumar Ailani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|142
|[[Kalyan East Assembly constituency|Kalyan East]]
|[[Sulbha Gaikwad]]
|
|-
|143
|[[Dombivali Assembly constituency|Dombivli]]
|[[Ravindra Chavan]]
|
|-
|144
|[[Kalyan Rural Assembly constituency|Kalyan Rural]]
|[[Rajesh More]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|145
|[[Mira Bhayandar Assembly constituency|Mira Bhayandar]]
|[[Narendra Mehta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|146
|[[Ovala-Majiwada Assembly constituency|Ovala-Majiwada]]
|[[Pratap Sarnaik]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|147
|[[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
| [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
|-
|148
|[[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]
|[[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar|Sanjay Kelkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|149
|[[Mumbra-Kalwa Assembly constituency|Mumbra-Kalwa]]
|[[Jitendra Awhad]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|150
|[[Airoli Assembly constituency|Airoli]]
|[[Ganesh Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|151
|[[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]]
|[[Manda Vijay Mhatre|Manda Mhatre]]
|
|-
|rowspan="26" | [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|152
|[[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]
|[[Sanjay Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|153
|[[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]]
|[[Manisha Ashok Chaudhary|Manisha Chaudhary]]
|
|-
|154
|[[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]]
|[[Prakash Surve]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|155
|[[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]
|[[Mihir Kotecha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|156
|[[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]]
|[[Sunil Raut]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|157
|[[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]]
|[[Ashok Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|158
|[[Jogeshwari East Assembly constituency|Jogeshwari East]]
|[[Anant Nar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|159
|[[Dindoshi Assembly constituency|Dindoshi]]
|[[Sunil Prabhu]]
|
|-
|160
|[[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]]
|[[Atul Bhatkhalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|161
|[[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]]
|[[Yogesh Sagar]]
|
|-
|162
|[[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]]
|[[Aslam Shaikh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|163
|[[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]
|[[Vidya Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|164
|[[Versova Assembly constituency|Versova]]
|[[Haroon Khan (Maharashtra politician)|Haroon Rashid Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|165
|[[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]]
|[[Ameet Bhaskar Satam|Ameet Satam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
|166
|[[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]]
|[[Murji Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|167
|[[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]
|[[Parag Alavani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|168
|[[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]]
|[[Dilip Lande]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|169
|[[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]]
|[[Ram Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|170
|[[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]]
|[[Parag Shah]]
|
|-
|171
|[[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]]
|[[Abu Asim Azmi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|None
|
|-
|172
|[[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]]
|[[Sana Malik]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|173
|[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]
|[[Tukaram Ramkrishna Kate|Tukaram Kate]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|174
|[[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]](SC)
|[[Mangesh Kudalkar]]
|
|-
|175
|[[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]]
|[[Sanjay Potnis]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|176
|[[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]]
|[[Varun Sardesai]]
|
|-
|177
|[[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]]
|[[Ashish Shelar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="10" | [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
|178
|[[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] (SC)
|[[Jyoti Gaikwad]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|179
|[[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]]
|[[R. Tamil Selvan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|180
|[[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]]
|[[Kalidas Kolambkar]]
|
|-
|181
|[[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]
|[[Mahesh Sawant]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|182
|[[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]
|[[Aaditya Thackeray]]
|
|-
|183
|[[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]]
|[[Ajay Choudhari]]
|
|-
|184
|[[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla]]
|[[Manoj Jamsutkar]]
|
|-
|185
|[[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]]
|[[Mangal Lodha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|186
|[[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]]
|[[Amin Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|187
|[[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]
|[[Rahul Narwekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="7" | [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|188
|[[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]
|[[Prashant Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|189
|[[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]
|[[Mahendra Thorve]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|190
|[[Uran Assembly constituency|Uran]]
|[[Mahesh Baldi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|191
|[[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]
|[[Ravisheth Patil]]
|
|-
|192
|[[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]
|[[Mahendra Dalvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|193
|[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]
|[[Aditi Tatkare]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|194
|[[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]
|[[Bharatshet Gogawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
| rowspan="22" | [[Pune district|Pune]]
|195
|[[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]
|[[Sharaddada Bhimaji Sonavane|Sharaddada Sonavane]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|196
|[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]
|[[Dilip Walse Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|197
|[[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]
|[[Babaji Kale]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|198
|[[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]
|[[Dnyaneshwar Katke]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|199
|[[Daund Assembly constituency|Daund]]
|[[Rahul Kul]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|200
|[[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]
|[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne|Dattatray Bharne]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |201
| rowspan="2" |[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
| [[Ajit Pawar]]
|Died on 28 January 2026
|-
| [[Sunetra Pawar]]
|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Dy Chief Minister]]
|-
|202
|[[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]
|[[Vijay Shivtare]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
|203
|[[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]
|[[Shankar Mandekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|204
|[[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]
|[[Sunil Shelke]]
|
|-
|205
|[[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]]
|[[Shankar Jagtap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|206
|[[Pimpri Assembly constituency|Pimpri]] (SC)
|[[Anna Bansode]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|207
|[[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari]]
|[[Mahesh Landge]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|208
|[[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]]
|[[Bapusaheb Tukaram Pathare|Bapusaheb Pathare]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|209
|[[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|[[Siddharth Shirole]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|210
|[[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud]]
|[[Chandrakant Patil]]
|
|-
|211
|[[Khadakwasala Assembly constituency|Khadakwasala]]
|[[Bhimrao Tapkir]]
|
|-
|212
|[[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati]]
|[[Madhuri Misal]]
|
|-
|213
|[[Hadapsar Assembly constituency|Hadapsar]]
|[[Chetan Tupe]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|214
|[[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]]
|[[Sunil Kamble]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|215
|[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]
|[[Hemant Rasane]]
|
|-
|rowspan="13" | [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|216
|[[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]] (ST)
|[[Kiran Lahamate]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|217
|[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
|[[Amol Khatal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|218
|[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]
|[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|219
|[[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]
|[[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale|Ashutosh Kale]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|220
|[[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] (SC)
|[[Hemant Ogale]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|221
|[[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]]
|[[Vitthal Langhe|Vitthalrao Langhe]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|222
|[[Shevgaon Assembly constituency|Shevgaon]]
|[[Monika Rajiv Rajale|Monika Rajale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|223
|Rowspan=2|[[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]
|[[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile|Shivaji Kardile]]
|Died on 17 October 2025
|-
|Akshay Shivajirao Kardile
|
|-
|224
|[[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]
|[[Kashinath Mahadu Date|Kashinath Date]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|225
|[[Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar City]]
|[[Sangram Arun Jagtap|Sangram Jagtap]]
|
|-
|226
|[[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]
|[[Vikram Babanrao Pachpute|Vikram Pachpute]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|227
|[[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed]]
|[[Rohit Rajendra Pawar|Rohit Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|rowspan="6" | [[Beed district|Beed]]
|228
|[[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]] (SC)
|[[Vijaysinh Pandit]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|229
|[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]
|[[Prakashdada Solanke]]
|
|-
|230
|[[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]
|[[Sandeep Kshirsagar]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|231
|[[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]
|[[Suresh Dhas]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|232
|[[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]] (SC)
|[[Namita Mundada]]
|
|-
|233
|[[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli]]
|[[Dhananjay Munde]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="6" | [[Latur district|Latur]]
|234
|[[Latur Rural Assembly constituency|Latur Rural]]
|[[Ramesh Karad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|235
|[[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City]]
|[[Amit Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|236
|[[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmadpur]]
|[[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil|Babasaheb Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|237
|[[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Bansode]]
|
|-
|238
|[[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]
|[[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|239
|[[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]
|[[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar|Abhimanyu Pawar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | [[Dharashiv district|Dharashiv]]
|240
|[[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]] (SC)
|[[Pravin Virbhadrayya Swami]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|241
|[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]
|[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|242
|[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Dharashiv]]
|[[Kailas Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|243
|[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]
|[[Tanaji Sawant]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|rowspan="11" | [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|244
|[[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]
|[[Narayan Patil]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|245
|[[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]
|[[Abhijeet Dhananjay Patil|Abhijeet Patil]]
|
|-
|246
|[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]
|[[Dilip Gangadhar Sopal|Dilip Sopal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|
|-
|247
|[[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]] (SC)
|[[Raju Khare]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|
|-
|248
|[[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]
|[[Vijay Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|249
|[[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]]
|[[Devendra Rajesh Kothe|Devendra Kothe]]
|
|-
|250
|[[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]
|[[Sachin Kalyanshetti]]
|
|-
|251
|[[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]
|[[Subhash Deshmukh]]
|
|-
|252
|[[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]
|[[Samadhan Autade]]
|
|-
|253
|[[Sangola (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangola]]
|[[Babasaheb Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|254
|[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]] (SC)
|[[Uttamrao Jankar]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|
|-
|rowspan="8" | [[Satara district|Satara]]
|255
|[[Phaltan (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Phaltan]] (SC)
|[[Sachin Patil (politician)|Sachin Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
|256
|[[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]
|[[Makrand Jadhav - Patil]]
|
|-
|257
|[[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]
|[[Mahesh Shinde]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|258
|[[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]
|[[Jaykumar Gore]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|259
|[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]
|[[Manoj Ghorpade]]
|
|-
|260
|[[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]
|[[Atulbaba Suresh Bhosale|Atulbaba Bhosale]]
|
|-
|261
|[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|[[Shambhuraj Desai]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|262
|[[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]
|[[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
|263
|[[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]
|[[Yogesh Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|264
|[[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]
|[[Bhaskar Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|265
|[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]
|[[Shekhar Govindrao Nikam|Shekhar Nikam]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|266
|[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]
|[[Uday Samant]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|267
|[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]
|[[Kiran Samant]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|268
|[[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli]]
|[[Nitesh Narayan Rane|Nitesh Rane]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|269
|[[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]]
|[[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh Rane]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|270
|[[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]
|[[Deepak Vasant Kesarkar|Deepak Kesarkar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="10" | [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|271
|[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]
|[[Shivaji Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=10}}
|
|-
|272
|[[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]
|[[Prakashrao Abitkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
|-
|273
|[[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]
|[[Hasan Mushrif]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|274
|[[Kolhapur South Assembly constituency|Kolhapur South]]
|[[Amal Mahadik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|275
|[[Karvir (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karvir]]
|[[Chandradip Narke]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|276
|[[Kolhapur North Assembly constituency|Kolhapur North]]
|[[Rajesh Vinayakrao Kshirsagar|Rajesh Kshirsagar]]
|
|-
|277
|[[Shahuwadi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shahuwadi]]
|[[Vinay Kore]]
|{{Party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|278
|[[Hatkanangale (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hatkanangle]] (SC)
|[[Ashokrao Mane]]
|
|-
|279
|[[Ichalkaranji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichalkaranji]]
|[[Rahul Awade]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|280
|[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]
|[[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar]]
|{{party name with color|Rajendra Patil|shortname=RSVA|color=#F58E7D}}
|
|-
|rowspan="8" | [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|281
|[[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]] (SC)
|[[Suresh Khade]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|282
|[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]
|[[Sudhir Gadgil]]
|
|-
|283
|[[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|[[Jayant Patil]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|284
|[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]
|[[Satyajit Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|285
|[[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]
|[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|286
|[[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
|[[Suhas Babar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|287
|[[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]
|[[Rohit Patil]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|{{Party name with color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|
|-
|288
|[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]
|[[Gopichand Padalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|}

==Composition==

{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Alliance
!colspan=2|Political party
!No. of MLAs
!Leader of the party
|-
|rowspan=8 {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan=8 style="text-align:center;"|'''Government [[Maha Yuti|MY]]''' Seats: '''235'''
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|132
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]] ''([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])''
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|style="text-align:center;"|57
|[[Eknath Shinde]] ''([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])''
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|41
|[[Sunetra Pawar]] ''([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])''
|-
|{{party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|[[Jan Surajya Shakti]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[Vinay Kore]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Mahadev Jankar]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Rajendra Patil|shortname=Rajarshi Shahu Vikas Aghadi|color=#F58E7D}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Rajendra Patil]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Yuva Swabhiman Party}}
|[[Ravi Rana|Rashtriya Yuva Swabhiman Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Ravi Rana]]
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Shivaji Patil]]
|-
|rowspan=5 {{party color cell|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center;"|'''Opposition [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]''' Seats: '''50'''
|{{party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|20
|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|16
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|10
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Vinod Bhiva Nikole|Vinod Nikole]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Jayant Prabhakar Patil|Jayant Patil]]
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Others}}
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|'''Others''' Seats: '''3'''
|{{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[Abu Azmi]]
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique|Ismail Abdul Khalique]]
|-
!colspan=4|Total
!colspan=2|288
|}
<section end="Composition"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Current Indian assemblies}}
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029| ]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Legislature]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Maharashtra ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

Citizen (2008 film)

2026-05-05T03:08:36Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Adding...

{{Infobox film
| name = Citizen
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]
| writer =
| screenplay = C. V. Reddy
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = B. L. Venu S. V. Ravikumar
}}
| story = C. V. Reddy
| based_on = 
| producer = C. V. Reddy
| starring = [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manohar C.
| editing = M. Muniraju
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = C. V. Arts Pvt. Ltd
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2008|7|11|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Citizen''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[political film| political]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]] and starring [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] as Bharat
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Simhadri
*[[Jayaprakash Reddy]]
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
*Vaibhavi
*[[Sadashiva Brahmavar]]
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*Layendra Kokila
*Chidanand
*[[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]
}}

==Production==
The film began production as a Kannada-Telugu bilingual and was [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]]'s 50th Kannada film and 75th Telugu film. The Kannada version began production on 26 January 2008. The Telugu version was launched at [[Annapurna Studios]] on 21 February 2008 with [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]] in attendance. The film was predominantly shot in [[Rayalaseema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/saikumar-75-films-old/articleshow/2805051.cms|title=Saikumar: 75 films old|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2008|access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-citizen.html|title=Music launch - Citizen|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=21 February 2008|location=Hyderabad|access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| all_music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/11/28/citizen-2008/|title=Citizen – ಸಿಟಿಜನ್ (2008/೨೦೦೮)|date=28 November 2013|work=Kannada Movies Info|access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = [[R. N. Jayagopal]] and [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mariyade Mariyade
| extra1 = [[Suchitra]]
| title2 = Agnikunda
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
}}

==Reception==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 1/5 stars and wrote, "''Citizen''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s narration reminds you of films made in the 1960s, when there were no technical equipments to enhance films".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssc/20080711.htm|title=Avoid ''Citizen'' at all costs|date=11 July 2008|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2401613}}
{{Om Sai Prakash}}

[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Sai Prakash]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vandemataram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

Amma Makal

2026-05-02T04:07:23Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: article

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Amma Makal.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay = K.V Anil
| story =
| director = {{ubl|Faisal Adimali | AM Naseer}}
| editor = Ajith Raj Arinalloor
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mithra Kurian]]
* Mariya Prince
* Rajeev Roshan
* [[Sreejith Vijay]]
}}
| voices =
| narrator =
| music =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 282
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Modi Mathew | Jayachandran}}
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-25 minutes
| company = Classic Frames
| budget =
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|10|25|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|09|09|df=y}}
| related =
}}
'''''Amma Makal''''' ({{Translation|Mother, daughter}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]]. The show was premiered on 25 October 2021 on [[Zee Keralam]] and streams on-demand through [[ZEE5]].<ref name="Zee5">{{cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/amma-makal/0-6-4z531465|title=Amma Makal|website=ZEE5}}</ref> It stars [[Mithra Kurian]], Mariya Prince, Rajeev Roshan and [[Sreejith Vijay]]. The show is the television debut of the film actress [[Mithra Kurian]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sreejith-vijay-hits-back-at-critics-announces-his-new-tv-show/articleshow/87135398.cms|title=Sreejith Vijay hits back at critics; announces his new TV show|work=The Times of India|date=19 October 2021 }} - {{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pranayavarnangal-to-valkkannadi-heres-a-quick-look-at-upcoming-malayalam-tv-shows-set-to-entertain-soon/photostory/87021713.cms?picid=87021778|title=Pranayavarnangal to Valkkannadi: Here's a quick look at upcoming Malayalam TV shows set to entertain soon|work=The Times of India}} - {{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/amma-makals-mariya-prince-the-love-respect-and-hate-im-getting-now-i-owe-it-to-theatre/photostory/93406430.cms|title=Amma Makal's Mariya Prince: The love, respect and hate I'm getting now, I owe it to theatre|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Anu and her mother share the purest mother-daughter bond, but when Anu realises that her mother's priorities are changing, her extremist behaviour creates ruffles in the relationship.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Mithra Kurian]] as Sangeetha
* Mariya Prince as Anu Nanda<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/malayalam/amma-makals-mariyas-girl-next-door-looks/photostory/91898905.cms|title=Amma Makal fame Mariya's girl-next-door looks|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Rajeev Roshan as Nandan
* [[Sreejith Vijay]] as [[Physician|Dr.]] Vipin Vallabhan

===Recurring===
* Sindhu Varma as Lekshmi
* Jishin Mohan as Praveen
* Yamuna
* Mohan Ayroor
* Indira Thampi as Parameshwaran
* Thushara as Achu
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as Govindan Maash
* Sadhika Venugopal as Dr. Hemalatha
* Manka Mahesh as Maheshwari
* Chilanka S Dheedu as Nilima
* Swapna Tresa as Vaiga
* Pramod Mani as Prathapan
* Sreelekshmi Haridas as Divyapraba
* [[Ranjith Raj]]
* Vimal Raj
* Divyachandralekha as Shakti Parvathi

==Production==
===Filming===
A boat mishap sequence was shot in [[Ashtamudi Lake]]. Such a sequence was filmed for the first time in [[Malayalam]] television. The show's director, A.M. Naseer, said, "We had the chance to shoot in the shallow areas of the lake but it lacked quality. So, we decided to shoot it in the middle of Ashtamudi. We almost shot the entire day with perfection."<ref name="Boat">{{cite news|title=Team Amma Makal shares a video on the making of the boat mishap sequence; Mithra Kurian says, "I was very tense but taking risks is part of the profession"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/team-amma-makal-shares-a-video-on-the-making-of-the-boat-mishap-sequence-mithra-kurian-says-i-was-very-tense-but-taking-risks-is-part-of-the-profession/articleshow/90563983.cms|work=The Times of India|date=31 March 2022 }}</ref>

===Casting===
The film actress [[Mithra Kurian]] plays the protagonist, Sangeetha, in her television debut. Sangeetha's college-going daughter, Anu, is played by debutant Mariya Prince while her husband, Nandan is played by Rajeev Roshan.<ref name="Asianet">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/actress-mithra-kurian-returns-through-zee-keralam-series-amma-makal-r1oner|title=ഇടവേളയ്ക്ക് ശേഷം മിത്രയുടെ തിരിച്ചുവരവ്; 'അമ്മ മകൾ' പ്രേക്ഷകർക്ക് മുമ്പിൽ|work=Asianet News|language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Review">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/amma-makal-review-actress-maria-shines-in-her-debut-a-heartening-tale-of-a-doting-mom-and-her-possessive-daughter/articleshow/87281390.cms|title=Amma Makal review: Actress Maria shines in her debut, a heartening tale of a doting mom and her possessive daughter|work=The Times of India|date=26 October 2021 }}</ref> [[Sreejith Vijay]] plays the male lead as [[Physician|Dr.]] Vipin Vallabhan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sreejith-vijay-on-his-new-role-in-amma-makal-ive-played-doctors-on-screen-but-vipin-will-be-the-nicest/articleshow/87278155.cms|title=Sreejith Vijay on his new role in 'Amma Makal': I've played doctors on-screen but Vipin will be the nicest|work=The Times of India|date=26 October 2021 }}</ref> Yamuna, Jishin Mohan, Sindhu Varma, Manka Mahesh, [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]], Mohan Ayroor and Indira Thampi were cast in pivotal roles.<ref name="Review"/><ref name="mega">{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-malayalam/amma-makal-mega-episode-sunday-at-7-pm/articleshow/91981344.cms|title=ഒടുവിൽ പ്രേക്ഷകർ കാണാൻ കാത്തിരുന്നത് സംഭവിക്കുന്നു ! 200 ന്റെ നിറവിൽ 'അമ്മ മകൾ'; മെഗാ എപ്പിസോഡ് ഞായറാഴ്ച |work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-yamuna-is-excited-to-play-a-meaty-role-in-amma-makal-says-the-show-will-be-a-new-experience-for-viewers/articleshow/87423595.cms|title=Actress Yamuna is excited to play a meaty role in 'Amma Makal' says 'The show will be a new experience for viewers'|work=The Times of India|date=31 October 2021 }} - {{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/jishin-mohan-shares-amma-makal-searial-visuals-video-gets-viral/articleshow/91438569.cms|title=അമ്മയും മകളും ഒരേസമയം ഗർഭിണികൾ ആയാൽ എങ്ങനെയിരിക്കും? അതും രണ്ട് പേർക്കും ഏഴ് മാസം, ചികിത്സയും ഒരേ ഡോക്ടർ തന്നെ!; ജിഷിൻ മോഹൻ പങ്കുവെച്ച വീഡിയോ വൈറൽ! |work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|language=ml}}</ref> Sadhika Venugopal made an extended cameo as Dr. Hemalatha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sadhika-venugopal-to-play-a-doctor-in-amma-makal-says-now-i-have-all-the-more-respect-for-the-professionals/articleshow/91984692.cms|title=Sadhika Venugopal to play a doctor in 'Amma Makal'; says, "Now I have all the more respect for the professionals"|work=The Times of India|date=3 June 2022 }}</ref>

The show is written by K.V. Anil and directed by Faisal Adimali. It is produced by Modi Mathew and Jayachandran under the name of Classic Frames.<ref name="Asianet"/> Adimali was later replaced by A.M. Naseer.<ref name="Boat"/>

===Broadcast===
The first promotional video of Amma Makal featuring the lead actresses Kurian and Prince was released in October 2021.<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Amma Makal - October 25th onwards - Monday to Thursday @ 9 pm - Promo - Zee Keralam.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGToCQOe0cA|publisher=[[Zee Keralam]]}}</ref> The show was premiered on Zee Keralam on 25 October 2021 and shown every day at the 9:00 p.m. [[Indian standard time|IST]]. On the digital platform, it is available for viewing on ZEE5.<ref name="Zee5"/>

On 5 June 2022, a one-hour episode of the show was broadcast on Zee Keralam at 7.00 pm IST.<ref name="mega"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Original Songs<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnVhkaXKQ9I|title=EP - Amma Makal - Indian Malayalam TV Show - Zee Keralam|publisher=[[Zee Keralam]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 2:13

| title1 = Janmangal Theeruvolam Amma Kunje
| extra1 = [[Swetha Ashok]], Anu Thomas
| lyrics1 = Jyothish T. Kashi
| music1 = Alphonse Joseph
| length1 = 2:13
}}

==Reception==
Reviewing the first episode of the show, a reviewer for ''[[The Times of India]]'' was impressed with the "refreshing star cast and novel storyline" and thought that "the show has managed to evoke an element of suspense among the viewers within the first episode". However, the cliched and non-progressive scenes were criticised.<ref name="Review"/>

In a poll conducted on the official Instagram account of ETimes TV to pick the best entertainer between ''[[Daya: Chentheeyil Chalicha Kumkumapottu]]'' and ''Amma Makal'', 78% of the respondents voted in favour of Daya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ETimes TV poll result: Netizens find 'Daya' more entertaining compared to 'Amma Makal'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/etimes-tv-poll-result-netizens-find-daya-more-entertaining-compared-to-amma-makal/articleshow/87738567.cms|work=The Times of India|date=16 November 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com Official website] {{in lang|en}}
* {{IMDb title|18313436}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]

Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:53Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: creating data

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Outer Delhi
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
|union_territory = [[Delhi]]
|reservation =
|assembly_cons =
}}
'''Outer Delhi''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituency in the Indian national capital territory of [[Delhi]]. It was one of the largest constituencies in India. It was abolished in 2008.

==Assembly segments==
From 1966 to 1993, Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following Delhi Metropolitan Council segments:

* [[Shakur Basti (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shakur Basti]]
* Rampura
* Bawana
* Najafgarh
* [[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]]
* Palam
* Mehrauli
* [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlaqabad]]

From 1993 to 2008, it comprised the following [[Delhi Vidhan Sabha]] segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies, General Election to the Lok Sabha, 2004|publisher=Government of Delhi website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180007/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf|archivedate=2011-10-06}}</ref>

* Madipur
* [[Tri Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tri Nagar]]
* Shakurbasti
* [[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi|Shalimar Bagh]]
*[[Badli]]
* [[Sahibabad]] Daulatpur
*[[Bawana]]
* [[Sultan Pur Majra|Sultanpur Majra]]
* [[Mangol Puri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mangolpuri]]
* Vishnu Garden
* [[Hastsal]]
*[[Najafgarh]]
* Nasirpur
*[[Palam]]
*[[Mahipalpur]]
*[[Mehrauli]]
*[[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]]
* Dr. Ambedkar Nagar
* Tughlakabad
*[[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]]
* [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]] (Polling stations 61–70)
* [[Janakpuri|Janak Puri]] (Polling stations 92–124)
* [[Narela]] (Polling stations 65–69)
* [[Bhalswa Jahangir Pur|Bhalswa Jahangirpur]] (Polling stations 1 and 2)

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Lok Sabha
!Duration
!Member
!Party
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1st Lok Sabha|First]] ||rowspan="2"| 1952–57 || [[C. Krishnan Nair]] || rowspan=7|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Naval Prabhakar
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]] ||rowspan="2"| 1957–62 || [[C. Krishnan Nair]]
|-
| Naval Prabhakar
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]] || 1962–67 || rowspan=2|[[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash]]
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]] || 1967–71
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] || 1971–77 || Chaudhry Dalip Singh
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]] || 1977–80 || [[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> || [[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]] || 1980–84 || [[Sajjan Kumar]] || [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]] || 1984–89 || [[Chaudhary Bharat Singh]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]] || 1989–91 || [[Tarif Singh]] || [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]] || 1991–96 || [[Sajjan Kumar]] || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]] || 1996–98 || rowspan=2|[[Krishan Lal Sharma]] || rowspan=3|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]] || 1998–99
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]] || 1999–2004 ||[[Sahib Singh Verma]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]] || 2004–09 || [[Sajjan Kumar]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref> || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| Fifteenth || 2009–Onward
| colspan=2 align=center|''Does not exist''
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Outer Delhi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sajjan Kumar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 8,55,543
|percentage = 55.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sahib Singh Verma]]
|votes = 6,31,753
|percentage = 40.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharat Bhushan Nagar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 33,495
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sajjan Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,052
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amarjeet Kaur
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,772
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,23,790
|percentage = 14.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 15,53,849
|percentage = 46.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[13th Lok Sabha|13th Lok Sabha: 1999 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Outer Delhi]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sahib Singh Verma]]
|party = BJP
|votes = 7,09,692
|percentage = 55.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Deepchand Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,07,220
|percentage = 39.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Brahm Singh Bidhuri
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 41,911
|percentage = 3.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,02,472
|percentage = 15.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,87,504
|percentage = 41.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of National Capital Territory}}

{{coord|28.6|77.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

N. Ramani

2026-04-26T14:36:31Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: added the data basic info!

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = N. Ramani
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| image = T_S_Nandakumar_,_N_Ramani_,_N_Rajam.jpg
| caption = N Ramani in a concert with [[N Rajam]] and T S Nandakumar in Bombay
| image_size =
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1934|10|15}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|10|09|1934|10|15}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruvarur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| occupation = Carnatic instrumentalist
| instrument = [[Venu]] flute
| years_active = 1939–2015
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| label =
}}

'''Natesan Ramani''' (15 October 1934 – 9 October 2015), commonly known as '''N. Ramani''' or '''N. Flute Ramani''', was an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] flautist. He was awarded the [[Madras Music Academy]]'s [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] in 1996. Ramani is also credited with introducing the long flute into Carnatic music.<ref name="MA1997p54"/>

==Early life and background==
Ramani was born in [[Tiruvarur]],<ref name="MA1997p54">{{cite journal | last = Parthasarathy|first = T. S.|title = The Sadas| journal = The Journal of the Music Academy, Madras| volume = LXVIII| page = 54 |year = 1997 | publisher = Music Academy}}</ref> a city in [[Tamil Nadu]] which is honored by its association with the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]].<ref name="MA1997p2">{{cite journal | last = Parthasarathy|first = T. S.|title = The 70th Madras Music Conference| journal = The Journal of the Music Academy, Madras| volume = LXVIII| page = 2 |year = 1997 | publisher = Music Academy}}</ref> Ramani was born into a family of flautists.<ref name="MA1997p2"/> Ramani first learnt music from his grandfather, Sri Aazhiyur Narayanaswami Iyer,<ref name="MA1997p2"/> a well known flute artist and singer himself.<ref name="Ramani">{{cite news|author=Aruna Chandaraju|title=Friday Review Hyderabad / Interview : Notes from various masters|date=23 June 2006|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/23/stories/2006062301710200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102091536/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/23/stories/2006062301710200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> Aware of young Ramani's keen interest in the Carnatic flute, Ramani's initiation to Carnatic music began at the age of five.

Ramani performed his first concert at the age of 8.<ref name="MA1997p54"/> The turning point in Ramani's career was when he became a disciple of his maternal uncle and eminent flautist,<ref name="MA1997p2"/> the late [[T. R. Mahalingam (flautist)|T. R. Mahalingam]] (known more commonly as "Flute Mali"),<ref name="MA1997p2"/> who first popularised the Carnatic flute in [[Music of India|Indian music]]. By the age of 11 years, his first concert was held at [[Sikkal Singaravelan Temple|Singaravelavar Temple]], [[Sikkal|Sikkil]], near [[Nagapattinam]], Tamil Nadu. His mother Smt Sarathambal was instrumental in bringing him to notice. She accompanied him for his concerts when he was studying at Boys High School Tiruvarur. Ramani accompanied his guru T. R. Mahalingam in a concert for the first time.<ref name="MA1997p54"/> N Ramani is related to [[Sikkil Sisters]], his contemporary flute-playing duo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/kb-special/kb-interviews/1109-sikkil-sisters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909073707/http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/kb-special/kb-interviews/1109-sikkil-sisters |archive-date=9 September 2019 |title="Music touches the heart..." - Sikkil Sisters}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1945, Ramani performed his first concert on [[All India Radio]].<ref name="MA1997p54"/> Following Ramani's first concert at the [[Madras Music Academy]] in 1956,<ref name="MA1997p2"/> at the age of 22,<ref name="MA1997p2"/> Ramani had reached the highest point in his career and become an artist of international fame,<ref name="MA1997p54"/> and his concerts became a regular feature.<ref name="MA1997p2"/>

===Disciples===
Ramani started the "Ramani Academy of Flute",<ref name="MA1997p54"/> and has trained more than 100 disciples. namely:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! sl.no !! Disciple !! Details
|-
| 1 || Bagyalakshmi A N ||| Performing for the past 45 years various carnatic Solo concerts and for various Bharathanatya accompaniment
|-
| 2 || Chitoor Raghavaraman ||| NRI Flautist at London performing for various Dance Concerts and training students for Flute and Vocal.
|-
| 3 || Chitoor Srinivasan |||
|-
| 4 || Gopi Ganesh Brothers |||
|-
| 5 || Karthikeyan V |||
|-
| 6 || Karthikeyan K |||
|-
| 7 || Mukund L V |||
|-
| 8 || Nandhini Harish |||
|-
| 9 || Ramakrishnan B |||
|-
| 10 || Ramakrishnan.N (Ramji) |||
|-
| 11 || Rangarajan V |||
|-
| 12 || Ranjani Narasimhan |||
|-
| 13 || Rukmani Teacher |||
|-
| 14 || Subramanian K R |||
|-
| 15 || Thiagarajan Ramani |||
|-
| 16 || Tiruvarur Swaminathan |||
|-
| 17 || Trichy Rangarajan |||
|-
| 18 || Umashankar (Raja) |||
|-
| 19 || Prapancham S Balachandran |||
|-
| 20 || Nandakumar |||
|-
| 21 || Chaitanya Kumar |||
|-
| 22 || Ajit Ranganathan |||
|-
|23 || B Gokul ||| Renowned Bharatanatyam accompanist and flautist at Bhagavata Mela Natya Nataka Sangam(Melattur)
|-
|24 || MV Swaroop |||
|-
|25 || Nikhil Narayan |||
|-
|26 || Sathva Srinath |||
|-
|27 || A. V. Prakash ||| ‘B high’ Grade Artist of All India Radio and Doordarshan.
|-
|28 || R. Athul Kumar ||| Grandson of N. Ramani, ‘A’ Grade Artist of All India Radio and highly decorated flutist, Composer for many productions.
|-
|29
|K. P. Upadhyaya
|Renowned flautist from Mysuru, composed many pieces for AIR Mysuru
|}

<ref name="MA1997p54"/>

===Tours===
Ramani performed in all major states, sabhas and venues throughout India, as well as numerous destinations around the world, including the United States, Canada, France, Germany, [[Switzerland]], [[Sri Lanka]] and other countries. He made more than 30 concert tours outside of India.<ref name="MA1997p54"/>

== Origin of the Carnatic flute ==
Until the late 19th century, the Carnatic flute (better known in [[Kannada]] as ''venu'' or ''murali'' or ''kolalu'', in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''pillanagrovi'' and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] as ''[[pullanguzhal]]''), an 8-hole bamboo flute, the South Indian equivalent of the North Indian 6-hole [[bansuri]] flute, had never been used in Carnatic concerts as a main instrument. Sharaba Shastri has been characterised by his followers as a musical genius after experimenting and creating the Carnatic flute. He is also known for bringing the Carnatic flute to the fore of Carnatic music concerts as an influential instrument.

The Sharaba Shastri style or ''bani'' of playing was established and was carried on by his disciple Sanjeeva Rao. However it was the self-taught "Mali" who brought a revolution in popularising the Carnatic flute and whose legacy was carried on by Ramani and other national and international disciples of Mali.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040216035303/http://sify.com/carnaticmusic/season2003/interview.php?id=13360869&cid=13322235 Dr. N. Ramani Interview about Mali]</ref>

== Achievements ==
Although Palladam Sanjeeva Rao was Sharaba Shastri's successor, it was "Mali" and N. Ramani who brought international attention to the Carnatic flute both in their own distinct flute playing techniques, with the latter improving on the former's methods.

He did so by studying the long bass flutes of the North Indian bansuri genius, Pannalal Ghosh which the latter had incorporated successfully in Hindustani concerts. To further enhance tala dynamics, he followed the "GNB" style which was developed by the legendary [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091016201109/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/09/stories/2009100951270500.htm An interview with the Hindu]

The "Mali" ''bani'' encompassed facial expressions such as slight tilting of the head, varied movement of the lips which produced the vocal effect in the Carnatic never explored before by Sharaba Shastri or Palladam Sanjeeva Rao.

According to Ramani, "Mali's teaching methods were worth emulating. A good teacher should be open to learning from his students too. Mali learnt Aahiri raga from me, which I had learnt from T. Vishwanathan, Balasaraswathi's brother".<ref name="Ramani" />

In 1996, he gained the most prestigious title/award in Carnatic music, [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]].

== Honours and accolades ==
Ramani's performances in [[All India Radio]] (AIR) have received numerous praises from Hindustani and Carnatic musicians alike and his performances overseas had been recognised with numerous awards.

Some of the highlights include the [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]], awarded by the Music Academy in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, [[India]], the [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]] award for the year 2007 given by The Indian Fine arts Society, Chennai, the Sangeetha Acharya award from Wasser College, US, the honorary citizenship status in [[Maryland]], [[Ohio]], US, and the [[Padma Shri]] Award from the President of India. He holds an honorary Cultural Doctorate from [[The World University]] of [[Arizona]].

N. Ramani was conferred with [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1984 and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Tagore Ratna]] in 2011.

== Death ==
Ramani suffered from throat cancer during the last years of his life, and did not appear in many programmes. He died on 9 October 2015 in [[Mylapore]], less than a week before his 81st birthday.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Flute-Ramani-dies-aged-81/articleshow/49288605.cms Flute Ramani dies aged 81]</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/flautist-n-ramani-passes-away/article7743461.ece| title= Flautist N. Ramani passes away|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 October 2015|access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> He was survived by four children, including [[Thiagarajan Ramani]].

==Discography==
;Contributing artist
* ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of India and Pakistan]]'' (1996, [[World Music Network]])

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120307123213/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/artist/topsongs/11-Classical_Carnatic_Instrumental/264-Ramani_N/#/artist/topsongs/11-Classical_Carnatic_Instrumental/264-Ramani_N/ MusicIndiaOnline]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090812072501/http://www.indiamusicinfo.com/profiles/carnatic/ramani.html IndiaMusicInfo – Official Biography]
*[https://chowdaiahandparvati.blogspot.com/2010/03/great-flautist-master-vidwan-dr-n.html Chowdiah & Parvathi Blogspot.com]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramani, N.}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Venu players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Indian flautists]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)

2026-04-24T13:05:02Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: added some stub first draft!

{{Short description|List of recipients of a civilian award in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian award
| name = Padma Bhushan
| image = Padma Bhushan India IIe Klasse.jpg
| alt = Padma Bhushan medal suspended from its riband
| image_size = 100px
| type = National Civilian
| country = India
| established = 1954
| firstawarded = 1954
| presenter = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|30px|State Emblem of India]] [[Government of India]]
| previous = [[Padma Vibhushan]] "Dusra Varg" (Class II)
| obverse = A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus.
| reverse = A platinum [[State Emblem of India]] placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
| ribbon = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|100px|Padma Bhushan riband]]
| higher = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Vibhushan riband]] [[Padma Vibhushan]]
| lower = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]] [[Padma Shri]]
| total_awarded = 133
}}

The [[Padma Bhushan]] is the third-highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[India|Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|title=PV Sindhu recommended for Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, by sports ministry|work=Firstpost|date=25 September 2017|access-date=26 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235920/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/pv-sindhu-recommended-for-padma-bhushan-indias-third-highest-civilian-award-by-sports-ministry-4079101.html|archive-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Instituted on 2{{nbsp}}January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.<ref name=award1954>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Lal|first=Shavax A.|year=1954|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=2 January 1954|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=2|quote=The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated 'Padma Vibhushan' in three classes, namely: 'Pahela Varg', 'Dusra Varg' and 'Tisra Varg'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155953/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> The recipients receive a ''Sanad'', a certificate signed by the [[President of India]] and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26{{nbsp}}January) and registered in ''[[The Gazette of India]]''{{mdash}}a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, under the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]].<ref name="scheme">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Scheme|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|access-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002803/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the ''Gazette''. The name of recipient, whose award have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, is archived and they are required to surrender their medal when their name is struck from the register;<ref name=award1955>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Ayyar|first=N. M.|year=1955|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=15 January 1955|access-date=31 March 2018|pages=8|quote=All persons upon whom the decoration of 'Padma Vibhushan' ('Dusra Varg') was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Bhushan has been conferred by the President.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518211317/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during 1980–1989 have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the [[State governments of India|state and the union territory governments]], as well as from [[Union Government ministries of India|Ministries of the Government of India]], the [[Bharat Ratna]] and the [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients|Padma Vibhushan awardees]], the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Ministers]] and the [[List of current Indian governors|Governors of State]], and the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] including private individuals.<ref name="scheme" />

When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as "Dusra Varg" (Class II) under the three-tier [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15{{nbsp}}January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="scheme" /> The criteria included "distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excluded those working with the [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.<ref name=award1955 /> The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion {{convert|1+3/4|inch|mm}} in diameter and {{convert|1/8|inch|mm}} thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of {{convert|1+3/16|inch|mm}} side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter {{convert|1+1/16|inch|mm}} is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus written in [[Devanagari]] script. The [[State Emblem of India]] is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm}} in width with a broad white stripe in the middle.<ref name="scheme" /><ref name=award1955 /> It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of [[Indian honours system|the Indian civilian and military awards]].{{efn|The order of precedence is: [[Bharat Ratna]], [[Param Vir Chakra]], [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], [[Padma Vibhushan]] and Padma Bhushan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|title=Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals|access-date=22 November 2015|publisher=Indian Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220808/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA%3D%3D&ParentID=XRRy6fl%2FYj1c0bK0sve+Pg%3D%3D|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>}}

After assuming office as [[Prime Minister of India]] in 1977, [[Morarji Desai]] withdrew all the civilian awards, reckoning them as "worthless and politicized".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/The-great-Bharat-Ratna-race/articleshow/2714556.cms|title=The great Bharat Ratna race|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2008|author=Mukul, Akshaya|access-date=2 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826095107/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/The-great-Bharat-Ratna-race/articleshow/2714556.cms|archive-date=26 August 2015}}</ref> As a result, the Padma Bhushan award was not conferred to any person from 1978 until 1980 when the suspension was rescinded on 25{{nbsp}}January by [[Indira Gandhi]], Desai's predecessor who had returned to office. Cricketer [[Sunil Gavaskar]] became the first recipient of the award since its restoration in 1980; he was the only person awarded in that year.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=PAA248|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|author=Bhattacherje, S. B.|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=2009|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7|page=A248, A253|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611161633/https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=PAA248|archive-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>

A total of 134 awards were presented in the 1980s. Only one award was conferred in 1980 which was later followed by nine in 1981, fifteen in 1982, seventeen in 1983, eighteen in 1984, twenty-one in 1985, fourteen in 1986, twelve in 1987, thirteen in 1988, and fourteen in 1989. The Padma Bhushan in the 1980s was also conferred upon ten foreign recipients{{dash}} four from the United Kingdom, three from the United States, and one each from Denmark, France, and Japan. Individuals from nine different fields were awarded, which includes twenty-eight from literature and education, twenty-five from civil services, twenty-three artists, twenty from science and engineering, thirteen from medicine, ten from public affairs, eight from social work, four from trade and industry, and three from sportspersons.<ref name="award80-89"/> [[Pushpa Mittra Bhargava]], scientist and founder-director of [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) who had received the award in 1986 in the field of medicine, returned it in 2015 in protest of the [[2015 Dadri mob lynching|Dadri mob lynching]] and out of concern at the "prevailing socio-politico situation" in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bhargava-sends-padma-bhushan-award-to-president/article7869422.ece|title=P.M. Bhargava sends back Padma Bhushan award to President|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 November 2015|location=Hyderabad|author=Mallikarjun, Y.|access-date=2 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228183537/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bhargava-sends-padma-bhushan-award-to-president/article7869422.ece|archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>

==Recipients==

{|class="plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" |
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by year<ref name="award80-89">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=22 March 2016|pages=72–94|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 50
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = 1980
| data1 = 1
| label2 = 1981
| data2 = 9
| label3 = 1982
| data3 = 15
| label4 = 1983
| data4 = 17
| label5 = 1984
| data5 = 18
| label6 = 1985
| data6 = 21
| label7 = 1986
| data7 = 14
| label8 = 1987
| data8 = 12
| label9 = 1988
| data9 = 13
| label10 = 1989
| data10 = 14
}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by field<ref name="award80-89"/>
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 50
| label_type = Field
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = Arts
| data1 = 23
| label2 = Civil Service
| data2 = 25
| label3 = Literature & Education
| data3 = 28
| label4 = Medicine
| data4 = 13
| label5 = Public Affairs
| data5 = 10
| label6 = Science & Engineering
| data6 = 20
| label7 = Social Work
| data7 = 8
| label8 = Sports
| data8 = 3
| label9 = Trade & Industry
| data9 = 4
}}
|}

{{Table TOC|1980|1981|1982|1983|1984|1985|1986|1987|1988|1989}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Key
! scope="row" | {{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Indicates a posthumous honour|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Padma Bhushan award recipients, showing the year, field, and state/country<ref name="award80-89"/>
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Portrait
! scope="col" | Laureates
! scope="col" | Field
! scope="col" | State
|- id="1980"
| style="text-align:center;" |1980
| [[File:Sunny_Gavaskar_Sahara.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil|Gavaskar}}
| Sports || Maharashtra
|- id="1981"
| style="text-align:center;" |1981
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vainu|Bappu}}
| Science & Engineering || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1981
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prafulla|Desai}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1981
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mekhala|Jha|nolink=1}}
| Social Work || Bihar
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1981
| [[File:A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_in_2008.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. P. J. Abdul|Kalam}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1981
| [[File:Gopinath_Mohanty_01.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gopinath|Mohanty}}
| Literature & Education || Orissa
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1981
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prabhat Kumar|Mukhopadhyaya}}
| Civil Service || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1981
| [[File:Amrit_Lal_Nagar.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amritlal|Nagar}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1981
| [[File:Mrinal-sen.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mrinal|Sen}}
| Arts || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1981
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Avabai Bomanji|Wadia}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|- id="1982"
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jasbir Singh|Bajaj}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
| [[File:Veena_S_Balachandar_1950.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S.|Balachander}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gottipati|Brahmaiah}}
| Social Work || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
| [[File:Rani_Gaidinliu_1996_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rani|Gaidinliu}}
| Social Work || Nagaland
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Khadim Hussain|Khan}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stella|Kramrisch}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA|Indicates a citizen of the United States}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jal Minocher|Mehta}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Grace Louise McCann|Morley|Grace Morley}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Atam|Prakash|nolink=1}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
| [[File:Syed_Zahoor_Qasim.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Syed Zahoor|Qasim}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arnee Sreenivasan|Ramakrishnan|nolink=1}}
| Medicine || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kamal|Ranadive}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
| [[File:Pattabhi_Rama_Sastri.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|P. N. Pattabhirama|Sastri}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jhabarmal|Sharma}}
| Literature & Education || Rajasthan
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1982
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajit Ram|Verma}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|- id="1983"
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
| [[File:RichardAttenborough07TIFF.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Richard|Attenborough}}
| Arts || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR|Indicates a citizen of the United Kingdom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Doraiswamy|Iyengar}}
| Arts || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. G.|Jog}}
| Arts || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suraj Parkash|Malhotra|nolink=1}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | [[:hi:डॉ॰ नगेन्द्र|Nagendra]]
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. Sankaran|Nair}}
| Civil Service || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
| [[File:Prem_Nazir.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prem|Nazir}}
| Arts || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
| [[File:Official_portrait_of_Lord_Paul_crop_2.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Swraj|Paul|Swraj Paul, Baron Paul}}
| Social Work || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
| [[File:Dr._Rajkumar_(5).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dr.|Rajkumar}}
| Arts || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
| [[File:K._G._Ramanathan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. G.|Ramanathan}}
| Literature & Education || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kershasp Tehmurasp|Satarawala}}
| Civil Service || Goa
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subodh Chandra|Sengupta}}
| Literature & Education || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Adi M.|Sethna}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
| [[File:Arun_Kumar_Sharma_-_Kolkata_2013-01-07_2669.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arun Kumar|Sharma}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
| [[File:Benudhar_Sharma.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"| {{sortname|Benudhar|Sharma|}}{{efn-lr|[[Benudhar Sharma]] died on 26 February 1981, at the age of 86.}}{{hash}}
| Literature & Education || Assam
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhalindra|Singh}}
| Sports || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Umrao|Singh}}
| Civil Service || Haryana
|- id="1984"
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Horace|Alexander}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shrinarayan|Chaturvedi}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chandrashekhar|Lohumi|nolink=1}}
| Science & Engineering || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael|Ferreira}}
| Sports || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
| [[File:Sivaji_Ganesan_1.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sivaji|Ganesan}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jnan Prakash|Ghosh}}
| Arts || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kotha Satchidananda|Murthy}}
| Literature & Education || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
| [[File:H-Narasimhaiah.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hanumanthappa|Narasimhaiah|Hosur Narasimhaiah}}
| Literature & Education || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sripada|Pinakapani}}
| Arts || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
| [[File:Dr._Ishwari_Prasad.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ishwari|Prasad}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. C.|Sanyal}}
| Arts || Madhya Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Marie|Seton}}
| Literature & Education || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
| [[File:Statue_of_Archana_Sharma_(botanist).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Archana|Sharma|dab=botanist}}
| Medicine || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Obaid|Siddiqi}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
| [[File:K._Natwar_Singh_2005.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kanwar Natwar|Singh|Natwar Singh}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ganda|Singh|dab=historian}}
| Literature & Education || Punjab
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
| [[File:Vijay_Tendulkar.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vijay|Tendulkar}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1984
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Baldev|Upadhyaya}}
| Literature & Education || Uttar Pradesh
|- id="1985"
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rais|Ahmed|nolink=1}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Durga Das|Basu}}
| Public Affairs || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shiba P.|Chatterjee}}
| Literature & Education || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eknath Vasant|Chitnis}}
| Science & Engineering || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
| [[File:Shri._Virender_Lal_Chopra_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Virender Lal|Chopra}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurbaksh|Singh|nolink=1}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
| [[File:Santidev_Ghosh_1980.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Santidev|Ghosh}}
| Arts || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Surinder Singh|Gill|nolink=1}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
| [[File:Bhimsen_Joshi.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhimsen|Joshi}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sadat Abul|Masud}}
| Public Affairs || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
| [[File:Kalanidhi_Narayanan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kalanidhi|Narayanan}}
| Arts || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bernard|Peters}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=DEN|Indicates a citizen of Denmark}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
| [[File:Thakazhi_1.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Thakazhi Sivasankara|Pillai}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
| [[File:Gopala_Ramanujam.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gopala|Ramanujam}}
| Social Work || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sivaraj|Ramseshan|S. Ramaseshan}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vuppuluri Ganapathi|Sastry}}
| Literature & Education || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amarjit|Singh|nolink=1}}
| Civil Service || Rajasthan
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tribhuvandas|Luhar (Sundaram)|Tribhuvandas Luhar}}
| Literature & Education || Puducherry
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurbachan Singh|Talib}}
| Literature & Education || Punjab
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhalchandra|Udgaonkar}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Srinivasan|Varadarajan}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|- id="1986"
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. S. R.|Arunachalam}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pushpa Mittra|Bhargava}}
| Medicine || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
| [[File:MJ-Ela-Bhatt-October-2013.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ela|Bhatt}}
| Social Work || Gujarat
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manohar Lal|Chibber}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nasir Aminuddin|Daggar|Aminuddin Dagar}}
| Arts || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Venkataraman|Krishnamurthy|V. Krishnamurthy}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jean|Riboud}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=FRC|Indicates a citizen of France}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
| [[File:S._Dillon_Ripley,_Smithsonian_Institution,_1984.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sidney Dillon|Ripley}}
| Science & Engineering || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=USA}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
| [[File:Rajeev_Sethi-1.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajeev|Sethi}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Martand|Singh}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. Venkataraman|Sundaram}}
| Science & Engineering || Tamil Nadu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Badri Nath|Tandon}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
| [[File:Gulshan_Lal_Tandon.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gulshan Lal|Tandon}}
| Civil Service || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1986
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ram Krishna|Trivedi|R. K. Trivedi}}
| Public Affairs || Uttar Pradesh
|- id="1987"
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
| [[File:Balamaniamma.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nalapat Balamani|Amma|Balamani Amma}}
| Literature & Education || Kerala
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kishori|Amonkar}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Srinivasa|Anandaram|nolink=1}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
| [[File:Sitar_Samrat_Pandit_Nikhil_Banerjee_-_A_Portrait.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"| {{sortname|Nikhil|Banerjee|}}{{efn-lr|[[Nikhil Banerjee]] died on 27 January 1986, at the age of 54.}}{{hash}}
| Arts || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
| [[File:Roddam_narasimha.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roddam|Narasimha}}
| Science & Engineering || Karnataka
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
| [[File:R._D._Pradhan.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|R. D.|Pradhan}}
| Civil Service || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Annada Shankar|Ray}}
| Literature & Education || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Julio|Ribeiro|dab=police officer}}
| Civil Service || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Man Mohan|Sharma}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Laxmi Prasad|Sihare}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Farokh|Udwadia}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Yunus|dab=diplomat}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|- id="1988"
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
| [[File:19th_Kushok_Bakula_Rinpoche,_The_Holiness_the_Dalai_Lama_visited_the_Kashmir_Art_Emporium_at_Calcutta,_during_his_visit_to_the_city,_on_January_21,_1957_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kushok|Bakula|19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche}}
| Public Affairs || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ram Prakash|Bambah}}
| Science & Engineering || Chandigarh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kartar Singh|Duggal}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok Sekhar|Ganguly}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
| [[File:Abid_Hussain_in_mid_1980s_Ministry_of_Commerce.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abid|Hussain}}
| Civil Service || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shreyans Prasad|Jain}}
| Social Work || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
| [[File:Kelucharan_Mohapatra_2023_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kelucharan|Mohapatra}}
| Arts || Orissa
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bal Ram|Nanda}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
| [[File:Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Akkineni Nageswara|Rao}}
| Arts || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pratury Trirumala|Rao}}
| Medicine || Andhra Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
| [[File:Renuka_Ray_official_portrait.gif|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Renuka|Ray}}
| Public Affairs || West Bengal
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. V.|Sreekantan}}
| Science & Engineering || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satya Pal|Wahi}}
| Trade & Industry || Uttar Pradesh
|- id="1989"
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
| [[File:A._Fenner_Brockway.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"| {{sortname|Fenner|Brockway|Fenner Brockway, Baron Brockway}}{{efn-lr|[[Fenner Brockway, Baron Brockway|Fenner Brockway]] died on 28 April 1988, at the age of 99.}}{{hash}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=GBR}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Banoo Jehangir|Coyaji}}
| Medicine || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
| [[File:Girija_Devi_at_Bhopal_(4).JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Girija|Devi}}
| Arts || Uttar Pradesh
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
| [[File:Kkhebbar.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kattingeri Krishna|Hebbar}}
| Arts || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Girilal|Jain}}
| Literature & Education || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anna Rajam|Malhotra}}
| Civil Service || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. V.|Mathur}}
| Science & Engineering || Rajasthan
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
| [[File:Ashes_Prasad_Mitra_-_Kolkata_2005-07-23_01882.jpg|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashesh Prasad|Mitra}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Russi|Mody}}
| Trade & Industry || Jharkhand
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suresh Shankar|Nadkarni}}
| Trade & Industry || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Narinder Singh|Randhawa}}
| Science & Engineering || Delhi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
| [[File:Yoshio_Sakurauchi_Scan10003.JPG|70px]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yoshio|Sakurauchi}}
| Public Affairs || {{mdash}}{{efn-ua|name=JPN|Indicates a citizen of Japan}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lakshman|Singh|dab=Scouting}}
| Public Affairs || Maharashtra
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1989
|
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prakash Narain|Tandon}}
| Medicine || Delhi
|}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}
{{notelist-lr}}

;Foreign recipients
{{notelist-ua|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/}}
* {{cite web|title=Awards and medals|url=http://mha.gov.in/awards_medals|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=14 September 2015|access-date=22 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002905/http://mha.gov.in/awards_medals|archive-date=9 February 2018}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–1989}}

{{featured list}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Padma Bhushan Awards (1980-89)}}
[[Category:Lists of Padma Bhushan award recipients|1980-89]]

Vishnu Prabhu

2026-04-22T02:34:02Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Put Up First Article First Draft!

{{short description|Indian politician and businessman (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vishnu Prabhu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vishnu Gopal Prabhu
| birth_place = Shigao-Collem, [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|8|12|df=y}}
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Businessperson
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* Our Lady of Piety High School, Collem, Goa ([[S.S.C]])
* [[Industrial training institute]] (1991)}}
| education = Diploma in electrical supervisor
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sanvordem Assembly constituency|Sanvordem]]
| term_start = 1994
| term_end = 1999
| predecessor = [[Mohan Amshekar]]
| successor = [[Vinay Dinu Tendulkar]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| other_party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1994–1999)
| spouse = Vishupriya Prabhu
| committees = Public undertakings
}}

'''Vishnu Gopal Prabhu''' (born 12 August 1955) is an Indian politician and businessman. He is a former Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Sanvordem Assembly constituency]] from 1994 to 1999. He was a member of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=248 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashraf |first=Tariq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=484kAQAAIAAJ&q=vishnu+gopal+prabhu |title=Election 2004: A Profile of Indian Parliamentary Elections Since 1952 |date=2004 |publisher=Bookwell |isbn=978-81-85040-84-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=PRABHU VISHNU GOPAL(SHS):Constituency- Mormugao(GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=1020 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Vishnu Gopal Prabhu was born at Shigao-Collem, [[Goa]] to Prabhu Gopal Vishnu. He completed his [[Secondary School Certificate]] from Our Lady of Piety High School, Collem, Goa in 1975. He is an alumnus of the [[Industrial Training Institute]] (1991). Prabhu also has a diploma in electrical supervisor.<ref name=":0" />

He is married to Vishupriya Prabhu and currently resides at Turimaradwada, Shigao-Collem, Goa. Some of his hobbies include reading and [[social work]]. He has a special interest in agriculture.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Prior contesting the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] elections, Prabhu was elected as a ''panch'' of the Collem village ''[[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]'' from 1986 to 1995. He contested the [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Sanvordem Assembly constituency]] on the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] ticket, he emerged victorious by defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate, Marathe Sadashiv Vaman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhu Vishnu Gopal winner in Sanvordem, Goa Assembly Elections 1994: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/goa/1994/sanvordem/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhu, Vishnu}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]

Suryadev Singh

2026-04-21T22:54:25Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Put Up First Bio First Draft!

{{Short description|Indian politician and convicted criminal}}
{{Distinguish|Suryadeo Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = Bikramganj Assembly constituency
| term_start1 = 1990
| term_end1 = 1995
| constituency2 = Bikramganj Assembly constituency
| term_start2 = 1995
| term_end2 = 2000
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian People's Front]] [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| website = [https://www.facebook.com/suryadeo.singh.7355]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| spouse = Kusum Devi
| children =
}}
'''Suryadev Singh''' (also known as '''Suryadev Singh Kushwaha''') is a former Indian politician based in [[Bihar]], who was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] twice from Bikramganj Assembly constituency of [[Rohtas district]]. He was first elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly as the candidate of [[Indian People's Front]] in [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. Later, he defected to [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and in a run up to [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], he was again elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly, this time, on the symbol of Rashtriya Janata Dal. Before his retirement from politics, following his conviction in a murder case, he was a member of [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/rohtas/bikramganj-former-mla-suryadev-singh-and-wife-got-life-imprisonment-in-saleha-khatoon-murder-case/bh20220707172010429429018|title=Saleha Khatoon murder case MLA Suryadev Singh and wife got life imprisonment|website=ETV Bharat|accessdate=13 October 2023}}</ref> The Bikramganj Assembly constituency ceased to exist after 2005, after the delimitation of constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-bihar-election-2020-bjp-candidate-rajeshwar-raj-face-off-against-arun-kumar-of-cpi-ml-in-karakat-20961948.html|title=Karakat Election 2020 : काराकाट में भाजपा के राजेश्‍वर राज करेंगे माले के अरुण कुमार का सामना|website=Dainik Jagran|accessdate=13 October 2023}}</ref>

==Life==
Suryadev Singh is a resident of [[Rohtas district]] of Bihar. He was born to Sitaram Singh in Tenduni village of Bikramganj Police Station area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/ex-mla-gets-life-imprisonment-former-mla-of-bikramganj-suryadev-singh-and-his-wife-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-ann-2162403|title=Ex-MLA gets Life Imprisonment: बिक्रमगंज के पूर्व MLA सूर्यदेव सिंह और उनकी पत्‍नी को उम्रकैद, 60-60 हजार अर्थदंड भी|website=ABP news|accessdate=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=2583|title= Suryadev Singh|website=Myneta|accessdate=14 October 2023}}</ref> He was one of the three sons of his father, other being, Chandrama Singh and Chandradip Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-ex-mla-suryadeo-singh-suspended-from-jdu-news-hindi-5566491-PHO.html|title=हत्यारोपी पूर्व MLA जदयू नेता सूर्यदेव, उनकी पत्नी व तीन समर्थकों को भेजा जेल|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=14 October 2023}}</ref> Singh was associated with [[Indian People's Front]], the open mass front of CPI-ML liberation (liberation). He was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly on the symbol of IPF in 1990. He was one of the pillars of [[Koeri]] support base of liberation and author [[Ranabir Samaddar]] has written that liberation in Bihar, drew its strength from castes like [[Koeri]] and [[Yadav]] at the upper echelon of its leadership, with Dalits serving as foot soldiers in large numbers. When [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] became premier of the state of Bihar in the 1990s, many of the Maoist leaders were attracted towards him, being enamoured by thought of sharing power in the democratic set-up of state. Yadav started giving plum posts in [[Janata Dal]] and later [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] to such leaders, who were defecting from left wing organisations, having association with [[class war]] in the state. In this phase, several leaders of CPI-ML liberation (Indian People's Front) joined Yadav. Suryadev Singh was one such leader, who did so along with four other legislators of liberation, which included [[Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha]], K.D Yadav and Umesh Singh.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|page=182|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|author=[[Ranabir Samaddar]]|date=3 March 2016|publisher=[[Routledge]], 2016|isbn=978-1317125389|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=Four MLAs of the CPI(ML)-Liberation who defected from the party were Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha, Umesh Singh, K.D. Yadav and Suryadev Singh..|author=Srikant|title= Raj Aur Samaj|publisher= Vani Prakashan|place= New Delhi|year= 2011|page= 71}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-homecoming-jumla-in-bihar-politics-now-even-those-who-come-back-have-forgotten-how-many-have-been-left-21904796.html|title=बिहार की राजनीति में घर वापसी वाला जुमला, अब तो वापस आने वाले भी भूल गए कि कितनों को है छोड़ा|website=Dainik Jagran|accessdate=14 October 2023}}</ref>

In 1995, Singh once again contested Bihar Assembly elections and was elected on the symbol of Rashtriya Janata Dal. This was his second term in the State Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/rohtas-sasaram-court-awarded-life-imprisonment-to-former-mla-suryadev-singh-and-his-wife-in-murder-case-nodmk8-4372192.html|title=हत्या के मामले में पूर्व MLA सूर्यदेव सिंह और उनकी पत्नी को उम्रकैद की सज़ा, देना होगा 60 हजार जुर्माना|website=News18|accessdate=14 October 2023}}</ref>

==Conviction==
Singh had a land dispute with his relatives in his ancestral village Tenduni. In 2017, a clash happened between him and his relatives, which included his nephew and their supporters. This incident resulted in exchange of bullets. According to media reports, provocation by his wife lead to Singh using arms against the disputants. In this cross fire incident, the bullet hit one minor girl from nearby Muslim inhabited locality, who died. There others suffered from severe injury and were taken to nearby hospital. Singh along with his supporters left the scene fearing backlash from the victim's family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jdu-leader-suryadeo-singh-shoots-dead-2-people-sasaram-bihar-land-dispute-969109-2017-04-02|title=Bihar: JDU leader Suryadeo Singh shoots dead 2, including minor over land dispute in Sasaram|website=India Today|accessdate=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/apr/02/former-bihar-mla-fires-at-children-kills-13-year-old-girl-injures-4-arrested-1589054.html|title=Former MLA fires killed 13 year old|website=new indian express|accessdate=14 October 2023}}</ref>

Following the incident, Janata Dal (United), the party to which Singh was associated then, suspended him from the membership. The ensuing police investigation seized a rifle, a double barrelled gun and an air gun from Singh's residence. Singh and his wife Kusum Devi were arrested along with some of their men later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/jdu-suspends-former-bikramganj-mla-surya-deo/articleshow/57997154.cms|title=JDU suspends former Bikramganj MLA from membership|website=Times of India|accessdate=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/dal-axes-ex-mla-after-teen-dies/cid/1375656|title=Dal axes ex-MLA after teen dies|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=14 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/mlasuryadeosingh Suryadev Singh] on [[Facebook]]

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Machilipatnam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:01Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: added basic article w/ sources!

{{short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Machilipatnam
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (75-Machilipatnam highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Machilipatnam Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kollu Ravindra]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 184,506
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 75
| incumbent_image = Kollu Ravindra.jpg
}}

'''Machilipatnam Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Kollu Ravindra]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 184,506 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==
<mapframe text="Machilipatnam Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q18127612"}</mapframe>
[[Machilipatnam mandal]] is the only mandal that forms the assembly constituency.<ref name="constituencies" />

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Perni Venkataramaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Kollu Ravindra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Perni Venkataramaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kollu Ravindra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Machilipatnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kollu Ravindra]]
|votes = 105,044
|percentage = 63.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Perni Vaka Sai Krishna Murthy (Kittu)]]|votes=54,802|percentage=33.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Abdul Mateen|votes=1443|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1027|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=50,242|percentage=30.47|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,64,839|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSRCP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Machilipatnam<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency: Machilipatnam (2019)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=194|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073731/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=194|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|website=Empowering India|access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Perni Venkataramaiah]]
|votes = 66,141
|percentage = 44.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kollu Ravindra]]
|votes = 62,232
|percentage = 40.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Bandi Rama Krishna
|votes = 18,807
|percentage = 12.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3909
|percentage = 8.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 147,180
|percentage = 79.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Machilipatnam<ref>{{cite web|title=Constituency: Machilipatnam (2014)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=194|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073731/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=194|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|website=Empowering India|access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kollu Ravindra]]
|votes = 75,209
|percentage = 53.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Perni Venkataramaiah]]
|votes = 59,403
|percentage = 42.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,806
|percentage = 11.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Machilipatnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Perni Venkataramaiah]]
|votes = 48,580
|percentage = 37.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kollu Ravindra]]
|votes = 37,181
|percentage = 28.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Vedavyas Buragadda
|votes = 34,124
|percentage = 27.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,499
|percentage = 8.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.18|81.13|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Krishna district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ajmer North Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:39Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ajmer North
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-100-Ajmer North.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 100
| established = 2008
| district = [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Vasudev Devnani]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| electors = {{formatnum:209862}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Ajmer North Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It was created after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly constituencies Order - 2008''.

It is part of [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]] district. As of 2023, its representative is [[Vasudev Devnani]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="3"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=4| [[Vasudev Devnani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03|title=Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners|last1=India Today|date=4 December 2023|accessdate=12 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114953/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03|archivedate=12 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rajasthan Election Result 2023: Constituency-wise full list of BJP, Congress, BSP and RLP winners">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-complete-winners-list-constituency-wise-with-names-2023-12-03-905390|title=Rajasthan Election Result 2023: Constituency-wise full list of BJP, Congress, BSP and RLP winners|last1=India TV|first1=|date=3 December 2023|work=|accessdate=12 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212115222/https://www.indiatvnews.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-complete-winners-list-constituency-wise-with-names-2023-12-03-905390|archivedate=12 December 2023|last2=|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Ajmer North<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Vasudev Devnani
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:57895}}
|percentage = 40.44
|change = -10.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahendra Singh Ralawata
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:53251}}
|percentage = 37.19
|change = -7.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gyanchand Saraswat
|votes = {{formatnum:26352}}
|percentage = 18.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kundan Vaishnav
|votes = {{formatnum:1971}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1231}}
|percentage = 0.86
|change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4644}}
|percentage = 3.25
|change = -3.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:143169}}
|percentage = 68.22
|change = +3.78
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Ajmer North<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Vasudev Devnani
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:67881}}
|percentage = 51.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahendra Singh Ralawata
|votes = {{formatnum:59251}}
|percentage = 44.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amad
|votes = {{formatnum:1940}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1591}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8630}}
|percentage = 6.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:132947}}
|percentage = 64.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ajmer district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.65|74.64|display=title}}

[[Category:Ajmer district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Ajmer]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Alok Sharma (Indian politician)

2026-04-18T20:54:25Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Alok Sharma
| profession = politician
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|11|25}}
| image =
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = Bhopal University
| source =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]
| term_start = {{start date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}
| predecessor = Pragya Thakur
| parents = Gauri Shankar Sharma, Vidhya Sharma
| spouse = Shraddha Sharma
| children = 2 Sons
}}
''' Alok Sharma''' ({{IPA|hi|əloːk ʃəɾmaː}}) is an Indian politician who was elected to [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]] on a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 19 - BHOPAL (Madhya Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS1219.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Bhopal Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP continues its winning streak in Bhopal, Alok Sharma defeats INC's Arun Shrivastava by margin of over 5 lakh votes |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bhopal-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-live-updates-alok-sharma-against-arun-shrivastava-bjp-congress-pragya-singh-thakur-latest-election-result-trends/3510569/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

Alok Sharma joined politics from the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and later through the Bharatiya Janata Party, serving in various capacities in the party, becoming the Corporator of the Bhopal Municipal Corporation in 1994, the State Convener of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM) in 1997, and then elected as a Corporator in 2015, and served as the Mayor of Bhopal from 2015 to 2020. He later contested the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections from the North Bhopal constituency, losing to Congress candidate Atif Arif Aqeel.

Alok Sharma contested the 2024 Lok Sabha elections as a BJP candidate from the Bhopal constituency and won by a margin of 5,01,499 votes against his nearest rival Congress candidate Arun Srivastava.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhopal Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/bhopal-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Alok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bamra Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:50Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: article

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Bamra
|state = [[Odisha]]
|district = [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]]
|constituency_no =
|established = 1951
|electors = 1,02,420
|abolished = 1957
|type= SLA
}}
'''Bamra''', also referred to as '''Bamanda''' was a constituency of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], of the [[Sambalpur district]], [[Odisha]] state in India. It was formed in 1951 and was abolished in 1957.<ref name=dpaco1951ac>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Orissa) Order (1951)|page=8 (214)}}</ref><ref name=dpaco1953-55>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3962-final-order-dc-1953-1955/ |title=S.R.O. 2827. Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=30 August 1954|place=New Delhi |page=359 (369)}}</ref> It was replaced by the constituencies of [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]] and [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jarsuguda]].

The Bamra constituency comprised the Deogarh and Kuchinda sub-divisions of Sambalpur district.<ref name=dpaco1951ac/> Though Bamra was a part of Sambalpur district, this area (Deogarh and Kuchinda sub-divisions) used to come under the Sundargarh parliamentary constituency.<ref name=dpaco1951pc>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Orissa) Order (1951)|page=2 (208)}}</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|left1=Year
|left2=Candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=270px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent 2|1951|(1)|{{party color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}|30.59|(2)|{{party color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}|26.23}}
}}
One election was held between 1951 and 1952. The constituency had 2 seats; following were members elected from it:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>
*1951: (35): Haraprasad Deba, Jayadeba Thakur ([[All India Ganatantra Parishad|Gana Parishad]])

==Election results==
===1951===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]] :Bamra<ref name="OdishaECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3617-orissa-1951/ | title=Orissa 1951 | publisher=Election Commission of India | date=August 16, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|candidate = Hara Prasad Deb
|votes = 21,631
|percentage = 30.59%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = All India Ganatantra Parishad
|candidate = Joydeb Thakur
|votes = 18,547
|percentage = 26.23%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gadadhar Pradhan
|votes = 12,198
|percentage = 17.25%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Baneswar Majhi
|votes = 8,818
|percentage = 12.47%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ratnakar Patel
|votes = 5,584
|percentage = 7.90%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Dinabandhu Patra
|votes = 3,925
|percentage = 5.55%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
|votes = 70,703
|percentage = 34.52%
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change|
|reg. electors = 1,02,420
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Ganatantra Parishad
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sambalpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|22.05|84.29|display=title}}

[[Category:Sambalpur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]

Satyabrata Pal

2026-04-12T01:00:27Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Put Up Initial Info W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Indian Deputy High Commissioner to the UK, Satyabrata Pal (300804325).jpg
| office = [[Indian people|Indian]] [[ambassador]] to [[Pakistan]]
| term_start = 2006
| term_end = 2009
| predecessor = [[Shivshankar Menon]]
| successor = [[Sharat Sabharwal]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date|2019|09|24}}
| occupation = [[Civil servant]] [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
| relations = [[Radhabinod Pal]] (grandfather)
}}
'''Satyabrata Pal''' was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Civil servant]] and was the [[Indian people|Indian]] [[ambassador]] to [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/3948/Shri+Satyabrata+Pal+appointed+as+the+next+High+Commissioner+of+India+to+Pakistan | title=Satyabrata Pal appointed as the next High Commissioner of India to Pakistan | work=mea.gov.in | accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Satyabrata-Pal-new-Ambassador-to-Pak/articleshow/2130793.cms | title=Satyabrata Pal new Ambassador to Pak | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>

Ambassador Pal died on 24 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/stray-thoughts/satyabrata-pal-an-exceptional-diplomat-and-human-being-5872/|title=Satyabrata Pal – An Exceptional Diplomat and Human being|date=September 25, 2019|first=Sandip|last=Mitra|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=February 7, 2020|language=en}}</ref>

==Positions held==
*Member National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/after-retirement-satyabrata-pal-joins-nhrc/article323037.ece | title=After retirement, Satyabrata Pal joins NHRC | work=thehindu.com | accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
*Ambassador to [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/5561/Shri+Satyabrata+Pal+appointed+next+High+Commissioner+of+India+to+South+Africa | title=Satyabrata Pal appointed next High Commissioner of India to South Africa | work=mea.gov.in | accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
* 1972 batch officer of the [[Indian Foreign Service]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==External links==
* [https://thewire.in/author/satyabrata-pal Satyabrata Pal's Articles on The Wire]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/Satyabrata-Pal/ Satyabrata Pal's Articles in The Hindu]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Satyabrata}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to South Africa]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

2025 Azad Kashmir protests

2026-04-05T08:23:49Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: stub

{{Short description|Protests in Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2025 Azad Kashmir protests
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{Start date|2025|9|29}} – {{End date|2025|10|4}}
| place = [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates =
| causes =
| goals =
| methods =
| status =
| result = Agreement reached between the Government of Pakistan and JKJAAC<ref>{{cite web |last=Hussain |first=Ishfaq |title=Violent protests end as peace agreement reached in Pakistan-administered Kashmir |agency=Associated Press |publisher=ABC News |date=4 October 2025 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/violent-protests-end-peace-agreement-reached-pakistan-administered-126214367 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hussain |first=Ishfaq |title=Violent protests end as peace agreement reached in Pakistan-administered Kashmir |work=The Independent |date=4 October 2025 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/pakistan-shehbaz-sharif-india-himalayan-b2839343.html |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
* Most demands reportedly accepted
| side1 = '''Protesters''': [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JKJAAC)
| side2 = {{tree list}}
* [[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|25px]] [[Government of Pakistan]]
** [[File:Coat of arms of Punjab.svg|25px]] [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]
{{tree list/end}}
[[File:AzadKashmirSeal.png|24px]] [[Government of Azad Kashmir]]
| units1 =
| units2 = [[Islamabad Police]] [[Federal Constabulary]] [[Punjab Rangers]] [[Azad Kashmir Police]]
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 = Shaukat Nawaz Mir Amjad Ali Khan Imtiaz Aslam Hafeez Hamdani
| leadfigures2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the President of Pakistan.svg}} [[Asif Ali Zardari]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg}} [[Shehbaz Sharif]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg}} [[Sultan Mehmood Chaudhry]] {{flagicon image|Azad Kashmir Prime Minister Flag.png}} [[Chaudhry Anwarul Haq|Chaudhry Anwar-ul-Haq]]
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 = ''Several thousand''
| howmany2 = [[Azad Kashmir Police]] (9,000) [[Federal Constabulary]] (3,000) [[Islamabad Police]] (2,000)
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 = *7 killed<ref name="Protests end">{{Cite news |date=4 October 2025 |title=Violent protests end as peace agreement reached in Pakistan-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/world/violent-protests-end-as-peace-agreement-reached-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir/ar-AA1NQYdN?ocid=winp1taskbar&cvid=654a5c51875f4a86a66ac46a3af2c5ac&ei=64 |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=[[The Canadian Press]]}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web | title=Six protesters, three policemen killed in Azad Kashmir unrest as government calls for dialogue | date=2 October 2025 | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2617505/pakistan }}</ref>
*50 injured
| casualties2 = *3 killed<ref name="auto3"/>
*172 injured
| casualties3 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
| damage =
| buildings =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| effect =
| effect_label =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}

From 29 September to 4 October, the [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]] (JKJAAC) launched a region-wide shutter-down and wheel-jam strike across [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] (AJK), demanding structural reforms, economic concessions, and an end to elite privileges.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | title=Deadlock persists between Azad Kashmir government, protesters on demands as unrest kills one | date=29 September 2025 | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2617198/pakistan }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web | title=AJK paralysed by competing protests, communications blackout | date=30 September 2025 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1945570 }}</ref>

The protest quickly escalated into violent clashes between demonstrators and security forces, resulting in 10 deaths and over 100 injuries.<ref name="Protests end" /><ref name="auto">{{cite web | title=Protests in Pakistan-administered Kashmir leave 4 people dead and over 100 injured | website=[[Associated Press News]] | date=October 2025 | url=https://apnews.com/article/b104fb6da251f1fcf1e7f2b64cd416ed }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite web | title=AJK reels as 9 killed in protest violence | date=2 October 2025 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2570140/ajk-reels-as-9-killed-in-protest-violence }}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web | title=Nine killed as Awami Action Committee protest turns violent in Azad Kashmir | date=30 September 2025 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2570048/three-police-personnel-killed-during-awami-action-committee-protest-in-ajk }}</ref> The government claimed to have accepted most of the demands, while protest leaders rejected such claims and called for continued protests until full implementation.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/>

==Background ==
The region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), which is administered by Pakistan and often referred to as Azad Kashmir, has a history of periodic disputes over subsidies, governance, regional autonomy, and privileges granted to political elites. In [[2024 Azad Kashmir protests|May 2024, protests]] demanding subsidies for wheat and electricity escalated, resulting in the deaths of at least three protesters and a police officer. The government responded with promises of subsidies and reforms.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto5">{{cite web | title=Azad Kashmir leaders urge protesters to return to dialogue as unrest grows | date=October 2025 | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2617464/pakistan }}</ref>

In 2025, the Jammu Kashmir Joint Public Action Committee (JKJAAC or sometimes AAC), a civil society coalition comprising traders, transporters, students, lawyers and other groups, re-emerged as a major driving force for protests in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="auto5"/> In late September 2025, the JKJAAC announced a regional-level strike, sometimes referred to as a "lockdown", starting on 29 September, aimed at pressing a 38-point Charter of Demands.<ref name="auto7">{{cite web | title=Pakistan PM urges Azad Kashmir protesters to withdraw 'lockdown' call — party official | date=28 September 2025 | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2617085/pakistan }}</ref><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto4">{{cite web | title=Nine killed in AJK protests as govt proposes talks with action committee | date=October 2025 | url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/626506-three-dead-in-ajk-protests-as-govt-proposes-talks-with-action-committee }}</ref>

==Demands ==
The demands included:

* Abolition of special allowances and privileges for government officials.<ref name="auto5"/>
* Abolition of 12 seats in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] reserved for Kashmiri migrants from [[Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="auto5"/>
* Royalty from hydroelectric or energy projects in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="auto5"/>
* Lower electricity tariffs and subsidized wheat/food assistance.<ref name="auto6">{{cite web | title=Protests in Pakistan-administered Kashmir leave 4 people dead and over 100 injured | website=[[Associated Press News]] | date=October 2025 | url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-violent-protest-kashmir-over-subsidies-b104fb6da251f1fcf1e7f2b64cd416ed }}</ref>
* End of elite privileges and elimination of certain reserved seats in the government structure.<ref name="auto6"/>

==Timeline ==
===Pre-strike phase===
* On 27 September, Prime Minister [[Shahbaz Sharif]] publicly urged the JKJAAC to withdraw its call for an indefinite lockdown and return to talks.<ref name="auto7"/>
* The JKJAAC maintained its plan, saying the strike would begin on 29 September.<ref name="auto5"/>
* As preparations were underway, authorities imposed a communications blackout (internet and mobile services suspended) in parts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir from 29 September to prevent coordination of protests.<ref name="auto1"/>

=== Strike begins===
*On 29 September 2025, shutdown/wheel-jam strikes began in several cities of Azad Kashmir, including [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalakot]], [[Kotli]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]], [[Bhimber]], etc.<ref>{{cite web | title=Govt gears up as AJK braces for tomorrow's lockdown | date=28 September 2025 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1945117 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Azad Kashmir govt, civil society alliance hold talks as Sept 29 lockdown looms | date=25 September 2025 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1944367 }}</ref>

*Security was tightened as major roads and entry/exit routes were sealed, and law enforcement agencies were deployed in view of the unrest.<ref>{{cite web | title=Pakistan PM urges Azad Kashmir protesters to withdraw 'lockdown' call — party official | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2617085/amp }}</ref>

*Rival rallies broke out in Muzaffarabad, a "peace rally" led by the Muslim Conference (a political group) clashed with JKJAAC protesters around [[Neelum Bridge]].<ref name="auto1"/>

*In the clash, police allegedly fired tear gas and, according to some eyewitnesses, fired live bullets. Several were injured and at least one protester (named Muhammad Sudhir) died of gunshot wounds.<ref name="auto1"/>

*The protests spread, and more clashes broke out in other parts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir in the following days.<ref name="auto4"/>

=== Escalation and clashes===

* On 1-2 October 2025, several deaths were reported in clashes between JKJAAC protesters and police in Muzaffarabad on 1 October. Four people were reportedly killed and over 100 were injured in the clashes. According to a police statement, three policemen and one civilian were among the dead.<ref name="auto6"/>

* Protest leaders rejected the government’s claims, saying that 12 of their supporters were killed and over 200 were injured.<ref name="auto5"/>

* Across Azad Jammu and Kashmir, at least nine people have been reported dead (including police and civilians) as a result of violent protests.<ref name="auto4"/>

* The government also announced that 172 police personnel had been injured in the protests, 12 of whom were in critical condition.<ref name="auto8"/>

* The government appealed to citizens to refrain from violence and misinformation. It warned that legal action would be taken against those involved in violent acts.<ref name="auto8"/>

==Casualties and injuries==

Reports vary, but the protests resulted in casualties and property damage on both sides:

===Killings===
Three police officers and one civilian were killed in the Muzaffarabad clash.<ref name="auto"/> Protest leaders said that 12 JKJAAC supporters were killed.<ref name="auto5"/>

Some media reports cite a total of 10 deaths in AJK (civilian + officials).<ref name="Protests end"/>

Some senior local government officials put the death toll at 15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=Why has Pakistan-administered Kashmir erupted in protest again? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/3/why-has-pakistan-administered-kashmir-erupted-in-protest-again |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

===Injuries===
Over 100 people (police and civilians) were injured in the clashes in Muzaffarabad and across the region.<ref name="auto6"/> According to a statement from the AJK government, 172 policemen were injured, 12 of whom are in critical condition. Additional civilian injuries (reportedly ~50) have also been cited.<ref name="auto8"/>

==Response and government reaction==
* The [[Government of Azad Kashmir]] and federal officials said that 90 percent of the JKJAAC’s demands have already been accepted. They described the ongoing unrest as politically motivated.<ref name="auto6"/>

* The [[Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir]] [[Chaudhry Anwarul Haq]] appealed to the JKJAAC to return to talks, warning that the violence would cost lives.<ref name="auto5"/>

* Security measures (internet/mobile shutdowns, deployment of security forces) remained in place during the protests to limit mobilization and communication.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Aftermath and continued developments==

On 4 October, a peace agreement was reached, bringing an end to the protests.<ref name="Protests end" />

The unrest sparked renewed discussions on structural reforms in the governance of Azad Kashmir, reserved seats, and the distribution of state resources.<ref name="auto5"/>

The continued communication restrictions and the presence of law enforcement agencies have drawn criticism from civil society for restricting freedom of assembly and expression.<ref name="auto1"/>

==See also==
* [[Jammu Kashmir Joint Awami Action Committee]]
* [[2024 Azad Kashmir protests]]
*[[2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad Kashmir protests, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 protests]]
[[Category:21st century in Azad Kashmir|Protests]]
[[Category:September 2025 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:October 2025 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politics of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Protests in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Pakistan]]

Indo-Roman relations

2026-04-03T18:50:03Z

EkaSaffronGaruda:

{{Short description|Relations}}
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|300px|Roman maritime trade in [[India]] and Scythia according to the ''[[Periplus Maris Erythraei]],'' 1st century AD.]]
The first documented '''relations between [[Middle kingdoms of India|Ancient India]] and [[Ancient Rome]]''' occurred during the reign of [[Augustus]] (27 BC – AD 14), the first [[Roman Emperor]].[[File:Roman Empire and India in 394 CE. (uncaptioned).png|thumb|[[Roman Empire]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]] in 394 CE. The Green representing the [[Gupta Empire]] and Red for [[Roman Empire]].]]
The presence of Europeans, including [[Roman people|Romans]], in the region known at the time as "India" (modern [[South Asia]], including [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] and eastern-[[Afghanistan]]), during the period of the [[Roman Empire]], is poorly documented. Before the [[Wars of Alexander the Great|conquests]] of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], there are no surviving accounts by contemporaries or near-contemporaries of contact between Europe and the South Asia, so modern understanding depends on more abundant literary, numismatic, and archaeological evidence, mainly relating to the trade between them. The Romans were referred as रोमक ''Romaka'' in Sanskrit, while the Romans called the Indians in Latin ''Indī''.

==Early contacts==

[[File:Kushan ring with Septimus Severus and Julia Domna.jpg|thumb|[[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ring with portraits of [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Julia Domna]], a testimony to Indo-Roman relations.]]
{{further|Sino-Roman relations|Indo-Roman trade relations | Timeline of Romani history | History of the Romani people }}
Indo-Roman relations were built on trade. [[Indo-Roman trade relations|Roman trade in India]] began with overland caravans and later by direct maritime trade following the [[Roman Egypt|conquest of Egypt]] by [[Augustus]] in 30 BC.

According to [[Strabo]] (II.5.12), not long after Augustus took control of Egypt, while Gallus was Prefect of Egypt (26–24 BC), up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from [[Myos Hormos]] to modern-day India:

{{blockquote|"At any rate, when [[Cornelius Gallus|Gallus]] was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the [[Nile]] as far as [[Aswan|Syene]] and the frontiers of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Ethiopia]], and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India, whereas formerly, under the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemies]], only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise."|Strabo II.5.12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strabo's Geography — Book II Chapter 5 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>}}

Augustus maintained the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] Red Sea ports and the picket service from the Red Sea to the Nile, whence goods could be carried downstream to the ports of [[Pelusium]] and [[Alexandria]]. He also replaced the Ptolemaic patrol fleet on the Red Sea to keep piracy in check. He received embassies from Indian kings in 26 and 20 BC and, although little specific is known about them, as Carey puts it: "These missions were certainly intended for something more than an exchange of empty compliments."<ref>Carey (1954), p. 496.</ref>

By the time of Augustus, if not before, a sea-captain named [[Hippalus]] had "discovered" (or, rather, brought news to the West of) the relatively safe and punctual contact over the open sea to India by leaving from [[Aden]] on the summer monsoon and returning on the [[Anti-trades|anti-trade]] winds of winter. This would be made safer and more convenient by the Roman sack of Aden in a naval raid c. 1 BC.<ref>Carey (1954), pp. 567.</ref>

[[Cassius Dio]] (d. sometime after AD 229 ) in his ''Hist. Rom''. 54.9 wrote:

<blockquote>
Many embassies came to him (Augustus), and the Indians having previously proclaimed a treaty of alliance, concluded it now with the presentation, among other gifts, of tigers, animals which the Romans, and, if I mistake not, the Greeks as well, saw for the first time. . . .<ref>Majumdar (1960), pp. 451–452.</ref>
</blockquote>

The overland caravans would gain more convenient access into India after the expansion of the [[Kushans]] into northern India during the 1st century AD, and then down the [[Ganges]] Valley in the early 2nd century.<ref>Hill (2003).</ref>

<blockquote>
"From those land routes at least in the time of Augustus several embassies reached Rome. At least four such embassies are mentioned in the Latin literature, namely 1) the embassy from [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] country (the territory between the [[Jhelum]] and [[Beas River|Beas]]) took with it to Rome serpents, [[monal]]s, tigers and a letter written in Greek language, 2) the embassy from [[Bharuch|Broach]] was accompanied by a Buddhist monk named Germanos, 3) an embassy from the [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] country. It was reported in Rome that at [[Muziris]] (near [[Cranganore]]) was built a temple in honour of Augustus and 4) an embassy from the Paṇḍya country ([[Pandya Kingdom]]) brought with it precious stones, pearls and an elephant. We know that in the time of Augustus commercial relations between India and Rome grew but in this the balance of trade was in favour of India from the very beginning and as a result of this Roman gold poured into the country."<ref>Chandra (1977), p. 111.</ref>
</blockquote>

==The Periplus==
The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', written by an anonymous sea-captain in Greek, can now be confidently dated to between 40 and 70<ref>Casson (1989) p. 7.</ref> and, probably, between AD 40 and 50.<ref>Fussman (1991), pp. 37–38.</ref>

The author of the Periplus lists ports from [[Barbarikon]] at the mouth of the Indus in the west near modern [[Karachi]], right around the southern tip of the Indian peninsula and north as far as the mouth of the [[Ganges]] near modern [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta). In contrast to the wealth of information on some of the west coast ports, the author gives no political information on the ports up the east coast of India,<ref>Casson (1989), p. 47.</ref> perhaps indicating that he had not personally visited them. In fact the text seems to imply that western vessels normally did not travel beyond the tip of the Indian peninsula, probably leaving onward trade to local boats as the passage between India and the northern tip of Palaisimundu or [[Taprobana|Taprobanê]] ([[Sri Lanka]]) was very shallow for trans-oceanic vessels, while the route around the island was long<ref>Casson (1989), pp. 24, 83, 89.</ref> and may have forced skippers to pass another season in the region before the winds were right for the return to Egypt.

==Pliny's accounts==
[[File:Statuetta indiana di Lakshmi, avorio, da pompei, 1-50 dc ca., 149425, 02.JPG|thumb|Indian art also found its way into Italy: in 1938 the [[Pompeii Lakshmi]] was found in the ruins of [[Pompeii]] (destroyed in an eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in AD 79 ).]]
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23–79), generally known as [[Pliny the Elder]], writing c. AD 77, left probably the most important account of India and its trade with Rome that has survived in Classical literature. He gives quite a lot of detail about India, albeit not all accurate, but his observations do more than just outline the bare bones of history, and help give us some picture of how intimately Indian culture and trade was becoming known:

<blockquote>"Coral is as highly valued among the Indians as Indian pearls. It is also found in the Red Sea, but there it is darker in colour. The most prized is found in the Gallic Gulf around the Stoechades Islands, in the Sicilian Gulf around the [[Aeolian Islands]], and around [[Drepana|Drepanum]]. . . . Coral-berries are no less valued by Indian men than specimen Indian pearls by Roman ladies. Indian soothsayers and seers believe that coral is potent as a charm for warding off dangers. Accordingly they delight in its beauty and religious power. Before this became known, the [[Gauls]] used to decorate their swords, shields and helmets with coral. Now it is very scarce because of the price it commands, and is rarely seen in its natural habitat." Pliny. ''Natural History'' (AD 77) (XXXII, chaps. 21, 23).<ref>Healy (1991), p. 281.</ref></blockquote>

Although his estimate of the value of Rome's trade to the East at some 100 million [[sesterce]]s annually (Pliny, NH, VI, 26, 6 & NH, XII, 41, 2) has often been thought to be an exaggeration but, if it is interpreted as referring to the total value of the trade rather than as coinage, it becomes quite believable:

<blockquote>"For example, just one documented consignment from [[Muziris]] ([[Chera dynasty|Chera kingdom]], modern-day [[South India]]) to [[Alexandria]] consisted of 700-1,700 pounds of nard (an aromatic balsam), over 4,700 pounds of ivory and almost 790 pounds of textiles. This has been calculated as worth a total value of 131 [[Talents of silver|talents]], enough to purchase 2,400 acres of the best farmland in Egypt. When it is borne in mind that an average Roman cargo ship would have held about 150 such consignments, Pliny's figure becomes entirely plausible. With such staggering profits it is little wonder that the Roman government in Egypt encouraged – and profited by! – the trade: a 25 per cent tax on all goods from India was levied by the Romans at the Red Sea port of [[Leuke Kome|Leuce Come]]."<ref name="Ball 2000, p. 123">Ball (2000), p. 123.</ref> </blockquote>

==Trajan==
After the Roman Emperor [[Trajan]] [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|defeated]] the [[Dacians]] and annexed the [[Nabataean]] Arabs centered in [[Petra]] c. AD 105, he returned to Rome where:
<blockquote>"...ever so many embassies came to him from various barbarians, including the Sindi [people of the [[Indus Valley]]]. And he gave spectacles on one hundred and twenty-three days, in the course of which some eleven thousand animals, both wild and tame, were slain, and ten thousand gladiators fought."<ref>[[Dio Cassius]], ''Roman History'' Bk. 68 [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/68*.html]</ref></blockquote>
Trajan later defeated [[Parthia]] and, sailing down the [[Tigris River]] (115–16), reached the northern shores of the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>Carey (1954), p. 646.</ref> "Roman troops had beaten the might of Parthia from the field and had reached the Persian Gulf; and their victorious [[Imperator]], Trajan, had dreamed of repeating Alexander's march to the northwestern subcontinent, only to acquiesce in giving up the project on account of his age."<ref>Narain (1968), p. 233.</ref>

==Later references==
[[Image:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg|thumb|Muziris, near the southern tip of India, in the ''[[Peutinger Table]]''.]]
The ''[[Peutinger Table]]'', a medieval copy of a 4th or early 5th century map of the world, shows a "Temple to [[Augustus]]" at [[Muziris]], one of the main ports for trade to the Roman Empire on the southwest coast of India.<ref>Ball (2000), p. 123</ref> This and evidence of agreements for loans between agents, one of whom most likely lived in Muziris, and a rather oblique reference in the Periplus, all seem to point to a settlement of Roman subjects living in the region.<ref>Casson (1989), p. 24.</ref>

Embassies are recorded as arriving from the "Indians of the East" at the court of [[Constantine the Great]] ({{reign|306|337}}):
<blockquote>"Ambassadors from the Indians of the East brought presents . . . . which they presented to the king (Constantine the Great) as an acknowledgment that his sovereignty extended to their ocean. They told him, too, how Princes of India had dedicated pictures and statues in his honour in token that they had recognised him as their autocrat and king." [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] ({{floruit|early 4th century}}) ''Vita Constantini'' IV. 50.<ref name="Majumdar 1960, p. 453">Majumdar (1960), p. 453.</ref></blockquote>

More embassies are mentioned from "the Indian nations" in AD 361:
<blockquote>"Embassies from all quarters flocked to him (the [[Emperor Julian]] in 361 A.D.), the Indian nations vying with emulous zeal in sending their foremost men with presents, as far as from the Divi ([[Maldives]]) and the Serendivi (Ceylonese) [sic]." [[Ammianus Marcellinus]]. ''History'' XXII.vii.10.<ref>Majumdar (1960), p. 452.</ref></blockquote>

Finally, Johannes Malala or [[John Malalas]] ({{floruit|mid-6th century}}), p. 477, records that, in AD 530, "an ambassador of the Indians was sent to [[Constantinople]]."<ref name="Majumdar 1960, p. 453"/>

==Archaeological record==
[[Image:ArikameduRomanCeramic.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Roman piece of pottery from [[Arezzo]] in Italy, found at Veerampattinam, [[Arikamedu]], Puducherry, India(1st century AD).]]
[[File:Berenike Buddha (drawing).jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Berenike Buddha]]'', discovered in [[Berenice Troglodytica|Berenice]], Egypt.]]
The best archeological record of Roman presence can be found in southern India, specifically at [[Arikamedu]].

Arikamedu was a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] fishing village which was formerly a major [[Early Cholas|Chola]] port dedicated to bead making and trading with [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] traders. It flourished for centuries until the Romans left in the 5th century AD.

Various Roman artifacts, such as a large number of [[amphorae]] bearing the mark of Roman [[Pottery|potter]] schools VIBII, CAMURI and ITTA, have been found at the site, supporting the view on a huge ancient trade between [[Rome]] and the [[ancient Tamil country]], which today include Tamil Nadu, Kerala and regions of Sri Lanka.

Another place full of archeological records is [[Muziris]], in the [[Kerala]] region. Muziris was a major centre of trade in Tamilakkam between the [[Chera Empire]] and the Roman Empire. Large hoards of coins and innumerable shards of amphorae found in the town of [[Pattanam]] have elicited recent archeological interest in finding a probable location of this port city.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4970452.stm BBC News: Search for Muziris]</ref>

A statue of the Buddha, the ''[[Berenike Buddha]]'', made locally and dated to the 2nd century AD, was discovered in the Egyptian harbour of [[Berenice Troglodytica|Berenike]].<ref name="Smith">{{cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Parker |first2=Christopher |title=Archaeologists Unearth Buddha Statue in Ancient Egyptian Port City |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/buddha-statue-found-berenike-egypt-180982075/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

==Numismatic record==
Numerous hoards of Roman gold coins from the time of Augustus and emperors of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD have been from southern India. Attention may be drawn to the large number of Roman [[Aureus|aurei]] and [[Denarius|denarii]] of Augustus to [[Nero]] spanning approximately 120 years, found all along the route from about [[Mangalore]] through the [[Muziris]] area and around the southern tip of India to the south eastern Indian ports.

Under the rule of Augustus, (63 BC–AD 14) the silver content of the denarius fell to 3.9 grams. It remained at nearly this weight until the time of Nero (AD 37–68).<ref name="George Menachery 1987">George Menachery, 'Kodungallur...' (1987, repr. 2000)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books.htm|title=Kodungallur : The Cradle of Christianity in India 2000}}</ref> This would also indicate that the land route from the [[Western India|West coast]] to the [[East India|East coast]] via the Palghat pass in the [[Western Ghats]] was much more popular than the risky or circuitous sea route rounding the Cape or Sri Lanka.<ref name="George Menachery 1987"/>

==See also==

* [[Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations]]
* [[Ancient maritime history]]
* [[Economic history of India]]
* [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)#Indian|Historic GDP of India (AD 1-1947)]]
* [[Indian Ocean trade]]
* [[Indo-Mediterranean]]
* [[Indo-Roman trade relations]]
* [[India–Italy relations]]
* [[Greece–India relations]]
* [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations]]
* [[Indian maritime history]]
* [[Meluhha#Trade with Sumer|Meluhha trade with Sumer]]
* [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]
* [[Silk Road]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Ball, Warwick. (2000). ''Rome in the East: The transformation of an empire''. Routledge. London and New York. {{ISBN|0-415-11376-8}}.
* Begley, Vimala and de Puma, Richard Daniel (eds). (1991). ''Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade''. University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-299-12640-4}}.
* Carey, M. (1954). ''A History of Rome down to the reign of Constantine''. 1st edition 1935,. 2nd edition 1954. Reprint 1970 by Macmillan, St. Martin's Press.
* Casson, Lionel. ''The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary''. [[Princeton University Press]], 1989. {{ISBN|0-691-04060-5}}.
* Chami, F. A. 1999. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland." ''Azania'' Vol. XXXIV, pp. 1–10.
* Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." From: ''Red Sea Trade and Travel''. The British Museum. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies.
* Chandra, Moti. (1977). ''Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India''. Abhinav Publications. New Delhi.
* Fussman, G. 1991. "Le Periple et l'histoire politique del'Inde". ''Journal Asiatique'' 279 (1991):31–38.
* Healy, John F. (1991). ''Pliny the Elder. Natural History: A Selection''. Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-044413-0}}.
* Hill, John. (2004). A draft annotated translation of "The Peoples of the West" from the ''Weilüe'': A Chinese description of the West, including the Roman Empire (Da Qin), especially Sections 11–21 and notes at: [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html#section11].
* {{cite book|title=Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE|year=2009|first=John E.|last=Hill|publisher=BookSurge|isbn=978-1-4392-2134-1}}, See especially Sections 11–16 and notes.
* Huntingford, G. W. B. (1980). ''The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'', transl. ([[Hakluyt Society]]). {{ISBN|0-904180-05-0}} (also includes translation of Red Sea material from [[Agatharchides]])
* Majumdar, R. C. (1960). ''The Classical Accounts of India''. Firma KLM Private Ltd., Calcutta. Reprint 1981.
* Menachery, George, "Kodungallur the Cradle of Christianity in India", Azhikode, 1987, repr.2000.
* Menachery, George, "The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India", Ed. George Menachery, Vol.I 1982, II 1973, III 2009.
* Menachery, George, The Indian Church History Classics, Vol.I, "The Nazranies", SARAS, Ollur, 1998.
* Miller, J. Innes. 1969. ''The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641''. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. {{ISBN|0-19-814264-1}}.
* Nagaswamy, R. 1995 ''Roman Karur: A peep into Tamil's past.'' Brahad Prakashan, Madras.
* Narain, A. K. (1968). "The Date of Kaniṣka." In: ''Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka''. Edited by A. L. Basham. Leiden. E. J. Brill.
* Robin, C. 1991. "L'Arabie du sud et la date du Périple de la mer érythrée". ''Journal Asiatique'' 279:1–30.
* [[Wilfred Harvey Schoff|Schoff, Wilfred Harvey]], translator (1912). ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, Translated from the Greek and Annotated.'' (First published 1912, New York, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.) Reprinted 1995, New Delhi: Munshiram Monoharlal Publishers, {{ISBN|81-215-0699-9}} .
* Smith, Vincent A. (1908). ''The Early History of India: From 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest including the invasion of Alexander the Great''. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.

==External links==
* [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html] "The present text has been digitalized from the translation of [[Wilfred Harvey Schoff|William H. Schoff]], The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1912). Some additional commentary including alternate spellings or translations from [[Lionel Casson]]'s more recent edition are given in square brackets."
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html Ancient history sourcebook]: The basic text from Schoff's 1912 translation.

{{Ancient international relations}}
{{Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation & presence}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Roman Relations}}
[[Category:Roman-Indian relations| ]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient India|Roman]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient Rome|Indian]]
[[Category:Bilateral trading relationships]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:1st century BC in international relations]]
[[Category:Ancient international relations]]

Sugar Factory (film)

2026-04-02T15:41:27Z

EkaSaffronGaruda:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sugar Factory
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Deepak Aras
| producer = R. Girish
| story = Deepak Aras
| screenplay = Deepak Aras
| starring = [[Darling Krishna]] [[Sonal Monteiro]] Adviti Shetty Ruhani Shetty
| music = [[Kabir Rafi]]
| cinematography = Santhosh Rai Pathaje
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Balamani Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|11|24|}}
| runtime = 2 hours 20 mins
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 6 CRORES
| gross =
}}

'''''Sugar Factory''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Romance films|romantic]] [[comedy-drama film]] directed by Deepak Aras and produced by R. Girish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/sugar-factory-directed-by-deepak-aras-is-ready-to-roll/29012021|title=Sugar Factory directed by Deepak Aras is ready to roll|website=News Karnataka.com}}</ref> The film stars [[Darling Krishna]], [[Sonal Monteiro]], Ruhani Shetty, Adhvithi Shetty and [[Rangayana Raghu]] in lead roles. Entire film Music & Background Score is composed by [[Kabir Rafi]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Santhosh Rai Pathaje and KM Prakash respectively.

The film's first look was revealed on 14 February 2021, coinciding the [[Valentine's Day]] and also actor Krishna's wedding day. The film was released on 24 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/sep/30/release-date-of-sugar-factory-is-out-2619425.html|title=Release date of 'Sugar Factory' is out|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 September 2023 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|June 2025|date=June 2025}}
The story of the film revolves around the pub culture as its background.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/feb/15/pub-background-tells-the-story-of-sugar-factory-deepak-aras-2264061.html|title=Pub background tells the story of Sugar Factory: Deepak Aras|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 February 2021 }}</ref> Arya (Darling Krishna) meets Adithi Bopanna (Sonal Monterio) in a pub called Sugar Factory in Goa on New Year's Eve and both believe in "no marriage, no love." They believe that single life is perfect until they propose to each other in a drunken state. After that, they cover this mistake by pretending to be in love with each other as they don't want to lose respect among friends. This leads to serious consequences. Finally, there is a big break up inside Sugar Factory in front of their friends and the pub owner.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Darling Krishna]] as Arya (wedding planner)
* [[Sonal Monteiro]] as Adithi Bopanna (software engineer)
* Adhvithi Shetty as Nandini (wedding Planner)
* Ruhani Shetty as Amulu (Youtuber)
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Bobs (pub owner)
* Shashi Kumar as Jeevan (businessman)
* Abhilash dalapathi as Abhi Bro (Arya's Friend)
* Govinde Gowda as sugar Factory waiter
* Suraj Kumar as camera men
* Mahantesh Hiremath as local Goon
* Pavan S. Narayan as Adithi's friend
* Aveeksha (Shilpa) as Arya's friend
* Neethu Rai as Adithi's Friend
* DJ Vimple as DJ Eesha
}}

== Soundtrack ==
[[Kabir Rafi]] composed the entire original soundtrack and original background score from the film. The album has 3 peppy numbers, 3 melody & emotional songs, 1 mass number, 2 Bit songs

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hangover
| lyrics1 = Chetan Kumar
| extra1 = [[Baba Sehgal]]
| title2 = Jahapanah
| lyrics2 = [[Jayant Kaikini]]
| extra2 = Nihal Tauro, Amrita Nayak
| title3 = Sugar Factory Title track
| lyrics3 = Chandan Shetty, Ruchera
| extra3 = [[Chandan Shetty]], Ruchera Vaidya
| title4 = Haneya Baraha
| lyrics4 = Raghavendra Kamath
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| title5 = Jahapanah Kids version
| lyrics5 = Deepak Aras
| extra5 = Hamsini, [[Kabir Rafi]], Dia, Hanya
| title6 = Byadadha Bhavne
| lyrics6 = [[Yograj Bhat]]
| extra6 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Kareemullah
| title7 = Kalkonda
| lyrics7 = Arasu Anthare
| extra7 = [[Kabir Rafi]]
| title8 = Navidarha Preeti
| lyrics8 = Deepak aras
| extra8 = Pooja Rao
| title9 = Kanneduralle
| extra9 = Kamala Manohari
| title10 = Sugar Factory theme
| extra10 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt14783412}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]

Operation Padma

2026-04-02T13:00:37Z

EkaSaffronGaruda:

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language political crime thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Operation Padma.jpg
| director = Karthikeya V
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Ghattamaneni Arvind Babu
*Raghava Mandalapu
*Rambabu Mandalapu
}}
| cinematography = Kalyan Sami Pavanmani
| editing = JK Frames
| studio = Krishav Cinemas
| music = Subhash Anand
| released = {{Film date|2026|02|06|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Operation Padma''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] political crime thriller film directed by Karthikeya V.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=10TV |last2=Saketh 10tv |date=2026-02-07 |title='ఆపరేషన్ పద్మ' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/rajitha-sandy-operation-padma-movie-review-sy-1046734.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=10TV Telugu |language=te}}</ref> The film is produced by Ghattamaneni Aravind Babu, Raghava Mandalapu, and Rambabu Mandalapu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chilukuri |first=Arun |date=2026-02-06 |title=Operation Padma Review: ఆపరేషన్ పద్మ మూవీ రివ్యూ: మైండ్ గేమ్స్‌తో కూడిన రాజకీయ థ్రిల్లర్..! |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/moviereviews/operation-padma-movie-review-and-rating-in-telugu-140178 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.hmtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Operation Padma Review:'ఆపరేషన్ పద్మ' రివ్యూ.. సస్పెన్స్ థ్రిల్లర్ ఆకట్టుకుందా..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/hyderabad/operation-padma-telugu-movie-review-rating-public-talk-full-movie-details-here-ta-285852 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref> It features an ensemble cast including Naresh Medi, Rajitha Sandy, Ranadheer Beesu, KT Mallikarjuna, and Raghupathi Reddy.<ref name=":0" /> The movie was released in theaters on 6 February 2026.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-02-06 |title=Operation Padma: A gritty, smart political thriller |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/operation-padma-a-gritty-smart-political-thriller-1046115 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film is edited by JK Frames.<ref name=":3" /> Music is composed by Subhash Anand.<ref name=":1" /> Cinematography is Kalyan Sami and Pavanmani.<ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Nandi Kishore, a former Home Minister who turns into a whistleblower after uncovering a massive corruption scandal within the state's Civil Supplies department.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2026-02-06 |title=రివ్యూ : ఆపరేషన్ పద్మ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/operation-padma-review-telugu-932553.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref> By exposing this scam, he gains immense popularity among the public but simultaneously becomes a primary target for a powerful political mafia.<ref name=":2" /> To eliminate him, his enemies hire Kuldeep, a stylish and ruthless professional assassin known for never failing his missions.<ref name=":3" /> In response to this threat, a specialized private detective unit is formed under the code name "Operation Padma," which is spearheaded by Avantika.<ref name=":1" /> The narrative unfolds as a tense psychological mind game and a cat-and-mouse chase between the cold-blooded assassin and the detective team as they attempt to protect the whistleblower and uncover the mastermind behind the conspiracy.<ref name=":2" />

== Cast ==

* Ranadheer Beesu as Kuldeep<ref name=":4" />
* Rajitha Sandy as Avantika<ref name=":0" />
* Raghupathi Reddy Gunda<ref name=":1" />
* Naresh Medi
* KT Mallikarjuna

== Production ==
The film was made with a high budget, and critics noted that the heavy financial investment is clearly visible on screen.<ref name=":1" /> Cinematography was handled by Kalyan Sami and Pavanmani, who successfully created a moody and tense visual palette suitable for a surveillance thriller.<ref name=":3" /> The film's gripping background score was composed by Subhash Anand, while the editing was done by JK Frames.<ref name=":1" /> Akhil Nakirekanti choreographed the stunts, deliberately focusing on raw and realistic action sequences rather than over-the-top spectacle.<ref name=":3" />

== Reception ==
Upon its release, ''Operation Padma'' got mixed to moderately positive reviews, with critic ratings ranging from 2 to 2.75 out of 5 stars.

The reviewer from [[10TV]] gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and stated that while the scenes between the killer and the Operation Padma team are like moves and counter-moves, the film's presentation should have been written with more clarity.<ref name=":0" />

The reviewer from [[HMTV]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, and stated that the almost 90-minute first half is thrilling and the cat-and-mouse game between the killer and the detective team is the film's main strength."<ref name=":1" />

The reviewer from [[Zee News Telugu|Zee news Telugu]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, and stated that the overall, the movie feels like a mind game to the audience." The reviewer commended the female cast by stating, "All women characters look highly energetic.<ref name=":2" />

The reviewer from [[The Hans India]] gave the film 2.75 out of 5 stars, and stated that ''Operation Padma'' works not just as a thriller, but as a layered investigative drama. He highlighted the performances by stating that Randheer Beesu delivers a chilling performance and the female characters are confident, intelligent, and fearless.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 crime thriller films]]

Churikatte

2026-04-01T11:20:29Z

EkaSaffronGaruda:

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Churikatte
| image = Churikatte poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| director = Raghu Shivamogga
| writer = Raghu Shivamogga
| producer = M. Tulasiramudu S. Nayazuddin
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Praveen Tej]]
*Prerana Kambam
*[[Achyuth Kumar]]
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
*Balaji Manohar
}}
| cinematography = Advaitha Gurumurthy
| editing =
| music = [[Nobin Paul]]
| studio =
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|1|26|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/churikatte-release-new-kannada-film-january-26-theatres-photos-choorikatte-raghu-shivamogga-achyut-kumar|title=Churikatte Kannada crime thriller to release on January 26 [Exclusive photos]|work=Asianet|access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2022-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509031258/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/churikatte-release-new-kannada-film-january-26-theatres-photos-choorikatte-raghu-shivamogga-achyut-kumar|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Churikatte''''' is a 2018 Indian Kannada-language crime drama film directed by Raghu Shivamogga and starring [[Praveen Tej]], Prerana Kambam, [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] and Balaji Manohar.<ref>{{cite news |title=I dreaded holding a gun during making of 'Churikatte', says actor Praveen Tej |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/24/i-dreaded-holding-a-gun-during-making-of-churikatte-says-actor-praveen-tej-1762916.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509031403/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/24/i-dreaded-holding-a-gun-during-making-of-churikatte-says-actor-praveen-tej-1762916.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/forget-your-everyday-life-and-get-transported-with-churikatte/articleshow/62648357.cms|title=Forget your everyday life and get transported with Churikatte - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 January 2018 |access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2021-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114135111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/forget-your-everyday-life-and-get-transported-with-churikatte/articleshow/62648357.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film takes place in a village named Churikatte in [[Malenadu]] and is about the timber mafia.<ref name=hindu>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raghu-shivamogga-on-the-making-of-his-debut-film-churikatte/article22490574.ece|title=Churikatte is about the timber mafia, Raghu Shivamogga on his debut film|first=Shilpa Sebastian|last=R|date=22 January 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 May 2022|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509025246/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raghu-shivamogga-on-the-making-of-his-debut-film-churikatte/article22490574.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/22/pistol-led-to-the-script-of-churikatte-1761612.html|title=Pistol led to the script of Churikatte|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 January 2018 |access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2021-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114135115/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/22/pistol-led-to-the-script-of-churikatte-1761612.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is about how a stolen pistol affects the life of different people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/667655/with-novel-take-films.html|title=With a novel take on films|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2022-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509031259/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/667655/with-novel-take-films.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Churikatte'' released to unanimous positive reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Praveen Tej]] as Adi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/656060/i-dont-believe-dream-roles.html|title='I don't believe in dream roles'|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2022-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509031258/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/656060/i-dont-believe-dream-roles.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Prerana Kambam as Kala
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Ravikanth
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Anna
*Balaji Manohar as Seena
*[[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattanna]] as Adi's grandfather<ref name=cast>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/meet-the-backbone-of-churikatte/articleshow/62580400.cms|title=Meet the backbone of Churikatte|work=The Times of India|date=21 January 2018|last=Desai|first=Dhwani|access-date=9 May 2022|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509024238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/meet-the-backbone-of-churikatte/articleshow/62580400.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Pramod Shetty]] as a member of the timber mafia gang<ref name=cast/>
*Manjunath Hegde as a corrupt forest police officer<ref name=cast/>
*Vivek Simha as Adi's friend<ref name=cast/>
}}

==Production==
Raghu Shivamogga previously directed a television serial and a short film before this film.<ref name=hindu/> Praveen Tej sports two looks in the film: a clean shaven lean look and a bulky look with facial hair.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/churikatte-will-give-me-the-right-break/articleshow/62637957.cms|title=Churikatte will give me the right break - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 January 2018 |access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2022-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509024953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/churikatte-will-give-me-the-right-break/articleshow/62637957.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Newcomer Prerana Kambam plays a sweet and innocent village girl.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-character-in-churikatte-is-polar-opposite-to-how-i-am-in-real-life-prerana-kambam/articleshow/62602785.cms|title=My character in Churikatte is polar opposite to how I am in real life: Prerana Kambam - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 January 2018 |access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2022-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509025016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-character-in-churikatte-is-polar-opposite-to-how-i-am-in-real-life-prerana-kambam/articleshow/62602785.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Overall, this crime thriller makes for a worthy piece of entertainment with convincing acting".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jan/26/churikatte-review-this-crime-thriller-steals-the-show-with-its-convincing-cast-1763899.html|title='Churikatte' review: This crime thriller steals the show with its convincing cast|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 January 2018 |access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2022-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509024750/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jan/26/churikatte-review-this-crime-thriller-steals-the-show-with-its-convincing-cast-1763899.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "Watch ''Churikatte'' — it provides a good noir subject in Kannada after a while".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/churikatte/movie-review/62659310.cms|title=Churikatte Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Churikatte by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Asianet News Network|Asianet]]'' stated that "This is a must-watch for the fans and non-fans of the genre alike".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/choorikatte-film-review-a-must-watch|title=Churikatte: A crime thriller with enough masala to keep you entertained|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=2022-05-09|archive-date=2020-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018002804/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/choorikatte-film-review-a-must-watch|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Accolades==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2018
| [[2018 Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|Balaji Manohar
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2018: Raghavendra Rajkumar and Meghana Raj bag top honours; check out all winners|date=10 January 2020|access-date=4 May 2020|website=Bangalore Mirror|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125091339/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2018 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]

Moong dal halwa

2026-03-25T17:56:49Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: added a article w/ sources!

{{short description|Indian sweet}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Moong dal halwa
| image = Moong dal ka halwa.jpg
| caption = Moong dal halwa garnished with dry fruits
| alternative_name =
| course = [[Dessert]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| region = Rajasthan <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-11 |title= moong dal halwa recipe|url=https://www.tarladalal.com/moong-dal-halwa-3914r|website=[[Tarla Dalal]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
| creator = 
| served = Hot or cold
| main_ingredient = Moong Dal, Ghee, Milk, Sugar, Cardamom Powder, Dry Fruits
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Moong dal halwa''' is a traditional Indian [[dessert]] made from yellow [[moong dal]] (split mung beans), [[ghee]], sugar, and milk or water and is garnished with [[Dried fruit|dry fruits]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alaana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Na9UEQAAQBAJ&dq=moong+dal+halwa&pg=PA128 |title=The Indian Foodie Vol. 1 |date=2025-04-09 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref> Originating from the [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=bikaneri_bites |date=2023-10-30 |title=Dessert: Moong Dal Halwa for Celebrations - A Taste of Festivity |url=https://bikanerbites.com/a-taste-of-festivity-moong-dal-halwa-for-celebrations-and-special-occasions/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Bikaner Bites |language=en-US}}</ref> it is particularly popular in the [[North India|northern indian states]]. It is typically prepared during winter months and festive occasions such as [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], and weddings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stone |first=Martha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KywYBgAAQBAJ&dq=moong+dal+halwa&pg=PA13 |title=Indian Slow Cooker: Getting to Know the Basics of Slow Cooked Indian Kitchen Delicacies |date=2015-01-08 |publisher=Martha Stone |language=en}}</ref>

Group Captain [[Shubhanshu Shukla]], an [[Indian Air Force]] pilot, carried moong dal halwa with him aboard the International Space Station as part of the [[Axiom Mission 4]] (Ax‑4), making it one of the special Indian dishes he brought to orbit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 28, 2025 |title=Gajar ka halwa, moong dal halwa, aam ras' What Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla took to International Space Station |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gajar-ka-halwa-moong-dal-halwa-aam-ras-what-indian-astronaut-shubhanshu-shukla-took-to-international-space-station-101751121270760.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shukla in Space: Shared Gajar ka Halwa, Aam Ras with Astronauts, Tells PM Modi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/shared-gajar-ka-halwa-aam-ras-with-fellow-astronauts-shukla-tells-pm-modi-3607179 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Preparation==

To prepare Moong Dal Halwa, yellow moong dal is soaked for a few hours and ground into a coarse paste. The paste is then slowly roasted in ghee until golden brown and aromatic. A hot mixture of sugar and milk or water is added, and the halwa is cooked until thick and smooth. Cardamom powder is added for flavor, and the dish is garnished with chopped dry fruits. The process is time-consuming and requires constant stirring to avoid burning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Tarla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orJNSODEXNYC&q=moong+dal+halwa |title=Mithai |date=1999-10-01 |publisher=Sanjay & Co |isbn=978-81-86469-38-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aggarwal |first=Juhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTBpSq8luFUC&dq=moong+dal+halwa&pg=PA115 |title=A Text Book Of Supw Vol I |date=1997 |publisher=Pitambar Publishing |isbn=978-81-209-0853-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Halwa]]
* [[Pudding]]
* [[List of Indian sweets and desserts#North|List of Indian sweets and dessert]]
* [[Ashoka Halwa]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajasthani desserts]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]
[[Category:Halva]]

Right-wing terrorism

2026-03-17T02:58:48Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: clean up

{{Short description|Form of terrorism motivated by right-wing or far-right beliefs}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
[[File:FEMA - 1545 - Photograph by FEMA News Photo taken on 04-26-1995 in Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|230x230px|The [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building|Alfred P. Murrah]] building in the aftermath of the [[Oklahoma City bombing]], April 1995. The bombing was perpetrated by [[Timothy McVeigh]] and was motivated by [[Anti-government terrorist attacks in the United States|anti-government]] beliefs.]]
{{Terrorism}}
'''Right-wing terrorism''', '''hard right terrorism''', '''extreme right terrorism''' or '''far-right terrorism''' is [[terrorism]] that is motivated by a variety of different [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] and [[far-right politics|far-right]] ideologies. It can be motivated by [[racism]], [[ultraconservatism]], [[nationalism]], [[neo-Nazism]], [[anti-communism|extreme anti-communism]], [[neo-fascism]], [[ecofascism]], [[ethnonationalism]], [[religious nationalism]], [[Opposition to immigration|anti-immigration]], [[Criticism of multiculturalism|anti-multiculturalism]], [[antisemitism]], [[Islamophobia]], anti-government sentiment, [[Patriot movement|patriot]] movements, [[Secession|secessionist]] or [[Sovereign citizens|sovereign citizen]] beliefs, and occasionally, it can be motivated by [[Anti-abortion movement|opposition to abortion]], [[Discrimination against homeless people|anti-homeless people sentiment]], and/or [[homophobia]].{{sfn|Aubrey|2004|p=45}}<ref name="Vincent A" /> Modern right-wing terrorism largely emerged in [[Western Europe]] in the 1970s, and after the [[Revolutions of 1989]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, it emerged in [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Russia]].{{sfn|Moghadam|Eubank|2006|p=57}}

Right-wing terrorists aim to overthrow governments and replace them with [[right-wing]] regimes.{{sfn|Aubrey|2004|p=45}} They believe that their actions will trigger events that will ultimately lead to the establishment of these [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] governments.<ref>Cameron, Gavin. ''Nuclear Terrorism: A Threat Assessment for the 21st Century''. Springer, 1999, p. 115.</ref> Although they frequently take inspiration from [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]] with some exceptions, right-wing terrorist groups frequently lack a rigid [[ideology]].{{sfn|Moghadam|Eubank|2006|p=58}} Right-wing terrorists tend to target people who they consider members of foreign communities, but they may also target political opponents, such as [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] groups and individuals. The attacks which are perpetrated by right-wing terrorists are not indiscriminate attacks which are perpetrated by individuals and groups which simply seek to kill people; the targets of these attacks are carefully chosen. Because the targets of these attacks are often entire sections of communities, they are not targeted as individuals, instead, they are targeted because they are representatives of groups which are considered foreign, inferior and threatening by them.<ref>Cameron, Gavin. ''Nuclear Terrorism: A Threat Assessment for the 21st Century''. Springer, 1999, p. 115.</ref><ref>Hoffman, Bruce. "The contrasting ethical foundations of terrorism in the 1980s". ''Terrorism and Political Violence'' 1, no. 3 (1989): 361–377, p. 10.</ref>

According to an analysis by the [[Institute for Economics and Peace]], there has been a surge in far-right terror incidents since 2010, with a 320% increase between 2014 and 2018.<ref name="Vincent A">{{cite journal |last1=Auger |first1=Vincent A. |title=Right-Wing Terror: A Fifth Global Wave? |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |date=2020 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=87–97 |jstor=26918302 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26918302 |access-date=18 November 2023 |issn=2334-3745}}</ref>

==Causes==
===Economy===
German economist [[Armin Falk]] ''et al.'' wrote in a 2011 article that Right-Wing Extremist Crime (REC), which includes [[Xenophobia|anti-foreigner]] and [[Racism|racist]] motivations, is associated with unemployment rates; as unemployment rates increase, REC also increases.<ref name="FalkKuhn2011">{{cite journal|last1=Falk|first1=Armin|last2=Kuhn|first2=Andreas|last3=Zweimüller|first3=Josef|title=Unemployment and Right-wing Extremist Crime*|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Economics| volume=113|issue=2|year=2011|pages=260–285|issn=0347-0520|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9442.2011.01648.x|s2cid=2569289|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/55794/1/UnemploymentRXcrime_FINALversion.pdf}}</ref> A 2014 paper argues that right-wing terrorism increases with economic growth, seemingly due to its proponents often being people who lose out under economic modernisation.<ref>Kis-Katos, Krisztina; Liebert, Helge; and Schulze, Günther G. (2014) "On the heterogeneity of terror". ''[[European Economic Review]]''. v. 68, pp. 116–136.</ref> Conversely, a 2019 study found that economic predictors did not predict right-wing terrorism in Europe, rather, levels of extra-European immigration did; right-wing terrorists did not want immigrants in their countries and they sought to drive them out with force. Thus, increased migration caused greater resentment and thus, their greater resentment was a greater motive for their attacks.<ref>McAlexander, Richard J. "How are immigration and terrorism related? An analysis of right-and left-wing terrorism in Western Europe, 1980–2004". Journal of Global Security Studies 5, no. 1 (2020): 179–195.</ref>

===Right-wing populist politics===
In 2016, Thomas Greven suggested that [[right-wing populism]] is a cause of right-wing terrorism. More simply put, [[populism]] supports the advancement of "the average citizen", not the agendas of the privileged elite. Greven defines right-wing populists as those who support [[ethnocentrism]], and [[opposition to immigration|oppose immigration]]. Because right-wing populism creates a climate of "us versus them", terrorism is more likely to occur.<ref name="Greven">{{Citation | last = Greven| first = Thomas | date = May 2016 | title = The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Perspective | publisher = Friedrich Ebert Foundation | location = Germany | pages = 9}}</ref> Vocal opposition to [[Islamic terrorism]] by [[Donald Trump]] has been obscuring right-wing terrorism in the US,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Neiwert |first1=David |title=Trump's fixation on demonizing Islam hides true homegrown US terror threat |url=https://www.revealnews.org/article/home-is-where-the-hate-is/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=Reveal |date=21 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Givetash |first1=Linda |last2=Bennett |first2=Geoff |title=Trump downplayed the white nationalist threat. Experts say it's growing. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/after-new-zealand-shooting-trump-downplayed-white-nationalist-threat-experts-n984136 |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=NBC News |date=March 17, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> where right-wing terror attacks outnumber Islamist, left-wing, and [[refugee]] attacks combined in America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=German |title=The radicalization of white Americans |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/8/18/16151924/radicalization-white-supremacists-nazis |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=Vox |date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

In the wake of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] at the [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] and the [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, by terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant, expert on terrorism Greg Barton, at [[Deakin University]] in [[Australia]] (the home country of Tarrant), wrote about the "toxic political environment that allows hate to flourish". Saying that although right-wing extremism in Australia is not nearly as serious as the European neo-Nazi movements or the various types of white supremacy and toxic nationalism seen in American politics, both major parties attempted to win votes by repeating some of the tough language and inhumane policies which appeared to reward right-wing populists. He further argued: "The result has been such a cacophony of hateful rhetoric that it has been hard for those tasked with spotting the emergence of violent extremism to separate it from all the background noise of extremism."<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/christchurch-attacks-are-a-stark-warning-of-toxic-political-environment-that-allows-hate-to-flourish-113662|title=Christchurch attacks are a stark warning of toxic political environment that allows hate to flourish|first=Greg|last=Barton|date=17 March 2019|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref>

===Fringe groups===
{{Main|Far-right subcultures}}
{{Further|Radical right (Europe)|Radical right (United States)}}
{{hatnote|References to individual groups may also appear by country below. This section is related to their role in inspiring terrorism.}}
According to Moghadam and Eubank (2006), groups which are associated with right-wing terrorism include [[white power skinhead]] gangs, [[far-right]] [[Football hooliganism|hooligans]], and their sympathizers. The "intellectual guides" of right-wing terrorist movements espouse the view that the state must "rid itself of the foreign elements that undermine it from within" so the state can "provide for its rightful, natural citizens".{{sfn|Moghadam|Eubank|2006|pp=57–58}}

In [[Australia]], experts, police and others have been commenting on the failure of the authorities to act effectively in order to combat right-wing radicalisation,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australia-isn-t-doing-enough-to-combat-right-wing-radicals-say-extremism-experts|first=Nick|last=Baker|title=Australia isn't doing enough to combat right-wing radicals, say extremism experts|date=22 March 2019|publisher=SBS News|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/australia-s-right-wing-extremist-problem-are-we-doing-enough-20190318-p5155q.html|publisher=The Age|title=Australia's right-wing extremist problem: Are we doing enough?|first1=David|last1=Wroe|first2=Max|last2=Koslowski|date=19 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> and the government has vowed to put right-wing extremist individuals and groups under greater scrutiny and pressure, with the home affairs secretary [[Mike Pezzullo]] making strong comments to a parliamentary committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-22/home-affairs-warning-white-supremacists-following-christchurch/10929012|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation News|date=22 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque attack prompts Home Affairs boss to threaten greater scrutiny on white supremacists|first=Andrew|last=Greene|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> A week after the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, it emerged that three years earlier, Australian-born Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the perpetrator of the shootings, had been active on the [[Facebook]] pages of two Australian-based [[White nationalism|white nationalist]] groups, the [[United Patriots Front]] (UPF) and [[True Blue Crew]] (TBC) and praised the UPF's leader [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] Blair Cottrell as they all celebrated [[Donald Trump]]'s victory in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election in the United States]]. Tarrant was also offered but declined a membership in the [[Lads Society]], a white nationalist fight club which was founded by Cottrell.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-23/christchurch-shooting-accused-praised-blair-cottrell/10930632|title=Christchurch shooting accused Brenton Tarrant supports Australian far-right figure Blair Cottrell| first1=Alex|last1=Mann|first2=Kevin| last2=Nguyen| first3=Katharine |last3=Gregory|date=23 March 2019|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/threats-from-white-extremist-group-that-tried-to-recruit-tarrant-20190501-p51j5w.html|title=Threats from white extremist group that tried to recruit Tarrant|last=Begley|first=Patrick|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=May 2, 2019}}</ref>

In the [[United States]], Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism at [[California State University, San Bernardino]] and former [[NYPD]] officer, wrote about the growth of [[white nationalism]] by saying that the political climate of polarization "has provided an opportunity for violent bigots, both on- and offline. Times of change, fear and conflict offer extremists and conspiracists a chance to present themselves as an alternative to increasingly distrusted traditional mainstream choices." He quotes former FBI agent Erroll Southers' view that white supremacy "is being globalized at a very rapid pace", and he urged the government to hold hearings to investigate homegrown extremism.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/5555396/white-supremacist-attacks-rise-new-zealand/|title=Why White Supremacist Attacks Are on the Rise, Even in Surprising Places|first=Brian|last=Levin|date=21 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321235844/http://time.com/5555396/white-supremacist-attacks-rise-new-zealand/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sociologists at the [[University of Dayton]] pointed to the origin of white nationalism in the US and its spread to other countries, and they also noted that the Christchurch attacker's hatred of Muslims was inspired by American white nationalism.<ref>{{cite web|website=The Conversation|url=http://theconversation.com/white-nationalism-born-in-the-usa-is-now-a-global-terror-threat-113825 |title=White nationalism, born in the USA, is now a global terror threat|first1=Art|last1=Jipson|first2=Paul J.|last2=Becker|date=20 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

The [[Anti-Defamation League]] reports that [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] propaganda and recruitment efforts both on and around college campuses have been increasing sharply, with 1,187 incidents in 2018 compared to 421 incidents in 2017, far exceeding any previous year.<ref>{{cite web |title=White Supremacists Step Up Off-Campus Propaganda Efforts in 2018 |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/reports/white-supremacists-step-up-off-campus-propaganda-efforts-in-2018 |website=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=26 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Far-right terrorists rely on a variety of strategies such as leafleting, the performance of violent rituals, and house parties in order to recruit, mostly targeting angry and marginalized youth who are looking for solutions to their problems. But their most effective recruitment tool is extremist music, which avoids monitoring by moderating parties such as parents and school authorities. Some risk factors which are facilitating recruitment include exposure to racism during childhood, dysfunctional families such as [[divorce]]d parents, neglect, and physical, emotional and [[sexual abuse]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism |title=Recruitment and Radicalization among US Far-Right Terrorists |date=November 2016 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |pages=1–4 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_RecruitmentRadicalizationAmongUSFarRightTerrorists_Nov2016.pdf |access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>

==Copycat terrorism==
In the cases of far-right extremists, they will sometimes seek inspiration from other [[mass murder]]ers and use it as a template to carry out future terrorist attacks. A notable case of this is Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian-born perpetrator of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] that killed 51 and injured 49; he cited several earlier far-right attackers, including [[Anders Behring Breivik]], who carried out the [[2011 Norway attacks]]; and [[Dylann Roof]], who killed nine black people in the [[Charleston church shooting]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/asia/christchurch-mass-shooting-extremism.html|title=New Zealand Massacre Highlights Global Reach of White Extremism|last=Kingsley|first=Patrick|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 15, 2019|date=March 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/accused-new-zealand-shooter-had-canadian-mass-murderers-name-on-weapon/|title=Accused New Zealand Shooter Had Canadian Mass Murderer's Name On Weapon|last=Lamourex|first=Mack|work=[[Vice Media]]|access-date=July 15, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elpais.com/elpais/2019/03/15/inenglish/1552653061_637620.html|title=New Zealand mosque shooting: New Zealand attacker had name of Spanish killer on weapon|last=Diego Quesada|first=Juan|work=[[El País]]|access-date=July 15, 2019|date=March 15, 2010}}</ref> Tarrant has directly inspired at least six other shootings.<ref name="Raffaello">{{cite journal |last1=Pantucci |first1=Raffaello |last2=Ong |first2=Kyler |title=Persistence of Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the West |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |date=2021 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=118–126 |jstor=26979992 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26979992 |access-date=18 November 2023 |issn=2382-6444}}</ref>

[[Poway synagogue shooting#Perpetrator|John T. Earnest]], the perpetrator of [[California mosque fire|an arson attack]] on a [[mosque]] in [[Escondido, California]], and [[Poway synagogue shooting|a mass shooting in a synagogue]] in nearby [[Poway, California|Poway]], wrote an open letter in which he stated that he was inspired by Tarrant and Robert Bowers, the perpetrator of the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]]. Following the Escondido arson attack, he had left graffiti that read "For Brenton Tarrant, -t [[/pol/]]", and prior to the synagogue shooting, he published the said open letter on [[8chan]] and attempted to livestream the attack on Facebook Live, just like Tarrant. In the open letter, Earnest also mentioned "The Day of the Rope", a talking point in white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles which refers to the execution of all non-whites, Jews, and [[Liberalism|liberals]], as it is detailed in the 1978 novel ''[[The Turner Diaries]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.memri.org/reports/anti-jewish-manifesto-john-t-earnest-san-diego-synagogue-shooter|title=The Anti-Jewish Manifesto of John T. Earnest, The San Diego Synagogue Shooter|last=Davis|first=Michael|work=Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=May 15, 2019}}</ref>

Patrick Crusius, the 21-year-old suspect in the [[2019 El Paso shooting|mass shooting]] at a [[Walmart]] store in [[El Paso, Texas]], on August 3, 2019, which killed 23 people and injured 23 others (almost all of whom were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic Americans]] and [[Mexicans]]), wrote an online manifesto titled ''The Inconvenient Truth''; in it, he stated that he supported Tarrant and his manifesto. Just like Tarrant, Crusius posted his manifesto on 8chan, as well as a Collin College notification letter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/08/04/the-el-paso-shooting-and-the-gamification-of-terror|title=The El Paso Shooting and the Gamification of Terror|last=Evans|first=Robert|author-link = Robert Evans (journalist)| work=Bellingcat|access-date=August 4, 2019|date=August 4, 2019}}</ref>

==Role of the media==
===Social media===
{{Main|Cyberterrorism}}
{{Further|Racism on the Internet}}
[[Social media]] platforms have been one of the principal means by which right-wing extremist ideas and [[hate speech]] have been shared and promulgated, leading to extensive debates about the limits of [[Freedom of speech|free speech]] and their impact on terrorist actions and [[hate crime]]s.<ref name=NYTNZ>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/21/world/asia/new-zealand-attacks-social-media.html|work=New York Times|title=In New Zealand, Spreading the Mosque Shooting Video Is a Crime|first=Charlotte|last=Graham-McLay|date=21 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> In 2018, researchers in the US identified the YouTube [[recommendation system]] as promoting a range of political positions from mainstream libertarianism and conservatism to overt white nationalism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Becca |title=How YouTube is quietly radicalizing the next generation — and making millions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/forget-facebook-youtube-videos-are-radicalizing-millions-young-people-company-ncna916341 |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=NBC News |date=October 4, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Rebecca |title=Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube |url=https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/DS_Alternative_Influence.pdf |website=datasociety.net |publisher=Data and Society |access-date=26 March 2019 |date=September 2018}}</ref> Many other online discussion groups and forums are used for online right-wing radicalization.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manavis |first1=Sarah |title=The Christchurch shooting shows how a far-right web culture is driving radicalisation |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/internet/2019/03/christchurch-new-zealand-shooter-pewdiepie-youtube-facebook-video-shows-we-need-take-online-radicalisation |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=New Statesman |date=15 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Todd |first1=Andrew |last2=Morton |first2=Frances |title=NZ Authorities Have Been Ignoring Online Right-Wing Radicalisation For Years |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nz-authorities-have-been-ignoring-online-right-wing-radicalisation-for-years/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=Vice |date=21 March 2019 |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Justin |title=Day of the trope: White nationalist memes thrive on Reddit's r/The_Donald |journal=Hatewatch |date=April 19, 2018 |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/04/19/day-trope-white-nationalist-memes-thrive-reddits-rthedonald |access-date=24 March 2019 |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> Robert Bowers the perpetrator of the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]] at [[Tree of Life - Or L'Simcha Congregation]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], was a regular [[Account verification|verified]] user on [[Gab (social network)|Gab]], a "free speech" alternative to Twitter, and spread [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]], neo-Nazi, and Holocaust denial propaganda as well as interacted with and/or reposted at least five alt-right figures: Brad "Hunter Wallace" Griffin of ''Occidental Dissent'' and [[League of the South]] (LS), Daniel "Jack Corbin" McMahon, a self-described "Antifa Hunter" and "fascist", former [[California Republican Party|California Republican]] Patrick Little, Jared Wyand of Project Purge and Daniel "Grandpa Lampshade" Kenneth Jeffreys of ''[[The Daily Stormer]]'' and ''Radio Aryan''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/11/01/gab-domestic-terrorist-robert-bowers-engaged-several-influential-alt-right-figures|title=On Gab, domestic terrorist Robert Bowers engaged with several influential alt-right figures|last1=Amend|first1=Alex|work=Southern Poverty Law Center/Network Contagion Research Institute (NCRI)|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=November 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/grandpa-lampshade-neo-nazi-white-supremacist_n_5c5b12f9e4b00187b557717a|title=The Neo-Nazi Podcaster Next Door|last1=Schulberg|first1=Jessica|last2=O'Brien|first2=Luke|last3=Mushtare|first3=Oliva|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=February 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/pittsburgh-shooting-suspect-robert-bowers-worked-on-gab-to-dox-left-wing-blogger|title=Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Robert Bowers Worked on Gab to Dox Left-Wing Blogger|last=Weill|first=Kelly|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=November 2, 2018}}</ref> Twitter was found to be offering advertisements targeted to 168,000 users in a [[white genocide conspiracy theory]] category, which they removed shortly after being contacted by journalists in the wake of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Rhett |title=Facebook Offered Advertisers 'White Genocide' Option |url=https://gizmodo.com/facebook-offered-advertisers-white-genocide-option-1830190052 |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=Gizmodo |date=November 2, 2018}}</ref> After a Brooklyn synagogue was vandalized with death threats, the term "Kill all Jews" was listed as a trending topic on Twitter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Notopoulos |first1=Katie |last2=Mac |first2=Ryan |title=Twitter Is Sorry For Listing "Kill All Jews" As A Trending Topic |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/katienotopoulos/twitter-is-sorry-for-listing-kill-all-jews-as-a-trending |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=BuzzFeed News |date=November 2, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Australia]]n-born terrorist [[Christchurch mosque shootings#Perpetrator|Brenton Harrison Tarrant]] the perpetrator of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] at [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] and [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, recorded a video of the attacks on [[Facebook features#Facebook Live|Facebook Live]] which was shared extensively on social media as well as spreading his manifesto ''[[The Great Replacement conspiracy theory|The Great Replacement]]'' on his Facebook and Twitter accounts and on [[8chan]] /pol/ where he would announce the attacks and prior to this his social media was filled with white nationalist, anti-Islamic and neo-fascist material and his profile picture was "The Australian Shitposter" an image of a tanned, blonde-haired Akubra hat wearing man from Australia used to represent users on 4chan and 8chan as well as the alt-right subculture "The Dingoes".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/03/brenton-tarrant-social-media-twitter-video|title=Brenton Tarrant Social Media: Twitter Rants, Live Video|last=McBride|first=Jessica|work=Heavy.com|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/03/brenton-tarrant-manifesto|title=Brenton Tarrant Manifesto: The 'Great Replacement' Rant|last=McBride|first=Jessica|work=Heavy.com|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/rest-of-world/2019/03/15/shitposting-inspirational-terrorism-and-the-christchurch-mosque-massacre|title=Shitposting, Inspirational Terrorism, and the Christchurch Mosque Massacre|last=Evans|first=Robert|work=Bellingcat|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/alleged-mosque-shooter-s-meme-popular-with-australian-far-right-group-20190315-p514ns.html|title=Alleged mosque shooter's meme popular with Australian far-right group|last=Begley|first=Patrick|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=March 15, 2019}}</ref> The government of New Zealand already had laws in place relating to terrorism under which people sharing the video can be prosecuted, and it was announced that this would be vigorously pursued. Prime Minister [[Jacinda Ardern]] also vowed to investigate the role played by social media in the attack and take action, possibly alongside other countries, against the sites that broadcast the video.<ref name=NYTNZ/>

[[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]] became more active in banning extremists from their platform in the wake of the tragedy. Facebook pages associated with Future Now Australia had been removed from the platform, including their main page, Stop the Mosques and Save Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theunshackled.net/rundown/future-now-facebook-pages-deleted/|website=unshackled.net|date=22 March 2019|title=Future Now Facebook pages deleted|first=Tim|last=Wilms|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> [[United Patriots Front|Far-right activist leaders in Australia]] urged their supporters to follow them on [[Gab (social network)|Gab]] after being banned from Twitter and Facebook.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/australia-s-far-right-moves-to-shadowy-messaging-service-amid-crackdown-on-digital-giants-20190320-p515tw.html|publisher=The Age| title=Australia's far-right moves to shadowy messaging service amid crackdown on digital giants| first=Max|last=Koslowski|date=20 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> On March 28, 2019, Facebook announced that they have banned white nationalist and white separatist content along with white supremacy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Joseph |last2=Koebler |first2=Jason |title=Facebook Bans White Nationalism and White Separatism |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/facebook-bans-white-nationalism-and-white-separatism/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=Motherboard |date=27 March 2019}}</ref> [[2019 El Paso shooting#Suspect|Patrick Crusius]] the man responsible for the [[2019 El Paso shooting]] which killed 23 people and injured 23 others had prior to the incident liked/posted/retweeted content on his Twitter account in support of [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/08/patrick-crusius-donald-trump-twitter|title=Patrick Crusius: Suspect's Twitter Page Shows Trump Support|last=McBride|first=Jessica|work=Heavy.com|access-date=August 4, 2019|date=August 4, 2019|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610045121/https://heavy.com/news/2019/08/patrick-crusius-donald-trump-twitter/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Mass media===
[[Owen Jones (writer)|Owen Jones]] wrote in ''[[The Guardian]]'' about how the press in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] can play a role in helping to radicalise far-right terrorists, quoting [[Neil Basu]], Britain's counter-terrorism chief. Basu cited the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' and ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' as particular culprits, while Jones also give examples from ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Spectator]]'' and others, with articles bemoaning so-called [[Cultural Marxism]] and misleading headlines such as "1 in 5 Brit Muslims" sympathizing with [[jihadism|jihadists]] (''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'').<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/28/media-far-right-radicalisation-politics-hatred|first=Owen|last=Jones|title=Why we need to talk about the media's role in far-right radicalisation|date=28 March 2019|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>

==Africa==
===South Africa===
In 1993, [[Chris Hani]], general secretary of the [[South African Communist Party]] was murdered by the Polish far-right [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] [[Janusz Waluś]] who was given the firearm by the pro-apartheid parliamentarian [[Clive Derby-Lewis]].

In 2010, South African authorities foiled a plot to commit attacks by far-right terrorists who wanted to avenge the murder of [[Eugène Terre'Blanche]], seizing explosives and firearms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/07/south-africa-white-extremist-bomb|title=South African police foil white extremist bomb plot|first=David|last=Smith|date=7 May 2010|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

==Americas==
===Argentina===
The [[Argentine Patriotic League]] (''Liga Patriótica Argentina'') was a ''[[Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)|Nacionalista]]'' [[paramilitary]] group, founded in [[Buenos Aires]] on January 16, 1919, during the [[Tragic week (Argentina)|Tragic week]]. It was merged into the [[Argentine Civic Legion]] in 1931.<ref>Patrick Frank. ''Los Artistas del Pueblo: prints and workers' culture in Buenos Aires, 1917–1935''. University of New Mexico Press, 2006. p. 206.</ref>

===Brazil===
The [[Para-SAR]] example<ref name="para-sar2-br">{{cite news|title=Brasileiros magazine|url=http://brasileiros.com.br/2014/03/o-paraquedista-que-evitou-um-banho-de-sangue/|access-date=2015-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415012349/http://brasileiros.com.br/2014/03/o-paraquedista-que-evitou-um-banho-de-sangue/|archive-date=2015-04-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="para-sar1-br">{{cite news|title=Fatos magazine|date=June 1, 1985|url=http://www.arqanalagoa.ufscar.br/pdf/recortes/R04927.pdf}}</ref> was revealed by [[Brazilian Air Force]] captain Sérgio Ribeiro Miranda de Carvalho in 1968 before it reached the execution phase as it was made public to the press after a meeting with his superior Brigadier General João Paulo Burnier and chief of Para-SAR unity. Burnier discussed a secret plan to bomb a dense traffic area of [[Rio de Janeiro]] known as "[[Gasômetro]]" during commute and later claim that Communists were the perpetrators. He expected to be able to run a witch-hunt against the growing political military opposition. Burnier also mentioned his intentions on making the Para-SAR, a Brazilian Air Force rescue unity, a tool for eliminating some military regime political oppositors throwing them to the sea at a wide distance of the coast. On both of these events, no military involved on these actions or planning was arrested, charged or faced retaliation from the Brazilian military dictatorship. The only exception is captain Sérgio de Carvalho which had to leave the air force for facing his superiors retaliation after whistleblowing brigadier Burnier's plan.

[[File:Aracruz attack, firing.jpg|thumb|The 2022 [[Aracruz school shootings]], in which four people were killed]]
On November 25, 2022, [[Aracruz school shootings|shootings took place at two schools]] in [[Aracruz, Espírito Santo]]. Four people died, and 12 others were injured. The suspect, a 16-year-old former student at one of the schools, was arrested approximately four hours later.<ref name=AP.Shooting>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/shootings-education-caribbean-brazil-9829399a1b55a1c4f54b00bcd35d80c1|title=Shootings at Brazil schools leave 3 dead, 13 wounded|publisher=Associated Press|last=Bridi|first=Carla|date=November 25, 2022|accessdate=November 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="noticias.uol.com.br">{{Cite web |title=Filho de PM, atirador usou armas e carro do pai em Aracruz, diz polícia |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2022/11/25/quem-e-suspeito-atentado-escolas-de-aracruz-es.htm |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aracruz: Atentado a tiros em duas escolas no ES deixam ao menos 3 mortos |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2022/11/25/atiradores-invadem-e-atacam-2-escolas-no-es-policia-confirma-mortes.htm |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> He was reportedly active in online [[neo-Nazi]] communities that promoted [[accelerationism]]<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Terrorgram, a network of neo-Nazi channels, is spreading across Brazil |url=https://nucleo.jor.br/english/2024-08-28-terrorgram-neonazi-channels-telegram/ |work=Nucleo |quote=These radical and extremist propagandas from Terrorgram have real-world effects. In 2022, a 16-year-old Brazilian teenager killed four people in a school attack in Aracruz, Espírito Santo. It was discovered that the teenager had been radicalized through Telegram channels connected to the collective.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Brazilian court bans Telegram for failing to hand over data from neo-Nazi groups |url=https://www.engadget.com/brazilian-court-bans-telegram-for-failing-to-hand-over-data-from-neo-nazi-groups-100853097.html |work=[[Engadget]]}}</ref> and wore attire during the attacks that strongly resembled uniforms worn by members of the [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist organization]] [[Atomwaffen Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2023 |title=Dangerous Organizations and Bad Actors: Atomwaffen Division | Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/dangerous-organizations-and-bad-actors-4 |website=www.middlebury.edu}}</ref>

===Colombia===
[[Anti-guerrilla paramilitarism in Colombia|Colombian paramilitary groups]] were responsible for most of the human rights violations in the latter half of the ongoing [[Colombian conflict]].<ref name="icc-paras">{{cite news|title=International Criminal Court Scrutinises Paramilitary Crimes |first=Constanza |last=Vieira |work=Inter Press Service |date=August 27, 2008 |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43696 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610224121/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43696 |archive-date=June 10, 2011}}</ref> According to several international human rights and governmental organizations, right-wing paramilitary groups were responsible for at least 70 to 80% of political murders in Colombia per year during the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="icc-paras"/><ref name="hrw-killnet-iii">HRW, 1996: [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/killer3.htm "III: The Intelligence Reorganization"]</ref> The first paramilitary groups were organized by the Colombian government following recommendations made by U.S. military counterinsurgency advisers who were sent to Colombia in the early 1960s, during the [[Cold War]], to combat leftist political activists and armed guerrilla groups.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Dennis M. |last=Rempe |date=Winter 1995|title=Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959–1965|journal=Small Wars and Insurgencies|volume=6|issue=3|pages=304–27|url=http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm|doi=10.1080/09592319508423115|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330101500/http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm|archive-date=March 30, 2010|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="bandits">{{Cite web|url=http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330101500/http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/colombia/smallwars.htm|url-status=dead|title=None|archivedate=March 30, 2010}}</ref>{{sfn|Livingstone|2003|p= 155}}

These groups were financed and protected by elite landowners, drug traffickers, members of the security forces, right-wing politicians and multinational corporations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schulte-Bockholt|first=Alfredo|title=The Politics of Organized Crime and the Organized Crime of Politics: a study in criminal power|publisher=Lexington|year=2006|page=95}}</ref><ref name="chernick-para-nacla">{{cite journal|title=The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia|first=Marc|last=Chernick|journal=NACLA Report on the Americas|date=March–April 1998|volume=31|issue=5|page=28|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772}}</ref>{{Sfn|Brittain|2010|pp=129–31}}<ref name="evil-hour-68-69">{{cite book|first=Forrest|last=Hylton|title=Evil Hour in Colombia|publisher=Verso|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84467-551-7|pages=68–69| url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=yF1WxzySuEgC|page=68}}}}</ref> Paramilitary violence and terrorism has principally been targeted towards peasants, unionists, indigenous people, human rights workers, teachers and left-wing political activists or their supporters.<ref name="getting-away">{{cite journal|title=Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States|first=Elizabeth F.|last=Schwartz|journal=The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review|volume= 27|issue= 2|date=Winter 1995–1996|pages=381–420}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Dispossessed: Chronicles of the desterrados of Colombia|first=Alfredo|last=Molano|publisher=Haymarket|year=2005|page=113}}</ref><ref>''Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', "Colombia: Activities of a Colombian social cleansing group known as 'Jóvenes del Bien' and any state efforts to deal with it", 2 April 2004</ref>{{sfn|Brittain|2010|pp=132–35}}

===Nicaragua===
The [[Contras]] were a right-wing militant group, backed by the [[United States]], that fought against the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] in [[Nicaragua]]. They were responsible for numerous [[human rights violations]] and carried out over 1300 terrorist attacks.<ref>Feldmann, Andreas E.; Maiju Perälä (July 2004). "Reassessing the Causes of Nongovernmental Terrorism in Latin America". Latin American Politics and Society. 46 (2): 101–132. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2004.tb00277.x.</ref><ref>Gary LaFree; Laura Dugan; Erin Miller (2014). Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database. Routledge. p. 56. {{ISBN|1134712413}}.</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|Terrorism in the United States|Domestic terrorism in the United States|Political violence in the United States|Timeline of terrorist attacks in the United States}}

{{Further|Anti-Catholicism in the United States|Antisemitism in the United States|Fascism in the United States|Racism in the United States|Radical right (United States)}}
{{ multiple image | total_width=450
| image1= 1975- Ideology of political murders - US.svg |thumb |caption1= Cumulative presentation of politically motivated terrorism since 1975<ref name=Time_and_Cato/>
| image2= 1990- Victims of ideologically motivated homicides - US.svg |caption2= Annual presentation of politically motivated terrorism since 1990<ref name=CCJLS_20210726/>
}}
Cumulatively over five decades, right-wing perpetrators in the US killed substantially more people than left-wing or Islamist-inspired perpetrators (excluding data from the Sept. 11 attacks).<ref name=Time_and_Cato>{{cite web |last1=Schneid |first1=Rebecca |title=Trump Called for a Crackdown on the ‘Radical Left.’ But Right-Wing Extremists Are Responsible for More Political Violence |url=https://time.com/7317383/political-violence-america-trump-crackdown-right/ |website=time.com |publisher=Time magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918205014/https://time.com/7317383/political-violence-america-trump-crackdown-right/ |archive-date=18 September 2025 |date=16 September 2025 |url-status=live}} ●{{nbsp}}For data, Schneid cites {{cite web |last1=Nowrasteh |first1=Alex |title=Politically Motivated Violence Is Rare in the United States |url=https://www.cato.org/blog/politically-motivated-violence-rare-united-states |publisher=The Cato Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917050147/https://www.cato.org/blog/politically-motivated-violence-rare-united-states |archive-date=17 September 2025 |date=11 September 2025 |url-status=live}} Table 2.</ref> In almost all individual years since 1990, right-wing ideologically motivated homicides in the US have substantially outnumbered those perpetrated by left-wing actors.<ref name=CCJLS_20210726>{{cite journal |last1=Duran |first1=Celinet |title=Far-left versus Far-right Fatal Violence: An Empirical Assessment of the Prevalence of Ideologically Motivated Homicides in the United States |journal=Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society |date=26 July 2021 |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=8 (Figure 2) |url=https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/26973-far-left-versus-far-right-fatal-violence-an-empirical-assessment-of-the-prevalence-of-ideologically-motivated-homicides-in-the-united-states |issn=2332-886X}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250911043329/https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/api/v1/articles/26973-far-left-versus-far-right-fatal-violence-an-empirical-assessment-of-the-prevalence-of-ideologically-motivated-homicides-in-the-united-states.pdf archive])</ref>

====Reconstruction era====
Scholars label acts of terrorism which were committed against [[African Americans]] during the [[Reconstruction era]] "white terrorism".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schenk|first1=David H.|title=Freedmen with Firearms: White Terrorism and Black Disarmament During Reconstruction|journal=Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era|volume=4|date=April 30, 2014|url=http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=gcjcwe}}</ref><ref>Butchart, Ronald E. "Black hope, white power: emancipation, reconstruction and the legacy of unequal schooling in the US South, 1861–1880". ''Paedagogica historica'' 46.1–2 (2010): 33–50.</ref>

====Civil rights movement====
{{See also|Ku Klux Klan|Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner|Mississippi Burning}}[[File:FBI Poster of Missing Civil Rights Workers.jpg|thumb|371x371px|A 1964 [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] poster regarding missing [[Civil rights movement|civil rights]] workers [[Andrew Goodman (activist)|Andrew Goodman]] (left), [[James Chaney]] (middle), and [[Michael Schwerner]], all of them were murdered in [[Mississippi]] by members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] on June 21, 1964]]
According to American political scientist [[George Michael (academic)|George Michael]], "right-wing terrorism and violence has a long history in America".{{sfn|Michael|2003|p=114}} In the aftermath of the ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' decision (1954), members of a resurgent [[Ku Klux Klan]] waged a campaign of terrorism against black people, [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] activists, [[American Jews|Jews]], and others.<ref name="Michael">George Michael, ''Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA'' (Routledge, 2003), pp. 126–27.</ref> Klansmen [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], in 1963, killing four [[African Americans|African American]] girls and injuring 14–22 others, and they also committed other murders, including those of [[Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner|James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner]] (1964), [[Murder of Lemuel Penn|Lemuel Penn]] (1964), [[Viola Liuzzo]] (1965), and [[Lynching of Michael Donald|Michael Donald]].<ref name="Michael"/><ref name="Atkins">[[Stephen E. Atkins]], ''Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism in Modern American History'' (ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 18.</ref> Between 1956 and 1963, an estimated 130 bombings were perpetrated in the South.<ref name="Michael"/>

====1980s====
During the 1980s, more than 75 right-wing extremists were prosecuted for acts of terrorism in the United States, they carried out six attacks.{{sfn|Smith|1994|pp=25–26}} In 1983, [[Gordon Kahl]], a [[Posse Comitatus (organization)|Posse Comitatus]] member and a [[White supremacy in the United States|white supremacist]] activist, killed two federal marshals and later, he was killed by police. Also that year, the [[White nationalism in the United States|white nationalist]] [[revolutionary]] group [[The Order (white supremacist group)|The Order]] (also known as the Brüder Schweigen or the Silent Brotherhood) robbed banks and armored cars, as well as a [[sex shop]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=760 | title=Free the Order Rally | publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] | date=Spring 2007 | access-date=2007-08-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711063623/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=760 | archive-date=2007-07-11 | url-status=dead}}</ref> bombed a theater and a [[synagogue]] and murdered radio talk show host [[Alan Berg]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4061FF63D5D0C748DDDA00894DD484D81&n | title=Death List Names Given to US Jury | work=New York Times |date=September 17, 1985 | access-date= 2007-08-25}}</ref><ref>Morris Dees and Steve Fiffer. ''Hate on Trial: The Case Against America's Most Dangerous Neo-Nazi''. Villard Books, 1993. p. xiiv.</ref>

====Oklahoma City bombing====
{{See also|Oklahoma City bombing|Timothy McVeigh|Terry Nichols}}
On April 19, 1995, [[Gulf War]] [[veteran]] and [[Anti-government terrorist attacks in the United States|anti-government]] extremist [[Timothy McVeigh]] detonated an [[ammonium nitrate]] bomb out of a [[Ryder]] rental truck next to the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]] in [[Oklahoma City]], killing 168 people and injuring 680. It was the deadliest act of [[domestic terrorism]] in the history of the United States.{{sfn|Michael|2003|p=107}} McVeigh stated that it was committed in retaliation for the government's actions at [[Ruby Ridge]] and [[Waco siege|Waco]].<ref name="WacoRubyMcN">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=McVeigh offers little remorse in letters |url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/061001/new_mcveigh.shtml |date=June 10, 2001 |work=[[The Topeka Capital-Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527165230/http://cjonline.com/stories/061001/new_mcveigh.shtml |archive-date=May 27, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Terry Nichols]], a friend of McVeigh, conspired in the plot to construct the bomb.

====Eric Rudolph====
[[Eric Rudolph]] executed a series of terrorist attacks between 1996 and 1998. He carried out the 1996 [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]] – which claimed two lives and injured 111 – aiming to cancel the games, claiming they promoted global socialism and to embarrass the U.S. government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4600480|title=Full Text of Eric Rudolph's Confession|website=NPR.org|date=14 April 2005 }}</ref> Rudolph confessed to bombing an abortion clinic in Sandy Springs, an Atlanta suburb, on January 16, 1997, the Otherside Lounge, an Atlanta lesbian bar, on February 21, 1997, injuring five and an [[abortion clinic]] in Birmingham, Alabama on January 29, 1998, killing Birmingham police officer and part-time clinic security guard Robert Sanderson and critically injuring nurse [[Emily Lyons]]. He was linked an extreme right-wing group.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/domestic-terrorism|title=Domestic terrorism: an overview|chapter=Terrorism and Homeland Security |website=science direct.com|date=2013 |pages=425–473 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-387846-5 |quote="Rudolph had associations with the [[Racism|racist]] [[Christian fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] group [[Christian Identity]] (an extreme right-wing group)."}}</ref>

====Jewish Defense League====
{{Main|Meir Kahane|Kahanism}}

{{See also|Jewish Defense League}}
The [[Jewish Defense League]] is a [[Judaism|Jewish]] religious-political organization in the United States, its stated goal is to "protect Jews from [[antisemitism]] by [[By any means necessary|whatever means necessary]]".<ref name="backgrounder">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp|title=Anti-Defamation League on JDL|publisher=Adl.org|access-date=2011-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414090038/http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp|archive-date=2010-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] has classified it as "a right wing terrorist group" since 2001,<ref name=fbi>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror|title=FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001|publisher=Fbi.gov|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007083445/https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and it has been designated as a [[hate group]] by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/jewish-defense-league |title=Jewish Defense League |access-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126050947/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/jewish-defense-league |archive-date=2016-01-26 |url-status=live | website=Southern Poverty Law Center }}</ref> According to the FBI, the JDL has been involved in plotting and executing acts of terrorism within the United States.<ref name=fbi /><ref>{{cite book|title=The Achille Lauro Hijacking: Lessons in the Politics and Prejudice of Terrorism|first=Michael K.|last=Bohn|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=754tx7I-98cC&pg=PA67 67]|year=2004|publisher=Brassey's Inc.|isbn=1-57488-779-3}}</ref> As of 2015, most terrorism watch groups classified the group as inactive.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-317-46109-8| last = Ross| first = Jeffrey Ian| title = Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present| date = 2015-03-04 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFfrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA394}}</ref>

====Events following the September 11 attacks====
{{Further|Aftermath of the September 11 attacks#Backlash and hate crimes}}
According to a report published by the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], as of 2020, right-wing terrorism accounted for the majority of terrorist attacks and plots in the United States.<ref name="Wilson Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Jason |date=June 27, 2020|title=Violence by far right is among US's most dangerous terrorist threats, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/27/us-far-right-violence-terrorist-threat-analysis |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref> As of June 2023, the [[New America Foundation]] placed the number killed in terrorist attacks in the United States since the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] (9/11) as follows: 130 killed in far-right attacks, 107 killed in jihadist attacks, 17 killed in [[Misogynist terrorism|"ideological misogyny/incel" attacks]], 12 killed in [[Black separatism|black separatist]]/[[Black nationalism|nationalist]]/[[Black supremacy|supremacist]] attacks, and 1 killed in a [[far-left]] attack.<ref name="NewAmericaTally">{{cite report|title=In Depth: Terrorism in America After 9/11|chapter=What is the Threat to the United States Today? (see linked table)|chapter-url=https://www.newamerica.org/international-security/reports/terrorism-in-america/what-is-the-threat-to-the-united-states-today/|publisher=New America Foundation|access-date=November 18, 2023}}</ref>

According to a 2017 [[Government Accountability Office]] report, 73% of violent extremist incidents that resulted in deaths since 9/11, were caused by right-wing extremist groups, while radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] extremists were responsible for 27%. The total number of deaths which were caused by each group was about the same, but 41% of the deaths which were attributable to radical Islamists occurred in a single event – the 2016 [[Orlando nightclub shooting]] in which 49 people were killed by a lone gunman. No deaths were attributed to [[Left-wing terrorism|left-wing terrorist]] groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/683984.pdf|title=COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM: Actions Needed to Define Strategy and Assess Progress of Federal Efforts|publisher=United States Government Accountability Office|date=April 2017|access-date=November 30, 2018|quote="According to the [US Extremist Crime Database], activities of far left wing violent extremist groups did not result in any fatalities during this period."}}</ref><ref>Eddington, Patrick G. [https://www.cato.org/blog/gao-weighs-countering-violent-extremism "GAO Weighs in on 'Countering Violent Extremism{{'"}}]. Cato Institute. N.p., 13 Apr. 2017. Web. 04 June 2017.</ref>

====White supremacy====
In October 2020, the [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] reported that [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] posed the top [[domestic terrorism]] threat, which FBI director [[Christopher A. Wray|Christopher Wray]] confirmed in March 2021, noting that the bureau had elevated the threat to the same level as the threat which was posed by [[Islamic State|ISIS]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/06/politics/white-supremacists-anarchists-dhs-homeland-threat-assessment/index.html|title=White supremacists remain deadliest US terror threat, Homeland Security report says|first=Geneva|last=Sands|website=CNN|date=6 October 2020 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Bump |first1=Philip |title=FBI Director Wray reconfirms the threat posed by racist extremists |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/02/fbi-director-wray-reconfirms-threat-posed-by-racist-extremists/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 2, 2021}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/wray-senate-hearing-capitol-riot-white-supremacists-b1810615.html|title=White supremacists on par with ISIS as 'top threat,' FBI director says at Captiol riot hearing|date=March 3, 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/04/white-supremacists-terror-threat-dhs-409236|title=DHS draft document: White supremacists are greatest terror threat|website=POLITICO|date=4 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Homeland Threat Assessment − October 2020 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2020_10_06_homeland-threat-assessment.pdf |publisher=US Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/barr-gop-present-antifa-major-threat-but-no-evidence-killings-2020-7|title=Trump, Barr, and the GOP present antifa as a major threat in the US, but they're not killing people — unlike white supremacists|first=John|last=Haltiwanger|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

====Further reports====
A 2019 report stated that 50 people in the United States were killed in murders which were committed by domestic extremists (the murders included ideologically and non-ideologically motivated homicides) during the previous year. Of these killings, 78% of them were perpetrated by white supremacists, 16% of them were perpetrated by anti-government extremists, 4% of them were perpetrated by "[[incel]]" extremists, and 2% of them were perpetrated by domestic Islamist extremists.<ref name="Extremism2018">{{citation|url=https://www.adl.org/media/12480/download|title=Murder and Extremism in the United States in 2018|publisher=Anti-Defamation League Center on Hate and Extremism|pages=13–18|date=January 2019}}</ref> Over the broader 2009 to 2018 time period, a total of 313 people were killed by right-wing extremists in the United States (the crimes included ideologically and non-ideologically motivated homicides), of those homicides, 76% of them were committed by white supremacists, 19% of them were committed by anti-government extremists (including those extremists who were affiliated with the [[American militia movement|militia]], "[[sovereign citizen]]", [[tax protester]], and [[Patriot movement|"Patriot" movements]]), 3% of them were committed by "incel" extremists, 1% of them were committed by [[Anti-abortion violence|anti-abortion extremists]], and 1% of them were committed by other right-wing extremists.<ref name="Extremism2018"/>

Soon after the [[assassination of Charlie Kirk]], U.S. President Trump claimed that "the radicals on the left are the problem" with political violence.<ref name=NYTimes_20250912>{{cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David |title=Trump Downplays Violence on the Right and Says the Left Is the Problem |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/12/us/politics/trump-charlie-kirk-shooting.html |work=The New York Times |date=September 12, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914051517/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/12/us/politics/trump-charlie-kirk-shooting.html |archive-date=September 14, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Opinion editors,<ref name="Van Reybrouck 2025">{{cite news |last1=Van Reybrouck |first1=David |title=We must not let the shooting of Charlie Kirk become Trump's Reichstag fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/sep/17/shooting-charlie-kirk-donald-trump-reichstag-fire-european-history-us-president |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917091032/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/sep/17/shooting-charlie-kirk-donald-trump-reichstag-fire-european-history-us-president |archive-date=September 17, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as both far-right commentators<ref name="Owen 2025">{{cite news |last1=Owen |first1=Tess |title=Far-right commentators echo Trump in calling for 'vengeance and retribution' for Charlie Kirk's death |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/11/charlie-kirk-shooting-death-trump-reaction |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918221643/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/11/charlie-kirk-shooting-death-trump-reaction |archive-date=September 18, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Trump critics,<ref name="Horsey 2025">{{cite news |last1=Horsey |first1=David |title=Is this America's Reichstag fire moment? |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/is-this-americas-reichstag-fire-moment/ |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=September 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920114415/https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/is-this-americas-reichstag-fire-moment/ |archive-date=September 20, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> have compared Charlie Kirk's killing to the [[Reichstag fire]]—the 1933 arson of the [[Reichstag building|German parliament building]] that Hitler used as a [[pretext]] to suspend civil liberties and prosecute political opposition<ref name="Horsey 2025"/>—some calling Kirk's killing Trump's "Reichstag fire moment".<ref name="Van Reybrouck 2025"/> ''[[How Democracies Die]]'' author, professor [[Steven Levitsky]], said that exploiting Charlie Kirk's killing to justify unleashing attacks on critics is "page one of the [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] playbook".<ref name=Guardian_20251011>{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Peter |title=‘Page one of the authoritarian playbook’: how Trump and allies are exploiting Kirk’s killing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/11/charlie-kirk-trump-maga-allies |work=The Guardian |date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011121928/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/11/charlie-kirk-trump-maga-allies |archive-date=11 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2023, according to New America's tally, 133 people have been killed in right-wing extremist terrorist attacks since 9/11. The incidents which caused deaths were the following:<ref name="NewAmericaTally"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Occurrence !! Location !! Victims Wounded* !! Victims Killed*
|-
|2023
|[[2023 Jacksonville shooting|Jacksonville Dollar General shooting]]
|[[Jacksonville, Florida]]
|0
|3
|-
| 2023 || [[2023 Allen, Texas outlet mall shooting|Allen, Texas outlet mall shooting]] || [[Allen, Texas]] || 7 || 8
|-
| 2022 || [[2022 Buffalo shooting|Buffalo supermarket shooting]] || [[Buffalo, New York]] || 3 || 10
|-
| 2020 || [[2020 boogaloo murders|Boogaloo murders]] || [[Oakland, California]] [[Santa Cruz, California]] || 3 || 2
|-
| 2019 || [[2019 El Paso shooting|El Paso Walmart shooting]] || [[El Paso, Texas]] || 26 || 22
|-
| 2019 || [[Poway synagogue shooting]] || [[Poway, California]] || 3 || 1
|-
| 2018 || [[2018 Jeffersontown shooting|Jeffersontown Kroger shooting]] || [[Jeffersontown, Kentucky]] || 0 || 2
|-
| 2018 || Murder of Robert Miller || [[Murfreesboro, Tennessee]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2018 || [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]] || [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] || 7 || 11
|-
| 2018 || [[Murder of Blaze Bernstein]] || |[[Orange County, California]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2018 || Murder of MeShon Cooper-Williams || [[Kansas City, Missouri]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2018 || Murders of Danny and Deanna Lorenzo || [[Lee County, Florida]] || 0 || 2
|-
| 2017 || [[Murder of Richard Collins III]]|| [[College Park, Maryland]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2017 || [[Charlottesville car attack|Car-ramming attack into counter-protesters]] at the white nationalist [[Unite the Right rally]] || [[Charlottesville, Virginia]] || 28 || 1
|-
| 2017 || [[2017 Portland train attack|Portland train attack]] || [[Portland, Oregon]] || 1 || 2
|-
| 2017 || [[Murder of Timothy Caughman]] || [[New York City, New York]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2015 || [[2015 Lafayette shooting|Shooting at a showing]] of the film ''[[Trainwreck (film)|Trainwreck]]'' || [[Lafayette, Louisiana]] || 9 || 2
|-
| 2015 || [[Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting|Planned Parenthood shooting]] || [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]] || 9 || 3
|-
| 2015 || [[Charleston church shooting]] at the [[Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church]] || [[Charleston, South Carolina]] || 1 || 9
|-
| 2014 || [[2014 Pennsylvania State Police barracks attack|Attack on Pennsylvania State Police barracks]] || [[Blooming Grove, Pennsylvania]] || 1 || 1
|-
| 2014 || [[2014 Las Vegas shootings|Ambush attack on Las Vegas police officers]] || [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] || || 3
|-
| 2014 || [[Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting]] || [[Overland Park, Kansas]] || || 3
|-
| 2013 || [[2013 Los Angeles International Airport shooting|Los Angeles International Airport shooting]] attack on TSA officer || [[Los Angeles, California]] || 6 || 1
|-
| 2013 || Double murder committed by Jeremy Lee Moody and Christine Moody || [[Jonesville, South Carolina]] || 0 || 2
|-
| 2012 || Ambush attack against [[St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana|St. John the Baptist Parish]] police || [[St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana]] || 2 || 2
|-
| 2012 || [[Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting]] || [[Oak Creek, Wisconsin]] || 4 || 6
|-
| 2011 || Tri-state killing spree by white supremacists David Pedersen and Holly Grigsby || Multiple || || 4
|-
| 2011 || [[FEAR (terrorist group)|FEAR]] group attacks || [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] || || 3
|-
| 2011 || [[Murder of James Craig Anderson]] || [[Jackson, Mississippi]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2010 || Murder committed by [[Aryan Brotherhood]] members || [[Mississippi]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2010 || Shooting at bookstore cafe perpetrated by Ross William Muehlberger || [[Wichita Falls, Texas]] || 4 || 1
|-
| 2010 || Murder of Todd Getgen<ref>[https://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2010/08/suspect_in_shooting_death_of_e.html "Police: Suspect in Pa. lawyer's killing at range says he stole guns to help overthrow US gov't"], Associated Press (August 2, 2010).</ref><ref>Mary Klaus (August 1, 2010), [https://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2010/08/suspect_in_shooting_death_of_e.html "Suspect in shooting death of Enola lawyer was arming rebel group, district attorney says"], ''The Patriot-News'' (Pittsburgh).</ref> || [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2009 || Murder of sex offender by white supremacists || [[North Palm Springs, California]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2009 || Murder committed by Charles Francis Gaskins || [[Carmichael, California]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2009 || [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting]] || [[Washington, D.C.]] || 1 || 1
|-
| 2009 || [[Assassination of George Tiller]] || [[Wichita, Kansas]] || 1 || 1
|-
| 2009 || [[Murders of Raul and Brisenia Flores]] || [[Arivaca, Arizona]] || 1 || 2
|-
| 2009 || [[2009 shooting of Pittsburgh police officers|Shooting of Pittsburgh police officers]] || [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] || 2 || 3
|-
| 2008 || [[Woodburn bank bombing]] || [[Woodburn, Oregon]] || 2 || 2
|-
| 2008 || [[Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting]] || [[Knoxville, Tennessee]] || 8 || 2
|-
| 2007 || Murder of homeless man by Aryan Soldiers || || 0 || 1
|-
| 2006 || Murder committed by John Ditullio || || 1 || 1
|-
| 2004 || Bank robbery || [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2003 || Torture, abduction and murder || [[Salinas, California]] || 0 || 1
|-
| 2001 || Post-September 11 shootings || Multiple || 1 || 2
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" class="unsortable" | '''<nowiki>*</nowiki>''' Count of "victims killed" and "victims wounded" excludes attackers.
|}


====Prevalence of right-wing terrorism compared to the prevalence of left-wing terrorism====
A report in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', published on November 25, 2018, showed that the number of violent right-wing-related incidents had gone up, and the number of left-wing-related incidents had gone down. In total, the number of domestic terrorism incidents had gone down to 41 in 2001, from a high of 468 in 1970, but then, it went up to 65 in 2017. Of those 65 incidents in 2017, 36 of them were right-wing-related (with 11 fatalities), 10 of them were left-wing-related (with 6 fatalities), 7 of them were related to Islamist extremism (with 16 fatalities), and 12 of them, including the [[2017 Las Vegas shooting]], were categorized as "Other/Unknown" (with 62 fatalities, including 58 from the Las Vegas incident at the time). The report found that 2018 was a particularly deadly year, with 11 people dying in the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]], 2 others in an incident in Kentucky, and two more in a [[2018 Tallahassee shooting|shooting in Tallahassee]]. All three incidents were right-wing related.<ref name=wapo112518>Lowery, Wesley; Kindy, Kimberly; and Ba Tran, Andrew (November 25, 2018). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/in-the-united-states-right-wing-violence-is-on-the-rise/2018/11/25/61f7f24a-deb4-11e8-85df-7a6b4d25cfbb_story.html "In the United States, right-wing violence is on the rise"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref>

===="Unite the Right" rally====
{{Main article|Unite the Right rally}}

The ''Post'' reported that the upsurge in right-wing violence began during the [[Barack Obama administration]] and picked up steam under the presidency of [[Donald Trump]], whose remarks after the [[Unite the Right rally]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], in 2017 that there were "some very fine people on both sides" is widely seen as giving confidence to the right that the administration looked favorably on their goals, providing them with "tacit support". A former FBI assistant director for counterintelligence, is quoted as saying that "[political leaders] from the White House down, used to serve as a check on conduct and speech that was abhorrent to most people. I see that eroding. ... The current political rhetoric is at least enabling, and certainly not discouraging, violence."<ref name=wapo112518 />

According to analysis by the newspaper of data from the [[Global Terrorism Database]], 92 of 263 domestic terrorism events – 35% – that occurred from 2010 to 2017 were right-wing related, while 38 (14%) were Islamist extremist-related, and 34 (13%) were left-wing related. Not only that, but a criminologist from [[John Jay College]] stated that right-wing attacks were statistically more likely to result in fatalities.<ref name=wapo112518 />

====2021 United States Capitol attack====
{{Main article|January 6 United States Capitol attack}}

[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|A mob of Trump supporters storm the [[United States Capitol]] building on January 6, 2021.]]
On January 6, 2021, a mob of [[riot]]ers supporting President Trump's [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|attempts to overturn]] the 2020 United States presidential election, [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|stormed the U.S. Capitol]] during speeches made by Trump and his allies at a rally. After breaching multiple police perimeters, they damaged and occupied parts of the building for several hours. [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] units from several states were called up to deal with the violence, while the riots resulted in six deaths (four rioters and two police officers), over 80 arrests, and 116 officers being injured. Several high-profile members of the government and Capitol security resigned, including the chief of the [[United States Capitol Police|Capitol Police]], the Sergeant-at-Arms of both the [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate|Senate]]. Over 70 other countries and international organizations expressed their concerns over the protests and condemned the violence. One group involved, the [[Proud Boys]], was designated a terrorist organization in [[Canada]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Aiello|first=Rachel|date=2021-02-03|title=Canada adds Proud Boys to terror list|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-adds-proud-boys-to-terror-list-1.5293967|access-date=2021-02-03|website=CTVNews|language=en|archive-date=February 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206214229/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-adds-proud-boys-to-terror-list-bringing-range-of-legal-financial-implications-1.5293967|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 February 2021|title=Government of Canada lists 13 new groups as terrorist entities and completes review of seven others|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|url-status=live|website=www.canada.ca|location=[[Ottawa]]|publisher=[[Government of Canada]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203182322/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/03/politics/proud-boys-indicted-capitol-riot/index.html|title=New charges allege Proud Boys prepped for Capitol insurrection|first1=Evan|last1=Perez|first2=Katelyn|last2=Polantz|first3=Mallory|last3=Simon|website=CNN|date=3 February 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021|archive-date=February 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212210802/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/03/politics/proud-boys-indicted-capitol-riot/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/us/politics/capitol-riot-charges.html|title=Justice Department Unveils Further Charges in Capitol Riot|first1=Katie|last1=Benner|first2=Alan|last2=Feuer|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 4, 2021|access-date=February 4, 2021|archive-date=February 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212210858/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/us/politics/capitol-riot-charges.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, at least two dozen Proud Boys members and affiliates have been indicted for their alleged roles in the insurrection.<ref name="CNN-Indicted">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/03/politics/proud-boys-indicted-capitol-riot/index.html|title=New charges allege Proud Boys prepped for Capitol insurrection|first1=Evan|last1=Perez|first2=Katelyn|last2=Polantz|first3=Mallory|last3=Simon|website=CNN|date=3 February 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021|archive-date=February 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212210834/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/03/politics/proud-boys-indicted-capitol-riot/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=2 Oregon brothers arrested for attack on US Capitol|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/03/24/oregon-brothers-arrested-fbi-us-capitol-violence/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=opb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Olmos|first1=Sergio|last2=Baker|first2=Mike|last3=Feuer|first3=Alan|date=2021-08-24|title=Even Amid a Crackdown, the Proud Boys Are Still Agitating|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/23/us/proud-boys-enrique-tarrio.html|access-date=2021-09-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

During congressional testimony two months after the Capitol assault, FBI director [[Christopher A. Wray|Christopher Wray]] characterized the incident as "domestic terrorism". Although he did not attribute the assault to a specific group, he made clear that the evidence showed a connection to right-wing extremism, particularly militia groups. When asked if "right-wing white supremacist groups played an instrumental role", Wray explained that the FBI did not use labels about political positioning, but agreed "we're basically saying the same thing."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/03/02/972539274/fbi-director-wray-testifies-before-congress-for-1st-time-since-capitol-attack|title=Wray Stresses Role Of Right-Wing Extremism In Hearing About Jan. 6 Riot|website=NPR.org|date=2 March 2021 |last1=Naylor |first1=Brian |last2=Lucas |first2=Ryan }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/02/fbi-director-wray-reconfirms-threat-posed-by-racist-extremists/|title=Analysis | FBI Director Wray reconfirms the threat posed by racist extremists|first=Philip|last=Bump|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Wray testified that the top threat of domestic violent extremists were "specifically those who advocate for the superiority of the white race", alongside the threat posed by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/wray-senate-hearing-capitol-riot-white-supremacists-b1810615.html|title=White supremacists on par with ISIS as 'top threat,' FBI director says at Captiol riot hearing|date=March 3, 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref> Despite efforts by many conservatives, including during the congressional hearing, to blame [[antifa (United States)|antifa]] for the attack, Wray reiterated that the FBI had found no evidence to support the allegations. A February 2021 poll found that 58% of Republicans believe the Capitol riot was "mostly an antifa-inspired attack that only involved a few Trump supporters".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/fbi-director-wray-repeatedly-refutes-claims-antifa-activists-attacked-capitol-n1259297|title=FBI Director Christopher Wray repeatedly rebuts claims that antifa activists attacked Capitol|website=NBC News|date=2 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/us/politics/antifa-conspiracy-capitol-riot.html|title=How Pro-Trump Forces Pushed a Lie About Antifa at the Capitol Riot|first1=Michael M.|last1=Grynbaum|first2=Davey|last2=Alba|author-link=Davey Alba2|first3=Reid J.|last3=Epstein|newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 1, 2021}}</ref>

==Europe==
{{Main|Terrorism in Europe}}

{{See also|Antisemitism in Europe|Fascism in Europe|Racism in Europe|Radical right (Europe)}}

===Belgium===
[[Westland New Post]] was an underground neo-Nazi terror group in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/westland-new-post-wnp|title=Westland New Post (WNP) | Terrorist Groups | TRAC|website=www.trackingterrorism.org}}</ref> They are suspected of involvement in the [[Brabant killers|Brabant killings]] in which 28 people were killed over a four year period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/police-are-running-out-of-time-to-catch-the-crazy-brabant-killers/|title=Police Are Running Out of Time to Catch the 'Crazy Brabant Killers'|website=Vice.com|date=24 October 2014 }}</ref>

===Denmark===
Neo-Nazis were suspected to have perpetrated the [[1992 Copenhagen bombing]], in which the office of a left-wing socialist party was attacked, killing one of its members.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.b.dk/nationalt/afdoed-nynazist-haevdes-at-staa-bag-brevbombe | title=Afdød nynazist hævdes at stå bag brevbombe| date=2013-04-26}}</ref>

===Finland===
{{See also|Far-right politics in Finland|White Terror (Finland)}}[[File:Teloitettuja ja kaatuneita Näsilinnan itäpäädyssä (26364614164).jpg|thumb|Murdered leftists in [[Tampere]] (1918)]]
In the 1920s–1940s, far-right and fascist groups attacked left-wing events and politicians systematically, resulting in deaths. The groups were responsible for bombing and burning down gathering places of the leftists. Minister of the Interior [[Heikki Ritavuori]] was assassinated for supposedly being too lenient towards communists.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/966 | publisher=[[Suomen kansallisbiografia]] | title=Heikki Ritavuori}}</ref><ref>Iltalehti Teema Historia: Lapuan liike, Alma Media, 2015, pp. 34–35.</ref> Conservative and [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guard]] authorities supported the far-right to a large extent, for instance the social democrat politician [[Onni Happonen]] was arrested by police who then turned him over to a fascist lynch mob to be killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lessonsforfuture.com/archivos/LP1-finlandiapdf.pdf |title=Onni Happonen – a Man to Die for Democracy |date=2014 |work=Ahmo School |publisher=Lessons for Future |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

In 1945, after the armistice with the Soviet Union, nationalist groups bombed multiple left-wing targets in Helsinki. Attacks in [[Haaga]] and [[Vallila]] against left-wing papers and meeting halls followed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201801182200677781 |title=Okkultistinen "valtakunnanjohtaja" seurasi lukiolaisten pommi-iskuja – tällainen on Suomen äärioikeiston historia |publisher=[[Iltalehti]] | access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> A group identifying themselves as "fascists from [[Munkkiniemi]]" used dynamite and IEDs built from anti-aircraft shells to blow up the headquarters of ''Vapaa Sana'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-4342168 |title="Kääntäkää aseenne ihmiskunnan suurinta vihollista, kommunismia vastaan!" |publisher=[[Yle]] | first=Harri| last=Alanne}}</ref>

During the Cold War, far-right activism was limited to small illegal groups such as the [[Turku Society for the Spiritual Sciences|clandestine Nazi occultist group]] led by [[Pekka Siitoin]] who made headlines after [[Kursiivi printing house arson|arson and bombing]] of the printing houses of the [[Communist Party of Finland]]. His associates also sent [[letter bomb]]s to leftists, including to the headquarters of the [[Left Youth (Finland)|Finnish Democratic Youth League]].<ref>[https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000005528696.html Kekkonen sai tarpeekseen Suomen natseista – 1977 Supolle lähti tuima kirje: "Mikä tämä tanssi Siitoimen ympärillä on?"], [[Iltasanomat]], Miika Viljakainen</ref> Another group called the "New Patriotic People's Movement" bombed the left-wing ''[[Kansan Uutiset]]'' newspaper and the embassy of communist Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-4342434 |title="Minä vannon uhraavani kaikkeni sille työlle, joka koituu maani ja kansani parhaaksi!" |publisher=[[Yle]] | first=Harri| last=Alanne}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksml.fi/kulttuuri/Kirja-arvio-Marginaaliset-mellastajat/1096708 |title=Kirja-arvio: Marginaaliset mellastajat |author=Alanko, Aki |date=19 January 2018 |publisher=[[Keskisuomalainen]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201801182200677781 |title=Okkultistinen "valtakunnanjohtaja" seurasi lukiolaisten pommi-iskuja – tällainen on Suomen äärioikeiston historia | author=Muurinen, Juha | publisher =[[Iltalehti]]}}</ref> Member of the [[Nordic Realm Party]] Seppo Seluska was convicted of the torture and murder of a gay [[Jew]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maestre|first=Antonio|author-link=Antonio Maestre|date=26 November 2019|title=Nadia es nuestra Danuta|url=https://www.lasexta.com/el-muro/antonio-maestre/nadia-nuestra-danuta_201911265ddcef480cf2ab850a60192c.html|work=[[LaSexta]]|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Pienszka|first=Magdalena|date=13 April 2020|title=Kobieta z torebką atakuje skinheada. Za legendarnym zdjęciem stoi smutna historia|url=https://ksiazki.wp.pl/kobieta-z-torebka-atakuje-skinheada-za-legendarnym-zdjeciem-stoi-smutna-historia-6499560997025921a|work=[[WP (Polish TV channel)|WP Ksiazki]]|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Previdelli|first=Fabio|date=2 May 2020|title=Muito além da foto: Danuta Danielsson, a mulher que deu bolsada em um neonazista|url=https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/reportagem/muito-alem-da-foto-danuta-danielsson-a-mulher-que-deu-bolsada-em-um-neonazista.phtml|work=Aventuras na História|language=pt-br}}</ref>

In 1975 in [[Petäjävesi]] an election campaign event of the communist [[SKDL]] was bombed by self-declared neo-fascists. There were no deaths although the bomb caused material damages.<ref> Tommi Kotonen: Politiikan juoksuhaudat – Äärioikeistoliikkeet Suomessa kylmän sodan aikana, Atena, Jyväskylä 2018. p. 239.</ref> In November 1978, the office of the Southern Saimaa Union of Socialist Youth was destroyed in an arson attack. The perpetrators left behind a swastika painted on the wall.<ref>Häkkinen, Perttu; Iitti, Vesa (2022). Lightbringers of the North: Secrets of the Occult Tradition of Finland. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-64411-464-3. p. 154.</ref>

The skinhead culture gained momentum during the late 1980s and peaked during the late 1990s. In 1991, Finland received a number of Somali immigrants who became the main target of Finnish skinhead violence in the following years, including four attacks using explosives and a racist murder. Asylum seeker centres were attacked, in [[Joensuu]] skinheads would force their way into an asylum seeker centre and start shooting with shotguns. At worst Somalis were assaulted by 50 skinheads at the same time.<ref>[http://www.hs.fi/elama/a1381948605154 Seitsemän vuotta uusnatsina] Helsingin sanomat 17.10.2013</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/64981/Ravndal_with+title+page.pdf?sequence=2|title=Right-Wing Terrorism and Militancy in the Nordic Countries: A Comparative Case Study|publisher=[[University of Oslo]] Center for Research on Extremism |access-date=5 November 2020 | quote=One particularly severe episode happened in 1997, when a group of about 50 skinheads attacked Somali youths playing football in the Helsinki suburb Kontula. The violence did not stop before the police started shooting warning shots, and 22 skinheads were sentenced for the attack. Pekonen et al. also mention a number of other violent events from the 1990s, including ten particularly severe events from 1995 (not included in the RTV dataset because sufficient event details are lacking): a racist murder, an immigrant stabbed by a skinhead, four attacks on immigrants using explosives, and another four immigrants beaten severely.}}</ref>

The most prominent neo-Nazi group [[Nordic Resistance Movement]] that is tied to multiple murders, attempted murders and assaults of political enemies was found in 2006 and proscribed in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/extreme_right_radicals_seeking_more_visible_presence_in_finland/6478162|title=Extreme right radicals seeking more visible presence in Finland|date=2 February 2013 |publisher=[[Finnish Broadcasting Company]]|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> During the [[European migrant crisis]] 40 asylum seeker reception centres were targets of arson attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/arson_attempt_at_slated_asylum_seeker_centre/8524525|title=Arson attempt at slated asylum seeker centre|date=12 December 2015 |publisher=[[Finnish Broadcasting Company]]|access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.finlandtimes.fi/national/2016/01/13/24190/Suspected-arson-attack-on-refugee-center-in-Tampere|title=Suspected arson attack on refugee center in Tampere|publisher=Finland Times|access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> In its annual threat assessment for 2020, the [[National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)|National Bureau of Investigation]] found that despite the ban, the threat of far-right terrorism had risen and identified 400 persons of interest "motivated and with the capacity to perform terrorism in Finland". International links and funding networks were pointed out as a special source of concern.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uusisuomi.fi/uutiset/supo-aarioikeistolaisen-terrorismin-uhka-kohonnut-kannattajia-tunnistettu-myos-suomessa/8dd698dc-6d4e-4bbc-80da-f851ca3780ae |title=Supo: Äärioikeistolaisen terrorismin uhka kohonnut – Kannattajia tunnistettu myös Suomessa |website=[[Uusi Suomi]] | date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

On 4 December 2021, the Finnish police arrested a [[Kankaanpää terrorism arrests|five-man cell in Kankaanpää]] on suspicion of planning a terror attack and confiscated numerous firearms including assault rifles and forty kilos of explosives and hundreds of litres of explosive precursors. According to the Finnish media the men adhered to the ideology of [[Atomwaffen]] and [[James Mason (neo-Nazi)|James Mason]] and used Atomwaffen-like symbols.<ref>{{cite news | title=Terroristiepäilyjen taustalla pahamaineinen Siege-kulttuuri – tästä siinä on kyse| work=[[Iltalehti]] | date=December 7, 2021 | url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/323fc7b7-1b05-4cfa-bcc1-22e4fa056c20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kankaanpään epäiltyjen maailmankatsomus on marginaalinen jopa äärioikeiston sisällä – tutkijat kertovat, mitä akselerationismista tiedetään| work=[[Aamulehti]] | date=December 7, 2021 | url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008453532.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Äärioikeistolainen ideologia terrorismin näkökulmasta| work=[[Finnish Security Intelligence Service]] | date=December 7, 2021 | url=https://supo.fi/aarioikeistolainen-ideologia}}</ref>

In July 2022, a group of youth stole all the rainbow flags from a library in [[Lapua]] and left an improvised explosive device behind. There were no casualties but a gay pride event was interrupted by the explosion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lapualla räjähti kotitekoinen "putkirkapeisommi" Pride-tapahtuman lähellä – tämä tapauksesta tiedetään| work=[[Iltasanomat]] | date=July 8, 2022| url=https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008928109.html}}</ref> On 26 August 2022 a bomb exploded near a pride in [[Savonlinna]], the police has arrested two locals for the act.<ref>[https://www.ita-savo.fi/uutissuomalainen/4812797 Pride-tapahtuman lähistöllä Savonlinnassa räjäytettiin kotitekoinen pullopommi – poliisi epäilee teosta kahta alaikäista poikaa], Itä-Savo, 29 August 2022</ref> In July 2023 the Finnish police arrested five men in [[Lahti]] who possessed assault rifles and adhered to accelerationism and [[Siege (Mason book)|Siege]] and planned to ignite a race war by attacking the infrastructure, electric grid and railroads.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20041960|title=Terrorismista epäilty Lahden uusnatsi vainosi tummaihoista perhettä – ampui konepistoolilla perheen postilaatikkoa ja julkaisi teosta videon|work=[[Yle]]|date=21 July 2023}}</ref> A man affiliated with the Lahti group is also suspected of plotting a ritual murder and sending a string of letter bombs sent to Social Democrat, Green and Left party offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20059419|title=Puoluetoimistojen valepommi-iskuista epäilty "maisteri" on ollut perussuomalaisten jäsen|work=[[Yleisradio]]|date=9 November 2023}}</ref>

In mid-June 2024, there was a series of racist stabbings in [[Oulu]]. One of the perpetrators was on the terror watchlist for connections to the outlawed terror group [[Nordic Resistance Movement]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/80710df7-99b9-47e8-b156-e7b8560c2134|title=Tämän vuoksi poliisi epäili 15-vuotiasta puukottajaa rasistiksi|date=11 July 2024|work=[[Iltalehti]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/mtv-n-tiedot-oulussa-lasta-puukottanut-on-ollut-taustansa-vuoksi-yksi-terrorismin-torjunnan-kohdehenkiloista/8958040|title=MTV:n tiedot: Oulussa lasta puukottanut on ollut taustansa vuoksi yksi terrorismin torjunnan kohdehenkilöistä|date=11 July 2024|work=MTV Uutiset}}</ref> Another perpetrator was a supporter of the NRM as well. The third attacker was unaffiliated. The three men stabbed several people with a perceived immigrant background, causing life-threatening injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hs.fi/alueet/art-2000010899408.html|work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|date=16 December 2024|title=16-vuotiasta lukiolaispoikaa puukotettiin kävelyllä täysin yllättäen – "Koko elämä meni uusiksi", hän kertoo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aamulehti.fi/rikos/art-2000010905655.html|work=[[Aamulehti]]|date=16 December 2024|title=Oulun kauppakeskus Valkeassa ulkomaalais_taustaista miesta puukottanut teini oli syyntakeeton}}</ref>

===France===
{{See also|Terrorism in France}}
France has a modern history of right-wing terrorism that dates back to the middle of the 20th century. Historically, right-wing terrorism was tied to rage over the loss of France's colonial possessions in Africa, particularly, the loss of [[Algeria]]. In 1961, the [[Organisation armée secrète]] or OAS, a right-wing terrorist group that protested against Algerian independence from France, launched a bomb attack on board a [[Strasbourg]]–[[Paris]] train which killed 28 people.<ref name="LeFigaro-7-Jan-2015">{{cite news |title=L'attentat le plus meurtrier depuis Vitry-Le-François en 1961 |language=fr |trans-title=The deadliest attack since Vitry-Le-François in 1961 |first=Marie-Estelle |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2015/01/07/01016-20150107ARTFIG00178-historique-des-attentats-en-france-depuis-1994.php |last=Pech |work=Le Figaro |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2021-05-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109121648/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2015/01/07/01016-20150107ARTFIG00178-historique-des-attentats-en-france-depuis-1994.php |archive-date=9 January 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

On 14 December 1973, the far-right [[Charles Martel Group]] orchestrated a bomb attack at the Consulate of Algeria, killing 4 people and injuring 20.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bomb at Algerian Consulate|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19731215&id=jItAAAAAIBAJ&pg=4570,2956030|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=The Glasgow Herald|date=15 December 1973|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

In the town of [[Toulon]], a far-right extremist group called SOS-France existed. On 18 August 1986, four members were driving a car carrying explosives, apparently in an attempt to bomb the offices of [[SOS Racisme]]. However it exploded while they were still in it, killing all four of them.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.apnews.com/b94eda4f669fd78ae616120b07cf66e8| title=Explosion in Car Kills Four| website=[[Associated Press]]| access-date=2018-07-25| archive-date=2022-08-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809193613/https://apnews.com/b94eda4f669fd78ae616120b07cf66e8| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In more recent times, far-right extremism in France has been fueled by the rise of anti-immigrant and far-right political movements. Neo-Nazi members of the [[French and European Nationalist Party]] were responsible for a pair of [[1988 Cannes and Nice attacks|anti-immigrant terror bombings]] in 1988. Sonacotra hostels in [[Cagnes-sur-Mer]] and Cannes were bombed, killing Romanian immigrant George Iordachescu and injuring 16 people, mostly Tunisians. In an attempt to [[False flag|frame Jewish extremists]] for the Cagnes-sur-Mer bombing, the terrorists left leaflets bearing [[Star of David|Stars of David]] and the name [[Masada]] at the scene, with the message "To destroy [[Israel]], Islam has chosen the sword. For this choice, Islam will perish."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenhouse|first1=Steven|title=Immigrant Hostel Bombed in France|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/20/world/immigrant-hostel-bombed-in-france.html|access-date=20 October 2014|work=New York Times|date=20 December 1988}}</ref>

On 28 May 2008, members of the neo-Nazi Nomad 88 group fired machine guns at people from their car in [[Saint-Michel-sur-Orge]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2008/06/03/un-groupuscule-neonazi-a-l-origine-d-une-fusillade_1053066_3224.html | title=Un groupuscule néonazi à l'origine d'une fusillade| newspaper=Le Monde.fr| date=2008-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/essonne/le-groupuscule-neonazi-decide-de-s-autodissoudre-04-06-2008-3298544168.php|title=Le groupuscule néonazi décide de s'autodissoudre|date=2008-06-03}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]], six mosques and a restaurant were attacked, the attacks were classified as acts of right-wing terrorism by the authorities.<ref name="Europol16">{{cite web|title=European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2016|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2016|year=2016|publisher=[[Europol]]|page=41}}</ref>

===Germany===
{{See also|Far-right politics in Germany|terrorism in Germany}}
[[File:Oktoberfest-Denkmal.jpg|thumb|Memorial commemorating victims of the Oktoberfest bombing]]
In 1980, a right-wing terrorist attack, known as [[Oktoberfest bombing]] in [[Munich]], Germany, killed 13 people, including the attacker, and injured 215. Fears of an ongoing campaign of major right-wing terrorist attacks did not materialize.{{sfn|Aubrey|2004|p=45}}

Right-wing extremist offenses in Germany rose sharply in 2015 and 2016.<ref name="Bleiker">Carla Bleiker, [https://www.dw.com/en/sharp-rise-in-right-wing-crime-in-germany-just-the-tip-of-the-iceberg/a-19041652 Sharp rise in right-wing crime in Germany just 'the tip of the iceberg'], [[Deutsche Welle]] (February 11, 2016).</ref> Figures from the German government tallied 316 violent xenophobic offences in 2014 and 612 such offenses in 2015.<ref name="Bleiker"/>

In August 2014, a group of four Germans founded a Munich-based far-right terrorist group, the Oldschool Society. The group, which held racist, antisemitic, and anti-Muslim views, eventually attracted 30 members.<ref name="APOldschoolsentence">Associated Press, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/15/germany-far-right-terrorist-group-four-jailed Four jailed in Germany for forming far-right terrorist group] (March 15, 2017).</ref> They stockpiled weapons and explosives and plotted to attack a refugee shelter in [[Saxony]],<ref name="APOldschoolsentence"/> but the group's leaders were arrested in May 2015 before carrying out the attack.<ref>Kate Brady, [https://www.dw.com/en/oldschool-society-neo-nazis-go-on-trial-for-refugee-home-attacks/a-19217024 'Oldschool Society' neo-Nazis go on trial for refugee home attacks], [[Deutsche Welle]] (April 27, 2016).</ref> In March 2017 four of the group's leaders were sentenced to prison terms.<ref name="APOldschoolsentence"/>

The perpetrator of a [[2016 Munich shooting|mass shooting in Munich in 2016]] had far-right views.<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/munich-shooter-liked-nazis-breivik-identified-as-aryan-says-report/a-39803749 "Munich shooter liked Nazis, Breivik, identified as Aryan, says report"]. [[Deutsche Welle]], 22 July 2017.</ref>

According to figures which were released by the interior ministry in May 2019, of an estimated 24,000 far-right extremists in the country, 12,700 Germans are inclined towards violence. Extremists belonging to [[The III. Path|Der Dritte Weg/The III. Path]] marched in through a town in Saxony on 1 May, the day before the [[Jewish]] remembrance of the [[Holocaust]], carrying flags and a banner saying "Social justice instead of criminal foreigners".<ref>{{cite news|website=BBC News|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48146966|title=Germany says half of extreme right 'prone to violence'|date=3 May 2019|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Walter Lübcke]], a [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU) politician from [[Hesse]] was assassinated at his home via gunshot because of his pro-migrant views by Stephan Ernst, a German Neo-Nazi who was a member of the British neo-Nazi terrorist group [[Combat 18]] (C18) and the [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] (NPD) who had engaged in a series of anti-migrant crimes and had been convicted for knife and bomb attacks against minorities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/26/far-right-suspect-confesses-to-killing-german-politician-walter-lubcke|title=Far-right suspect confesses to killing German politician|last=Le Blond|first=Josie|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=June 26, 2019}}</ref> Following the murder, the self-described [[Survivalism|"doomsday prepper"]] group [[Nordkreuz]] (German: Northern Cross) was discovered to have made kill lists of politicians and acquired body bags for a hypothetical "Day X" doomsday scenario; using the messaging app [[Telegram (app)|Telegram]] and a police database with 25,000 names, the group amassed firearms and ammunition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-neo-nazi-doomsday-prepper-network-ordered-body-bags-made-kill-lists/a-49410494|title=German neo-Nazi doomsday prepper network 'ordered body bags, made kill lists'|work=Deutsche Welle|access-date=June 29, 2019|date=June 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="BennholdNYT2020">{{cite web |last = Bennhold |first=Katrin | title=Body Bags and Enemy Lists: How Far-Right Police Officers and Ex-Soldiers Planned for 'Day X' | website=The New York Times | date=2020-08-01 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/01/world/europe/germany-nazi-infiltration.html | access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref>

On 19 February 2020, [[Hanau shootings|two mass shootings occurred]] at two [[Hookah lounge|shisha bars]] in [[Hanau]], resulting in the death of nine people, all with an immigrant background. The attacker then killed his mother at their house and committed suicide. The 43-year-old attacker was identified as a [[far-right extremist]], who expressed a hatred for immigrants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51577196|title=Germany shooting: Investigation into 'deeply racist' gunman's links|work=BBC News |date=February 20, 2020}}</ref>

In February 2020, following the observation of a meeting of a dozen right-wing extremists, those involved were arrested after they had decided to launch attacks on [[List of mosques in Germany|mosques in Germany]] to trigger a civil war.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schuetze|first=Christopher F.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/world/europe/germany-far-right-terrorism.html|title=Germany Says It's Broken Up a Far-Right Terrorism Network|date=February 14, 2020|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 16, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-far-right-terror-cell-met-on-whatsapp-report/a-52399062|title=German far-right 'terror cell' met on WhatsApp: report|newspaper=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref>

===Italy===
{{Main|Terrorism in Italy}}

{{See also|Armed, far-right organizations in Italy}}
In the 1970s and 1980s, Italy endured the [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]], a period of time in which terrorist attacks were frequently perpetrated: between 1969 and 1982, the nation suffered 8,800 terrorist attacks, in which a total of 351 people were killed and 768 were injured.<ref name="Hof">Tobias Hof, "The Success of Italian Anti-terrorism Policy" in ''An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences'' (editors Jussi M. Hanhimäki & Bernhard Blumenau: Routledge, 2013), p. 100.</ref> The terrorist attacks have been both ascribed both to the far-left and the far-right, yet many of the terrorist attacks remain without a clear culprit; many have claimed that responsibility for the attacks could be ascribed to rogue members of the Italian secret service. Some of the terrorist attacks ascribed to a particular political group may have actually been the work of these rogue agents: this has been claimed, among many others, by [[Francesco Cossiga]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/2006/11/21/italia/politica/cossiga-le-spie-ve-le-racconto-io-pAUXKv2TCn4Yp824sScL1O/pagina.html |title=Cossiga: "Le spie? Ve le racconto io" – La Stampa |publisher=Lastampa.it |date=2006-11-21 |access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref> who was the Prime Minister during the last years of lead, and by [[Giulio Andreotti]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Di Stefano Marroni |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2000/08/03/andreotti-servizi-segreti-si-sentivano-alla-guerra.html |title=Andreotti: I servizi segreti si sentivano alla guerra santa – la Repubblica.it |language=it |publisher=Ricerca.repubblica.it |date=2000-08-03 |access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref> who, during the same period of time, held the office of Prime Minister more than once.

[[File:Stragedibologna-2.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Bologna station west wing after the 1980 [[Bologna Massacre]]]]
The [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]] are considered to have begun with the [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] in [[Milan]] in December 1969,<ref name="Hof"/> perpetrated by [[Ordine Nuovo]], a right-wing [[neofascist]] group.<ref name="McHugh">Richard McHugh, "Ordine Nuovo" in ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism'', 2d ed. (editor Gus Martin: SAGE Publications, 2011), pp. 451–52.</ref> Sixteen people were killed, and 90 injured, in the bombing.<ref name="McHugh"/>

In July 1970, this same group carried out a bombing on a train traveling from Rome to Messina, killing six and wounding almost 100. The group also carried out the [[Piazza della Loggia bombing]] in 1974, killing eight antifascist activists.<ref name="McHugh"/> Perhaps the most infamous right-wing terrorist attack in post-war Italy is the [[August 1980 Bologna bombing]], in which neo-fascist [[Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari]] ('Armed Revolutionary Nuclei'), an Ordine Nuovo offshoot, killed 85 people and injured 200 at the [[Bologna Centrale railway station|Bologna railroad station]].<ref name="McHugh"/><ref name="1988Convictions">[https://apnews.com/370c14ae3f77e87d266b0257bf7d2f62 Four Convicted of Mass Murder in Italian Bombing that Killed 85], Associated Press (July 11, 1988).</ref> [[Valerio Fioravanti]], [[Francesca Mambro]], and two others were convicted of mass murder in the attacks,<ref name="1988Convictions"/> although both have always denied any connection with them.<ref>[[Anna Cento Bull]] & Philip Cooke, ''Ending Terrorism in Italy'' (Routledge, 2013), pp. 141–42.</ref><ref>Anne Hanley, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/the-accidental-terrorist-1259973.html The accidental terrorist], ''Independent'' (May 5, 1997).</ref>

In December 2011, Gianluca Casseri targeted Senegalese peddlers in [[Florence]], [[2011 Florence shootings|killing two and injuring three others]] before killing himself.<ref name="LinksFarRight">{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19366000 | publisher=BBC News | title=Viewpoint: Killer Breivik's links with far right | date=August 27, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kington">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/23/ezra-pound-daughter-italian-fascist | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Tom | last=Kington | title=Ezra Pound's daughter aims to stop Italian fascist group using father's name | date=December 23, 2011}}</ref> The perpetrator was a sympathizer of [[CasaPound]],<ref name="LinksFarRight"/><ref name="Kington"/> a neo-fascist party that Italian judges have recognized as not posing a threat to public or private safety.<ref>{{cite web|author=Altri articoli dalla categoria |url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2016/02/01/news/casapound_polizia-132480295/ |title=La polizia "promuove" CasaPound: "La violenza? Colpa dei centri sociali" |publisher=Repubblica.it |date=2016-02-01 |access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref>

===Latvia===
[[File:Igors Šiškins.png|thumb|[[Igors Šiškins]] at the [[Remembrance day of the Latvian legionnaires]] on March 16, 2009]]
On the night of 5 June 1997, members of the far-right [[Pērkonkrusts]] unsuccessfully bombed the [[Monument to the Liberators of Soviet Latvia and Riga from the German Fascist Invaders]]. Two of them were killed in the explosion,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/latvia/latvia.htm |title=Latvia |access-date=2008-06-03 |publisher=AXT |year=1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110071222/http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive2/latvia/latvia.htm |archive-date=2009-01-10 }}</ref> while six others, including [[Igors Šiškins]], were sentenced for up to three years in prison in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2000/5/article/latvian-nationalists-imprisoned-for-obelisk-bombing/262631.html |title=Latvian Nationalists Imprisoned for Obelisk Bombing |date= 30 May 2000 |publisher=[[The Moscow Times]] |access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> The group ceased organised activities or was banned around 2006.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|publisher=[[Belknap Press]]|year=2017|isbn=978-06-749-7153-0|page=235}}</ref>

In late 2018, the State Security Service arrested a self-proclaimed follower of the ideas of [[Anders Behring Breivik]] who was planning to perform terrorist attacks on an [[ethnic minority]] school and several commercial outlets in [[Jūrmala]] on 13 February, the birthday of Breivik. The individual had previously published comments on different websites for an extended period of time aimed against the Roma and Russian people, including calls to exterminate them. He was found guilty but exempted from [[criminal liability]] on medical grounds and assigned to a [[psychiatric hospital]] for treatment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/defense/latvias-state-security-service-says-it-foiled-right-wing-terror-plot-in-2019.a352091/ |title=Latvia's State Security Service says it foiled right-wing terror plot in 2019 |date= 17 March 2020 |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

===Norway===
On 22 July 2011, Norwegian right-wing extremist with neo-Nazi<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/2012/04/18/nyheter/terrorsaken/nazismen/breivik/21171974/|title=Close to Nazism|first=Leif|last=Stang|newspaper=Dagbladet|date=18 April 2012|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://expo.se/2014/breivik-vill-deportera-illojala-judar_6336.html|title=Breivik vill deportera "illojala judar"|newspaper=Expo Idag|language=sv|date=10 January 2014|first=Daniel|last=Vergara}}</ref> and fascist<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/22-juli/artikkel.php?artid=10103118|title=Breivik seeks to start the fascist party|date=10 May 2013|newspaper=VG Nett|author=Eva-Therese Grøttum|first2=Marianne|last2=Vikås|language=no}}</ref> sympathies [[Anders Behring Breivik]] carried out the [[2011 Norway attacks]], the deadliest attack in [[Norway]] since [[World War II]]. First, he bombed several government buildings in [[Oslo]], killing eight people and injuring more than 200. After the bombings, he went to [[Utøya]] island in a fake police uniform and began firing on people attending a political youth camp for the [[Workers' Youth League (Norway)|Worker's Youth League]] (AUF), a left-wing political party, killing 69 and injuring more than 110. Overall, the two terrorist attacks in Utøya and Oslo, Norway resulted in 77 dead and 319 injured. Anders Behring Breivik also had written a manifesto ''[[Anders Behring Breivik#Manifesto – 2083: A European Declaration of Independence|2083: A European Declaration of Independence]]'' in which he accused [[Islam]], [[Cultural Marxism]], [[multiculturalism]], and [[feminism]] of causing a "cultural suicide" of Europe and claimed to belong to an organization called the Knights' Templar (named after [[Knights Templar|the medieval military order]]).

Philip Manshaus was arrested for [[Baerum mosque shooting|attacking Al-Noor Islamic Centre in Baerum]], on the outskirts of Oslo, on August 10, [[2019 in Norway|2019]]. According to police, the man appeared to hold "far-right" and "anti-immigrant" views and had expressed sympathy for [[Vidkun Quisling]] – the fascist World War II leader of Norway – as well as [[Australia]]n-born terrorist [[Christchurch mosque shootings|Brenton Harrison Tarrant]], the perpetrator of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings|Christchurch, New Zealand mosque shootings]], [[Poway synagogue shooting#Perpetrator|John T. Earnest]] the perpetrator of the [[Escondido mosque fire|Escondido, California mosque fire]] and the [[Poway synagogue shooting|Poway, California synagogue shooting]], as well as [[2019 El Paso shooting#Suspect|Patrick Crusius]] the man behind the [[2019 El Paso shooting|El Paso, Texas Walmart shooting targeting Mexicans]]. He has been charged with attempted murder in this case and with the murder of his 17-year-old stepsister in an unrelated incident. The mosque shooting is being investigated as a possible act of terrorism.<ref>{{citation|website=BBC World News|date=August 11, 2019|access-date=August 11, 2019|title=Norway mosque shooting probed as terror act|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49311482}}</ref>

===Russia===
{{Main|Far-right politics in Russia|Terrorism in Russia}}

[[The Savior (paramilitary organization)|The Savior]] was a Russian [[neo-Nazi]] militant [[nationalist]] organization which claimed credit for the August [[2006 Moscow market bombing]], which killed 13. Media reports indicate that the market, located near [[Cherkizovsky]], was targeted due to its high volume of [[Central Asia]]n and [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] clientele.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8CE01B4F-F6C4-4769-9CF0-1CE5C47ADDF0.htm|title=Russian court jails market bombers|date=15 May 2008|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>Marcel Van Herpen, ''Putinism: The Slow Rise of a Radical Right Regime in Russia'', 2013. "On August 21, 2006, members of The Savior, a neo-Nazi group led by Nikolai Korolev, a former FSB officer, bombed the Cherkizovsky market in Moscow, the largest market of Russia, frequented by many merchants from Central Asia."</ref> The [[Russian Imperial Movement]] is a Russian [[ultranationalist]], [[white supremacist]],<ref name=Hudson>John Hudson, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/us-labels-a-white-supremacist-group-terrorist-for-the-first-time/2020/04/06/72dc622a-781f-11ea-b6ff-597f170df8f8_story.html U.S. labels a white-supremacist group 'terrorist' for the first time], ''Washington Post'' (April 6, 2020).</ref> [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[paramilitary organization]]<ref name="DN 151027">[https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/nato-framlingshatet-kan-godas-av-frammande-makt/ Nato: Främlingshatet kan gödas av främmande makt], [[Dagens Nyheter]] 2015-10-27</ref> based in [[Saint Petersburg]]. It has been designated as a [[terrorist group]] by the United States<ref name=ICCT>{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Bethan|last2=Feldman|first2=Matthew|date=2021-07-21|title=Siege Culture After Siege: Anatomy of a Neo-Nazi Terrorist Doctrine|url=https://icct.nl/publication/siege-culture-anatomy-of-a-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine/|journal=[[International Centre for Counter-Terrorism]]|language=en-US|page=1|archive-date=2021-10-15|access-date=2021-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015120125/https://icct.nl/publication/siege-culture-anatomy-of-a-neo-nazi-terrorist-doctrine/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 February 2021|title=Government of Canada lists 13 new groups as terrorist entities and completes review of seven others|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203182322/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=3 February 2021|website=Government of Canada}}</ref>

[[Russian separatist forces in Donbas]] include several right-wing militias, connected to the official armed forces of the right-wing breakaway [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic]] in eastern [[Ukraine]], which are designed terrorist organisations by the Ukrainian government. International volunteers for the militias have been arrested for plotting terror attacks.<ref name="BBC News 2016">{{cite web | title=Frenchman 'planned attacks during Euro 2016' – Ukraine's SBU | website=BBC News | date=2016-06-06 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36460569 | access-date=2021-12-10}}</ref>

===Spain===
{{Main|Far-right terrorism in Spain}}

Far-right terrorist acts surged after the death of [[dictator]] [[Francisco Franco]] in [[Spain]] 1975 and continued until the early 1980s, ranging from assassination of individuals to mass murder.<ref>[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=27088 Transición y represión política.] Juan Manuel Olarieta Alberdi, ''[[Revista de Estudios Políticos]]'', ISSN 0048-7694, Nº 70, 1990, pages 225–262</ref><ref name="r1">{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2010/03/21/domingo/1269147158_850215.html|title=Reportaje – Las otras víctimas|work=El País|date=21 March 2010|access-date=25 August 2017|last1=Aizpeolea |first1=Luis R. }}</ref><ref>[http://www.congresovictimasfranquismo.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/26.-Gonzalo-Wilhelmi.-V%C3%ADctimas-de-la-transici%C3%B3n.pdf Las otras víctimas de una transición nada pacífica.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411171211/http://www.congresovictimasfranquismo.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/26.-Gonzalo-Wilhelmi.-V%C3%ADctimas-de-la-transici%C3%B3n.pdf |date=2019-04-11 }} Gonzalo Wilhelmi. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.</ref>

===Sweden===
{{See also|Terrorism in Sweden}}
Both the [[2009–10 Malmö shootings]] and the [[Trollhättan school stabbing]] were conducted by right-wing terrorists along with a refugee centre bombing in 2017. A notable serial killer motivated by far-right motives is [[John Ausonius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/donald-trump-terror-attack-claim-sweden-neo-nazis-refugee-centre-florida-rally-a7588516.html|title=Donald Trump is right, there was a recent attack in Sweden. By neo-Nazis on a refugee centre|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=19 February 2017}}</ref>

===Slovakia===
{{See also|2022 Bratislava shooting}}
On October 12, 2022, two people were killed and another was injured after a right-wing terrorist opened fire against an LGBT venue in [[Bratislava]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63239523|title=Slovakia: Two dead after shooting outside LGBT bar|work=BBC|date=13 September 2022}}</ref>

===Turkey===
{{Main|Terrorism in Turkey}}

{{See also|Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)}}
The neo-fascist and ultranationalist [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]] have been involved in terrorist attacks in which they have targeted members of left-wing groups and ethnic minorities. The group is notable because its death squads perpetrated terrorist attacks during the political violence of the late 1970s, such as the [[Taksim Square massacre]] in 1977 (killings of leftists) or the [[Bahçelievler massacre]] in 1978 when seven students who were members of a [[Workers' Party of Turkey (1961)|socialist party]] were assassinated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-apr-12-op-38664-story.html|title=Turkish Dirty War Revealed, but Papal Shooting Still Obscured|date=April 12, 1998|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Far-right politics in the United Kingdom sidebar|Related topics}}
In April 1999, David Copeland, a neo-Nazi, planted a [[1999 London nail bombings|series of nail bombs]] over 13 days. His attacks, which were aimed at London's [[Black people|black]], [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] and [[Homosexual|gay]] communities, resulted in three dead and more than 100 injured.<ref name=Buncombe>Buncombe, Andrew; Judd, Terri; and Bennett, Jason. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091201133942/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/hatefilled-nailbomber-is-jailed-for-life-706785.html "'Hate-filled' nailbomber is jailed for life"], ''The Independent'', 30 June 2000.</ref> Copeland was a former member of two far-right political groups, the [[British National Party]] (BNP) and the [[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1997)|National Socialist Movement]]. Copeland told police, "My aim was political. It was to cause a racial war in this country. There'd be a backlash from the ethnic minorities, then all the white people will go out and vote BNP."<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/transcript_30_06_00.txt "The Nailbomber"], BBC Panorama, 30 June 2000.</ref>

In July 2007, Robert Cottage, a former BNP member, was convicted for possessing explosive chemicals in his home – described by police at the time of his arrest as the largest amount of chemical explosive of its type ever found in that country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2009/07/mehdi-hasan-muslim-terrorism-white-british|title=Know your enemy|website=www.newstatesman.com}}</ref> In June 2008, Martyn Gilleard, a British Nazi sympathizer, was jailed after police found nail bombs, bullets, swords, axes and knives in his flat.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7471128.stm | work=BBC News | title=Man guilty over nail bombs plot | date=June 24, 2008}}</ref> Also in 2008, Nathan Worrell was found guilty of possession of material for terrorist purposes and racially aggravated harassment. The court heard that police found books and manuals containing recipes to make bombs and detonators using household items, such as weedkiller, at Worrell's flat.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/dec/13/uk-security-nazi-terrorist-jailed | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Racist who had bomb kit jailed for campaign against couple | date=December 13, 2008}}</ref> In July 2009, Neil Lewington was planning a terror campaign using weapons made from tennis balls and weedkiller against those he classified as non-British.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8124449.stm | work=BBC News | title=Man 'on cusp' of bombing campaign | date=June 29, 2009}}</ref>

In 2012, the British Home Affairs Committee warned of the threat of far-right terrorism in the UK, claiming it had heard persuasive evidence about the potential danger and cited the growth of similar threats across Europe.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16900108 | work=BBC News | title=Home Affairs Committee warns of far-right terror threat | date=February 6, 2012}}</ref>

Members of [[Combat 18]] (C18), a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] organisation based on the concept of "[[leaderless resistance]]", have been suspected in numerous deaths of immigrants, non-whites and other C18 members.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/1672100.stm | work=BBC News | title=Ex-Combat 18 man speaks out | date=25 November 2001}}</ref> Between 1998 and 2000, dozens of members were arrested.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030312203105/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1999/03/07/narm07.html "MI5 swoops on Army 'neo-Nazis'"], ''Sunday Telegraph'', 7 March 1999</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/programmes/2001/bnp_special/membership/organisers/adrian_marsden.stm BNP Under the skin: Profile of Adrian Marsden], ''BBC News''</ref> A group calling itself the [[Racial Volunteer Force]] split from C18 in 2002, retaining close links to its parent organization.<ref>[https://www.meta-religion.com/Extremism/White_extremism/Combat_18/combat_18.htm "Combat 18"] at www.metareligion.com</ref> Some journalists believed that the [[White Wolves]] were a C18 splinter group, alleging that the group had been set up by Del O'Connor, the former second-in-command of C18 and member of [[Skrewdriver]] Security.<ref>Stuart Millar, [https://www.theguardian.com/bombs/Story/0,2763,204778,00.html "Anti-terror police seek White Wolf racist over bombs"]</ref> C18 attacks on immigrants continued through 2009.<ref>[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/belfast-racists--threaten-to-cut-romanian-babys-throat-14341494.html "Belfast racists threaten to cut Romanian baby's throat"], ''Belfast Telegraph'', 17 June 2009</ref>

In 2016, [[Jo Cox]], the [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[Batley and Spen (UK Parliament constituency)|Batley and Spen]] constituency [[Murder of Jo Cox|was murdered]] by Thomas Mair, who was motivated by neo-Nazi far-right political views and had connections to several far-right organisations in the UK, US, and South Africa such as [[National Vanguard (American organization)|National Vanguard]] and [[English Defence League]] (EDL).<ref>Ian Cobain and Matthew Taylor, [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/23/thomas-mair-found-guilty-of-jo-cox-murder Far-right terrorist Thomas Mair jailed for life for Jo Cox murder], ''Guardian'' (November 23, 2017).</ref>

On 16 December 2016, [[Home Secretary]] [[Amber Rudd]] designated [[Far-right politics in the United Kingdom|the far-right]], neo-Nazi group [[National Action (UK)|National Action]] (NA) as a terrorist organisation which criminalises membership or support for the organisation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/12/neo-nazi-group-national-action-banned-by-uk-home-secretary|title=Neo-Nazi group National Action banned by UK home secretary|first=Jessica|last=Elgot|date=12 December 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> On 12 June 2018, [[Jack Renshaw (far-right activist)|Jack Renshaw]], 23, a former spokesperson for NA, admitted in a guilty plea to buying a 48 cm (19 in) replica [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[gladius]] (often wrongly referred to in the media as a [[machete]]) to murder [[Rosie Cooper]], the [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[West Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency)|West Lancashire]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jun/12/man-pleads-guilty-to-plot-to-labour-mp-rosie-cooper|title=Alleged neo-Nazi admits plotting murder of MP Rosie Cooper|last=Khomami|first=Nadia|date=2018-06-12|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-04}}</ref>

In June 2017, Darren Osborne drove a van into a crowd leaving a [[2017 Finsbury Park attack|mosque in Finsbury Park]], north London, killing one and injuring nine others. Darren Osborne had acquired far-right publications from [[Tommy Robinson]]'s English Defence League (EDL) and Jim Dowson and Jayda Fransen's [[Britain First Party]] (BF).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/01/finsbury-park-van-attacker-darren-osborne-found-guilty-murder-makram-ali|title=Finsbury Park attack: man 'brainwashed by anti-Muslim propaganda' convicted|last1=Dodd|first1=Vikram|date=2018-02-01|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-02-24|last2=Rawlinson|first2=Kevin|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/01/finsbury-park-london-mosque-van-attack-darren-osborne-makram-ali|title=How London mosque attacker became a terrorist in three weeks|last=Dodd |first=Vikram |date=2018-02-01|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-02-24|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In March 2018, [[Mark Rowley (police officer)|Mark Rowley]], the outgoing head of UK counter-terror policing, revealed that four far-right terror plots had been foiled since the Westminster attack in March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/terror-attacks-uk-threat-far-right-national-action-isis-nazis-westminster-finsbury-park-a8229876.html|date=26 February 2018|title=Four far-right UK terrorist plots foiled since Westminster attack, police reveal|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref>

In February 2019, an unnamed 33-year-old was arrested in West Yorkshire "as part of an investigation into suspected extreme right wing activity".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/our-city/leeds-man-arrested-on-suspicion-of-preparing-extreme-right-wing-terror-acts-1-9613449|title=Leeds man arrested on suspicion of preparing 'extreme right wing' terror acts|website=www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk|date=24 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
Loyalist paramilitaries such as the [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] (UVF), [[Ulster Defence Association]] (UDA), [[Loyalist Volunteer Force]] (LVF) and [[Orange Volunteers|Orange Volunteer Force]] (OVF) have been aligned with far-right politics and ideology and have been involved in numerous sectarian attacks and killings on Catholics both during and after [[the Troubles]]. During the conflict, British far-right activists supplied funds and weaponry to these groups in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref name="Goodrick-Clarke2003">{{cite book|first=Nicholas |last=Goodrick-Clarke|title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=xaiaM77s6N4C|page=40}}|date=1 July 2003|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0|pages=40–41, 45}}</ref> Following the [[Good Friday Agreement]], some members of [[Ulster loyalism|Loyalist]] groups orchestrated racist attacks in Northern Ireland,<ref>[https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/uvf-behind-racist-attacks-in-south-and-east-belfast-loyalist-paramilitary-group-behind-attacks-says-psni-30153199.html "UVF 'behind racist attacks in south and east Belfast'"]. ''[[Belfast Telegraph]]'', 3 April 2014.</ref><ref name=chrisafis>Chrisafis, Angelique. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jan/10/northernireland.race "Racist war of the loyalist street gangs"]. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 January 2004.</ref><ref name=bbcjan04>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3390249.stm "Race hate on rise in NI"]. BBC News, 13 January 2004.</ref> including [[pipe bomb]] and gun attacks on the homes of immigrants.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-26495821 "Two arrested over racist pipe bomb attacks in Londonderry"]. BBC News, 10 March 2014.</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3042246.stm "Loyalists hit out at racist attacks"]. BBC News, 3 July 2003.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27143857 "Gun attack: Family at home during 'hate crime' in west Belfast"]. BBC News, 24 April 2014.</ref> As a result, Northern Ireland has a higher proportion of racist attacks than other parts of the UK,<ref name=bbcjan04/><ref>[https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/bitter-tide-of-violent-racial-hate-recalls-the-worst-of-the-troubles-26223356.html "Bitter tide of violent racial hate recalls the worst of the Troubles"]. ''[[Irish Independent]]'', 8 August 2004.</ref> and was branded the "race-hate capital of Europe".<ref>[https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/ulster-is-race-hate-capital-of-europe-264958.html "Ulster 'is race hate capital of Europe'"]. BreakingNews.ie. 26 June 2006.</ref>

==Oceania==
===Australia===
{{Main|Far-right terrorism in Australia}}

In August 2016, Phillip Galea was charged with several terrorist offences. Galea had conducted "surveillance" of "left-wing premises" and planned to carry out bombings. Explosive ingredients were found at his home. Galea had links with organisations such as [[Combat 18]] (C18) and the [[United Patriots Front]] (UPF).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/oct/31/victorian-extremist-phillip-galea-planned-to-bomb-leftwing-premises-police-say|title=Victorian extremist Phillip Galea planned to bomb leftwing premises, police say|date=31 October 2016|agency=Australian Associated Press|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> On 5 December 2019, a jury found Galea guilty of planning and preparing a terror attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-right-wing-extremist-guilty-of-plotting-terror-attack-20191205-p53h4b.html|title=Right-wing extremist yells to jury after guilty verdict for plotting terror attack|first=Caroline|last=Schelle|date=December 5, 2019|website=The Age}}</ref>

In 2017, the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reported on the conviction of neo-Nazi Michael James Holt, 26 who had threatened to carry out a mass shooting attack and considered [[Westfield Tuggerah]] as a target. He had manufactured home-made guns, knuckle dusters and slingshots in his grandfather's garage. Raids on his mother's home and a hotel room discovered more weapons including several firearms, slingshots and knuckle dusters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/white-supremacist-threatened-to-shoot-up-sydney-shopping-centre-20170120-gtvod0.html|title=White supremacist threatened to shoot up Central Coast shopping centre|first=Rachel|last=Olding|date=28 January 2017|via=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

==Asia==
===India===
{{Main|Hindu terrorism|Cow vigilante violence in India}}

{{Further information|Violence against Muslims in India|Violence against Christians in India}}
In 1992, the 16th-century [[Babri Masjid]] in the city of [[Ayodhya]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]] was [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished]] by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]], a far-right [[Hindutva]] organisation. The demolition resulted in [[Communal violence|intercommunal rioting]] between India's [[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] and [[Islam in India|Muslim]] communities, causing the deaths of at least 2,000 people.<ref name="Guha2007a">{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi|year=2007|publisher=MacMillan|pages=582–598}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/report_sequence_of_events_on_december_6.php |title=Report: Sequence of events on December 6 |publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926132622/http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/report_sequence_of_events_on_december_6.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Israel===
{{Main|Far-right politics in Israel|Israeli settler violence|Jewish terrorism|Zionist political violence}}

A number of right-wing [[Revisionist Zionism|Revisionist Zionist]] groups have been designated as terrorist organisations. [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]], known as the Stern Gang, was a Zionist paramilitary and terrorist organization founded in [[Mandatory Palestine]] in 1940, professing [[National Bolshevism]] and influenced by Italian fascism. It carried out assassinations and alleged massacres until it was disbanded in 1949. The [[Jewish Underground]] was a radical right-wing organization<ref>Ehud Sprinzak, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/422043 'The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right,'] [[Comparative Politics]], Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1989), pp. 171–192, pp. 171–172.</ref> considered terrorist by Israel.<ref>Kim Cragin, Sara A. Daly [https://books.google.com/books?id=GTN0481FXRYC&pg=PA18 ''Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters, and Martyrs''], Praeger International ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 18.</ref><ref>Clive Jones, Ami Pedahzur (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=JW_aAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 ''Between Terrorism and Civil War: The Al-Aqsa Intifada''], Routledge, 2013, p. 11.</ref> It plotted and carried out car and bus bombings, and attacks on students and on religious sites in the early 1980s until the arrest of its main activists in 1984. [[Kach (political party)|Kach and its splinter group Kahane Chai]] was a right-wing [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]], [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]] [[List of political parties in Israel|political party in Israel]], which was formed in 1971 and was designated as a terrorist organization by [[Israel]] in the 1990s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/State/Law/Pages/Cabinet%20Communique%20-%20March%2013-%201994.aspx |title=Cabinet Communique – March 13, 1994 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> [[Canada]],<ref>[http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-eng.aspx#KACH Canada Public Safety website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209042421/http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-eng.aspx#KACH |date=9 February 2009 }}</ref> the [[European Union]],<ref name="eu-2009/67/CFSP">{{cite web|title=Council Common Position 2009/67/CFSP|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:023:0037:0042:EN:PDF|work=Official Journal of the European Union|publisher=European Union|page=L 23/41|date=26 January 2009}}</ref> [[Japan]],<ref name="Japan_ban">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |title=MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like |access-date=2013-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406134416/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |archive-date=2013-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[United States]].<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/45313.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of State |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2004 |date=April 2005 |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Alt-right#Links to violence and terrorism|Alt-right links to violence and terrorism]]
* [[Anti-abortion violence]]
* [[Anti-communist mass killings]]
* [[Communal violence]]
* [[Conspiracy theory]]
* [[Dehumanization]]
* [[Demonization]]
* [[Discrimination]]
* [[Eco-terrorism]]
* [[Environmental terrorism]]
* [[Ethnocentrism]]
** [[Ethnic conflict]]
*** [[Ethnic cleansing]]
*** [[Ethnic violence]]
*** [[Ethnocide]]
**** [[Genocide]]
* [[Far-left politics]]
** [[Left-wing terrorism]]
*** [[Anarchism and violence]]
*** [[Communist terrorism]]
**** [[Criticism of communist party rule]]
**** [[Mass killings under communist regimes]]
***** [[Red Terror (disambiguation)]]
* [[Far-right politics]]
** [[Far-right subcultures]]
*** [[Radical right (Europe)]]
*** [[Radical right (United States)]]
* [[Fundamentalism]]
** [[Christian fundamentalism]]
*** [[Mormon fundamentalism]]
** [[Islamic Fundamentalism]]
*** [[Islamism]]
**** [[Political aspects of Islam]]
***** [[Political Islam]]
** [[Jewish fundamentalism]]
* [[Genocide]]
* [[Hate crime]]
* [[History of terrorism]]
* [[Misogynist terrorism]]
* [[Moral panic]]
* [[Narcoterrorism]]
* [[Nationalist terrorism]]
* [[Nativism (politics)]]
* [[Oppression]]
* [[Persecution]]
* [[Political violence]]
** [[Political repression]]
*** [[Policide]]
**** [[Political cleansing of population]]
* [[Racism]]
* [[Religious discrimination]]
* [[Religious fanaticism]]
* [[Religious intolerance]]
* [[Religious persecution]]
* [[Religious segregation]]
* [[Religious terrorism]]
** [[Religious violence]]
**** [[Sectarian violence]]
* [[Scapegoating]]
* [[State terrorism]]
* [[State-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[Stochastic terrorism]]
* [[Supremacism]]
* [[Terrorgram]]
* [[Ultranationalism]]
* [[Ultraconservatism]]
* [[White Terror (disambiguation)|White Terror]]
* [[Xenophobia]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|first=Stephen E. |last=Atkins |author-link=Stephen E. Atkins |title=Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=b8k4rEPvq_8C}}|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32485-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Stefan M. |last=Aubrey|title=The New Dimension of International Terrorism|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=VJJG14mHbGAC}}|year=2004|publisher=vdf Hochschulverlag AG|isbn=978-3-7281-2949-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Brittain |first=James J. |date=2010 |title=Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP |others=Introduction by James F. Petras |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-7453-2876-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Arthur |last=Goldwag|title=The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=7E861wQ-TWQC}}|year=2012|publisher=Pantheon Books}} {{OCLC|724650284}}
* {{cite book|first1=Mark |last1=Jones|first2=Peter|last2= Johnstone|title=History of Criminal Justice|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=nHftTFO1j5sC}}|date=11 July 2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-4377-3497-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Grace |last=Livingstone|title=Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ZWsw3xnVo0wC}}|year=2003|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3443-5}}
* {{cite book|first1=Sue |last1=Mahan|first2=Pamala L. |last2=Griset|title=Terrorism in Perspective|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=UB-wwaFMrqkC}}|year=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-5015-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Kathy |last=Marks|title=Faces of Right Wing Extremism|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-qIb0IuQlkUC}}|year=1996|publisher=Branden Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8283-2016-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Gus |last=Martin|title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=J3xEpMiQVjgC}}|date=17 January 2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-0582-3}}
* {{cite book|first=George |last=Michael|title=Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=65F_AgAAQBAJ}}|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-37761-9}}
* Michael, George. 2010. ''The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right.'' University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|0-700-61444-3}}. {{OCLC|62593627}}
* {{cite book|first1=Assaf |last1=Moghadam|first2=William Lee|last2= Eubank|title=The Roots of Terrorism|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DQdgnRgXeiUC}}|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-8307-9 }}
* {{cite book|first=Brent L. |last=Smith|title=Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-3CuViIjqj8C}}|date=25 January 1994|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1760-7}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/groups/rtv-dataset/ Right-wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: the RTV dataset. C-REX - Center for Research on Extremism.]
* {{cite news|publisher=BBC News|series=Reality Check|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47626859|title=How prevalent is far-right extremism?|first1=Ben|last1=Butcher|first2=Micah|last2=Luxen|date=19 March 2019}}
* Florian Hartleb: Lone wolves. The New Terrorism of Right-Wing Single Actors, Heidelberg et al. 2020, Springer. {{ISBN|978-3-030-36152-5}}.

{{Terrorism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-wing terrorism}}
[[Category:Right-wing terrorism| ]]
[[Category:Anti-communist terrorism]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics]]
[[Category:Far-right politics]]
[[Category:Fascism]]
[[Category:Hate crime]]
[[Category:Misogyny]]
[[Category:Persecution of LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:White supremacy]]
[[Category:Xenophobia]]

Suprabha Devi

2026-03-15T05:05:26Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Put Up New Bio From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suprabha Devi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 24 December 1938<ref name="tele"/>
| birth_place = [[Digboi]]
| death_date = 14 June 2011
| death_place = [[Guwahati]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Film director, producer, lyricist
| spouse = Dwijendra Narayan
}}
'''Suprabha Devi''' was an [[Assamese language|Assamese]] film producer and the first female director from Assam.<ref name="tele">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/suprabha-devi-passes-away-at-73-first-assamese-woman-director-she-won-accolades-over-the-years/cid/384316|title=Suprabha Devi passes away at 73 - First Assamese woman director, she won accolades over the years|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> She directed the films ''Nayanmoni'' in 1984 and ''Sarvajan'' in 1986.<ref name="tele"/> In 1985, she received the Shilpi Diwas Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/leaving-for-another-kingdom-indrajit-narayan-dev#:~:text=His%20mother%20Suprabha%20Devi%20became,Shilpi%20Diwas%20Award%20in%201985.|title=Leaving for another kingdom : Indrajit Narayan Dev|work=North East Film Journal |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 January 2025 |last1=Journal |first1=North East Film }}</ref>

==Early life==
Suprabha Devi was born on 24 December 1938<ref name="tele"/> in the oil town of [[Digboi]], [[Assam]]. Her father's name was Jogendra Kumar Rajkhowa, and her mother's name was Swarnaprabha Rajkhowa.<ref name="tele"/>

==Career==
After marrying Dwijendra Narayan, Suprabha Devi became involved in the Assamese film industry. She was the first female film director from Assam. Along with her husband, she co-directed films such as ''Jog-Biyog'' (1970), ''Taramai'' (1972), ''Marami'' (1976), and ''Rangdhali'' (1979). She became the first Assamese woman film director with ''Nayanmoni'' (1984), for which she was conferred with the Shilpi Diwas Award in 1985.<ref name=sentinelassam>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/leaving-for-another-kingdom-indrajit-narayan-dev|title=Leaving for another kingdom : Indrajit Narayan Dev|publisher=Sentinel Assam|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

In 1986, she directed ''Sarvajan,'' based on a story by [[Lakshminath Bezbarua]]. For this film, Hiren Choudhury from [[Tezpur]] collaborated as a co-director.<ref name=tele /> She was also a lyricist and produced several documentaries and television series broadcast on Guwahati Doordarshan Kendra. In 2003, she directed a TV series titled ''Jilikaba Luitor Paar''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amarasom.glpublications.in/Details.aspx?id=5261&boxid=12281946|title=Amar Asom|publisher=GL Publications|date=15 June 2011|access-date=26 December 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124938/http://amarasom.glpublications.in/Details.aspx?id=5261&boxid=12281946|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
After battling kidney disease for five years, Suprabha Devi died on 14 June 2011 at the International Hospital in [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2011 |title=First woman film director passes away at 73 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/first-woman-film-director-passes-away-at-73/articleshow/8856382.cms |access-date=22 Jan 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref> She was 73 years old at the time of her death.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese film producers]]

Athletics Federation of India

2026-03-15T01:43:30Z

EkaSaffronGaruda:

{{Short description|National governing body for Athletics sport in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Athletics Federation of India
|abbrev = AFI
|logo = Athletics Federation of India.png
|logosize =
|sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
|category =
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction = [[India]]
|founded = {{Start date and age|1946}}
|aff = [[World Athletics]]
|affdate =
|region = [[Asian Athletics Association]]
|regionyear =
|headquarters = G-3, Community Center, C Block, Naraina Vihar, New Delhi - 110028
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|president = [[Bahadur Singh Sagoo]]
|chairperson =
|chair =
|chiefexec =
|vicepresident = [[Anju Bobby George]]

[[Jayanta Malla Baruah]]
|director =
|secretary = Sandeep Mehta
|coach = {{ubl
|{{flagicon|GBR}} James Hillier
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Sergey Makarov (javelin thrower)|Sergey Makarov]]
|{{flagicon|JAM}} Jason Dawson
|{{flagicon|JAM}} Jerry Lee Holness
}}
|womenscoach =
|key staff =
|operating income =
|sponsor =
|year closed =
|replaced =
|prevfounded =
|url = https://indianathletics.in/
|countryflag = IND
}}
The '''Athletics Federation of India''' is the national governing body for the [[sport of athletics]] in [[India]], and is responsible for conducting competitions in the country. It was formed in 1943.<ref>[https://www.indianathletics.in/about-afi About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722175938/https://indianathletics.in/about-afi/ |date=22 July 2019 }}. Indian Athletics. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> It is affiliated to [[World Athletics]] and [[Asian Athletics Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Asian Athletics |title=Asian Athletics Association {{!}} Promoting Athletic Excellence in Asia |url=https://asianathletics.com/member-federation/?country=in |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.asianathletics.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Anju Bobby George]] is the vice president. It was formerly called the Amateur Athletic Federation of India.

==History==
Athletics Federation of India, then Amateur Athletic Federation of India (AAFI), was formed in 1946 at the initiative of Prof. G.D. Sondhi and [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh|Maharaja Yadvindra Singh]]. [[Guru Dutt Sondhi|G.D. Sondhi]] was its first President for a short while, resigning on 13 April 1950.

AFI organises the following national-level athletics competitions in the country:

* [[Indian National Open Athletics Championships]]
* Indian National Inter-State Senior Athletics championships
* National Federation Cup Senior Athletics Competition
* Indian Open Racewalking competition
* Indian Open Javelin throw competition
* National Federation Cup under-20 Athletics championships
* National Javelin Throw Competition {{Efn|This competition was founded, announced by AFI in 2021. It is scheduled to host on 7 August 2022, to commemorate India's first Olympic gold medal in Javelin throw by [[Neeraj Chopra]]<ref name=O>{{cite web | last=Venkat | first=Rahul | title=Indian athletics calendar 2022: Season to start February 26 | website=Olympics.com | date=8 May 2022 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-athletics-calendar-2022-season | access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>|name=O|group=note}}
* North Zone Junior Athletics championship
* Indian open 400m competition
* South zone junior Athletics championship
* West zone junior Athletics championship
* East zone junior Athletics championship
* National youth Athletics championship
* National open athletics championship
* Indian Open Under-23 Athletics competition
* National junior Athletics championship
* National Inter-district junior Athletics meet.
* Source - <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian athletics calendar 2022: Full schedule. |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-athletics-calendar-2022-season |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=www.olympics.com}}</ref>

==Coaches==
British James Hillier is the sprint and hurdles coach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=James Hillier’s journey: From working as property surveyor to coaching India’s fastest woman hurdler Jyothi Yarraji and fastest man Amlan Borgohain |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/james-hilliers-journey-from-working-as-property-surveyor-to-coaching-indias-fastest-woman-hurdler-jyothi-yarraji-and-fastest-man-amlan-borgohain-8902869/lite/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Jamaican Jason Dawson is the men's 400m relay coach since Russian [[Galina Bukharina]] left.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Behind relay team’s memorable run: New-found belief, taskmaster coach |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/behind-relay-teams-memorable-run-new-found-belief-taskmaster-coach-8995475/lite/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Jamaican Jerry Lee Holness is the women's 400m relay coach. [[Sergey Makarov (javelin thrower)|Sergey Makarov]] is the [[javelin throw]] coach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=2024-10-01 |title=AFI shortlists former World Champion Makarov as India’s new javelin throw coach, awaits SAI approval |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/afi-shortlists-sergey-makarov-india-new-javelin-throw-coach-olympic-medallist-neeraj-chopra-sai-approval-news/article68706463.ece/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> Uwe Hohn and Klaus Bartonietz have previously coached javelin throwers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=India’s German javelin coach Uwe Hohn slams Olympics preparation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/indias-german-javelin-coach-uwe-hohn-slams-olympics-preparation-7360808/lite/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==
AFI has been under pressure for the last several years due to doping scandals. The entire {{nowrap|4 × 400 m}} women's relay that won gold in the 2010 Commonwealth Games tested positive for an anabolic steroid.

The governing body's selection process for international teams has received public criticism. [[PU Chitra]], [[Ajay Kumar Saroj]] and [[Sudha Singh]] were excluded from the [[2017 World Championships in Athletics]] despite being eligible for entry by the [[International Association of Athletics Federations]] (the global governing body). Chitra lodged an appeal to the Kerala High Court in July 2017, though she was ultimately excluded as the court's request for inclusion was beyond the selection cut-off date. Commentator KP Mohan believed the right decision had been made to not include Chitra and several other Asian champions, given their low international ranking at that time, though he stated the controversy could have been avoided if the AFI had made its selection criteria clear before the start of the athletics season.<ref>Mohan, KP (2017-07-31). [https://scroll.in/field/845593/utter-mess-indias-athletics-body-took-the-right-call-with-pu-chitra-but-handled-it-poorly Utter mess: India’s athletics body took the right call with PU Chitra but handled it poorly]. Scroll. Retrieved 2020-03-03.</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist| group=note}}

==See also==
* [[Sports in India]] – Overview of sports in India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.indianathletics.in/}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120731160540/http://www.indianathletics.in/tech/competition%20mannual%202010%282%29.pdf Competition Manual] in PDF)

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National Members of the International Association of Athletics Federations}}

[[Category:Athletics in India]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:National members of the Asian Athletics Association]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1946]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]

Majha Hoshil Na

2026-03-04T18:25:10Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: added initial data w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| num_episodes = 383
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| story =
| screenplay = Subodh Khanolkar
| writer = Abhishek Khankar
| director = Aniket Sane
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Ashok Patki]]
| opentheme = ''"Majha Hoshil Na"'' by [[Aarya Ambekar]]
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| image = Majha Hoshil Na.jpeg
| image_size =
| executive_producer =
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|Subodh Khanolkar|Onkar Kate|Sujay Hande}}
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Ocean Films Company
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|03|02|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|08|28|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Majha Hoshil Na''''' ({{translation|Will You Be Mine?}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It starred [[Gautami Deshpande]] and Virajas Kulkarni in lead roles. It is produced by Subodh Khanolkar, Onkar Kate and Sujay Hande under the banner of Ocean film company and directed by Aniket Sane. It premiered from 2 March 2020 by replacing ''[[Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Soon-to-be-launched show 'Majha Hoshil Na' to replace Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/soon-to-be-launched-show-maza-hoshil-na-to-replace-swarajya-rakshak-sambhaji/articleshow/74114511.cms|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 February 2020 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sai and Nayana get stuck due to Appa's forgetfulness. Sai's words leave Aditya annoyed. Feeling insulted over her father. Sai drives rashly and gets into an accident due to Misunderstanding Aditya sees Sai and insults her. Sai tells Pintya Mama to get Aditya to apologize to her. On returning home, Aditya learns that all his uncles are angry. Further, he comes up with a plan to appease them. On being asked by Sai, Nayana calls Aditya. Later, their conversation makes Sai furious, as Nayana's keep calling, all the uncles question Aditya about it. To hide Aditya's real identity from him, his uncles keep Aditya at home and go to ''Aditya Group of Company'' along with Appa. Later, Sai is worried as her car is not at the garage. Aditya goes to return Sai's car and Shashikant (Sai's father) insults him, but Aditya rebukes him. Aditya's uncles and Appa find a scam in the finances of ''Aditya Group of Company'' and shout at Malhotra over it. Learning about Aditya's behaviour from Shashikant, Sai calls Aditya.

After few days, Sai and Aditya becomes friend. Sai tells Aditya about her designated spot at the hotel. Seeing Aditya's handkerchief in Nayana's bag, Sai questions her and Nayana tells Sai about her feelings about Aditya. Later, looking at the hotel bill, Aditya gets worried. Aditya gets anxious seeing the various things ordered by Sai at the hotel. Aditya's uncle waits for Aditya to come back and calls him. Sai tells Aditya, who is in a bit of hurry, to drop Nayana home.

As it is Aditya's first day at work, all his uncles give him blessings and Dada Mama gives him a gift. Pintya Mama drops Aditya at office from his car. Later, Sai and Nayana comes to meet Aditya. On seeing the gift given by Nayana, Aditya gets in trouble. Everyone at the house is happy as it Aditya's first day of the job. Sai's parents get worried, when they see Aditya's message on Sai's phone. While Pintya Mama is accusing Dada Mama, Aditya comes there. Aditya feels restless as he doesn't receive Sai's message on his first day of work. Nayana brings a lot of gifts for him. Later, Sai and Aditya talk about their situation at home and make fun of it. To teach Aditya a lesson, Malhotra decides to make him work in the warehouse.

After few days, Sharmila (Sai's mother) is all excited as she expects a family for Sai's bride seeing ceremony, but Sai makes an excuse and leaves the house. She meets Aditya, who teaches her to ride a bicycle. When Suyash the prospective groom and his family reach Sai's house, Sharmila tries to cover up for Sai's absence. Sharmila rebukes Sai on seeing her state because she is not in a Make-up look. Sai refuses to meet the Suyash, invited by Sharmila, Aditya gets a solution for Sai's problem. He gets mesmerised on seeing a photograph sent by Sai. Later, Suyash gets angry on hearing the question put forth by Sai. Aditya challenges Sai to come to learn how to ride the bicycle. Dada Mama tells Aditya to go and meet the girl. Sai and Aditya lie and leave their house, but Sai's father follows her and Bhai Mama follows Aditya. When Aditya and Sai see her father, then they stand apart from each other. As Sai's father speaks rudely to Aditya, his uncles get furious. Later, Sai and Aditya are worried as they have to meet with their prospective brides and grooms.

After few days, Aditya and Sai meet outside the hotel and convey their feelings. Sai gets furious as her parents fix her wedding with Suyash without her permission. Aditya's uncles tells him to say yes for his wedding. Later, Aditya consoles Sai. Sharmila tries to emotionally blackmail Sai, but they end up arguing. Sharmila calls Aditya and warns him to stay away from Sai. Aditya lashes out at Sai which sows a seed of doubt in her mind. Later, Aditya's uncles subtly try to convince Sai to marry Aditya. Meanwhile, Dada Mama fixes Aditya's marriage with Meghna on being pestered by Bandhu Mama, Aditya finally confesses that he loves Sai. The next day, a nervous Aditya tries to profess his love for Sai. Dada Mama witnesses Bhai Mama and Bandhu Mama telling Aditya about Sindhu and gets furious. Further, enraged by Aditya's words, he falls unconscious. Everyone rushes Dada Mama at the hospital. The doctor's diagnosis leaves everyone worried. Later, Sai and Aditya thank Suyash.

After some time, Sai's marriage is arranged with Suyash and Aditya's with Meghna. But Sai and Aditya have a deep love for each other. After a few days, Dada Mama realises his mistake and tries to reconcile Aditya's marriage with Sai, but Sai's marriage with Suyash is already fixed. Then all the mama plans to break up Sai and Suyash's marriage and raise Aditya in place of Suyash and in this plan mama succeeds and Sai and Aditya get married. Sai and Aditya marriage succeeded but the problems are not over still there are many mysteries left like the marriage suspense about Bandhu Mama and Aditya being the owner of the Company still working as an employee.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Gautami Deshpande]]<ref>{{Cite news|title='Saare Tujhyachsathi' fame Gautami Deshpande to feature in the upcoming show 'Majha Hoshil Na' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/saare-tuzyachsathi-fame-gautami-deshpande-to-feature-in-the-upcoming-show-maza-hoshil-na/articleshow/74100995.cms|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 February 2020 }}</ref> as Sai Shashikant Birajdar / Sai Aditya Kashyap (Desai); Aditya's wife, Appa's grand daughter-in-law, Dada, Bhai, Bandhu & Pintya's daughter-in-law, Shashikant & Sharmila's daughter
* Virajas Kulkarni<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-26|title='सोनपरी'च्या मुलाचं छोट्या पडद्यावर पदार्पण|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/sonapari-actress-mrinal-kulkarnis-son-virajas-kulkarni-debut-on-majha-hoshil-na/510333|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref> as Aditya Vijay Kashyap (Desai); Sai's husband, Appa's Grandson, Dada, Bhai, Bandhu & Pintya's nephew, Vijay & Vandana Desai's son

=== Recurring ===
;Aditya's family
* [[Atul Parchure]] as Jaywant Desai (J.D.); Aditya's uncle, Vijay's brother
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Vinayak Brahme (Appa); Sai's grand father-in-law, Aditya's grandfather, Dada, Bhai, Bandhu & Pintya's father
* Vidyadhar Joshi as Jagdish Vinayak Brahme (Dada); Sai's father-in-law, Aditya's mama, Bhai, Bandhu & Pintya's brother, Sindhu's husband, Appa's son
* Seema Deshmukh as Sindhu Sohoni / Sindhu Jagdish Brahme; Sai's Mother-in-law, Aditya's mami, Dada's wife, Appa's daughter-in-law
* Vinay Yedekar as Janardan Vinayak Brahme (Bhai); Sai's father-in-law, Aditya's mama, Dada, Bandhu & Pintya's brother, Appa's son
* Sunil Tawde as Prabhakar Vinayak Brahme (Bandhu); Sai's father-in-law, Aditya's mama, Dada, Bhai & Pintya's brother, Gulprit's husband, Appa's son
* Dipti Joshi as Gulprit Prabhakar Brahme (Gullu); Sai's mother-in-law, Aditya's mami, Bandhu's wife, Appa's daughter-in-law
* Rajveersingh Raje as Balwant Prabhakar Brahme (Billu); Aditya's brother, Bandhu & Gulpreet's son, Sai's brother-in-law, Appa's grandson
* Nikhil Ratnaparkhi as Swanand Vinayak Brahme (Pintya); Sai's father-in-law, Aditya's mama, Dada, Bhai & Bandhu's brother, Appa's son

;Sai's family
* [[Sulekha Talwalkar]] / Varsha Ghatpande as Sharmila Shashikant Birajdar; Sai's mother, Aditya's Mother-in-law, Shashikant's wife
* [[Atul Kale]] as Shashikant Birajdar (Baban); Sai's father, Aditya's father-in-law, Sharmila's husband
* Rajesh Uke as Chandu Kaka; Birajdar's servant

;Others
* Sujay Hande as Monty Jaywant Desai; Fake identity of Aditya Vijay Desai
* Komal Dhande as Hira Johari; Monty's mother
* Aashay Kulkarni as Suyash Suhas Patwardhan; Sai's fiancé
* Mugdha Puranik as Nayana Yashpal Naik; Sai's friend
* Sanika Gadgil as Meghana Raghuvir Kashikar; Aditya's fiancé
* Dheeraj Kamble as Harishchandra (Filter); Pintya's garage helper
* Leena Palekar as Sujata; Sharmila's friend
* Anisha Sabnis as Madhura; Aditya's ex-fiancé
* Snehal Shidam as Sushma Bansode / Vidya Bhagwan Jhagade; Factory worker's wife
* Lokee Anbhule as Tea Stall's owner
* Sahil Parab as Suyash's friend

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]] 2020-21
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Title Song
|[[Ashok Patki]]
|Composer
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2020-21 Winners List: From Shalva Kinjawadekar To Gautami Deshpande, Check Out Who Won What!|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-marathi-awards-2020-21-winners-list-from-shalva-kinjawadekar-to-gautami-deshpande-check-out-who-won-what|access-date=2021-03-28|website=[[ZEE5]]|date=28 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Siblings
|rowspan="2"|Vidyadhar Joshi, Vinay Yedekar, Sunil Tawde & Nikhil Ratnaparkhi
|rowspan="2"|Brahme Boys
|-
|Best Father-in-law
|-
|Best Supporting Male
|[[Atul Kale]]
|Shashikant
|-
|Best Family
|
|Brahme Family
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2020-21: From Aggabai Sasubai To Devmanus, Vote For Your Favourite Shows/Stars|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-marathi-awards-2020-21-from-agga-bai-sasubai-to-devmanus-vote-for-your-favourite-shows-stars|access-date=2021-03-28|website=[[ZEE5]]|date=12 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Series
|Subodh-Onkar-Sujay
|Producer
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Gautami Deshpande]]
|Sai
|-
|Best Couple
|[[Gautami Deshpande]]-Virajas Kulkarni
|Sai-Aditya
|}

== Production ==
=== Filming ===
[[File:... Musali Hill at Yeoor Hills (4695979384).jpg|250x250px|thumb|right|Shooting location at [[Yeoor]]]]
Based on the backdrop of Mumbai, the series mainly filmed on the sets created at the [[Yeoor]] in [[Thane]] with some initial sequence were shot in [[Mumbai]]. The village track of Sai and Aditya was shot in [[Dapoli]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Virajas Kulkarni and Gautami Deshpande travel to Dapoli to shoot a special episode - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/virajas-kulkarni-and-gautami-deshpande-travel-to-dapoli-to-shoot-a-special-episode/articleshow/79566618.cms|access-date=2021-01-08|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 December 2020 }}</ref> Sai and Aditya's honeymoon scene was shot in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. On 14 April 2021, due to the sudden strict COVID regulations set in by the [[Chief minister]] of [[Maharashtra]], shooting of all serials were asked to halt. Majha Hoshil Na Team moved to [[Silvassa]] and conducted their shoot there till the next hearings.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Team Majha Hoshil Na begins to shoot in Silvassa - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/team-maza-hoshil-na-begins-to-shoot-in-silvasa-gautami-deshpande-shares-bts-pics/articleshow/82254710.cms|access-date=2021-07-04|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 April 2021 }}</ref> On 17 June 2021 team decided to move back to Mumbai for the shooting of the show.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch: Team Maza Hoshil Na and Rang Maza Vegla bids adieu to Silvassa; back to shoot in Mumbai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/watch-team-maza-hoshil-na-and-rang-maza-vegla-bids-adieu-to-silvassa-back-to-shoot-in-mumbai/articleshow/83598463.cms|access-date=2021-07-04|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 June 2021 }}</ref>

=== Special episode ===
==== 1 hour ====
* 1 November 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-29|title='स्वराज्यरक्षक संभाजी' मालिकेच्या जागी येणार 'ही' मालिका|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/majha-hoshil-na-this-new-tv-show-replace-swarajya-rakshak-sambhaji-serial-ssj-93-2097149/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* 13 December 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=रविवारची संध्याकाळ राखून ठेवा! तुमच्या लाडक्या मालिकांच्या महाएपिसोडचा आनंद घ्या|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/zee-marathi-serials-maha-episode-on-sunday-majha-hoshil-na-karbhari-laybhari-and-majhya-navryachi-bayko-mhaa-504076.html|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|date=11 December 2020 |language=mr}}</ref>
* 18 April 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=चित्रीकरण बंद असल्याने प्रेक्षकांना पाहायला मिळणार का झी मराठीवरील मालिकेचे आगामी भाग?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/zee-marathi-will-telecast-new-episodes-lock-down-maharashtra-a588/amp/|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>

==== 2 hours ====
* 14 February 2021 (Sai-Aditya's Marriage)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=Sai-Aditya's wedding special episode to air on Valentine's Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/maza-hoshil-na-sai-adityas-wedding-special-episode-to-air-on-valentines-day/articleshow/80702805.cms|access-date=2021-03-14|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* 23 May 2021 (Blockbuster Night with Brahme Boys)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Majha Hoshil Na preview: Sai and Aditya decide to tie the knot? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/maza-hoshil-na-preview-sai-and-aditya-decide-to-tie-the-knot/articleshow/79385414.cms|access-date=2020-12-24|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 November 2020 }}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 13
|2020
|2.0
|3
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Marathi TV Serials TRP Ratings: 28 March (Saturday) to 3 April 2020 (Friday)|url=https://www.1films.in/2020/02/marathi-tv-serials-trp-ratings-weekly-list-jan-feb-march-2020-updated.html?m=1}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|2020
|3.1
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='या' मराठी मालिका करतात प्रेक्षकांच्या मनावर राज्य; टीआरपीमध्ये आहेत अव्वल|url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2226290/top-5-most-watched-marathi-tv-serials-as-per-week-28-trp-asy-88/lite/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 36
|2020
|3.9
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 36 - DATA: Saturday, 5th September 2020 To Friday, 11th September 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923215908/https://barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Week 37
|2020
|3.9
|3
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Marathi TV Serials TRP Ratings: 12 September (Saturday) to 18 September 2020 (Friday)|url=https://www.1films.in/2020/06/marathi-tv-serials-trp-ratings-weekly-list-june-july-aug-sept-2020.html?m=1}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|2020
|3.1
|5
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Rang Majha Vegla To Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!: Here's The Top 5 Shows Of Marathi TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rang-maza-vegla-to-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-heres-the-top-5-shows-of-marathi-tv/etphotostory/78427636.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=October 2020 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/majha-hoshil-na/0-6-2549 ''Majha Hoshil Na''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt13262874}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Anvatt

2026-03-04T09:46:36Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: basic fix citations after review and improved wording for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anvatt
| image = Anvatt poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Gajendra Ahire]]
| producer = Shekhar Jyoti & Urmila Jyoti
| writer = [[Gajendra Ahire]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Adinath Kothare]]|[[Urmila Kanetkar]]|[[Bhargavi Chirmule]]|[[Vibhavari Deshpande]]|[[Makarand Anaspure]]}}
| music = {{unbulleted list|'''Songs:'''|[[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]|'''Background Score:'''|[[Amar Mohile]]}}
| cinematography = Krishna Soren
| editing = Mayur Hardas
| studio = PSJ Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|08|01}}
| runtime = 110 min
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Anvatt''''' (meaning: Unexpected things) is a 2014 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Psychological thriller|psychological thriller film]] directed by [[Gajendra Ahire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-06 |title=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy debut in Marathi film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/shankar-ehsaan-loy-debut-in-marathi-film/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=The Indian Express }}</ref> Produced by PSJ Entertainment.

==Plot==
It is a story about Vinay ([[Adinath Kothare]]) and Madhura ( [[Urmila Kanetkar]]) deciding to spend a year in a remote village as per Vinay's late grandfather's wish. As days pass by, the couple encounters strange experiences. Vinay meets his subordinate Kamath who arranges their stay at an old depilated mansion which has a tragedy associated with a previous owner 'Saibu' who died unfulfilled on his first night after marriage due to a snakebite while out in the forest to get fragrant Kewra flowers for his bride Gulab on her demand. Vinay is a man of science who associates logic and medical science with everything and his wife who is an archaeologist, at times challenges his views with her faith in natural as well as the supernatural.

The couple has a house help Baijama who is a distant relative of the dead previous owner who believes that 'Saibu's restless spirit haunts the mansion and only she can appease it with some rituals. Madhura starts experiencing some unnatural activities in the mansion and starts feeling an unseen presence in the mansion with its frequent power outages which her husband brushes that off as her mind playing tricks on her.

The doctor decides to demolish a shrine dedicated to 'Saibu' on the grounds of the hospital to make a reading room in its place to which the local superstitious population protest and warn the doctor of misfortunes if he does so, nevertheless the doctor himself demolishes the shrine in the villagers' presence.

One rainy night, the doctor is at the hospital working late and his wife is visited by Kamath who seems to be possessed by the spirit of Saibu back to fulfil his desires with Gulab. Kamat ties up the doctor's wife to molest her and in the meantime answers the phone call made by the doctor to inform his wife of him being stuck at the hospital and threatens the doctor that he will kill him if he interferes in his quest.

The doctor panics and rushes to the mansion and has a fist fight with the apparently possessed Kamath in which he gets injured and falls down. In the meantime, the doctor's wife sets herself loose and hits Kamath with a rock on his head and helps the injured doctor up to realise that now her husband is possessed by 'Saibu's spirit as he tries to molest her. The doctor's wife panics and runs back into the mansion to pick up a kitchen knife to defend herself and in the meantime the doctor is able to come to his senses to realise that now his wife is possessed by the spirit and is trying to attack him with the kitchen knife. The doctor tries to help his wife as a person having a psychotic episode because of all the stress by trying to calm her down, but she attacks him with the knife wounding him.

In the meantime, Baijama who is conducting rituals to calm Saibu's spirit runs in with some sacred ash and throws it on the doctor's wife calming her down as the spirit leaves her.

Next day, the police investigate the issue and take statements from everyone involved where Kamath declines to press any charges on the doctor's wife and vice versa. The doctor and his wife move from the village soon to a foreign land where they discuss the recent happenings, during which the doctor confides to his wife about a secret. The doctor says that one of the compounder 'Waman' at the hospital told the doctor that the spirit is real for the people who have experienced it and not for them who haven't, and added more insight to Saibu's story. He told that, Saibu's widow Gulab was attempted to be molested by Kamath under the pretext of possession by Saibu's spirit soon after Saibu's death and he himself stopped the attempt as he coincidently went to the mansion to deliver some medicines to Gulab. Soon after Gulab disappeared from the village and nobody knows her whereabouts. Kamath also tried the same game of Saibu's possession to attempt molestation on a previous doctor's wife who was in the village before him and they left abruptly.

The doctor mentions to his wife that everyone involved had their selfish motives. Kamath might have been a latent schizophrenic who made an imaginary world of himself being Saibu and saw Gulab in every woman and his schizophrenia got activated as the doctor reprimanded him a couple of times for laxness in his work hurting his ego or he might be just a plain pervert taking advantage of the story and the villagers' belief.

Baijama wanted to maintain her importance in the village as the distant relative of Saibu and hence performed the rituals as a medium between the spirit and the superstitious villagers.

The doctor mentions that he acted as being possessed by the spirit as a psychological technique on that night to shock his wife into calmness but was not ready for her to go into a psychotic episode instead.

In the end, the situation is left ambiguous and to the audience interpretation of the movie as the scene cuts back to the village where Kamath watches a marriage procession on his way and sees Gulab instead of the newly wedded bride staring at her incessantly.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/Anvatt-5-reasons-to-watch-the-film/Anvatt-5-reasons-to-watch-the-film/photostory/38548790.cms|title=Anvatt: 5 reasons to watch the film - The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Adinath Kothare]] as Dr. Vinay
* [[Urmila Kanetkar]] as Madhura
* [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] as Gulab
* [[Vibhawari Deshpande]] as Baijama
* [[Makarand Anaspure]] as Sada Kamat
* Anushree Junnarkar as wife of first doctor
* Nayanaah Mukay as newly wedded bride
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Sahebu
* Manjunath Gujar as Patient
* Subhash Khude as Inspecto
* Amit Koli as compounder

==Soundtrack==
The film contained two songs, which are originally composed by [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar|Pt. Hridaynath Mangeshkar]] and have been cult classics amongst Marathi music lovers. For the film, both these songs are rearranged by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] trio.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Ye Re Ghana" || [[Vibhavari Apte Joshi]] || 2:55
|-
| 2 || "Tarun Aahe Ratra Ajunahi" ||[[Shankar Mahadevan]] & [[Sapna Pathak]]|| 3:41
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4493612}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gajendra Ahire]]
[[Category:Films about superstition]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}
{{psychological-thriller-film-stub}}

Eduruleni Manishi (1975 film)

2026-03-03T21:45:26Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: enhanced intro for consistency as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Eduruleni Manishi
| image = Eduruleni Manishi (1975 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Bhamidipati Radhakrishna]] {{small|(story / dialogues)}}
| screenplay = K. Bapayya
| producer = C. Ashwini Dutt
| director = [[K. Bapayya]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Vanisri]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = S. Venkataratnam
| editing = Akkineni Sanjeevi
| studio = [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1975|12|12}}
| runtime = 141 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Eduruleni Manishi''''' ({{translation|The Man Without Opposition}}) is a 1975 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[K. Bapayya]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Vanisri]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. This film is the debut of Aswini Dutt's [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] banner in the film industry. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Johny Mera Naam]]'' (1970).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2021 |title=Hema Malini shares vintage photograph featuring BR Chopra, Dev Anand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hema-malini-shares-vintage-photograph-featuring-br-chopra-dev-anand/articleshow/83615352.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618001331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hema-malini-shares-vintage-photograph-featuring-br-chopra-dev-anand/articleshow/83615352.cms |archive-date=18 June 2021 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's title was later used as the title of Rama Rao's memoir, by his wife [[Lakshmi Parvathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eduruleni Manishi Telugu Book By Dr. Nandamuri Lakshmi Parvathi (NTR Jeevita Charitra Modati Bhagam) |url=https://jsnbooks.com/book/eduruleni-manishi-telugu-book-by-dr-nandamuri-lakshmi-parvathi-ntr-jeevita-charitra-modati-bhagam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018033112/https://jsnbooks.com/book/eduruleni-manishi-telugu-book-by-dr-nandamuri-lakshmi-parvathi-ntr-jeevita-charitra-modati-bhagam |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=jsnbooks.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with Shekar, a valiant diehard to gangsters. Years ago, two dreadful monsters Ranga & Sarkar, slaughtered his father. Shekar had spotted their gang symbol and absconded with his younger brother, and destiny detaches them. Years later, Shekar is searching for them, so he confronts the racketeers for the symbol and counterspy police under the veil. Gopi becomes a sincere cop, and the government appoints him to check these hoods. Meanwhile, Shekar gets acquainted with a girl named Latha, a gangbanger. Now, Shekar is behind her, and Gopi shadows the two. After a while, Shekar & Latha crush. Plus, he learns she is dragged into this syndicate with force, headed by two malicious Ranga & Sarkar, one that feigns as honorable. Here, Shekar ensures the safeguarding of Latha, so he, too, affiliates with the gang and works as a double agent for Gopi. Once in a bust, Vasu, Ranga's son, is caught. At the same time, Ranga & Sarkar discovers that Shekar has avenged the homicides of his father, i.e., themselves, and regarding his younger sibling. Here, Ranga forges Vasu as his brother, and he frees him. Howbeit, Gopi chases them when Shekar detects him as original and identifies Ranga as the hitman. At last, Shekar ceases the baddies with Gopi's aid. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Shekar & Latha.

== Cast ==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eduruleni Manishi (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QUX |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Raja Shekar
*[[Vanisri]] as Latha
*[[Jaggayya]] as Inspector Gopi
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Shekar's father
*[[Kanta Rao]] as Sarkar
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Ranga Rao/ Jaggu
*[[S. V. Ramadas|Ramadas]] as Jaggu's accomplice
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Bachi
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Bhadraiah
*Jaya Bhaskar as Vasu
*[[Padmapriya]] as Sarala
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Latha's mother
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Bhadraiah's wife
*[[Anand Mohan (actor)|Anand Mohan]] as Rattaiah

== Production ==
''Eduruleni Manishi'' is the first film produced by Ashwini Dutt under the banner Vyjayanthi Movies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=20 September 2018 |title='Luck is a must for success' |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200918/luck-is-a-must-for-success.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013230935/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200918/luck-is-a-must-for-success.html |archive-date=13 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mary |first=S. B. Vijaya |date=7 May 2020 |title=Celebrating 30 years of the Chiranjeevi-Sridevi Telugu blockbuster 'Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/celebrating-30-years-of-the-chiranjeevi-sridevi-telugu-blockbuster-jagadeka-veerudu-athiloka-sundari/article31524731.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013080042/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/celebrating-30-years-of-the-chiranjeevi-sridevi-telugu-blockbuster-jagadeka-veerudu-athiloka-sundari/article31524731.ece |archive-date=13 October 2020}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Lyrics were written by [[Acharya Aatreya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eduruleni Manishi (1975)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CSM/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231115044027/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CSM/info |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Kasiga Vundi"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:08
|-
|"Hey Krishna Mukunda Murari"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|3:07
|-
|"Yenthavadu Yenthavadu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:10
|-
|"Ekkado Ekkado Thagalaraani"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:00
|-
|"Kangaru Okate Kangaru"
|P. Susheela
|3:08
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0155399}}

{{K. Bapayya}}

[[Category:1970s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:1975 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bapayya]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]

Olympian Anthony Adam

2026-03-03T21:18:44Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: creating new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Olympian Anthony Adam
| image = Olympian Anthony John.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]
| producer = Mohanlal
| writer = '''Story''': Babu G. Nair Bhadran '''Screenplay''': Bhadran '''Dialogues''': Babu G. Nair
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = Sanjeev Shankar
| editing = Sateesh
| studio = [[Pranavam Arts International|Pranavam Arts]]
| distributor = Pranavam Arts
| released = {{Film date|1999|10|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Olympian Anthony Adam''''' is a 1999 [[India]]n [[Malayalam]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/mohanlal-meena-combo-best-5-movies-of-munthirivallikal-thalirkkumbol-pair-252284.html|title=Mohanlal-Meena Combo: Best 5 Movies Of The Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol Pair!|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|date=21 January 2017|last=Abhijith}}</ref> with [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jagathy-sreekumar-king-comedy-5-scenes-we-still-remember-140899|title=Jagathy Sreekumar, the King of Comedy: 5 scenes we still remember|first=Treesa Reena|last=John|work=The News Minute|date=5 January 2021}}</ref> in supporting roles. The film was produced by Mohanlal through his company [[Pranavam Arts International|Pranavam Arts]]. The music was composed by [[Ouseppachan]]. The plot follows an investigation by Chakkummoottil Varghese Antony IPS (Mohanlal) of a planned terrorist attack in India.

''Olympian Anthony Adam'' was released on 15 October 1999.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=December 2019}}
Antony Varghese Chakkummoottil is a police officer and a former [[Olympic Games|Olympian]] who has participated in the [[discus throw]] competition. He is sent to a school as a physical director for [[undercover operation]] on government's recommendation. His task is to get details about an international criminal Roy Mamman alias Lawrence Luther who is behind the terrorist attacks in the city by identifying the criminal's child who is studying in that school.

During his investigation he meets Angel Mary, a teacher with temper issues, and attracts her animosity. Antony discovers that Angel is estranged from her husband, who turned out to be a drug addict, since the day after their wedding. Later Antony and Angel Mary fall in love with each other.

He finds out Luther's daughter Rose by accident. He makes the school principal Susan call Luther saying that Rose is afflicted with [[rabies]] after a dog bite. Luther rushes to see Rose, falling for the trap that Antony has set for him.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mohanlal]] as [[Senior Superintendent of Police|SP]] Chakkamoottil Antony Varghese [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] / "Olympian" Anthony Adam
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Angel Mary
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Roy Mamman / Lawrence Luther
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Vattoli Porinchu
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Susan Roy
*[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|ASP]] Nasser [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as [[Director General of Police|DGP]] Krishnan Nair [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Major Ravi]] as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police|ASP]] Nandakumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Spadikam George]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] George Korah [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Chali Pala]] as [[Circle Inspector]] Ummerkutty
*Arun Kumar as Tony Issac<ref>{{cite web|last=Nair|first=Vidya|title=Interview: Arun A. Kumar of Olympian Anthony Adam Fame on His Love for Cinema and Travel|url=https://kochipost.com/2016/11/04/arun-a-kumar-of-olympian-anthony-adam-fame-on-his-love-for-cinema-and-travel/|publisher=KochiPost|access-date=28 June 2020|date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
*Sanika Nambiar as Rose Mamman
*[[Valsala Menon]] as Chakkummoottil Therutha
*Poornima Anand as Lilly
*[[Sukumari]] as Bella Mam
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Alvin
*[[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]] as Ammu Issac
*[[Ajith Kollam]] as [[Sub-inspector|Sub Inspector]] Vivek
*Tom Mattel as Chakka Thomman
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was by [[Ouseppachan]] and the lyrics were by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]. The lyrics for the song "Peppara Perapera" are taken from [[Arundhati Roy]]'s novel ''[[The God of Small Things]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Notes
|-
| "Hey Chumma Chumma" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] ||
|-
| "Kadambanaattu Kaalavela" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]] ||
|-
| "Kokki Kurukiyum" || M. G. Sreekumar, [[choir|Chorus]] || [[Raga]]: [[Gourimanohari]]
|-
| "Kunnela" [Bit] || M. G. Sreekumar, Sujatha Mohan ||
|-
| "Nilaapaithale" || K. J. Yesudas ||
|-
| "Nilaapaithale" || [[K. S. Chithra]] ||
|-
| "One Little" || [[Ouseppachan]] ||
|-
| "Peppara Perapera" || [[Mohanlal]] ||
|}

==Release==
The film had an average box office run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlal-60th-birthday-check-out-list-complete-actors-underrated-movie-820439|title=Mohanlal 60th birthday: Check out the list of the complete actor's underrated movie|work=IB Times|date=21 May 2020|last=Narayanan|first=Nirmal}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0255442}}

{{Mohanlal}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1999 action films]]
[[Category:Pranavam Arts International films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bhadran]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Olappeeppi

2026-03-03T20:37:07Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: creating new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Olapeeppi
| image = Olappeeppi film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = Krish Kymal
| producer = [[Sunil Ibrahim]]
| writer = Krish Kymal
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Biju Menon]]
| narrator = 
| music = [[Anil Johnson]]
| cinematography =
| editing = V. Saajan
| studio = Vibezon Movies
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|09|30|df=yes}}
| runtime = 123 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=A clean U for a clean family cinema|url=https://www.facebook.com/olappeeppi/photos/a.691426590982776.1073741828.689976064461162/1132149740243790/?type=3&theater|website=[[Facebook]]|publisher=Olappeeppi|accessdate=24 September 2016|date=22 September 2016}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}1.50 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite news|last=തങ്ങള്‍|first=ശിഹാബുദ്ദീന്‍|title=ഒന്നരക്കോടി ബജറ്റിൽ നിര്‍മിച്ച സിനിമയ്ക്ക് ലഭിച്ചത് 8680 രൂപ; എന്നിട്ടും നിർമാതാവ് തളരുന്നില്ല|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/olappeeppi-sunil-ibrahim-malayalam-movie-boxoffice-krish-kymal-biju-menon-1.2188540|accessdate=8 November 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=ml}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}
'''''Olappeeppi''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]] [[historical drama|periodic]] [[Domestic drama|family-drama]]<ref name="period"/> film written and directed by Krish Kymal and produced by [[Sunil Ibrahim]] under the production house, Vibezon Movies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/For-the-Love-of-Movie/2015/04/07/article2750882.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201080500/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/For-the-Love-of-Movie/2015/04/07/article2750882.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2015|title=For the Love of Movie|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref> The film stars [[Biju Menon]], [[Paris Laxmi]], Reina Maria, and Sreejith Ravi. ''Olappeeppi'' was released on 30 September 2016, by [[Eros International]].

==Synopsis==
The story is set in [[Kerala]] in the 1970s, in the backdrop of various socio-economic changes that prevailed in the state during the execution of the [[Land reform in Kerala|Land Reform Act]] in 1977. The story focuses on the turmoil created in an [[upper class]] [[Indian feudalism|feudal family]] due to the Land Reform Act.<ref name="period">{{cite news|author=Onmanorama Staff|title=Biju Menon's 'Olappeeppi' gets a release date, trailer released|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/olappeeppi-biju-menon-film-release-date.html|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

==Cast==

* Punasseri Kanchana as Muthassi <ref>{{cite news|last1=ജ്യോതിലാല്‍|first1=ജി|title=എണ്പത്തിനാലാം വയസില്‍ സിനിമയിലേക്കൊരു തിരിച്ചുവരവ്|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/olappeeppi-bijumenon-kanchana-malayalammovie-malayalam-news-1.1360342|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|accessdate=29 September 2016|date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Jaleel|first1=Farsana|title=എണ്‍പത്തിനാലാം വയസ്സില്‍ കാഞ്ചന മുത്തശ്ശി വീണ്ടും സിനിമയിലേക്ക്|url=http://vellinakshatram.com/online/news/Kanchana-Ammas-return-to-acting-in-80th-age_2016-10-02.php|publisher=[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|Vellinakshatram]]|accessdate=2 October 2016|date=2 October 2016}}</ref>
* [[Biju Menon]]
* [[Paris Laxmi]]
* Reina Maria
* [[Sreejith Ravi]]
* Jebbar Chemad
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]]
* Master Dev

==Soundtrack==
''Olappeeppi'' features one song, "Ela Pulayelo", composed by [[Anil Johnson]] and sung by Jayakrishnan R., Fathimathul Liyana, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] S. Nath, and Shreya S. Ajith. The 3 minute 15 seconds long song was released on 3 September 2016 by [[Eros Music]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Olappeeppi by Anil Johnson|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/malayalam/Olappeeppi-2016/UNnfEaETMhI_|publisher=[[Saavn]]|accessdate=24 September 2016|date=3 September 2016}}</ref>

==Release==
''Olappeeppi'', earlier scheduled to release on 23 September 2016, by [[Eros International]],<ref>{{cite news|title='Olappeeppi' to release on September 23|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/-olappeeppi-to-release-on-september-23-english-news-1.1344520|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> was rescheduled and released on 30 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Releasing on Sep 30|url=https://www.facebook.com/olappeeppi/photos/a.691426590982776.1073741828.689976064461162/1131647516960679/?type=3&theater|website=[[Facebook]]|publisher=Olappeeppi|accessdate=24 September 2016|date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress]] - Kanchana P. K.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]

Shanti Sagara

2026-02-27T03:09:41Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: minor cleanup

{{About|lake|Jain monk|Shantisagar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox body of water
| image = View of Shanthi Sagar (Soole Kere) ಸೂಳೆ ಕೆರೆ near channagiri,davengere karnataka.JPG
| alt = Shanti Sagara
| caption = Shanti Sagara in 2010
| image_bathymetry =
|pushpin_map=Karnataka
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Karnataka
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = Sulekere, [[Channagiri]], [[Karnataka]], [[South India]]
| coords = {{coord|14|7|48|N|75|54|17|E|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[lake]]
| inflow = Haridra, Controlled [[Bhadra Dam]]'s right bank canal
| outflow = Sidda canal, Basava canal
| catchment = {{convert|329.75|km2|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries = India
| agency =
| designation =
| length = {{convert|8.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|4.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|2651|ha|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|10|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|27|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| volume = 
| residence_time =
| shore = {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}}
| elevation = {{convert|612|m|abbr=on}}
| frozen =
| islands =
| islands_category =
| cities =
| reference =
}}

'''Shanthi Sagara''', also called '''Sulekere''', is the second largest built lake in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandran |first1=Rahul |title=Of legends and lakes built by courtesans |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/MV1aSAEZsc6IFMbf6SbvBO/Of-legends-and-lakes-built-by-courtesans.html |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=mint |date=5 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> It is located at Sulekere of [[Kerebilachi]], [[Channagiri]] taluka of [[Davanagere District]] in [[Karnataka]] state of India.

==Importance==
Shanti Sagara tank, created by an embankment with [[Spillway|sluice outlets]], built in 1128, the tank has a history of 800 years. It took three years to construct the massive tank. The tank, which has a water spread of {{convert|6550|acres|ha|0|abbr=on}}, has a [[circumference]] of {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It has a total [[drainage basin]] of {{convert|81483|acres|ha|0|abbr=on}}. It [[irrigate]]s {{convert|4700|acres|ha|abbr=on}} of land and more than 1000 villages are benefited by it.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040903122759/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2003/11/29/stories/2003112900800300.htm A lake with a history of 800 years...] The Hindu - Online edition of India's National Newspaper</ref>

The tank receives the [[drainage]] of twenty square miles. All of the drainage pours into the [[gorge]] where it is built (the main stream bearing the name of Haridra, a tributary of the Tungabhadra). The [[embankment dam|embankment]] is constructed between two hills, and embankment is of no great length; it is around {{convert|950|ft|m|abbr=on}}, but it is of stupendous width (Max {{convert|120|ft|m|abbr=on}}, min {{convert|70|ft|m|abbr=on}}), height and strength, though not quite straight. The main road connecting between [[Channagiri]] and [[Davanagere]] pass through on this embankment.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} It has resisted successfully the floods of centuries, but owing to the great pressure of the volume of the water in tank.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&dq=Mysore%3A%20a%20gazetteer%20compiled%20for%20government%20sulekere&pg=PA482 Mysore: a gazetteer compiled for government, Vol 2 Page No. 482] Google Books Online</ref>

It has two [[sluice]]s. That to the north is called the "Sidda", and that to the south the "Basava". Notwithstanding the damaged state of the sluices and the great force of the water when escaping through them, the embankment has always remained firm and uninjured, a satisfactory proof of the solidity of the structure.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&dq=Mysore%3A%20a%20gazetteer%20compiled%20for%20government%20sulekere&pg=PA482 Mysore: a gazetteer compiled for government, Vol 2 Page No. 482] Google Books Online</ref>

If required (as during drought) the tank can be fed by surplus water from [[Bhadra Dam]]'s right bank canal.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/s/019pho000430s41u00103000.html | title=s | work=www.bl.uk | date =3 April 2018 | access-date= 30 May 2018}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name is derived from "Sule" [[courtesan]] and "kere" tank.
Sulekere renamed to Shanthi Sagara, where "shanthi" is the first name of [[princess]] Shantava, who constructed this tank. "Sagara" means [[Ocean]], as this tank is one of biggest tanks in [[Asia]], so the tank is compared to an ocean.

==History==
The construction of the tank is assigned to 11th or 12th century, and remains are pointed out, said have belonged to Svargavathi, the city was submerged, its king Vikrama raaya, who had no children, adopted the son of gowda of Billahalli.
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/MV1aSAEZsc6IFMbf6SbvBO/Of-legends-and-lakes-built-by-courtesans.html | title=MV1aSAEZsc6IFMbf6SbvBO | work=www.livemint.com | date =3 April 2018 | access-date= 30 May 2018}}</ref>

This youth received the name of Ragi raaya. But a daughter was subsequently born to the king in reward for his devotion to Shiva. She was called Shantava. The king's daughter, who, having formed a connection with some [[divinity]], built, as an expiatory act, the tank, which submerged the town of her father, who had cursed her as a prostitute. Hence the name "Sulekere".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&dq=Mysore%3A%20a%20gazetteer%20compiled%20for%20government%20sulekere&pg=PA481 Mysore: a gazetteer compiled for government, Vol 2 Page No. 481] Google Books Online</ref>

There is stone to be dated Shaka 1311, in the tank.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&dq=Mysore%3A%20a%20gazetteer%20compiled%20for%20government%20sulekere&pg=PA482 Mysore: a gazetteer compiled for government, Vol 2 Page No. 482] Google Books Online</ref>

History also has it that the Lt. General Sir [[Richard Hieram Sankey]], Chief Engineer of Mysore state, once commented during 1856, that the region (where Sulekere once was) was not ideal for the construction of a tank, but was still built, all thanks to the engineering expertise of people of those times. It is indeed remarkable, he commented.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/44853/whither-asias-second-largest-tank.html Sulekere in Davangere district has the distinction of being Asia’s second largest tank.] The Hindu - Online edition of India's National Newspaper</ref>

Sulekere tank, {{convert|40|mi|km|abbr=on}} round, which receives all the streams from the south, and from which Haridra issues to the north.
The south and west are crossed by lines of hills, as it mentioned in [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] in 1903-4.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V10_179.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 10, p. 173.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518114016/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V10_179.gif |date=18 May 2024 }} Website of Digital South Asia Library</ref>

On 22 September 1952 an adult [[Eel]] ([[Anguilla bengalensis]]) measuring 44 inches was found in a dragnet in the Sulekere reservoir. After the construction of [[Tungabhadra]] dam, the [[Fish migration|migration]] of the eel from sea to the upper reaches of the Tungabhadra is prevented, on 17 April 1955.<ref>{{cite web|title=Occurrence Of The Eel (''Anguilla bengaline'') in Sulekere Reservoir and Markendaya Stream in Mysore State|url=http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/documents/title117oc.htm|publisher=Centre for ecological sciences Indian institute of science (IISc) Bangalore|date=1955}}</ref>

==Drinking water==
Drinking water is supplied from Shanthi Sagara to [[Chitradurga]], Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS&DB) has funded {{Indian Rupee}} 80 crore to this project.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040422040924/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/23/stories/2004012302810300.htm Shanthi Sagara water for Chitradurga] The Hindu - Online edition of India's National Newspaper</ref>

Presently, Chitradurga city is getting 30 million litres of water a day from the Shanti Sagara Water Supply System.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/4808722.cms Water supply system to get revamped] Times of India - Online edition of India's National Newspaper</ref> Off-late, there are fears of the lake completely drying up.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Asias-second-largest-tank-could-dry-up-soon/articleshow/52018677.cms | title=articleshow | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date =3 April 2018 | access-date= 30 May 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of lakes in India]]
*[[Channagiri]]
*[[Karnataka]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline|Shanti Sagara}}

{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}


[[Category:Reservoirs in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Davanagere district]]
[[Category:Geography of Davanagere district]]

14th Punjab Assembly

2026-02-24T03:48:19Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: adding

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{One source|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Punjab Legislative Assembly ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿਧਾਨ ਸਭਾ
| coa_pic = Seal of Punjab.gif
| coa-pic =
| session_room = Punjab vidhansabha.jpg
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| preceded_by = [[13th Punjab Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[15th Punjab Assembly]]
| body =
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Charanjit Singh Atwal]]
| party1 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 = [[Dinesh Singh (Punjab politician)|Dinesh Singh]]
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Leader of the House
| leader3 = [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| party3 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
| election3 =
| leader4_type = [[House Leader|Opposition House Leader]]
| leader4 = Charanjit Singh Channi
| party4 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election4 =
| members = '''117'''
| political_groups1 =
{{Color box|#ffff00|border=silver}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (60) 
{{Color box|#ffa500|border=silver}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (12) 
{{Color box|#89cff0|border=silver}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (42) 
{{Color box|#FF69B4|border=silver}} [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (3)
| structure1 = File:Punjab legislative assembly.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[30 January 2012]]
| meeting_place = [[Secretariat Building (Chandigarh)|Vidhan Bhavan]], [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| website = [http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/Punjab.htm Homepage]
}}

== Composition ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
! align="center" | % Votes
! align="center" | % Votes in Seats Cont.
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD)||'''94'''||'''56'''||'''59.57'''||'''42.19'''
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
|3||align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)||'''23'''||'''12'''||'''7.15'''||'''39.73'''
|-
|2||align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||'''117'''||'''48'''||'''41.02'''||'''41.02'''
|-
|4||align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]||-||'''3'''||'''7.13'''||
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''117'''||||
|}

==Committees==
There were 13 committees for the years 2013-17.<ref name="Punjab Committees 2013-2014">{{Cite news |date=14 April 2014 |title=Atwal nominates MLAs to panels |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/atwal-nominates-mlas-to-panels/ |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Committees and Chairmen (2016–17)<ref>{{cite news |title=Speaker notifies 13 committees |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/sit-grills-hcs-officer-in-haryana-paper-leak-case-221620 |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=13 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! Committee<ref>{{cite web |title=Committees |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/committies |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>
! Chairperson
! colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Accounts|Committee on Public Accounts]]
|[[Aruna Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Estimates|Committee on Estimates]]
|[[Pargat Singh]]

| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings|Committee on Public Undertakings]]
|[[Malout Assembly constituency#2012|Harpreet Singh]]

| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes|Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes]]
|[[S. R. Kaler]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Privileges|Committee on Privileges]]
|[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Government Assurances|Committee on Government Assurances]]
|[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Local Bodies|Committee on Local Bodies]] [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions|and Panchayati Raj Institutions]]
|[[Sarwan Singh Phillaur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Subordinate Legislation|Committee on Subordinate Legislation]]
|Nirmal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers Laid/to be Laid on the Table and Library|Committee on Papers Laid/to be Laid on the Table]]
|[[Balbir Singh Sidhu (politician)|Balbir Singh Sidhu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers Laid/to be Laid on the Table and Library|Committee on Library]]
|[[Darshan Singh Kotfatta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Petitions|Committee on Petitions]]
|[[Manoranjan Kalia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly House Committee|House Committee]]
|[[Dinesh Singh (Punjab politician)|Dinesh Singh]] Deputy speaker (Ex-Officio Chairperson)
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Questions & References|Committee on Questions & References]]
|[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|}

==Members of the Punjab Legislative Assembly elected in 2012==
The following is the list of the members elected in 2012 to the Punjab assembly:<ref name="ECI 2012">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_PB_2012.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Name of Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| 1
| Sujanpur
| [[Dinesh Singh (Punjab politician)|Dinesh Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 2
| Bhoa (SC)
| [[Seema Kumari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 3
| Pathankot
| [[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 4
| Gurdaspur
| [[Gurbachan Singh Babbehali]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 5
| Dina Nagar (SC)
| [[Aruna Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 6
| Qadian
| [[Charanjit Kaur Bajwa]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 7
| Batala
| [[Ashwani Sekhri]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 8
| Sri Hargobindpur (SC)
| [[Des Raj Dhugga]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 9
| Fatehgarh Churian
| [[Tripat Rajinder Singh Bajwa]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 10
| Dera baba nanak
| [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 11
| Ajnala
| Bonny [[Amarpal Singh Ajnala]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 12
| Raja sansi
| [[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 13
| Majitha
| [[Bikram Singh Majithia]] (E)
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 14
| Jandiala (SC)
| [[Baljit Singh Jalal Usma]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 15
| Amritsar North
| [[Anil Joshi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 16
| Amritsar West (SC)
| [[Raj Kumar Verka]] (E)
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 17
| Amritsar Central
| [[Om Parkash Soni]] (E)
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 18
| Amritsar East
|[[Navjot Kaur Sidhu]] (E/W)
| || AWAAZ E PUNJAB
|-
|-
| 19
| Amritsar South
|[[Inderbir Singh Bolaria]] (E)
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 20
| Attari (SC)
|[[Gulzar Singh Ranike]] (E)
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 21
| Tarn taran
|[[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 22
| Khem karan
|[[Virsa Singh Valtoha]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 23
| Patti
|[[Adesh Partap Singh Kairon]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 24
| Khadoor Sahib
|[[Ravinder Singh Brahmpura]] replaced Ramanjit Singh Sikki on 16.02.2016
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 25
| Baba bakala (SC)
|Manjit Singh Manna Mianwind (E)
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 26
| Bholath
|Bibi Jagir Kaur
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 27
| Kapurthala
| Rana Gurjit Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 28
| Sultanpur lodhi
| Navtej Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 29
| Phagwara (SC)
| Som Parkash
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 30
| Phillaur (SC)
| Avinash Chander
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 31
| Nakodar
| Gurpartap Singh Wadala
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 32
| Shahkot
| Ajit Singh Kohar
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 33
| Kartarpur (SC)
| Sarwan Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 34
| Jalandhar West (SC)
| Chuni Lal Bhagat
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 35
| Jalandhar central
| Manoranjan Kalia
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 36
| Jalandhar North
| K.D.Bhandari
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 37
| Jalandhar Cantt
| [[Pargat Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 38
| Adampur (SC)
| Sh. Pawan Kumar Tinu
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 39
| Mukerian
| Rajnish Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|-
| 40
| Dasuya
| Amarjit Singh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 41
| Urmar
| Sangat Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 42
| Sham chaurasi (SC)
| [[Mohinder Kaur Josh]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 43
| Hoshiarpur
| Sunder Sham Arora
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 44
| Chabbewal (SC)
| [[Sohan Singh Thandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 45
| Garhshankar
| Surinder Singh Bhulewal Rathan
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 46
| Banga (SC)
| Tarlochan Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 47
| Nawan shahr
| [[Guriqbal Kaur]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 48
| Balachaur
| [[Chaudhary Nand Lal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 49
| Anandpur Sahib
| Madan Mohan Mittal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 50
| Rupnagar
| Dr Daljeet Singh Cheema
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 51
| Chamkaur Sahib (SC)
| Charanjit Singh Channi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 52
| Kharar
| Jagmohan Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 53
| S.A.S.Nagar
| Balbir Singh Sidhu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 54
| Bassi Pathana (SC)
| Justice Nirmal Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 55
| Fatehgarh Sahib
| Kuljit Singh Nagra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 56
| Amloh
| Randeep Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 57
| Khanna
| Gurkirat Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 58
| Samrala
| [[Amrik Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 59
| Sahnewal
| [[Sharanjit Singh Dhillon]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 60
| Ludhiana East
| [[Ranjit Singh Dhillon]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 61
| Ludhiana South
| [[Balwinder Singh Bains]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 62
| Atam Nagar
| [[Simarjit Singh Bains]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 63
| Ludhiana central
| Surinder Kumar Dawar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 64
| Ludhiana West
| Bharat Bhushan Ashu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 65
| Ludhiana North
| Rakesh Panday
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 66
| Gill (SC)
| [[Darshan Singh Shivalik]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 67
| Payal (SC)
| Charanjit Singh Atwal
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 68
| Dakha
| Manpreet Singh Ayali
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 69
| Raikot (SC)
| Gurcharan Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 70
| Jagraon (SC)
| S R Kaler
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 71
| Nihal Singh Wala (SC)
| Rajwinder Kaur
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 72
| Bhagha Purana
| Maheshinder Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 73
| Moga
| Joginder Pal Jain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 74
| Dharamkot
| Tota Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 75
| Zira
| Hari Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 76
| Firozpur City
| Parminder Singh Pinki
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 77
| Firozpur Rural (SC)
| Joginder Singh Alias Jindu
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 78
| Guru har sahai
| Gurmeet Singh Sodhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 79
| Jalalabad
| [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 80
| Fazilka
| Surjit Kumar Jyani
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|-
| 81
| Abohar
| Sunil Kumar Jakhar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 82
| Balluana (SC)
| Gurtej Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 83
| Lambi
| [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 84
| Gidderbaha
| [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 85
| Malout (SC)
| Harpreet Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 86
| Muktsar
| Karan Kaur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 87
| Faridkot
| Deep Malhotra
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 88
| Kotkapura
| Mantar Singh Brar
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 89
| Jaitu (SC)
| Joginder Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 90
| Rampura Phul
| Sikander Singh Maluka
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 91
| Bhucho Mandi (SC)
| Ajaib Singh Bhatti
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 92
| Bathinda Urban
| [[Sarup Chand Singla]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 93
| Bathinda Rural (SC)
| Darshan Singh Kotfatta
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 94
| Talwandi Sabo
| Jeetmohinder Singh Sidhu
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 95
| Maur
| Janmeja Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 96
| Mansa
| Prem Mittal
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 97
| Sardulgarh
| Ajit Inder Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 98
| Budhlada (SC)
| Chatin Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 99
| Lehra
| [[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 100
| Dirba (SC)
| Sant Balvir Singh Ghunas
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 101
| Sunam
| Parminder Singh Dhindsa
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 102
| Bhadaur (SC)
| Mohammed Sadique
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 103
| Barnala
| Kewal Singh Dhillon
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 104
| Mehal kalan (SC)
| Harchand Kaur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 105
| Malerkotla
| F. Nesara Khatoon (Farzana Alam)
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 106
| Amargarh
| Iqbal Singh Jhundan
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 107
| Dhuri
| Gobind Singh Longowal
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 108
| Sangrur
| Parkash Chand Garg
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 109
| Nabha (SC)
| Sadhu Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 110
| Patiala Rural
| Brahm Mohindra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 111
| Rajpura
| Hardyal Singh Kamboj
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 112
| Dera bassi
| N.K. Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 113
| Ghanaur
| Harpreet Kaur Mukhmailpura
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 114
| Sanour
| Lal Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 115
| Patiala
| [[Preneet Kaur]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-
| 116
| Samana
| Surjit Singh Rakhra
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|-
| 117
| Shutrana (SC)
| Vaninder Kaur Loomba
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|}

== Next Elections ==
*[[Punjab Legislative Assembly election, 2017]] to be held for electing [[15th Punjab Assembly|15th Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|14th]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2012–2017| ]]

St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School, Bettiah

2026-02-21T10:00:27Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Put Up A Info Initial Version!

{{Infobox school
| name = St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School
| latin_name =
| logo = XavBet.png
| image = St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| seal_image =
| caption =
| location =
| address =
| city = [[Bettiah]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|48|10|N|84|31|1.1|E|display=it|type:edu_region:IN}}
| schooltype = [[Private school|Private]] primary and secondary school
| motto = ''Service with Love''
| motto_translation =
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| denomination = [[Jesuit]]s
| patron = [[Francis Xavier]], SJ
| established = {{Start date and age|1998}}
| founder =
| school_board =
| president = Fr.Joy Karayampuram, SJ
| rector = Fr. Joy Marrypuram, SJ
| director =
| principal = Fr. Richard D, SJ
| headmistress =
| staff =
| faculty = 60+
| employees =
| grades = [[K-12 (education)|K-12]]
| gender = [[Mixed sex education|Co-educational]]
| years =
| age_range =
| enrollment =
| classes =
| avg_class_size = 60/class
| ratio =
| hours_in_day =
| classrooms = 40
| campus_size = {{convert|5.44|hectare|1}}
| area =
| campus_type =
| houses =
| colours =
| song =
| accreditation =
| feeder_to =
| graduates =
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]]
| alumni =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.stxaviersbth.com}}
| picture =
}}

'''St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School''' is a [[Private school|private]] [[Catholic school|Catholic]] primary and senior secondary school located in [[Bettiah]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The school was founded in 1998 and is run by the [[Society of Jesus]]. The school offers kindergarten through higher secondary curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stxaviersbth.com/academic/|title= Academic |publisher=St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School|website=www.stxaviersbth.com|access-date=2017-09-09}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Further|Bettiah Christians}}
The Society of Jesus ({{langx|la|Societas Iesu}}, ''S.J.'', ''SJ'', or ''SI'') is a male [[Order (religious)|religious order]] within the Catholic Church. Jesuits have been active in the field of education throughout the world from the start.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/se/sjedtrad.htm|title=Jesuit Educational Tradition|website=faculty.fairfield.edu|access-date=2017-09-09}}</ref> The Jesuits number over 16,000 and comprise the largest single religious order in the Catholic Church. Jesuit priests and brothers are engaged in ministries in 112 nations on six continents. Their work is focused on education and intellectual pursuits, mainly at the [[Secondary education|secondary]] and [[Tertiary education|tertiary]] levels, as well as missionary work and ministry in human rights and social justice.<ref name="stxaviersdelhi1">{{cite web|url=http://www.stxaviersdelhi.in/history.html|title=Home page |publisher=St. Xavier's Senior Secondary School |date=n.d. |work=Stxaviersdelhi.in |accessdate=2013-12-29}}</ref> These educational institutions engage roughly 1 lakh collaborators and educate approximately 18 lakh students.

In India the Jesuits are responsible for 95 high schools. Jesuit education is inspired by the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and based on the principles of pedagogy elaborated by [[Ignatius Loyola|St. Ignatius of Loyola]], with an emphasis on humanism and the service of others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xaviercollegepatna.org |title=Home page |date=n.d. |publisher=St. Xavier's College, Patna |work=Xaviercollegepatna.org |accessdate=2013-12-29}}</ref>

Founded by the Society of Jesus in 1998, the school offers the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] Secondary School Examination (Class X) and Senior Certificate Examination (Class XII). In 2021, Vartika Jha, a student of Class 12th topped the district in CBSE Board examination with a score of 98.8%.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== Facilities and activities ==
The school has laboratories for physics, chemistry, biology, computers, English language, and a library with more than 20,000 books. It uses its website to inform parents of such matters as attendance, homework, syllabus, examination schedule, and diary, and to provide a platform for feedback from parents. The school and campus are covered by television surveillance ([[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]]). Athletic facilities include a two hundred meter athletic track, music rooms and medical room. Sponsored sports include football, basketball, volleyball, throwball, badminton, table tennis, cricket, and karate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stxaviersbth.com/infrastructure/|title=Infrastructure - St. Xavier's Higher Secondary School|website=www.stxaviersbth.com|access-date=2017-09-08}}</ref>

The school has campus of {{convert|5.44|hectare|1}} and facilities for other sports activities and venues for cricket, badminton, tables tennis, basketball etc.

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]
* [[List of schools in Bihar]]
* [[List of Christian schools in India]]
* [[List of schools named after Francis Xavier]]

==References==
<references />

{{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]
[[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]
[[Category:West Champaran district]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Bihar]]

Suktabari High Madrasah

2026-02-21T09:47:49Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Put Up Basic Pg Nd Citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Suktabari Ekramia High Madrasah
| image = [[File:Suktabari Ekramia High Madrasah Photo.jpg|300px]]
| address = [[Dudher Kuthi Dewan Bosh]]
| city = [[Suktabari]], [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 736170
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| school_board = [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education|WBBME]] [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]]
| authority =
| affiliation = [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education|WBBME]] & [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]]
| founder = Ekramul Haq
| chairperson =
| principal = Rousan Zamal
| viceprincipal =
| established = 1935
| enrollment = 2000 (approximate)
| grades = Class V to XII
| campus =
| type = 10+2
| faculty = 30+
| colors = {{color box|white}} [[White (color)|White]] {{color box|DarkGreen}} [[Green]]
{{Coord|26|30|19.8|N|89|40|57.5|E|display=title}}
}}

'''Suktabari High Madrasah'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|শুকটাবাড়ী একরামিয়া হাই মাদ্রাসা}}, {{langx|ar|المدرسة الإكرامية شوكتاباري}}}} is a [[Coeducational|Co-educational]] [[Higher Secondary Examination|Higher Secondary]] [[Madrasa]]h (belonging class V to class XII) established in 1935.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUKTABARI STATE HIGH MADRASAH |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19030810902}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SUKTABARI STATE HIGH MADRASA - Suktabari / Viii District Koch Bihar (West Bengal) |url=https://schools.org.in/koch-bihar/19030810902/suktabari-state-high-madrasa.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref> It is affiliated with [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education]] and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]].

The madrasah offers class V to class X standard under [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education]] and offers class XI and class XII under [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]].

Students of [[Suktabari]] and its surroundings study here. The students are usually from Muslim families as well as from Hindu and other families.

==See also==
* [[Suktabari]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

[[Category:Madrasas in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1935]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in British India]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

IIT Mandi

2026-02-16T10:52:23Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: minor refine formatting as per guidelines also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Research Institute in HP, India}}
{{Advert|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
| other_name = IITMD{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
| image = IIT Mandi.svg
| motto = Scaling the heights!
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[technical university]]
| established = {{Start date and age|2009}}
| chairman = Lt. Gen. Kanwal Jeet Singh Dhillon (Retd.)
| director = Laxmidhar Behera<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof Laxmidhar Behera is new director of IIT Mandi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/prof-laxmidhar-behera-is-new-director-of-iit-mandi-101642105925160.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| faculty = 197 <ref name=nirf_2024_data>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0184.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
| students = 2,343 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| undergrad = 1201 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| postgrad = 602 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| doctoral = 540 <ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| city = [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|46|18|N|76|59|01|E|region:IN-HP_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh##India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| campus = [[Rural]]
| campus_size = {{convert|538|acre}}
| colors = {{colorbox|orange}} Orange {{colorbox|green}} Green {{colorbox|blue}} Blue
| website = {{URL|https://iitmandi.ac.in/}}
}}
'''Indian Institute of Technology Mandi''' ('''IIT Mandi or IITMd''') is one of the eight new [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs) located in [[Kamand, Mandi district|Kamand Valley]], [[Mandi district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh, India]]. Established by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]] in 2009, it is one of the [[Institutes of National Importance]] of India.

==History==
IIT Mandi's permanent campus, about {{cvt|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Mandi, consists of the South and North campuses connected by a narrow neck. The South campus is on the left bank of the [[Uhl River]] below Kamand village. The North campus is along the Kataula Khad (stream) opposite Salgi village.<ref name="ScalingHeightsBook"/>{{rp|pp=10}}

The Foundation Stone was laid on 24 February 2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation stone for IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh laid |url=http://www.goiit.com/posts/list/news-foundation-stone-for-iit-mandi-himachal-pradesh-laid-912615.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228110256/http://www.goiit.com/posts/list/news-foundation-stone-for-iit-mandi-himachal-pradesh-laid-912615.htm |archive-date=28 February 2009 |access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Foundation Stone laid in Mandi |url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/Main/uploads/File/samvad/2009/April%20Samvaad.pdf}}</ref> and the institution was registered as a society in [[Uttarakhand]] on 20 June 2009. The first batch of 97 students were admitted in July 2009 with classes starting in [[IIT Roorkee]], the mentoring IIT, on 27 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ravinder Makhaik |date=3 February 2009 |title=Admissions to IIT Mandi from coming session – Dhumal |url=http://hillpost.in/2009/02/admissions-to-iit-mandi-from-coming-session-himachal-cm/10420/ |work=Hill Post}}</ref>

A transit campus at Government Postgraduate College, Mandi was handed over by the Himachal Pradesh Government on 16 November 2009.<ref>[http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/institute/history.html Institute History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002210121/http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/institute/history.html|date=2 October 2014}}. IIT Mandi Website. Retrieved on 22 August 2014.</ref>

[[Timothy A. Gonsalves]] was the founding Director, and [[R. C. Sawhney]], serving as the first Registrar.<ref>{{cite web |title=College Khabar – Engineering Placement News, Student College Reviews, Company Reviews, College Events, Placement Papers, Student Interviews |url=http://www.collegekhabar.com/college/view/IIT-MANDI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412001038/http://www.collegekhabar.com/college/view/IIT-MANDI |archive-date=12 April 2016 |access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref>

The institute became an IIT under [[The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011]],<ref name="AmendmentAct">{{cite web |date=23 August 2010 |title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2010 |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Institute%20of%20Technology%20Bill%202010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122074603/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media///Institute%20of%20Technology%20Bill%202010.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2012 |access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> with the intention to expand the reach and to enhance the quality of technical education in the country. The Act was passed in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 24 March 2011<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2011 |title=LS passes bill to provide IIT status to 8 institutes, BHU |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/148456/ls-passes-bill-provide-iit.html |access-date=9 May 2011 |work=deccanherald.com}}</ref> and by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 30 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2012 |title=Parliament passes IIT bill |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/careers/education/Parliament-passes-IIT-bill/articleshow/12937917.cms |access-date=30 April 2012 |work=ThetimesofIndia.com}}</ref>

The Kamand campus ground-breaking ceremony, to mark the start of construction, was held on 13 April 2012.<ref name="ScalingHeightsBook">{{Cite book |title=Scaling the Heights: IIT Mandi's First Decade |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Mandi |year=2021 |editor-last=Sethi |editor-first=Devika |location=Kamand, Himachal Pradesh |editor-last2=Gonsalves |editor-first2=Priscilla |editor-last3=Krishnan |editor-first3=V. |editor-last4=Rajpurohit |editor-first4=B.S. |editor-last5=Anand |editor-first5=Lishma |editor-last6=Samuel |editor-first6=Pavin |url=http://iitmandi.ac.in/institute/campus/scaling_heights_book.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226094947/http://iitmandi.ac.in/institute/campus/scaling_heights_book.php |archive-date=26 February 2021 |display-editors=2}}</ref>{{rp|pp=118}}

[[File:IIT Mandi South Campus under construction Dec 2012 DSC 0923e.jpg|thumb|Construction in the South Campus, Dec '12]]
On 25 April 2015, IIT Mandi became the first of all the new IITs to completely shift B. Tech students to its permanent campus in Kamand, Mandi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/news/articles/a5g4block.html|title=IIT Mandi News Article|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309145810/http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/news/articles/a5g4block.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Campus==

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}

[[File:IIT Mandi Campus from Griffon Peak Jan 2020 D72 13785.jpg|alt=|thumb|View of IIT campus from Griffon Peak, Jan 2020. South Campus in front right, North Campus in left middle.]]

Having started its journey in 2009 with {{convert|538|acre}} of grassland on the banks of the river [[Uhl River|Uhl]], {{convert|460|km}} away from New Delhi, IIT Mandi has a unique campus in the challenging yet serene Himalayan mountains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/iitmandi-campus-gets-environment-goahead/787710/|title=IIT-Mandi campus gets Environment go-ahead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-09/news/29525080_1_forest-land-forest-rights-act-environment-ministry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120506/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-09/news/29525080_1_forest-land-forest-rights-act-environment-ministry|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2014|title=Environment Ministry clears diversion of forest land for setting permanent campus of IIT Mandi|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> The campus is split into two halves: the North and South Campus. Proper communication has been facilitated by the college for students, staffs and faculty for communication between north and south campus.

Sports, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities are also of high importance for the institute. In addition to the existing indoor [[badminton]] courts, [[swimming pool]], [[table tennis]] hall, football and [[cricket]] fields and gymnasium, the institute has a pavilion, a hockey ground with kiosk, and [[tennis]], [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]] courts. The institute has a medical unit in the South campus and a Health Care Center with 3 Medical officers, an ENT specialist, and a Pediatrician, in the North campus. It also includes a Procedure Room, a Minor Operation Theatre and [[Physiotherapy]] Center.

The institute has also set up within its campus important support services, such as creches, a botanical garden with a rich diversity of local plants, children's parks, stationery shops, a campus school, canteens, cafes, banks and ATMs, for the convenience of campus residents. Library and book-nooks are also present in both North and South Campus. The auditorium is used for various occasions and programs organized at IIT Mandi.

=== Green activities ===
Efficient [[Waste management|waste-management]] practices are held in high priority for the campus. The waste generated at each source is segregated through the active participation of residents. A [[Biogas|Bio-gas]] generator of {{cvt|150|kg}} feed capacity has been installed for the digestion of biodegradable wastes. [[Sewage Treatment Plant]]s have been set up to ensure that all waste-water generated in the campus gets suitably treated before discharge and reuse. Special efforts have also been put towards the identification of local flora and fauna, and in ensuring that the campus growth continues to be in harmony with them. Future plans include reuse of treated waste-water, development of plant nursery, better segregation and in-house composting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/campus/2019/Jul/10/iit-mandi-targets-completing-a-greener-and-more-sustainable-campus-meant-for-2500-students-by-2021-6984.html|title=IIT Mandi targets completing a greener and more sustainable campus meant for 2,500 students by 2021|first=EdexLive|last=Desk|date=10 July 2019|website=EdexLive|accessdate=29 July 2024}}</ref>

IIT Mandi was honored with the Prestigious Green University Award in [[2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP 28]], [[UAE]]. The award was conferred by Green Mentors, an [[NGO]] holding special consultative status with the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC) in the [[United States]]. Institute's goal is to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and achieve [[Zero carbon|zero carbon emissions]] within the next 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=IIT-Mandi wins 'Green University' award at COP28 UAE |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iit-mandi-wins-green-university-award-at-cop28-uae-9058125/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== South Campus ===
[[File:IIT Mandi South Campus from Griffon Peak April 2017 D72 0617.jpg|thumb|South Campus from Griffon Peak, Apr 2017]]
The South Campus is bordered by the [[Uhl River]] on the west, [[Kamand, Mandi district|Kamand village]] on the north and [[Kahra village, Mandi|Kahra village]] on the east. IIT Mandi was the first among all the new IITs to shift residential and academic facilities on the main (South) campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/academics/convocation/4th_convocation/IITMandi4th_Convocation_Brochure_2016_edited.pdf|title=IIT Mandi 4th Convocation Brochure|accessdate=29 July 2024}}</ref>
A Faculty and Staff Recreation Club in the South Campus was also inaugurated on 29 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/news/articles/files/faculty_staff_club.pdf|title=IIT Mandi News Article|accessdate=29 July 2024|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108022515/https://www.iitmandi.ac.in/news/articles/files/faculty_staff_club.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The master plan for the complete development of the campus is ready and intends to cater for 5000 students, 600 faculty and associated staff.

=== North Campus ===
[[File:Top View Panorama North Campus IIT Mandi.jpg|thumb|Top View of North Campus]]
[[file: North_Campus_July_2019_D72_11262.jpg | thumb|North Campus]]
The North Campus is to host all the students in the long run (with the South Campus catering to the residential and research requirements of the research scholars). At present, all the undergraduate students reside in the North Campus, with some of the postgraduates students also living here.

== Schools and centers ==
The institute primarily consists of faculty, project associates and students divided across several schools. Currently there are nine schools and 9 centres operational in IIT Mandi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schools |url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/academics/schools.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015111953/http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/academics/schools.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
*School of Management (SoM)
*School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences (SMSS)
*School of Computing and Electrical Engineering (SCEE)
*School of Biosciences and Bioengineering (SBB)
*School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCENE)
*School of Chemical Sciences (SCS)
*School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (SMME)
*School of Physical Sciences (SPS)
*School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS)

=== Centres ===

* Centre for Continuing Education (CCE)
* Centre for Design & Fabrication of Electronic Device (C4DFED)
* Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR)
* Centre for Human-Computer Interaction(CHCI)

* BioX Centre
* Indian Knowledge System and Mental Health Applications Centre(IKSMHA)
* Advance Material Research Centre (AMRC)
* Center for Quantum Science and Technologies (CQST)
* Centre for Promotion of Additive Manufacturing

==Organization and administration==
=== IIT Mandi Catalyst ===
IIT Mandi Catalyst is the first technology business incubator (TBI) in Himachal Pradesh. It was inaugurated by Prof [[Ashok Jhunjhunwala]] on 15 May 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/iit-to-focus-on-industrial-research-356622|title=IIT to focus on industrial research|work=The Tribune|date=29 January 2017|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>
IIT Mandi Catalyst offers a low-cost, high-tech, yet peaceful and picturesque destination to early-stage [[startups]]. The Solar Labs was the first incubated and funded company. It was founded in 2017 by a fresh B. Tech graduate Siddarth Gangal.<ref name="ScalingHeightsBook" />{{rp|pp=154}} IIT Mandi Catalyst has incubated over 350 startups.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Education |first=FE |date=2 October 2023 |title=IIT Mandi Catalyst concludes annual flagship event Himalayan Startup Trek 2023 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-iit-mandi-catalyst-concludes-annual-flagship-event-himalayan-startup-trek-2023-3260334/ |access-date=21 Feb 2024 |work=Financial Express}}</ref>

=== Enabling Women of Kamand (EWOK) ===
[[File:EWOK_logo.png|thumb|Enabling Women of Kamand (EWOK)]]
[[Enabling Women of Kamand (EWOK)]] is an innovative programme started by IIT Mandi in May 2016.
<ref>{{cite web|title=EWOK – Enabling Women of Kamand|url=http://www.ewok.in/|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Mandi|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531204458/http://ewok.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
It focuses on imparting skills training to rural women to enable them to start village-scale businesses. EWOK has partnered with women from the four panchayats of Kamand, Kataula, Katindhi and Navlaya in [[Mandi district]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/12/himachal-pradesh-iit-mandi-helps-rural-women-turn-entrepreneurs-in-queen-of-hills-1842182.html|title=Himachal Pradesh: IIT-Mandi helps rural women turn entrepreneurs in Queen of Hills|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=12 July 2018|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>

=== IIT Mandi iHub and HCI Foundation ===
Incorporated on 24 September 2020, IIT Mandi iHub and HCI Foundation is a Technology Innovation Hub (TIH). It is focused on [[Human-Computer Interaction|Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)]]. It is set up by the IIT Mandi under India's National Mission on Interdisciplinary [[Cyber-Physical Systems]] (NM-ICPS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – iHub |url=https://www.ihubiitmandi.in/about-us/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

iHub launched ''<nowiki>'Drone Didi'</nowiki>'' as a part of [[Indian government|Indian government's]] [[Namo Drone Didi Scheme]]. It is an entrepreneurship development program to train women of Himachal Pradesh to become [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] operators, with a specific focus on agri-drone applications. The skill-development training program has been recognized by [[National Skill Development Corporation|National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=IIT Mandi iHub showcases the success of 'Drone Didi' program to President Droupadi Murmu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/features/iit-mandi-ihub-showcases-the-success-of-drone-didi-program-to-president-droupadi-murmu-101705492238077.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The first batch started in 2024 had 20 female participants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-04 |title=Drone Didi: IIT Mandi training women to become 'kisan drone operators' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/drone-didi-iit-mandi-training-women-to-become-kisan-drone-operators/articleshow/107402564.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Academics==
IIT Mandi like all the other [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], conducts various programs including bachelor's degree in technology ([[B.Tech.]]) and is also in the list of the few IITs which has its own postgraduate management program [[MBA]] offered by School of Management. It also offers postgraduate level programs such as [[Master of Science]] and Master of Science (Research). Further, it also offers a [[Ph.D.]] program for cutting-edge research <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/new-iits-aim-high-from-transit-camps-lay-stress-on-research-110062100025_1.html|title=New IITs aim high from transit camps; lay stress on research|author=Chitra Unnithan & Vinay Umarji|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=21 June 2010}}</ref> in basics sciences such as chemical sciences, physical sciences as well as in disciplines of engineering. The academic year is organized between two semester a year. IIT Mandi follows a 10-point CGPA scale, with a rigorous examination procedure consisting of two mid-semester examinations called Quizzes and an end-semester exam. Apart from that, the courses may involve short projects, term-papers, self-study assignments, tutorials, and regular surprise quizzes.

=== Undergraduate programs ===
Currently(2022–2023), IIT Mandi offers Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech) programs in six disciplines namely:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/admissions/ug_adms.html|title=Undergraduate Admissions<< IIT Mandi|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718014557/http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/admissions/ug_adms.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Civil engineering]]
* [[Computer science and engineering]]
* [[Data science]] and engineering
* [[Electrical engineering]]
* [[Engineering physics]]
* [[Mechanical engineering]]
* Mathematics and Computing
* [[Microelectronics]] & [[VLSI]]
* General Engineering
* [[Materials science|Materials Science and Engineering]]
* BS in [[Chemical Sciences]]

The institute also offers a dual-degree program (B. Tech. – M. Tech.) in the following discipline :

* [[Bio-engineering]]

Like all the other [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]], admissions to these programs are done on the basis of merit list of [[Joint Entrance Examination#JEE Advanced|JEE-Advanced]], the second phase examination of [[Joint Entrance Examination]] (JEE), which is an all India engineering entrance examination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/middle-path-the-way-out-of-iit-exam-stalemate-107271-2012-06-27|title=Middle path the way out of IIT exam stalemate|date=28 June 2012|website=India Today|accessdate=29 July 2024}}</ref>

The School of Management at IIT Mandi has recently started Five Year Integrated [[Master of Business Administration]] (IMBA). After successful completion of the five years of the IMBA program, the students shall be awarded two separate degrees (i) [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] Analytics (Honors) and (ii) MBA (Data Science & Artificial Intelligence).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Admission Notice 12 June.pdf |url=https://cloud.iitmandi.ac.in/f/7c2708d0eb4c49078f83/ |access-date= |website=IIT Mandi {{!}} Cloud |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] Analytics (as a part of IMBA)

====Female enrollment in B.Tech====
The Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, has successfully achieved the target of female enrollment in undergraduate courses by admitting 20.22 percent female students to B. Tech. program for the Academic Year 2019–20. This stands favorably with the target of 17 percent set by the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Apex Board Committee for 2019–20.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iitmandi.ac.in/Newspaper_reports/pdf_news/Hindustan%20Times%20-%20IIT%20Mandi.jpg|title=IIT Mandi see a rise in Female Enrollment In B.Tech. Programmes|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409202710/https://iitmandi.ac.in/Newspaper_reports/pdf_news/Hindustan%20Times%20-%20IIT%20Mandi.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A total of 262 students were admitted to IIT Mandi this year in B. Tech. courses, out of which 53 are girls and 209 are boys as compared to 38 girls and 158 boys last year. A total of 103 students have been admitted this year in the M.Sc. courses, of which 36 are girls and 67 are boys.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://educationtimes.com/article/65779739/70464610/IIT-Mandi-enrols-20-female-students-in-BTech-programmes.html|title=IIT Mandi enrols 20% female students in BTech programmes|publisher=Education Times}}</ref> For the Academic Year 2020–2021 a total of 330 students have been admitted in B. Tech. Courses out of which 68 are girls and 262 are boys which gives a 20.61 percent female ratio in B. Tech. this year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIT Mandi Improves Intake Of Girl Students In B.Tech; Up By 20% From 2019|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/iit-mandi-improves-intake-of-girl-students-in-btech-up-20-from-2019|access-date=2020-12-07|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref>

Data regarding the number of women taking admission:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Female Enrollment in B. Tech
|-
! Year !! No. of Female Students
|-
| 2015 || 8
|-
| 2016 || 6
|-
| 2017 || 22
|-
| 2018 || 38
|-
| 2019 || 53
|-
| 2020 || 68
|-
| 2021 || 64
|}

=== Postgraduate programs ===
IIT Mandi also offers postgraduate programs like M. Tech, M. Tech. (by Research), M.Sc., and M.A under various departments. Currently, IIT Mandi offers M.S. program in the field of basic sciences, M. Tech (by Research) program in the field of engineering, M.A program in Development Studies, M.Sc. program in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and M. Tech program in CSE, CSP, VLSI, Energy Systems, Materials, Fluid and Thermal, Structural Engineering, and Biotechnology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iitmandi.ac.in/degreeprograms.php|title=Indian Institute of Technology Mandi|website=iitmandi.ac.in|accessdate=29 July 2024}}</ref> For any candidate to be eligible for admission, he/she must have a bachelor's degree in Engineering / Technology or master's degree in appropriate Sciences with a valid score in [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] or equivalent national level examination or [[Graduate Record Examination|GRE]] in appropriate discipline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/admissions/ms_phd_admiss.html|title=Call for M.S. /Ph.D. Programs|access-date=22 August 2014|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113518/http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/admissions/ms_phd_admiss.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shortlisted candidates are called for a personal interview and based on which admission is offered.

School of Management, IIT Mandi offers Master of Business Administration [[MBA]] in Data science and Artificial Intelligence. This course was started in the year 2022.To be eligible for the admission process, the candidate either have a valid [[Common Admission Test|CAT]] score or have studied with good academic grades from top 100 NIRF colleges or Centrally Funded Technical Institutes (CFTIs). All applicants must have studied mathematics at +2 level (or equivalent)

IIT Mandi also offers Ph.D. programs in the field of engineering and basic sciences. To be eligible for admission process, the candidate must have a master's degree in sciences with a good academic record and a valid GATE score or UGC/CSIR NET/ Master's degree in Engineering/Technology with a good academic record/ B. Tech degree of any IIT with a minimum of CGPA of 8.0 on a 10.0 point scale or with a valid GATE Score or B. Tech / B.E degree of any recognized University in India with a minimum CGPA of 8.0 on a 10.0 point scale or equivalent with valid GATE score.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/research-in-iits/article6325958.ece|title=Research in IITs|author=B.S. Warrier|work=The Hindu|date=17 August 2014}}</ref>

===Strategic partnerships===
IIT Mandi has strategic partnerships with prominent universities worldwide, including members of the TU9 consortium in Germany, institutions in Norway, Japan, the United States of America, and France. These collaborations facilitate long-term research engagements between IIT Mandi's faculty and their counterparts at institutions such as TU9 in Germany, NTNU in Norway, Kyushu University in Japan, and Missouri S&T in the USA. In addition to research collaborations, these partnerships also foster academic cooperation, including student exchange programs and joint degree initiatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iitmandi.ac.in/sric/ |title=SCRI & IR – IIT Mandi|access-date=22 October 2023 |website=IIT Mandi}}</ref>

====WPI, United States====
IIT Mandi has a collaboration program with many foreign universities. Students from WPI, United States come at IIT Mandi to work with IIT Mandi students on 'Interdisciplinary Socio-technical Practicum (ISTP)'. Through the ISTP, students explore the various issues/problems of society, and they propose technology-based solutions for these, and evaluate the proposed solutions from social, technical, economical, environmental and other aspects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/istp/ |title=ISTP |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092654/http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/istp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Ranking ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University
|NIRF_E_2024=31}}

It was ranked 31st among engineering colleges in India by the ''[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]'' in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref> It was ranked 15th among 23 IITs according to NIRF 2024.

==Research==
IIT Mandi nurtures an interdisciplinary research environment that develops innovative technologies for widespread use. Driven by the need of the region and the nation, the thrust areas have been identified and organized.

Recently the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi has made a significant breakthrough in the development of metal oxide layers for use in advanced architecture silicon solar cells.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/iit-mandi-researchers-develop-affordable-way-to-produce-metal-oxide-layers-for-solar-cells/articleshow/99443061.cms |title=IIT Mandi researchers develop affordable way to produce metal oxide layers for solar cells |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=[[Times Of India]] }}</ref>

Researchers from the institute also developed a new algorithm using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI&ML) that could improve the accuracy of prediction for natural hazards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/iit-mandi-scientists-develop-algorithm-to-improve-landslide-prediction-accuracy-101676968834443.html |title=IIT Mandi scientists develop algorithm to improve landslide prediction accuracy|date=21 February 2023 |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

In July 2024, under the [[Indian Knowledge Systems]], IIT Mandi's Centre for Indian Knowledge System and Mental Health Application (IKSHMA) launched MS (research) And PhD programs in [[Music]] and Musopathy. The programs leverage the connection between music, technology, and health, and aim to help understand therapeutic values and science behind Indian music for the overall well-being of human body, mind, and consciousness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-06 |title=IIT Mandi introduces first-of-its-kind MS, PhD programmes in Music and Musopathy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-mandi-introduces-first-of-its-kind-ms-phd-programmes-in-music-and-musopathy-2563189-2024-07-06 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/news/iit-mandi-introduces-m-s-phd-programs-in-music-and-musopathy-applications-open/ar-BB1ptcs1 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

===Research centers===
The Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMRC) has a focus on the environment and on agriculture particularly for traditional farmers who are engaged in the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, saffron and medicinal plants in this region. The Centre for Design & Fabrication of Electronic Devices (C4DFED) is an institute facility for [[multidisciplinary research]] of electronic device design and fabrication. The centre has Class 100, Class 1000 & Class 10000 laboratories where high-end sophisticated electronic device design, fabrication and characterisation tools worth INR 50 crore are installed.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

IIT Mandi plans to set up a research park with a HEFA loan of INR 100 crore, along with an increase of faculty strength to over 300 and student strength to over 5000 in the next five years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Mandi to use HEFA loan to set up research park; increase faculty and student strength: Director - EducationTimes.com |url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/newsroom/99734964/iit-mandi-touse-hefa-loantoset-up-research-park;increase-facultyand-student-strength-director |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.educationtimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Student life==

{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}

===Student Gymkhana and Societies===
[[File:Hikers Snow Kandi IIT Mandi Himachal Jan20 D72 13625.jpg|thumb|HTC trek in the snow at Kandi Pass, Jan '20]]
The Student Gymkhana is the student self-governance body. It invites student participation and acts as a bridge between the students and the faculty. It helps in the overall smooth functioning of all student-related activities. It also assists the students in participating in various student exchange programs and internships. Student activities at IIT Mandi are grouped into six different societies namely, Academic, Cultural, Literary, Research, Sports and Technical. Additional activities are grouped in General Affairs under the General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite book|last=IIT Mandi|first=Student Gymkhana|url=http://students.iitmandi.ac.in/files/StudentConstitution.pdf|title=Student Constitution|publisher=IIT Mandi|year=2013}}</ref>

The '''Technical Society''' includes KamandPrompt (The Programming Club), STAC (The Astronomy Club), Robotronics (The Robotics and Electronics Club), Nirman Club, Yantrik club and E-Cell.

'''Cultural Society''' includes Art Geeks (Art club), Music club, UDC (Dance club), Dramatics club, Designauts (Design Club), ShutterBugs (The Photography Club), and Perception (The Videography Club).

The '''Literary Society''' includes debate, quizzing and writing club of the college. Literary Society also publishes a yearly student's magazine by the name of Vivaan.

The '''Sports Society''' has a sports council which coordinates all the sports activities for Football, Cricket, Badminton, Lawn Tennis, Badminton, Table Tennis, Volleyball, Basketball, Hockey, Athletics, and Chess at Kamand Campus.

The '''Research Society''' includes IIT Mandi Research Club (IITMRC).

'''General Affairs''' includes the Hiking and Trekking Club (HTC).

During their first year, all under-graduate students are required to take part in one of three extra-curricular activities. These are the Sports Society, the National Service Scheme and the Hiking and Trekking Club.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2017|title=Ordinances and Regulations: Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) and Bachelor of Technology (Honours) (B.Tech. (Honours))|url=http://iitmandi.ac.in/academics/files/B.Tech%20Ordinance%20and%20Regulations.pdf|access-date=1 July 2021|website=IIT Mandi|page=22}}</ref>

=== Student festivals===

==== Xpecto ====

Xpecto is the science and technology festival of IIT Mandi that includes technical events from various technical clubs.

==== Exodia ====
{{Main|Exodia}}
Exodia is the annual technical-cum-cultural fest of IIT Mandi. It is a three-day long event held towards the start of March. Started in 2012 by a bunch of enthusiast IITians, it is a student-run non-profit organization that caters primarily to the youth. Exodia '12 and Exodia '13 were set in the transit campus of IIT Mandi while later meetups were set on the permanent campus in Kamand.

==== Rann-Neeti ====
Rann-Neeti is the Annual Inter College Sports Fest of IIT Mandi organized by Student Gymkhana of IIT Mandi. It is a three-day long event held every year in the month of September where many Indian colleges participate.

==== AstraX ====
AstraX is the annual inter-college Astronomy meet of IIT Mandi organized by its Space Technology and Astronomy Cell. It observes keynote talks by international and national astrophysicists and astronomers, workshops on space technology and other events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iitmandi.ac.in/news/articles/files/Astrax2019.pdf|title=IIT Mandi hosted AstraX'19|accessdate=29 July 2024|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528034504/https://iitmandi.ac.in/news/articles/files/Astrax2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Students from IITs, IISERs, NITs and many other colleges across India participate in the meet.

==== Ruvaan ====
Ruvaan is the annual inter-college Literary Fest of IIT Mandi jointly organized by Writing Club, Drama Club, Debating Club, and Quizzing Club (Literary Society). Started in 2020 as a three-day event, it covers a variety of events like Debates, Poetry-Slams, M.U.N., Drama, Quizzes, Movie Screenings, and Poet Conference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life at IIT Mandi: 7 reasons to choose the institute in the lap of the Himalayas |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/iit-mandi-campus-life-why-study-at-iit-mandi-student-societies-1729698-2020-10-08 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==== FrostHack ====
FrostHack is an open hackathon organized by the student community of IIT Mandi with the goal of solving societal problems by collective collaboration among students using technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frosthack2021.devfolio.co/overview|title=FrostHack 2021 | Devfolio|website=frosthack2021.devfolio.co|accessdate=29 July 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[National Institutes of Technology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}}

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute Of Technology Mandi}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology|Mandi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2009]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Mandi district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:IIT Mandi| ]]

Udham Singh

2026-02-14T19:48:26Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: small enhance information for clarity also and updated info

{{short description|Indian revolutionary (1899–1940)}}
{{other people|Udham Singh}}
{{redirect|Shaheed Udham Singh|the 2021 film|Sardar Udham|the 2000 film|Shaheed Udham Singh (film)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Udham Singh
| image = Sardar_Udham_Singh.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Sher Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|12|26}}
| birth_place = [[Sunam]], Punjab, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1940|07|31|1899|12|26}}
| death_place = [[Pentonville Prison]], London, England
| occupation = [[Revolutionary]]
| organization = [[Ghadar Party]] [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] [[Indian Workers' Association]]
| other_names = Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, Ude
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| criminal_penalty = [[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom|Death]]
| criminal_status = [[Execution by hanging|Executed by hanging]]
| parents =
| spouse = Lupe Hernandez
| children = 2 sons
| conviction = [[Murder]]
| victims = [[Michael O'Dwyer]], 75
| known_for = Assassinating [[Michael O'Dwyer]] in retaliation for the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
| signature = Handwritten signature of Udham Singh (detail).jpg
}}
'''Udham Singh''' (born '''Sher Singh'''; 26 December 1899 – 31 July 1940) was an Indian revolutionary belonging to [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadar Party]] and [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|HSRA]], best known for assassinating [[Michael O'Dwyer]], the former lieutenant governor of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] in [[British India|India]], on 13 March 1940. The assassination was done in revenge for the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] in [[Amritsar]] in 1919, for which O'Dwyer was responsible and of which Singh himself was a survivor.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|author=Swami, Praveen|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220500.htm|title=Jallianwala Bagh revisited: A look at the actual history of one of the most shocking events of the independence struggle|newspaper=Frontline|location=India|volume=14|series=22|pages=1–14|date=Nov 1997|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=23 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230732/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220500.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh was subsequently tried and convicted of murder and hanged in July 1940. While in custody, he used the name '''Ram Mohammad Singh Azad''', which represents the three major religions in India and his anti-colonial sentiment.<ref name="Farina_2010"/>

Singh was a well-known figure of the [[Indian independence movement]]. He is also referred to as ''Shaheed-i-Azam Sardar Udham Singh'' (the expression "Shaheed-i-Azam" means "the great martyr").<ref>{{cite news |title=Who was Sardar Udham Singh? Know interesting facts about the man who avenged Jallianwala Bagh massacre |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-was-sardar-udham-singh-know-interesting-facts-about-the-man-who-avenged-jallianwala-bagh-massacre |access-date=8 April 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |date=25 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408164754/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-was-sardar-udham-singh-know-interesting-facts-about-the-man-who-avenged-jallianwala-bagh-massacre |url-status=live }}</ref> A district ([[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]) was named after him as a homage by the [[Mayawati|Mayawati government]] in October 1995.<ref name="Singh 2015">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Anand Raj |date=12 March 2015 |title=Mayawati may create new district to tame old foe |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article398789.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604045449/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article398789.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2016 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==
Udham Singh was born Sher Singh into a [[Sikhs|Sikh family]] on 26 December 1899 in the neighbourhood of Pilbad in [[Sunam]], around 130 miles south of [[Lahore#British colonial period|Lahore]], British India, to Tehal Singh, a [[Kamboj]], low-skilled low-paid manual labourer and his wife Narain Kaur.<ref name="Anand3">{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Anita |author-link=Anita Anand (journalist) |title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence |year=2019 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |isbn=978-1-5011-9570-9 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher&pg=PA31 |quote=When the faint mewling of his son finally reached his ears, Tehal Singh might have allowed himself a moment of relief but nothing more. He could barely feed his existing family, let alone this new mouth. His little one was blissfully unaware that his tiny wriggling body was saddled with an invisible burden from the moment he arrived in the world. Like his parents, he was '''Khamboj''', one of the lowest castes in India |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203171559/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher&pg=PA31 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Gordon |editor-link=Gordon Johnson (historian) |title=Contested Nationalisms; Negotiated Terrains: The Way Sikhs Remember Udham Singh 'Shahid' (1899–1940) |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |year=2002 |volume=36 |issue=4 |page=830 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X02004031 |jstor=3876476 |id={{ProQuest|196819206}} |publisher=Cambridge University Press |s2cid=145405222 |quote=According to general Sikh accounts, Udham Singh was born in Sunam in the Punjab’s Sangrur district as Sher Singh into a Sikh family of the '''Kambojh caste'''. In 1907 after the early deaths of his parents he and his brother were admitted into the Central Khalsa Orphanage by an uncle}}</ref> He was their youngest, with a two-year difference between him and his elder brother, Sadhu.<ref name=Anand3/> When they were around age three and five respectively, their mother died.<ref name=Anand3/> The two boys subsequently stayed close to their father while he worked in the village of [[Nilowal]] carrying mud from a newly constructed canal, part of [[Punjab Canal Colonies]].<ref name=Anand3/> After being laid off he found work as a railway crossing watchman in the village of Upali.<ref name=Anand3 />

In October 1907, while taking his sons by foot to Amritsar, their father collapsed and died at Ram Bagh Hospital.<ref name="Anand3" /> The two brothers were subsequently handed to an uncle who being unable to keep them, gave them to the [[Central Khalsa Orphanage]], where according to the orphanage register, they were [[Amrit Sanskar|initiated]] on 28 October.<ref name="Anand3" /> Rebaptised, Sadhu became “Mukta”, meaning “one who has escaped re-incarnation”, and Sher Singh was renamed “Udham Singh”, Udham meaning “the upheaval”.<ref name="Anand6">{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Anita |author-link=Anita Anand (journalist) |title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence |year=2019 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |isbn=978-1-5011-9570-9 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher&pg=PA36 |quote=Born again, Sher and Sadhu were given new names, Sadhu became Mukta, which means "one who escaped the cycle of reincarnation." '''Sher Singh''' became '''Udham Singh'''. Whether the name was inspired by his behaviour, it would certainly prove to be prophetic. Udham translates into English as "the upheaval" |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204101932/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sher&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the orphanage he was affectionately referred to as "Ude".<ref name="Anand3" /> In 1917, Mukta died of an unknown sudden illness.<ref name="Anand5">{{Cite book|last=Anand|first=Anita|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mukta&pg=PA55|title=The Patient Assassin|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4711-7424-7|author-link=Anita Anand (journalist)|chapter=5. Name, rank and serial failure|pages=55–61|location=London|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204100532/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mukta&pg=PA55|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shortly thereafter, despite being below the official age of enrolment, Udham Singh persuaded authorities to allow him to serve in the [[British Indian Army]] during the [[First World War]].<ref name="Anand5" /> He was subsequently attached to the lowest ranking labour unit with the [[32nd Sikh Pioneers]] to work on restoration on the field railway from the coast up to [[Basra]].<ref name="Anand5" /> His young age and conflicts with authority led him to return to Punjab in less than six months.<ref name="Anand5" /> In 1918, he rejoined the army and was despatched to Basra and then [[Baghdad]], where he carried out carpentry and general maintenance of machinery and vehicles, returning after a year to the orphanage in Amritsar in early 1919.<ref name="Anand5" />

==Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh==
{{main|Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}
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On 10 April 1919, a number of local leaders allied to the [[Indian National Congress]], including [[Satyapal]] and [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], were arrested under the terms of the [[Rowlatt Act]]. A military picket fired on a protesting crowd, precipitating a riot which saw numerous European-owned banks attacked and several Europeans attacked in the streets.<ref>{{citation|author=Stanley Wolpert|title=India|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Anti-British-activity#ref47051|series=Encyclopedia Britannica|chapter=The postwar years|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|access-date=11 March 2022|archive-date=6 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406031655/https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Anti-British-activity#ref47051|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 April, over twenty thousand unarmed people were assembled in [[Jallianwala Bagh]], [[Amritsar]] to celebrate the important [[Sikh]] festival of [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]], and to peacefully protest the arrests. Singh and his friends from the orphanage were serving water to the crowd.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|title=Pre-meditated Plan of Jallianwala Massacre and Oath of Revenge, Udham Singh alias Ram Mohammad Singh Azad|year=2002|page=139|author=Sikander Singh}}</ref> Troops under the command of Colonel [[Reginald Dyer]] opened fire on the crowd, killing several hundred; this became known variously as the Amritsar Massacre or the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].<ref name="Tully 2006 p. 29">{{cite book |last=Tully |first=Mark |title=Amritsar : Mrs Gandhi's last battle |publisher=Rupa |publication-place=New Delhi |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-291-0917-0 |page=29}}</ref>

Singh became involved in [[revolutionary]] politics and was deeply influenced by [[Bhagat Singh]] and his revolutionary group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/udhamsingh/|author=Academy of Punjab in North America|title=Shaheed Udham Singh (1899–1940)|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524003643/http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/udhamsingh/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1924, Singh became involved with the [[Ghadar Party]], organising Indians overseas towards overthrowing colonial rule. In 1927, he returned to India on orders from Bhagat Singh, bringing 25 associates as well as revolvers and ammunition. Soon after, he was arrested for possession of unlicensed arms. Revolvers, ammunition, and copies of a prohibited Ghadar Party paper called "Ghadr-di-Gunj" ("Voice of Revolt") were confiscated. He was prosecuted and sentenced to five years in [[prison]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Upon his release from prison in 1931, Singh's movements were under constant surveillance by the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]. He made his way to [[Kashmir]], where he was able to evade the police and escape to Germany. In 1934, he reached London, where he found employment. Privately, he formed plans to assassinate Michael O'Dwyer.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab|year=1972|pages=239–40|author=Dr. Fauja Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Udham Singh, alias, Ram Mohammed Singh Azad: a saga of the freedom movement and Jallianwala Bagh|year=1998|author=Singh, Sikander|publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh}}</ref> In Singh's diaries for 1939 and 1940, he occasionally misspells [[Michael O'Dwyer|O'Dwyer's]] surname as "O'Dyer", leaving a possibility he may have confused O'Dwyer with [[Reginald Edward Harry Dyer|General Dyer]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970'' {{ISBN|978-1-854-71160-1}} p. 364</ref> However, [[Reginald Edward Harry Dyer|General Dyer]] had died in 1927, even before Udham Singh had planned the revenge. In England, Singh was affiliated to the [[Indian Workers' Association]] in Coventry and attended their meetings.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pearce|first=Vanessa|date=2021|title=Indian activists who helped change the face of modern Britain|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-58627849|access-date=15 November 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115181201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-58627849|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Shooting at Caxton Hall==
On 13 March 1940, [[Michael O'Dwyer]] was scheduled to speak at a joint meeting of the [[East India Association]] and the [[Central Asian Society]] (now [[Royal Society for Asian Affairs]]) at [[Caxton Hall]], [[London]]. Singh had entered the event with a ticket in his wife's name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yashee |date=13 August 2022 |title=Udham Singh's English wife and other stories |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813094017/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh concealed a revolver inside a book, which had pages cut in the shape of a revolver. This revolver was purchased by him from a soldier in a pub.<ref name="ReferenceB">''The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970'' {{ISBN|978-1-854-71160-1}} p. 365</ref> Then he entered the hall and found an empty seat. As the meeting concluded, Singh shot O'Dwyer twice as he moved towards the speaking platform. One of these bullets passed through O'Dwyer's heart and right lung, killing him almost instantly.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Others wounded in the shooting were [[Louis Dane]]; [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19400319&id=P3ZDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MpIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5525,7388166 |title=''Glasgow Herald'' 19 March 1940 |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015222957/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19400319&id=P3ZDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MpIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5525,7388166 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington]]. Singh was arrested immediately after the shooting and the pistol (now in the [[Crime Museum]]) seized as evidence.<ref name="ReferenceC">''The Black Museum'' {{ISBN|978-0-316-90332-5}} pp. 364–365</ref>

==Personal life==
Singh married a Mexican woman, Lupe Hernandez, in the 1920s, by whom he fathered two sons. In 1927 he left the United States, leaving Hernandez and their two sons behind. Many other Indian men in the States [[Punjabi Mexican Americans#Intermarriage|took Hispanic wives]] due to the [[Immigration Act of 1924|Johnson-Reed (Immigration) Act of 1924]], as they would otherwise have been expelled.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lal |first1=Vinay |title=The Enigma of Udham Singh |url=https://openthemagazine.com/essays/the-enigma-of-udham-singh/ |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=Open The Magazine |date=5 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Odintz |first1=Molly |date=26 June 2019 |title=Udham Singh: Orphan, Assassin, Hero, Spy |url=https://crimereads.com/udham-singh-orphan-assassin-hero-spy/ |work=CrimeReads |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620085658/https://crimereads.com/udham-singh-orphan-assassin-hero-spy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to some of his relatives, Singh later took an English wife as well. It is not known if he had children with her too.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yashi |date=15 August 2022 |title=Udham Singh's English wife and other stories: What history remembers, misses about Dalit freedom fighters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813094017/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/udham-singhs-english-wife-history-dalit-freedom-fighters-8088011/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Murder, trial, and execution==
[[File:Udham Singh taken away from Taxon Hall.jpg|right|thumb|Singh (second from the left) being taken from [[Caxton Hall]] after the assassination of [[Michael O'Dwyer]]]]

On 1 April 1940, Singh was formally charged with the murder of Michael O'Dwyer, and remanded in custody at [[Brixton Prison]]. Initially asked to explain his motivations, Singh stated:<blockquote>"I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. I don't belong to society or anything else. I don't care. I don't mind dying. What is the use of waiting until you get old? ... Is Zetland dead? He ought to be. I put two into him. I bought the revolver from a soldier in a public house. My parents died when I was three or four. Only one dead? I thought I could get more."<ref>''The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970'' {{ISBN|978-1-854-71160-1}} pp. 364–365</ref></blockquote>While in custody, he called himself '''Ram Mohammad Singh Azad''': the first three words of the name reflect the three major religious communities of Punjab (Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh); the last word ''azad'' (literally "free") reflects his anti-colonial sentiment.<ref name="Farina_2010">{{cite book |author=Farina Mir |title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA2 |year=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-94764-1 |pages=2, 3, 16 |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214171429/https://books.google.com/books?id=0cG7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live |quote=..while in custody he [Udham Singh] gave his name as Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, a name that invoked the three major religious communities of the Punjab-Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh-as well as his anticolonial sentiment (azad means "free").}}</ref>

While awaiting his trial, Singh went on a 42-day [[hunger strike]], before finally being [[force-feeding|force fed]]. On 4 June 1940, his trial commenced at the [[Central Criminal Court (England and Wales)|Central Criminal Court]], Old Bailey, before Justice [[Cyril Atkinson]], with [[V.K. Krishna Menon]] and [[St John Hutchinson]] representing him. G. B. McClure was the prosecuting barrister.<ref name="SUSWT">{{cite book |last1=Singh Sahota |first1=Teja |last2=Singh Johal |first2=Avtar |last3=Singh Kirti |first3=Karam |title=Udham Singh's Last words "Down with British Imperialism" |date=n.d. |publisher=Shaheed Udham Singh Welfare Trust}}</ref> When asked about his motivation, Singh explained:
<blockquote> I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the spirit of my people, so I have crushed him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to seek vengeance. I am happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty.<ref>CRIM 1/1177, Public Record Office, London, p. 64</ref></blockquote>

Singh was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. On 31 July 1940, Singh was hanged at [[Pentonville Prison]] by Stanley Cross. His remains are preserved at the Jallianwala Bagh in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. On every 31 July, marches are held in [[Sunam]] (Singh's hometown) by various organisations and every statue of Singh in the city is paid tribute with flower garlands.

===Singh's speech===
Following his conviction, he made a speech which the judge directed should not be released to the press.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> However, political activists who had set up the Shaheed Udham Singh Trust and working with the [[Indian Workers' Association#Split in the IWA (GB)|Indian Workers Association (GB)]], ran a campaign to have the court record of his statement published along with other material.<ref name="SUSWT"/> This proved successful in 1996, when his speech was published along with three further files covering the trial, and the ''Ghadar Directory'', a document compiled by British intelligence in 1934 detailing 792 people regarded as a threat including Udham Singh.<ref name="SUSWT"/>

He started the speech with a denunciation of [[British Imperialism]]:

:"I say down with British Imperialism. You say India do not have peace. We have only slavery. Generations of so called civilisation has brought us everything filthy and degenerating. known to the human race. All you have to do is read your own history. If you have any human decency about you, you should die with shame. The brutality and blood thirsty way in which the so called intellectuals who call themselves rulers of civilisation in the world are bastard blood . . ."

At this point he was interrupted by the judge, but after some discussion he continued:

:"I do not care about sentence of death. It means nothing at all. I do not care about dying or anything. I do not worry about it at all. I am dying for a purpose. Thumping the rail of the dock, he exclaimed, We are suffering from the British Empire. (He continued more quietly) I am not afraid to die. I am proud to die, to have to free my native land and I hope that when I am gone, I hope that in my place will come thousands of my countrymen to drive you dirty dogs out; to free my country."

:"I am standing before an English jury. I am in an English court. You people go to India and when you come back you are given a prize and put in the House of Commons. We come to England and we are sentenced to death."

:"I never meant anything; but I will take it. I do not care anything about it, but when you dirty dogs come to India there comes a time when you will be cleaned out of India. All your British Imperialism will be smashed."

:"Machine guns on the streets of India mow down thousands of poor women and children wherever your so-called flag of democracy and Christianity flies."

:"Your conduct, your conduct – I am talking about the British government. I have nothing against the English people at all. I have more English friends living in England than I have in India. I have great sympathy with the workers of England. I am against the Imperialist Government."

:"You people are suffering the same as I am suffering through those dirty dogs and mad beasts. Everyone are suffering through these dirty dogs; these mad beasts. India is only slavery. Killing, mutilating and destroying – British Imperialism. People do not read about it in the papers. We know what is going on in India."

At this point, the judge refused to hear any more, but Singh continued:

:"You ask me what I have to say. I am saying it. Because you people are dirty. You do not want to hear from us what you are doing in India."

He then thrust his glasses back into his pocket, and exclaimed three words in Hindustani and then shouted:

:"Down with British Imperialism! Down with British dirty dogs!"

He turned to leave the dock, spitting across the solicitor's table.<ref name="SUSWT"/>

When this material was published, it was reported in both British and Asian press, the statement was translated into [[Gurmukhi]] script and distributed at the Sikh [[Vaisaki]] Festival in Birmingham, April 1997.<ref name="SUSWT"/> [[John Major]], the British [[prime Minister|prime minister]] at that time, remarked: "The Amritsar Massacre was an unhappy episode in Indo-British relations which was controversial in both countries. Today [8 October 1996] I am glad to say, our relationship is excellent. India is an important partner and a close friend of this country."<ref name="SUSWT"/>

==Reactions==
In its 18 March 1940 issue, ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' wrote, "O'Dwyer's name is connected with [[Punjab region|Punjab]] incidents which India will never forget".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/British/popular_memory.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805181653/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/British/popular_memory.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2012|author=Vinay Lal|title=Manas: History and Politics, British India – Udham Singh in the Popular Memory|access-date=23 May 2014|date=May 2008}}</ref> The Punjab section of Congress in the Punjab Assembly led by Dewan Chaman Lal refused to vote for the Premier's motion to condemn the assassination.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|title=Udham Singh, alias, Ram Mohammed Singh Azad: a saga of the freedom movement and Jallianwala Bagh|year=1998|page=300|author=Singh, Sikander|publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh}}</ref> In April 1940, at the Annual Session of the All India Congress Committee held in commemoration of 21st anniversary of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, the youth wing of the Indian National Congress Party displayed revolutionary slogans in support of Singh, applauding his action as patriotic and heroic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagat Singh and his Times|location=Delhi|year=1970|page=18|author=Manmath Nath Gupta}}</ref>

Singh had some support from the international press. ''[[The Times]]'' of London called him a "fighter for freedom", his actions "an expression of the pent-up fury of the downtrodden Indian people."<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Times|location=London|date=16 March 1940}}</ref> ''Bergeret'' from Rome praised Singh's action as courageous.<ref>{{cite book|author=Public and Judicial Department, File No L/P + J/7/3822|title=10 Caxton Hall outrage|publisher=India Office Library and Records|location=London|pages=13–14}}</ref>
In March 1940, [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], condemned the action of Singh as senseless, however, in 1962, Nehru reversed his stance and applauded Singh with the following published statement: "I salute Shaheed-i-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free."<ref name="auto2" />

==Repatriation of remains==
In 1974, Singh's remains were exhumed and repatriated to India at the request of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Sadhu Singh Thind]] and cremated in his home village of Sunam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Udham Singh {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/udham-singh |website=www5.open.ac.uk |access-date=20 September 2023 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926233450/https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/udham-singh |url-status=live }}</ref> The casket was received by [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] and [[Zail Singh]].<ref name=Anand.25>{{Cite book|last=Anand|first=Anita|title=The Patient Assassin, A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&pg=PA313|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4711-7424-7|chapter=25. The return|pages=313–314|location=London|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204100532/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&pg=PA313|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 August 1974 his ashes were divided into seven urns and distributed; one each to [[Haridwar]], [[Kiratpur Sahib]], [[Rauza Sharif]], Sunam and the museum at Jallianwala Bagh, and two urns to the library of the [[Shaheed Udham Singh Arts College]] in Sunam.<ref name=Anand.25/>

==Legacy==
{{Infobox postage stamp|image=Stamp of India - 1992 - Colnect 164314 - Udham Singh Patriot - Commemoration.jpeg|alt=SARDAR UDHAM SINGH|caption=SARDAR UDHAM SINGH|stamp_type=Commemorative|country_of_issue=India|date_of_issue=31 Jul 1992|face_value=INR 1.00}}

In 1999, during the tercentenary of the creation of the [[Khalsa]] and the centenary of Singh's birth, he was posthumously awarded the "[[Order of the Nishan-e-Khalsa|Nishan-e-Khalsa]]" by the [[Anandpur Sahib Foundation]].<ref name="Fenech2002">{{cite journal |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=Contested Nationalisms; Negotiated Terrains: The Way Sikhs Remember Udham Singh 'Shahid' (1899–1940) |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2002 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=827–870 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X02004031 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876476 |publisher=University of Northern Iowa |location=Cambridge |jstor=3876476 |s2cid=145405222 |issn=0026-749X |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030082738/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876476 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* A museum dedicated to Singh is located in Amritsar, near Jallianwala Bagh.
* Singh's ancestral house, in Sunam, has been converted into a museum. 30 letters and other objects are on display in the museum.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
* The official name of his ancestral town [[Sunam]] was changed to 'Sunam Udham Singh Wala'.
* Singh has been the subject of a number of films: ''[[Jallian Wala Bagh]]'', ''Shaheed Uddham Singh'' (1977), ''[[Shaheed Uddham Singh (film)]]'' (1999) and ''[[Sardar Udham]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Sardar Udham' review: A portrait of a man of history and mystery |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1007747/sardar-udham-review-a-portrait-of-a-man-of-history-and-mystery |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=Scroll.in |date=16 October 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011626/https://scroll.in/reel/1007747/sardar-udham-review-a-portrait-of-a-man-of-history-and-mystery |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] in [[Uttarakhand]] is named after Singh.
* Singh is the subject of the 1998 track "Assassin" by [[Asian Dub Foundation]].
* "Frank Brazil", is named after an Alias of Singh, is a track by [[The Ska Vengers]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2015 |title=The Ska Vengers' new single 'Frank Brazil' releases today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/indie-story/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131152150/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/indie-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Shaheed Udham Singh Chowk in [[Anupgarh]] was named for him.
* The day of his death is a public holiday in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjab.gov.in/list-of-holidays|title=Government of Punjab, India|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206090837/http://punjab.gov.in/list-of-holidays|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicholidays.in/|title=Public Holidays 2016 and 2017|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915080834/http://publicholidays.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A statue of him was installed by International Sarav Kamboj Samaj at the main entrance of Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar on 13 March 2018. The statue was unveiled by Union Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2018|title=Rajnath Singh unveils statue of Udham Singh at Jallianwala Bagh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/rajnath-unveils-statue-of-udham-singh-at-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/63291694.cms|access-date=7 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803150046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/rajnath-unveils-statue-of-udham-singh-at-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/63291694.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery>
Ashes of Shaheed Udham Singh.jpg|Ashes of Shaheed Udham Singh at Jallianwala Bagh museum
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=Contested Nationalisms; Negotiated Terrains: The Way Sikhs Remember Udham Singh 'Shahid' (1899–1940) |first=Louis E. |last=Fenech |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=36 |issue=4 |date=October 2002 |pages=827–870 |jstor=3876476 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x02004031|s2cid=145405222 }} {{subscription required}}
* An article on Udham Singh—Hero Extraordinary in "The Legacy of The Punjab" by R M Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=Q2473141|c=Category:Udham Singh|s=author:no|n=no|b=no|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no}}
* British Executions [http://www.britishexecutions.co.uk/execution-content.php?key=603&termRef=Udham%20Singh case file pertaining to Udham Singh]
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Sikh politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Udham}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:1940 murders in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by England and Wales]]
[[Category:Executed assassins]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian nationalist assassins]]
[[Category:Indian people executed abroad]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by England and Wales]]
[[Category:People executed by the United Kingdom by hanging]]
[[Category:People from Sangrur district]]
[[Category:Punjabi warriors]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Sikh politics]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Rajshri Ponnappa

2026-02-10T02:51:33Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: creating new article

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Rajshri
| image = Rajshi image.jpg
| caption = Rajshri Ponnappa at the '''Miss Fabb 2018'''
| birth_name = Rajshri Ponnappa
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = Actress Model<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Stars-reveal-their-fitness-mantras/articleshow/48402256.cms|title=Stars reveal their fitness mantras}}</ref>
| years_active = 2013 - present
| education =
}}

'''Rajshri Ponnappa''' is an Indian actress who has predominantly appeared in Kannada-language films. She made her [[Malayalam Cinema]] debut in,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Rajshri-Ponnappa-finally-makes-it-to-Sandalwood/articleshow/15091495.cms|title=Rajshri Ponnappa finally makes it to Sandalwood}}</ref> ''[[Aquarium (Malayalam film)|Aquarium]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rajshri-Ponnappa-is-excited-for-playing-a-nun/articleshow/14296790.cms|title=Rajshri Ponnappa is excited for playing a nun}}</ref> in 2013. She gained acclaim for being the only South Indian actress to be featured on [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine's]] cover.
In addition to acting in movies, Rajshri has launched her own production house to produce regional cinema and has won acclaim as a theatre actress.

==Early life==
Rajshri was born in [[Coorg]], Karnataka to MM Ponnappa, businessman, and Jyothi MP, .
She is a trained Bharatnatyam dancer.
The eldest of three children, Rajshri has a younger brother and sister who are twins.<ref>[http://www.asianage.com/life/relationship/210318/my-siblings-are-my-support-system-says-rajshri-ponnappa.html ''My siblings are my support system, says Rajshri Ponnappa'']</ref>

She completed her schooling from [[Clarence High School, JP Nagar (India)|Clarence High School, JP Nagar]], Bangalore and went on to study in [[Jyoti Nivas College, Bangalore|Jyoti Nivas College]], Bangalore completing her graduation in Bachelors of Mass Communication. During her time in college, she was an all-rounder.
She also completed her honors programme in Human Resource Management from [[St Joseph's College, Bangalore|St. Joseph's College]], Bangalore.

It was during this time that she started doing voice-overs for [[Radio Mirchi]] and was also an outdoor broadcasting radio-jockey for [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]].
As a college student, she studied film-making and participated in the making of 3 documentaries, out of which one was made on traffic awareness and was screened by the [[Chennai]] city traffic police.

==Career==
She rose to prominence when she became the face of [[Zee Kannada]] after winning multiple reality TV shows and soon after, she was offered her first movie ''Pithavinum Puthranam Parishudhatmvinum''. The film did not release due to religious conflicts but earned her enough fame and popularity to be featured on the cover page of [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook National Magazine]], after which she was offered various films.

She made an impact with a pivotal role in film ''[[Vasundhara (film)|Vasundhara]]'' which was directed by National Award Winner [[T. S. Nagabharana]].This was followed by a role in ''[[Rocket (film)|Rocket]]'' with [[Sathish Ninasam]] and [[Achyuth Kumar]]. She made her Telugu Film debut with [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] in Mental Police and won audience acclaim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150416/censor-board-says-no-mental-police-title.html|title=Censor board says no 'Mental police' title}}</ref> In 2017, she acted alongside [[B. C. Patil]], [[Sai Kumar (actor, born 1960)|Saikumar]], [[Vijaya Raghavendra]], [[Diganth]], [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]], [[Sudharani]], [[Shruthi Hariharan]], [[Sonu Gowda]], Margarita and [[Srushti Patil]] in [[Kannada]] anthology drama – [[Happy New Year (2017 film)|Happy New Year]] which was directed by [[Pannaga Bharana]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sai-kumar-sudharani-and-rajshri-ponnappa-explore-the-true-meaning-of-relationships/articleshow/58378200.cms ''Sai Kumar, Sudharani and Rajshri Ponnappa explore the true meaning of relationships'']</ref>
While working with [[T.S. Nagabharana]], Rajshri was introduced to Theatre and soon after, shifted to Mumbai to pursue it. She made her theatre debut with Surnai Theatre and Folk Arts Foundation's Namaste which is an adaptation by [[Ila Arun]] of Tom Dudzick's popular play GREETINGS! (1990) and is directed by [[K. K. Raina|K.K. Raina]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sai-kumar-sudharani-and-rajshri-ponnappa-explore-the-true-meaning-of-relationships/articleshow/58378200.cms ''Rajshri Ponnappa returns to Sandalwood'']</ref> The play has been received well by audiences and has been performed in multiple cities across India including [[Shimla]], [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Hyderabad]] and the iconic [[Prithvi Theatre]] in [[Mumbai]].

She has appeared in advertisements for leading brands such as [[Kalyan Jewellers]] (with [[Shiva Rajkumar|Shiva RajKumar]]), [[Godrej Nature's Basket|Nature's Basket]] and [[Lipton|Lipton Tea]].
She has also co-produced [[Namo Bhootatma]], a [[Kannada]] horror comedy film directed by Murali, it is a remake of the 2014 Tamil film [[Yaamirukka Bayamey]] (which itself was based on the Korean movie [[The Quiet Family]]). She made her Tamil debut in Samuthirakani's [[Adutha Saattai]], further expanding her presence in the South Indian film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-18 |title=Rajshri Ponnappa to debut in Tamil with Saattai sequel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajshri-ponnappa-to-debut-in-tamil-with-saattai-sequel/articleshow/67572172.cms |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
She participated in the Vanity Trunk Sale, Bangalore along with [[Kavya Shetty]], [[Manvitha Harish]], [[Meghna Gaonkar]], [[Meghana Raj]], [[Neethu Shetty]] and other actresses from the South film industry – a cause which had them donating clothes and accessories from their personal wardrobe. The proceeds of which went to her mother's charitable organization JP Foundation and Aadya Foundation.<ref>[https://insider.in/the-vanity-trunk-sale-nov12-2017/event ''The Vanity Trunk Sale'']</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Vasundhara (film)|Vasundhara]]'' || || rowspan="4"|Kannada || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Audio of Vasundhara released in Bangalore |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Audio-of-Vasundhara-released-in-Bangalore/articleshow/28634963.cms |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rocket (2015 film)|Rocket]]'' || ||{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| 2016 || ''Mental Police'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Happy New Year (2017 film)|Happy New Year]]'' || Disha ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Adutha Saattai]]'' || Pachaiammal || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Abbara]]'' || Vaishali || Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Aquarium (film)|Aquarium]]'' || Jaseentha || Malayalam || Released after 10 years<ref>{{Cite web |title=HC grants permission to release 'Aquarium' after 10 years |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hc-grants-permission-to-release-aquarium-after-10-years-1.7419695 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram | rajshriponnappaofficial}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponnappa, Rajshri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Jyoti Nivas College]]

Krishan Lal Kaila

2026-02-07T23:40:41Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian geophysicist and seismologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Krishan Lal Kaila
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|9|7}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 2003
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Seismology]] | [[Geophysics]] }}
| workplaces =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on deep seismic soundings
| awards = {{ublist | 1976 [[Indian Geophysical Union|IGU]] Krishnan Medal | 1977 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1994 [[Indian Geophysical Union|IGU]] Decennial Award }}
}}
'''Krishan Lal Kaila''' (1932–2003) was an Indian geophysicist and seismologist.<ref name="KailaKaila2012">{{cite book|author1=M. M. Kaila|author2=Rakhi Kaila|title=Molecular Imaging of the Brain: Using Multi-Quantum Coherence and Diagnostics of Brain Disorders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06cuTEHF6jcC&pg=PR25|date=20 September 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-30301-2|pages=25–}}</ref> Born to a [[Punjabi khatri]] family in [[Lahore]] of the [[British India]] (presently in Pakistan) on 7 September 1932,<ref name="KailaKaila2010">{{cite book|author1=Madan M Kaila|author2=Rakhi Kaila|title=Quantum Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnostics of Human Brain Disorders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqmFI88W8rQC&pg=PR9|date=21 June 2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-384712-6|pages=9–}}</ref> he was known for his studies on deep seismic soundings (DSS)<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=492 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and was one of the pioneers of the DSS technique in India. His studies covered the tectonic regions of [[Kadapa]], [[Dharwar craton|Dharwar Craton]], [[Deccan Traps]], and the [[sedimentary basins]] of [[Gujarat]] and the [[Himalayas]] and added to the understanding of the geophysics of the region.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=10 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> His researches have been documented as several peer-reviewed articles;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]], an online article repository has listed 117 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/71964671_KL_Kaila |title=on ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> Several authors have cited his works in their work.<ref name="Macdougall2013">{{cite book|author=J. D. Macdougall|title=Continental Flood Basalts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsGLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT305|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-015-7805-9|pages=305–}}</ref><ref name="Verma2012">{{cite book|author=R.K. Verma|title=Gravity Field, Seismicity and Tectonics of the Indian Peninsula and the Himalayas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGJDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-5259-1|pages=197–}}</ref><ref name="Lo2011">{{cite book|author=Ching-Hua Lo|title=Solid Earth (SE)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RpqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4355-38-4|pages=115–}}</ref>

== Awards ==
He received the Krishnan Medal and the Decennial Award of the [[Indian Geophysical Union]] in 1976<ref name="IGU Awards">{{Cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.igu.in/awards.htm |title=IGU Awards |date=2016 |publisher=[[Indian Geophysical Union]] |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220190225/http://www.igu.in/awards.htm }}</ref> and 1994 respectively.<ref name="IGU Awards" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1977.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016}}</ref> He died in New Delhi in 2003, at the age of 71.<ref name="KailaKaila2010" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=K. L. Kaila, Madhava Rao |title=Seismotectonic maps of the European area |journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America |date=December 1975 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1721–1732|doi=10.1785/BSSA0650061721 |bibcode=1975BuSSA..65.1721K |s2cid=129043045 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=K. L. Kaila, Dipankar Sarkar |title=Earthquake intensity attenuation pattern in the United States |journal=Geophys. J. Int. |date=1982 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=31–39 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1982.tb06389.x|bibcode=1982GeoJ...70...31K |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=K. L. Kaila |author2=K. M. Tripathi |author3=M. M. Dixit |title=Crustal Structure Along Wular Lake-Gulmarg-Naoshera Profile Across Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas From Deep Seismic Soundings |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |date=November 1984 |volume=25 |issue=11}}
* {{Cite journal |last=V. G. Krishna, K.L. Kaila |title=Digitization program of analog DSS records and their reinterpretation |journal=International Symposium on Deep Seismic Sounding Traverses |date= 1986 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.2912.6809 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=K. L. Kaila, Kalachand Sain |title=Variation of Crustal Velocity Structure in India as Determined from DSS Studies and their Implications on Regional Tectonics |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |date=April 1997 |volume=49 |issue=4}}

{{portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/search/authors/view?firstName=K.%20L.&middleName=&lastName=Kaila&affiliation=National%20Geophysical%20Research%20Institute,%20Hyderabad%20500007&country=IN |title=Kaila, K. L. |work=Author details |date=2016 |publisher=Journal of the Geological Society of India}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaila, Krishan Lal Kaila}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Indian seismologists]]
[[Category:Indian geophysicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Lahore]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

Gautam Sen

2026-02-07T19:20:02Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Adding

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{citation style|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gautam Sen
| image = Gautam-Sen.jpg
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = Calcutta Boys’ School, Calcutta [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], Calcutta [[XLRI]], Jamshedpur
| occupation = Writer, Journalism, Consultancy
| credits = Founder Editor of India's first automobile magazine, Vice President at FIVA
| website = {{URL|http://www.gautamsen.com/}}
}}

'''Gautam Sen''' is an Indian journalist, writer and automotive design consultant and expert. He is the Vice President Communications at the Fédération Internationale de Véhicules Anciens (FIVA). Sen founded India's first newsstand car magazine, Indian Auto, in 1986 and later launched Auto India, as well as the Indian editions of auto motor und sport and BBC's TopGear magazine. He has collaborated with designers like Gerard Godfroy, Tom Tjaarda, and Marcello Gandini. Since 2010, he has published several books on automobiles.

==Career==
Gautam Sen is an Indian journalist, writer, and automotive design consultant. He joined Maruti Udyog Limited's marketing department in 1984, leaving in 1986. Sen then began his journalism career at Business Press Pvt Ltd, where he launched The Indian Auto Journal in 1986 and later became the Editor of Auto India magazine in 1993. In 1996, he moved to Paris to manage the San Storm sports car project. Sen joined Motorpresse Stuttgart in 2000, launching the Indian edition of auto motor und sport in 2001. In 2005, he founded the Indian edition of BBC's TopGear magazine. Returning to [[Business India]] Group in 2007, he resumed leadership of Auto India magazine.

As a consultant, Sen has worked with various Indian and European automobile manufacturers, including Hero Motors, TVS-Suzuki, [[Hindustan Motors]], and [[Tata Motors]], and managed the development of India's first sports car, the San Storm. He has collaborated with designers like Gerard Godfroy, Tom Tjaarda, and Marcello Gandini.

Sen holds the position of Vice President at the Fédération Internationale de Véhicules Anciens (FIVA) and serves as a jury member for several prestigious automobile events, including Le Mans Classic, Chantilly Arts & Elegance, the YanQi Island Concours d’Elegance, and the Rally International du Pays de Fougères, Dinard Elegance, Tonneins Concours d'Élégance, and the Sinaia Concours d’Elegance.

==Honours and awards==
Sen won the "Book of the Year" award in 2017 at the Festival Automobile International, in Paris,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://festivalautomobile.com/en/portfolio-item/32eme-ceremonie/|title=32nd awarding ceremony – FESTIVAL AUTOMOBILE INTERNATIONAL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiva.org/?p=4043|title=Marcello Gandini: Maestro of Design, Book by Gautam Sen wins Grand Prix for the Most Beautiful Book of the Year. – Fédération Internationale des Véhicules Anciens (FIVA)|website=www.fiva.org}}</ref> in January 2017 and Best Automotive Biography of the Year by Auto Bild Motorworld Buchpreiss for his work '''Marcello Gandini: Maestro of Design'''. In 2020, Sen, along with his co-author Daniel Cabart, won the Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot Award from the Society of Automotive Historians Book as well as the Prix Bellecour in France for the book Ballot. The Bertone Collection and Tom Tjaarda: Master of Perfection won the Motorworld Buchpreis, and the latter also won the Society of Automotive Historian Award of Distinction and the AACA's Thomas McKean Memorial Cup.

==Books==
* '''Joyaux automobiles des Maharadjahs''' (E.T.A.I.)
* '''The Maharajas & Their Magnificent Motor Cars''' (Haynes)
* '''The Car Design Book''' (The Business India Group)
* '''Die Traumgaragen der Maharadschas''' (Heel)
* '''Rolls-Royce 17EX A Fabulous Destiny ein Stuck Geschichte'''
* '''A Million Cars for a Billion People''' (Platinum Press)
* '''Marcello Gandini: Maestro of Design''' (Dalton Watson)
* '''The 101 Automotive Jewels of India''' (Heritage Publishers)
* '''The Bertone Collection''' (Dalton Watson)
* '''Ballot''' (Dalton Watson)
* '''Tom Tjaarda: Master of Perfection''' (Dalton Watson)
* '''The Automobile: An Indian Love Affair''' (Penguin)
* '''Lamborghini: At The Cutting Edge of Design''' (Dalton Watson)
* '''Bugatti: The Italian Decade''' (Dalton Watson)
* '''The Art of Conservation: Alfa Romeo SZ Coda Tronca''' (Dalton Watson)

==See also==
* [[Robert Cumberford]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gautamsen.com www.gautamsen.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Gautam}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Automotive historians]]

Inderbir Gill

2026-02-07T12:07:21Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: new a article

{{Infobox medical person
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| education = [[Government Medical College, Patiala]]
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| known_for = Mumbai’s first robotic [[kidney transplantation]]
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| signature =
}}
'''Inderbir Singh Gill''' is a professor of [[urology]] and robotic surgeon who is one of the pioneers of [[Minimally invasive procedure|minimally invasive surgery]]. He currently resides in [[Los Angeles]], California. In 2017, he led the team that performed Mumbai’s first robotic [[kidney transplantation]].<ref name="Vale2005">{{Cite journal|last=Vale|first=Justin|date=2005|title=British Urological Foundation preceptorships to the Cleveland Clinic|journal=[[British Journal of Urology International]]|language=en|volume=95|issue=9|pages=1163–1164|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05531.x|pmid=15892792|issn=1464-410X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=UrologyTimesDec2018>{{Cite journal|date=10 December 2018|title=How robotics has changed urologic oncologic surgery since 2000|url=https://www.urologytimes.com/suo-annual-meeting/how-robotics-has-changed-urologic-oncologic-surgery-2000|journal=Urology Times|archive-date=19 August 2019|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819195554/https://www.urologytimes.com/suo-annual-meeting/how-robotics-has-changed-urologic-oncologic-surgery-2000|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bjui14Feb2014>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjuinternational.com/bjui-blog/what-gets-indy-gill-really-excited/|title=What gets Indy Gill really excited?|date=14 February 2014|website=British Journal of Urology International|language=en-GB|access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=USNews>{{Cite web|url=https://health.usnews.com/doctors/inderbir-gill-11465|title=Inderbir Gill|website=[[US News]]|access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=Masatani2017>{{Cite web|url=https://hscnews.usc.edu/gill-performs-mumbais-first-robotic-kidney-transplant/|title=Gill performs Mumbai's first robotic kidney transplant|last=Masatani|first=Melissa|date=28 August 2017|website=HSC News|language=en-US|access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> In 2025, Dr. Gill and his team performed the worlds first human [[Bladder#Transplantation|bladder transplant]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-18 |title=Surgeons Perform First Human Bladder Transplant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/18/health/bladder-transplant-human.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915171956/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/18/health/bladder-transplant-human.html |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inderbir S. Gill - Keck Medicine of USC |url=https://www.keckmedicine.org/provider/inderbir-s-gill/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.keckmedicine.org}}</ref>

==Career==
Gill is the chairman and Distinguished professor of the Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, founding executive director of the USC Institute of Urology and associate dean for clinical innovation at the [[Keck School of Medicine of USC|Keck School of Medicine at USC]].<ref name="Uro1">{{cite journal |title=Editorial introductions |journal=Current Opinion in Urology |date=March 2010 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=vii–viii |doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833758d2 |url=https://journals.lww.com/co-urology/Citation/2010/03000/Editorial_introductions.1.aspx |access-date=9 January 2021 |issn=0963-0643|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

He moved to the United States from India in 1989 after completing his early medical training and residency in general surgery. He subsequently completed a two-year fellowship in [[renal transplantation|kidney transplants]] and renal vascular surgery at the [[Cleveland Clinic]]. He completed urology residency at the [[University of Kentucky Medical Center]] in 1995. Between 1997 and 2009 he remained at the Cleveland Clinic and thereafter took up his current appointments at the University of Southern California.<ref name="Uro1"/>

==Selected publications==
*{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Inderbir S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5_5wAEACAAJ|title=Textbook of Laparoscopic Urology|date=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8493-3994-3|location=|pages=|language=en}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Indy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Urologists]]
[[Category:University of Southern California people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the St Paul's Medal]]

{{US-med-bio-stub}}

Aay Tobe Sohochori

2026-02-05T18:17:24Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: pg

{{Short description|Indian Bengali Television Drama Series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| runtime = 23 minutes
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|09|09|}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|09|13|}}
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]
| company = Missing Screw Manoranjan Pvt. Ltd.
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 341 
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| image = Aay tobe sohochori.jpeg
| producer = Rohit Samanta Sahana Dutta
| language = Bengali
| country = [[India]]
| starring = [[Koneenica Banerjee]] Arunima Haldar Indrajit Chakroborty
Indranil Chatterjee
| story = Sahana Dutta
| genre = [[Drama]]
| screenplay = Malova Majumdar Arpita Pal
| editor = Shyamoli Chando, Rana
| director = Sumon Das Shovon Monojit
| executive_producer = Debolina Saha, Reshmi Roy, Lagna Ghosh (Star Jalsha)
| cinematography = Manoj Kumar, Alok
| creative_director = Ritorupa Bhattacharya Sahana Dutta
| native_name =
| related = 
}}
'''''Aay Tobe Sohochori''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language television series that premiered on 13 September 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=আয় তবে সহচরী: রাত ৯ টায় কনীনিকা মুখোমুখি দেবশ্রীর 'সর্বজয়া'র! কে জিতবে লড়াইয়ে?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-s-new-mega-serial-aay-tobe-sohochori-will-start-from-13-september-9pm-featuring-koneenica-banerjee-in-lead-31630940118323.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906160454/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-s-new-mega-serial-aay-tobe-sohochori-will-start-from-13-september-9pm-featuring-koneenica-banerjee-in-lead-31630940118323.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2021|access-date=2021-09-06|website=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> on [[Star Jalsha]]. It is also available on the digital platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The show is produced by Sahana Dutta of ''Missing Crew Productions'' and stars [[Koneenica Banerjee]] and Arunima Haldar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-09|title=অসমবয়সী বন্ধুত্বের গল্প বলতে আসছে 'আয় তবে সহচরী'|url=https://www.khaskhobor.com/entertainment/star-jalsa-new-serial-aye-tobe-shohochori-coming-soon/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Khas Khobor|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Housewives like Sohochori don't have friends; it's our failure that we couldn't help them fight their loneliness: Koneenica Banerjee - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/housewives-like-sohochori-dont-have-friends-its-our-failure-that-we-couldnt-help-them-fight-their-loneliness-koneenica-banerjee/articleshow/85177979.cms|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

''Aay Tobe Sohochori'' is the story of friendship between two people with a vast difference in age, Sohochori and Borfi. It highlights the fulfillment of dreams of a middle-aged woman to study and become a gold-medalist, by overcoming all barriers of family and society.<ref>{{cite news |last1=সংবাদদাতা |first1=নিজস্ব |title=Aye Tobe Sohochori: ইন্ডাস্ট্রির সবাই কাছের, তবু কাউকে আমার 'সহচরী' বানাতে চাই না: কণীনিকা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/aye-tobe-sohochori-is-arriving-soon-dgtl/cid/1297536 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=9 August 2021|language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==

=== Main ===
* [[Koneenica Banerjee]] as Sohochori "Soi" Gupta – Sudhanshu's daughter; Samaresh's ex-wife; Tipu's mother; Borfi's best friend <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Koneenica Banerjee: ৪ বছর পর ছোট পর্দায় কনীনিকা! বন্ধুত্ব ও ইচ্ছেপূরণের গল্প বলবেন অভিনেত্রী|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/koneenica-banerjee-and-debutant-arunima-haldar-new-bengali-serial-aye-tobe-sohochori-tells-story-friendship-and-fulfilling-dreams-soc-290974-2021-08-10|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Aaj Tak বাংলা|language=bn}}</ref> (2021 – 2022)
* Arunima Halder as Ranjini "Borfi" Sarkar Sengupta – Hirak and Sohini's daughter; Debina's half-sister; Rumki and Jhumki's cousin; Tipu's wife; Sohochori's best friend (2021 – 2022) <ref name=":0" />
*[[Indrajit Chakraborty]] as Samaresh "Somu" Sengupta – Mrinalini's eldest son; Tuban, Pola, Koli and Bubai's brother; Sohochori's husband; Tipu's father; Debina's love interest (2021 – 2022)
*[[Indranil Chatterjee]] as Roudro "Tipu" Sengupta – Sohochori and Samaresh's son; Ruby's cousin; Borfi's husband (2021 – 2022)
*[[Kuyasha Biswas]] as Debina "Binti" Sarkar Sengupta – Hirak and Raka's daughter; Borfi's half-sister; Samaresh's former obsessive lover; Bubai's wife; Sohochori's rival (2021 – 2022)

===Recurring===
*Arindya Banerjee as Aryan "Bubai" Sengupta – Mrinalini's youngest son; Samaresh, Tuban, Pola and Koli's brother; Debina's husband (2021 – 2022)
*Manoj Pal as Sudhanshu Gupta – Sohochori's father; Tipu's grandfather (2021 – 2022)
*Chhanda Chatterjee as Mrinalini Sengupta – Samaresh, Tuban, Pola, Koli and Bubai's mother; Tipu and Ruby's grandmother (2021 – 2022)
*[[Animesh Bhaduri]] as Pulokesh "Tuban" Sengupta – Mrinalini's second son; Samaresh, Pola, Koli and Bubai's brother; Bonya's husband; Ruby's father.(2021 – 2022)
*Ankita Majhi as Mohona "Bonya" Sengupta – Borfi's school principal; Tuban's wife; Ruby's mother (2021 – 2022)
*Archika Gupta as Ruby Sengupta – Bonya and Tuban's daughter; Tipu's cousin (2021 – 2022)
*[[Nabanita Dutta]] as Pola Sengupta – Mrinalini's elder daughter; Samaresh, Tubai, Koli and Bubai's sister (2021 – 2022)
*[[Aemila Sadhukhan]] as Koli Sengupta – Mrinalini's younger daughter; Samaresh, Tubai, Pola and Bubai's sister (2021)
*Devendranath Chhat as Mainak Basak – Kishore's friend; Renu's husband; Rumki and Jhumki's father; Borfi's uncle (2021 – 2022)
*[[Arijita Mukhopadhyay]] as Renu Basak – Mainak's wife; Rumki and Jhumki's mother; Borfi's aunt (2021 – 2022)
*[[Soumi Ghosh]] as Rumki Basak – Mainak and Renu's elder daughter; Jhumki's sister; Borfi's cousin (2021)
*[[Alokananda Guha]] as Jhumki Basak – Mainak and Renu's younger daughter; Rumki's sister; Borfi's cousin (2021)
*Sujoy Prasad Chatterjee as Hirak Sarkar – Raka's husband; Sohini's boyfriend; Debina and Borfi's father (2022)
*[[Ankita Roy]] as Kajol – Sengupta's maid (2021–present)
*Nabanita Mazumder as Chopola – Borfi's house maid (2021)
*[[Mayukh Mukherjee]] as senior ragging boy of College (2021)
*[[Arghya Mukherjee]] as Kishore – Principal of Sohochori's college; Mainak's friend (2021 – 2022)
*Suman Das as Professor Pakrashi (2021)
*Samir Biswas as priest (2021)
*[[Tanusree Shankar|Tanushree Saha]] as Sondhya (2022)
*Monoj Ojha as Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury aka ADC – Sohochori and Tuban's former boss; Pola's love interest (2022)

== Reception ==

=== TRP Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Week
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" |Ref.
|-
![[Target rating point|TRP]]
!Rank
|-
|Week 3
|2022
|8.6
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=TRP List: শীর্ষস্থান হাতছাড়া হল 'মিঠাই'-এর? ঋষি-পিহুর ম্যাজিকের সামনে ফিকে সকলে|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-3-2022-mithai-magic-continues-to-woo-audience-mon-phagun-and-gantchora-claims-number-2-spot-31643354603692.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128080034/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-3-2022-mithai-magic-continues-to-woo-audience-mon-phagun-and-gantchora-claims-number-2-spot-31643354603692.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2022|access-date=|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2022
|8.6
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-03|title=TRP: অবিশ্বাস্য! শীর্ষে 'গাঁটছড়া', 'আলতা ফড়িং', কোন স্থানে 'মিঠাই'?|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-4th-week-mithai-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-top-position-mon-phagun-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-340320-2022-02-03|access-date=|website=Aaj Tak বাংলা|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2022
|9.1
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=TRP তালিকা: বিরাট অঘটন! এক থেকে সোজা পাঁচে নেমে গেল 'মিঠাই', কারা করল বাজিমাত?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-5-mithai-slips-to-5th-spot-from-number-1-position-gatchora-tops-the-chart-31644476170138.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210075104/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-5-mithai-slips-to-5th-spot-from-number-1-position-gatchora-tops-the-chart-31644476170138.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2022|access-date=|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2022
|9.1
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-17|title=TRP তালিকা: ফের ব্যর্থ মিঠাই! গাঁটছড়া না মন ফাগুন, শীর্ষস্থান দখল করল কে?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-6-2022-gaatchora-holds-onto-number-1-position-mithai-jumps-to-third-place-31645081198149.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217074611/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-6-2022-gaatchora-holds-onto-number-1-position-mithai-jumps-to-third-place-31645081198149.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2022|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2022
|8.8
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-24|title=TRP তালিকা: সেরার মুকুট ফের হাতছাড়া 'মিঠাই'-এর! বড়সড় চমক টিআরপি তালিকায়|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-7-2022-mithai-jumps-one-place-to-become-number-2-gaatchora-remains-bengal-topper-31645684359314.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224090703/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-7-2022-mithai-jumps-one-place-to-become-number-2-gaatchora-remains-bengal-topper-31645684359314.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2022|access-date=|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2022
|8.2
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া', নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই'-র! দারুণ ব্যাটিং করল 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা...' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-8th-week-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-mithai-dhulokona-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-349945-2022-03-03 |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|2022
|8.3
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=TRP তালিকা: আরও কমল 'মিঠাই'-এর নম্বর, সেরার সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া', কামাল 'ধুলোকণা'র |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-9-2022-mithai-slips-to-number-4-gaatchora-holds-onto-no-1-position-dhulokona-made-it-to-the-top-2-31646896028972.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310072947/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-9-2022-mithai-slips-to-number-4-gaatchora-holds-onto-no-1-position-dhulokona-made-it-to-the-top-2-31646896028972.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|2022
|8.5
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Serial: নম্বর কমেছে 'গাঁটছড়া'র! 'মিঠাই' কি ফের হারানো জায়গা ফিরে পাচ্ছে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/gantchora-has-slipped-down-the-rating-chart-while-mithai-climbs-up-again-dgtl/cid/1334093 |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2022
|8.3
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=TRP: এগিয়ে এল 'মিঠাই', সেরার জায়গা হারাল 'গাঁটছড়া'? এ কী হাল 'মন ফাগুন'-এর |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-11-2022-gaatchora-still-holds-no-1-position-mithai-made-it-to-the-top-2-and-mon-phagun-slip-to-4th-position-31648103708451.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326035523/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-11-2022-gaatchora-still-holds-no-1-position-mithai-made-it-to-the-top-2-and-mon-phagun-slip-to-4th-position-31648103708451.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|2022
|8.1
|7
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=TRP তালিকা: অপ্রতিরোধ্য 'গাঁটছড়া', গোধূলি আলাপ-কে শুরুতেই রিজেক্ট করল দর্শক! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-gaatchora-tops-the-chart-again-godhuli-alap-fails-to-impress-audience-on-first-week-31648707066271.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033806/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-gaatchora-tops-the-chart-again-godhuli-alap-fails-to-impress-audience-on-first-week-31648707066271.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|2022
|6.8
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ফের শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই', চমক 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র! কত নম্বরে 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-13th-week-mithai-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-361725-2022-04-07 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|2022
|6.7
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-র! চমক দিল 'গৌরী', কে কোন স্থানে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-14th-week-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-364047-2022-04-14 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2022
|6.0
|7
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'মিঠাই'! চমক দিল 'ধুলোকণা', কত স্কোর 'গাঁটছড়া'-র? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-15th-week-gantchhora-dhulokona-mithai-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-366340-2022-04-21 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2022
|6.1
|8
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বিরাট রদবদল! শীর্ষে নেই 'মিঠাই'-'গাঁটছড়া', দারুণ ব্যাটিং 'ধুলোকণা'-র |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-16th-week-dhulokona-mithai-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-368590-2022-04-28 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2022
|6.1
|8
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=TRP List: রিকি আসার পরেও 'মিঠাই'-এর ভরাডুবি, সেরা কে? 'ধুলোকণা' না 'গাঁটছড়া' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-17-dhulokona-is-still-in-number-1-position-mithai-slips-down-to-number-3-and-gaatchora-is-in-number-2-31651820850964.html |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2022
|5.7
|10
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: শীর্ষ স্থানে নেই 'ধুলোকণা'! শুরুতেই বাজিমাত 'লালকুঠি'-র, সেরা 'মিঠাই না 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-18th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-373245-2022-05-12 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2022
|6.6
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: চমক দিয়ে সেরা দশে রয়েছে ১৭ মেগা! শীর্ষ স্থান দখল করল কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-19th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-375509-2022-05-19 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|2022
|5.9
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: অনেকটা নম্বর কমল 'ধুলোকণা'-র! জোর টক্কর দিয়ে সেরা 'মিঠাই' না 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-20th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-377778-2022-05-26 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2022
|5.8
|8
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: নম্বর বেড়ে আরও হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই খড়ি- মিঠাইদের! কে সেরার সেরা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-21st-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-week-soc-380015-2022-06-02 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/aay-tobe-sohochori/1260068051 ''Aay Tobe Sohochori''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]

Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper

2026-02-01T10:44:38Z

EkaSaffronGaruda:

{{Short description|2024 Indian TV series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| genre = {{ubl|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]|[[Crime drama]]}}
| creator = Puneet Krishna
| writer = Puneet Krishna Sumit Purohit Arati Raval Karan Vyas
| director = {{ubl|Amrit Raj Gupta | Puneet Krishna}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Manav Kaul]] | [[Tillotama Shome]] | [[Shweta Basu Prasad]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music = [[Ram Sampath]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper Trailer: Manav Kaul's Side Hustle Lands Him In Trouble |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-trailer-manav-kaul-s-side-hustle-lands-him-in-trouble-6068067 |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=9 July 2024 |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721212425/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-trailer-manav-kaul-s-side-hustle-lands-him-in-trouble-6068067 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| composer = Anurag Saikia
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| runtime = 44–67 minutes
| executive_producer = Ram Sampath Vineet Krishna Puneet Krishna
| producer = Ram Sampath
| cinematography = Anuj Samtani
| editor = {{ubl|Amit Kulkarni | Divyajot Singh}}
| company = Rangeela Pictures
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|7|18}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper''''' is a 2024 [[Hindi]]-language television series written and created by Puneet Krishna and produced by [[Ram Sampath]] for [[Netflix]]. It stars [[Manav Kaul]], [[Tillotama Shome]], [[Shweta Basu Prasad]], [[Ashok Pathak]], [[Faisal Malik]], Subhrajyoti Barat, Sumit Gulati, Naina Sareen, Shrikant Verma, Jitin Gulati, and Yamini Das.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiyotmw |website=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]] |access-date=19 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802152911/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiyotmw |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper Web Series (2024) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Netflix |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-web-series-126751 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=19 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719235434/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-web-series-126751 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Netflix announces comedy series 'Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflix-announces-comedy-series-tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper/article68343644.ece |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802000845/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflix-announces-comedy-series-tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper/article68343644.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The series follows Tribhuvan Mishra, portrayed by Manav Kaul, who topped the [[Chartered Accountant]] (CA) examination, and works as a CA in a government office in [[Noida]], India. His side hustle as a [[sex worker]] servicing women clients under the pseudonym "CA topper" entangles him in a web of crime and moral dilemmas. As he navigates through the dark underbelly of Noida's crime world, the show delves into themes of desperation, moral compromise, and the struggles of middle-class life.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tribhuvan Mishra: Journey of a CA Topper and His Netflix Series | url=https://www.heycolleagues.com/Historical/Bookish-Lifestyle/ca-topper-on-netflix-watch-now/110758df-047a-419d-b8ef-23cdd2e22f8f | website=Hey Colleagues | date=24 July 2024 | access-date=24 July 2024 | archive-date=24 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724191214/https://www.heycolleagues.com/Historical/Bookish-Lifestyle/ca-topper-on-netflix-watch-now/110758df-047a-419d-b8ef-23cdd2e22f8f | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Manav Kaul]] as Tribhuvan Mishra
* [[Tillotama Shome]] as Bindi Jain
* Shubhrajyoti Barat as Teeka Ram Jain
* Naina Sareen as Ashoklata Mishra
* [[Shweta Basu Prasad]] as Shobha Pathak
* [[Ashok Pathak]] as Dhaincha
* Amarjeet Singh as Lappu
* Ankur Pathak as Pinky
* Divyani Gandhi as Lalitha Kumari
* Husne Shabnam as Reeta
* Subodh Gulati as RTO Officer
* Jitin Gulati as Vineet/Desi Ghoda
* [[Faisal Malik]] as Haider Ali
* Sunil Saraswat as Mathew Varghese
* [[Yamini Das]] as Mando Bua
* Sumit Gulati as Subodh Pathak
* Anil Saini as Kidnapped chacha

== Release ==
The series was premiered on 18 July 2024 on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title='Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper': A show about 'being heard and being seen' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1070367/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-a-show-about-being-heard-and-being-seen |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=9 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718100929/https://scroll.in/reel/1070367/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-a-show-about-being-heard-and-being-seen |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Anvita |title='Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper' trailer: Manav Kaul's show promises a wild ride |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-trailer-manav-kaul-show-promises-a-wild-ride-netflix-mirzapur-2564211-2024-07-09 |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=9 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709121122/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-trailer-manav-kaul-show-promises-a-wild-ride-netflix-mirzapur-2564211-2024-07-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and observed "In the places it does well, it does really well, but then again, it comes right back to that problem of those poor put-upon mothers and sisters."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper review: Manav Kaul's series puts women on top and upends the men |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-manav-kaul-50-shades-contrived-series-9460854/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719021038/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-manav-kaul-50-shades-contrived-series-9460854/ |url-status=live }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Rashmi Vasudeva of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The screenplay sags now and then, and by the sixth episode, the jokes fall flat."<ref>{{cite news |last=Vasudeva |first=Rashmi |title='Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper' movie review: An aam aadmi's tryst with sex work |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-movie-review-an-aam-aadmis-tryst-with-sex-work-3113422 |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=20 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720035426/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-movie-review-an-aam-aadmis-tryst-with-sex-work-3113422 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Sakshi Verma of ''[[India TV]]'' expressed "The series talks about human emotions in every way possible."<ref>{{cite news |last=Verma |first=Sakshi |title=Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper series Review: Manav Kaul's show has old Bollywood touch and bang-on performances |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-series-review-manav-kaul-s-show-has-old-bollywood-touch-and-bang-on-performances-911 |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[India TV]] |date=18 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720132500/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-series-review-manav-kaul-s-show-has-old-bollywood-touch-and-bang-on-performances-911 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Sonal Pandya of ''[[Times Now]]'' observed "The lengthy series can't reach a cohesive ending."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |title=Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper Review: Manav Kaul, Tillotama Shome's Quirky Noida Gangster Comedy Is Inconsistent |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-manav-kaul-tillotama-shome-quirky-noida-gangster-comedy-is-inconsistent-review-111828981 |access-date=21 July 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=18 July 2024 |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721054502/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-manav-kaul-tillotama-shome-quirky-noida-gangster-comedy-is-inconsistent-review-111828981 |url-status=live }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury of ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and stated "Don't be mistaken. Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper doesn't try to glorify paid sex or extramarital affairs."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |title=Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper Review: Manav Kaul Web Series Is Wild Ride Where Sex Doesn't Equal Cheap Titillation |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-manav-kaul-film-is-wild-ride-where-sex-doesnt-equal-cheap-titillation-8967007.html |access-date=21 July 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=18 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721055001/https://www.news18.com/movies/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-manav-kaul-film-is-wild-ride-where-sex-doesnt-equal-cheap-titillation-8967007.html |url-status=live }}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' stated "The series delves into themes of desperation and moral compromise with unflinching honesty."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Troy |title=Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper Review: Manav Kaul Excels In A Darkly {{as written|Humo|urous [sic]}} Tale Of Middle-Class Struggles |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-manav-kaul-excels-in-a-darkly-humorous-tale-of-middle-class-struggles |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=18 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719013123/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-manav-kaul-excels-in-a-darkly-humorous-tale-of-middle-class-struggles |url-status=live }}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' commented "The conceit is sold through a hyper-real aesthetic."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper' review: Show about sex work is proud to be loud |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1070787/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-show-about-sex-work-is-proud-to-be-loud |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=18 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719013909/https://scroll.in/reel/1070787/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-show-about-sex-work-is-proud-to-be-loud |url-status=live }}</ref> Suparna Sharma of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' opined "The show is carried valiantly by its actors and their performances."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |title='Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper' review: Sex & sexy performances hold this scatterbrain show together |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/07/18/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-sex-and-sexy-performances-hold-this-scatterbrain-show-together.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=18 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802152913/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/07/18/tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-sex-and-sexy-performances-hold-this-scatterbrain-show-together.html |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' commented "If you are viewing the show from the gender arc, the story tells us that as a woman we must celebrate our flaws, vulnerabilities and desires."<ref>{{cite news |last=Deb Roy |first=Lachmi |title=Netflix's Tribhuvan Mishra: CA Topper Review: It's time to celebrate women desires |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-every-profession-deserves-respect-so-does-escort-services-13794324.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=18 July 2024 |language=en-us |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719230203/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-tribhuvan-mishra-ca-topper-review-every-profession-deserves-respect-so-does-escort-services-13794324.html |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Netflix title|81285617}}
* {{IMDb title|32832648}}
{{Netflix original current series}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tribhuvan Mishra CA Topper}}
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]

Raichur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-30T21:19:58Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: creating info

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raichur
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Raichur.map}}
| map_caption = Raichur Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| state =[[Karnataka]]
| established =1952
| assembly_cons =
[[Shorapur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shorapur]] [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]] [[Yadgir (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Yadgir]] [[Raichur Rural Assembly constituency|Raichur Rural]] [[Raichur Assembly constituency|Raichur]] [[Manvi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Manvi]] [[Devadurga (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Devadurga]] [[Lingsugur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Lingsugur]]
| electors =19,28,204
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation =ST
| mp = [[G Kumar Naik]]
| party =[[Indian National Congress]]
}}
[[File:Raichur Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Raichur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=206}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|value1=77.77|value2=11.11|value3=5.55|value4=5.55|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (14 Times)]]|label2=[[BJP|'''BJP '''(2 Times)]]|label3=[[Swatantra Party|'''Swatantra Party''' (1 time)]]|label4=[[Janata Dal|'''Janata Dal''' (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color3={{party color|Swatantra Party}}|color4={{party color|Janata Dal}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Raichur Lok Sabha}}

==Assembly segments==
Raichur Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|36
|[[Shorapur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shorapur]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]
|[[Raja Venugopal Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|37
|[[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]
|[[Sharanabasappa Gouda Darshanapur|Sharanabasappa Darshanapur]]
|-
|38
|[[Yadgir (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Yadgir]]
|Channareddy Patil Tunnur
|-
|53
|[[Raichur Rural Assembly constituency|Raichur Rural]] (ST)
| rowspan="5" |[[Raichur district|Raichur]]
|Basanagouda Daddal
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|54
|[[Raichur Assembly constituency|Raichur]]
|Shivaraj Patil
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|55
|[[Manvi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Manvi]] (ST)
|G. Hampayya Nayak
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|56
|[[Devadurga (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Devadurga]] (ST)
|Karemma
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
|57
|[[Lingsugur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Lingsugur]] (SC)
|[[Manappa D.Vajjal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raichur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/parliamentary-constituencies/raichur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''[[1952 Indian general election|1952]] : See [[Yadgir Lok Sabha constituency|Yadgir]]''}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[G. S. Melkote]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Jagannath Rao Chandriki
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Raja Venkatappa Naik
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Pampan Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Rajshekhar Kolur]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |B. V. Desai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|1986^
|[[M. Y. Ghorpade]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Raja Ambanna Nayak Dore
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Venkatesh Nayak]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Raja Rangappa Naik
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Venkatesh Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Sanna Pakirappa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Winning Candidates |url=http://eci.nic.in/press/List%20of%20Winning%20Candidated%20Final%20for%2016th%20May.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619061349/http://eci.nic.in/press/List%20of%20Winning%20Candidated%20Final%20for%2016th%20May.pdf |archivedate=19 June 2009 |accessdate=2009-11-13 |publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[B. V. Nayak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Raja Amareshwara Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[G Kumar Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Raichur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[G Kumar Naik]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 670,966
|percentage = 51.63
|change = {{up}}8.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raja Amareshwara Naik]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 591,185
|percentage = 45.49
|change = {{down}}7.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 9,850
|percentage = 0.76
|change = {{down}}0.57
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 79,781
|percentage = 6.14
|change = {{down}}4.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,304,825
|percentage = 64.90
|change = {{up}}6.66
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Raichur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Raja Amareshwara Naik]]
|votes = 598,337
|percentage = 53.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[B. V. Nayak]]
|votes = 480,621
|percentage = 42.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 14,921
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 117,716
|percentage = 10.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,124,962
|percentage = 58.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Raichur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[B. V. Nayak]]
|votes = 443,659
|percentage = 45.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[K. Shivanagouda Naik]]
|votes = 442,160
|percentage = 45.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = D. B. Nayak
|votes = 21,706
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raja Thimappa Nayak
|votes = 12,254
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = M. Nagaraj
|votes = 6,938
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 13,176
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,499
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 969,047
|percentage = 58.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kushtagi Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Raichur district]]
* [[Yadgir Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.2|77.4|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raichur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Raichur district]]

Satire

2026-01-24T18:21:43Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: general add details for consistency additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Literary and art genre with a style of humor based on parody}}

{{Redirect|Satires|the film and television genre|Satire (film and television)|other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Punch Magazine, 27 April 1872.jpg |thumb|1872 edition of ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'', a ground-breaking British magazine of popular humour, including a great deal of satire of the contemporary, social, and political scene]]
{{Literature}}
{{Performing arts}}

'''Satire''' is a [[genre]] of the [[visual arts|visual]], [[literature|literary]], and [[performing art]]s, usually in the form of [[fiction]] and less frequently [[Nonfiction|non-fiction]], in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, often with the intent of exposing or shaming the perceived flaws of individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.{{Sfn | Elliott | 2004}} Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive [[social criticism]], using [[wit]] to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society. Satire may also poke fun at popular themes in art and film.
A prominent feature of satire is strong [[irony]] or [[sarcasm]]—"in satire, irony is [[wikt:militant|militant]]", according to [[Literary criticism|literary critic]] [[Northrop Frye]]—<ref>{{cite book|title=Anatomy of Criticism|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofcritici0000frye|url-access=registration|last=Frye|first=Northrup|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton UP|year=1957|isbn = 0-691-06004-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofcritici0000frye/page/222 222]}}</ref> but [[parody]], [[burlesque (literary)|burlesque]], [[exaggeration]],<ref name="Claridge2010p257"/> [[juxtaposition]], comparison, analogy, and [[double entendre]] are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. This "militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to question.

Satire is found in many artistic forms of expression, including internet memes, literature, plays, commentary, [[satirical music|music]], [[satire (film and television)|film and television]] shows, and media such as lyrics.

==Etymology and roots==
The word ''satire'' comes from the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''satur'' and the subsequent phrase ''[[wikt:satura#Latin|lanx satura]].'' ''Satur'' meant "full", but the juxtaposition with ''lanx'' shifted the meaning to "miscellany or medley": the expression ''lanx satura'' literally means "a full dish of various kinds of fruits".<ref name="Kharpertian">{{cite book|first=Theodore D|last=Kharpertian|contribution=Thomas Pynchon and Postmodern American Satire|pages=25–7|editor-last=Kharpertian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um0h0arlUdoC|title=A hand to turn the time: the Menippean satires of Thomas Pynchon|isbn = 9780838633618|year=1990|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press}}</ref> The use of the word ''lanx'' in this phrase, however, is disputed by B.L. Ullman.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Satura and Satire|date=1913 |doi=10.1086/359771 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/359771|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505095643/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/359771|archive-date=2021-05-05|url-status=live |last1=Ullman |first1=B. L. |journal=Classical Philology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=172–194 |s2cid=161191881 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

To Quintilian, the satire was a strict literary form, but the term soon escaped from the original narrow definition. Robert Elliott writes:
{{blockquote | As soon as a noun enters the domain of metaphor, as one modern scholar has pointed out, it clamours for extension; and satura (which had had no verbal, adverbial, or adjectival forms) was immediately broadened by appropriation from the Greek word for "satyr" (satyros) and its derivatives. The odd result is that the English "satire" comes from the Latin satura; but "satirize", "satiric", etc., are of Greek origin. By about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus; St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies 'a satirist in prose' ('satyricus scriptor in prosa'). Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the word satire: satura becomes satyra, and in England, by the 16th century, it was written 'satyre.'{{Sfn | Elliott | 2004}}}}

The word ''satire'' derives from ''satura'', and its origin was not influenced by the [[Greek mythology|Greek mythological]] figure of the ''[[satyr]]''.<ref>{{Citation|quote=The [[Renaissance]] confusion of the two origins encouraged a satire more aggressive than that of its Roman forebearers|first=BL|last=Ullman|title=Satura and Satire|journal=Classical Philology|volume=8|issue=2|pages=172–194|year=1913|jstor=262450|doi=10.1086/359771|s2cid=161191881}}</ref> In the 17th century, philologist [[Isaac Casaubon]] was the first to dispute the etymology of satire from satyr, contrary to the belief up to that time.<ref>{{Citation|title=Less Rightly Said: Scandals and Readers in Sixteenth-Century France|last=Szabari|first=Antonia|date=October 23, 2009 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7354-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-QJLqEwvb0C&pg=PA2|language=en}}</ref>

==Humour==
{{rquote|right|The rules of satire are such that it must do more than make you laugh. No matter how amusing it is, it doesn't count unless you find yourself wincing a little even as you chuckle.<ref name="galaxy196806">{{Cite magazine|date=June 1968|title=Forecast|magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction|pages=113}}</ref>}}

[[Laughter]] is not an essential component of satire;<ref>{{Citation|title=The Shape of Change: Essays in Early Modern Literature and La Fontaine in Honor of David Lee Rubin|last1=Birberick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGt9gkXv74C&pg=PA175|year=2002|last2=Ganim|publisher=Rodopi |isbn=90-420-1449-0 |language=en}}</ref> in fact, there are types of satire that are not meant to be "funny" at all. Conversely, not all humour, even on such topics as politics, religion or art is necessarily "satirical", even when it uses the satirical tools of irony, parody, and [[burlesque]].

Even light-hearted satire has a serious "after-taste": the organizers of the [[Ig Nobel Prize]] describe this as "first make people laugh, and then make them think".<ref>{{Citation|url=http://improbable.com/ig/|title=Improbable|date=July 5, 2004|contribution=Ig|access-date=February 20, 2012|archive-date=June 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604012502/http://improbable.com/ig/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Social and psychological functions==
[[File:Pedro II angelo agostini.jpg|thumb|A satire by [[Angelo Agostini]] to ''[[Revista Illustrada]]'' mocking the lack of interest from Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] in politics toward the [[Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil|end of his reign]] (1887)]]
Satire and [[irony]] in some cases have been regarded as the most effective source to understand a society, the oldest form of social study.<ref name="Rosenberg1960p155"/> They provide the keenest insights into a group's [[Collective unconscious|collective psyche]], reveal its deepest values and tastes, and the society's structures of power.<ref name="Deloria69p146"/><ref name="Nash1970p203"/> Some authors have regarded satire as superior to non-comic and non-artistic disciplines like history or [[anthropology]].<ref name="Rosenberg1960p155"/><ref name="Babcock1984"/><ref name="Coppola"/><ref>{{cite book|first=Jo|last=Coppola|title=Comedy on Television|publisher=Commonweal|date=December 12, 1958|page=288}}</ref> In a prominent example from [[ancient Greece]], philosopher [[Plato]], when asked by a friend for a book to understand Athenian society, referred him to the plays of [[Aristophanes]].<ref name="Willi2003p1"/><ref name="Ehrenberg1962p39"/>

Historically, satire has satisfied the popular [[need]] to [[debunk]] and [[Ridiculous|ridicule]] the leading figures in politics, economy, religion and other prominent realms of [[Power (social and political)|power]].<ref name="Bevere2006p265"/> Satire confronts [[public discourse]] and the [[collective imaginary]], playing as a public opinion counterweight to power (be it political, economic, religious, symbolic, or otherwise), by challenging leaders and authorities. For instance, it forces administrations to clarify, amend or establish their policies. Satire's job is to expose problems and contradictions, and it is not obligated to solve them.<ref name="WieseForbes2010p.xv"/> [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Kraus]] set in the history of satire a prominent example of a satirist role as confronting public discourse.<ref name="Knight2004p254"/>

For its nature and social role, satire has enjoyed in many societies a special freedom license to mock prominent individuals and institutions.<ref name="Test1991p9licencequote"/> The satiric impulse, and its ritualized expressions, carry out the function of resolving social tension.<ref name="Test1991p8"/> Institutions like the [[ritual clown]]s, by giving expression to the [[antisocial tendencies]], represent a [[safety valve]] which re-establishes equilibrium and health in the [[collective imaginary]], which are jeopardized by the [[Social repression|repressive aspects of society]].<ref name="Cazeneuve1957p244"/><ref name="Durand1984p106"/>

The state of [[political satire]] in a given society reflects the tolerance or intolerance that characterizes it,<ref name="Bevere2006p265"/> and the state of [[civil liberties]] and [[human rights]]. Under [[totalitarianism|totalitarian regimes]] any criticism of a political system, and especially satire, is suppressed. A typical example is the [[Soviet Union]] where the [[dissidents]], such as [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] and [[Andrei Sakharov]] were under strong pressure from the government. While satire of everyday life in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] was allowed, the most prominent satirist being [[Arkady Raikin]], political satire existed in the form of [[anecdote]]s<ref>{{Citation|url=http://samlib.ru/j/jacko_w_a/anecdotes.shtml|last=Yatsko|first=V|title=Russian folk funny stories}}</ref> that made fun of Soviet political leaders, especially [[Brezhnev]], famous for his narrow-mindedness and love for awards and decorations.

==Classifications==
Satire is a diverse genre which is complex to classify and define, with a wide range of satiric "modes".<ref>{{Citation|title=The Shape of Change: Essays in Early Modern Literature and La Fontaine in Honor of David Lee Rubin|last1=Birberick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGt9gkXv74C&pg=PA163|year=2002|last2=Ganim|publisher=Rodopi |isbn=90-420-1449-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>David Worcester (1968) [https://books.google.com/books?id=foUbAQAAIAAJ ''The Art of Satire''] p.16</ref>

===Horatian, Juvenalian, Menippean===
[[File:Satire (Orazio) - pag. 12.JPG|thumb|upright|{{center|"Le satire e l'epistole di Q. Orazio Flacco", printed in 1814}}]]
Satirical literature can commonly be categorized as either Horatian, Juvenalian, or [[Menippean satire|Menippean]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Rolf Arnold|title=Komik und Satire|year=1973|publisher=Juris-Verlag|location=Zürich|isbn=978-3-260-03570-8|language=de|page= 92}}</ref>

====Horatian====
Horatian satire, named for the Roman satirist [[Horace]] (65–8 BCE), playfully criticizes some social vice through gentle, mild, and light-hearted humour. Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) wrote Satires to gently ridicule the dominant opinions and "philosophical beliefs of ancient Rome and Greece".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-horatian-satire.htm|title=What Is Horatian Satire?|work=wiseGEEK|date=May 3, 2023}}</ref> Rather than writing in harsh or accusing tones, he addressed issues with humor and clever mockery. Horatian satire follows this same pattern of "gently [ridiculing] the absurdities and follies of human beings".<ref name=nku.edu>{{cite web|url=http://www.nku.edu/~rkdrury/422/satire_terms.html|title=Satire Terms|work=nku.edu}}</ref>

It directs wit, exaggeration, and self-deprecating humour toward what it identifies as folly. Horatian satire's sympathetic tone is common in modern society.<ref>{{cite book|first=Raja|last=Sharma|title="Comedy" in New Light-Literary Studies|year=2011}}</ref> A Horatian satirist's goal is to heal the situation with smiles, rather than by anger. Horatian satire is a gentle reminder to take life less seriously and evokes a wry smile.<ref name="nku.edu"/>

====Juvenalian====
{{See also|Satires of Juvenal}}

Juvenalian satire, named for the writings of the Roman satirist [[Juvenal]] (late first century – early second century AD), is more contemptuous and abrasive than the Horatian. Juvenal disagreed with the opinions of the public figures and institutions of the Empire and actively attacked them through his literature. "He utilized the satirical tools of exaggeration and parody to make his targets appear monstrous and incompetent".<ref name="wisegeek.com">{{Cite web |last=Podzemny |first=Todd |date=2011-11-09 |title=What Is Juvenalian Satire? |url=https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-juvenalian-satire.htm |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Language & Humanities}}</ref> Juvenal's satire follows this same pattern of abrasively ridiculing societal structures. Juvenal also, unlike Horace, attacked public officials and governmental organizations through his satires, regarding their opinions as not just wrong, but evil.

Following in this tradition, Juvenalian satire addresses perceived social evil through scorn, outrage, and savage ridicule. This form is often pessimistic, characterized by the use of irony, sarcasm, moral indignation and personal invective, with less emphasis on humor. Strongly polarized political satire can often be classified as Juvenalian.

A Juvenal satirist's goal is generally to provoke some sort of political or societal change because he sees his opponent or object as evil or harmful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.literarydevices.com/satire/|title=Satire Examples and Definition|work=Literary Devices|date=January 30, 2015}}</ref> A Juvenal satirist mocks "societal structure, power, and civilization"<ref name="k887">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-02 |title=Definition, Types & Examples |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/satire-in-literature-definition-types-examples.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Study.com}}</ref> by exaggerating the words or position of his opponent in order to jeopardize their opponent's reputation and/or power. [[Jonathan Swift]] has been established as an author who "borrowed heavily from Juvenal's techniques in [his critique] of contemporary English society".<ref name="wisegeek.com" />

====Menippean====
{{Main|Menippean satire}}

===Satire vis-à-vis teasing===
In the [[history of theatre]] there has always been a conflict between engagement and disengagement on [[politics]] and relevant issue, between satire and [[grotesque]] on one side, and [[jest]] with [[teasing]] on the other.<ref name="Fo1990p9"/> [[Max Eastman]] defined the [[spectrum]] of satire in terms of "degrees of biting", as ranging from satire proper at the hot-end, and "kidding" at the violet-end; Eastman adopted the term kidding to denote what is just satirical in form, but is not really firing at the target.<ref>{{Citation|author-link=Max Eastman|first=Max|last=Eastman|year=1936|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tyd5wwn8acwC&pg=PA236|title=Enjoyment of Laughter|chapter=IV. Degrees of Biting|pages=236–43|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412822626}}</ref> [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]] satirical playwright [[Dario Fo]] pointed out the difference between satire and teasing (''sfottò'').<ref name="Lorch1997p128">{{Citation|author1-link=Dario Fo|first1=Dario|last1=Fo|first2=Jennifer|last2=Lorch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u12fXi_HDO4C&pg=PA128|title=Dario Fo|page=128|quote=In other writings Fo makes an important distinction between ''sfottò'' and satire.|isbn=9780719038488|year=1997|publisher=Manchester University Press}}</ref> Teasing is the [[reactionary]] side of the [[comic]]; it limits itself to a shallow [[parody]] of physical appearance. The side-effect of teasing is that it humanizes and draws sympathy for the powerful individual towards which it is directed. Satire instead uses the comic to go against power and its oppressions, has a [[subversive]] character, and a [[moral]] dimension which draws judgement against its targets.<ref name="Fo1990p2" /><ref name="Fo1990pn" /><ref name = "Arroyop303">{{Citation|first1=José Luís Blas|last1=Arroyo|first2=Mónica Velando|last2=Casanova|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxZ_zH44PVkC&pg=PA303|title=Discurso y sociedad: contribuciones al estudio de la lengua en...|volume=1|pages=303–4|isbn=9788480215381|year=2006|publisher=Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Morson1988p114">{{Citation|last=Morson|first=Gary Saul|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpLiINhO83MC&pg=PA114|title=Boundaries of Genre|page=114|publisher=Northwestern University Press|quote=second, that parodies can be, as Bakhtin observes, "shallow" as well as "deep" (''Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics'', 160), which is to say, directed at superficial as well as fundamental faults of the original. [...] the distinction between shallow and deep [...] [is] helpful in understanding the complex ways in which parodies are used. For instance, shallow parody is sometimes used to pay an author an indirect compliment. The opposite of damning with faint praise, this parody with faint criticism may be designed to show that no more fundamental criticism ''could'' be made.|isbn=9780810108110}}</ref> Fo formulated an [[Operational definition|operational]] criterion to tell real satire from ''sfottò'', saying that real satire arouses an outraged and violent reaction, and that the more they try to stop you, the better is the job you are doing.<ref>{{Citation|author-link=Daniele Luttazzi|first=Daniele|last=Luttazzi|year=2005|url=http://news.danieleluttazzi.it/?q=node/147|archive-date=December 25, 2005|place=[[Italy|IT]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225171452/http://news.danieleluttazzi.it/?q=node%2F147|title=Matrix|quote=Dario Fo disse a Satyricon: —La satira vera si vede dalla reazione che suscita.|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Fo contends that, historically, people in positions of power have welcomed and encouraged good-humoured buffoonery, while modern day people in positions of power have tried to censor, ostracize and repress satire.<ref name="Fo1990p9"/><ref name="Fo1990p2"/>

Teasing (''sfottò'') is an ancient form of simple [[buffoonery]], a form of comedy without satire's subversive edge. Teasing includes light and affectionate parody, good-humoured mockery, simple one-dimensional poking fun, and benign spoofs. Teasing typically consists of an [[Impressionist (entertainment)|impersonation]] of someone monkeying around with his exterior attributes, [[tic]]s, physical blemishes, voice and mannerisms, quirks, way of dressing and walking, and/or the phrases he typically repeats. By contrast, teasing never touches on the core issue, never makes a serious criticism judging the target with [[irony]]; it never harms the target's conduct, [[ideology]] and position of power; it never undermines the perception of his morality and cultural dimension.<ref name="Fo1990p2"/><ref name="Arroyop303"/> ''Sfottò'' directed towards a powerful individual makes him appear more human and draws sympathy towards him.<ref>{{Citation|author-link=Daniele Luttazzi|first=Daniele|last=Luttazzi|language=it|url=http://www.nazioneindiana.com/2003/10/28/state-a-casa-a-fare-i-compiti-2/|title=State a casa a fare i compiti|format=interview|editor1-first=Federica|editor1-last=Fracassi|editor2-first=Jacopo|editor2-last=Guerriero|journal=Nazione Indiana|date=October 2003|quote=Lo sfottò è reazionario. Non cambia le carte in tavola, anzi, rende simpatica la persona presa di mira. La Russa, oggi, è quel personaggio simpatico, con la voce cavernosa, il doppiatore dei Simpson di cui Fiorello fa l'imitazione. Nessuno ricorda più il La Russa picchiatore fascista. Nessuno ricorda gli atti fascisti e reazionari di questo governo in televisione.}}</ref> [[Hermann Göring]] propagated [[jest]]s and jokes against himself, with the aim of humanizing his image.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kremer|first=S Lillian|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gvfxm_YuGT4C&pg=PA100|title=Holocaust Literature: Agosín to Lentin|page=100|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415929837}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Lipman|first=Stephen 'Steve'|year=1991|title=Laughter in hell: the use of humour during the Holocaust|place=Northvale, NJ|publisher=J Aronson|page=40}}</ref>

===Classifications by topics===
Types of satire can also be classified according to the topics it deals with. From the earliest times, at least since the plays of [[Aristophanes]], the primary topics of literary satire have been [[politics]], [[religion]] and [[sex]].<ref name="Clark91p116"/><ref name="Clark73p20"/><ref name="Clark80p45"/><ref>Ferdie Addis (2012) ''Qual è il tuo "tallone da killer"?'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=kKysGIQV4SgC&pg=PT20 p.20]</ref> This is partly because these are the most pressing problems that affect anybody living in a society, and partly because these topics are usually [[taboo]].<ref name="Clark91p116"/><ref name="Hodgart2009p33"/> Among these, politics in the broader sense is considered the pre-eminent topic of satire.<ref name="Hodgart2009p33"/> Satire which targets the [[clergy]] is a type of [[political satire]], while [[religious satire]] is that which targets [[religious belief]]s.<ref name="Hodgart2009p39"/> Satire on sex may overlap with [[blue comedy]], [[off-color humor]] and [[dick joke]]s.

[[Scatology]] has a long literary association with satire,<ref name="Clark91p116"/><ref name="Wilson2002pp"/><ref name="Anspaugh94"/> as it is a classical mode of the [[grotesque]], the [[grotesque body]] and the satiric grotesque.<ref name="Clark91p116"/><ref name="Andries2000p10"/> [[Shit]] plays a fundamental role in satire because it symbolizes [[death]], the turd being "the ultimate dead object".<ref name="Wilson2002pp"/><ref name="Anspaugh94"/> The satirical comparison of individuals or institutions with human [[excrement]], exposes their "inherent inertness, corruption and dead-likeness".<ref name="Wilson2002pp"/><ref name="Klein1993p20"/><ref name="Duprat1982p178"/> The [[ritual clown]]s of [[clown societies]], like among the [[Pueblo Indians]], have ceremonies with [[Coprophagia|filth-eating]].<ref name="Parsons34"/><ref name="Hyers96"/> In other cultures, [[sin-eating]] is an [[Apotropaic magic|apotropaic]] rite in which the sin-eater (also called filth-eater),<ref>Donald Alexander Mackenzie (1923) ''Myths of Pre-Columbian America'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=6chKHROa1icC&pg=PA229 p.229]</ref><ref>Patrick Marnham (2000) ''Dreaming with His Eyes Open: A Life of Diego Rivera'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=pcddElQo9JkC&pg=PA297 p.297]</ref> by ingesting the food provided, takes "upon himself the sins of the departed".<ref name="Davidson 1993p85"/> Satire about death overlaps with [[black humor]] and [[gallows humor]].

Another classification by topics is the distinction between political satire, religious satire and satire of manners.<ref name="Bloom1979"/> Political satire is sometimes called topical satire, satire of manners is sometimes called satire of everyday life, and religious satire is sometimes called philosophical satire. [[Comedy of manners]], sometimes also called satire of manners, criticizes mode of life of common people; political satire aims at behavior, manners of politicians, and vices of political systems. Historically, comedy of manners, which first appeared in British theater in 1620, has uncritically accepted the social code of the upper classes.<ref name="Nicoll1951p179"/> Comedy in general accepts the rules of the social game, while satire subverts them.<ref name="Hodgart2009p189"/>

Another analysis of satire is the spectrum of his possible [[Tone (literature)|tone]]s: [[wit]], [[ridicule]], [[irony]], [[sarcasm]], [[Cynicism (philosophy)|cynicism]], the [[sardonic]] and [[invective]].<ref name="Pollard1970p66"/><ref name="Clark1946p32"/>

The type of humour that deals with creating laughter at the expense of the person telling the joke is called reflexive humour.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Zekavat|first=Massih|title=Reflexive humour and satire: a critical review|journal=European Journal of Humour Research|year=2020|volume=7|issue=4|pages=125–136|doi=10.7592/EJHR2019.7.4.zekavat|doi-access=free}}</ref> Reflexive humour can take place at dual levels of directing humour at self or at the larger community the self identifies with. The audience's understanding of the context of reflexive humour is important for its receptivity and success.<ref name=":0" /> Satire is found not only in written literary forms. In [[preliterate culture]]s it manifests itself in [[ritual clown|ritual]] and folk forms, as well as in [[trickster]] tales and [[oral poetry]].<ref name="Test1991p8" />

It appears also in graphic arts, music, sculpture, dance, [[cartoon strip]]s, and [[graffiti]]. Examples are [[Dada]] sculptures, [[Pop Art]] works, music of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] and [[Erik Satie]], [[Punk rock|punk]] and [[rock music]].<ref name="Test1991p8"/> In modern [[media culture]], [[stand-up comedy]] is an enclave in which satire can be introduced into [[mass media]], challenging mainstream discourse.<ref name="Test1991p8"/> [[Roast (comedy)|Comedy roast]]s, mock festivals, and stand-up comedians in nightclubs and concerts are the modern forms of ancient satiric rituals.<ref name="Test1991p8"/><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vuong|first1=Quan-Hoang|title=The Kingfisher Story Collection|date=2022|publisher=AISDL|isbn=979-8353946595}}</ref>

==Development==

===Ancient Egypt===
[[File:Satirical papyrus.jpg|thumb|upright=2.25|The satirical papyrus at the British Museum]]
[[File:Cat guarding geese c1120 BC Egypt.jpg|thumb|[[Satirical ostraca|Satirical ostracon]] showing a cat guarding geese, {{Circa|1120 BC}}, Egypt]]
[[File:WLA brooklynmuseum Figured Ostracon Showing a Cat Waiting on a Mouse.jpg|thumb|Figured ostracon showing a cat waiting on a mouse, Egypt]]
One of the earliest examples of what might be called satire, [[The Satire of the Trades]],<ref>{{Citation | first = M | last = Lichtheim | title = Ancient Egyptian Literature | volume = I | year = 1973 | pages = 184–93}}</ref> is in Egyptian writing from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The text's apparent readers are students, tired of studying. It argues that their lot as scribes is not only useful, but far superior to that of the ordinary man. Scholars such as Helck<ref>{{Citation | first = W | last = Helck | title = Die Lehre des DwA-xtjj | publisher = Wiesbaden | year = 1970}}</ref> think that the context was meant to be serious.

The [[Papyrus Anastasi I]]<ref>{{Citation | first = Alan H | last = Gardiner | title = Egyptian Hieratic Texts | series= I: Literary Texts of the New Kingdom | volume = I | place = Leipzig | year = 1911}}</ref> (late 2nd millennium BC) contains a satirical letter which first praises the virtues of its recipient, but then mocks the reader's meagre knowledge and achievements.

===Ancient Greece===
The Greeks had no word for what later would be called "satire", although the terms cynicism and parody were used. Modern critics call the [[Greek comedy|Greek playwright]] [[Aristophanes]] one of the best known early satirists: his plays are known for their critical political and [[societal commentary]],<ref name="Sutton, D. F. 1993 p.56">{{Citation | last = Sutton | first = DF | title = Ancient Comedy: The War of the Generations | place = New York | year = 1993 | page = 56}}</ref> particularly for the [[political satire]] by which he criticized the powerful [[Cleon]] (as in ''[[The Knights]]''). He is also notable for the persecution he underwent.<ref name="Sutton, D. F. 1993 p.56" /><ref>{{Citation | chapter-url = http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/aristophanes003.html | chapter = Political and social satires of Aristophanes | editor-first = Alfred | editor-last = Bates | title = The Drama, Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization | volume = 2 | place = London | publisher = Historical Publishing | year = 1906 | pages = 55–59}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = JE | last = Atkinson | jstor = 639144 | title = Curbing the Comedians: Cleon versus Aristophanes and Syracosius' Decree | journal = The Classical Quarterly | series = New | volume = 42 | number = 1 | year = 1992 | pages = 56–64 | doi=10.1017/s0009838800042580 | s2cid = 170936469 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0714-06.htm | title = Aristophanes: the Michael Moore of his Day | first = John Louis | last = Anderson | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061019054115/http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0714-06.htm | archive-date = October 19, 2006 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Aristophanes' plays turned upon images of filth and disease.{{Sfn | Wilson | 2002 | p = 17}} His bawdy style was adopted by Greek dramatist-comedian [[Menander]]. His early play ''Drunkenness'' contains an attack on the politician [[Callimedon]].

The oldest form of satire still in use is the [[Menippean satire]] by [[Menippus|Menippus of Gadara]]. His own writings are lost. Examples from his admirers and imitators mix seriousness and mockery in dialogues and present parodies before a background of [[wikt:diatribe|diatribe]]. As in the case of Aristophanes plays, menippean satire turned upon images of filth and disease.{{Sfn | Wilson | 2002 | p = 17}}

===Ancient China===
Satire, or fengci (諷刺) the way it is called in Chinese, goes back at least to [[Confucius]], being mentioned in the [[Classic of Poetry|Book of Odes]] (Shijing 詩經). It meant "to criticize by means of an ode". In the pre-Qin era it was also common for schools of thought to clarify their views through the use of short explanatory anecdotes, also called yuyan (寓言), translated as "entrusted words". These yuyan usually were brimming with satirical content. The [[Daoist]] text [[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]] is the first to define this concept of Yuyan. During the Qin and Han dynasty, however, the concept of yuyan mostly died out through their heavy persecution of dissent and literary circles, especially by [[Qin Shi Huang]] and [[Han Wudi]].<ref>{{Citation | chapter = Magistrates, Doctors, and Monks: Satire in the Chinese Jestbook Xiaolin Guangji | first = Antonio | last = Leggieri | title = The Rhetoric of Topics and Forms | year = 2021 | pages = 369–380 | doi = 10.1515/9783110642032-029 | isbn = 9783110642032 | s2cid = 234214074 | df = mdy-all | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Roman world===
The first Roman to discuss satire critically was [[Quintilian]], who invented the term to describe the writings of [[Gaius Lucilius]]. The two most prominent and influential ancient Roman satirists are [[Horace]] and [[Satires of Juvenal|Juvenal]], who wrote during the early days of the [[Roman Empire]]. Other important satirists in ancient [[Latin]] are Gaius Lucilius and [[Persius]]. ''Satire'' in their work is much wider than in the modern sense of the word, including fantastic and highly coloured humorous writing with little or no real mocking intent. When Horace criticized [[Augustus]], he used [[veil]]ed ironic terms. In contrast, [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] reports that the 6th-century-BC poet [[Hipponax]] wrote ''satirae'' that were so cruel that the offended hanged themselves.<ref>{{Citation | last = Cuddon | title = Dictionary of Literary Terms | place = Oxford | year = 1998 | contribution = Satire}}</ref>

In the 2nd century AD, [[Lucian]] wrote ''[[True History]]'', a book satirizing the clearly unrealistic travelogues/adventures written by [[Ctesias]], [[Iambulus]], and [[Homer]]. He states that he was surprised they expected people to believe their lies, and stating that he, like them, has no actual knowledge or experience, but shall now tell lies as if he did. He goes on to describe a far more obviously extreme and unrealistic tale, involving interplanetary exploration, war among alien life forms, and life inside a 200 mile long whale back in the terrestrial ocean, all intended to make obvious the fallacies of books like ''[[Indica (Ctesias)|Indica]]'' and ''[[The Odyssey]]''.

===Medieval Islamic world===
{{main|Arabic literature#Satire and comedy|Persian satire|l1=Arabic satire}}

Medieval [[Arabic poetry]] included the satiric genre ''hija''. Satire was introduced into [[Arabic literature|Arabic prose literature]] by the author [[Al-Jahiz]] in the 9th century. While dealing with serious topics in what are now known as [[anthropology]], [[Sociology in medieval Islam|sociology]] and [[Psychology in medieval Islam|psychology]], he introduced a satirical approach, "based on the premise that, however serious the subject under review, it could be made more interesting and thus achieve greater effect, if only one leavened the lump of solemnity by the insertion of a few amusing anecdotes or by the throwing out of some witty or paradoxical observations. He was well aware that, in treating of new themes in his prose works, he would have to employ a vocabulary of a nature more familiar in ''hija'', satirical poetry."{{Sfn | Bosworth| 1976| p = 32}} For example, in one of his [[Zoology|zoological]] works, he satirized the preference for longer [[human penis size]], writing: "If the length of the penis were a sign of honor, then the [[mule]] would belong to the (honorable tribe of) [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]]". Another satirical story based on this preference was an ''[[One Thousand and One Nights|Arabian Nights]]'' tale called "Ali with the Large Member".<ref>{{Cite book| title = The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia | first1 = Ulrich | last1 = Marzolph | first2 = Richard | last2 = van Leeuwen| first3 = Hassan | last3 = Wassouf | publisher = ABC-CLIO| year = 2004 | isbn= 1-57607-204-5|pages=97–8}}</ref>

In the 10th century, the writer [[Tha'alibi]] recorded satirical poetry written by the Arabic poets As-Salami and Abu Dulaf, with As-Salami praising Abu Dulaf's [[Polymath|wide breadth of knowledge]] and then mocking his ability in all these subjects, and with Abu Dulaf responding back and satirizing As-Salami in return.{{Sfn | Bosworth| 1976| pp = 77–8}} An example of Arabic political satire included another 10th-century poet Jarir satirizing Farazdaq as "a transgressor of the [[Sharia]]" and later Arabic poets in turn using the term "Farazdaq-like" as a form of political satire.{{Sfn | Bosworth| 1976| p = 70}}

The terms "[[comedy]]" and "satire" became synonymous after [[Aristotle]]'s ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'' was translated into [[Arabic language|Arabic]] in the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islamic world]], where it was elaborated upon by [[Early Islamic philosophy|Islamic philosophers]] and writers, such as Abu Bischr, his pupil [[Al-Farabi]], [[Avicenna]], and [[Averroes]]. Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from [[Greek drama]]tic representation and instead identified it with [[Arabic poetry|Arabic poetic]] themes and forms, such as ''hija'' (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension", and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or troubled beginnings and happy endings, associated with classical Greek comedy. After the [[Latin translations of the 12th century]], the term "comedy" thus gained a new semantic meaning in [[Medieval literature]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Comedy as Satire in Hispano-Arabic Spain |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hispanic-review_1958-01_26_1/page/n1 |first=Edwin J |last=Webber|journal=Hispanic Review|volume=26|issue=1|date=January 1958|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|pages=1–11|doi=10.2307/470561| jstor=470561}}</ref>

[[Ubayd Zakani]] introduced satire in [[Persian literature]] during the 14th century. His work is noted for its satire and obscene verses, often political or bawdy, and often cited in debates involving [[homosexual]] practices. He wrote the ''Resaleh-ye Delgosha'', as well as ''Akhlaq al-Ashraf'' ("Ethics of the Aristocracy") and the famous humorous fable ''Masnavi Mush-O-Gorbeh'' (Mouse and Cat), which was a political satire. His non-satirical serious classical verses have also been regarded as very well written, in league with the other great works of [[Persian literature]]. Between 1905 and 1911, [[Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi]] and other Iranian writers wrote notable satires.

===Medieval Europe===
[[File:The Reeve - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|right|thumb|"[[The Reeve's Tale]]", the third story in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'', contains the first appearance in English literature of a common humorous device across all forms of media, the comedic use of [[dialect]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Joseph |title=Chaucer's Uncanny Regionalism: Rereading the North in The Reeve's Tale |journal=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology |date=October 2010 |volume=109 |issue=4 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=468–489 |doi=10.5406/jenglgermphil.109.4.0468 |jstor=10.5406/jenglgermphil.109.4.0468 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jenglgermphil.109.4.0468|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]
In the [[Early Middle Ages]], examples of satire were the songs by [[Goliard]]s or [[Clerici vagantes|vagant]]s now best known as an anthology called [[Carmina Burana]] and made famous as texts of a composition by the 20th-century composer [[Carl Orff]]. Satirical poetry is believed to have been popular, although little has survived. With the advent of the [[High Middle Ages]] and the birth of modern [[vernacular literature]] in the 12th century, it began to be used again, most notably by [[Chaucer]]. The disrespectful manner was considered "unchristian" and ignored, except for the '''moral satire''', which mocked misbehaviour in Christian terms. Examples are ''Livre des Manières'' by {{interlanguage link|Étienne de Fougères|fr}} (~1178), and some of Chaucer's ''[[Canterbury Tales]]''. Sometimes [[Epic poetry|epic poetry (epos)]] was mocked, and even feudal society, but there was hardly a general interest in the genre.

In the [[High Middle Ages]] the work [[Reynard the Fox]], written by Willem die Madoc maecte, and its translations were a popular work that satirized the class system at the time. Representing the various classes as certain anthropomorphic animals. As example, the lion in the story represents the nobility, which is portrayed as being weak and without character, but very greedy. Versions of Reynard the Fox were also popular well into the early modern period. The Dutch translation [[Van den vos Reynaerde]] is considered a major medieval Dutch literary work. In the Dutch version De Vries argues that the animal characters represent barons who conspired against the Count of Flanders.<ref>André De Vries, ''Flanders: A Cultural History'', Oxford University Press, New York, 2007, p.100-101.</ref>

===Early modern western satire===
[[File:Притча о слепых.jpeg|right|thumb|[[Pieter Bruegel the Elder|Pieter Bruegel]]'s 1568 satirical painting ''[[The Blind Leading the Blind]]'']]
Direct [[social commentary]] via satire returned in the 16th century, when texts such as the works of [[François Rabelais]] tackled more serious issues.

Two major satirists of Europe in the [[Renaissance]] were [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] and [[François Rabelais]]. Other examples of Renaissance satire include ''[[Till Eulenspiegel]]'', ''[[Reynard the Fox]]'', [[Sebastian Brant]]'s ''[[Ship of Fools (satire)|Narrenschiff]]'' (1494), [[Erasmus]]'s ''[[Moriae Encomium]]'' (1509), [[Thomas More]]'s ''[[Utopia (More book)|Utopia]]'' (1516), and ''[[Carajicomedia]]'' (1519).

The [[Elizabethan]] (i.e. 16th-century English) writers thought of satire as related to the notoriously rude, coarse and sharp satyr play. Elizabethan "satire" (typically in pamphlet form) therefore contains more straightforward abuse than subtle irony. The French [[Huguenot]] [[Isaac Casaubon]] pointed out in 1605 that satire in the Roman fashion was something altogether more civilised. Casaubon discovered and published Quintilian's writing and presented the original meaning of the term (satira, not satyr), and the sense of wittiness (reflecting the "dishfull of fruits") became more important again. Seventeenth-century English satire once again aimed at the "amendment of vices" ([[Dryden]]).

In the 1590s a new wave of verse satire broke with the publication of [[Joseph Hall (bishop)|Hall]]'s ''Virgidemiarum'', six books of verse satires targeting everything from literary fads to corrupt noblemen. Although [[John Donne|Donne]] had already circulated satires in manuscript, Hall's was the first real attempt in English at verse satire on the Juvenalian model.{{Sfn | Hall | 1969 | ps =: 'Hall's ''Virgidemiae'' was a new departure in that the true Juvenalian mode of satire was being attempted for the first time, and successfully, in English.'}}{{Rp| needed = yes|date=October 2012}} The success of his work combined with a national mood of disillusion in the last years of Elizabeth's reign triggered an avalanche of satire—much of it less conscious of classical models than Hall's — until the fashion was brought to an abrupt stop by censorship.{{NoteTag|The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London, the censors of the press, issued Orders to the Stationers' Company on June 1 and 4, 1599, prohibiting the further printing of satires—the so-called 'Bishop's Ban'.{{Sfn | Davenport | 1969}}{{Rp|needed = yes|date=October 2012}}}}

Another satiric genre to emerge around this time was the satirical [[almanac]], with [[François Rabelais]]'s work ''Pantagrueline Prognostication'' (1532), which mocked astrological predictions. The strategies François utilized within this work were employed by later satirical almanacs, such as the ''Poor Robin'' series that spanned the 17th to 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Palmeri|first=Frank|title=Satire, history, novel: Narrative forms, 1665–1815|publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-61149-232-3|pages=47–49}}</ref>

=== Ancient and modern India ===
Satire (''Kataksh'' or ''Vyang'') has played a prominent role in [[Indian literature|Indian]] and [[Hindi literature]], and is counted as one of the "[[Rasa (aesthetics)|ras]]" of literature in ancient books.<ref>{{cite web |title = हास्य व्यंग्य कविता हिन्दी में Hasya Vyangya Kavita In Hindi funny poetry |url = https://suvicharhindi.com/hasya-vyangya-kavita-hindi/ |website = suvicharhindi.com |date = November 4, 2016 |access-date = April 19, 2019 |author1 = Abhiii |archive-date = April 19, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190419053134/https://suvicharhindi.com/hasya-vyangya-kavita-hindi/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> With the commencement of printing of books in local language in the nineteenth century and especially after India's freedom, this grew.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pritam |first=Sarojani |title=51 Shresth Vyang Rachnayen |publisher=Diamond pocket books}}</ref> Many of the works of [[Tulsi Das]], [[Kabir]], [[Munshi Premchand]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Premchand |first1=Munshi |last2=Gopal |first2=Madan |title=My Life and Times |publisher=Roli Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Premchand |first1=Munshi |title=Premchand Ki Amar Kahaniyan}}</ref> village minstrels, [[Harikatha|Hari katha]] singers, poets, Dalit singers and current day stand up Indian comedians incorporate satire, usually ridiculing authoritarians, fundamentalists and incompetent people in power.<ref name="modisong">{{cite web |last1=Shankarji |title=The Modi song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sh3mlMAkXrE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/sh3mlMAkXrE| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|website=Rough cut productions |date=February 24, 2019 |publisher=Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan |access-date=April 16, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author-first1=Suprateek|author-last1=Chatterjee|title=Kunal Kamra: The accidental revolutionary |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/C39AsWWaic7qvGsONZNCnJ/Kunal-Kamra-The-accidental-revolutionary.html |access-date=April 16, 2019 |newspaper=Live Mint |date=March 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Varsity Cancels Show by 'Anti-National' Comedian Kunal Kamra After Alumni Complaint |url=https://thewire.in/humour/kunal-kamra |access-date=April 16, 2019 |publisher=The Wire}}</ref> In India, it has usually been used as a means of expression and an outlet for common people to express their anger against authoritarian entities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyagi |first1=Ravindranath |title=Urdu Hindi Hashya Vyang |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan}}</ref>

===Age of Enlightenment===
[[File:A Welch wedding. Satire c.1780.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|'A Welch wedding' satirical cartoon {{Circa|1780}}]]

The [[Age of Enlightenment]], an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries advocating rationality, produced a great revival of satire in Britain. This was fuelled by the rise of partisan politics, with the formalisation of the [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] and [[British Whig Party|Whig]] parties—and also, in 1714, by the formation of the [[Scriblerus Club]], which included [[Alexander Pope]], [[Jonathan Swift]], [[John Gay]], [[John Arbuthnot]], [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer|Robert Harley]], [[Thomas Parnell (poet)|Thomas Parnell]], and [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke]]. This club included several of the notable satirists of early-18th-century Britain. They focused their attention on Martinus Scriblerus, "an invented learned fool... whose work they attributed all that was tedious, narrow-minded, and pedantic in contemporary scholarship".<ref>{{Citation | title = The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century | volume = 3 | page = 435}}</ref> In their hands astute and biting satire of institutions and individuals became a popular weapon. The turn to the 18th century was characterized by a switch from Horatian, soft, pseudo-satire, to biting "juvenal" satire.<ref name="Weinbrot2007p136">Weinbrot, Howard D. (2007) ''Eighteenth-Century Satire: Essays on Text and Context from Dryden to Peter...'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=vHADZOHbJ2QC&pg=PA136 p.136]</ref>

[[Jonathan Swift]] was one of the greatest of Anglo-Irish satirists, and one of the first to practise modern journalistic satire. For instance, In his ''[[A Modest Proposal]]'' Swift suggests that Irish peasants be encouraged to sell their own children as food for the rich, as a solution to the "problem" of poverty. His purpose is of course to attack indifference to the plight of the desperately poor. In his book ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' he writes about the flaws in human society in general and English society in particular. [[John Dryden]] wrote an influential essay entitled "A Discourse Concerning the Original and Progress of Satire"<ref>{{Citation | url = http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/drydendiscourse2.html | editor-first = Jack | editor-last = Lynch | publisher = Rutgers | last = Dryden | first = John | title = Discourse | number = 2}}</ref> that helped fix the definition of satire in the literary world. His satirical ''[[Mac Flecknoe]]'' was written in response to a rivalry with [[Thomas Shadwell]] and eventually inspired [[Alexander Pope]] to write his satirical ''[[Dunciad]]''.

[[Alexander Pope]] (b. May 21, 1688) was a satirist known for his Horatian satirist style and translation of the ''[[Iliad]]''. Famous throughout and after the [[Long eighteenth century|long 18th century]], Pope died in 1744.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-pope-9444371#synopsis|title=Biography of Alexander Pope § Synopsis|work=Biography.com|access-date=December 10, 2015|archive-date=December 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218092153/http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-pope-9444371#synopsis|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pope, in his ''The Rape of the Lock'', is delicately chiding society in a sly but polished voice by holding up a mirror to the follies and vanities of the upper class. Pope does not actively attack the self-important pomp of the British aristocracy, but rather presents it in such a way that gives the reader a new perspective from which to easily view the actions in the story as foolish and ridiculous. A mockery of the upper class, more delicate and lyrical than brutal, Pope nonetheless is able to effectively illuminate the moral degradation of society to the public. ''The Rape of the Lock'' assimilates the masterful qualities of a heroic epic, such as the ''Iliad'', which Pope was translating at the time of writing ''The Rape of the Lock''. However, Pope applied these qualities satirically to a seemingly petty egotistical elitist quarrel to prove his point wryly.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/545/satire-in-18th-century-british-society-alexander-popes-the-rape-of-the-lock-and-jonathan-swifts-a-modest-proposal|title=Satire in 18th Century British Society: Alexander Pope's ''The Rape of the Lock'' and Jonathan Swift's ''A Modest Proposal''|year=2011|journal=Student Pulse |volume=3|issue=6|author=Jonathan J. Szwec}}</ref>
Other satirical works by Pope include the ''[[Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot]]''.

[[Daniel Defoe]] pursued a more journalistic type of satire, being famous for his ''[[The True-Born Englishman]]'' which mocks [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] patriotism, and ''[[The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters]]''—advocating [[religious toleration]] by means of an ironical exaggeration of the highly intolerant attitudes of his time.

The pictorial satire of [[William Hogarth]] is a precursor to the development of [[political cartoons]] in 18th-century England.<ref name="Press">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwzWAAAAMAAJ|title=The Political Cartoon|author=Charles Press|year=1981|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|page=34|isbn=9780838619018}}</ref> The medium developed under the direction of its greatest exponent, [[James Gillray]] from London.<ref name="Guardian"/> With his satirical works calling the king (George III), prime ministers and generals (especially Napoleon) to account, Gillray's wit and keen sense of the ridiculous made him the pre-eminent [[cartoonist]] of the era.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|title=Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/mar/21/satire-sewers-and-statesmen-james-gillray-king-of-cartoon|agency=The Guardian|date=June 18, 2015}}</ref>

[[Ebenezer Cooke (poet)|Ebenezer Cooke]] (1665–1732), author of "The Sot-Weed Factor" (1708), was among the first writers of literary satire in [[Colonial America]]. [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1706–1790) and others followed, using satire to shape an emerging nation's culture through its sense of the ridiculous.

===Satire in Victorian England===
[[File:DV257 no.19 The donkey race.png|thumb|A Victorian satirical sketch depicting a gentleman's donkey race in 1852]]
Several satiric papers competed for the public's attention in the [[Victorian era]] (1837–1901) and [[Edwardian]] period, such as ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' (1841) and ''[[Fun (magazine)|Fun]]'' (1861).

Perhaps the most enduring examples of Victorian satire, however, are to be found in the [[Savoy Opera]]s of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]. In fact, in ''[[The Yeomen of the Guard]]'', a jester is given lines that paint a very neat picture of the method and purpose of the satirist, and might almost be taken as a statement of Gilbert's own intent:
:''"I can set a braggart quailing with a quip,''
:''The upstart I can wither with a whim;''
:''He may wear a merry laugh upon his lip,''
:''But his laughter has an echo that is grim!"''

Novelists such as [[Charles Dickens]] (1812–1870) often used passages of satiric writing in their treatment of social issues.

Continuing the tradition of Swiftian journalistic satire, [[Sidney Godolphin Osborne]] (1808–1889) was the most prominent writer of scathing "Letters to the Editor" of the London ''[[The Times|Times]]''. Famous in his day, he is now all but forgotten. His maternal grandfather [[William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland]] was considered to be a possible candidate for the authorship of the [[Junius (writer)|Junius]] letters. Osborne's satire was so bitter and biting that at one point he received a public censure from [[Parliament]]'s then Home Secretary Sir [[James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose|James Graham]]. Osborne wrote mostly in the Juvenalian mode over a wide range of topics mostly centered on British government's and landlords' mistreatment of poor farm workers and field laborers. He bitterly opposed the [[New Poor Laws]] and was passionate on the subject of the British government's botched response to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Irish Famine]] and the mistreatment of [[British Army|British soldiers]] during the [[Crimean War]].

A number of works of fiction during this time, influenced by [[Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination|Egyptomania]],<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Brio|first=Sara|date=2018|title=The Shocking Truth: Science, Religion, and Ancient Egypt in Early Nineteenth-Century Fiction|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08905495.2018.1484608 |journal=Nineteenth-Century Contexts|volume=40|issue=4|pages=331–344|doi=10.1080/08905495.2018.1484608 |s2cid=194827445|via=Taylor and Francis Online|url-access=subscription}}</ref> used the backdrop of Ancient Egypt as a device for satire. Some works, like [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s ''[[Some Words with a Mummy]]'' (1845) and [[Grant Allen]]'s ''My New Year's Eve Among the Mummies'' (1878), portrayed Egyptian civilization as having already achieved many of the Victorian era's advancements (like the [[steam engine]] and [[gaslamp]]s) in an effort to satire the notion of progress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dobson|first=Eleanor |title=Gods and Ghost-Light: Ancient Egypt, Electricity, and X-Rays|date=2017|journal=Victorian Literature and Culture|volume=45|issue=1|pages=121 |doi=10.1017/S1060150316000462|s2cid=165064168|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other works, like [[Jane Loudon|Jane Loudon's]] ''[[The Mummy!: Or a Tale of the Twenty-Second Century]]'', satirized Victorian curiosities with the afterlife.<ref name=":02" />

Later in the nineteenth century, in the United States, [[Mark Twain]] (1835–1910) grew to become American's greatest satirist: his novel ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn|Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1884) is set in the [[Antebellum era|antebellum]] South, where the moral values Twain wishes to promote are completely turned on their heads. His hero, Huck, is a rather simple but goodhearted lad who is ashamed of the "sinful temptation" that leads him to help a [[Fugitive slaves in the United States|fugitive slave]]. In fact his conscience, warped by the distorted moral world he has grown up in, often bothers him most when he is at his best. He is prepared to do good, believing it to be wrong.

Twain's younger contemporary [[Ambrose Bierce]] (1842–1913) gained notoriety as a [[Cynicism (contemporary)|cynic]], pessimist and black humorist with his dark, bitterly ironic stories, many set during the [[American Civil War]], which satirized the limitations of human perception and reason. Bierce's most famous work of satire is probably ''[[The Devil's Dictionary]]'' (1906), in which the definitions mock cant, [[hypocrisy]] and [[Appeal to tradition|received wisdom]].

===20th-century satire===
[[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Kraus]] is considered the first major European satirist since [[Jonathan Swift]].<ref name="Knight2004p254">Knight, Charles A. (2004) ''Literature of Satire'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=SOfVePSFctgC&pg=PA254 p.254]</ref> In 20th-century literature, satire was used by English authors such as [[Aldous Huxley]] (1930s) and [[George Orwell]] (1940s), which under the inspiration of [[Yevgeny Zamyatin|Zamyatin]]'s Russian 1921 novel ''[[We (novel)|We]]'', made serious and even frightening commentaries on the dangers of the sweeping social changes taking place throughout Europe. [[Anatoly Lunacharsky]] wrote 'Satire attains its greatest significance when a newly evolving class creates an ideology considerably more advanced than that of the ruling class, but has not yet developed to the point where it can conquer it. Herein lies its truly great ability to triumph, its scorn for its adversary and its hidden fear of it. Herein lies its venom, its amazing energy of hate, and quite frequently, its grief, like a black frame around glittering images. Herein lie its contradictions, and its power.'<ref>[[David King (graphic designer)|David King]] & Cathy Porter 'Blood & Laughter: Caricatures from the 1905 Revolution' Jonathan Cape 1983 p.31</ref> Many social critics of this same time in the United States, such as [[Dorothy Parker]] and [[H. L. Mencken]], used satire as their main weapon, and Mencken in particular is noted for having said that "one horse-laugh is worth ten thousand [[syllogism]]s" in the persuasion of the public to accept a criticism. Novelist [[Sinclair Lewis]] was known for his satirical stories such as ''[[Main Street (novel)|Main Street]]'' (1920), ''[[Babbitt (novel)|Babbitt]]'' (1922), ''[[Elmer Gantry]]'' (1927; dedicated by Lewis to H. L. Mencken), and ''[[It Can't Happen Here]]'' (1935), and his books often explored and satirized contemporary American values. The film ''[[The Great Dictator]]'' (1940) by [[Charlie Chaplin]] is itself a parody of [[Adolf Hitler]]; Chaplin later declared that he would have not made the film if he had known about the [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]].<ref name="ChaplinLager">Chaplin (1964) ''My Autobiography'', p.392, quotation: {{blockquote|Had I known of the actual horrors of the German concentration camps, I could not have made ''The Great Dictator'', I could not have made fun of the homicidal insanity of the Nazis.}}</ref>

Modern [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] satire was very popular in the 1920s and 1930s. This form of satire is recognized by its level of sophistication and intelligence used, along with its own level of parody. Since there is no longer the need of survival or revolution to write about, modern Soviet satire focused on the quality of life.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chapple|first1=Richard L.|last2=Henry|first2=Peter |date=1976|title=Modern Soviet Satire |journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|volume=20|issue=3 |page=318|doi=10.2307/306330|jstor=306330|issn=0037-6752}}</ref>

[[File:Dictator charlie6.jpg|thumb|Benzino Napaloni and Adenoid Hynkel in ''The Great Dictator'' (1940).]]
In the United States 1950s, satire was introduced into American [[stand-up comedy]] most prominently by [[Lenny Bruce]] and [[Mort Sahl]].<ref name="Test1991p8"/> As they challenged the [[taboo]]s and [[conventional wisdom]] of the time, were ostracized by the mass media establishment as ''[[sick comedian]]s''. In the same period, [[Paul Krassner]]'s magazine ''[[The Realist]]'' began publication, to become immensely popular during the 1960s and early 1970s among people in the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]]; it had articles and cartoons that were savage, biting satires of politicians such as [[Lyndon Johnson]] and [[Richard Nixon]], the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Cold War]] and the [[war on drugs]]. This baton was also carried by the original [[National Lampoon (magazine)|National Lampoon]] magazine, edited by [[Doug Kenney]] and [[Henry Beard]] and featuring blistering satire written by [[Michael O'Donoghue]], [[P.J. O'Rourke]], and [[Tony Hendra]], among others.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stein|first=Nathaniel|date=2013-07-01|title=Funny Pages: How the National Lampoon made American Humor|language=en|work=The Daily Beast|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/01/funny-pages-how-the-national-lampoon-made-american-humor|access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref> Prominent satiric stand-up comedian [[George Carlin]] acknowledged the influence ''The Realist'' had in his 1970s conversion to a satiric comedian.<ref name="Sullivan2010p94">Sullivan, James (2010) ''Seven Dirty Words: The Life and Crimes of George Carlin'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3dzVQ5wX9UC&pg=PA94 p.94]</ref><ref>[[George Carlin]] (2002) ''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043456/http://paulkrassner.com/carlinintro.htm Introduction]}}'' to ''Murder At the Conspiracy Convention''</ref>

A more humorous brand of satire enjoyed a renaissance in the UK in the early 1960s with the [[satire boom]], led by comedians including [[Peter Cook]], [[Alan Bennett]], [[Jonathan Miller]], and [[Dudley Moore]], whose stage show ''[[Beyond the Fringe]]'' was a hit not only in Britain, but also in the United States. Other significant influences in 1960s British satire include [[David Frost]], [[Eleanor Bron]] and the [[television program]] ''[[That Was The Week That Was]]''.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jun/14/david-frost-satire-documentary "David Frost's Q&A on how to be a satirist"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315134203/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jun/14/david-frost-satire-documentary |date=March 15, 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved February 2, 2015</ref>

[[Joseph Heller]]'s most famous work, ''[[Catch-22]]'' (1961), satirizes bureaucracy and the military, and is frequently cited as one of the greatest literary works of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1868619.stm |title=What is Catch-22? And why does the book matter? |publisher= BBC | date=March 12, 2002}}</ref> Departing from traditional Hollywood [[farce]] and [[screwball comedy film|screwball]], director and comedian [[Jerry Lewis]] used satire in his self-directed films ''[[The Bellboy]]'' (1960), ''[[The Errand Boy]]'' (1961) and ''[[The Patsy (1964 film)|The Patsy]]'' (1964) to comment on celebrity and the star-making machinery of Hollywood.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/critics-notebook-jerry-lewis-a-comic-genius-by-turns-sweet-bitter-1031194|first=Stephen|last=Dalton|title=Critics Notebook: Jerry Lewis a Comic Genius by Turns Sweet and Bitter|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 21, 2017}}</ref> The film ''[[Dr. Strangelove]]'' (1964) starring [[Peter Sellers]] was a popular satire on the [[Cold War]]. Sellers and the British satire boom had a direct influence on the comedy troupe [[Monty Python]].<ref>[http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1377417/index.html "The Roots of Monty Python"]. BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 26 November 2023</ref> ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine called ''[[Monty Python's Life of Brian]]'' (1979) "an unrivalled satire on religion".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dyer |first=James |date=October 18, 2024 |title=The 100 best British films |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/100britishfilms/ |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=Empire}}</ref>

[[Nonoy Marcelo|Severino "Nonoy" Marcelo]]'s 1978 Philippine [[Adult animation|adult animated]] comedy film, ''[[Tadhana (film)|Tadhana]]'', presents a satirical, humorous and poignant view of the Philippines' history of [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonization]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Tadhana by Ferdinand E. Marcos |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/29/tadhana-by-ferdinand-e-marcos |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Manila Bulletin |date=July 29, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Contemporary satire ===

Contemporary popular usage of the term "satire" is often very imprecise. While satire often uses [[caricature]] and [[parody]], by no means are all uses of these or other humorous devices satiric. Refer to the careful definition of satire that heads this article. ''The Cambridge Companion to Roman Satire'' also warns of the ambiguous nature of satire: {{blockquote|[W]hile "satire," or perhaps rather "satiric(al)," are words we run up against constantly in analyses of contemporary culture [...], the search for any defining formal charcteristic (sic) [of satire] that will link past to present may turn out to be more frustrating than enlightening.<ref name=Rome>Freudenburg, Kirk (2001). ''Satires of Rome: Threatening Poses from Lucilius to Juvenal.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 299. {{ISBN|0-521-00621-X}}.</ref>}}
[[File:Spitting Image Puppet of Eric Cantona (2956625432).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Puppet of Manchester United striker [[Eric Cantona]] from the British satirical puppet show ''[[Spitting Image]]'']]
Satire is used on many UK television programmes, particularly popular panel shows and quiz shows such as ''[[Mock the Week]]'' (2005–2022) and ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' (1990–ongoing). It is found on radio quiz shows such as ''[[The News Quiz]]'' (1977–ongoing) and ''[[The Now Show]]'' (1998–2024). One of the most watched UK television shows of the 1980s and early 1990s, the puppet show ''[[Spitting Image]]'' was a satire of the [[British Royal Family|royal family]], politics, entertainment, sport and [[British culture]] of the era.<ref>Van Norris (2014). British Television Animation 1997–2010: Drawing Comic Tradition". p. 153. Palgrave Macmillan,</ref> [[Spitting Image#Evolution|Court Flunkey]] from ''Spitting Image'' is a caricature of [[James Gillray]], intended as a homage to the father of political cartooning.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Gillray|website=lambiek.net |url-status=live |url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gillray_james.htm|archive-date=November 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125110250/https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gillray_james.htm}}</ref>

Created by [[DMA Design]] in 1997, satire features prominently in the British video game series ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]''.<ref>Embrick DG, Talmadge J. Wright TJ, Lukacs A (2012). ''Social Exclusion, Power, and Video Game Play: New Research in Digital Media and Technology'', Lexington Books, p. 19, {{ISBN|9780739138625}}. Quote: "In-game television programs and advertisements, radio stations, and billboards provide a running satirical commentary on the state of civilization in general, and on the roles of males in particular."</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GTA 5: a Great British export|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/10316267/GTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/10316267/GTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=September 29, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Another example is the ''[[Fallout (franchise)|Fallout]]'' series, namely [[Interplay Entertainment|Interplay]]-developed ''[[Fallout (video game)|Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game]]'' (1995).<ref>Canavan G, Robinson KS (2014). ''Green Planets: Ecology and Science Fiction'', Wesleyan University Press, p. 278, {{ISBN|9780819574282}}.</ref> Other games utilizing satire include ''[[Postal (video game)|Postal]]'' (1997),<ref name=GothicWorld>Byron G, Townshend D (2013). ''The Gothic World''. Routledge. p. 456. {{ISBN|9781135053062}}. Quote: "[P]resent themselves as deliberately controversial, incorporating hyper-violent gameplay, dark social satire and conspicuous political incorrectness[.]"</ref> ''[[State of Emergency (video game)|State of Emergency]]'' (2002),<ref name=GothicWorld/> ''[[Phone Story]]'' (2011), and ''[[7 Billion Humans]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yi|first=Sherry|title='Is This a Joke?': The Delivery of Serious Content through Satirical Digital Games|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=875507|journal=Acta Ludologica|year=2020|volume=1|issue=1|pages=18–30|via=CEEOL}}</ref>

[[Trey Parker]] and [[Matt Stone]]'s ''[[South Park]]'' (1997–ongoing) relies almost exclusively on satire to address issues in American culture, with episodes addressing [[With Apologies to Jesse Jackson|racism]], [[The Passion of the Jew|anti-Semitism]], [[Go God Go|militant atheism]], [[Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride|homophobia]], [[Eat, Pray, Queef|sexism]], [[Rainforest Shmainforest|environmentalism]], [[Gnomes (South Park)|corporate culture]], [[The Death Camp of Tolerance|political correctness]] and [[Red Hot Catholic Love|anti-Catholicism]], among many other issues.

Satirical web series and sites include Emmy-nominated ''[[Honest Trailers]]'' (2012–),<ref>Lavender III, Isiah (2017). ''Dis-Orienting Planets: Racial Representations of Asia in Science Fiction''. Univ. Press of Mississippi, p. 208, {{ISBN|9781496811554}}.</ref> Internet phenomena-themed [[Encyclopedia Dramatica]] (2004–),<ref name=SocioMobile>{{cite book|title=Sociolinguistics and Mobile Communication |last=Deumert |first=Ana |date=2014 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=181 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPXcCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT181 |access-date=12 June 2017 | isbn=9780748655779}}.</ref> [[Uncyclopedia]] (2005–),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lund |first1=Arwid|title=Wikipedia, Work, and Capitalism| date=2020|publisher=Springer: Dynamics of Virtual Work|isbn=9783319506890}}, p. 48.</ref> self-proclaimed "America's Finest News Source" ''[[The Onion]]'' (1988–).<ref>Kaye, Sharon M. (2010). ''The Onion and Philosophy: Fake News Story True, Alleges Indignant Area Professor''. Open Court Publishing. p. 243. {{ISBN|9780812696875}}. Quote: "People might be justified in concluding that the ''Onion'' is a legitimate small-town paper when they see headlines like "Local Woman Devotes Life To Doing God's Busy Work" (10/4/08), "God Help Him, Area Man Loves That Crazy Bitch" (11/22/08), or "Area Woman Wouldn't Mind Feeding Your Cats" (12/6/08). Even if they read the full story, they may never figure out it is a satire. Maybe if they scroll to the bottom of the webpage and notice the disclaimer, 'The Onion is not intended for readers under 18 years of age' they would realize that this is not your average news source. Maybe not—especially if they think that there might be such a thing as "adult news.""</ref> and ''The Onion's'' Christian conservative counterpart ''[[The Babylon Bee]]'' (2016–).<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Dickson|first=E. J.|date=2020-10-16|title=What Is the Babylon Bee? Trump Retweeted the Satirical Website|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/babylon-bee-satire-news-trump-tweet-1076701/|access-date=2021-05-20|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Stephen Colbert by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|[[Stephen Colbert]] satirically impersonated an [[Stephen Colbert (character)|opinionated and self-righteous television commentator]] on his [[Comedy Central]] program in the U.S.]]
In the United States, [[Stephen Colbert]]'s television program, ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' (2005–14) is instructive in the methods of contemporary American satire; sketch comedy television show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' is also known for its satirical impressions and parodies of prominent persons and politicians, among some of the most notable, their parodies of U.S. political figures [[Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton|Hillary Clinton]]<ref name=TVGuide1>[http://www.tvguide.com/news/snl-hillary-clinton-saturday-night-live-kate-mckinnon-amy-poehler/ Liz Raftery – "Who Did the Best Hillary Clinton Impression on SNL?", ''TV Guide'', April 30, 2015. (Video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018060944/http://www.tvguide.com/news/snl-hillary-clinton-saturday-night-live-kate-mckinnon-amy-poehler/ |date=October 18, 2017 }} Retrieved August 15, 2015</ref> and of [[Saturday Night Live parodies of Sarah Palin|Sarah Palin]].<ref>{{cite news|title=You betcha—Tina Fey wins Emmy as Sarah Palin on 'SNL'|date=September 13, 2009|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/09/you-betcha-tina-fey-wins-emmy-as-sarah-palin-on-snl-entertainment-news-2468097.html|access-date=September 13, 2009|archive-date=July 9, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709105331/http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/09/you-betcha-tina-fey-wins-emmy-as-sarah-palin-on-snl-entertainment-news-2468097.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Stephen Colbert (character)|Colbert's character]] is an opinionated and self-righteous commentator who, in his TV interviews, interrupts people, points and wags his finger at them, and "unwittingly" uses a number of logical fallacies. In doing so, he demonstrates the principle of modern American political satire: the ridicule of the actions of politicians and other public figures by taking all their statements and purported beliefs to their furthest (supposedly) logical conclusion, thus revealing their perceived hypocrisy or absurdity.

In the United Kingdom, a popular modern satirist was the late Sir [[Terry Pratchett]], author of the internationally best-selling ''[[Discworld]]'' book series. One of the most well-known and controversial British satirists is [[Chris Morris (satirist)|Chris Morris]], co-writer and director of ''[[Four Lions]]''.

In Canada, satire has become an important part of the comedy scene. [[Stephen Leacock]] was one of the best known early Canadian satirists, and in the early 20th century, he achieved fame by targeting the attitudes of small-town life. In more recent years, Canada has had several prominent satirical television series and radio shows. Some, including ''[[CODCO]]'', ''[[The Royal Canadian Air Farce]]'', ''[[This Is That]]'', and ''[[This Hour Has 22 Minutes]]'' deal directly with current news stories and political figures, while others, like ''[[History Bites]]'' present contemporary social satire in the context of events and figures in history. [[The Beaverton]] is a Canadian news satire site similar to The Onion. Canadian songwriter [[Nancy White (singer-songwriter)|Nancy White]] uses music as the vehicle for her satire, and her comic folk songs are regularly played on [[CBC Radio One|CBC Radio]].

In Hong Kong, there was a well-known Australian [[Kim Jong-un]] [[impersonator]] [[Howard X]] who often utilised satire to show his support for Hong Kong city's pro-democracy movements and liberation of North Korea. He believed humor to be a very powerful weapon and often made it clear that his imitation of the dictator was done to satirize him, not to glorify him. Throughout his career as a professional impersonator he worked with multiple organisations and celebrities to create parodies and to spark conversations about politics and human rights.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Meet Howard X, the Dictator Doppelgänger From Hong Kong |url=https://time.com/5549634/howard-x-kim-jung-un-impersonator/ |magazine=Time |publisher=Amy Gunia |date=29 March 2019 }}</ref>

Cartoonists often use satire as well as straight humour. [[Al Capp]]'s satirical [[comic strip]] ''[[Li'l Abner]]'' was censored in September 1947. The controversy, as reported in ''Time'', centred on Capp's portrayal of the US Senate. Said Edward Leech of Scripps-Howard, "We don't think it is good editing or sound citizenship to picture the Senate as an assemblage of freaks and crooks... boobs and undesirables."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804275,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023081224/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804275,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2007 |title=Tain't Funny – ''Time'' |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=September 29, 1947 |access-date=August 29, 2009}}</ref> [[Walt Kelly]]'s ''[[Pogo (comic strip)|Pogo]]'' was likewise censored in 1952 over his overt satire of [[Joseph McCarthy|Senator Joe McCarthy]], caricatured in his comic strip as "Simple J. Malarky". [[Garry Trudeau]], whose [[comic strip]] ''[[Doonesbury]]'' focuses on satire of the political system, and provides a trademark cynical view on national events. Trudeau exemplifies humour mixed with criticism. For example, the character [[Mark Slackmeyer]] lamented that because he was not legally married to his partner, he was deprived of the "exquisite agony" of experiencing a nasty and painful divorce like heterosexuals. This, of course, satirized the claim that gay unions would denigrate the sanctity of heterosexual marriage.

[[File:2014- 02 - Obama and Putin, by Ranan Lurie.png|thumb|Political satire by [[Ranan Lurie]]]]
Like some literary predecessors, many recent television satires contain strong elements of parody and [[caricature]]; for instance, the popular animated series ''The Simpsons'' and ''South Park'' both parody modern family and social life by taking their assumptions to the extreme; both have led to the creation of similar series. As well as the purely humorous effect of this sort of thing, they often strongly criticise various phenomena in politics, economic life, religion and many other aspects of society, and thus qualify as satirical. Due to their animated nature, these shows can easily use images of public figures and generally have greater freedom to do so than conventional shows using live actors.

[[News satire]] is also a very popular form of contemporary satire, appearing in as wide an array of formats as the news media itself: print (e.g. ''[[The Onion]]'', ''[[Waterford Whispers News]]'', ''[[Private Eye]]''), radio (e.g. ''[[On the Hour]]''), television (e.g. ''[[The Day Today]]'', ''[[The Daily Show]]'', ''[[Brass Eye]]'') and the web (e.g. ''[[Faking News]]'', ''[[El Koshary Today]]'', ''[[Babylon Bee]]'', ''[[The Beaverton]]'', ''[[The Daily Bonnet]]'' and ''[[The Onion]]''). Other satires are on the [[list of satirists and satires]].

In an interview with ''[[Wikinews]]'', Sean Mills, President of ''[[The Onion]]'', said angry letters about their news parody always carried the same message. "It's whatever affects that person", said Mills. "So it's like, 'I love it when you make a joke about murder or rape, but if you talk about cancer, well my brother has cancer and that's not funny to me.' Or someone else can say, 'Cancer's ''hilarious'', but don't talk about rape because my cousin got raped.' Those are rather extreme examples, but if it affects somebody personally, they tend to be more sensitive about it."<ref name=DS>[[n:The Onion: An interview with 'America's Finest News Source'|An interview with The Onion]], David Shankbone, ''[[Wikinews]]'', November 25, 2007.</ref>

Satire is also gaining recognition for its value in social science research, particularly when authors are seeking to unpack complex social issues like gendered racism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lewellen|first1=Chelesea|last2=Bohonos|first2=Jeremy W. |date=January 2021|title=Excuse me, sir?: A critical race theory (hair) chronicle|journal=Gender, Work & Organization|volume=28|issue=S1|pages=1–5|doi=10.1111/gwao.12522|s2cid=225368135|issn=0968-6673}}</ref>

Satire is regularly used by social movements covering a range of issues to achieve strategic goals.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Democracy Resource Hub |last2=Horizons Project |date=2024-11-10 |title=Defending Democracy with Humor and Dilemma Actions Tactics |url=https://commonslibrary.org/defending-democracy-with-humor-and-dilemma-actions-tactics/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> US community organizer and author of Rules for Radicals, Saul Alinsky, stated, '''Humour is essential to a successful tactician, for the most potent weapons known to [people] are satire and ridicule''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Maxwell J. |date=2020-02-24 |title=The Case for Laughter in Social Movements |url=https://commonslibrary.org/the-case-for-laughter-in-social-movements/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==Techniques==
[[File:Mark-Twain-by-H-Walter-Barnett-c1900.png|thumb|right|upright|The American writer [[Mark Twain]] replied to the imperialism [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]] espoused in "[[The White Man's Burden]]" (1899) with the satirical essay "[[To the Person Sitting in Darkness]]" (1901), about the anti-imperialist [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1899) in China.]]

Literary satire is usually written out of earlier satiric works, [[Reprise#In literature|reprising]] previous conventions, commonplaces, stance, situations and tones of voice.<ref name="Griffin1994p136">Griffin, Dustin H. (1994) ''Satire: A Critical Reintroduction'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=MLM2edymLtUC&pg=PA136 p.136]</ref> [[Exaggeration]] is one of the most common satirical techniques.<ref name="Claridge2010p257">Claridge, Claudia (2010) ''Hyperbole in English: A Corpus-based Study of Exaggeration'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=aegq_QdX6h8C&pg=PA257 p.257]</ref> Contrarily, [[Diminution (satire)|diminution]] is also a satirical technique.

==Legal status==
For its nature and social role, satire has enjoyed in many societies a special freedom license to mock prominent individuals and institutions.<ref name="Test1991p9licencequote"/> In Germany,<ref name="Geisler2005p73"/> [[Japan]], and Italy<ref name="Bevere2006p265"/><ref name="Pezzella2009p566"/> satire is protected by the constitution.

Since satire belongs to the realm of [[art]] and artistic expression, it benefits from broader lawfulness limits than mere [[freedom of information]] of journalistic kind.<ref name="Pezzella2009p566"/> In some countries a specific "right to satire" is recognized and its limits go beyond the "right to report" of journalism and even the "right to criticize".<ref name="Pezzella2009p566"/> Satire benefits not only of the protection to [[freedom of speech]], but also to that to [[culture]], and that to scientific and artistic production.<ref name="Bevere2006p265"/><ref name="Pezzella2009p566"/>

=== Australia ===
{{Main|The Juice Media#Controversy}}
In September 2017 [[The Juice Media]] received an e-mail from the Australian National Symbols Officer requesting that the use of a satirical logo, called the "Coat of Harms" based on the [[Coat of arms of Australia|Australian Coat of Arms]], no longer be used as they had received complaints from the members of the public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/thejuicemedia/status/906104236789841920/photo/1 |title=theJuice on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=June 10, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Coincidentally 5 days later a Bill was proposed to [[Parliament of Australia|Australian parliament]] to amend the [[Criminal law of Australia|Criminal Code Act 1995]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_LEGislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r5973 |title=Criminal Code Amendment (Impersonating a Commonwealth Body) Bill 2017|language=en-AU|access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref> If passed, those found to be in breach of the new amendment can face 2–5 years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22legislation/billsdgs/5767580%22 |title=ParlInfo – Criminal Code Amendment (Impersonating a Commonwealth Body) Bill 2017|website=parlinfo.aph.gov.au |language=en-US|access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref>

As of June 2018, the Criminal Code Amendment (Impersonating a Commonwealth Body) Bill 2017 was before the [[Australian Senate]] with the [[Reading (legislature)|third reading]] moved May 10, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_LEGislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r5973# |title=Criminal Code Amendment (Impersonating a Commonwealth Body) Bill 2017|language=en-AU|access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref>

==Censorship and criticism==
Descriptions of satire's biting effect on its target include 'venomous', 'cutting', 'stinging',<ref name="Kinservik2002p21">Kinservik, Matthew J. (2002) ''Disciplining Satire: The Censorship of Satiric Comedy on the Eighteenth...'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=haUcp4-01DMC&pg=PA21 p.21]</ref> vitriol. Because satire often combines anger and humor, as well as the fact that it addresses and calls into question many controversial issues, it can be profoundly disturbing.{{By whom|date=October 2023}}

===Typical arguments===
Because it is essentially ironic or sarcastic, satire is often misunderstood. A typical misunderstanding is to confuse the satirist with their [[persona]].<ref name="Test1991p10"/>

====Bad taste====
Common uncomprehending responses to satire include revulsion (accusations of [[Taste (sociology)|poor taste]], or that "it's just not funny" for instance) and the idea that the satirist actually does support the ideas, policies, or people being ridiculed. For instance, at the time of its publication, many people misunderstood Swift's purpose in ''[[A Modest Proposal]]'', assuming it to be a serious recommendation of economically motivated cannibalism.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} Much later in history, in the weeks following [[9/11]] the American public at large found works of satire to be in bad taste and not appropriate for the social climate at the time. Some media outlets at the time, like essayist [[Roger Rosenblatt]] in an editorial for ''Time'' magazine's September 24 issue, would go so far as to claim that irony was dead.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=William R.|date=2009|title="People Have to Watch What They Say": What Horace, Juvenal, and 9/11 Can Tell Us about Satire and History|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/365928|journal=Helios|volume=36|issue=1|pages=27–28|doi=10.1353/hel.0.0017|bibcode=2009Helio..36...27W|s2cid=162089939|issn=1935-0228|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

====Targeting the victim====
Some critics of [[Mark Twain]] see [[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (novel)|''Huckleberry Finn'']] as [[racist]] and offensive, missing the point that its author clearly intended it to be satire (racism being in fact only one of a number of Mark Twain's known concerns attacked in ''Huckleberry Finn'').<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Leonard | first1 = James S | first2 = Thomas A | last2 = Tenney | first3 = Thadious M | last3 = Davis | title = Satire or Evasion?: Black Perspectives on Huckleberry Finn | publisher = [[Duke University Press]] |date=December 1992 | page = 224 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fdrBtpSSCisC&q=hemingway+%22huckleberry+finn%22+%22green+hills%22&pg=RA1-PA116 | isbn = 978-0-8223-1174-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Shelley Fisher | last = Fishin | title = Lighting out for the Territory: Reflections on Mark Twain and American Culture | place = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1997}}</ref> This same misconception was suffered by the main character of the 1960s British television comedy satire ''[[Till Death Us Do Part]]''. The character of [[Alf Garnett]] (played by [[Warren Mitchell]]) was created to poke fun at the kind of narrow-minded, racist, [[little Englander]] that Garnett represented. Instead, his character became a sort of [[anti-hero]] to people who actually agreed with his views. (The same situation occurred with [[Archie Bunker]] in American TV show ''[[All in the Family]]'', a character derived directly from Garnett.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}})

The Australian satirical television comedy show ''[[The Chaser's War on Everything]]'' has suffered repeated attacks based on various perceived interpretations of the "target" of its attacks. The "Make a Realistic Wish Foundation" sketch (June 2009), which attacked in classical satiric fashion the heartlessness of people who are reluctant to donate to [[Charitable organization|charities]], was widely interpreted as an attack on the [[Make a Wish Foundation]], or even the terminally ill children helped by that organisation. [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] of the time [[Kevin Rudd]] stated that The Chaser team "should hang their heads in shame". He went on to say that "I didn't see that but it's been described to me. ...But having a go at kids with a terminal illness is really beyond the pale, absolutely beyond the pale."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-06-04/hang-your-heads-rudd-tells-chaser-boys/1703862 |title='Hang your heads' Rudd tells Chaser boys | publisher = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=June 4, 2009|access-date=June 5, 2009}}</ref> Television station management suspended the show for two weeks and reduced the third season to eight episodes.

====Romantic prejudice====
The romantic prejudice against satire is the belief spread by the [[Romanticism|romantic movement]] that satire is something unworthy of serious attention; this prejudice has held considerable influence to this day.<ref>{{Citation | last = Sutherland | first = James | author-link = James Runcieman Sutherland | year = 1958 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4kc4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 | title = English Satire}}</ref> Such prejudice extends to humour and everything that arouses laughter, which are often underestimated as frivolous and unworthy of serious study.<ref>{{Citation | first = Rod A | last = Martin | year = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ieAcp2Z_zkIC&pg=PA27 | title = The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach | pages = 27–8| publisher = Elsevier | isbn = 9780080465999 }}</ref> For instance, humor is generally neglected as a topic of anthropological research and teaching.<ref>{{Citation | last = Apte | first = Mahadev L | year = 1985 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4fuAAAAAMAAJ | title = Humor and laughter: an anthropological approach | chapter = Introduction | page = 23 | publisher = Cornell University Press | quote = The general neglect of humor as a topic of anthropological research is reflected in teaching practice. Most introductory textbooks do not even list humor as a significant characteristic of cultural systems together with kinship, social roles, behavioral patterns, religion, language, economic transactions, political institutions, values, and material culture.| isbn = 9780801493072 }}</ref>

===History of opposition toward notable satires===
Because satire criticises in an ironic, essentially indirect way, it frequently escapes [[censorship]] in a way more direct criticism might not. Periodically, however, it runs into serious opposition, and people in power who perceive themselves as attacked attempt to censor it or prosecute its practitioners. In a classic example, [[Aristophanes]] was persecuted by the [[demagogue]] [[Cleon]].

====1599 book ban====
In 1599, the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[John Whitgift]] and the [[Bishop of London]] [[Richard Bancroft]], whose offices had the function of licensing books for publication in England, issued a decree banning verse satire. The decree, now known as the [[Bishops' Ban of 1599]], ordered the burning of certain volumes of satire by [[John Marston (playwright)|John Marston]], [[Thomas Middleton]], [[Joseph Hall (bishop)|Joseph Hall]], and others; it also required histories and plays to be specially approved by a member of the Queen's [[Privy Council]], and it prohibited the future printing of satire in verse.<ref>{{Citation | title = A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1554–1640 | volume = III | editor-first = Edward | editor-last = Arber | location = London | year = 1875–94 | page = 677 }}</ref>

The motives for the ban are obscure, particularly since some of the books banned had been licensed by the same authorities less than a year earlier. Various scholars have argued that the target was obscenity, libel, or sedition. It seems likely that lingering anxiety about the [[Martin Marprelate]] controversy, in which the bishops themselves had employed satirists, played a role; both [[Thomas Nashe]] and [[Gabriel Harvey]], two of the key figures in that controversy, suffered a complete ban on all their works. In the event, though, the ban was little enforced, even by the licensing authority itself.

====21st-century polemics====
In 2005, the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]] caused global protests by offended Muslims and violent attacks with many [[wikt:fatality|fatalities]] in the [[Near East]]. It was not the first case of [[Muslim]] protests against criticism in the form of satire, but the Western world was surprised by the hostility of the reaction: Any country's flag in which a newspaper chose to publish the parodies was being burnt in a Near East country, then embassies were attacked, killing 139 people in mainly four countries; politicians throughout Europe agreed that satire was an aspect of the [[freedom of speech]], and therefore to be a protected means of dialogue. Iran threatened to start an [[International Holocaust Cartoon Competition]], which was immediately responded to by Jews with an [[Israeli Anti-Semitic Cartoons Contest]].

In 2006 British comedian [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] released ''[[Borat|Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan]]'', a "[[mockumentary]]" that satirized everyone, from high society to frat boys. The film was criticized by many. Although Baron Cohen is Jewish, some complained that it was [[antisemitism|antisemitic]], and the government of [[Kazakhstan]] boycotted the film. The film itself had been a reaction to a longer quarrel between the government and the comedian.

In 2008, popular South African cartoonist and satirist [[Jonathan Shapiro]] (who is published under the pen name Zapiro) came under fire for depicting then-president of the [[African National Congress|ANC]] [[Jacob Zuma]] in the act of undressing in preparation for the implied rape of 'Lady Justice' which is held down by Zuma loyalists.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-12-18-zuma-claims-r7m-over-zapiro-cartoon| work = Mail and Guardian | date = December 18, 2008 | location = [[South Africa|ZA]] | title= Zuma claims R7m over Zapiro cartoon}}</ref> The cartoon was drawn in response to Zuma's efforts to duck corruption charges, and the controversy was heightened by the fact that Zuma was himself acquitted of [[Jacob Zuma rape trial|rape]] in May 2006. In February 2009, the [[SABC|South African Broadcasting Corporation]], viewed by some opposition parties as the mouthpiece of the governing ANC,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=248529&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/ | work = Mail and Guardian | title = How a lone cameraman 'dented' SABC's credibility | location = ZA |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050912184428/https://mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=248529&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/ |archive-date=September 12, 2005 }}</ref> shelved a satirical TV show created by Shapiro,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=308632 |work=Dispatch |location=ZA |title=ZNews: Zapiro's puppet show |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326004224/http://www.dispatch.co.za/article.aspx?id=308632 |archive-date=March 26, 2012 }}</ref> and in May 2009 the broadcaster pulled a documentary about political satire (featuring Shapiro among others) for the second time, hours before scheduled broadcast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-05-26-sabc-pulls-zapiro-doccie-again| work = Mail and Guardian | date = September 26, 2009 | location = ZA | title=SABC pulls Zapiro doccie, again}}</ref>

On December 29, 2009, Samsung sued [[Michael Breen (author)|Mike Breen]], and the ''[[The Korea Times|Korea Times]]'' for $1 million, claiming criminal defamation over a satirical column published on Christmas Day, 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20100510/1820159367.shtml |title=Samsung Sues Satirist, Claiming Criminal Defamation, Over Satirical Column Poking Fun At Samsung |publisher=Techdirt |date=May 11, 2010 |access-date= June 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/asia/la-fg-korea-samsung-20100510,0,7395282,full.story | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019205601/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/10/world/la-fg-korea-samsung-20100510 | url-status=dead | archive-date=October 19, 2017 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=John M | last=Glionna | date=May 10, 2010 | title=Samsung doesn't find satirical spoof amusing}}</ref>

On April 29, 2015, the [[UK Independence Party]] (UKIP) requested [[Kent Police]] investigate the [[BBC]], claiming that comments made about Party leader [[Nigel Farage]] by a panelist on the comedy show ''[[Have I Got News For You]]'' might hinder his chances of success in the general election (which would take place a week later), and claimed the BBC breached the Representation of the People Act.<ref name="UKIP"/> Kent Police rebuffed the request to open an investigation, and the BBC released a statement, "Britain has a proud tradition of satire, and everyone knows that the contributors on ''Have I Got News for You'' regularly make jokes at the expense of politicians of all parties."<ref name="UKIP">[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-04-29/ukip-asks-police-to-investigate-the-bbc-over-have-i-got-news-for-you/ "Ukip asks police to investigate the BBC over Have I Got News for You"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826200302/http://www.itv.com/news/2015-04-29/ukip-asks-police-to-investigate-the-bbc-over-have-i-got-news-for-you/ |date=August 26, 2015 }}. BBC. Retrieved June 18, 2015</ref>

==Satirical prophecy==
Satire is occasionally prophetic: the jokes precede actual events.<ref>{{Citation | author-link = Paul Krassner | first = Paul | last = Krassner | url = http://nypress.com/terminal-velocity-television-is-here/ | title = Terminal velocity television is here | journal = New York Press | volume = 16 | issue = 35 | date = August 26, 2003}}</ref><ref name="LuttazziProphetic">{{Citation | author-link = Daniele Luttazzi | first = Daniele | last = Luttazzi | title = Lepidezze postribolari | year = 2007 | publisher = Feltrinelli | page = 275 | language = it}}</ref> Among the eminent examples are:
* The 1784 presaging of modern [[daylight saving time]], later actually proposed in 1907. While an American envoy to France, [[Benjamin Franklin]] anonymously published a letter in 1784 suggesting that [[Paris]]ians economise on candles by arising earlier to use morning sunlight.<ref name='Franklin'>{{cite journal |author-link = Benjamin Franklin | first = Benjamin | last = Franklin |title=Aux auteurs du Journal |journal=[[Journal de Paris]]|date=April 26, 1784 |issue= 117 |language = fr }} Wrote [[anonymously]]. Its first publication was in the journal's "Économie" section. {{Citation | url = http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/franklin3.html | edition = revised English version | access-date = May 26, 2007 | title = An Economical Project}} has a title that is not Franklin's; see {{cite journal |first = A. O. |last = Aldridge |title=Franklin's essay on daylight saving |journal=American Literature |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |year=1956 |doi = 10.2307/2922719 |volume = 28 |jstor=2922719 }}</ref>
* In the 1920s, an English [[cartoonist]] imagined a laughable thing for the time: a hotel for cars. He drew a [[multi-story car park]].<ref name="LuttazziProphetic" />
* The second episode of ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'', which debuted in 1969, featured a ''[[Sketch comedy|sketch]]'' entitled "[[The Mouse Problem]]" (meant to satirize contemporary media exposés on homosexuality), which depicted a cultural phenomenon similar to some aspects of the modern [[furry fandom]] (which did not become widespread until the 1980s, over a decade after the sketch was first aired).
* The comedy film ''[[Americathon]]'', released in 1979 and set in the United States of 1998, predicted a number of trends and events that would eventually unfold in the near future, including an American debt crisis, Chinese [[capitalism]], the fall of the [[Soviet Union]], a presidential sex scandal, and the popularity of [[reality shows]].
* In January 2001, a satirical news article in ''[[The Onion]]'', entitled "Our Long National Nightmare of Peace and Prosperity Is Finally Over"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theonion.com/content/node/28784 |title=Bush: 'Our Long National Nightmare of Peace And Prosperity Is Finally Over' | publisher= The Onion |access-date= June 9, 2012}}</ref> had newly elected President George Bush vowing to "develop new and expensive weapons technologies" and to "engage in at least one Gulf War-level armed conflict in the next four years". Furthermore, he would "bring back economic stagnation by implementing substantial tax cuts, which would lead to a recession". This prophesied the [[Iraq War]], the [[Bush tax cuts]], and the [[Great Recession]].
* In 1975, the first episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' included an ad for a triple blade razor called the Triple-Trac; in 2001, [[Gillette (brand)|Gillette]] introduced the Mach3. In 2004, ''[[The Onion]]'' satirized [[Schick (razors)|Schick]] and Gillette's marketing of ever-increasingly multi-blade razors with a mock article proclaiming Gillette will now introduce a five-blade razor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fuck Everything, We're Doing Five Blades|date=February 18, 2004 |url=https://www.theonion.com/fuck-everything-were-doing-five-blades-1819584036|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116162510/https://www.theonion.com/fuck-everything-were-doing-five-blades-1819584036|archive-date=November 16, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2020|publisher=The Onion}}</ref> In 2006, Gillette released the [[Gillette Fusion]], a five-blade razor.
* After the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Iran nuclear deal]] in 2015, ''[[The Onion]]'' ran an article with the headline "U.S. Soothes Upset Netanyahu With Shipment Of Ballistic Missiles". Sure enough, reports broke the next day of the Obama administration offering military upgrades to Israel in the wake of the deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.666977 |title=Where Satire Meets Truth: Did The Onion Just Predict a Real Israeli Headline? |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=January 1, 2016}}</ref>
* In July 2016, ''[[The Simpsons]]'' released the most recent in a string of satirical references to a potential [[Donald Trump]] presidency (although the first was made back [[Bart to the Future|in a 2000 episode]]). Other media sources, including the popular film ''[[Back to the Future Part II]]'' have also made similar satirical references.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/10/simpsons-predicted-president-trump-back-to-the-future |title=Back to the future: how the Simpsons and others predicted President Trump |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=February 5, 2017 |first=Esther |last=Addley |date=2016-11-10}}</ref>
* ''[[Infinite Jest]]'', published in 1996, described an alternate America following the presidency of Johnny Gentle, a celebrity who had not held prior political office. Gentle's signature policy was the erection of a wall between the United States and Canada for use as a hazardous waste dump. The US territory behind the wall was "given" to Canada, and the Canadian government was forced to pay for the wall. This appeared to parody the signature campaign promise and background of Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/blog-post/donald-trump-wants-build-wall-border-mexico-can-he-do-it |title=Donald Trump wants to build a wall on the border with Mexico. Can he do it? |newspaper=PBS |access-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810124342/https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/blog-post/donald-trump-wants-build-wall-border-mexico-can-he-do-it |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Culture jamming]]
*[[Freedom of the press]]
*''[[L'Équarrissage pour tous]]''
*[[Onomasti komodein]]
*[[Parody religion]]
*[[Sage writing]]
*[[Satiric misspellings]]
*[[Satirical cartography]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist
|refs =
<ref name="Andries2000p10">Lise Andries ''Etat des recherche. Présentation'' in ''Dix-Huitième Siècle'' n.32, 2000, special on ''Rire'' p.10, as quoted in Jean-Michel Racault (2005) ''Voyages badins, burlesques et parodiques du XVIIIe siècle'', p.7, quotation: "Le corps grotesque dans ses modalités clasiques – la scatologie notamment – ..."</ref>

<ref name="Anspaugh94">Anspaugh, Kelly (1994)'' 'Bung Goes the Enemay': Wyndham Lewis and the Uses of Disgust.'' in ''Mattoid'' (ISSN 0314-5913) issue 48.3, pp.21–29. As quoted in Wilson (2002): {{blockquote|The turd is the ultimate dead object.}}</ref>

<ref name="Babcock1984">{{Citation | last = Babcock | first = Barbara A. | year = 1984 | contribution = Arrange Me Into Disorder: Fragments and Reflections on Ritual Clowning | editor-last = MacAloon | title = Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle}}. Also collected as {{Citation | last = Babcock | first = Barbara A Grimes | editor-last = Ronald | editor-first = L | year = 1996 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FKZMAAAAYAAJ | title = Readings in ritual studies | page = 5 | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 9780023472534 | quote = Harold Rosenberg has asserted that sociology needs to bring comedy into the foreground, including "an awareness of the comedy of sociology with its disguises", and, like Burke and Duncan, he has argued that comedy provides "the radical effect of self- knowledge which the anthropological bias excludes.}}</ref>

<ref name="Bevere2006p265">Bevere, Antonio and Cerri, Augusto (2006) ''Il Diritto di informazione e i diritti della persona'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=upIO4EwTwTwC&pg=PA265 pp.265–6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122073915/https://books.google.com/books?id=upIO4EwTwTwC&pg=PA265 |date=November 22, 2022 }} quotation: {{blockquote|nella storia della nostra cultura, la satira ha realizzato il bisogno popolare di irridere e dissacrare il ''gotha'' politico ed economico, le cui reazioni punitive non sono certo state condizionate da critiche estetiche, ma dalla tolleranza o intolleranza caratterizzanti in quel momento storico la società e i suoi governanti. (...) la reale esistenza della satira in una società deriva, (...) dal margine di tolleranza espresso dai poteri punitivi dello Stato.}}</ref>

<ref name="Bloom1979">{{Citation | first1 = Edward Alan | last1 = Bloom | first2 = Lillian D. | last2 = Bloom | year = 1979 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i5JZAAAAMAAJ | title = Satire's persuasive voice| publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 9780801408397 }}.{{Rp| needed = yes|date=October 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Cazeneuve1957p244">Cazeneuve (1957) p.244-5 quotation: {{blockquote|Ils constituent donc pour la tribu un moyen de donner une satisfaction symbolique aux tendances anti-sociales. Les Zunis, précisément parce qu'ils sont un peuple apollinien [où la règle prédomine], avaient besoin de cette soupape de sûreté. Les Koyemshis représentent ce que M. Caillois nomme le « Sacré de transgression ».}}</ref>

<ref name="Clark1946p32">{{Citation | last = Clark | first = Arthur Melville | year = 1946 | contribution = The Art of Satire and the Satiric Spectrum | title = Studies in literary modes | page = 32}}</ref>

<ref name="Clark73p20">{{Citation | last1 = Clark | first1 = John R | last2 = Motto | first2 = Anna Lydia | year = 1973 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A5NZAAAAMAAJ | title = Satire–that blasted art | page = 20| publisher = Putnam | isbn = 9780399110597 }}</ref>

<ref name="Clark80p45">{{Citation | last1 = Clark | first1 = John R | last2 = Motto | first2 = Anna Lydia | year = 1980 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SnwhAQAAIAAJ | title = Menippeans & Their Satire: Concerning Monstrous Leamed Old Dogs and Hippocentaurs | journal = Scholia Satyrica | volume = 6 | issue = 3/4 | page = 45 | quote = [Chapple's book ''Soviet satire of the twenties'']... classifying the very ''topics'' his satirists satirized: housing, food, and fuel supplies, poverty, inflation, "hooliganism", public services, religion, stereotypes of nationals (the Englishman, German, &c), &c. Yet the truth of the matter is that no satirist worth his salt (Petronius, Chaucer, Rabelais, Swift, Leskov, Grass) ever avoids man's habits and living standards, or scants those delicate desiderata: religion, politics, and sex.}}</ref>

<ref name="Clark91p116">Clark (1991) [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOeLRDzui_wC&pg=PA116 pp.116–8] quotation: {{blockquote|...religion, politics, and sexuality are the primary stuff of literary satire. Among these sacret targets, matters costive and defecatory play an important part. ... from the earliest times, satirists have utilized scatological and bathroom humor. Aristophanes, always livid and nearly scandalous in his religious, political, and sexual references...}}</ref>

<ref name="Coppola">{{Citation | author-link = Jo Coppola | first = Jo | last = Coppola | year = 1958 | journal = [[The Realist]] | issue = 1 | title=An Angry Young Magazine ...| language=en| url=http://www.ep.tc/realist/01/02.html| quote = Good comedy is social criticism—although you might find that hard to believe if all you ever saw were some of the so-called clowns of videoland.... Comedy is dying today because criticism is on its deathbed... because telecasters, frightened by the threats and pressure of sponsors, blacklists and viewers, helped introduce conformity to this age... In such a climate, comedy cannot flourish. For comedy is, after all, a look at ourselves, not as we pretend to be when we look in the mirror of our imagination, but as we really are. Look at the comedy of any age and you will know volumes about that period and its people which neither historian nor anthropologist can tell you.}}</ref>

<ref name="Davidson 1993p85">[[Hilda Ellis Davidson]] (1993) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QHPYAAAAMAAJ ''Boundaries & Thresholds''] p.85 quotation: {{blockquote|It is this fear of what the dead in their uncontrollable power might cause which has brought forth apotropaic rites, protective rites against the dead. (...) One of these popular rites was the funeral rite of sin-eating, performed by a sin-eater, a man or woman. Through accepting the food and drink provided, he took upon himself the sins of the departed.}}</ref>

<ref name="Deloria69p146">{{Citation | author-link = Vine Deloria, Jr. | first = Vine | last = Deloria | year = 1969 | title = Custer Died For Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto | chapter = Indian humor | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eeIazzLJChMC&pg=PA146 | page = 146 | quote = Irony and satire provide much keener insights into a group's collective psyche and values than do years of [conventional] research| title-link = Custer Died For Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | isbn = 9780806121291 }} as quoted in {{Citation | first = Allan J | last = Ryan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EwEDxskm3ycC&pg=PA9 | title = The trickster shift: humour and irony in contemporary native art | page = 9| isbn = 9780774807043 | year = 1999 | publisher = UBC Press }}</ref>

<ref name="Duprat1982p178">Duprat, Annie (1982) ''La dégradation de l'image royale dans la caricature révolutionnaire'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=lsrAGZWHpK4C&pg=PA178 p.178] quotation: {{blockquote|Le corps grotesque est una realite populaire detournee au profit d'une representation du corps a but politique, plaquege du corps scatologique sur le corps de ceux qu'il covient de denoncer. Denonciation scatologique projetee sur le corps aristocratique pour lui signifier sa degenerescence.}}</ref>

<ref name="Durand1984p106">Durand (1984) p.106 quotation: {{blockquote|Déjà Cazeneuve (2) [''Les dieux dansent à Cibola''] avait mis auparavant en relief, dans la Société « apollinienne » des Zuñi, l'institution et le symbolisme saturnal des clowns Koyemshis, véritable soupape de sûreté « dionysienne ».}}</ref>

<ref name="Ehrenberg1962p39">{{Citation | author-link = Victor Ehrenberg (historian)| last = Ehrenberg | first = Victor | year = 1962 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oikOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA39 | title = The people of Aristophanes: a sociology of old Attic comedy | page = 39}}</ref>

<ref name="Fo1990p9">Fo (1990) p.9 quotation: {{blockquote|Nella storia del teatro si ritrova sempre questo conflitto in cui si scontrano impegno e disimpegno ... grottesco, satirico e lazzo con sfottò. E spesso vince lo sfotto. tanto amato dal potere. Quando si dice che il potere ama la satira}}</ref>

<ref name="Fo1990p2">Fo (1990) pp.2–3 {{blockquote|... Una caricatura che, è ovvio, risulta del tutto bonaria, del tutto epidermica, che indica, come dicevo prima, soltanto la parte più esteriore del loro carattere, i tic la cui messa in risalto non lede assolutamente l'operato, l'ideologia, la morale e la dimensione culturale di questi personaggi. ... ricordando che i politici provano un enorme piacere nel sentirsi presi in giro; è quasi un premio che si elargisce loro, nel momento stesso in cui li si sceglie per essere sottoposti alla caricatura, a quella caricatura. ... Di fatto questa è una forma di comicità che non si può chiamare satira, ma solo sfottò. ... Pensa quanti pretesti satirici si offrirebbero se solo quei comici del "Biberon" volessero prendere in esame il modo in cui questi personaggi gestiscono il potere e lo mantengono, o si decidessero a gettare l'occhio sulle vere magagne di questa gente, le loro violenze più o meno mascherate, le loro arroganze e soprattutto le loro ipocrisie. ...un teatro cabaret capostipite: il Bagaglino, un teatro romano che, già vent'anni fa, si metteva in una bella chiave politica dichiaratamente di estrema destra, destra spudoratamente reazionaria, scopertamente fascista. Nelle pieghe del gruppo del Bagaglino e del suo lavoro c'era sempre la caricatura feroce dell'operaio, del sindacalista, del comunista, dell'uomo di sinistra, e una caricatura bonacciona invece, e ammiccante, accattivante, degli uomini e della cultura al potere}}</ref>

<ref name="Fo1990pn">Fo (1990) quotation: {{blockquote|L'ironia fatta sui tic, sulla caricatura dei connotati più o meno grotteschi dei politici presi di mira, dei loro eventuali difetti fisici, della loro particolare pronuncia, dei loro vezzi, del loro modo di vestire, del loro modo di camminare, delle frasi tipiche che vanno ripetendo. ...[lo sfottò è] una chiave buffonesca molto antica, che viene di lontano, quella di giocherellare con gli attributi esteriori e non toccare mai il problema di fondo di una critica seria che è l'analisi messa in grottesco del comportamento, la valutazione ironica della posizione, dell'ideologia del personaggio.}}{{page needed|date=October 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Geisler2005p73">Geisler, Michael E. (2005) ''National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting the National Narrative'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=CLVaSxt-sV0C&pg=PA73 p.73]</ref>

<ref name="Hodgart2009p33">Hodgart (2009) ch 2 ''The topics of satire: politics'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC&pg=PA33 p.33] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122073814/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC&pg=PA33 |date=November 22, 2022 }} {{blockquote|The most pressing of the problems that face us when we close the book or leave the theatre are ultimately political ones; and so politics is the pre-eminent topic of satire. ...to some degree public affairs vex every man, if he pays taxes, does military service or even objects to the way his neighbour is behaving. There is no escape from politics where more than a dozen people are living together. There is an essential connection between satire and politics in the widest sense: satire is not only the commonest form of political literature, but, insofar as it tries to influence public behaviours, it is the most political part of all literature.}}</ref>

<ref name="Hodgart2009p39">Hodgart (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC&pg=PA39 p.39]</ref>

<ref name="Hodgart2009p189">Hodgart (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC&pg=PA189 p.189]</ref>

<ref name="Hyers96">{{cite book
| last = Hyers
| first = M. Conrad
| title = The Spirituality of Comedy: comic heroism in a tragic world
| orig-year = 1996
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_0KjfR6U4VwC
| publisher = Transaction Publishers
| isbn = 1-56000-218-2
| page = 145
| year = 1996
}}</ref>

<ref name="Klein1993p20">Klein, Cecelia F. (1993) [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-14538980/teocuitlatl-divine-excrement-significance.html ''Teocuitlatl, 'Divine Excrement': The Significance of 'Holy Shit' in Ancient Mexico''], in ''[[Art Journal (CAA)]]'', Vol.52, n.3, Fall 1993, pp.20–7</ref>

<ref name="Nash1970p203">{{Citation | author-link = Roderick Frazier Nash | first = Roderick Frazier | last = Nash | year = 1970 | title = The Call of the Wild: 1900–1916 | chapter = 21. The New Humor | page = 203 | quote = Humor is one of the best indicators of popular thought. To ask what strikes a period as funny is to probe its deepest values and tastes.}}</ref>

<ref name="Nicoll1951p179">{{Citation | last = Nicoll | first = Allardyce | year = 1951 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyzyna4URIYC&pg=PA179 | title = British drama: an historical survey from the beginnings to the present time | page = 179 }}</ref>

<ref name="Parsons34">{{cite journal
| last1 = Parsons
| first1 = Elsie Clews
| author1-link = Elsie Clews Parsons
| last2 = Beals
| first2 = Ralph L.
| date = October–December 1934
| title = The Sacred Clowns of the Pueblo and Mayo-Yaqui Indians
| journal = American Anthropologist
| volume = 36
| issue = 4
| pages = 491–514
| doi = 10.1525/aa.1934.36.4.02a00020
| jstor=661824
| doi-access =
}}</ref>

<ref name="Pezzella2009p566">Pezzella, Vincenzo (2009) ''La diffamazione: responsabilità penale e civile'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=TRPEO2aSOvgC&pg=PA566 pp.566–7] quotation: {{blockquote|Il diritto di satira trova il suo fondamento negli artt. 21 e 33 della Costituzione che tutelano, rispettivamente, la libertà di manifestazione del pensiero e quella di elaborazione artistica e scientifica. (...) la satira, in quanto operante nell'ambito di ciò che è arte, non è strettamente correlata ad esigenze informative, dal che deriva che i suoi limiti di liveità siano ben più ammpi di quelli propri del diritto di cronaca}}</ref>

<ref name="Pollard1970p66">{{Citation | last = Pollard | first = Arthur | year = 1970 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TccOAAAAQAAJ | title = Satire | chapter = 4. Tones | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=TccOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA66 66]}}</ref>

<ref name="Rosenberg1960p155">{{Citation | author-link = Harold Rosenberg | first = Harold | last = Rosenberg | year = 1960 | title = Community, Values, Comedy | journal = Commentary | volume = 30 | publisher = The [[American Jewish Committee]] | page = 155 | quote = the oldest form of social study is comedy... If the comedian, from Aristophanes to Joyce, does not solve sociology's problem of "the participant observer", he does demonstrate his objectivity by capturing behavior in its most intimate aspects yet in its widest typicality. Comic irony sets whole cultures side by side in a multiple exposure (e.g., ''Don Quixote, Ulysses''), causing valuation to spring out of the recital of facts alone, in contrast to the hidden editorializing of tongue-in-cheek ideologists.}}</ref>

<ref name="Test1991p9licencequote">Test (1991) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC&pg=PA9 p.9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122073815/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC&pg=PA9 |date=November 22, 2022 }} quotation: {{blockquote|A surprising variety of societies have allowed certain persons the freedom to mock other individuals and social institutions in rituals. From the earliest times the same freedom has been claimed by and granted to social groups at certain times of the year, as can be seen in such festivals as the Saturnalia, the Feast of Fools, Carnival, and similar folk festivals in India, nineteenth-century Newfoundland, and the ancient Mediterranean world.}}</ref>
<ref name="Test1991p10">Test (1991) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC&pg=PA10 p.10]</ref>
<ref name="Test1991p8">Test (1991) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC&pg=PA8 pp.8–9]</ref>

<ref name="WieseForbes2010p.xv">Amy Wiese Forbes (2010) The Satiric Decade: Satire and the Rise of Republicanism in France, 1830–1840 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryI7MnlYAi4C&pg=PR15 p.xv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122073815/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryI7MnlYAi4C&pg=PR15 |date=November 22, 2022 }}, quotation: {{blockquote|a critical public discourse (...) Satire rose the daunting question of what role public opinion would play in government. (...) satirists criticized government activities, exposed ambiguities, and forced administrators to clarify or establish policies. Not surprisingly, heated public controversy surrounded satiric commentary, resulting in an outright ban on political satire in 1835 (...) Government officials cracked down on their humorous public criticism that challenged state authority through both its form and content. Satire had been a political resource in France for a long time, but the anxious political context of the July Monarchy had unlocked its political power.
Satire also taught lessons in democracy. It fit into the July Monarchy's tense political context as a voice in favor of public political debate. Satiric expression took place in the public sphere and spoke from a position of public opinion-that is, from a position of the nation's expressing a political voice and making claims on its government representatives and leadership. Beyond mere entertainment, satire's humor appealed to and exercised public opinion, drawing audiences into new practices of representative government.}}</ref>

<ref name="Willi2003p1">{{Citation | first = Andreas | last = Willi | year = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vzMqorCIh4cC&pg=PA1 | title = The Languages of Aristophanes: Aspects of Linguistic Variation in Classical Attic Greek | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 1–2| isbn = 9780199262649 }}</ref>

<ref name="Wilson2002pp">Wilson (2002) [https://archive.org/details/hydrastaleimagin00wils/page/14 pp. 14–5, 20] and notes 25 (p. 308), 32 (p. 309)</ref>
}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5CL1ONLMCCQC&q=bishop&pg=PA72 |title=Every Man in His Humour: Quarto Version |isbn=9780719015656 |first1=Ben|last1=Jonson|first2=Robert S. |last2=Miola |publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2000}}
{{refend}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Citation |title=The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banu Sasan in Arabic Society and Literature|first= Clifford Edmund |last=Bosworth|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1976|isbn=90-04-04392-6}}.
* {{cite book | contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XrNEns3_yd0C | contributor-last1 = Branham | contributor-first1 = R Bracht | contributor-last2 = Kinney | contributor-first2 = Daniel | year = 1997 | contribution = Introduction| isbn = 9780520211186 | author-link = Petronius | last = Petronius | title = Satyrica | title-link = Satyrica | publisher = University of California Press }}
* {{Citation | last = Clark | first = John R | year = 1991 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LOeLRDzui_wC | title = The Modern Satiric Grotesque and its traditions | place = Lexington | publisher = U of Kentucky P| isbn = 9780813130323 }}.
* {{Citation |last=Corum |first=Robert T. |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikGt9gkXv74C&pg=PA175 |contribution=The rhetoric of disgust and contempt in Boileau |editor1-first=Anne Lynn |editor1-last=Birberick |editor2-first=Russell |editor2-last=Ganim |title=The Shape of Change: Essays in Early Modern Literature and La Fontaine in Honor of David Lee Rubin|publisher=Rodopi | isbn=9042014490}}.
* {{Citation | editor-last = Davenport | editor-first = A | title = The Poems | publisher = Liverpool University Press | year = 1969}}.
* {{Citation | last = Elliott | first = Robert C | section = The nature of satire | title = Encyclopædia Britannica | year=2004}}.
* {{Citation | author-link = Dario Fo| last = Fo | first = Dario | year = 1990 | title = Dialogo provocatorio sul comico, il tragico, la follia e la ragione | format = interview | editor-first = Luigi | editor-last = Allegri | pages = 2, 9 | language = it | url = http://www.arengario.net/poli/poli12.html | contribution = Satira e sfottò}}.
** {{Citation|last=Fo|first=Dario|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]]|place=London|title=Provocative Dialogue on the Comic, the Tragic, Folly and Reason|year=1993}} (transl.).
* {{Citation|author-link=Northrop Frye|last=Frye|first=Northrop|year=1957|title=Anatomy of Criticism|title-link=Anatomy of Criticism}} (in particular the discussion of the 4 "myths").
* {{harvc|last=Hall|first=Joseph|c=Virgidemiae|in=Davenport|year=1969}}
* {{Citation|last1=Hodgart|first1=Matthew|first2=Brian|last2=Connery|year=2009|orig-year=1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGrCooK63TsC|title=Satire: Origins and Principles|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412833646}}.
* {{Citation|last=Pietrasik|first=Vanessa|year=2011|title=La satire en jeu. Critique et scepticisme en Allemagne à la fin du XVIIIe siècle|place=Tusson|publisher=Du Lérot éditeur, Charente|language=fr|url=http://www.fabula.org/actualites/v-pietrasik-la-satire-en-jeu-critique-et-scepticisme-en-allemagne-a-la-fin-du-xviiie-siecle_43779.php}}.
* {{Citation|last=Test|first=George Austin|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhMi6mKmUMC|title=Elliott's Bind; or, What Is Satire, Anyway? ''in'' Satire: Spirit & Art|publisher=University of South Florida Press|isbn=9780813010878}}
* {{Citation|last=Wilson|first=R Rawdon|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxSMGjkLbyoC&pg=PA14|title=The hydra's tale: imagining disgust|publisher=University of Alberta|isbn=9780888643681}}.
* Massimo Colella, ''Seicento satirico: Il Viaggio di Antonio Abati (con edizione critica in appendice)'', in «La parola del testo», XXVI, 1-2, 2022, pp. 77–100.

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|last=Bloom|first=Edward A|title=Sacramentum Militiae: The Dynamics of Religious Satire|journal=Studies in the Literary Imagination|volume=5|year=1972|pages=119–42}}.
* {{Citation|author1-link=Jacob Bronowski|last1=Bronowski|first1=Jacob|author2-link=Bruce Mazlish|first2=Bruce|last2=Mazlish|title=The Western Intellectual Tradition From Leonardo to Hegel|page=252|orig-year=1960|year=1993|publisher=Barnes & Noble}}.
* {{Citation|last=Connery|first=Brian A|title=Theorizing Satire: A Bibliography|publisher=Oakland University}}.
* {{Citation|last=Dooley|first=David Joseph|year=1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGYIAQAAIAAJ|title=Contemporary satire|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada|isbn=9780039233853}}.
* {{Citation|first=Leonard|last=Feinberg|title=The satirist}}.
* {{Citation|last=Lee|first=Jae Num|title=Scatology in Continental Satirical Writings from Aristophanes to Rabelais and English Scatological Writings from Skelton to Pope, 1,2,3 maldita madre. Swift and Scatological Satire|place=Albuquerque|publisher=U of New Mexico P|year=1971|pages=7–22; 23–53}}.

===Theories/critical approaches to satire as a genre===
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Connery|editor1-first=Brian|editor2-last=Combe|editor2-first=Kirk|title=Theorizing Satire: Essays in Literary Criticism|year=1995|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=0-312-12302-7|page=212}}
* {{Citation|author-link=Emil Draitser|first=Emil|last=Draitser|title=Techniques of Satire: The Case of Saltykov-Shchedrin|place=Berlin-New York|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|year=1994|isbn=3-11-012624-9}}.
* {{Citation|last=Hammer|first=Stephanie|title=Satirizing the Satirist}}.
* {{Citation|last=Highet|first=Gilbert|title=Satire}}.
* {{Citation|last=Kernan|first=Alvin|title=The Cankered Muse}}.
* {{Citation|first=Udo|last=Kindermann|title=Satyra. Die Theorie der Satire im Mittellateinischen|series=Vorstudie zu einer Gattungsgeschichte|publisher=Nürnberg|year=1978|language=de}}.
*{{Citation|last=Κωστίου|first=Αικατερίνη|title=Εισαγωγή στην Ποιητική της Ανατροπής: σάτιρα, ειρωνεία, παρωδία, χιούμορ|publisher=Αθήνα: Νεφέλη|year=2005|language=el}}

===The plot of satire===
* {{Citation|last=Seidel|first=Michael|title=Satiric Inheritance}}.
* {{Citation|title=Entopia: Revolution of the Ants|year=2008|first=Rad|last=Zdero}}.

==External links==

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Satire}}
*{{cite EB1911|author=Garnett, Richard|author-link=Richard Garnett (writer)|wstitle=Satire|volume=24|pages=228–229}}
*[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/communicating/from-the-parliamentary-collections/furniss1/furniss6/ Harry Furniss Parliamentary Satire Book – 1890s – UK Parliament Living Heritage]

{{Fiction writing}}
{{LitlessSatire}}
{{Comedy footer}}
{{Conformity}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Satire| ]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Genres]]
[[Category:Humanities]]
[[Category:Humour]]
[[Category:Literary genres]]
[[Category:Rhetoric]]
[[Category:Television genres]]
[[Category:Theatrical genres]]

Sadak-Arjuni taluka

2026-01-23T12:18:12Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Put Up The Details W/ Refs!

{{short description|Taluka in Arjuni Morgaon Subdivision of Gondiya district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sadak Arjuni Taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=250 |frame-height=250|frame-align=center
|text= '''Sadak-Arjuni Taluka'''
|type=shape |id=Q24912651
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Sadak-Arjuni Taluka of Gondia district
|type2=line|id2=Q1917227|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Gondia district
}}
| map_caption = Location in [[Gondia district]] ([[Maharashtra|MH]]), [[India]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gondia district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sadak Arjuni]] Town
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| population_total = 1,15,594
| population_as_of =2011
| population_urban =
|population_rural =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 651.42
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 75.88 %
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 986
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Sadak-Arjuni''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Arjuni Morgaon]] [[Subdivision (India)|subdivision]] of [[Gondiya district]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref name="CollectorGondiya-20150730">{{cite web|url=http://gondia.nic.in/htmldocs/locagon.html|title=Location|publisher=Collector's office, Gondiya district|accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref>
It is one of the eight Talukas located in [[Gondia district]].

==Culture==
The ''Mama-Bhasha'' fair is held in the villages of Satalwada ([[Sakoli taluka]]) and Giroli-Heti belonging to Sadak-Arjuni taluka. The fair is held on 1 and 2 January. In 2011, this fair was attended by 1 lakh persons.<ref name="Loksatta-20110105">{{cite news|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=127138:2011-01-05-15-03-50&Itemid=1|title=सडक अर्जुनी तालुक्यात 'मामा-भाशा'यात्रेची सांगता|date=2011-01-05|work=Loksatta|language=Marathi|accessdate=30 July 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |54000
| style="text-align:right;" |53493
| style="text-align:right;" |107493
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" |86.825
| style="text-align:right;" |1.228
| style="text-align:right;" |0.038
| style="text-align:right;" |0.033
| style="text-align:right;" |10.270
| style="text-align:right;" |0.031
| style="text-align:right;" |1.504
| style="text-align:right;" |0.071
|-
|2011<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |58201
| style="text-align:right;" |57393
| style="text-align:right;" |115594
| style="text-align:right;" |7.536
| style="text-align:right;" |87.194
| style="text-align:right;" |1.517
| style="text-align:right;" |0.075
| style="text-align:right;" |0.074
| style="text-align:right;" |9.794
| style="text-align:right;" |0.073
| style="text-align:right;" |0.682
| style="text-align:right;" |0.592
|}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = line
| y1=0.86825,0.87194
| y2=0.01228,0.01517
| y3=0.00038,0.00075
| y4=0.00033,0.00074
| y5=0.1027,0.09794
| y6=0.00031,0.00073
| y7=0.01504,0.00682
| y8=0.00071,0.00592
}}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = rect
| y1=0.86825,0.87194
| y2=0.01228,0.01517
| y3=0.00038,0.00075
| y4=0.00033,0.00074
| y5=0.1027,0.09794
| y6=0.00031,0.00073
| y7=0.01504,0.00682
| y8=0.00071,0.00592
}}
==Geographic Boundaries==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sadak-Arjuni taluka
|North = [[Goregaon taluka]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Deori taluka]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Arjuni-Morgaon taluka]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Sakoli taluka]], [[Bhandara district]]
|Northwest = [[Tiroda taluka]]
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gondia district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Vilas Sarang

2026-01-22T11:55:00Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: minor updated section after review and added references

{{Short description|Indian writer (1942–2015)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fan POV|date=October 2011}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2014}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

'''Vilas Sarang''' (11 June 1942 – 14 April 2015) was a [[modernist]] Indian writer, critic, translator and a professor of English who wrote in Marathi and English. He died in 2015 in Mahim's Hinduja hospital.

==Life==

Sarang was born in Karwar, Karnataka in the Bhandari caste. He earned his undergraduate degree from Elphinstone College, Mumbai and Ph.D. from Bombay University. He obtained a second Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from Indiana University in 1974.<ref name="webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu">{{cite web | url=https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/findingaids/view?doc.view=entire_text&docId=InU-Li-VAD7000 | title=Sarang MSS., 1967-2008 }}</ref> Sarang's stories have appeared in the UK, US, Canada and India in journals such as ''[[Encounter (magazine)|Encounter]]'', ''[[The London Magazine]]'', ''[[TriQuarterly]]'', ''The Malahat Review'', and also in the anthologies ''New Writing in India'' (Penguin), ''The Penguin Book of Horror Stories'' and New Directions No. 41.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.printweek.in/features/salaam-professor-vilas-sarang-17525 | title=Salaam Professor Vilas Sarang | PrintWeekIndia }}</ref> His first book of short stories, Soledad' was published in 1975 in Marathi. In 1978, his English poetry collection, 'A Kind of Silence' was published.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vilas-sarang/articleshow/46926598.cms | title=विलास सारंग यांचे निधन }}</ref> His published books in English include a collection of stories, ''Fair Tree of the Void'' (translated from Marathi in 1990), and two novels, ''In the Land of Enki'' and ''The Dinosaurship'' (2005).<ref>[http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/vilas-sarang accessdate=14 November 2014]</ref> His short stories have been translated into French and German.<ref name="webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu"/>

==Overview of Sarang's work==

His Marathi book 'सर्जनशोध आणि लिहिता लेखक' (Pursuit of Creation and Author Engaged in Writing) received an award of Government of Maharashtra in year 2008.<ref name="lokmat1">{{cite web|url=http://onlinenews.lokmat.com/php/detailednews.php?id=MumbaiEdition-3-1-14-12-2008-e665b&ndate=2008-12-14&editionname=mumbai|title=Online News|access-date=23 June 2009|archive-date=24 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224160536/http://onlinenews.lokmat.com/php/detailednews.php?id=MumbaiEdition-3-1-14-12-2008-e665b&ndate=2008-12-14&editionname=mumbai|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Authorship==
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=inauthor%3A%22Vilas+Sarang%22&btnG=Search+Books |title=inauthor:"Vilas Sarang" – My library – Google Books |access-date=8 March 2012}}</ref>

===In English===
* Tandoor Cinders (2008)
* Women in Cages (2006) (also translated in Marathi)
* The Dinosaur Ship (2005)
* A Fair Tree of the Void (1990) (also translated in Marathi)
* Editor of the anthology "[[Indian English Poetry]] Since 1950" (1989)
* The Stylistics of Literary Translation (1988)
* A Kind of Silence (1978) (a collection of poetry)
* In the Land of Enki (also translated in Marathi and [[Hindi]])
* Seven Critical Essays

===In Marathi===
* अक्षरांचा श्रम केला (2000) (literary criticism)
* आतंक (1999)
* मॅनहोलमधला माणूस
* सिसिफस आणि बेलाक्वा (literary criticism)
* सोलेदाद (1975)
* रुद्र
* सर्जनशोध आणि लिहिता लेखक (received an award from the Government of Maharashtra in 2008<ref name="lokmat1"/>)
* चिरंतनाचा गंध
* कविता: १९६९-१९८४ (a collection of poetry)
* [http://www.loksatta.com/daily/20070218/lr10.htm Essay by Vilas Sarang (in Marathi)]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/laughter-dark-Vilas-Sarang-bilingual-modernism The Bilingual Modernism of Vilas Sarang, Caravan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416163422/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/laughter-dark-Vilas-Sarang-bilingual-modernism |date=16 April 2016 }}
*[https://scroll.in/article/721780/vilas-sarang-the-writer-you-should-have-read-to-understand-post-modern-indian-literature Vilas Sarang: the writer you should have read to understand post-modern Indian literature]
*[https://www.dailyo.in/arts/vilas-sarang-poetry-english-adil-jussawala-marathi-indian-literature-novels/story/1/3225.html Adil Jussawala Obituary for Sarang]
*[https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/The-incomparable-silence-of-Vilas-Sarang/articleshow/46937997.cms Obituary for Vilas Sarang]
*[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?231656 Outlook Review of Women in Cages]
*[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/overpowering-images/article2274754.ece The Hindu review of Another Life]
*[https://archive.today/20130204010835/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main14.asp?filename=hub091705The_Man.asp Dilip Chitre on Vilas Sarang in Tehelka]
*[https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAG-article-about-vilas-sarang-by-vishram-gupte-in-rasik-4968225-NOR.html Marathi Article on Enkichya Rajyaat by Vishram Gupte]
*[https://sachinketkar.blogspot.in/2014/09/the-age-of-obcs-in-indian-literatures.html Sachin Ketkar's blog on Sarang's article on the Age of OBC]
*[https://sachinketkar.blogspot.in/2012/10/synaptic-narratives-and-half-bodied.html Sachin Ketkar's blog on Sarang poetics of fiction]
*[http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2008&issid=21&id=1209 Vilas Sarang's essay Perils of Nativism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123129/http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2008&issid=21&id=1209 |date=4 March 2016 }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=inauthor%3A%22Vilas+Sarang%22&btnG=Search+Books Books Authored by Vilas Sarang]
* [https://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=Vilas+Sarang+-inauthor%3A%22Vilas+Sarang%22&btnG=Search+Books Books that reference Vilas Sarang]
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4971 Literary Encyclopedia Article on Vilas Sarang]
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/24475002/Confessions-of-a-Marathi-Writer-Vilas-Sarang Confessions of A Marathi Writer by Vilas Sarang]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060813174409/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/08/06/stories/2006080600050200.htm The Hindu Book Review of The Women in the Cages]
* [https://searchingforlaugh.blogspot.com/2007/07/twelve-years-ago-everything-was-twelve.html Commentary on his Marathi book Sarjanshodh aani Lihita Lekhak”]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarang, Vilas}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Jiri River

2026-01-13T17:05:28Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: improve article and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|River in India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Jiri River
| native_name ={{native name|as|জিৰি নদী}}
| name_other =
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| image =
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| map =
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| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_size =
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| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]] & [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 =
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| source1 = [[Dima Hasao District]]
| source1_location = [[Assam]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|25|10|42.9|N|93|20|58.3|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Barak River]]
| mouth_location =Jirimukh, [[Assam]]-[[Manipur]] border
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|42|42.9|N|93|04|54.7|E|display=inline}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression = Jiri River - [[Barak River]]
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The '''Jiri River''' is a [[tributary]] of the [[Barak River]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The river originates from Boro Ninglo area of [[Dima Hasao district]]. The Jiri river serves as the inter-state boundary between [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]] and joins the [[Barak River]] at Jirimukh (''Jiri-mukh'' where ''mukh'' means ''mouth'' in [[Assamese language]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/2362 |title=Changing course of Jiri River threatens state’s boundary |website=The People’s Chronicle |access-date=2020-08-22 |archive-date=2018-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022050334/http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/2362 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asmenvis.nic.in/Database/Rivers_1049.aspx |title=River System of Assam |website=Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Govt of India’s environment related portal}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jiri-Makru Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Assam]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Shivranjani Singh

2026-01-08T00:50:40Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Put Up Initial Bio More To Come

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=March 2016}}
{{COI|date=March 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shivranjani Singh
| image = Shivi Singh.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|08|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], [[Mandi district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Playback Singer
| years_active = 2013–present
| alias = Shivi
}}
'''Shivranjani Shakti Singh''' popularly known by her stage name '''Shivi''' (born 27 August 1994) is an Indian [[playback singer]]. She gained notice at the age of 14 when she won ''Hannah Montana – The Big Pop Star Dream'', a reality-television singing-contest on Disney Channel, in 2008. Her [[Bollywood]] career began with the song "Solah Baras ki" for the 2013 film, ''[[Sixteen (2013 Indian film)|Sixteen]]''. She then went on to sing in various other Bollywood films like ''[[Welcome to Karachi]]'', ''[[Baankey Ki Crazy Baraat]]'', ''[[Dee Saturday Night]]'', ''Angry Young Man'' and ''[[Hate Story 3]]''. However, she came into prominence with the release of her song "Oh Boy" from the movie ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]''. She also made adlib feature in Yo Yo Honey Singh's Pankhudi song. She also featured in 51 Glorious Days album of Yo Yo Honey Singh with "I'm in Love With You" track.

==Life and career==

===Early life (1994–2008)===
Shivranjani was born and raised in Himachal Pradesh, [[Mandi district]], later moving to [[Mumbai]]. She belongs to Himachal Pradesh with [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] being her hometown. Her father, [[Shakti Singh (cricketer)|Shakti Singh]], had a musical background with a few albums and [[Bollywood]] releases during a varied career as a [[cricketer]] and government official. Her mother, Mala Singh, is a business woman with many awards for her green-entrepreneurship.

Shivranjani had always excelled at singing, dancing and acting during her schooling. She started considering singing as a career when she participated in a 2008 reality-television singing-contest, ''Hannah Montana – The Big Pop Star Dream'', on [[Disney Channel]]. She emerged as the winner amongst 2 lakh (200,000) participants from across India. Among her prizes was a trip to [[Los Angeles]] to meet the cast of ''[[Hannah Montana]]'' and see the shooting of an episode, and a Gibson guitar signed by [[Miley Cyrus]]. Shivranjani met Miley Cyrus on her birthday (27 August).{{Relevance inline|date=January 2017}} She was also featured on the cover of ''[[Disney Adventures]]'' magazine{{clarify timeframe|date=January 2017}} and shot a music video which aired on Disney Channel.

===Early career (2009–2014)===

In 2013, Shivranjani Singh began studying biochemistry at [[Mithibai College]] while pursuing her singing dream. She was also offered acting assignments for television and small-budget movies but maintained that she only wanted to pursue singing.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} She recorded songs with music directors [[Ankit Tiwari]] and Amjad-Nadeem.

===Bollywood and America (2015–present)===
Her first big break was offered to her by music director [[Rochak Kohli]] for the film ''[[Welcome to Karachi]]''. She had 2 songs in the film: "Lalla Lalla Lori" with Vishal Dadhlani and "Boat ma" with [[Mika Singh]]. She followed this with ''[[Baankey Ki Crazy Baraat]]'', in which she sang "Baby Modern Modern" with [[Sonu Nigam]] for music director Vijaya Shanker. For the musical ''[[Hate Story 3]]'', she had her first solo song, "Love To Hate You", for music-director [[Amaal Mallik]]. Meanwhile, she was invited to perform with music duo [[Sajid–Wajid]], joining them on their Unstoppable tour of America.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Shivranjani also recorded "Feed My Soul" with Florida-based music producers Cody Morris and Sudeep Sinha, which was well received by the underground Trap music scene in the US.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

On 1 January 2016, Shivranjani's item song{{clarify|date=January 2017}} "Oh Boy" was released, with [[Sajid–Wajid|Wajid Khan]], from the movie ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]''. Composed by Sajid–Wajid, the song had much publicity as the singing debut of actress [[Mandana Karimi]]{{clarify|date=January 2017}} from ''[[Big Boss 9]]'' fame, and the controversial nature of the film. {{by whom|date=January 2017}} Shivranjani came into prominence with this song, and also sang the title track of the movie with [[Benny Dayal]]. She is currently working with many music directors and performing in various events and live shows across the country.

==Musical style and influences==
Shivranjani grew up listening to artists of the west like [[Beyoncé]], [[Shakira]], [[Celine Dion]] and [[Whitney Houston]],{{relevance inline|date=January 2017}} and is thus primarily a western vocalist. However, she has only recently begun learning [[Hindustani classical music]].

==Discography==

{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Co-singers
!Year
|-
|"Solah baras ki"
|''[[Sixteen (2013 Indian film)|Sixteen]]''
|Gaurav Dargaonkar
|[[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|2013
|-
|"Jhatak ke Nacho"
|''[[Dee Saturday Night]]''
|[[Ankit Tiwari]]
|Ankit Tiwari, [[Akriti Kakar|Akriti Kakkar]]
|2015
|-
|"Lalla Lalla Lori"
|''[[Welcome to Karachi]]''
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|Vishal Dadhlani
|2015
|-
|"Boat Ma"
|''Welcome to Karachi''
|Rochak Kohli
|[[Mika Singh]], Deane Seqiera, Rochak Kohli
|2015
|-
|"Baby Modern Modern"
|''[[Baankey Ki Crazy Baraat]]''
|Vijay Shanker
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|2015
|-
|"Love to Hate You"
|''[[Hate Story 3]]''
|[[Amaal Mallik]]
|
|2015
|-
|"Oh Boy"<ref name="toi160122">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Music-Reviews/Music-Review-Kyaa-Kool-Hai-Hum-3/articleshow/50671571.cms?from=mdr |title=Music Review: Kyaa Kool Hai Hum 3|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Mohar |last=Basu |date=22 January 2016|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref>
|''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]''
|[[Sajid–Wajid]]
|Wajid Khan
|2016
|-
|Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 Title Track<ref name="toi160122"/>
|''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]''
|Sajid–Wajid
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|
|-
|"Gokka Makka"
|''[[Devi (2016 film)]]''
|Sajid–Wajid
|
|2016
|-
|"Suku Suku"
|''[[Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]''
|Sajid–Wajid
|2016
|-
|2017
|-
|"Jaanu"
|''[[Behen Hogi Teri]]''
|[[Rishi Rich]], [[Juggy D]]
|}

===Independent music===
* "Feed my soul" – Morris Code and SS feat. Shivranjani Singh – Trap Nation – 2015
* "Chaldi" – Shivi – 2015

==See also==
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shivranjani}}
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Singers from Himachal Pradesh]]

Ideal Institute of Engineering

2026-01-02T21:23:51Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: added layout additionally and improved wording

{{short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Ideal Institute of Engineering
|image_name = Ideal Institute of Engineering at Kalyani 07.jpg
|established =
|type = private, self-financed
|academic_affiliation= [[West Bengal University of Technology]]
|principal =
|city = [[Kalyani, Nadia]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|country = [[India]]
|postcode = 741235
|coordinates = {{coord|22|58|38.74|N|88|27|13.59|E|display=title}}
|pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
|website = {{URL|http://iiekalyani.com/}}
}}

'''Ideal Institute of Engineering''', is an engineering college situated at Kalyani, [[West Bengal]], [[India]] offers degree engineering courses which are affiliated to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] formerly known as [[West Bengal University of Technology]] (WBUT).<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Colleges & Its Courses Affiliated by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (formerly West Bengal University of Technology) for the Academic Year 2017 - 2018 (As on 13.10.2017) |url=http://www.wbut.ac.in/big_files/Revised%20College%20list-2017-18-13-10-2017.pdf |website=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology |access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
*[[JIS College of Engineering]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://iiekalyani.com}}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20090619091259/http://www.wbut.net/

{{West Bengal University of Technology}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Kalyani, West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Qutb Minar complex

2025-12-30T20:21:22Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: updated

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi
| Image = Qutb minar ruins.jpg
| Caption = Qutub Minar
| Location = [[Mehrauli]], India
| Criteria = Cultural: v
| ID = 233
| Year = 1993
| locmapin = India New Delhi#India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.524382|N|77.185430|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark_scale:50|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''Qutb Minar complex''' are monuments and buildings from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] at [[Mehrauli]] in [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of architecture and ancient building materials in India |last=Chandra |first=Satish |year=2003 |publisher=Tech Books International |isbn=8188305030 |page=107}}.</ref> Construction of the [[Qutub Minar]] "victory tower" in the complex, named after the religious figure Sufi Saint Khwaja [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]], was begun by [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], who later became the first [[Sultan of Delhi]] of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty (Gulam Vansh)]]. It was continued by his successor [[Iltutmish]] (a.k.a. [[Altamash]]), and finally completed much later by [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]], a [[Sultan of Delhi]] from the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1412)]] in 1368 AD. The Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque (Dome of Islam), later corrupted into Quwwat-ul Islam,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Patel|first=A|title=Toward Alternative Receptions of Ghurid Architecture in North India (Late Twelfth-Early Thirteenth Century CE)|journal=Archives of Asian Art|year=2004|volume=54|page=59|doi=10.1484/aaa.2004.0004}}</ref> stands next to the Qutb Minar.<ref name=her>{{cite book |last=Javeed |first=Tabassum |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |publisher=Algora Publishing |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFILG_V4hOMC&q=Qutub+Minar+Jain+temples&pg=RA1-PA107 |isbn=978-0-87586-482-2 |access-date=26 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=gov /><ref name="World Heritage Monuments" /><ref name="Jami Masjid p. 13">Epigraphia Indo Moslemica, 1911–12, p. 13.</ref>

Many subsequent rulers, including the [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq|Tughlaqs]], [[Ala ud din Khalji|Alauddin Khalji]] and the [[British Raj|British]] added structures to the complex.<ref>Page, J. A. (1926) "An Historical Memoir on the Qutb, Delhi" ''Memoirs of the Archaeological Society of India'' 22: [http://worldcat.org/oclc/5433409 OCLC 5433409]; republished (1970) Lakshmi Book Store, New Delhi, [http://worldcat.org/oclc/202340 OCLC 202340]</ref> Apart from the [[Qutb Minar]] and the Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, other structures in the complex include the [[Alai Darwaza]] gate, the Alai Minar and the [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Iron pillar]].
Inside the complex lie the tombs of [[Iltutmish]], [[Alauddin Khalji]] and Imam Zamin.<ref name=gov>[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=59 Qutub Minar]; [http://india.gov.in/knowindia/qutub_minar.php Qutub Minar] Government of India website.</ref>

Today, the adjoining area spread over with a host of old monuments, including [[Balban's tomb]], has been developed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) as the [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]], and [[INTACH]] has restored some 40 monuments in the Park.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discover new treasures around Qutab |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/28/stories/2006032801530200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810081618/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/28/stories/2006032801530200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2007 |date=28 March 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 August 2009}}.</ref> It is also the venue of the annual '[[Qutub Festival]]', held in November–December, where artists, musicians and dancers perform over three days.<ref>{{cite web |title= Another wonder revealed: Qutub Minar draws most tourists, Taj a distant second|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-Another-wonder-revealed:-Qutub-Minar--draws-most-tourists,-Taj-a-distant-second/206763/ |date= 25 July 2007|work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=13 August 2009}}</ref>

== Alai Darwaza ==
{{main|Alai Darwaza}}
[[File:Alai Darwaza - Qutub Minar Complex.jpg|left|thumb|Close up of the inscriptions on entrance arch, Alai Darwaza built by [[Alauddin Khalji]]]]
The Alai Darwaza is a main gateway from the southern side of the Qutub.<ref>QutubMinarDelhi.com. [http://qutubminardelhi.com/alai-darwaza/ ""] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725182038/http://qutubminardelhi.com/alai-darwaza/ |date=25 July 2015 }} . Retrieved 5 August 2015.</ref> It was built by the second [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]], [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Ala-ud-din Khalji]] in 1311 AD, who also added a court to the pillared hall to the eastern side. The [[dome]]d gateway is decorated with red [[Rock (geology)|stone]] and inlaid white marble decorations, inscriptions in [[Naskh (script)|Naskh script]], latticed stone screens, and showcases the remarkable craftsmanship of the Turkish artisans who worked on it. This is the first building in India to employ [[Islamic architecture]] principles in its construction and ornamentation.<ref name=gov />

The [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave dynasty]] did not employ true [[Islamic architecture]] styles and used [[false dome]]s and false arches. This makes the Alai Darwaza, the earliest example of first true arches and true domes in India.<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb_char.asp World Heritage Sites – Humayun's Tomb: Characteristics of Indo-Islamic architecture] [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).</ref> It is considered to be one of the most important buildings built in the [[Delhi sultanate]] period. With its pointed arches and spearhead of fringes, identified as lotus buds, it adds grace to the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque to which it served as an entrance.

== Qutb Minar ==
[[File:Qutab Minar mausoleum.jpg|thumb|Qutb Minar and Alai Darwaza (Alai Gate), the entrance to the Quwwat-Ul-Islam Mosque]]
{{Main|Qutb Minar}}
The [[Qutb Minar]] is inspired by the [[Minaret of Jam]] in Afghanistan, it is an important example of early [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] architecture, which later evolved into [[Indo-Islamic Architecture]]. The Qutb Minar is 72.5 metres (239 ft) high, making it the tallest minaret in the world built of bricks.<ref>{{cite web |title=World's tallest buildings, monuments and other structures |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=11 May 2011 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/worlds-tallest-buildings-monuments-and-other-structures/18/}}</ref> It has five distinct storeys, each marked by a projecting balcony carried on [[muqarnas]] [[corbel]] and tapers from a diameter 14.3 metres at the base to 2.7 metres at the top, which is 379 steps away. It is listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] along with surrounding buildings and monuments.<ref>QutubMinarDelhi.com. [http://qutubminardelhi.com/ "Qutub Minar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/ |date=23 July 2015}} . Retrieved 5 August 2015.</ref>

Built as a Victory Tower, to celebrate the victory of [[Muhammad Ghori]] over the [[Rajput]] king, [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], in 1192 AD, by his then viceroy, [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], later the first Sultan of [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]]. Its construction also marked the beginning of [[Islamic empires in India|Muslim rule in India]]. It was built using red sandstone and marble.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000002s3u00077000.html|title=The Kutub [Qutb] Minar & great arch, Delhi|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829143812/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000002s3u00077000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Inscriptions record that 27 Hindu and Jain temples were torn down and used for its creation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|title=Rao Petarah's Temple, Delhi|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708214913/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/r/019pho000000052u00015000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even today the Qutb remains one of the most important "Towers of Victory" in the Islamic world. Aibak however, could only build the first storey, for this reason the lower storey is replete with eulogies to [[Muhammad Ghori]].<ref>{{cite book |title= History of Sultanate architecture|last=Nath |first=R. |year=1978 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |page=22}}</ref> The next three floors were added by his son-in-law and successor, [[Iltutmish]]. The minar was first struck by lightning in 1368 AD, which knocked off its top storey, after that it was replaced by the existing two floors by [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]], a later [[Sultan of Delhi]] from 1351 to 1388, and faced with white marble and sandstone enhancing the distinctive [[variegated]] look of the minar, as seen in lower three storeys. Thus the structure displays a marked variation in architectural styles from [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Aibak]] to that of [[Tughlaq dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Islam in India and Pakistan |last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel|year=1982 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-06479-6|page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5cfAAAAIAAJ&q=Qutub+Minar&pg=PA4 }}</ref> The inside has intricate carvings of the verses from the Quran.

The [[Minaret|minar]] made with numerous superimposed [[flanged]] and cylindrical shafts in the interior, and [[fluted column]]s on the exterior, which have a 40 cm thick [[Masonry veneer|veneer]] of red and buff coloured sandstone; all surrounded by bands of intricate carving in [[Kufic]] style of [[Islamic calligraphy]], giving the minar the appearance of bundled reeds.<ref>{{cite book |title=Heritage conservation: preservation and restoration of monuments |last= Batra |first= N. L.|year=1996 |publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=81-7305-108-9|page= 176}}</ref> It stands just outside the Quwwatul mosque, and an Arabic inscription suggests that it might have been built to serve as a place for the [[muezzin]], to call the faithfuls for ''[[namaz]]''.<ref name="eich">''Delhi city guide'', by [[Eicher Goodearth Limited]], [[Delhi Tourism]]. Published by Eicher Goodearth Limited, 1998. {{ISBN|81-900601-2-0}}. ''Page 181-182''.</ref><ref>[[:File:Plaque at Qutub Minar.jpg|Plaque at Qutub Minar]]</ref> Also marking a progression in era, is the appearance of inscriptions in a bold and cursive [[Thuluth]] script of calligraphy on the Qutb Minar, distinguished by strokes that thicken on the top, as compared to Kufic in earlier part of the construction.<ref>{{cite book |title=The empire of the great Mughals |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel|author2=Burzine K. Waghmar |year=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=1-86189-185-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/267 267] |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne |url-access=registration |quote=Qutub Minar.}}</ref>

Inscriptions also indicate further repairs by Sultan [[Sikander Lodi]] in 1503, when it was struck by lightning once again. In 1802, the [[cupola]] on the top was thrown down and the whole pillar was damaged by an earthquake. It was repaired by Major R. Smith of the [[Royal Engineers]] who restored the Qutub Minar in 1823 replacing the [[cupola]] with a Bengali-style ''[[chhatri]]'' which was later removed by [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]], [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Lord Hardinge]] in 1848, as it looked out of place, and now stands in the outer lawns of the complex, popularly known as Smith's [[Folly]].<ref name=her /><ref name=eich /><ref name=shook>{{cite web|title=When Delhi shook, Qutub stood still|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153019|date=15 October 2005|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903050850/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153019|archive-date=3 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=EU maps faultlines to save Qutab|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=110246|date=14 December 2004|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903043831/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=110246|archive-date=3 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After an accident involving school children, entry to the Qutub Minar is closed to public since 1981, while Qutub archaeological area remains open for public.<ref>{{cite web |title=No decision on re-opening Qutub Minar for public: Government |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/No-decision-on-re-opening-Qutub-Minar-for-public-Government/articleshow/2304154.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714180245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-23/delhi/27959833_1_qutub-minar-entry-decision |url-status=live |archive-date=14 July 2012 |date=23 August 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 August 2009}}</ref> In 2004, Seismic monitors were installed on the minar, which revealed in 2005 Delhi earthquake, no damage or substantial record of shakes. The reason for this has been cited as the use of [[lime mortar]] and [[rubble masonry]] which absorbs the tremors; it is also built on rocky soil, which further protects it during earthquakes.<ref name=shook />

== Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque==
[[File:Quwwat-al-Islam Mosque, Delhi.jpg|thumb|Quwwat-ul-Islam (or Might of Islam) mosque started in 1193 CE by Qutb-ud-din-Aibak to mark his victory over the Rajputs]]

The Quwwat-ul-Islam ({{Langx|ar|قوة الإسلام|lit=Might of Islam}}) mosque, also known as the ''Qutub Mosque'' or the ''Great Mosque of Delhi,'' was commissioned by [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]], founder of the [[Mamluk]] or [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave dynasty]] and built using [[spolia]] from 27 temples.<ref>''Southern Central Asia'', A.H. Dani, '''History of Civilizations of Central Asia''', Vol.4, Part 2, Ed. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, M.S.Asimov, (Motilal Banarsidass, 2000), 568.</ref> It was built near the site of a pre-demolished large temple located in the centre of a citadel.<ref name="Brown2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCF9CgAAQBAJ|title=Indian Architecture (The Islamic Period)|last=Brown|first=Percy|year=1940|isbn=978-1-4474-9482-9|pages=39|publisher=Read Books |author-link=Percy Brown (art historian)}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text='The conqueror entered the city and its vicinity was freed from idols and idol-worship; and in the sanctuaries of the images of the gods, mosques were raised by the worshippers of the one God.'|sign=Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak's chronicler, Hasan Nizami|source=Taj-ul-Maasir<ref name=":0" />}}

It was the first mosque built in Delhi after the Islamic conquest of India and the oldest surviving example of [[Ghurids]] architecture in [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="sha">{{cite book |title=A History of Muslim Philosophy: With Short Accounts of Other Disciplines and the Modern Renaissance in Muslim Lands |last=Sharif |first= Mian Mohammad |year=1963 |publisher=Harrassowitz |page=1098 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmuslimp0001shar|url-access=registration}}</ref> The construction of this [[Jami Masjid]] ([[congregational mosque]]), started in the year 1193 AD, when Aibak was the commander of [[Muhammad Ghori]]'s [[garrison]] that occupied Delhi. To leave the imprint of his religion to the new territory, Aibak decided to erect a mosque epitomising the might of Islam and chose his site, the heart of the captured Rajput citadel of [[Qila Rai Pithora]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nF9uAAAAMAAJ |title=Qutab Minar & Adjoining Monuments |date=2002 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |isbn=9788187780076 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Qutub Minar]] was built simultaneously with the mosque but appears to be a stand-alone structure, built as the '[[Minaret|Minar]] of Jami Masjid', for the [[muezzin]] to perform [[adhan]], call for prayer, and also as a ''[[qutub]]'', an Axis or Pole of [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic culture, Volume 49 |last=William Pickthall |first=Marmaduke |author2=Muhammad Asad |year=1975 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |page=50}}</ref> It is reminiscent in style and design of the ''[[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra|Adhai-din-ka Jhonpra]]'' or Ajmer mosque at [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan, also built by Aibak during the same time, also constructed by demolishing earlier temples and a Sanskrit school, at the site.<ref>[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7605 Adhai-din-ka Jhonpra Mosque] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214044938/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7605 |date=14 December 2010 }} archnet.org.</ref>

[[File:Intricate stone carvings in the cloister of Quwwat ul-Islam mosque, near Qutub Minar.jpg|left|thumb|Intricate stone carvings on the [[cloister]] columns at Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb complex, Delhi – Hindu pillars sporting Hindu iconography<ref name=":0" />]]
Of the site selected by Aibak for the construction of a mosque, [[Ibn Battuta]], the 14th century Arab traveller, says, before the taking of Delhi it had been a [[Hindu temple]], which the Hindus called ''elbut-khana'', but after that event it was used as a mosque'.<ref name=":0" /> [[Archaeological Survey of India]] states that the mosque was raised over the remains of a temple and, in addition, it was also constructed from materials taken from other demolished temples, a fact recorded on the main eastern entrance.<ref name=":0" /> According to a [[Persian language|Persian]] inscription still on the inner eastern gateway, the mosque was built by the parts taken by destruction of twenty-seven [[Hindu temple]]s<ref name=gov /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="World Heritage Monuments">{{cite book |author1=Ali Javid |author2=ʻAlī Jāvīd |author3=Tabassum Javed |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |pages=14,263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&q=minar |access-date=26 May 2009 |isbn=9780875864846 |year=2008|publisher=Algora }}</ref><ref name="Jami Masjid p. 13" /> [[Nattal Sahu|built previously]] during the reigns of the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras]] and [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], and leaving certain parts of the temple outside the mosque proper.<ref name="Hai">Maulana Hakim Saiyid Abdul Hai "Hindustan Islami Ahad Mein" (Hindustan under Islamic rule), Eng Trans by Maulana Abdul Hasan Nadwi</ref> Historical records compiled by Muslim historian Maulana Hakim Saiyid Abdul Hai attest to the iconoclasm of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. This pattern of iconoclasm was common during his reign.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/1200_1299/index_1200_1299.html Index_1200-1299: Qutb ud-Din Aibak and the Qubbat ul-Islam mosque][[Columbia University]]</ref> Some medieval Muslim historians and travellers often ascribed the construction of the complex to [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk]] Sultan [[Iltutmish]], rather than to Qutb ud-Din Aibak as is commonly accepted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Untold story of the Qutub Minar |url=https://vikramjits.wordpress.com/2012/11/14/untold-story-of-the-qutub-minar/ |author=Vikramjit Singh Rooprai |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Ibn Batuta also states that near the eastern gate of the mosque were two very big idols of copper connected together by stones. Every one who left the mosque treaded over them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rizvi |title=Tughlaq Kalin Bharat |volume=I |page=175}}</ref>

The mosque is one of the earliest extant mosques in India. The original dimensions of the mosque had a courtyard measuring {{convert|43| m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{convert|33| m|ft|abbr=on}}. The prayer hall, located on the west measures {{convert|45| m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{convert|12| m|ft|abbr=on}}. The mosque has grey colonnades made of greystone with three bays in east and two bays deep on the north and the south. Extensions were made to the mosque during 1296 when its dimensions in north and south were extended by {{convert|35| m|ft|abbr=on}}. The famous iron pillar is located on the stone pavement in front of it, while [[Qutub Minar]] is located west of the main entrance. The central arch of the mosque is ogee in shape and is {{convert|6.5| m|ft|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|16| m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. The side arches are smaller in size. The screen is sculpted with religious texts and floral patterns. Desai believes that the mosque was not constructed in scientific style but in Corbel style as indicated by the variations in the pattern of the arches.<ref name=Desai>{{cite book|title=Mosques of India|last=Desai|first=Ziyaud-Din|isbn=81-230-1001-X|year=2003|edition=5th|publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|pages=20–21}}</ref>

The mosque is built on a raised and paved courtyard, measuring {{convert|141|ft|m|abbr=on}} × {{convert|105|ft|m|abbr=on}}, surrounded by pillared [[cloister]]s added by Iltutmish between 1210 and 1220 AD. The stone screen between prayer hall and the courtyard, stood 16 mt at its highest was added in 1196 AD, the corbelled arches had Arabic inscriptions and motifs.<ref name=her /> Entrances to the courtyard, also uses ornate ''[[mandap]]'' dome from temples, whose pillars are used extensively throughout the edifice, and in the sanctuary beyond the tall arched screens. What survives today of the sanctuary on the western side are the arched screens in between, which once led to a series of aisles with low-domed ceilings for worshippers.<ref name=sha /> Expansion of the mosque continued after the death of Qutb. Qutbuddin's successor [[Iltutmish]], extended the original prayer hall screen by three more arches. By the time of Iltutmish, the Mamluk empire had stabilised enough that the Sultan could replace most of his conscripted Hindu masons with Muslims. This explains why the arches added under Iltutmish are stylistically more Islamic than the ones erected under Qutb's rule, also because the material used was not from demolished temples. Some additions to the mosque were also done by [[Alauddin Khalji]], including the Alai Darwaza, the formal entrance to the mosque in red sandstone and white marble, and a court to the east of the mosque in 1300 AD.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

The mosque is in ruins today, but indigenous [[Corbel arch|corbelled arches]], floral [[Motif (art)|motifs]], and geometric patterns can be seen among the Islamic architectural structures.<ref>QutubMinarDelhi.com. [http://qutubminardelhi.com/quwwat-ul-islam-mosque/ "Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725164517/http://qutubminardelhi.com/quwwat-ul-islam-mosque/ |date=25 July 2015}}. Retrieved 5 August 2015.</ref> To the west of the Quwwat ul-Islam mosque is the tomb of [[Iltutmish]] which was built by the monarch in 1235.

== Iron pillar ==
{{Main|Iron pillar of Delhi}}
[[File:Iron Pillar, Delhi, May 2008.jpg|thumb|The [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Iron pillar]] in the Qutb Complex]]
The iron pillar is one of the world's foremost metallurgical curiosities. The pillar, 7.21-metre high and weighing more than six tonnes, was originally erected by [[Chandragupta II]] Vikramaditya (375–414 AD) in front of a Vishnu Temple complex at [[Udaygiri Caves|Udayagiri]] around 402 AD, and later shifted by [[Anangpal]] in the 10th century CE from Udaygiri to its present location. [[Anangpal]] built a Vishnu Temple here and wanted this pillar to be a part of that temple.

The estimated weight of the decorative bell of the pillar is 646 kg while the main body weighs 5,865 kg, thus making the entire pillar weigh 6,511 kg.<ref>QutubMinarDelhi.com. [http://qutubminardelhi.com/iron-pillar-of-delhi/ "Iron Pillar of Delhi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725170951/http://qutubminardelhi.com/iron-pillar-of-delhi/ |date=25 July 2015}}. Retrieved 5 August 2015.</ref> The pillar bears an inscription in [[Sanskrit]] in [[Brahmi script]] dating 4th century AD, which indicates that the pillar was set up as a ''Vishnudhvaja'', standard of god, on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra, believed to Chandragupta II. A deep socket on the top of this ornate capital suggests that probably an image of [[Garuda]] was fixed into it, as common in such flagpoles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iron pillar at Qutub Minar weighs 6,511 kg: study|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200802051541.htm|date=5 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 August 2009|archive-date=2 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902205124/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200802051541.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Tombs ==
[[File:Tomb of Altamash.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Iltutmish]]

=== Tomb of Shams al-Din Iltutmish ===
The tomb of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler, [[Iltutmish]], a second [[Sultan of Delhi]] (r. 1211–1236 AD), built 1235 CE, is also part of the [[Qutb Minar]] Complex in Mehrauli, New Delhi. The central chamber is a 9 mt. sq. and has [[squinches]], suggesting the existence of a dome, which has since collapsed. The main cenotaph, in white marble, is placed on a raised platform in the centre of the chamber. The facade is known for its ornate carving, both at the entrance and the interior walls. The interior west wall has a prayer niche (''[[mihrab]]'') decorated with marble, and a rich amalgamation of Hindu motifs into Islamic architecture, such as bell-and-chain, tassel, lotus, diamond emblems.<ref name=her />

In 1914, during excavations by Archaeological Survey of India's (ASI) [[Gordon Sanderson]], the grave chamber was discovered. From the north of the tomb 20 steps lead down to the actual burial vault.

===Tomb of Imam Zamin===
{{Main|Tomb of Imam Zamin}}
[[File:Qutb Minar Complex Tomb of Imam Zamin.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Imam Zamin]]
The Tomb of Imam Zamin is a 16th-century tomb located in the Qutb Minar complex, Mehrauli, Delhi in India. It houses the tomb of Mohammad Ali (popularly known as Imam Zamin), an Islamic cleric who migrated from Turkestan to India during the reign of Sikandar Lodi. The tomb was built by Ali himself during the reign of Mughal emperor Humayun. This tomb has no relation with the other monuments of the complex.

== Ala-ud-din Khilji's tomb and madrasa ==
{{Main|Madrasa and tomb of Alauddin Khilji}}
[[File:Alauddin's Madrasa, Qutb complex.jpg|left|thumb|[[Alauddin Khalji]]'s ''[[Madrasa]]'', which also has his tomb to the south, ca 1316 AD]]
At the back of the complex, southwest of the mosque, stands an L-shaped construction, consisting of [[Alauddin Khilji]]'s tomb dating ca 1316 AD, and a ''[[madrasa]]'', an [[Islamic seminary]] built by him. Khalji was the second [[Sultan of Delhi]] from the [[Khalji dynasty]], who ruled from 1296 to 1316 AD.<ref>QutubMinarDelhi.com. [http://qutubminardelhi.com/ala-ud-dins-madrasa-and-tomb/ "Ala-ud-din's Madrasa and Tomb"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725155557/http://qutubminardelhi.com/ala-ud-dins-madrasa-and-tomb/ |date=25 July 2015}}. Retrieved 5 August 2015.</ref>

The central room of the building, which has his tomb, has now lost its dome, though many rooms of the seminary or college are intact, and since been restored. There were two small chambers connected to the tomb by passages on either side. Fergusson in his book suggested the existence, to the west of the tomb, of seven rooms, two of which had domes and windows. The remains of the tomb building suggest that there was an open courtyard on the south and west sides of the tomb building, and that one room in the north served as an entrance.

It was the first example in India, of a tomb standing alongside a ''madrasa''.<ref name=her /> Nearby stands the Alai Minar, an ambitious tower, he started constructing to rival the [[Qutb Minar]], though he died when only its first storey was built and its construction abandoned thereafter. It now stands, north of the mosque.

The tomb is in a very dilapidated condition. It is believed that Ala-ud-din's body was brought to the complex from Siri and buried in front of the mosque, which formed part of the madrasa adjoining the tomb. [[Firoz Shah Tughluq]], who undertook repairs of the tomb complex, mentioned a mosque within the madrasa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JaJfPgAACAAJ Bhalla, A.S. Royal Tombs of India: 13th to 18th Century]</ref>

== Alai Minar ==
[[File:Alai Minar 2022.jpg|thumb|Alai Minar]]
Alauddin Khalji started building the [[Alai Minar]], after he had doubled the size of Quwwat ul-Islam mosque built before 1300AD. He conceived this tower to be two times higher than [[Qutb Minar]] in proportion with the enlarged mosque.<ref>QutubMinarDelhi.com. [http://qutubminardelhi.com/alai-minar/ "Alai Minar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725173611/http://qutubminardelhi.com/alai-minar/ |date=25 July 2015 }} . Retrieved 5 August 2018.</ref> The construction was however abandoned, just after the completion of the {{convert|25|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} first-story core; soon after the death of Alauddin in 1316, and never taken up by his successors of [[Khalji Dynasty]]. The first storey of the Alai Minar, a giant [[rubble masonry]] core, still stands today, which was evidently intended to be covered with dressed stone later on. Noted Sufi poet and saint of his times, [[Amir Khusro]] in his work, ''Tarikh-i-Alai'', mentions Ala-ud-din's intentions to extend the mosque and also constructing another minar.<ref>[[:File:Plaque for Alai Minar, Qutub Minar complex.jpg]]</ref>

== Other monuments ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
A short distance west of the enclosure, in Mehrauli village, is the [[Adham Khan's Tomb|Tomb]] of [[Adham Khan]] who, according to legend drove the beautiful Hindu singer [[Roopmati]] to suicide following the capture of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] in Madhya Pradesh. When [[Akbar the Great|Mughal Emperor Jalaluddin Akbar]] became displeased with him due to allegations of corruption and political disagreements, Akbar personally struck him down and had him twice heaved off a terrace in the [[Agra Fort]] to ensure his death . Several archaeological monuments dot the Mehrauli Archaeological Park, including the [[Balban's tomb]], [[Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb]].

There are some Mughal summer palaces in the area: the [[Zafar Mahal (Mehrauli)|Zafar Mahal]], the [[Jahaz Mahal]] next to Hauz-i-Shamsi lake, and the tombs of the later [[Mughal emperors]] of India, inside a royal enclosure near the [[dargah]] shrine of Sufi saint, [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]]. Here an empty space between two of the tombs, ''sargah'', was intended for the last [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] of India, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] who died in exile in Rangoon, Burma, in 1862, following his implication in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Also standing nearby is the [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]] mosque in white marble.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Hindu idols in qutub minar.jpg| Remains of Hindu temple ruins in Qutb Minar
File:Qutbcomplex.svg|A map of the Qutb complex (click to see large)
File:Excavations near Anang Tal.jpg|Ruins near Qutb Minar
File:Translation and Transcription of the Inscription on the Iron Pillar, Delhi DSC001.jpg|Translation of iron pillar inscription
File:LK DEL 16.JPG|Tomb of Iltutmish
File:Tomb of Iltutmish at the Qutb Minar complex - Mehrauli - Delhi DSC003.jpg|Tomb of Iltutmish
File:Hindu temples in qutub minar.jpg|Ruins of Hindu temple in Qutb Minar
File:Iltutmish's tomb (3362784179).jpg|Interior of Tomb of Iltutmish
File:Tomb of Imam Zamin, next of Alai Darwaza, Qutb minar complex.jpg|Tomb of Imam Zamin, Qutb Minar Complex
File:Qutbminarsculpt.jpg|Statues from the destroyed Hindu temples
File:Qutb Minar from the Quwwuatul ul-Islam mosque, Qutb complex.jpg|View of Qutb Minar
File:Lord ganesha sculpture in qutub.jpg|Ganesha idol in Qutb Minar
File:Close-up of upper storeys of Qutb Minar.jpg|Upper stories of Qutb Minar, in white marble and sandstone
File:Qutb Minar from the Quwwuatul ul-Islam mosque, Qutb complex.jpg|Another view of Qutb Minar, with a Hindu temple reused pillar in view
File:Interior of Alai Darwaza, Qutb Minar complex.jpg|Interior of Alai Darwaza, resembling Timber ornamentation, Qutb complex
File:Tomb of Alauddin Khilji, Qutub Minar complex, Delhi.jpg|Tomb of [[Alauddin Khalji]], Qutb Minar complex
File:Lord-krishna-with-cows.jpg|An idol of cow with her calf while another layer has defaced idol of [[Krishna]]
File:Architectures of Qutb Complex 02.jpg|Dome interior
File:Qutub Minar, Qutb complex, Delhi - August 2015 (1).JPG|The Qutb Minar, looking up from its foot
File:Qutub Minar, Qutb complex, Delhi - August 2015 (5).JPG|[[Quran]] verses written on the exteriors of the Qutb Minar
File:Architectures of Qutb Complex 07.jpg|Architectures of Qutb Complex
File:Hindu-temple ruins in qutub minar.jpg|Ancient ruins of Hindu temple, with figure of a female dancer inside the Quwwat-ul Islam mosque
File:Alai Darwaza - Qutb Complex.jpg|Alai Darwaza Arch Carvings
File:Information Plaque (English) of Quwwat ul-Islam Masjid at the Qutb Minar complex - Mehrauli - Delhi.jpg|Plaque at the entrance providing visitors a background of Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid
File:Qutb Minar path view.jpg|Qutb Minar path view
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Henry Hardy |title=The Architecture of ancient Delhi : especially the buildings around the Kutb Minar |url=https://archive.org/stream/architectureofan00cole#page/n7/mode/2up |year=1872 |location=London |publisher=[[Arundel Society|Arundel Society for Promoting the Knowledge of Art]] |ref=Hen}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beglar |first1=J. D. |last2=Carlleyle |first2=A. C . L. |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Report for the Year 1871–72: Delhi, and Agra (1874) |url=https://archive.org/stream/reportforyearde00carlgoog#page/n5/mode/1up |year=1874 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |ref=Beg}}
* {{cite book |title=The History of the Kutb Minar (Delhi) |author=R. N. Munshi |publisher=G.R.Sindhe |location=Bombay |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofkutbmin00munsiala#page/n3/mode/2up}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Hearn|first=Gordon Risley|title=The Seven Cities of Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/sevencitiesofdel00hear#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1906|publisher=W. Thacker & Co., London|ref=He}}
*{{cite book|last=Munshi|first=Rustamji Nasarvanji|title= The History of the Kutb Minar (Delhi)|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofkutbmin00munsiala#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1911|publisher=Bombay : G.R. Sindhe}}
* {{cite book|last=Page|first=J. A, Archaeological Survey of India|title=Guide to the Qutb, Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/guidetothequtbde031434mbp#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1927|publisher=Calcutta, Government of India, Central Publication Branch}}
* ''The World heritage complex of the Qutub'', by R. Balasubramaniam. Aryan Books International, 2005. {{ISBN|81-7305-293-X}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Qutb Minar and its monuments, Delhi}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 Entry in the UNESCO World Heritage Site List]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/ Qutub Minar]
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/architecture/quwwatalislammosque.html Quwwat Al-Islam Mosque]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040106152921/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/seta/2002/09/12/stories/2002091200090200.htm Corrosion resistance of Delhi iron pillar]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jun252005/1948.pdf Nondestructive evaluation of the Delhi iron pillar] ''Current Science'', Indian Academy of Sciences, Vol. 88, No. 12, 25 June 2005 (PDF)
* [http://www.ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/India/Delhi/Qutb%20Minar/slideshow.htm Photo gallery of the Qutb complex]

{{Delhi|state=collapsed}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mehrauli]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:13th-century mosques in Asia]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]

Dinesh Chandra Dakua

2025-12-29T20:01:04Z

EkaSaffronGaruda:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1929 or 1930 – 2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
'''Dinesh Chandra Dakua''' (1929 or 1930 – 20 August 2025) was an Indian politician, belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). He represented the [[Mathabhanga Assembly constituency|Mathabhanga constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] 1967–1969 and 1977–2006. He was a cabinet minister in the [[West Bengal]] state governments between 1987 and 2006, first as Minister for Scheduled Caste and Tribes Welfare and later as Minister of Tourism.

==Legislator==
Dakua was active in the students movement 1948–1950.<ref>Nisith Ranjan Ray. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=iToWAAAAIAAJ Dimensions of National Integration: The Experiences and Lessons of Indian History]''. Punthi-Pustak & Institute of Historical Studies, 1993. p. 418</ref> As a lawyer, he practised law in Mathabhanga Court.<ref name=sba/>

He contested the Mathabhanga seat in the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] as the [[Communist Party of India]] candidate. He finished in second place with 15,482 votes (45.20%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193601/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He stood as the CPI candidate in the 1963 by-election for the [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar parliamentary seat]], finishing in fourth place with 17,760 votes (7.83%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=bVLVAAAAMAAJ Results of Bye-elections]''. Manager of Publications., 1965. p. 4</ref>

Dakua was elected to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly in the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]], standing as a CPI(M) candidate and winning the Mathabhanga seat with 26,872 votes (64.26%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404194327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> Dakua lost the Mathabhanga seat in the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], finishing in second place with 22,478 votes (48.52%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182429/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He contested the Mathabhanga seat in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971 election]], finishing in second place with 18,386 votes (38.89%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182727/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1971 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He again finished in second place in the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]], obtaining 18,173 votes (39.80%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

He returned to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly following the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], winning the Mathabhanga seat as the CPI(M) candidate.<ref name=wbelec/> He was re-elected in 1982, 1987, 1991, 1996 and 2001.<ref name=wbelec/><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404201733/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1996 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195818/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2001 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref><ref name=tte/>

==Minister==
Dakua was named as the Minister for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Third Left Front government, formed after the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=EBQuAQAAIAAJ Asian Recorder, Vol. 33]''. 1987. p. 19439</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=India Today|title=Report on implementation of schemes for ST/SC causes ripple in official circles|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871215-report-on-implementation-of-schemes-for-stsc-causes-ripple-in-official-circles-799595-1987-12-14|date=15 December 1987}}</ref> He became the first West Bengal state government minister from the [[Rajbanshi people]].<ref name=nba/>

He was again named as the Minister-in-Charge of the Department of SC/ST Welfare in the Fourth Left Front government, formed after the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991 election]].<ref name=wbelec>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ Election Results of West Bengal: Statistics & Analysis, Vol. 1]''. pp. 386, 397, 446</ref><ref>India. Ministry of Home Affairs. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=kLC2AAAAIAAJ Sarakārī ḍayrekṭrī]''. Gṛha Mantrālaya., 1993. p. 174</ref> In the Fifth Left Front government, formed after the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] Dakua's post was changed to Minister-in-Charge of the Department S.C., S.T. & [[Other Backward Classes|OBC]] Welfare.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=fduNAAAAMAAJ Election Results of West Bengal: Statistics & Analysis, Vol. 2]''. p. 30</ref>

Dakua was named as the Minister of Tourism in the [[Second Bhattacharjee ministry|Sixth Left Front government]], formed after the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Frontline|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30250845.ece|title=A Ministry of promise|date=9 June 2001}}</ref> He remained in the role as Minister of Tourism until 2006.<ref name=redi>Rediff. ''[https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/16cpim.htm CPI(M) drops seven ministers from candidates list]''</ref> CPI(M) denied Dakua a ticket to contest the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=redi/> The Mathabhanga seat was instead given to [[Ananta Roy]], chairman of the [[District council (India)|zilla parishad]].<ref name=tte/> The move reportedly caused dissent in the party in the area, with the Dakua camp arguing that Roy was an outsider living in the Cooch Behar assembly constituency.<ref name=tte>{{cite news|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/dakua-left-out-after-35-years/cid/822867|title=Dakua left out after 35 years|date=16 February 2006}}</ref> In parallel to his ministerial functions, he was a member of the [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Council]].<ref>All India Kisan Sabha. ''[https://kisansabha.org/aiks/resources/conference-documents/xxix-conference/29th-conference-office-bearers-ckc-and-aikc-members-of-aiks-elected-by-the-29th-conference/ 29th Conference: OFFICE-BEARERS, CKC AND AIKC]''</ref>

==Views of Rajbanshi statehood movement==
Dakua was actively involved in social and cultural associations of the Rajbanshi people.<ref name=sba>Sukhabilāsa Barmā. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=l-jZAAAAMAAJ Socio-political Movements in North Bengal: A Sub-Himalayan Tract, Vol. 2]''. Global Vision Publishing House, 2007. p. 180</ref> But he was a prominent opponent of the movement for a Rajbanshi state, labelling the movement as 'separatist'.<ref name=nba>Nandini Basistha. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=0l9YEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 Politics of Separatism]''. K.K. Publications, 2022. p. 127</ref> He argued that Rajbanshi should be considered as a dialect of the [[Bengali language]], rather than a separate language.<ref>Kunal Ghosh. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=_8ylAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 Separatism in North-East India: Role of Religion, Language and Script]''. [[Suruchi Prakashan]], 2008. p. 35</ref>

In August 2002, following the killing of 5 CPI(M) workers by the [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]] (KLO), Dakua and CPI(M) West Bengal Forest Minister Jogesh Burman protested against the CPI(M) state leadership, accusing them of having ignored their warnings on KLO activities. Dakua and Burman argued that additional funds should have been assigned to the underdeveloped districts, and that the "poverty and backwardness of the locals had been prompting them to indulge in various criminal activities".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Tribune|title=2 CPM ministers revolt in Bengal|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020825/nation.htm#4|date=25 August 2002}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
Dakua's house was attacked in the wave of post-poll violence in the wake of the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=People's Democracy|title=Post poll Terror in West Bengal|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2016/0529_pd/post-poll-terror-west-bengal|date=29 May 2016}}</ref>

Dakua died at a government hospital in [[Kolkata]], on 20 August 2025, at the age of 95.<ref>{{cite news |title=প্রয়াত রাজ্যের প্রাক্তন পর্যটনমন্ত্রী দীনেশচন্দ্র ডাকুয়া |url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/news/former-state-tourism-minister-dinesh-chandra-dakua-passed-away |access-date=20 August 2025 |publisher=Bartaman Patrika |date=20 August 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dakua, Dinesh Chandra}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

Gamcha

2025-11-26T07:27:26Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: Stub

{{short description|Traditional scarf originated in eastern Indian subcontinent}}
{{About||traditional Assamese Gamcha|Gamosa}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2012}}
[[File:Ricksha_Driver_and_Vehicle_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_(12831375333).jpg|thumb|right|[[Bangladesh|Bangladeshi]] [[Rickshaw painting of Bangladesh|Rickshaw]] Puller wearing traditional Gamcha]]
[[File:Old-Man-carrying-Milk-Jar-on-his-shoulder-IMG 8236.jpg|thumb|Milk salesman wearing Gamchha in Nepal]]
'''Gamcha''' (or '''Gamchhā''', '''Gāmchhā''', '''Gāmuchhā''' (Odia), '''Gamusā''' (Assamese) and '''Angochha''') is a rectangular piece of traditional coarse cotton cloth, sometimes with a [[Check (pattern)|checked]] design, worn as traditional scarf by men in the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly in [[Eastern India]] (including [[Assam]]), [[Bangladesh]], as well as in eastern [[Terai]] of [[Nepal]].<ref name="google4">{{cite book |title=Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad |author=O`Malley, L.S.S. |publisher=Logos Press |isbn=9788172681227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC&q=Gamchha&pg=PA51 |page=52 |access-date=2023-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063342/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC&pg=PA51 |archive-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> It also became bit popular in other cultures of India and now in what is known as [[Pakistan]] after the [[Indian partition]], as well as various parts of South and Southeast Asia. The word "Gamcha" is [[Assamese language|Assamese]] word which comes from two very simple and commonly used [[Assamese language|Assamese]] words, (গা) ''ga'' which means "Body", and (মুছা) ''mucha'' which means "wipe". Literally translated, it means 'something to wipe the body with' however, interpreting the word ''gamcha'' as the towel is misleading.<ref name="assaminfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.assaminfo.com/culture/1/gamocha.htm |title=Gamocha |publisher=assaminfo.com |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref> It is often worn on one side of the shoulder. Its appearance varies from region to region, and it has been traditionally worn as a scarf by the [[Odia people|Odia]] men, [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuriya]] men and [[Bengalis|Bengali]] men. Gamcha is also a headwear for [[Bengalis|Bengali]] men in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Folk-lore">{{cite book |title=Folk-lore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18jjAAAAMAAJ |access-date=5 June 2012 |year=1983 |publisher=Indian Publications}}</ref> Gamucha was also mentioned in [[Odia language|Odia]] [[Mahabharata]] by [[Sarala Dasa]] as part of the traditional dress of Odia men.<ref name="Bailey1957">{{cite book |author=Frederick George Bailey |title=Caste and the Economic Frontier: A Village in Highland Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TG8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA250 |access-date=5 June 2012 |year=1957 |publisher=Manchester University Press |pages=250– |id=GGKEY:CS1R2QFP07X}}</ref><ref name="Panda1991">{{cite book |author=Shishir Kumar Panda |title=Medieval Orissa: A Socio-Economic Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC&pg=PA96 |access-date=5 June 2012 |year=1991 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-261-5 |pages=96–}}</ref><ref name="Dept1990">{{cite book |author=Orissa (India). Harijan & Tribal Welfare Dept |title=Tribes of Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yStuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=5 June 2012 |year=1990 |publisher=Harijan and Tribal Welfare Department, Government Of Orissa}}</ref> Weavers of traditional ''tantubaya'' or ''jugi'' community migrated from Bangladesh to [[Tripura]] and weavers of [[Odisha]] produce good quality gamucha.<ref name="GhoshGhosh2000">{{cite book |author1=G. K. Ghosh |author2=Shukla Ghosh |title=Ikat Textiles Of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOrTw0gPSVYC&pg=PA42 |access-date=5 June 2012 |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-167-0 |pages=42–}}</ref>

The gamcha is most commonly found with [[Tartan|check]] and striped patterns of red, orange or green. Plain white gamchhas with coloured (embroidered or printed) borders from [[Orissa, India|Odisha]] and [[Assam]] (for traditional [[Assam]]ese Gamcha, see [[Gamosa]]) are local handicrafts, and may be worn around the neck with traditional Indian attire. In western areas, gamchas are primarily made in red colour and are plain like cloth. In southern India, gamucha is more coarse and are available in various dyes. Even homemade lightweight fur towels are also popularly termed as gamchhas. Gamucha are worn by the South Asian people, especially in the Indian states of [[Assam]], Bihar, [[Odisha]], West Bengal, [[Jharkhand]] and the [[Purvanchal]] region, because they are better suited to the country's [[Tropics|tropical, humid]] climate. They may also be found in [[Turkish bath|hamam]]s as a traditional male loincloth and towel worn during bathing and massage.
[[File:Two gamchhas.jpg|thumb|170px|A pair of gamchhas with typical check patterns]]

==Other uses==
[[File:Gamchha-wearing model.jpg|thumb|150px|A fruit vendor wearing a gamchha tied as a headscarf.]]

=== Cultural symbol ===
{{Main|Gamosa}}
[[File:gamosa.jpg|thumb|350px|An Assamese Gamusa with embroidery designs.]]

[[Gamosa|Assamese gamosa]] or Gamusa in Assam has a place of special use : it is given as a token of honour and respect to esteemed guest. In Bihu Dance male dancers wear it as a headscarf. The traditional Assamese dress is complete only when one wears a gamusa.

In Ahom King days, Ahom soldiers wife's used to weave a gamusa within a night and present it to her husband to ensure safety and victory.

=== Handkerchief or Towel ===
Gamcha is also used sometimes as a [[handkerchief]] or towel for personal use such as wiping the face.

==== Loincloth and headscarf ====
Gamcha is also worn as knee long [[loin cloth]]s by people of the poorer sections of society, especially menial labourers and farm workers. They are also used as a headscarf, similar to the Middle Eastern [[keffiyeh]] in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/people/dress.htm |title=dress |work=orissa.gov.in |year=2003 |quote=tying it around the head as turban when necessary |access-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223165117/http://www.orissa.gov.in/people/dress.htm |archive-date=23 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Safety ===
Gamchas can be turned into an effective weapon against [[Indian wolf|wolve]]s, [[Indian leopard|leopards]], [[dhole|wild dogs]] or [[Pariah dog|feral dog]]s or even [[dacoit]]s, by knotting a large stone pebble into one end and using it like [[bolas]].{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

=== Face mask ===
Farmers were already using it in rural areas for various purposes, Gamcha became an alternative [[cloth face mask]] in rural India. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guidelines <ref>{{Cite web |title=When and how to use masks |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> for the necessary use of masks for protection from [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID]] increased its importance, and it became a choice of face masks by simply wearing on face. The need for this traditional piece of clothing has risen further since the [[Prime Minister of India]] made a television speech wearing Gamcha(a Manipuri gamcha, also known as Meitei Lengyan). It was trending since then in urban areas too.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-15 |title=PM Modi dons 'gamcha mask' in new profile picture, others follow suit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/pm-narendra-modi-changes-dp-with-gamcha-masks-others-follow-6362353/ |access-date=2020-12-10 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2020-05-30 |title=How PM Modi's iconic 'gamchha' face masks boosted employment in a UP town |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pm-modi-s-gamcha-face-mask-boost-employment-of-up-town-s-weavers-120053000234_1.html |access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-14 |title=Gamechanger! Huge Demand For Red & White Gamcha That PM Modi Wore As Mask |url=https://www.india.com/viral/gamechanger-huge-demand-for-red-white-gamcha-that-pm-modi-wore-as-mask-4028554/ |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Commercial aspects ==
Gamcha is produced as a primary handloom product by traditional weavers. Presently the production of coarse handmade gamucha is slowing down in [[Orissa, India|Odisha]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Satya Narayan Dash |title=Handloom Industry in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5xjc73xzqAC&pg=PA195 |access-date=5 June 2012 |year=1995 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-599-9 |pages=195–}}</ref> A 1,455.3 metre long Gamucha displayed in Delhi created world record as it became world's longest hand woven piece of cloth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Assamese Gamusa makes it to the Guinness Book of World Records |url=http://thenortheasttoday.com/assamese-gamusa-made-it-to-the-guinness-book-of-world-records/ |access-date=31 August 2016 |agency=the northeast today |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819130051/http://thenortheasttoday.com/assamese-gamusa-made-it-to-the-guinness-book-of-world-records/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Agal (accessory)]], Arabian headdress
*[[Gingham]], scarf from Malaysia
*[[Keffiyeh]], traditional Middle Eastern headdress
*[[Krama]], Cambodian scarf
*[[Tagelmust]], scarf from Sahara
*[[Turban]], head scarf
*[[Lungi]]
*[[Grameen check]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Gamchha}}

{{Clothing in South Asia}}
{{Clothing}}

[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi clothing]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Woven fabrics]]
[[Category:Scarves]]

Indian Institute of Management Kashipur

2025-11-05T05:51:18Z

EkaSaffronGaruda: new stub

{{Short description|Public business school located in Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India}}
{{COI|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Management Kashipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|2011}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[business school]]
| chairman = Sandeep Singh
| director = Neeraj Dwivedi
| students =
| city = [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = India
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| website = {{url|http://www.iimkashipur.ac.in}}
| mapframe = yes
| coor = {{coord|29|13|57.4|N|79|00|46.3|E|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| image_name = Indian_Institute_of_Management,_Kashipur_Logo.png
}}
[[File:IIM Kashipur Amphitheatre.jpg|alt=IIM Kashipur|thumb|IIM Kashipur during Republic Day]]
'''Indian Institute of Management Kashipur''' also known as '''IIM Kashipur''', is a public business school located in [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It is one of the thirteen [[Indian Institutes of Management]] the government has set up during the [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/4-new-IITs-6-IIMs-to-come-up/articleshow/2908413.cms |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121104071632/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-29/india/27744779_1_iits-in-andhra-pradesh-iims-central-universities |url-status= live |archive-date= 4 November 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]] |title=Proposed IIMs | date=29 March 2008}}</ref> The foundation stone of the institute was laid on 29 April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_foundation-stone-of-iim-kashipur-laid-by-kapil-sibal_1537603 |title=Foundation stone of IIM Kashipur laid by Kapil Sibal |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=2011-05-29 |first=Abhishek |last=Nagar |work=PTI |access-date=2011-05-29}}</ref>

This autonomous institute offers a two-year Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGPM), a two-year Executive Post Graduate Programme in Management (EPGPM), a residential Fellowship Programme in Management (FPM, equivalent to PhD) and a non-residential doctoral Executive Fellowship Programme in Management (EFPM).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iimkashipur.ac.in/en/admissions/executive-fellowship-programme-efp|title=Executive Fellowship Programme in Management|publisher=Iimkashipur.ac.in|access-date=2014-04-13}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:IIM Kashipur New Campus Hostel.jpg|thumb|right|IIM Kashipur Hostel New Campus]]
IIM Kashipur operates from a campus<ref>{{cite web|title=Maps & Directions|url=http://www.iimkashipur.ac.in/index.php/en/about-us/maps-directions|website=www.iimkashipur.ac.in|publisher=IIM Kashipur|access-date=6 August 2017|language=en-gb}}</ref> of {{convert|200|acre|km2}} located in Kashipur, Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Balasubramanyam|first1=K.R.|last2=Sharma|first2=E. Kumar|last3=J.|first3=Anand|title=How B-schools in isolated areas are battling odds- Business News|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/b-schools-in-isolated-areas-iim-shillong-kashipur-sdmimd/story/188849.html|access-date=6 August 2017|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=28 October 2012}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration ==
===Governance===
Prof. Neeraj Dwivedi is the director of the institute. Mr. Sandeep Singh is the Interim Chairman of the board of governors for the institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iimkashipur.ac.in/?page_id=61 |title=Board of Governors | Indian Institute of Management Kashipur |publisher=Iimkashipur.ac.in |date=2012-07-02 |access-date=2012-09-12}}</ref> Dr Somnath Chakrabarti is presently the Dean (Academics) of the institute.

==Academics==
===Academic programmes ===
The institute offers a two-year flagship residential course which is the Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://iimkashipur.ac.in/en/admissions/executive-post-graduate-programme-epgp| title=EPGPM at IIM Kashipur| access-date=2014-04-13}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Since 2014 it also offers a residential Fellowship Programme in Management (FPM), a non-residential Doctor of Business Administration Executive Fellowship Programme in Management (EFPM) and short term Management Development Programmes (MDP) for corporate executives.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://iimkashipur.ac.in/en/admissions/executive-fellowship-programme-efp| title=EFPM at IIM Kashipur| access-date=2014-04-13| archive-date=13 April 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413135955/http://iimkashipur.ac.in/en/admissions/executive-fellowship-programme-efp| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iimkashipur.ac.in/en/mdp/download-mdp-brochure |title=MDP Programme 2014–15 |access-date=2014-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014644/http://iimkashipur.ac.in/en/mdp/download-mdp-brochure |archive-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== International Relations & Student Exchange Program ===
[[File:Student Exchange IIM Kashipur France.jpg|thumb|right|Student Exchange to France]]IIM Kashipur has established cooperative relations with [[École de management de Normandie]] (EM Normandie), Caen, Le Havre, Deauville, France as well as École supérieure pour le développement économique et social [[ESDES School of Business and Management|(ESDES) School of Business and Management]], Lyon, France so as to further develop academic and cultural interchanges between the institutions through mutual assistance in the areas of education and research. The programme includes short-term exchange of students, exchange of faculty and development of joint research activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iimkashipur.ac.in/en/international/partnership|title=IIM Kashipur partnership with EM Normandie|access-date=2014-04-18|archive-date=14 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414035436/http://www.iimkashipur.ac.in/en/international/partnership|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Partnerships===
* A memorandum of understanding signed between Indian Institute of Management Kashipur and Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Limited (BECIL) at IIM campus in Kashipur on 20 Dec 2012 states that BECIL will assist the IIM to set up an FM Community Radio Station which will be first of its kind in any IIM in India. The MOU was signed by Prof Gautam Sinha, Director of IIM Kashipur and Sri Abhay Gupta, Deputy General manager of BECIL.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iimkashipur.ac.in/en/news-and-events/122-community-radio-station-to-be-set-up-at-iim-kashipur |title=Community radio station to be set up at IIM Kashipur |access-date=2014-04-18 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* A memorandum of understanding signed between Indian Institute of Management Kashipur and [[Asian Institute of Technology]] Bangkok at AIT campus in Bangkok on 19 Jan 2016 states that both IIM (Kashipur) and AIT will accept three exchange students beginning 2015–16. Both institutions will grant full credit transfer to the exchange students. The MOU was signed by Prof Gautam Sinha, Director (former) of IIM Kashipur and Prof. [[Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai]], former AIT president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/iim-kashipur-foreign-varsities-ink-mou/228516.html |title=IIM Kashipur Signs MOU with Asian Institute of Technology|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref>
* A memorandum of understanding was signed between Indian Institute of Management Kashipur and [[National Stock Exchange of India]] to run the financial market and certificate courses, management development programmes (MDPs), joint research project, to name a few courses in financial markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/iim-kashipur-nse-sign-mou-to-run-financial-courses.html |title=IIM Kashipur Signs MOU with National Stock Exchange of India |access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref>
* ICICIdirect Centre for Financial Learning (IIFL) entered into a strategic alliance with Indian Institute of Management-Kashipur (IIM-KP) to offer management development programmes and executive education. The MoU will create a Knowledge Partnership between IIM-KP and ICFL<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/iim-kashipur-foreign-varsities-ink-mou/228516.htmlhttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/icicidirect-centre-for-financial-learning-ties-up-with-iimkashipur/article5757288.ece |title=ICICIdirect Centre for Financial Learning (IIFL) and IIM Kashipur knowledge sharing|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref>

===Ranking===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type=Institute
| NIRF_B_2022 = 19
}}

IIM Kashipur was ranked 19 in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2023.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_B_2022/>

==Student life==
===Events===
====Agnitraya====
[[File:Agnitraya'19 Inauguration.jpg|thumb|right|Lamp lighting at the inauguration of Agnitraya'19]]
Agnitraya is the annual flagship event of IIM Kashipur. It is a three-day inter-college fest consisting of events from Management, Sport and Cultural areas. Agnitraya'19 hosted over 1500 participants from over 30 colleges across India. As part of the fest, 10 management events, 15 sporting events, and 11 cultural events were conducted. In addition to these, Abhivyakti- an open mic recitation competition in association with The Social House, Model United Nations were also conducted. Star night performances by [[Harrdy Sandhu]], DJ Duo Zephyrtone, popular stand-up comedians- [[Joke Singh|Nishant Tanwar]] and [[Aakash Gupta]] were some of the major attractions of Agnitraya'19<ref>{{cite web |title=IIM Kashipur successfully conducts its Annual flagship event Agnitraya'19 |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/iim-kashipur-successfully-conducts-its-annual-flagship-event-agnitraya19/ |website=India Education Diary|date=11 November 2019 }}</ref>

====Coalescence====
[[File:Coalescence 2019.jpg|thumb|right|Coalescence 2019]]
Coalescence is the annual management conclave of IIM Kashipur aimed at industry-academia collaboration. It is a platform to bring together stalwarts from different domains of Marketing, Finance, Operations, IT & Analytics, HR and Consulting together to share their expertise and interact with the students of IIM Kashipur. Coalescence includes keynote speeches and panel discussions. The 2019 edition saw people from various companies including Star India, [[Honda Cars India]] Ltd. and [[Uber]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IIM Kashipur Conducts Its Analytics and Marketing Summit, Coalescence 2019 |url=https://iimkashipurblog.wordpress.com/2019/10/02/iim-kashipur-conducts-its-analytics-and-marketing-summit-coalescence-2019/ |website=The IIM Kashipur Blog |publisher=IIM Kashipur}}</ref>

====TEDxIIMKashipur====
[[File:TeamTEDxIIMKahipur2018.jpg|thumb|The Organizing Team of TEDxIIMKashipur 2018 with the Speakers]]
TEDxIIMKashipur is an independently organized event under the aegis of TED consisting of a series of talks by various accomplished and eminent personalities.
The theme of TEDxIIMKashipur 2017 was 'Breaking Barriers' while the theme of TEDxIIMKashipur 2018 was 'Shaping the Future'. Past notable guests include [[Manvendra Singh Gohil]], [[Seema Rao]], [[Jadav Payeng]], [[Ira Singhal]], [[Thinlas Chorol]], [[Nouf Marwaai]], [[Gauri Sawant]], [[Priyanka Chaturvedi]], [[Rama Vaidyanathan]] and [[Anam Hashim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/24957 | title=TEDxIIMKashipur2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/20818 | title=TEDxIIMKashipur2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tedxiimkashipur.com/|title=TEDx IIMKashipur|website=TEDx IIMKashipur|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529053206/https://www.tedxiimkashipur.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Uttishtha - Entrepreneurship Summit====
[[File:Chief Minister Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|right|Shri Trivendra Singh Rawat, Chief Minister of Uttarakhand at Uttishtha 2019]]
Uttishtha is the annual entrepreneurship summit that acts as a platform for entrepreneurs to inspire and guide budding entrepreneurs. The event consists of keynote addresses, panel discussions, business plan competitions, and presentations. Some of the past guests of honor have been Shri [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]], Hon'ble Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, [[Praveen Sinha]] (Founder, [[Jabong.com|Jabong]] & Pincap), Akhil Gupta (co-founder, [[NoBroker]]), Avnish Sabharwal (MD, [[Accenture]] Ventures), Kaushlendra Kumar (Founder, Kaushalya Foundation), Lalit Mangal (co-founder, [[Commonfloor|CommonFloor]]), Alok Bansal (co-founder, [[Policybazaar|PolicyBazaar]]), etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iimkashipur.ac.in/index.php/en/student/events-and-activities/uttishtha-entrepreneurship-summit |title=Uttishtha IIM Kashipur |access-date=11 May 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511150217/http://iimkashipur.ac.in/index.php/en/student/events-and-activities/uttishtha-entrepreneurship-summit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IIM-Kashipur to hold startup mela 'Uttishtha 2019' on October 20 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/jobs/iim-kashipur-to-organise-a-start-up-mela-uttishtha-2019-on-october-20-iimkashipur-ac-in-6067301/ |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Notable faculty==
*[[K M Baharul Islam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Management Kashipur - |url=https://www.iimkashipur.ac.in/faculty/faculty-directory/k-m-baharul-islam |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=www.iimkashipur.ac.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.iimkashipur.ac.in/}}

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute of Management Kashipur}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management|KASHIPUR]]
[[Category:Business schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Education in Udham Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Kashipur, Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2011]]