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William Carey (missionary)

2026-05-07T18:18:04Z

EggleFreggle: done!

{{short description|English Baptist missionary and a Particular Baptist minister (1761–1834)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]]
| name = William Carey
| image = William Carey.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Carey, {{circa|1887}}
| birth_date = {{birth date |1761|8|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Paulerspury]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1834|6|9|1761|8|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Serampore]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| signature = Signature of William Carey.jpg
}}

'''William Carey''' (17 August 1761 – 9 June 1834) was an English Christian [[missionary]], [[Particular Baptist]] minister, translator, social reformer and cultural anthropologist who founded the [[Serampore College]] and the [[Serampore University]], the first degree-awarding university in India<ref name="Mangalwadi">{{cite book|first=Vishal |last=Mangalwadi |year=1999|title=The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture |pages= 61–67 |publisher=Crossway Books |isbn=978-1-58134-112-6}}</ref> and cofounded the [[Serampore Mission Press]].

He went to [[Kolkata|Calcutta (Kolkata)]] in 1793, but was forced to leave the British Indian territory by non-Baptist Christian missionaries.<ref name=brit1/> He joined the [[BMS World Mission|Baptist missionaries]] in the Danish colony of [[Frederiksnagore]] in [[Serampore]]. One of his first contributions was to start schools for impoverished children where they were taught reading, writing, accounting and [[Christianity]].<ref name= riddick>{{cite book|last=Riddick |first= John F.|title= The History of British India: A Chronology |publisher= Praeger Publications |year= 2006|isbn=0-313-32280-5 |page= 158 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC}}</ref> He opened the first [[Theology|theological university]] in [[Serampore]] offering divinity degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-14547355|title=Northants celebrates 250th anniversary of William Carey|date= 18 August 2011 |access-date=7 November 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first = George | last = Smith|author-link= George Smith (1833–1919) |title= The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker & Missionary |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=b7k9AQAAMAAJ|year=1922|publisher= J. M. Dent & Co |page=292}}</ref> and campaigned to end the practice of [[sati (practice)|sati]].<ref name= sharma>{{cite book|last= Sharma|first=Arvind|title=Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays |publisher=Motilal Benarasidass |year=1988|isbn= 81-208-0464-3| pages=57–63|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UJmWgz2mv5oC}}</ref>

Carey is known as the "father of modern missions".<ref name= "Gonzalez, Justo L p. 306">Gonzalez, Justo L. (2010) ''The Story of Christianity'' Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day, [[Zondervan]], {{ISBN|978-0-06185589-4}}, p. 419</ref> His essay, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens'', led to the founding of the [[Baptist Missionary Society]].<ref name=brit1/><ref>William Carey, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens'' (1792; repr., London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961)</ref> [[The Asiatic Society]] commended Carey for "his eminent services in opening the stores of Indian literature to the knowledge of Europe and for his extensive acquaintance with the science, the natural history and botany of this country and his useful contributions, in every branch."<ref name=thomas>{{cite journal |last=Thomas|first= T. Jacob | journal =Indian Journal of Theology | title = Interaction of the Gospel and Culture in Bengal |volume = 36 | number = 2 |date= 1994 |publisher= Serampore College Theology Department and Bishop's College, Kolkata |url= https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/36-2_038.pdf |pages=46, 47}}</ref>

He translated the Hindu classic, the [[Ramayana]], into English,<ref name= kopf>{{cite book |last= Kopf |first= David|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835 |date=1969 | place =Calcutta | publisher = Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|pages=70, 78}}</ref> and the Bible into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2018/09/07/saving-souls-and-promoting-good-grammar/ |title=Saving souls and promoting good grammar|date=7 September 2018 }}</ref> [[Odia Language|Oriya]], [[Assamese Language|Assamese]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name= brit1>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95736/William-Carey William Carey British missionary] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> William Carey has been called a reformer and illustrious Christian missionary.<ref name="Mangalwadi"/><ref name="bkp2"/><ref name= vr1>V Rao (2007), ''Contemporary Education'', pp. 17–18, {{ISBN|978-81-3130273-6}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Attempt Great Things for God - Expect Great Things from God.JPG|thumb|William Carey's motto on a hanging in St James' Church, [[Paulerspury]], Northamptonshire, which he attended as a boy]]
William Carey, the oldest of five children, was born to Edmund and Elizabeth Carey, who were [[weaving|weavers]] by trade, in the hamlet of [[Pury End]] in the parish of [[Paulerspury]], Northamptonshire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paulerspury: Pury End|url=http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/paulerspury.htm|website=The Carey Experience|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=William Carey's Historical Wall – Carey Road, Pury End, Northamptonshire, UK|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM8V98_William_Careys_Historical_Wall_Carey_Road_Pury_End_Northamptonshire_UK|website=UK Historical Markers|publisher=Waymarking.com|access-date=9 July 2016}} ''Includes image of memorial stone''</ref> William was raised in the [[Church of England]]; when he was six, his father was appointed the parish clerk and village schoolmaster. As a child he was inquisitive and keenly interested in the [[natural sciences]], particularly [[botany]]. He possessed a natural gift for language, teaching himself [[Latin]].

At the age of 14, Carey's father apprenticed him to a [[cordwainer]] in the nearby village of [[Piddington, Northamptonshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps045.shtml |title=Glimpses #45: William Carey's Amazing Mission |publisher=Christian History Institute |access-date=11 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050404040813/http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps045.shtml |archive-date=4 April 2005 }}</ref> His master, Clarke Nichols, was a churchman like himself, but another apprentice, John Warr, was a [[Dissenter]]. Through his influence Carey would leave the Church of England and join with other Dissenters to form a small [[Congregational church]] in nearby [[Hackleton]]. While apprenticed to Nichols, he also taught himself [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] with the help of Thomas Jones, a local weaver who had received a classical education.

When Nichols died in 1779, Carey went to work for the local shoemaker, Thomas Old; he married Old's sister-in-law Dorothy Plackett in 1781 in the Church of St John the Baptist, Piddington.<ref name=TOC>{{cite web |url= https://www.thoughtsonchrist.com/home/history-of-william-carey-father-of-modern-missions |title= History of William Carey - Father of Modern Missions |author= |date= |website= Thoughts of Christ |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> Unlike William, Dorothy was illiterate; her signature in the marriage register is a crude cross. William and Dorothy Carey had seven children, five sons and two daughters; both girls died in infancy, as did son Peter, who died at the age of 5. Thomas Old himself died soon afterward, and Carey took over his business, during which time he taught himself Greek, Italian, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and French, often reading while working on the shoes.<ref name=DCDA />

On 10 August 1786, Carey was ordained as a Baptist minister and pastored a small church, while continuing to work as a shoemaker.<ref name=TOC />

Carey acknowledged his humble origins and referred to himself as a [[Shoemaking|cobbler]]. John Brown Myers titled his biography of Carey ''William Carey the Shoemaker Who Became the Father and Founder of Modern Missions''.

==Founding of the Baptist Missionary Society==
[[File:Detail from Hanging in Carey Baptist Church - Moulton - Northamptonshire.JPG|thumb|Detail from wall hanging depicting Carey's life, in Carey Baptist Church, Moulton, Northamptonshire]]
Carey became involved with a local association of [[Strict Baptist|Particular Baptists]] that had recently formed, where he became acquainted with men such as [[John Ryland]], John Sutcliff, and [[Andrew Fuller]], who would become his close friends in later years. They invited him to preach in their church in the nearby village of [[Earls Barton]] every other Sunday. On 5 October 1783, William Carey was [[baptism#Baptist|baptised]] by Ryland and committed himself to the Baptist denomination.

[[File:W H Carey.jpg|thumb|Portrait sketch by [[Colesworthey Grant]]]]
In 1785, Carey was appointed the schoolmaster for the village of [[Moulton, Northamptonshire|Moulton]]. He was also invited to serve as pastor to the local Baptist church. During this time he read [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]]' ''Account of the Life of the Late Rev. [[David Brainerd]]'' and the journals of the explorer [[James Cook]], and became concerned with propagating the Christian [[Gospel]] throughout the world. [[John Eliot (missionary)#Legacy|John Eliot]] (c. 1604 – 21 May 1690), Puritan missionary in New England, and David Brainerd (1718–47) became the "canonized heroes" and "enkindlers" of Carey.<ref>Carpenter, John, (2002) "New England Puritans: The Grandparents of Modern Protestant Missions," ''[[Fides et Historia]]'' 30.4, 529.</ref>

In 1789 Carey, became the full-time pastor of Harvey Lane Baptist Church in [[Leicester]]. Three years later, in 1792, he published his groundbreaking missionary manifesto, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens''. This short book consists of five parts. The first part is a theological justification for missionary activity, arguing that the command of Jesus to make disciples of all the world ([[Matthew 28:18]]-[[Matthew 28:20|20]]) remains binding on Christians.<ref name=ENQ>[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/enquiry/anenquiry.pdf ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to use means for the Conversion of the Heathens''] reprinted London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961</ref>

The second part outlines a history of missionary activity, beginning with the early Church and ending with David Brainerd and [[John Wesley]].<ref name=ENQ />

Part 3 comprises 26 pages of tables, listing area, population, and religion statistics for every country in the world. Carey had compiled these figures during his years as a schoolteacher. The fourth part answers objections to sending missionaries, such as difficulty learning the language or danger to life. Finally, the fifth part calls for the formation by the Baptist denomination of a missionary society and describes the practical means by which it could be supported. Carey's seminal pamphlet outlines his basis for missions: Christian obligation, wise use of available resources, and accurate information.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

Carey later preached a pro-missionary sermon (the [[Deathless Sermon]]),<ref name=DCDA>{{cite web |url= https://dcbasia.org/biography/carey-william |title= Carey, William |author= |date= |website= Dictionary of Christian Biography in Asia |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> using [[Isaiah 54]]:2–3 as his text, in which he repeatedly used the epigram which has become his most famous quotation: {{cquote|Expect great things from God; attempt great things for God.}}
Carey finally overcame the resistance to missionary effort, and the Particular Baptist Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Amongst the Heathen (subsequently the Baptist Missionary Society and since 2000 [[BMS World Mission]]) was founded in October 1792, including Carey, Andrew Fuller, John Ryland, and John Sutcliff as charter members. They then concerned themselves with practical matters such as raising funds, as well as deciding where they would direct their efforts. A medical missionary, Dr John Thomas, had been in [[Calcutta]] and was in England raising funds; they agreed to support him and that Carey would accompany him to India.

==Missionary life in India==
[[File:Grave of William Carey, India, ca. 1920 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS15-65).jpg|thumb|This black-and-white [[lantern slide]] {{circa|1920}} shows the grave at Serampore of William Carey and his second wife Charlotte Emilia Carey (1761–1821) and third wife Grace Carey (d. 1835).]]
Carey, his eldest son Felix, Thomas and his wife and daughter sailed from London aboard a British ship in April 1793. Dorothy Carey had refused to leave England, being pregnant with their fourth son and having never been more than a few miles from home; but before they left they asked her again to come with them and she gave consent, with the knowledge that her sister Kitty would help her give birth. En route they were delayed at the [[Isle of Wight]], at which time the captain of the ship received word that he endangered his command if he conveyed the missionaries to Calcutta, as their unauthorised journey violated the trade monopoly of the [[British East India Company]]. He decided to sail without them, and they were delayed until June when Thomas found a Danish captain willing to offer them passage. In the meantime, Carey's wife, who had by now given birth, agreed to accompany him provided her sister came as well. They landed at [[Calcutta]] in November.<ref name=notefrom>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/s/smith_geo/carey/carey.htm|title=Note from the preparer of this etext_ I have had to insert a view comments mainly in regards to adjustments to fonts to allow}}</ref>

During the first year in Calcutta, the missionaries sought means to [[Tentmaking|support themselves]] and a place to establish their mission. They also began to learn the Bengali language to communicate with others. A friend of Thomas owned two [[Indigo dye|indigo]] [[Factory|factories]] and needed managers, so Carey moved with his family west to [[Midnapore]]. During the six years that Carey managed the indigo plant, he completed the first revision of his Bengali [[New Testament]] and began formulating the principles upon which his missionary community would be formed, including communal living, financial self-reliance, and the training of indigenous ministers. His son Peter died of [[dysentery]], which, along with other causes of stress, resulted in Dorothy suffering a [[nervous breakdown]] from which she never recovered.<ref name=notefrom/>

Meanwhile, the missionary society had begun sending more missionaries to India. The first to arrive was John Fountain, who arrived in Midnapore and began teaching. He was followed by [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]], a printer; [[Joshua Marshman]], a schoolteacher; David Brunsdon, one of Marshman's students; and William Grant, who died three weeks after his arrival. Because the [[East India Company]] was still hostile to missionaries, they settled in the [[Danish India|Danish colony]] in [[Serampore]] and were joined there by Carey on 10 January 1800.<ref name=notefrom/>

===Late Indian period===
[[File:Carey House - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0903.JPG|thumb|Carey lived at the Serampore College.]]
Once settled in [[Serampore]], the mission bought a house large enough to accommodate all of their families and a school, which was to be their principal means of support. Ward set up a print shop with a secondhand press Carey had acquired and began the task of printing the Bible in Bengali. In August 1800 Fountain died of dysentery.<ref>{{cite web |last=Woodall |first=R. |date=12 September 1946 |title=Fountain |url=https://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/bios/fountain.pdf |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=wmcarey.edu}}</ref> By the end of that year, the mission had their first convert, a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] named [[Krishna Pal]]. They had also earned the goodwill of the local Danish government and [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]], then Governor-General of India.

In May 1799 [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]] and [[Hannah Marshman|Hannah]] and [[Joshua Marshman]] arrived from England and joined Carey in his work.<ref name=WCU>[https://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/wmward/Main%20html/chrono.html William Carey University website, ''William Ward, Chronology'']</ref> The three men became known as the [[Serampore trio]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Serampore-trio Britannica.com website, ''Serampore Trio'']</ref>

The conversion of [[Hindus]] to Christianity posed a new question for the missionaries concerning whether it was appropriate for converts to retain their [[caste]]. In 1802, the daughter of Krishna Pal, a [[Shudra|Sudra]], married a [[Brahmin]]. This wedding was a public demonstration that the church repudiated the caste distinctions.

Brunsdon and Thomas died in 1801. The same year, the Governor-General founded [[Fort William College]], a college intended to educate civil servants. He offered Carey the position of professor of Bengali. Carey's colleagues at the college included [[pundit (India)|pundit]]s, whom he could consult to correct his Bengali testament.<ref name=RPCWC>{{cite web |url= https://www.rpc.ox.ac.uk/about-regents/portraits/helwys/william-carey/#:~:text=William%20Carey%20was%20born%20on,in%20an%20additional%2029%20languages. |title= William Carey (1761-1834) and his Indian pundit Mrityunjaya Vidyalankar (c. 1762-1819) |author= |date= |website= Regent’s Park College |publisher= |access-date= July 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> One of his colleagues was his Munshi, Ram Ram Basu who taught him Sanskrit and other Indian languages.<ref>KHAN, M. SIDDIQ. "William Carey and the Serampore Books (1800—1834)." (1961): 197-280.[https://www-degruyterbrill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/search?query=William+Carey+and+the+Serampore+Books+%281800%E2%80%941834%29]</ref>He also wrote grammars of Bengali and [[Sanskrit]], and began a translation of the Bible into Sanskrit. He also used his influence with the Governor-General to help put a stop to the practices of infant sacrifice and [[Sati (practice)|suttee]], after consulting with the pundits and determining that they had no basis in the Hindu sacred writings (although the latter would not be abolished until 1829).

Dorothy Carey died in 1807.<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1992/issue36/3627.html?start=3 ''William Carey's Less-than-Perfect Family Life''], Christian History, Issue 36, 10 January 1992</ref> Due to her debilitating mental breakdown, she had long since ceased to be an able member of the mission, and her condition was an additional burden to it. John Marshman wrote how Carey worked away on his studies and translations, "…while an insane wife, frequently wrought up to a state of most distressing excitement, was in the next room…".

Several friends and colleagues had urged William to commit Dorothy to an asylum. But he recoiled at the thought of the treatment she might receive in such a place and took the responsibility to keep her within the family home, even though the children were exposed to her rages.<ref>Timothy George, The Life and Mission of William Carey, IVP, p. 158</ref>

In 1808 Carey remarried. His new wife Charlotte Rhumohr, a [[Denmark|Danish]] member of his church was, unlike Dorothy, Carey's intellectual equal. They were married for 13 years until her death.

From the printing press at the mission came translations of the Bible in Bengali, Sanskrit, and other major languages and dialects. Many of these languages had never been printed before; William Ward had to create [[Punchcutting|punches]] for the type by hand. Carey had begun translating literature and sacred writings from the original Sanskrit into English to make them accessible to his own countryman. On 11 March 1812, a fire in the print shop caused £10,000 in damages and lost work. Among the losses were many irreplaceable manuscripts, including much of Carey's translation of Sanskrit literature and a polyglot dictionary of Sanskrit and related languages, which would have been a seminal [[philology|philological]] work had it been completed. However, the press itself and the punches were saved, and the mission was able to continue printing in six months. In Carey's lifetime, the mission printed and distributed the Bible in whole or part in 44 languages and dialects.

Also, in 1812, [[Adoniram Judson]], an American [[Congregational church|Congregational]] missionary en route to India, studied the scriptures on baptism in preparation for a meeting with Carey. His studies led him to become a Baptist. Carey's urging of American Baptists to take over support for Judson's mission, led to the foundation in 1814 of the first American Baptist Mission board, the ''General Missionary Convention of the Baptist Denomination in the United States of America for Foreign Missions'', later commonly known as the [[Triennial Convention]]. Most American Baptist denominations of today are directly or indirectly descended from this convention.

[[File:SeramporeCollege.jpg|thumb|Serampore College]]
[[File:Statue of William Carey.jpg|thumb|Statue of William Carey inside [[Agri Horticultural Society of India]] Garden at Alipore, Kolkata, India.]]
In 1818, the mission founded [[Serampore College]] to train indigenous ministers for the growing church and to provide education in the arts and sciences to anyone regardless of caste or country. [[Frederick VI of Denmark|Frederick VI]], [[King of Denmark]], granted a royal charter in 1827 that made the college a degree-granting institution, the first in Asia.<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Senate of Serampore College]]</ref>

In 1820 Carey founded the [[Agri Horticultural Society of India]] at [[Alipore]], Calcutta, supporting his enthusiasm for botany. When [[William Roxburgh]] went on leave, Carey was entrusted to maintain the Botanical Garden at Calcutta. The genus ''[[Careya]]'' was named after him.<ref>{{cite book| title= William Carey| last =Culross | first = James| publisher=A.C. Armstrong & Son| place= New York | year=1882|page=190|url= https://archive.org/stream/williamcarey00culr#page/190/mode/1up/}}</ref>{{botanist |Carey|Carey, William}}

Carey's second wife, Charlotte, died in 1821, followed by his eldest son Felix. In 1823 he married a third time, to a widow named Grace Hughes.

Internal dissent and resentment was growing within the Missionary Society as its numbers grew, the older missionaries died, and they were replaced by less experienced men. Some new missionaries arrived who were not willing to live in the communal fashion that had developed, one going so far as to demand "a separate house, stable and servants". Unused to the rigorous work ethic of Carey, Ward, and Marshman, the new missionaries thought their seniors - particularly Marshman - to be dictatorial, assigning them work not to their liking.

Andrew Fuller, who had been secretary of the Society in England, had died in 1815, and his successor, John Dyer, was a bureaucrat who attempted to reorganise the Society along business lines and manage every detail of the Serampore mission from England. Their differences proved to be irreconcilable, and Carey formally severed ties with the missionary society he had founded, leaving the mission property and moving onto the college grounds. He lived a quiet life until his death in 1834, revising his Bengali Bible, preaching, and teaching students. The couch on which he died, on 9 June 1834, is now housed at [[Regent's Park College]], the Baptist [[Permanent private hall|hall]] of the [[University of Oxford]].

===Life in India===
Much of what is known about Carey's activities in [[Indian subcontinent|India]] is from missionary reports sent back home. Historians such as Comaroffs, Thorne, Van der Veer and Brian Pennington note that the representation of India in these reports must be examined in their context and with care for its evangelical and colonial ideology.<ref name=bkp2/> The reports by Carey were conditioned by his background, personal factors and his own religious beliefs. The polemic notes and observations of Carey, and his colleague William Ward, were in a community suffering from [[extreme poverty]] and [[epidemic]]s, and they constructed a view of the [[culture of India]] and Hinduism in light of their missionary goals.<ref name=bkp2/><ref>Robert Eric Frykenberg and Alaine M. Low (2003), Christians and Missionaries in India, pp. 156–157, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-3956-5}}</ref> These reports were by those who had declared their conviction in foreign missionary work, and the letters describe experiences of foreigners who were resented by both the Indian populace as well as European officials and competing Christian groups. Their accounts of culture and Hinduism were forged in [[Bengal]] that was physically, politically and spiritually difficult to preach in.<ref name=bkp2/> Pennington summarises the accounts reported by Carey and his colleagues as follows,

{{cquote|Plagued with anxieties and fears about their own health, regularly reminded of colleagues who had lost their lives or reason, uncertain of their own social location, and preaching to crowds whose reactions ranged from indifference to amusement to hostility, missionaries found expression for their darker misgivings in their production of what is surely part of their speckled legacy: a fabricated Hinduism crazed by blood-lust and devoted to the service of devils.<ref name=bkp2>Brian K. Pennington (2005), Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction, pp. 76–77, Oxford University Press</ref>}}

Carey recommended that his fellow [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]] learn and interpret Sanskrit in a manner "compatible with colonial aims",<ref name=sn1>Silvia Nagy (2010), ''Colonization Or Globalization?: Postcolonial Explorations of Imperial Expansion'', p. 62, {{ISBN|978-073-91-31763}}</ref> writing that "to gain the ear of those who are thus deceived, it is necessary for them to believe that the speaker has a superior knowledge of the subject. In these circumstances, knowledge of Sanskrit is valuable."<ref name= sn1/> According to Indian historian V. Rao, Carey lacked tolerance, understanding and respect for Indian culture, with him describing [[Music of India|Indian music]] as "disgusting" and bringing to mind practices "dishonorable" to [[God in Christianity|God]]. Such attitudes affected the literature authored by Carey and his colleagues.<ref name=vr1/>

==Family history==
Biographies of Carey, such as those by F. D. Walker<ref>Frank Deauville Walker, ''William Carey'' (1925, repr. Chicago: Moody Press, 1980). {{ISBN|0-8024-9562-1}}.</ref> and J. B. Myers, only allude to Carey's distress caused by the mental illness and subsequent breakdown suffered by his wife, Dorothy, in the early years of their ministry in India. More recently, Beck's biography of Dorothy Carey paints a more detailed picture: William Carey uprooted his family from all that was familiar and sought to settle them in one of the most unlikely and difficult cultures in the world for an uneducated 18th-century British [[Working class|working-class]] woman. Faced with enormous difficulties in adjusting to all this change, she failed to make the adjustment emotionally and ultimately, mentally, and her husband seemed unable to help her.<ref name="Beck, James R. 1992">Beck, James R. ''Dorothy Carey: The Tragic and Untold Story of Mrs. William Carey.'' Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8010-1030-6}}.</ref> Carey even wrote to his sisters in England on 5 October 1795, "I have been for some time past in danger of losing my life. Jealousy is the great evil that haunts her mind."<ref>"Dorothy's Devastating Delusions," [http://ctlibrary.com/3918 Christian History & Biography], 1 October 1992.</ref>

Dorothy's mental breakdown ("at the same time William Carey was baptizing his first Indian convert and his son Felix, his wife was forcefully confined to her room, raving with madness"<ref>[http://www.bethelcollege.edu/academics/library/Archives/reflections/v2n1p25_28.pdf Book Review - Dorothy Carey: The Tragic And Untold Story Of Mrs. William Carey] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915144241/http://www.bethelcollege.edu/academics/library/Archives/reflections/v2n1p25_28.pdf |date=15 September 2006 }}</ref>) led inevitably to other family problems. [[Joshua Marshman]] was appalled by Carey's neglect of his four boys when he first met them in 1800. Aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and uneducated.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718165819/http://www.missionariesoftheworld.org/2011/07/hannah-marshman.html Missionaries of the World website, ''Hannah Marshmann'', article dated July 4, 2011]}}</ref>

==Eschatology==
Besides [[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]]'s study, ''The Puritan Hope'',<ref>Iain H. Murray, ''The Puritan Hope.'' Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1975. {{ISBN|0-85151-037-X}}.</ref> less attention has been paid in Carey's numerous biographies to his [[postmillennial]] [[eschatology]] as expressed in his major missionary manifesto, notably not even in [[Bruce J. Nichols]]'s article "The Theology of William Carey."<ref>"The Theology of William Carey," ''Evangelical Review of Theology'' 17 (1993): 369–80.</ref> Carey was a [[Calvinist]]."<ref name=yeh13>{{cite book|last1=Yeh|first1=Allan|last2=Chun|first2=Chris|title=Expect Great Things, Attempt Great Things: William Carey and Adoniram Judson, Missionary Pioneers|page=13|publisher=Wipf and Stock|date=2013|isbn=9781610976145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzNNAwAAQBAJ }}</ref> and a [[postmillennialist]]. Even the two dissertations that discuss his achievements (by Oussoren<ref>Aalbertinus Hermen Oussoren, William Carey, Especially his Missionary Principles (Diss.: Freie Universität Amsterdam), (Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1945).</ref> and Potts<ref>E. Daniels Potts. British Baptist Missionaries in India 1793–1837: The History of Serampore and its Missions, (Cambridge: University Press, 1967).</ref>) ignore large areas of his theology. Neither mentions his eschatological views, which played a major role in his missionary zeal.<ref>D. James Kennedy, [http://www.coralridge.org/nem/NEMrelatedmessage.asp?dt=0627 "William Carey: Texts That Have Changed Lives"]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: "It was the belief of these men that there was going to be ushered in by the proclamation of the Gospel a glorious golden age of Gospel submission on the part of the heathen. It is very interesting to note that theologically that is what is known as 'postmillennialism,' a view which is not very popular today, but was the view that animated all the men who were involved in the early missionary enterprise."</ref> One exception, in James Beck's biography of his first wife,<ref name="Beck, James R. 1992" /> mentions his personal optimism in the chapter on "Attitudes Towards the Future," but not his optimistic perspective on world missions, which derived from postmillennial theology.<ref>[[Thomas Schirrmacher]], ''[http://www.contra-mundum.org/schirrmacher/careypostmil.html William Carey, Postmillennialism and the Theology of World Missions]''</ref>

==Translation, education, and schools==
[[File:William Carey Used Desk - Carey Museum - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0749.JPG|thumb|Carey's desk at the Serampore College]]
Carey devoted great efforts and time to the study not only of the common language of Bengali, but to many other Indian vernaculars, and the ancient root language of [[Sanskrit]]. In collaboration with the [[Fort William College|College of Fort William]], Carey undertook the translation of the Hindu classics into English, beginning with the [[Ramayana]]. He then translated the [[Bible]] into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Oriya, Marathi, Hindi, Assamese, and Sanskrit, and parts of it into other dialects and languages.<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|title=William Carey|date=20 February 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Carey}}</ref> For 30 years Carey served in the college as the professor of Bengali, Sanskrit and Marathi,<ref name=britannica /><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=George|author-link=George Smith (1833–1919)|title=The Life of William Carey, D.D.: Shoemaker and Missionary, Professor ..., Part 4|date=1885|publisher=R & R Clark, Edinburgh|pages=69–70}}</ref> publishing, in 1805, the first book on [[Marathi grammar]].<ref>{{cite book|title = Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|last = Rao|first = Goparaju Sambasiva|publisher = Academic Foundation|year = 1994|isbn = 978-81-7188-057-7|pages = 48 and 49|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC|archive-date = 7 December 2014|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = A Grammar of the Marathi Language|last = Carey|first = William|publisher = Serampore Mission Press|year = 1805|isbn = 978-1-108-05631-1|location = Serampur|author-link = William Carey (missionary)}}</ref>

The [[Serampore Mission Press]] that Carey founded is credited as the only press that "consistently thought it important enough that costly fonts of type be cast for the irregular and neglected languages of the Indian people.".<ref name=kopf71>{{cite book|last=Kopf|first=David|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835 |date=1969|publisher=Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|pages=71, 78}}</ref> Carey and his team produced textbooks, dictionaries, classical literature, and other publications that served primary school children, college-level students, and the general public, including the first systematic Sanskrit grammar, which served a model for later publications.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brockington|first=John| date=1991–1992|title=William Carey's Significance as an Indologist|url= http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol17-18/vol17-18_art05_BROCKINGTON.pdf |journal=Indologica Taurinensia |volume=17–18|pages=87–88|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

In the latter 1700s and early 1800s in India, only children of certain social strata received education, and even that was limited to basic accounting and Hindu religion. Only the Brahmins and writer castes could read, and only men, women being completely unschooled. Carey started [[Sunday School]]s in which children learned to read using the Bible as their textbook.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 150</ref> In 1794, he opened, at his own cost, what is considered the first primary school in India.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 148></ref> The public school system that Carey initiated expanded to include girls in an era when the education of the female was considered unthinkable. Carey's work is considered to have started what became the Christian Vernacular Education Society, providing English medium education across India.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 102></ref>

==Writings==
''Pamphlets''
* An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens: (1792) A manifesto that called on Particular Baptists to participate in foreign missions [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_an-enquiry-into-the-obli_carey-william_1792 Link]
* Dialogues Intended to Facilitate the Acquiring of the Bengalee Language: (1818) A book that helped people learn the Bengali language
''Books''
* Hortus Bengalensis (1814) A book that Carey edited and published
* Kannada Grammar (Kannaḍada modala mudrita pustaka) (1817)<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/1140782752 A grammar of the Kurnata language], worldcat.org, Retrieved 4 December 2025.</ref>
* Flora Indica (1832) A book that Carey edited and published
* Serampore Letters (1892) A collection of unpublished correspondence between Carey and others with John Williams from 1800–1816. [https://archive.org/details/seramporeletters00carerich/mode/2up Link]
* Book on [[Marathi language|Marathi]] Grammar: [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/grammar-of-the-mahratta-language/DB3719B93EEE228B414272849A46A675 A Grammar of the Mahratta Language (1805)]
''Other writings''
* The Journal and Selected Letters of William Carey: A book that includes writings about the value of missions, mission strategy, and mission support
Carey also translated the Bible into several languages, including Bengali, Oriya, Marathi, Hindi, Assamese, and Sanskrit.

==Legacy==
Carey spent 41 years in India without a furlough. His mission included about 700 converts in a nation of millions, but he had laid an impressive foundation of [[Bible translations]], education, and social reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/missionaries/carey.html?start=2|title=William Carey|publisher=[[Christianity Today]]|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> He has been called the "father of modern [[Christian mission|missions]]"<ref name="Gonzalez, Justo L p. 306"/> and "India's first cultural anthropologist".<ref name=kopf70>{{cite book|last=Kopf|first=David| author-link = David Kopf|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835 |date=1969|publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|location=Calcutta|pages=70, 78}}</ref>

His teaching, translations, writings and publications, his educational establishments and influence in social reform are said to have "marked the turning point of Indian culture from a downward to an upward trend".
{{Blockquote|text= [Carey] saw India not as a foreign country to be exploited, but as his heavenly Father's land to be loved and saved... he believed in understanding and controlling nature instead of fearing, appeasing or worshipping it; in developing one's intellect instead of killing it as mysticism taught. He emphasized enjoying literature and culture instead of shunning it as [[Maya (religion)|''maya'']].|author=[[Vishal Mangalwadi]]<ref name=mangalwadi24>{{cite book|last=Mangalwadi|first=Vishal|title=The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture|date=1999|isbn=978-1-58134-112-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/legacyofwilliamc0000mang/page/24 24–25]|publisher=Crossway Books |url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofwilliamc0000mang/page/24}}</ref>}}

Carey was instrumental in launching [[Serampore College]] in [[Serampore]].<ref name=yeh39>Yeh page=39</ref>

Carey's passionate insistence on change resulted in the founding of the [[BMS World Mission|Baptist Missionary Society]].<ref name=yeh117>{{cite book|last1=Yeh|first1=Allan|last2=Chun|first2=Chris|title=Expect Great Things, Attempt Great Things: William Carey and Adoniram Judson, Missionary Pioneers|page=117|publisher=Wipf and Stock|date=2013|isbn=9781610976145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzNNAwAAQBAJ }}</ref>

Many schools are named after him:

*William Carey Christian School (WCCS) in [[Sydney, NSW]]
*[[William Carey International University]], founded in 1977 in [[Pasadena, California]]
*[[Carey Theological College]] in Vancouver, British Columbia
*[[Carey Baptist College]] in [[Auckland]], New Zealand
*[[Carey Baptist Grammar School]] in [[Melbourne, Victoria]]
*[[Carey College, Colombo|Carey College]] in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
*[[William Carey University]], founded south of [[Hattiesburg]], [[Mississippi]] in 1892<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmcarey.edu/about-william-carey|title=About William Carey|publisher=William Carey University|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref>
*Carey Baptist College in [[Perth]], Australia
*[[Carey Mission]] and school in the western frontier of Michigan: Founded by Baptist missionary to the tribes [[Isaac McCoy]] in 1822
<ref name="McCoyCareyMGW">{{cite web | title=Reverend Isaac McCoy & the Carey Mission | first=Jeannie | last=Watson | publisher=Michigan Genealogy on the Web | url=https://www.migenweb.org/cass/Profiles/Watson/BIO24IsaacMcCoy.pdf | access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="TBEMcCoy">{{cite book | title=The Baptist Encyclopedia | date=1881 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0g4AQAAMAAJ | pages=766–767 | volume=2 | access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref>
*The William Carey Academy of [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh has kindergarten to grade 12.
*The William Carey Memorial School: A co-ed English medium in Serampore, Hooghly.
*William Carey International School: An English-medium school established on 17 August 2008 in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.

==Artefacts==
St James Church in Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, where Carey was christened and attended as a boy, has a William Carey display. Carey Baptist Church in Moulton, Northamptonshire, also has a display of artefacts related to William Carey, as well as the nearby cottage where he lived.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/ |title=The Carey Experience|first= Matthew|last=Cooper |access-date= 7 November 2016}}</ref>

In Leicester, Harvey Lane Baptist Church, the last church in England where Carey served before he left for India, was destroyed by a fire in 1921. Carey's nearby cottage had served as a Memories of Carey museum from 1915 until it was destroyed to make way for a new road system in 1968.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Leicester | title = William Carey | work = Blue plaques | url = http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/lc/growth-and-history/blueplaques/blueplaquespeople/williamcarey/}}.</ref> Artefacts from the museum were given to [[Central Baptist Church (Leicester)|Central Baptist Church]] in Charles Street, Leicester which houses the William Carey Museum.<ref name="visitleicester">{{cite web|url=https://www.visitleicester.info/whats-on/central-baptist-church-and-william-carey-museum-p753041|title=Central Baptist Church and William Carey Museum|website=Visit Leicester|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=William Carey Museum |url=https://www.central-baptist.org.uk/william-carey-museum |website=Central Baptist |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

[[Angus Library and Archive]] in Oxford holds the largest single collection of Carey letters as well as numerous artefacts such as his Bible and the sign from his cordwainer shop. There is a large collection of historical artefacts including letters, books, and other artefacts that belonged to Carey at the Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey at Donnell Hall on the [[William Carey University]] [[Hattiesburg]] campus.<ref>{{cite web | title = Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey | publisher = William Carey university | url = http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Baptist}}{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
* [[Carey Baptist Church, Reading|Carey Baptist Church]] in Reading, England
* [[Carey Saheber Munshi]]
* [[William Carey University, Meghalaya]]
* [[BMS World Mission|Baptist Missionary Society]]
{{Portal|Saints}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

'''General'''
*Chatterjee, Sunil Kumar. ''William Carey and Serampore'', Calcutta, Ghosh publishing concern, 1984.
*Daniel, J.T.K.and Hedlund, R.E. (ed.). ''Carey's Obligation and Indian Renaissance'', Serampore, Council of Serampore College, 1993.
*M.M. Thomas. ''Significance of William Carey for India today'', Makkada, Marthoma Diocesan Centre, 1993.
*Beck, James R. ''Dorothy Carey: The Tragic and Untold Story of Mrs. William Carey.'' [[Grand Rapids]]: Baker Book House, 1992.
*Carey, William. ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens.'' [[Leicester]]: A. Ireland, 1791.
{{Gutenberg|no=11449|name=An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Carey, William|volume=5}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Carey, William (1761-1834)|first=Stanley|last=Lane-Poole|volume=9}}
*[[Keith Farrer|Farrer, Keith]]. (2005). William Carey – Missionary and Botanist. [[Carey Baptist Grammar School]]. [[Melbourne]].
*Dutta, Sutapa. ''British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793–1861.'' U.K.: Anthem Press, 2017.
*Marshman, John Clark. ''Life and Times of Carey, Marshman and Ward Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission.'' 2 vols. London: Longman, 1859.
*Murray, Iain. ''The Puritan Hope: Revival and the Interpretation of Prophecy.'' [[Edinburgh]]: Banner of Truth Trust, 1971.
*Nicholls, Bruce J. "The Theology of William Carey" In ''Evangelical Review of Theology'' 17 (1993): 372.
*Oussoren, Aalbertinus Hermen. ''William Carey, Especially his Missionary Principles.'' [[Leiden]]: A. W. Sijthoff, 1945.
*Potts, E. Daniels. ''British Baptist Missionaries in India 1793–1837: The History of Serampore and its Missions.'' [[Cambridge]]: University Press, 1967.
*[[George Smith (1833–1919)|Smith, George]]. ''The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary.'' London: Murray, 1887.
{{Gutenberg|no=2056|name=The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary}}
*Walker, F. Deauville. ''William Carey: Missionary Pioneer and Statesman.'' Chicago: Moody, 1951.

==Further reading==
*Carey, Eustace - ''[https://archive.org/details/memoirofwilliamcwc00care/page/n7/mode/2up Memoir of William Carey, D. D. Late missionary to Bengal, Professor of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta]''. Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, 1836; 2nd edition: London: Jackson & Walford: 1837.
*Carey, S. Pearce - ''William Carey "The Father of Modern Missions"'', edited by Peter Masters, Wakeman Trust, London, 1993 {{ISBN|1-870855-14-0}} (S. Pearce Carey was a grandson and prominent Baptist minister in [[Melbourne]], Australia.)
** {{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article155364868 |title=Day by Day |newspaper=[[The Methodist]] |volume=XXXVI |issue=25 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 June 1927 |access-date=22 October 2024 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}
*Cule, W.E. - The Bells of Moulton, The Carey Press, 1942 (Children's biography)
*A Grammar of the Bengalee Language (1801)
*Kathopakathan [কথোপকথন] (i.e. "Conversations") (1801)
*Itihasmala [ইতিহাসমালা] (i.e. "Chronicles") (1812)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category|William Carey (missionary)}}
*[http://piddingtonchurch.blogspot.co.uk/ The Church of St John the Baptist, Piddington]
*[http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/icarey.html William Carey biographies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414225955/http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/icarey.html |date=14 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}
*[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey Center for the study of the life and work of William Carey, USA] includes [http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/links/full_texts.htm Works by and about Carey]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=3986}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Carey |birth=1761 |death=1834}}
* {{Librivox author|id=18719}}
*[http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/paulerspury.htm The William Carey Experience]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150314140253/http://www.central-baptist.org.uk/Carey_Exhibition.html The Carey Exhibition], Central Baptist Church, Leicester
*[http://missionarycare.com/what-about-dorothy.html Missionary Marriage Issues: What About Dorothy?]

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carey, William}}
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[[Category:British missionary linguists]]
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[[Category:British missionary educators]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
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[[Category:Missionary botanists]]
[[Category:People from West Northamptonshire District]]
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[[Category:English shoemakers]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
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[[Category:Translators to Sanskrit]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

M. B. Ravindranath

2026-05-03T00:35:04Z

EggleFreggle: put up new pg

{{Short description|Indian Army Colonel (1959–2018)}}
{{Indian name|Ravindranath|Magod Basappa}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel]]
| name = M. B. Ravindranath
| honorific_suffix = [[Vir Chakra|VrC]]
| image = Magod Basappa Ravindranath 01.jpg
| image_size = 250 px
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
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| birth_date = 15 May 1959<ref>{{cite web |title=Col Magod Bassappa Ravindranath, VrC - Bio |url=http://twdi.in/node/3121 |website=The War Decorated India & Trust |publisher=TDWI |access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Davanagere district|Kunduru, Honnali Tauk, Davanagere district, Karnataka]], India<ref name=virchakra />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|04|08|1959|05|15}}
| death_place = [[Jayanagar, Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| allegiance = India
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| service_years = 1980 - 2001
| service_years_label =
| rank = [[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Colonel]]
| rank_label =
| service_number = IC-38662<ref name="virchakra">{{cite web|title=Col Magod Basappa Ravindranath - Vir Chakra|url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/magod-basappa-ravindranath|website=gallantryawards.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>
| unit = 17 [[Madras Regiment]], 21 [[Rajputana Rifles]], 2 [[Rajputana Rifles]]
| battles_label =
| battles = {{plainlist|[[Kargil War]]}}
| awards = {{plainlist|[[File:Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px]][[Vir Chakra]]}}
| memorials =
| spouse = Anitha<ref name=personal/>
| relations = {{plainlist|
* Magod Basappa (father)
* Sarojamma Basappa (mother)
}}<ref name=personal>{{cite web|last1=Vijaya Kumar|first1=D.|title=Sainik School Bijapur note|url=http://ssbjcolmbravindranathvrc.blogspot.com/|date=1 Jul 1999}}</ref>
| children = {{plainlist|
* Prarthana (daughter)
* Prerna (daughter)
}}<ref name=family />
| other_work =
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}}

[[Colonel]] '''Magod Basappa Ravindranath''' [[Vir Chakra|VrC]] was an [[Indian Army]] officer. He was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] for his actions in the [[Battle of Tololing]] during [[Kargil War]] in 1999. He was commanding the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]] battalion that successfully captured the strategic heights of Tololing, Point 4590 and Black Rock in the Drass sector that dominated the [[Srinagar]] - [[Leh]] Highway ([[National Highway 1D (India)|NH 1D]]), the first major victory that changed the course of the [[Kargil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19990705-tololing-peak-the-battle-that-probably-changed-the-course-of-kargil-war-824608-1999-07-05|title=Tololing peak: The battle that probably changed the course of Kargil war|date=July 5, 1999|publisher=IndiaToday.in}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ravindranath was born to Sarojamma and Magod Basappa in 1959 in Kunduru in [[Honnali]] Taluk, [[Davangere district]], [[Karnataka]], India. His father was a school teacher. He completed his school education at Sainik School, [[Bijapur]].

==Military career==
Ravindranath attended the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] from 1976 to 1979, and then passed out from the [[Indian Military Academy]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kargil-war-hero-dies-on-way-to-jog/articleshow/63672078.cms|title=Kargil war hero dies on way to jog - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=}}</ref> He was commissioned into the 17 MADRAS REGIMENT. He was moved to 21 RAJRIF in Feb 1985. He later commanded 2 RAJPUTANA RIFLES during Kargil Operations. He was first posted to [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and was then posted as an instructor at the military training school in [[Mhow]]. He spent five years in Mhow before being posted to a unit on counter-insurgency operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (J&K), where he served in 1986–87. Ravindranath served again in J&K in 1989–90, 1994–96 and finally in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kargil-hero-passes-away-b-luru-rajeev-chandresekhar-appeals-cm-state-funeral-79252|title=Kargil hero passes away in B'luru, Rajeev Chandresekhar appeals to CM for state funeral|date=9 April 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/col-magod-basappa-ravindranath-vrc/|title=Col Magod Basappa Ravindranath VrC - Honourpoint|publisher=}}</ref>

===Kargil War===
During the [[Kargil War]], Ravindranath was the commanding officer of the 2nd battalion, Rajputana Rifles (2 RAJ RIF). 2 RAJ RIF was tasked with capturing the strategic heights of [[Battle of Tololing|Tololing]], Point 4590 and Black Rock in the [[Dras]] sector. According to his citation, Ravindranath personally led his battalion's reconnaissance teams under enemy artillery and small arms fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/mogod-basappa-ravindranath |title=MOGOD BASAPPA RAVINDRANATH {{!}} Gallantry Awards |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809154335/http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/mogod-basappa-ravindranath |archive-date=2018-08-09}} </ref>

On June 12, 1999, during the assault on Tololing, 2 RAJ RIF troops were under constant enemy artillery and heavy automatic fire. Realising the gravity of the situation, Ravindranath reached the spot and quickly restored the situation by his personal influence, which ultimately led to the beating back of enemy counterattacks, the capture of Tololing and the consolidation of the Indian Army's hold on Tololing and Point 4590.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Amarinder |title=A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999 |date=1999 |publisher=Motibagh Palace |location=Delhi |isbn=9788193107416 |page=172 |edition=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=C Sawant |first1=Gaurav |title=Dateline Kargil: A Correspondent's Nine-week Account from the Battlefront |date=2000 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0333934081 |page=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vir Chakra (VrC) Awardee: Col Magod Bassappa Ravindranath, VrC |url=http://twdi.in/node/4442 |website=The War Decorated India & Trust |access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref>

On the night of June 28, 2 RAJ RIF began its assault on Black Rock. During the attack, the assaulting company lost both its [[officer commanding]] and its second-in-command. Ravindranath then personally assumed command of the company and led the assault, eventually capturing Black Rock.<ref>{{cite news |title=Officer who won back Tololing passes away |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/officer-who-won-back-tololing-passes-away/571024.html |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |date=9 Apr 2018}}</ref>

For his actions during the war, Ravindranath was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] on August 15, 1999.

==Later life==
Ravindranath retired from the army in 2001 after the Kargil War. He lived in [[Bangalore]] and was on the board of directors for a number of self-owned ventures including Magod Fusion Technologies, Magod Laser Machining, Preusse India, and Tycoon Software Technologies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Corporate Affairs - Directorship info|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/director/MAGOD-BASAPPA-RAVINDRANATH/00419395|website=zaubacorp.com|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>

==Death==
Ravindranath died of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] on April 8, 2018, in a neighborhood park at [[Bengaluru]] at the age of 59 while jogging. He and his wife Anitha had two daughters, Prerna and Prarthana.<ref name="family">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/669818/kargil-war-hero-big-motivator.html|title=Kargil war hero was big motivator|last1=Sarmmah|first1=Surupasree|date=11 April 2018|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravindranath, Magod Basappa}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:People of the Kargil War]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]

Shatru (actor)

2026-04-23T09:34:51Z

EggleFreggle:

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shatru
| image =
| caption =
| alma_mater = [[Ravenshaw University]], [[Cuttack]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2010{{ndash}}present
| spouse = Vinoothna
| birth_name = M. Ramakrishna
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|08|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Sarla, [[Odisha]], India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-born-actor-in-allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa/|title = Odisha-born actor in Allu Arjun starrer Pushpa|date = 17 January 2022}}</ref>
| education =
}}

'''M. Ramakrishna''' (born 6 August 1984), known professionally as '''Shatru''', is an Indian actor who appears and works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-17|title=Odia actor M Ramakrishna plays an important role in Pushpa movie|url=https://kalingatv.com/state/odia-actor-r-ramakrishna-plays-an-important-role-in-pushpa-movie/|access-date=2022-01-18|website=KalingaTV|language=en-US}}</ref> He is best known for his roles in the films ''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]'' (2016), ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' (2018), ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' (2018), and ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021).<ref name=":0" />

== Early life and career ==
Ramakrishna was born into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking family to M. Satyanarayana and M. Sarojini Devi in the Sarla village of the [[Bargarh district]] in Odisha. He completed a [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[microbiology]] from [[Ravenshaw University]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Otv|first=News Desk|title=Pushpa-The Rise: Meet M Ramakrishna From Odisha Who Played A Key Role In The Flick|url=https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/pushpa-the-rise-meet-m-ramakrishna-from-odisha-who-played-a-key-role-in-the-flick--168645|access-date=2022-01-18|website=Pushpa-The Rise: Meet M Ramakrishna From Odisha Who Played A Key Role In The Flick|language=en}}</ref> Ramakrishna later moved to [[Hyderabad]] to pursue his acting career.<ref name="Hindu" /> After starring in several films in brief roles, including ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]'' (2010), Shatru had a breakthrough for his portrayal of Ramaraju in ''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/satiate-cravings|title=Satiate your cravings|first=Nikisha|last=Uddagiri|website=Telangana Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606020808/https://telanganatoday.com/satiate-cravings|archive-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> Shatru debuted in [[Tamil cinema]] with ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' (2016) before starring in ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' (2018) where he played the antagonist.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20180713/282883731489224|title=Shatru in Karthi's film|work=The Hindu|date=13 July 2018}}</ref> In a review of the film by the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', the reviewer wrote that "Telugu actor Shatru plays the villain and is suited for the role".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/160718/chinababu-movie-review-karthi-steals-the-show.html|title=Chinababu movie review: Karthi steals the show|work=Deccan Chronicle|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|date=16 July 2018}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes and {{refh}}
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]'' || Archana's assistant ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Alias Janaki]]'' || Mysa ||
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' || Prameela's kidnapper ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014 || ''[[Love You Bangaram]]'' || Nag||
|-
|''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Aagadu]]'' || Durga ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Subramanyam for Sale]]'' || Bala ||
|-
| ''[[Loafer (2015 film)|Loafer]]'' || Rama's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]'' || Ramaraju ||
|-
| ''[[Eedu Gold Ehe]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ism (film)|Ism]]'' || Javed Bhai's henchmen ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2017 || ''[[Mister (film)|Mister]]'' || Shatru ||
|-
| ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' || Pindaari tribal leader ||
|-
| ''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' || Badda Stephen Prakash ||
|-
| ''[[Veedevadu]]'' || James ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' || Jai's henchmen ||
|-
| ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]'' || Goon ||
|-
| ''[[PSV Garuda Vega]]'' || Yakub Ali || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/garudavega.html|title=Garuda Vega review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Rajasekhar, Pooja Kumar, Sunny Leone & Shraddha das}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan ="5"| 2018 || ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' || Kasi ||
|-
| ''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]'' || Jagadish ||
|-
| ''[[Sailaja Reddy Alludu]]'' || Rival of Shailaja Reddy ||
|-
| ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' || Subbadu ||
|-
| ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' || Dhanraj Pillai's henchman || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/padipadilechemanasu-review.html|title = Padi Padi Leche Manasu review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Sharwanand and Sai Pallavi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Kalki (2019 Telugu film)|Kalki]]'' || Perumaallu || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalki-review-steeped-in-mythological-references/article28197434.ece|title = Kalki review: This Dr Rajashekar film is steeped in mythological references|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 28 June 2019|last1 = Dundoo|first1 = Sangeetha Devi}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]'' || Kasi ||
|-
| ''[[George Reddy (film)|George Reddy]]'' || Kishan Singh || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/241119/george-reddy-movie-review-a-missed-opportunity.html|title = George Reddy movie review: A missed opportunity|date = 24 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[World Famous Lover]]'' || Patnaik ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
| ''[[Akshara (film)|Akshara]]'' || Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshya (2021 film)|Lakshya]]''|| Rahul || <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-10|title=Lakshya movie review: The archer hits mark, but film fails to|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/dec/11/lakshya-movie-review-the-archer-hits-mark-but-film-fails-to-2394156.html|access-date=|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' ||[[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Govindappa||<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pushpa-the-rise-movie-review-allu-arjun-shoulders-the-film-but-fahadh-faasils-role-is-a-disappointment/article37977023.ece|title = 'Pushpa - the Rise' movie review: Allu Arjun shoulders a story with a few sparkling moments, but Fahadh Faasil's role is a disappointment|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 18 December 2021|last1 = Dundoo|first1 = Sangeetha Devi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2022 ||''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
| Nagaraju's assistant
|
|-
|''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'' || Khilla
|
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|Lieutenant Vikas
|
|-
|''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]''
| Rishi IPS
|
|-
|''[[Veerapandiyapuram|Sivudu]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Top Gear (2022 film)|Top Gear]]'' || ACP Vikram ||
|-
|''Korameenu'' || Meesala Raju ||
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2023
|''[[Ugram (film)|Ugram]]''
|Victor
|
|-
|''[[Narakasura (2023 film)|Narakasura]]''
| Keshava
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/narakasura-review-interesting-revenge-drama-834776|title='Narakasura' review: Interesting revenge drama|work=[[The Hans India]]|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''Vairam''
|
|
|-
|''Ala Ninnu Cheri''
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Devaki Nandana Vasudeva]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Pothugadda]]''
|Madduri Bhaskar
|
|-
|[[Uppu Kappurambu|''Uppu Kappurambu'']]
|Madhubabu
|
|-
|''[[Karmanye Vadhikaraste]]''
|Arjun Prasad
|
|}

=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' || Thamba's brother-in-law
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]'' || Kodiyarasu
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 || ''[[Theal (film)|Theal]]'' || Paulraj
|-
|''[[Veerapandiyapuram]]'' || Karthi
|-
|''[[Pattathu Arasan]]'' || Sadagoppan
|-
|''[[Gatta Kusthi]]'' || Lokesh
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' || Vettaiyan Raja
|}

=== Other Language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Language
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Rustum (2019 film)|Rustum]]'' || Banty Yadav
|Kannada
|-
|2026
|''[[Pallichattambi]]''
|Rairu Ramanna
|Malayalam
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|''[[11th Hour (web series)|11th Hour]]''
|Rajvardhan Rathore
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/11th-hour-review-tamannaah-bhatia-tries-her-best-but-is-let-down-by-the-shows-unflattering-storyline-9516911.html|title=11th Hour review: Tamannaah Bhatia tries her best, but is let down by the show's unflattering storyline|date=11 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Mayasabha (TV series)|''Mayasabha'']]
|[[Vangaveeti Mohana Ranga|Vakada Mahesh]]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9061357}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shatru}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Bargarh district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

Chollangi Peta, Kakinada district

2026-04-22T12:02:15Z

EggleFreggle: added a place

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chollangi Peta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8742522|N|82.2338812|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Chollangi Peta''' is a village in [[Kakinada district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Thallarevu]] [[mandal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise villages |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf |website=Revenue Department - AP Land |publisher=National Informatics Center |accessdate=20 November 2014 |page=20 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf |archivedate=21 January 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kakinada district]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Vatva Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:48Z

EggleFreggle: added!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = VATVA
| mla = [[Babusinh Jadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:399033}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type=SLA
| constituency_no = 43
}}

'''Vatva''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 42, Odhav (OG) – 47
# Daskroi Taluka (Part) Villages – Kanbha, Kujad, Bakrol Bujrang, Gatrad, Memadpur, Bibipur, Geratnagar, Vanch, Dhamatvan, Vinzol, [[Vatva]], Hathijan, Singarva (CT), Vastral (M), Ramol (M)

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Pradipsinh Jadeja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Babusinh Jadav]]
|-
|}

<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/><section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2022]]: Vatva}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babusinh Sarabhai Jadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 151710
|percentage = 64.09
|change = +2.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balvantsinh Hemantsang Gadhavi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 51664
|percentage = 21.83
|change = -10.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bipin Patel
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 24947
|percentage = 10.54
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 44.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 236715
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:388433}}

}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Vatva<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Pradipsinh Jadeja]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,31,133
|percentage = 61.81
|change = +1.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bipinchandra Patel (Bipinkaka)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 68,753
|percentage = 32.41
|change = +1.91
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 62,380
|percentage = 29.4
|change = -0.03
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,12,161
|percentage = 68.02
|change = -1.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Vatva}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Pradipsinh Jadeja]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 95,580
|percentage = 59.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Atulkumar Ravjibhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 48,648
|percentage = 30.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shailesh Bharwad
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 4,633
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 46,932
|percentage = 29.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,479
|percentage = 69.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.95|72.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kutami

2026-04-19T11:09:29Z

EggleFreggle: creating

{{short description|Indian political alliance in the state of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Kutami
| native_name =
| logo = KutamiLOGO.jpg
| colorcode = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| foundation = 9 March 2024
| website =
| country = India
| abbreviation =
| ideology = {{Nowrap|'''Majority:''' [[Telugu people|Telugu nationalism]] [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] [[Conservatism]] [[Secularism]] [[Neoliberalism]] [[Populism]] '''Factions:''' [[Hindutva]] [[Hindu nationalism]]}}
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]] to [[centre-right]]
| seats2_title = [[Lok Sabha]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|21|25|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
| seats1_title = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|4|11|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
| seats4_title = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| seats4 = {{composition bar|164|175|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
| seats3_title = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| seats3 = {{composition bar|14|58|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
| colours = {{color box|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|border=darkgray}} Yellow
| native_name_lang = te
| eci =
| leader = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] ([[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]])
| president =
| chairman =
| leader1_title = [[Lok Sabha]] Leader
| leader1_name =
| leader2_title = [[Rajya Sabha]] Leader
| leader2_name =
| founders = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] [[Pawan Kalyan]] [[Narendra Modi]]
| national = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| regional =
| symbol =
| logo_upright = 1.15
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party sidebar}}
The '''Kutami''' ({{transliteration|te|ISO|Kūṭami}}; {{Langx|te|కూటమి|lit=Alliance}}) is a [[political alliance]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], officially established in 2024 as part of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA). The coalition comprises the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP), [[Janasena Party]] (JSP), and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Although the coalition was formally named "Kūṭami" in 2024, the three parties had previously collaborated during the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], where the TDP and BJP contested together while the JSP did not participate but extended support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-10 |title=Andhra Pradesh LS polls: TDP joins NDA to repeat 2014 win, JSP chief to contest Kakinada seat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Mar/10/andhra-pradesh-ls-polls-tdp-joins-nda-to-repeat-2014-win-jsp-chief-to-contest-kakinada-seat |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The formation of Kūṭami began on 14 September 2023, when the TDP and JSP announced their alliance,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-09-14 |title=Pawan Kalyan announces Jana Sena-TDP alliance after visiting Naidu in jail |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/pawan-kalyan-announces-jana-sena-tdp-alliance-after-visiting-naidu-in-jail |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> with the TDP subsequently re-joining the NDA on 9 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-09 |title=BJP, TDP, Jana Sena have come to understanding for alliance in upcoming polls: Naidu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bjp-tdp-jana-sena-have-come-to-understanding-for-alliance-in-upcoming-polls-naidu/articleshow/108351750.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Earlier, JSP re-joined NDA on 16 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=BJP, Jana Sena join hands, announce alliance in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-jana-sena-join-hands-announce-alliance-in-andhra-pradesh/story-31yYGz0tb6eeWeKbaXoi3N.html |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The name "Kūṭami" gained prominence during this period, signifying the renewed collaboration of these parties. The coalition achieved significant electoral success in 2024, winning 164 out of 175 seats in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and 21 out of 25 Lok Sabha seats in the state during the [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]].

==Current alliance members==
[[File:Prime Minister Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi in a roadshow with CM Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu & DCM Shri Pawan Kalyan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] (left) and [[Pawan Kalyan]] (right) along with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] (centre) participating in a roadshow in [[Visakhapatnam]] of Andhra Pradesh in 2025.]]
*Note: MPs in the [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Lok Sabha]] only include those from Andhra Pradesh seats

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Symbol
!Flag
![[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLAs in Andhra Pradesh Assembly]]
![[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|MLCs in Andhra Pradesh Council]]
![[Lok Sabha|MPs in Lok Sabha]]
!style="width:125px;"|MPs in Rajya Sabha
|-
|bgcolor={{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}}|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Lotus_flower_symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50px]]
|{{Composition bar|8|175|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|58|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|3|25|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|11|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|-
|bgcolor={{Party color|Janasena Party}}|
|[[Janasena Party]]
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_glass_tumbler.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Janasena_Party_Flag.png|50px]]
|{{Composition bar|21|175|{{Party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|58|{{Party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|25|{{Party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|0|11|{{Party color|Janasena Party}}}}
|-
|bgcolor={{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Cycle.png|50px]]
|[[File:Telugu_Desam_Party_Flag.png|50px]]
|{{Composition bar|135|175|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party }}}}
|{{Composition bar|10|58|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party }}}}
|{{Composition bar|16|25|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party }}}}
|{{Composition bar|2|11|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party }}}}
|-
!colspan=4 |Total
|{{Composition bar|164|175|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|14|58|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|21|25|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{Composition bar|4|11|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|}

==Electoral Performance==
===[[2024 Indian general election]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}};| Year
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| Seats won/ Seats contested
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| Change in seats
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| (%) of votes
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| Vote swing
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| Popular vote
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|21|25|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 18
|53.37
|{{increase}} 6.33
|17,774,004
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Party-wise results
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|12,569,179
| 37.79
|{{Decrease}} 2.40
| 17
|16
|{{Increase}} 13
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3,750,687
| 11.28
|{{Increase}} 10.30
| 6
|3
|{{Increase}} 3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Janasena Party]]
|1,454,138
| 4.30
|{{Decrease}} 1.57
| 2
|2
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3e8"|17,774,004
|style="background:#fef3e8"|53.37
|style="background:#fef3e8"|6.33
|style="background:#fef3e8"|25
|style="background:#fef3e8"|21
|style="background:#fef3e8"|18
|-
|}

===[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}};| Year
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| Seats won/ Seats contested
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| Change in seats
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| (%) of votes
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| Vote swing
! style="background-color:{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}| Popular vote
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|164|175|{{Party color|Telugu Desam Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 140
|55.30
|{{increase}} 9.74
|18,656,300
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Party-wise results<ref name="Andhra Pradesh Election results 2024: With 135 seats in kitty, Chandrababu Naidu set to become CM for the fourth time">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Andhra Pradesh Election results 2024: With 135 seats in kitty, Chandrababu Naidu set to become CM for the fourth time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/election-results-2024-naidu-set-to-become-cm-of-andhra-pradesh-for-fourth-time-complete-rout-for-jagans-ysrcp/article68251434.ece |access-date=27 November 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605121439/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/election-results-2024-naidu-set-to-become-cm-of-andhra-pradesh-for-fourth-time-complete-rout-for-jagans-ysrcp/article68251434.ece |archive-date=5 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|15,384,576
|45.60
|{{increase}} 6.43
|144
|135
|{{Increase}}112
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Janasena Party]]
|2,317,747
|6.87
|{{increase}} 1.32
|21
|21
|{{Increase}} 20
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|953,977
|2.83
|{{increase}} 1.99
|10
|8
|{{Increase}} 8
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#f3f6a0"|Total
|style="background:#f3f6a0"|18,656,300
|style="background:#f3f6a0"|55.30
|style="background:#f3f6a0"|9.74
|style="background:#f3f6a0"|175
|style="background:#f3f6a0"|164
|style="background:#f3f6a0"|140
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Maha Kutami (2009)]]
*[[Praja Kutami|Praja Kutami (2018)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{National Democratic Alliance|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance]]
[[Category:Coalition governments of India]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]

Rangsakona Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:27Z

EggleFreggle: added data.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rangsakona
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Rangsakona Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 52
| mla = [[Subir Marak]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:37543}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Rangsakona''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Sanford Marak]] || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Jenden Ch. Marak
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Pipinson Momin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Chesterfield Marak || {{Full party name with color|Hill People's Union}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | [[Adolf Lu Hitler Marak]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || [[Zenith Sangma]]
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Adolf Lu Hitler Marak]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | [[Zenith Sangma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Subir Marak]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subir Marak]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=13,605 |percentage=41.96% |change={{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zenith Sangma]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=12,817 |percentage=39.53% |change={{increase}}38.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipul R. Marak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,571 |percentage=14.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Edmund S Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=820 |percentage=2.53% |change={{decrease}}47.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indrash M. Marak |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=353 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bipul Ch. Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=255 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=195 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}0.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=788 |percentage=2.43% |change= {{decrease}}4.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,421 |percentage=86.36% |change= {{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,543 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zenith Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,981 |percentage=49.90% |change={{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subir Marak]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=12,019 |percentage=42.90% |change={{increase}}22.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Pilne A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=567 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eldred Ch. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=451 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kredithson Marak |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=372 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mody M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=169 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,962 |percentage=7.00% |change= {{decrease}}18.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,019 |percentage=88.28% |change= {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,740 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zenith Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,407 |percentage=48.23% |change={{increase}}6.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subir Marak]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,337 |percentage=22.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipul R. Marak |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,736 |percentage=20.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jingjang M. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=886 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manjit Koch |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=479 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kr. Hajong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=343 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mody M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=230 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,070 |percentage=25.66% |change= {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,653 |percentage=88.41% |change= {{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,754 |ref = |change= {{increase}}66.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adolf Lu Hitler Marak]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=8,193 |percentage=54.01% |change={{increase}}14.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zenith Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,354 |percentage=41.89% |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nependroy Ch. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=312 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sigstar D. Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=311 |percentage=2.05% |change={{decrease}}6.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,839 |percentage=12.12% |change= {{increase}}9.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,170 |percentage=94.68% |change= {{increase}}16.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,022 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Zenith Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,452 |percentage=41.70% |change={{decrease}}12.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adolf Lu Hitler Marak]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,117 |percentage=39.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Glaxstone Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,115 |percentage=8.53% |change={{decrease}}4.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Labindro Marak |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=691 |percentage=5.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stella Marie A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=385 |percentage=2.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohidas Marak |party=Garo National Council |votes=314 |percentage=2.40% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=335 |percentage=2.56% |change= {{decrease}}23.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,074 |percentage=78.48% |change= {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,661 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adolf Lu Hitler Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,403 |percentage=54.28% |change={{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipul R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=3,382 |percentage=28.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chesterfield Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,524 |percentage=12.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jimonsing Marak |party=Garo National Council |votes=297 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krehot Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=191 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,021 |percentage=25.61% |change= {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,797 |percentage=80.53% |change= {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,083 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adolf Lu Hitler Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,474 |percentage=49.17% |change={{increase}}32.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chesterfield Marak |party=Meghalaya Progressive People's Party |votes=2,879 |percentage=25.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Clement Marak |party=Hill People's Union |votes=1,516 |percentage=13.62% |change={{decrease}}25.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanford Marak]] |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=1,263 |percentage=11.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,595 |percentage=23.31% |change= {{increase}}13.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,132 |percentage=85.10% |change= {{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,463 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= {{increase}}10.54 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chesterfield Marak |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,522 |percentage=38.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pipinson Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=2,639 |percentage=28.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joylance Momin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,491 |percentage=16.36% |change={{decrease}}20.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=883 |percentage=9.69% |change= {{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,116 |percentage=83.31% |change= {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,417 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pipinson Momin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,645 |percentage=36.84% |change={{decrease}}2.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jenden Ch. Marak |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,481 |percentage=34.55% |change={{decrease}}26.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanggin Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,215 |percentage=16.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chesterfield Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=737 |percentage=10.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hercules R. Marak |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=102 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=164 |percentage=2.28% |change= {{decrease}}19.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,180 |percentage=74.93% |change= {{increase}}5.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,013 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}24.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jenden Ch. Marak |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=3,522 |percentage=60.94% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanford Marak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,257 |percentage=39.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,265 |percentage=21.89% |change= {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,779 |percentage=70.80% |change= {{increase}}22.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,677 |ref = |change= {{increase}}51.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangsakona<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanford Marak]] |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,534 |percentage=61.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jenden Ch. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=975 |percentage=38.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=559 |percentage=22.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,509 |percentage=47.36% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,722 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South West Garo Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.54|90.04|display=title}}

[[Category:South West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Onda Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:35Z

EggleFreggle: added info.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Onda
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Onda.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Onda Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Amarnath Shakha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| constituency_no = 254
| established = 1957
| electors = 199,396
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Onda Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 254 Onda Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; and Bikna, Kosthia, Narrah and Sanbandha [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Bankura II (community development block)|Bankura II]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2011-04-03 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 13 August 2011 }}</ref>

Onda Assembly constituency is part of No. 37 [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| - class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Members<ref>{{Cite web|title=Onda Election 2021: Assembly Elections News, Onda Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/onda-election-result-s25a254/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=News18}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan=2|[[Arup Kumar Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Amarnath Shakha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Onda}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subrata Datta
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amarnath Shakha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Asit Sharma
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Onda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amarnath Shakha]]
|votes = 1,04,940
|percentage = 46.48
|change = {{increase}}32.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Arup Kumar Khan]]
|votes = 93,389
|percentage = 41.37
|change = {{increase}}0.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Tarapada Chakraborty
|votes = 15,613
|percentage = 6.92
|change = {{decrease}}28.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 4,879
|percentage = 2.16
|change = {{decrease}}0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,551
|percentage = 5.11
|change = {{increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,25,759
|percentage = 87.88
|change = {{increase}}1.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Onda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Arup Kumar Khan]]
|votes = 80,603
|percentage = 40.70
|change = {{decrease}}2.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Manik Mukherjee
|votes = 69,755
|percentage = 35.23
|change = {{decrease}}7.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amarnath Shakha]]
|votes = 27,417
|percentage = 13.85
|change = {{increase}}8.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashok Chattopadhyay
|votes = 6,158
|percentage = 3.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sadhan Chattaraj
|votes = 5,015
|percentage = 2.53
|change = {{increase}}0.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 4,489
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sabiruddin Bhuina
|votes = 3,042
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Baidyanath China
|votes = 1,539
|percentage = 0.78
|change = {{decrease}}1.66
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10,848
|percentage = 5.47
|change = {{increase}}5.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,98,018
|percentage = 86.63
|change = {{decrease}}0.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Onda<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25254.htm |title = Onda |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-22 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=254| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072448/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=254| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Onda | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Onda |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Arup Kumar Khan]]
|votes = 75,699
|percentage = 43.50
|change = {{increase}}11.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Tarapada Chakraborty
|votes = 75,103
|percentage = 43.16
|change = {{decrease}}17.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amarnath Shakha]]
|votes = 10,056
|percentage = 5.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Baidyanath China
|votes = 4,245
|percentage = 2.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amitava Dey
|votes = 3,201
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Abdul Hai Mallick
|votes = 2,141
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = Abdul Samid Mandal
|votes = 1,787
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Dilip Murmu
|votes = 1,783
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 596
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,74,015
|percentage = 87.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing = 28.13
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Tarapada Chakrabarti of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Onda assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Abeda Bibi Sk of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only the winner and runners are being mentioned. Anil Mukherjee of Forward Bloc defeated Sk. Sajahan of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2001, Arup Khan of Congress in 1996, Sambhu Narayan Goswami of Congress in 1991, Tapan Banerjee of Congress in 1987 and Sambhu Narayan Goswami of Congress in 1982 and 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp252.htm |title = 252 - Onda Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-04-03 }}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Sambhu Narayan Goswami of Congress won in 1972. Manik Dutta of CPI(M) won in 1971. Anil Kumar Mukherjee of Forward Block won in 1969. S.Dutta of Congress won in 1967. Gokul Behari Das of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Onda dual seat was won by Gokul Behari Das and Ashutosh Mallick, both of Congress, in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. The Onda seat did not exist prior to that.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2011-04-03 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Bankura district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Raam (2006 film)

2026-03-25T19:13:56Z

EggleFreggle: basic expand layout for clarity and corrected details after review

{{short description|Indian comedy drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raam (2006 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = N. Shankar
| starring = [[Nithiin]] [[Genelia D'Souza]] [[Hrishitaa Bhatt]] [[Atul Kulkarni]] [[Krishnam Raju]]
| director = [[N. Shankar]]
| producer = N. Sudhakar Reddy
| cinematography = [[Jaya Krishna Gummadi]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Sri Venkataramana Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|3|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] '''Score:''' [[Mani Sharma]]
| budget = 
}}

'''''Raam''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[N.Shankar]] starring [[Nithiin]], [[Genelia D'Souza]] and [[Hrishitaa Bhatt]] in lead roles and [[Krishnam Raju]] in a vital role. The film, produced by Nitin's father Sudhakar Reddy, has music scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and was released on 30 March 2006. The film was later dubbed and released in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Jeene Do: Let Us Live'' in 2008 by Sumeet Arts.

==Plot==
Raam, is a happy-go-lucky guy in Hyderabad. He is an upcoming cycle champion. A win in a competition takes him to the final round in Mumbai. However, life in Mumbai life pans out unexpectedly for him. He ends up unraveling the gritty knots of his family, especially that of his grandfather Dasharatha Ramaiah.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nithiin]] as Raam
* [[Genelia D'Souza]] as Janaki / Lakshmi
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Dasharatha Ramaiah
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Veerendra, Janaki's father
* [[Devaraj]] as Rahim
* [[Hrishitaa Bhatt]] as Jyotika
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Raam's father
* [[Rajya Lakshmi (actress)|Rajya Lakshmi]] as Raam's mother
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Janaki's mother
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Dr. Chakravarti
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Kovai Sarala]]
* [[MS Narayana]]
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Janaki's brother
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Vizag Prasad]]
* Shravan
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film's ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' was held at Rama Naidu Studios on 19 August 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-nitin-genelia.html|title=Nitin's film - muhurat Photos - Telugu Cinema - Genelia|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The title was confirmed by the end of 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news267.html|title=Nitin’s film title is Ram|date=30 December 2005|website=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. It was released at Taj Banjara, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] on 10 March 2006 and features 5 tracks overall. [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[V. V. Vinayak]] attended the audio release function, which was anchored by Sattanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/stargazing/article3217497.ece|title=Stargazing|date=17 March 2006|access-date=8 December 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-ram.html|title=Ram - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Nitin & Genelia|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The lyrics were written by Chinni Charan, [[Chandrabose (Lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and [[Bhuvanachandra]]. The beginning of "Nuvvena" was reused for "Megham Megham" in ''[[Kannamoochi Yenada]]'' (2007).{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Raam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 March 2006
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 21:32
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Pattiyal]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:32
| title1 = Evmaindo Emito (Shock)
| lyrics1 = Chinni Charan
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Aanchal Datta Bhatia, [[Suchitra]], [[Premji Amaran]]
| length1 = 4:39
| title2 = Nuvvena
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (Lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length2 = 4:23
| title3 = Made in Hyderabad
| lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length3 =4:18
| title4 = Kurabhani
| lyrics4 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra4 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length4 = 4:18
| title5 = Pilla Bale
| lyrics5 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Saindhavi]]
| length5 = 3:54
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1285003}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2006 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. Shankar]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Gudalur Janmam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1969

2026-03-25T18:48:56Z

EggleFreggle: added entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=October 2008}}
{{essay-like|date=October 2008}}
}}

The '''Gudalur Janmam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1969''' was an act aiming at vesting of agricultural land to the cultivators and was specially created for the [[Gudalur (Nilgiris district)|Gudalur]] [[Taluk]] of [[Nilgiris District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] State in [[India]]. The [[Statute|Act]] passed by the [[Tamil Nadu]] State [[Legislature]] as Act 24/1969.This was also included in the ninth schedule of the Constitution. Section 3 of the said Act was for vesting the private forest with the State Government and this provision was struck down by the Court as unconstitutional. to overcome the Court Judgment, this Act was placed in the 9th Schedule of the Constitution of India. A Bench of Supreme Court held that the purpose of the Act, enacted by the Tamil Nadu government, was meant to do away with hereditary ship.

==Act==
This act is placed in the Ninth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]] as entry number 80. Therefore, it is exempt from constitutional challenge on [[fundamental right|civil right]] grounds<ref>per the decision of the supreme court dated 11-jan-2007 in I R Coelho vs state of Tamil nadu 2007 (2) SCC 70, the 9 judge bench of the supreme court has struck down the protection enjoyed by legislations which were included in the schedule IX of the constitution as a result of this land mark judgement now it is open for challenge by a citizen for violation of fundamental rights guaranteed by part III of the constitution.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tamil Nadu Government Laws & Rules]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2002-03/rev2002-03-4.htm www.tn.gov.in policy note]

[[Category:Tamil Nadu state legislation]]

Pluralism (political philosophy)

2026-03-20T03:38:44Z

EggleFreggle: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Recognition and affirmation of diversity and coexistence within a political body}}
{{About|pluralism as a political philosophy|the theory that political power in society does not lie with the electorate but is distributed between a wide number of groups|Pluralism (political theory)|other uses|Pluralism (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

'''Pluralism''' as a [[political philosophy]] is the belief that diversity within a political body permits the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, ideologies and lifestyles.<ref>[http://www.mathwizurd.com/government/2015/10/12/three-theories-of-american-democracy "Theories of American Democracy"]</ref> While not all political pluralists advocate for a [[pluralist democracy]], this is the most common stance, because [[democracy]] is often viewed as the most fair and effective way to moderate between discrete values.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pluralism and Liberal Democracy|first1=Richard E.|last1=Flathman|date=2005|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|ISBN=080188215X}}</ref>

Political theorist [[Isaiah Berlin]], a strong supporter of pluralism, wrote: "let us have the courage of our admitted ignorance, of our doubts and uncertainties. At least we can try to discover what others ... require, by ... making it possible for ourselves to know men as they truly are, by listening to them carefully and sympathetically, and understanding them and their lives and their needs... ."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/berlin/|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first1=Joshua|last1=Cherniss|first2=Henry |last2=Hardy|editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|date=1 January 2016|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>
Pluralism thus tries to encourage members of society to accommodate their differences by avoiding [[extremism]] (adhering solely to one value, or at the very least refusing to recognize others as legitimate) and engaging in [[good faith]] dialogue. Pluralists also seek the construction or reform of social institutions in order to reflect and balance competing principles.

One of the more famous arguments for institutional pluralism came from [[James Madison]] in [[Federalist No. 10|''The Federalist'' paper number 10]]. Madison feared that factionalism would lead to in-fighting in the new American republic and devotes this paper to questioning how best to avoid such an occurrence. He posits that to avoid factionalism, it is best to allow many competing factions (advocating different primary principles) to prevent any one from dominating the [[political system]]. This relies, to a degree, on a series of disturbances changing the influences of groups so as to avoid institutional dominance and ensure competition.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Like [[Edmund Burke]], this view concerns itself with balance, and subordinating any single abstract principle to a plurality or realistic harmony of interests. Pluralism recognizes that certain conditions may make good-faith negotiation impossible, and therefore also focuses on what institutional structures can best modify or prevent such a situation. Pluralism advocates institutional design in keeping with a form of pragmatic [[Realism (international relations)|realism]] here, with the preliminary adoption of suitable existing socio-historical structures where necessary. One of the problems plaguing any discussion of pluralism is that it is a multi-faceted concept. There are at least four distinct ways in which the term pluralism has been used.<ref>{{cite journal|date=Winter 2020|url=https://www.academia.edu/43891966|title= Hamed Kazemzadeh: Democratic platform in Social Pluralism
|journal= Internal Journal of Acpcs|issue=10|last1= Kazemzadeh|first1= Hamed}}</ref>

[[William E. Connolly]] challenges older theories of pluralism by arguing for pluralization as a goal rather than as a state of affairs. Connolly's argument for the "multiplication of factions" follows [[James Madison]]'s logic in engaging groups, constituencies, and voters at both the micro and macro level. Essentially, he has shifted the theory from a conservative theory of order, to a progressive theory of democratic contestation and engagement.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Democracy, pluralism and political theory|first1=William E.|last1=Connolly|authorlink1=William E. Connolly|date=2007|publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group|location=London, England|first2=Samuel Allen|last2=Chambers|first3=Terrell|last3=Carver|isbn=9780415431224|oclc=133465498}}</ref> Connolly introduces the distinction between pluralism and ''pluralization''. Pluralism, whether the interest-group pluralism of [[Robert A. Dahl]] or political liberalism's "reasonable" pluralism, is oriented towards existing diversity of groups, values, and identities competing for political representation. Pluralization, by contrast, names the emergence of new interests, identities, values, and differences raising claims to representation not currently legible within the existing pluralist imaginary.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pluralism|first=William E.|last=Connolly|authorlink=William E. Connolly|date=2005 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=0822335549|location=Durham, North Carolina|oclc=57319610}}</ref>

==The common good==
Pluralism is connected with the hope that this process of conflict and [[dialogue]] will result in a quasi-[[common good]]. This common good is not an abstract value or set in stone, however, but an attempt at balancing competing social interests and will thus constantly shift given present social conditions. Proponents in the contemporary political philosophy of such a view include [[Isaiah Berlin]], [[Stuart Hampshire]] and [[Bernard Williams]]. An earlier version of political pluralism was a strong current in the formation of modern [[social democracy]] (to balance socialist and capitalist ideals), with theorists such as the early [[Harold Laski]] and [[G. D. H. Cole]], as well as other leading members of the British [[Fabian Society]]. In the United States, President [[Dwight Eisenhower]]'s "middle way" was arguably motivated by a belief in political pluralism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI9952203/|title=Pursuing the "middle way": Eisenhower Republicanism, 1952–1964|first=Wagner, Steven|last=Thomas|date=1 January 1999|pages=1–282}}</ref>

While advocated by many pluralists, pluralism need not embrace social democracy given it does not [[A priori knowledge|a priori]] assume a desirable political system. Rather, pluralists advocate one based on the pre-existing traditions and cognizable interests of a given society, and the political structure most likely to harmonize these factors. Thus, pluralists have also included [[Michael Oakeshott]] and [[John Kekes]], proponents of something close to [[liberal conservatism]] (although will often reject such political labels). What pluralists certainly do have in common is the notion that a single vision or ideological schema, whether [[Marxism]] or unbridled [[neoliberalism]], is likely too simplistic and rigid to advocate human beings' natural plurality of values. Pluralists likewise reject [[historicism]] and [[utopian]] thinking. While some, like [[John Gray (philosopher)|John N. Gray]], repudiate historical progress altogether, others, like [[Edmund Burke]], indicate that human progress has occurred, as a function of improved social harmony.

==Conditions==
For pluralism to function and to be successful in defining the common good, all groups have to agree to a minimal consensus that shared values are at least worth pursuing. The most important baseline value is thus that of mutual [[respect]], [[understanding]] or [[Toleration|tolerance]]. If no such dialogue is possible, [[extremism]] and physical coercion are likely inevitable.

==Notable pluralists (alphabetical)==
{{unsourced section|date=November 2024}}
{{cols|colwidth=16em}}
* [[John Adams]]
* [[Samuel Adams]]
* [[Hannah Arendt]]
* [[Aristotle]]
* [[Hilaire Belloc]]
* [[Isaiah Berlin]]
* [[Edmund Burke]]
* [[Thomas Carlyle]]
* [[G. K. Chesterton]]
* [[Robert Dahl]]
* [[Charles Darwin]]
* [[Dorothy Day]]
* [[René Descartes]]
* [[Paul Feyerabend]] (later)
* [[Benjamin Franklin]]
* [[Sigmund Freud]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Edward Gibbon]]
* [[John Gray (philosopher)|John N. Gray]]
* [[Alexander Hamilton]]
* [[Thomas Hobbes]]
* [[Victor Hugo]]
* [[David Hume]]
* [[William James]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[John Maynard Keynes]]
* [[C. S. Lewis]]
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[John Locke]]
* [[George MacDonald]]
* [[James Madison]]
* [[Joseph de Maistre]]
* [[William McKinley]]
* [[Thomas Merton]]
* [[John Stuart Mill]]
* [[John Milton]]
* [[Michel de Montaigne]]
* [[Montesquieu]]
* [[John Henry Newman]]
* [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
* [[Flannery O'Connor]]
* [[Michael Oakeshott]] (later)
* [[Thomas Paine]]
* [[Charles Sanders Peirce]]
* [[Plato]]
* [[Karl Popper]]
* [[Joseph Raz]]
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
* [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]
* [[Adam Smith]]
* [[Socrates]]
* [[Baruch Spinoza]]
* [[Alexis de Tocqueville]]
* [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]
* [[Mark Twain]]
* [[Voltaire]]
* [[George Washington]]
* [[Walt Whitman]]
* [[Bernard Williams]]
{{colend}}

==See also==
{{wikiquote}}
* [[Anekantavada]]
* [[Liberal democracy]]
* [[Moderation]]
* [[Pluralistic Rationalism|Plurationalism]]
* [[Value pluralism]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Rajiv Krishnan Kozhikode and Jiatao Li, "Political pluralism, public policies, and organizational choices: banking branch expansion in India, 1948–2003," ''Academy of Management Journal'', 55(2), 339–359.
* ''Pluralism and Liberal Democracy'', Richard E. Flatham (2005).
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/berlin/#4.4 "Isaiah Berlin"]
* ''Morality and Conflict'', [[Stuart Hampshire|Hampshire, Stuart]] (1983).
* ''From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics'', [[Charles Blattberg|Blattberg, Charles]] (2000).
* ''Democratic platform in Social Pluralism'', [[Hamed Kazemzadeh|Kazemzadeh, Hamed]] (2020).
* ''Liberty'', [[Isaiah Berlin|Berlin, Isaiah]] (2002).
* ''In the Beginning Was the Deed'', [[Bernard Williams|Williams, Bernard]] (2005).
* [https://www.commentary.org/peter-wehner/michael-oakeshott-and-modern-conservatism/ "Michael Oakeshott and Modern Conservatism"]
* On legal pluralism and communities, see: [[Gad Barzilai]], Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.

{{Political philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pluralism (Political Philosophy)}}
[[Category:Pluralism (philosophy)]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Power sharing]]

Dhananjay Soren

2026-03-13T06:11:56Z

EggleFreggle: added post!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Borio Assembly constituency|Borio]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Lobin Hembrom]]
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| image = Dhananjay Soren.jpg
| image_size = 200
}}
'''Dhananjay Soren''' is an Indian politician from Jharkhand. He is a [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Borio Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Borio (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/borio-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684209/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Borio Election Result 2024 LIVE: Dhananjay Soren of JMM Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/borio-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130238.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soren, Dhananjay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Sahibganj district]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

History of tracheal intubation

2026-03-11T19:47:09Z

EggleFreggle: done!

{{Short description|none}}
[[Tracheal intubation]] (usually simply referred to as '''intubation'''), an [[Invasiveness of surgical procedures|invasive medical procedure]], is the placement of a flexible plastic [[catheter]] into the [[vertebrate trachea|trachea]]. For millennia, [[tracheotomy]] was considered the most reliable (and most risky) method of tracheal intubation. By the late 19th century, advances in the sciences of [[anatomy]] and [[physiology]], as well as the beginnings of an appreciation of the [[germ theory of disease]], had reduced the [[morbidity]] and [[Mortality rate|mortality]] of this operation to a more acceptable rate. Also in the late 19th century, advances in [[endoscopy|endoscopic]] instrumentation had improved to such a degree that direct [[laryngoscopy]] had finally become a viable means to secure the [[airway]] by the non-surgical orotracheal route. Nasotracheal intubation was not widely practiced until the early 20th century. The 20th century saw the transformation of the practices of tracheotomy, endoscopy and non-surgical tracheal intubation from rarely employed procedures to essential components of the practices of [[anesthesia]], [[Intensive-care medicine|critical care medicine]], [[emergency medicine]], [[gastroenterology]], [[pulmonology]] and [[surgery]].

==Tracheotomy==
{{See also|Tracheotomy}}
[[File:Tracheotomy1.jpg|thumb|This portrait, though undated, supports the view that tracheotomy was practiced in [[ancient history]]]]

The earliest known depiction of a tracheotomy is found on two [[Egypt]]ian [[Clay tablet|tablets]] dating back to circa 3600 BC.<ref name=Pahor1992I/> The 110-page [[Ebers Papyrus]], an [[Egyptian medical papyri|Egyptian medical papyrus]] that dates to around 1550 BC, also refers to the tracheotomy.<ref name=Pahor1992I/><ref name=Frost1976/> Tracheotomy was described in an ancient Indian scripture, the [[Rigveda]]: the text mentions "the bountiful one who, without a ligature, can cause the windpipe to re-unite when the cervical cartilages are cut across, provided they are not entirely severed."<ref name=Frost1976/><ref name=Stock1987/><ref name=Pahor1992/> The [[Sushruta Samhita]] ({{circa|400 BC}}) is another text from the [[Indian subcontinent]] on ayurvedic medicine and surgery that mentions tracheotomy.<ref name=Sushruta/>

The [[Greeks|Greek]] physician [[Hippocrates]] ({{circa|460}}–{{circa|370 BC}}) condemned the practice of tracheotomy. Warning against the unacceptable risk of death from inadvertent laceration of the [[Common carotid artery|carotid artery]] during tracheotomy, Hippocrates also cautioned that "The most difficult [[fistula]]s are those that occur in the cartilaginous areas."<ref name=Connell1951/> [[Homerus of Byzantium]] is said to have written of [[Alexander the Great]] (356–323 BC) saving a soldier from [[asphyxia]]tion by making an incision with the tip of his sword in the man's trachea.<ref name=Szmuk2008/>

Despite the concerns of Hippocrates, [[Galen]] of [[Pergamon]] (129–199) and [[Aretaeus]] of [[Cappadocia]] (both of whom lived in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] in the 2nd century AD) credit [[Asclepiades of Bithynia]] ({{circa|124}}–40 BC) as being the first physician to perform a non-emergency tracheotomy.<ref name=Gumpert1794/><ref name=Yapijakis2009/> However, Aretaeus warned against the performance of tracheotomy because he believed that incisions made into the tracheal [[cartilage]] were prone to secondary [[wound infection]]s and therefore would not heal. He wrote that "The lips of the wound do not coalesce, for they are both cartilaginous and not of a nature to unite".<ref name=Goodall1934/><ref name=Grillo2003/> [[Antyllus]], another Greek surgeon who lived in Rome in the 2nd century AD, was reported to have performed tracheotomy when treating oral diseases. He refined the technique to be more similar to that used in modern times, recommending that a [[Transverse plane|transverse]] incision be made between the third and fourth tracheal rings for the treatment of life-threatening airway obstruction.<ref name=Goodall1934/> Antyllus wrote that tracheotomy was not effective however in cases of severe [[Croup|laryngotracheobronchitis]] because the [[pathology]] was distal to the operative site. Antyllus' original writings were lost, but they were preserved by [[Oribasius]] ({{circa|320}}–400) and [[Paul of Aegina]] ({{circa|625}}–690), both of whom were Greek physicians as well as historians.<ref name=Goodall1934/> Galen clarified the anatomy of the trachea and was the first to demonstrate that the larynx generates the voice.<ref name=Galen1956-oxford/><ref name=Galen1956-rsm/> Galen may have understood the importance of artificial ventilation, because in one of his experiments he used bellows to inflate the lungs of a dead animal.<ref name=Galen1528/><ref name=Baker1971/>

Circa 1020, [[Avicenna|Ibn Sīnā]] (980–1037) described the use of tracheal intubation in ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' to facilitate [[breathing]].<ref name=Skinner2008/> In the 12th century medical textbook ''Al-Taisir'', [[Ibn Zuhr]] (1091–1161) of Al-Andalus (also known as Avenzoar) provided an anatomically correct description of the tracheotomy operation.<ref name=Abdel2005/><ref name=Shehata/>

The [[Renaissance]] saw significant advances in anatomy and surgery, and surgeons became increasingly open to surgery on the trachea. Despite this, the mortality rate failed to improve.<ref name=Goodall1934/> From 1500 through 1832 there are only 28 known descriptions of successful tracheotomy in the literature.<ref name=Goodall1934/> The first detailed descriptions on tracheal intubation and subsequent [[artificial respiration]] of animals were from [[Andreas Vesalius]] (1514–1564) of Brussels. In his landmark book published in 1543, ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'', he described an experiment in which he passed a [[reed (plant)|reed]] into the trachea of a dying animal whose [[thorax]] had been opened and maintained ventilation by blowing into the reed intermittently.<ref name=Baker1971/><ref name=Vesalius1543/> Vesalius wrote that the technique could be life-saving. [[Antonio Musa Brassavola]] (1490–1554) of [[Ferrara]] treated a patient with [[peritonsillar abscess]] by tracheotomy after the patient had been refused by [[barber surgeon]]s. The patient apparently made a complete recovery and Brassavola published his account in 1546. This operation has been identified as the first recorded successful tracheostomy, despite many ancient references to the trachea and possibly to its opening.<ref name=Goodall1934/>

[[Image:Acquapendente - Operationes chirurgicae, 1685 - 2984755.tif|thumb|[[Hieronymus Fabricius]], ''Operationes chirurgicae'', 1685]]
Towards the end of the 16th century, anatomist and surgeon [[Hieronymus Fabricius]] (1533–1619) described a useful technique for tracheotomy in his writings, although he had never actually performed the operation himself. He advised using a vertical incision and was the first to introduce the idea of a tracheostomy tube. This was a straight, short [[cannula]] that incorporated wings to prevent the tube from advancing too far into the trachea. Fabricius' description of the tracheotomy procedure is similar to that used today. [[Julius Casserius]] (1561–1616) succeeded Fabricius as professor of anatomy at the University of Padua and published his own writings regarding technique and equipment for tracheotomy, recommending a curved silver tube with several holes in it. [[Marco Aurelio Severino]] (1580–1656), a skillful surgeon and anatomist, performed multiple successful tracheotomies during a [[diphtheria]] [[epidemic]] in [[Naples]] in 1610, using the vertical incision technique recommended by Fabricius. He also developed his own version of a trocar.<ref name=Armytage1960/>

In 1620 the French surgeon [[Nicholas Habicot]] (1550–1624), surgeon of the [[Duke of Nemours]] and anatomist, published a report of four successful "bronchotomies" he had performed.<ref name=Habicot1620/> One of these is the first recorded case of a tracheotomy for the removal of a foreign body, in this instance a blood clot in the larynx of a stabbing victim. He also described the first known tracheotomy performed on a [[Pediatrics|pediatric]] patient. A 14-year-old boy swallowed a bag containing 9 gold coins in an attempt to prevent its theft by a [[highwayman]]. The object became lodged in his [[esophagus]], obstructing his trachea. Habicot suggested that the operation might also be effective for patients with inflammation of the larynx. He developed equipment for this surgical procedure that are similar in many ways to modern designs.

[[Sanctorius]] (1561–1636) is believed to be the first to use a trocar in the operation. He recommended leaving the cannula in place for a few days following the operation.<ref name=Sanctorii1646/> Early tracheostomy devices are illustrated in Habicot's ''Question Chirurgicale''<ref name=Habicot1620/> and Julius Casserius' posthumous ''Tabulae anatomicae'' in 1627.<ref name=Casserius1632/> Thomas Fienus (1567–1631), Professor of Medicine at the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Louvain]], was the first to use the word "tracheotomy" in 1649, but this term was not commonly used until a century later.<ref name=Cawthorne1959/> Georg Detharding (1671–1747), professor of anatomy at the [[University of Rostock]], treated a drowning victim with tracheostomy in 1714.<ref name=Detharding1745/><ref name=Wischhusen1977/><ref name=Price1962/>

Fearful of complications, most surgeons delayed the potentially life-saving tracheotomy until a patient was moribund, despite the knowledge that irreversible organ damage would have already occurred by that time. This began to change in the early 19th century, when the tracheotomy finally began to be recognized as a legitimate means of treating severe airway obstruction. In 1832, French physician [[Pierre Bretonneau]] (1778–1862) employed tracheotomy as a last resort to treat a case of [[diphtheria]].<ref name=Trousseau1833/> In 1852, Bretonneau's student [[Armand Trousseau]] (1801–1867) presented a series of 169 tracheotomies (158 of which were for [[croup]] and 11 for "chronic maladies of the larynx").<ref name=Trousseau1852/> In 1871, the German surgeon [[Friedrich Trendelenburg]] (1844–1924) published a paper describing the first successful elective human tracheotomy performed to administer general anesthesia.<ref name=Trendelenburg1871/><ref name=hargrave1934/><ref name=Bain1964/><ref name=Wawersik1991/> After the death of German Emperor [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick III]] from [[laryngeal cancer]] in 1888, Sir [[Morell Mackenzie]] (1837–1892) and the other treating physicians collectively wrote a book discussing the then-current [[Indication (medicine)|indications]] for tracheotomy and when the operation is absolutely necessary.<ref name=Mackenzie1888/>

In the early 20th century, physicians began to use the tracheotomy in the treatment of patients affected by paralytic [[poliomyelitis]] who required mechanical ventilation. The currently used surgical tracheotomy technique was described in 1909 by [[Chevalier Jackson]] (1865–1958), a professor of laryngology at [[Jefferson Medical College#Jefferson Medical College|Jefferson Medical College]] in Philadelphia.<ref name=Jackson1909/> However, surgeons continued to debate various aspects of the tracheotomy well into the 20th century. Many techniques were employed, along with many different surgical instruments and tracheal tubes. Surgeons could not seem to reach a consensus on where or how the tracheal incision should be made, arguing whether the "high tracheotomy" or the "low tracheotomy" was more beneficial. Ironically, the newly developed [[Inhalational anaesthetic|inhalational anesthetic agents]] and techniques of general anesthesia actually seemed to increase the risks, with many patients with fatal postoperative complications. Jackson emphasised the importance of postoperative care, which dramatically reduced the mortality rate. By 1965, the surgical anatomy was thoroughly and widely understood, [[antibiotic]]s were widely available and useful for treating postoperative infections and other major complications of tracheotomy had also become more manageable.

==Endoscopy==
{{See also|Endoscopy}}
[[File:William Beaumont painting.jpg|thumb|[[William Beaumont]] (1785–1853), American [[Physiology|physiologist]]]]

While all these surgical advances were taking place, many important developments were also taking place in the science of [[optics]]. Many new [[optical instrument]]s with medical applications were invented during the 19th century. In 1805, a German army surgeon named [[Philipp Bozzini|Philipp von Bozzini]] (1773–1809) invented a device he called the ''lichtleiter'' (or light-guiding instrument). This instrument, the ancestor of the modern endoscope, was used to examine the [[urethra]], the human [[urinary bladder]], [[rectum]], oropharynx and nasopharynx.<ref name=Bozzini1806/><ref name=Bozzini1810/><ref name=Bush1974/><ref name=Pearlman1949/> The instrument consisted of a candle within a metal chimney; a mirror on the inside reflected light from the candle through attachments into the relevant body cavity.<ref name=Engel2007/> The practice of gastric endoscopy in humans was pioneered by United States Army surgeon [[William Beaumont]] (1785–1853) in 1822 with the cooperation of his patient [[Alexis St. Martin]] (1794–1880), a victim of an accidental gunshot wound to the stomach.<ref name=Beaumont1838/> In 1853, [[Antonin Jean Desormeaux]] (1815–1882) of Paris modified Bozzini's lichtleiter such that a mirror would reflect light from a [[kerosene lamp]] through a long metal channel.<ref name=Engel2007/> Referring to this instrument as an ''[[Endoscopy|endoscope]]'' (he is credited with coining this term), Desormeaux employed it to examine the urinary bladder. However, like Bozzini's lichtleiter, Desormeaux's endoscope was of limited utility due to its propensity to become very hot during use.<ref name=Engel2007/> In 1868, [[Adolph Kussmaul]] (1822–1902) of Germany performed the first [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy]] (a [[medical diagnosis|diagnostic]] procedure in which an endoscope is used to visualize the esophagus, stomach and [[duodenum]]) on a living human. The subject was a [[Sword swallowing|sword-swallower]], who swallowed a metal tube with a length of 47 centimeters and a diameter of 13 millimeters.<ref name=Killian1911/><ref name=Modlin2004/><ref name=Elewaut2002/><ref name=Vilardell2006/> On 2 October 1877, [[Berlin]] [[Urology|urologist]] [[Maximilian Nitze|Maximilian Carl-Friedrich Nitze]] (1848–1906) and [[Vienna|Viennese]] instrument maker Josef Leiter (1830–1892) introduced the first practical [[Cystoscopy|cystourethroscope]] with an electric light source.<ref name=Mouton1998/> The instrument's biggest drawback was the [[tungsten]] filament [[incandescent light bulb]] (invented by [[Alexander Lodygin]], 1847–1923), which became very hot and required a complicated [[water cooling]] system.<ref name=Engel2007/> In 1881, Polish physician [[Jan Mikulicz-Radecki]] (1850–1905) created the first rigid gastroscope for practical applications.<ref name=Mikulicz1881/><ref name=Schramm1881/><ref name=Kielan2005/>

In 1932, [[Rudolf Schindler (doctor)|Rudolph Schindler]] (1888–1968) of Germany introduced the first semi-flexible gastroscope.<ref name=Schafer2004/> This device had numerous [[Lens (optics)|lenses]] positioned throughout the tube and a miniature light bulb at the distal tip. The tube of this device was 75 centimeters long and 11 millimeters in diameter, and the distal portion was capable of a certain degree of flexion. Between 1945 and 1952, [[Optical engineering|optical engineers]] (particularly Karl Storz (1911–1996) of the [[Karl Storz GmbH]] company of Germany, [[Harold Hopkins (physicist)|Harold Hopkins]] (1918–1995) of England and [[Mutsuo Sugiura]] of the Japanese [[Olympus Corporation]]) built upon this early work, leading to the development of the first "gastrocamera".<ref name=Uji1951/><ref name=HistoryVol2/> In 1964, Fernando Alves Martins (born 17 June 1927) of Portugal applied [[optical fiber]] technology to one of these early gastrocameras to produce the first gastrocamera with a flexible fiberscope.<ref name=HistoryVol3/><ref name=Martins2009/> Initially used in esophagogastroduodenoscopy, newer devices were developed in the late 1960s for use in [[bronchoscopy]], [[rhinoscope|rhinoscopy]] and laryngoscopy. The concept of using a fiberoptic endoscope for tracheal intubation was introduced by Peter Murphy, an English anesthetist, in 1967.<ref name=Murphy1967/> By the mid-1980s, the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope had become an indispensable instrument within the [[pulmonology]] and anesthesia communities.<ref name=Wheeler2007/>

==Laryngoscopy and non-surgical tracheal intubation==
{{See also|Tracheal intubation}}
[[File:Garcia-Laryngoskop.gif|thumb|The laryngoscopy. From [[Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García|García]], 1884]]
[[File:Eugène Bouchut.jpg|thumb|alt=French pediatrician Eugène Bouchut|[[Engraving]] of French [[Pediatrics|pediatrician]] [[Eugène Bouchut]], by Henri Brauer. From [[Angelo Mariani (chemist)|Angelo Mariani]] and Joseph Uzanne (1894). ''Figures contemporaines tirées de l'Album Mariani'', Volume I. Paris:Ernest Flammarion.]]

In 1854, a Spanish [[Vocal pedagogy|vocal pedagogist]] named [[Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García|Manuel García]] (1805–1906) became the first man to view the functioning glottis in a living human. García developed a tool that used two mirrors for which the Sun served as an external [[Light source#Light sources|light source]].<ref name=Garcia1855/> Using this device, he was able to observe the function of his own glottic apparatus and the uppermost portion of his trachea. He presented his observations at the [[Royal Society|Royal Society of London]] in 1855.<ref name=Garcia1855/><ref name=Radomski2005/>

In 1858, [[Eugène Bouchut]] (1818–1891), a [[Pediatrics|pediatrician]] from Paris, developed a new technique for non-surgical orotracheal intubation to bypass laryngeal obstruction resulting from a diphtheria-related pseudomembrane. His method involved introducing a small straight metal tube into the larynx, securing it by means of a silk thread and leaving it there for a few days until the pseudomembrane and airway obstruction had resolved sufficiently.<ref name=Bouchut1858/> Bouchut presented this experimental technique along with the results he had achieved in the first seven cases at the [[French Academy of Sciences]] conference on 18 September 1858.<ref name=SPerati2007/> The members of the academy rejected Bouchut's ideas, largely as a result of highly critical and negative remarks made by the influential Armand Trousseau.<ref name=Trousseau1858/> Undaunted, Bouchut later introduced a set of tubes ("Bouchut's tubes") for intubation of the trachea, as an alternative to tracheotomy in cases of diphtheria.

In March 1878, Wilhelm Hack of [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]] published a paper describing the use of non-surgical orotracheal intubation in the removal of [[Vocal fold nodule|vocal cord polyps]].<ref name=Hack1878-uber/> In November of that year, he published another study, this time on the use of orotracheal intubation to secure the airway of a patient with acute [[epiglottitis|glottic edema]], progressively introducing sizes 3 through 11 of "Schrotter's graduated triangular [[Vulcanization|vulcanite]] bougies" into the larynx.<ref name=Hack1878-sammlung/><ref name=Macewen18800731/> In 1880, the [[Scottish people|Scottish]] surgeon [[William Macewen]] (1848–1924) reported on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy to allow a patient with glottic edema to breathe, as well as in the setting of general anesthesia with [[chloroform]].<ref name=Macewen18800731/><ref name=Macewen18800724/><ref name=Macmillan2010/> All previous observations of the glottis and larynx (including those of García, Hack and Macewen) had been performed under indirect vision (using mirrors) until 23 April 1895, when [[Alfred Kirstein]] (1863–1922) of Germany first described direct visualization of the vocal cords. Kirstein performed the first direct laryngoscopy in Berlin, using an esophagoscope he had modified for this purpose; he called this device an ''autoscope''.<ref name=Hirsch1986/> The death in 1888 of [[Frederick_III,_German_Emperor|Emperor Frederick III]]<ref name=Mackenzie1888/> may have motivated Kirstein to develop the autoscope.<ref name=Burkle2004/>

Until 1913, [[oral and maxillofacial surgery]] was performed by mask [[Inhalational anaesthetic|inhalation anesthesia]], topical application of [[local anesthetic]]s to the [[Mucous membrane|mucosa]], rectal anesthesia, or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] anesthesia. While otherwise effective, these techniques did not protect the airway from obstruction and also exposed patients to the risk of pulmonary aspiration of blood and [[mucus]] into the tracheobronchial tree. In 1913, [[Chevalier Jackson]] was the first to report a high rate of success for the use of direct laryngoscopy as a means to intubate the trachea.<ref name=Jackson1913/> Jackson introduced a new laryngoscope blade that had a light source at the distal tip, rather than the proximal light source used by Kirstein.<ref name=Zeitels1998/> This new blade incorporated a component that the operator could slide out to allow room for passage of an endotracheal tube or bronchoscope.<ref name=Jackson1922/>

That same year, [[Henry Harrington Janeway|Henry H. Janeway]] (1873–1921) published results he had achieved using a laryngoscope he had recently developed.<ref name=Janeway1913/> While practicing at [[Bellevue Hospital Center|Bellevue Hospital]] in [[New York City]], Janeway was of the opinion that direct intratracheal [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]] of [[Volatile anaesthetic|volatile anesthetics]] would provide improved conditions for [[Otolaryngology|otolaryngologic]] surgery. With this in mind, he developed a laryngoscope designed for the sole purpose of tracheal intubation. Similar to Jackson's device, Janeway's instrument incorporated a distal light source. Unique however was the inclusion of [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] within the handle, a central notch in the blade for maintaining the tracheal tube in the midline of the oropharynx during intubation and a slight curve to the distal tip of the blade to help guide the tube through the glottis. The success of this design led to its subsequent use in other types of surgery. Janeway was thus instrumental in popularizing the widespread use of direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in the practice of anesthesiology.<ref name=Burkle2004/>

After [[World War I]], further advances were made in the field of intratracheal anesthesia. Among these were those made by Sir [[Ivan Magill|Ivan Whiteside Magill]] (1888–1986). Working at the [[Frognal House|Queen's Hospital for Facial and Jaw Injuries]] in [[Sidcup]] with plastic surgeon Sir [[Harold Gillies]] (1882–1960) and anesthetist E. Stanley Rowbotham (1890–1979), Magill developed the technique of awake blind nasotracheal intubation.<ref name=Rowbotham1921/><ref name=Magill1923-provision/><ref name=Magill1928/><ref name=Magill1930/><ref name=Thomas1978/><ref name=Mclachlan2008/> Magill devised a new type of angulated forceps (the Magill forceps) that are still used today to facilitate nasotracheal intubation in a manner that is little changed from Magill's original technique.<ref name=Magill1920/> Other devices invented by Magill include the Magill laryngoscope blade,<ref name=Magill1926/> as well as several apparati for the administration of volatile anesthetic agents.<ref name=Magill1921-portable/><ref name=Magill1921-warming/><ref name=Magill1923-apparatus/> The Magill curve of an endotracheal tube is also named for Magill.

Sir [[Robert Macintosh]] (1897–1989) also achieved significant advances in techniques for tracheal intubation when he introduced his new curved laryngoscope blade in 1943.<ref name=Macintosh1943/> The Macintosh blade remains to this day the most widely used laryngoscope blade for orotracheal intubation.<ref name=Scott2009/> In 1949, Macintosh published a case report describing the novel use of a [[Natural rubber|gum elastic]] [[Urinary catheterization#Catheter types|urinary catheter]] as an endotracheal tube introducer to facilitate difficult tracheal intubation.<ref name=Macintosh1949/> Inspired by Macintosh's report, P. Hex Venn (who was at that time the anesthetic advisor to the British firm Eschmann Brothers & Walsh, Ltd.) set about developing an endotracheal tube introducer based on this concept. Venn's design was accepted in March 1973, and what became known as the Eschmann endotracheal tube introducer went into production later that year.<ref name=Venn1993/> The material of Venn's design was different from that of a gum elastic bougie in that it had two layers: a core of tube woven from [[polyester]] threads and an outer [[resin]] layer. This provided more stiffness but maintained the flexibility and the slippery surface. Other differences were the length (the new introducer was {{convert|60|cm|0|abbr=on}}, which is much longer than the gum elastic bougie) and the presence of a 35° curved tip that let it be steered around obstacles.<ref name=Viswanathan1992/><ref name=Henderson2003/> The concept of using a stylet for replacing or exchanging orotracheal tubes was introduced by Finucane and Kupshik in 1978, using a [[central venous catheter]].<ref name=Finucane1978/>

==21st century==
[[File:Glidescope 01.JPG|thumb|Glidescope video laryngoscope, incorporating a [[CMOS]] [[active pixel sensor]] (CMOS APS) [[video camera]] and a [[Image resolution|high resolution]] [[TFT LCD|LCD monitor]]]]

The 20th century saw the transformation of the practices of tracheotomy, endoscopy and non-surgical tracheal intubation from rarely employed procedures to essential components of the practices of anesthesia, [[Intensive-care medicine|critical care medicine]], [[emergency medicine]], [[gastroenterology]], pulmonology and surgery. The [[Information Age|"digital revolution"]] of the 21st century has brought newer technology to the art and science of tracheal intubation. Several manufacturers have developed [[Video laryngoscope#Video laryngoscope|video laryngoscopes]] that use [[Digital electronics|digital technology]] such as the [[CMOS]] [[active pixel sensor]] (CMOS APS) to generate a view of the glottis so that the trachea may be intubated. The Glidescope video laryngoscope is one example of such a device.<ref name=Agro2003/><ref name=Cooper2005/>

==See also==
{{Portal|History|Medicine}}
*[[History of anatomy]]
*[[History of general anesthesia]]
*[[History of medicine]]
*[[History of surgery]]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
;General
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*{{cite book|editor-last=Barash|editor-first=PG|editor2-last=Cullen|editor2-first=BF|editor3-last=Stoelting|editor3-first=RK|title=Clinical Anesthesia|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|edition=6th|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-8763-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC|access-date=6 September 2010}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Benumof|editor-first=JL|title=Benumof's Airway Management: Principles and Practice|publisher=Mosby-Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|edition=2nd|year=2007|isbn=978-0-323-02233-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUVYjVUexKUC|access-date=6 September 2010}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Classen|editor-first=M|title=Gastroenterological endoscopy|publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag|location=Stuttgart, Germany|edition=1st|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58890-013-5|url=http://www.buecher-nach-isbn.info/3-13/3131258519-Gastroenterological-Endoscopy-Meinhard-Classen-Guido-N.-J.-Tytgat-Charles-J.-Lightdale-3-13-125851-9.html|access-date=6 September 2010}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Doherty|editor-first=GM|title=Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Surgery|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|edition=13th|year=2010|isbn=978-0-07-163515-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a14yDQKv4vMC&pg=PA151|access-date=6 September 2010}}
*{{cite book|last=Levitan|first=RM|title=The Airway Cam Guide to Intubation and Practical Emergency Airway Management|publisher=Airway Cam Technologies|location=Wayne, PA|edition=1st|year=2004|isbn=978-1-929018-12-3|url=http://www.books-by-isbn.com/1-929018/1929018126-The-Airway-Cam-Guide-to-Intubation-and-Practical-Emergency-Airway-Management-1-929018-12-6.html|access-date=6 September 2010}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=RD|title=Anesthesia, Volume 1|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=Philadelphia|edition=5th|year=2000|isbn=978-0-443-07995-5|url=https://www.amazon.com/Anesthesia-Fifth-5th-Volumes-Included/dp/B003K8IDK8/|access-date=6 September 2010}}
*{{cite book|last=Vilardell|first=Francisco|title=Digestive endoscopy in the second millennium: from the lichtleiter to echoendoscopy|publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag|location=Stuttgart, Germany|year=2006|isbn=978-3-13-139671-6|url=http://www.buecher-nach-isbn.info/3-13/3131396717-Digestive-Endoscopy-in-the-Second-Millennium-From-the-Lichtleiter-to-Echoendoscopy-3-13-139671-7.html|access-date=15 September 2010}}
;Specific
{{refend}}
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<ref name=Uji1951>{{cite patent|inventor=Tatsuro Uji, Mutsuo Sugiura and Shoji Fukami|title=[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2641977.pdf Camera for taking photographs of inner wall of cavity of human or animal bodies]|country=US|number=2641977|gdate=June 16, 1953|fdate=June 4, 1951|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2641977.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=Venn1993>{{cite journal |last1=Venn |first1=P. Hex |title=The gum elastic bougie |journal=Anaesthesia |volume=48 |pages=274–5 |year=1993 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06936.X |issue=3|s2cid=56666422 |doi-access= }}</ref>

<ref name=Vesalius1543>{{cite book|first=A|last=Vesalius|author-link=Andreas Vesalius|title=De humani corporis fabrica, Libri VII|chapter=Cap. XIX-De vivorum sectione nonniulla|publisher=[[Johannes Oporinus]]|location=Basel|language=la|year=1543|pages=658–63|chapter-url=http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/|access-date=6 September 2010|title-link=De humani corporis fabrica}}</ref>

<ref name=Vilardell2006>{{cite book|first=F|last=Vilardell|title=Digestive Endoscopy in the Second Millennium: From the Lichtleiter to Echoendoscopy|chapter=Rigid gastroscopes|publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag|location=Stuttgart, Germany|year=2006|pages=32–5|isbn=978-3-13-139671-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu1l1yS156oC&q=%22Rigid+gastroscopes%22.+Digestive+endoscopy+in+the+second+millennium:+from+the+lichtleiter+to+echoendoscopy.&pg=PT71|access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=Viswanathan1992>{{cite journal|last1=Viswanathan|first1=S|last2=Campbell|first2=C|last3=Wood|first3=DG|last4=Riopelle|first4=JM|last5=Naraghi|first5=M|title=The Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer. (Gum elastic bougie)|journal=Anesthesiology Review|volume=19|issue=6|pages=29–34|year=1992|pmid=10148170}}</ref>

<ref name=Wawersik1991>{{cite journal |last1=Wawersik |first1=Juergen |title=History of Anesthesia in Germany |journal=Journal of Clinical Anesthesia |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=235–44 |year=1991 |pmid=1878238 |doi=10.1016/0952-8180(91)90167-L}}</ref>

<ref name=Wheeler2007>Wheeler M and Ovassapian A, "Fiberoptic endoscopy-aided technique", Chapter 18, p. 423 in Benumof (2007)</ref>

<ref name=Wischhusen1977>{{cite journal|last1=Wischhusen|first1=HG|last2=Schumacher|first2=GH|title=Curriculum vitae of the professor of anatomy, botany and higher mathematics Georg Detharding (1671–1747) at the University of Rostock|journal=Anat Anz|language=de|volume=142|issue=1–2|pages=133–40|year=1977|pmid=339777}}</ref>

<ref name=Yapijakis2009>{{cite journal|last=Yapijakis|first=C|title=Hippocrates of Kos, the father of clinical medicine, and Asclepiades of Bithynia, the father of molecular medicine. Review|journal=In Vivo|volume=23|issue=4|pages=507–14|year=2009|pmid=19567383|url=http://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/23/4/507.full|access-date=6 September 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=Zeitels1998>{{cite journal |last1=Zeitels |first1=S |title=Chevalier Jackson's contributions to direct laryngoscopy |journal=Journal of Voice |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |year=1998 |pmid=9619973 |doi=10.1016/S0892-1997(98)80069-6}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130102102942/http://airwaycam.com/video-library.html Videos of direct laryngoscopy recorded with the Airway Cam (TM) imaging system]
* [http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/airwaydevice/index.html Examples of some devices for facilitation of tracheal intubation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110122182218/http://www.medstudents.com.br/anest/anest2f1.htm Diagram of performance of the Sellick maneuver]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094122/http://www.pyng.com/?page_id=116&pi=116 The CRIC Cricothyrotomy System from Pyng Medical Corporation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714143800/http://www.myrusch.com/images/rusch/docs/A40S.pdf The Rüsch QuickTrach from Teleflex Medical Corporation]
* [http://www.smiths-medical.com/catalog/cricothyroidotomy-kits/pck-portex-cricothyroidotomy-kit/pck-portex-cricothyroidotomy-kit.html The Portex Cricothyroidotomy Kit (PCK)]
* [http://www.cookmedical.com/cc/dataSheet.do?id=4815 The Melker Emergency Cricothyrotomy Catheter Tray]

{{Anesthesia}}
{{History of medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Tracheal Intubation}}
[[Category:History of medicine|Tracheal intubation]]
[[Category:Otorhinolaryngology]]

Khammam Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-11T00:35:51Z

EggleFreggle: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khammam {{Small|TG-17}}
| type = LS
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Khammam.map}}
| map_caption = Khammam Lok Sabha constituency in Telangana
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| state = [[Telangana]]
| assembly_cons = [[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]] [[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]] [[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]] [[Wyra (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Wyra]] [[Sathupalli Assembly constituency|Sathupalle]] [[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]] [[Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency|Aswaraopeta]]
| mp = [[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| electors =
}}
'''Khammam''' Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 17 [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of the Parliament) constituencies in [[Telangana]] state in southern [[India]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref>

[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is currently representing the constituency for First time.

==Overview==
Since its inception in 1952 Khammam seat is [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] strong hold where it has won 12 times various other political outfits like [[Communist Party of India]], [[Telugu Desam Party]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[YSR Congress Party]] have won it during different general elections.

==Assembly segments==
Khammam presently comprises the following [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2 |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|112
|[[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|[[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|113
|[[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
|[[Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy]]
|-
|114
|[[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]] (SC)
|[[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]]
|-
|115
|[[Wyra (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Wyra]] (ST)
|[[Ramdas Maloth]]
|-
|116
|[[Sathupalli Assembly constituency|Sathupalli]] (SC)
|[[Matta Ragamayee]]
|-
|117
|[[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|[[Kunamneni Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|118
|[[Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency|Aswaraopeta]] (ST)
|[[Jare Adinarayana]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]|| rowspan="1" |[[T. B. Vittal Rao]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]|| rowspan="1" |[[T. B. Vittal Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]|| rowspan="3" |[[T. Lakshmi Kantamma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Jalagam Kondala Rao]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]||[[P. V. Rangaiah Naidu]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]||[[Tammineni Veerabhadram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]||[[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | || rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Renuka Chowdhary]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]||[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]||[[Ponguleti Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]||[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]||[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== General election, 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Khammam]]<ref name="Bizman Raghuram helps Congress secure historic win in Khammam">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=Bizman Raghuram helps Congress secure historic win in Khammam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jun/05/bizman-raghuram-helps-congress-secure-historic-win-in-khammam |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807173312/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jun/05/bizman-raghuram-helps-congress-secure-historic-win-in-khammam |archive-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy ]]|votes=766,929|percentage=61.29|change={{increase}}26.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]|votes=299,082|percentage=23.90|change={{decrease}}25.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Tandra Vinod Rao|votes=118,636|percentage=9.48|change={{increase}}7.68}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,782|percentage=0.54|change={{decrease}}0.85}}{{Election box majority|votes=467,847|percentage=37.39|change={{increase}}22.65}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,251,283|percentage=76.09|change={{increase}}0.79}}{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = [[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|votes = 567,459
|percentage = 49.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Renuka Chowdhury]]
|votes = 399,397
|percentage = 35.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Boda Venkat
|votes = 57,102
|percentage = 5.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Devaki Vasudeva Rao
|votes = 20,488
|percentage = 1.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jana Sena Party
|candidate = Narala Satyanarayana
|votes = 19,315
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 15,832
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 168,062<ref name="అత్యధిక మెజార్టీ నామాదే">{{cite news |last1=EENADU |title=అత్యధిక మెజార్టీ నామాదే |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Khammam/531/124082699 |access-date=30 April 2024 |date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430053208/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Khammam/531/124082699 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |language=te}}</ref>
| percentage = 14.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,139,848
| percentage = 75.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy
| votes = 422,434
| percentage = 35.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Nama Nageswara Rao
| votes = 410,230
| percentage = 34.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Kankanala Narayana
| votes = 187,702
| percentage = 15.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Budan Baig Shaik
| votes = 89,124
| percentage = 7.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dodda Ram Babu
| votes = 4,761
| percentage = 0.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = 20 Independent Candidates
| votes = 55,466
| percentage = 4.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = 2 Other Candidates
| votes = 9,141
| percentage = 0.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
| votes = 4,991
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,204
| percentage = 1.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Nama Nageswara Rao
| votes = 469,368
| percentage = 45.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Renuka Chowdhury
| votes = 344,920
| percentage = 33.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Jalagam Hemamalini
| votes = 131,135
| percentage = 12.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kapilavai Ravinder
| votes = 9,644
| percentage = 0.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Thondapu Venkateswara Rao
| votes = 6,302
| percentage = 0.61
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = Other 3 Candidates
| votes = 19,047
| percentage = 1.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = 5 Independent Candidates
| votes = 53,593
| percentage = 5.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 124,448
| percentage = 12.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Khammam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Renuka Chowdary]]
|votes = 5,18,047
|percentage = 50.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|votes = 4,09,159
|percentage = 39.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes =1,08,888
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 10,23,177
| percentage = 78.79
| change = +4.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Renuka Chowdhury
| votes = 328,596
| percentage = 35.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Baby Swarna Kumari Maddineni
| votes = 320,198
| percentage = 34.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Guguloth Dharma
| votes = 184,422
| percentage = 20.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Aruna Chandra
| votes = 52,971
| percentage = 5.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = 3 Other Candidates
| votes = 19,905
| percentage = 2.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = 6 Independent Candidates
| votes = 10,479
| percentage = 1.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,398
| percentage = 0.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Nadendla Bhaskar Rao
| votes = 363,747
| percentage = 40.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Thammineni Veerabhadram
| votes = 352,083
| percentage = 39.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ravindra Naik Dharavath
| votes = 117,926
| percentage = 13.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Aruna Chandra
| votes = 55,624
| percentage = 6.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Gopagani Narasaiah
| votes = 4,536
| percentage = 0.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Annavarapu Rajeswar Rao
| votes = 4,102
| percentage = 0.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Danda Lingaiah
| votes = 3,248
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Banoth Bikna
| votes = 1,230
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 11,664
| percentage = 1.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Veerabhadram Tammineni
| votes = 374,675
| percentage = 42.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = P. V. Rangaiah Naidu
| votes = 311,384
| percentage = 35.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
| candidate = Nageswara Rao Koneru
| votes = 75,072
| percentage = 8.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Sadineni Venkateswarlu
| votes = 45,749
| percentage = 5.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jayachandra Reddy Reddyvari
| votes = 28,823
| percentage = 3.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
| candidate = Khadaar Ali Sayyad
| votes = 1,467
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Other 22 Independent Candidates
| votes = 37,831
| percentage = 4.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 63,291
| percentage = 7.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rangayya Nayudu P. V.
| votes = 316,186
| percentage = 44.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Tammineni Veerabhadram
| votes = 310,268
| percentage = 43.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Gaddam Venkatramayya
| votes = 45,999
| percentage = 6.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ali Khadar Sayyad
| votes = 12,852
| percentage = 1.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Arvapalli Vidya Sagar
| votes = 2,596
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Suryanarayana Jamgeti
| votes = 1,208
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Other 12 Independents
| votes = 26,319
| percentage = 3.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,918
| percentage = 0.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rangayya Nayudu P. V.
| votes = 316,186
| percentage = 44.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Tammineni Veerabhadram
| votes = 310,268
| percentage = 43.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Gaddam Venkatramayya
| votes = 45,999
| percentage = 6.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ali Khadar Sayyad
| votes = 12,852
| percentage = 1.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Arvapalli Vidya Sagar
| votes = 2,596
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Suryanarayana Jamgeti
| votes = 1,208
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Other 12 Independent Candidates
| votes = 26,319
| percentage = 3.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,918
| percentage = 0.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]
| votes = 388,461
| percentage = 49.68
| change = {{increase}} 4.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = [[Yalamanchili Radhakrishna Murthy]]
| votes = 329,209
| percentage = 42.10
| change = {{increase}} 21.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Gaddam Venkatramalah
| votes = 49,862
| percentage = 6.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Padiga Yerraiah
| votes = 7,493
| percentage = 0.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Gandhuri Lalaiah
| votes = 6,908
| percentage = 0.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 59,252
| percentage = 7.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jalagam Vengala Rao
| votes = 261,056
| percentage = 44.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Nallamala Prasad Rao
| votes = 169,557
| percentage = 29.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Parsa Satyanarayana
| votes = 118,609
| percentage = 20.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Kandala Narsimha Reddy
| votes = 30,126
| percentage = 5.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Chinthirala Joga Rao
| votes = 3,725
| percentage = 0.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Banoth Laxma Nayak
| votes = 895
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 91,499
| percentage = 15.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress (I)
| candidate = Kondala Rao Jalagam
| votes = 201,559
| percentage = 42.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress (U)
| candidate = Upendraiah Samineni
| votes = 106,076
| percentage = 22.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Yalamanchili Radhakrishna Murthy
| votes = 101,959
| percentage = 21.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Maddi China Venkat Reddy
| votes = 32,378
| percentage = 6.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = B. Lakshmi Naik
| votes = 12,840
| percentage = 2.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = K. Ram Mohan Rao
| votes = 12,181
| percentage = 2.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Kama John
| votes = 5,007
| percentage = 1.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Anuapurna Visalaksi Aluri
| votes = 3,807
| percentage = 0.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Lingala Jamalaih
| votes = 2,643
| percentage = 0.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 95,483
| percentage = 19.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress (I)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jalagam Kondala Rao
| votes = 208,617
| percentage = 51.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Yalamanchili Radha Krishna Murthy
| votes = 122,628
| percentage = 30.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Nallamala Prasada Rao
| votes = 72,530
| percentage = 17.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = K. I. Vidya Sagar
| votes = 2,868
| percentage = 0.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 85,989
| percentage = 21.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = T. Lakshmi Kantamma
| votes = 137,830
| percentage = 36.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Praja Samithi
| candidate = Chekuri Kasaiah
| votes = 121,369
| percentage = 32.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Manchikanti Ram Kishan Rao
| votes = 92,012
| percentage = 24.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Kama John
| votes = 12,333
| percentage = 3.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Congress
| candidate = Kannekanti Sreenivas Rao
| votes = 5,313
| percentage = 1.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress (O)
| candidate = Gogineni Satyanarayana Rao
| votes = 4,246
| percentage = 1.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,461
| percentage = 4.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = T. Lakshmikantamma
| votes = 200,534
| percentage = 53.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = M. K. Rao
| votes = 89,206
| percentage = 23.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = R. Janakirammayya
| votes = 67,068
| percentage = 17.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = M. Narasimharao
| votes = 20,730
| percentage = 5.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 111,328
| percentage = 29.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = T. Lakshikantamma
| votes = 163,806
| percentage = 49.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = T. B. Vittal Rao
| votes = 151,746
| percentage = 46.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Golla Venkateswarlu
| votes = 13,529
| percentage = 4.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,060
| percentage = 3.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1957===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)
| candidate = Vittal Rao
| votes = 106,627
| percentage = 44.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kolipak Kishan Rao
| votes = 101,090
| percentage = 41.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = P. Veeriah
| votes = 23,842
| percentage = 9.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Kondapalli Srinivasa Rao
| votes = 9,278
| percentage = 3.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,537
| percentage = 2.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Indian general election]]: [[Khammam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)
| candidate = T. B. Vittala Rao
| votes = 101,223
| percentage = 53.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Gadiurm Krishna Reddy
| votes = 28,591
| percentage = 15.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = K. Saayanarayana Rao
| votes = 16,360
| percentage = 8.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Socialist Party (India, 1948)
| candidate = Devulopalli Ramanuja Rao
| votes = 15,527
| percentage = 8.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Ram Kishore
| votes = 13,332
| percentage = 7.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = R. Shankarayya
| votes = 13,031
| percentage = 6.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 72,632
| percentage = 38.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Trivia==
* [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]], former [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] represented the constituency in [[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]] and [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]] Lok Sabha respectively.
*[[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]], former [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] represented the constituency in [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]] Lok Sabha.

==See also==
* [[Khammam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/telangana/khammam/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Khammam lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.2|80.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khammam Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Telangana]]
[[Category:Khammam district]]

Partha Sarathi Mukherjee

2026-03-08T00:01:59Z

EggleFreggle: added new data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Short description|Indian chemist and professor (born 1973)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|2|11}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Inorganic chemistry]] | [[Supramolecular chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Ulsan University]] | [[University of Heidelberg]] | [[University of Kyoto]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist |[[Triveni Devi Bhalotia College]] | [[Burdwan University]] | [[Jadavpur University]] | [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] | [[University of Göttingen]] | [[University of Utah]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| N. Ray Chaudhuri | [[Herbert W. Roesky]] | [[Peter J. Stang]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on organic nano structures, molecular sensors and [[nanocages]]
| awards = {{ublist | 2008 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientists Medal | 2008 [[Microsoft Research]] Young Faculty Award | 2009  IUPAC Young Scientist award | 2012 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-SCOPUS Young Scientist Award | 2016 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Bronze Medal | 2016 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]; [[Elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Science (FASc)]]; [[Elected fellow of the World Academy of Science (FTWAS)]]; [[Elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (FNA)]]; [[Rigaku International Prize-2025]] }}
}}
'''Partha Sarathi Mukherjee''' (born 1973) is an Indian [[Inorganic chemistry|inorganic chemist]] and a professor at the Inorganic and Physical Chemistry department of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=519 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is known for his studies on organic [[Nanostructure|nano structures]], [[Molecular sensor|molecular sensors]] and catalysis in [[nanocages]].<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~psm/ |title=Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521004028/http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~psm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a recipient of the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and the Bronze Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]].<ref name="CRSI Bronze Medal">{{Cite journal |date=2016 |title=CRSI Bronze Medal |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=55 |issue=27 |pages=7578–7579 |doi=10.1002/anie.201604544 |pmid=27254753}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2016, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Jadavpur University Gate No. 4.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Jadavpur University]]
Born on 11 February 1973 in the village of [[Mankar]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. P. S. Mukherjee graduated in science (BSc hons) from the [[Triveni Devi Bhalotia College]], affiliated to the [[University of Burdwan]], in 1995. He completed his master's degree in inorganic chemistry from [[Jadavpur University]] in 1998.<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~psm/images/completeCV-partha1.pdf |title=Biography |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025163100/http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~psm/images/completeCV-partha1.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His doctoral studies were done at the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] under the guidance of Nirmalendu Ray Chaudhuri and he was awarded a PhD for his thesis ''Synthesis, crystal structure and low temperature magnetic behaviour of Cu(II) [[Polynuclear cells|polynuclear]] complexes of [[Amine|amines]] and their derivatives using different [[Bridging ligand|bridging ligands]]'' in 2002. Subsequently, he moved to the US for his post-doctoral studies at the laboratory of [[Peter J. Stang]] of the [[University of Utah]] where he stayed till 2004. Then he obtained an [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Alexander von Humboldt fellowship]] which enabled him to continue his work with [[Herbert W. Roesky]] at the [[University of Göttingen]]. On his return to India, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as an assistant professor. After serving as an associate professor during 2010–16, he is a professor at the department of inorganic and physical chemistry and the head of P. S. Mukherjee's Research Group. During this period, he had three stints abroad; as a visiting professor at [[Ulsan University]] (2010), as an Alexander von Humboldt visiting scientist at the [[University of Heidelberg]] and as a [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science]] visiting scientist at the [[University of Kyoto]].<ref name="Biography" />

== Legacy ==
Mukherjee's studies focus on [[Supramolecular chemistry|supramolecular]] and [[Organometallic chemistry|organometallic]] materials, organic nano structures, molecular sensors and [[nanocages]].<ref name="Faculty profile" /> He demonstrated the ''self-sorting of three-dimensional nanoscopic organic cages driven by the dynamic [[imine]] bond'' reportedly for the first time and proposed ways of regulating the supramolecualar interaction through [[H-bonding]].<ref name="Hydrogen-Bond-Driven Controlled Molecular Marriage in Covalent Cages">{{Cite journal |last=Koushik Acharyya, Partha Sarathi Mukherjee |date=3 February 2014 |title=Hydrogen-Bond-Driven Controlled Molecular Marriage in Covalent Cages |journal=[[Chemistry: A European Journal]] |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1646–1657 |doi=10.1002/chem.201303397 |pmid=24382644}}</ref> The team led by him has also worked on [[Enzyme mimic]]s, [[single molecule magnets]] of polynuclear clusters and catalysis in nanocages.<ref name="Research interest">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~psm/researchinterest.html |title=Research interest |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220083635/http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~psm/researchinterest.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> His research has been documented by way of several peer-reviewed articles.<ref name="Publications">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~psm/publications.html |title=Publications |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At his group, he hosts a number of researchers and has already mentored many doctoral scholars.<ref name="PhD Students">{{Cite web |url=http://chem.iitm.ac.in/faculty/muraleedharan/page/alumni.html |title=PhD Students |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref><ref name="Prodip Howlader">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ac.in/ |title=Prodip Howlader |date=2016 |publisher=IISc}}</ref> He is also associated with many science journals and serves as the associate editor of [[Inorganic Chemistry (journal)|Inorganic Chemistry]],<ref name="Associate Editor">{{Cite web |url=http://pubs.acs.org/page/inocaj/editors.html |title=Associate Editor |date=2016 |publisher=Inorganic Chemistry journal}}</ref> and as a member of the advisory panel of the [[Scientific Reports]] journal of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]].<ref name="Editorial Advisory Panel">{{Cite web |url=http://pubs.acs.org/page/inocaj/editors.html |title=Editorial Advisory Panel |date=2016 |publisher=Scientific Reports journal}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Mukherjee was selected by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] as a Young Associate in 2007.<ref name="Associate Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/associate/Mukherjee,_Dr._Partha_Sarathi |title=Associate Profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He received the Outstanding Young Faculty Award of [[Microsoft Research]] India and the Young Scientists Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2008.<ref name="INSA Young Scientists Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=INSA Young Scientists Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Young Scientist Award of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC) was awarded to him in 2009, followed by the [[Scopus]] Young Scientist Award, jointly sponsored by [[Elsevier]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 2012.<ref name="Scopus Young Scientist Award">{{Cite web |url=https://www.elsevier.com/awards/apac/nasi-young-scientist-award |title=Scopus Young Scientist Award |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> In between, [[The World Academy of Sciences]] chose him as a Young Affiliate in 2011.<ref name="TWAS Young Affiliate">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/young-affiliate/mukherjee-partha-sarathi |title=TWAS Young Affiliate |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (Trieste, Italy). The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2016<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=2012-09-12 }}</ref> and he received the Bronze Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]] the same year.<ref name="CRSI Bronze Medal" /> Also in 2017, Mukherjee became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref> A fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] (2014) and an Alexander von Humboldt fellow during his post-doctoral days, he held various other research fellowships including the Marie-Curie International Fellowship (2004) and the Swarnajayanti Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] (2012).<ref name="Biography" />

== See also ==
* [[Herbert W. Roesky]]
* [[Peter J. Stang]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~psm/images/totalpublication.pdf |title=List of Publications |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709093915/http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~psm/images/totalpublication.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Partha Sarathi}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:University of Burdwan alumni]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kyoto University]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
[[Category:University of Utah alumni]]

Onake Obavva

2026-03-07T13:43:45Z

EggleFreggle:

{{short description|Folk heroine-warrior of Chitradurga fort}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Obavvana Kindi.JPG|thumb|Onake Obavvana ''kindi'' inside Chitradurga Fort]]
'''Onake Obavva''' was a [[Karnataka]] warrior who fought the forces of [[Hyder Ali]] single-handedly with a [[pestle]] in the kingdom of [[Chitradurga]] of Karnataka, [[India]]. Her husband was a guard of a watchtower in the rocky fort of Chitradurga. In the state of Karnataka, she is celebrated along with [[Abbakka Rani]], [[Keladi Chennamma]] and [[Kittur Chennamma]], as the foremost women warriors and patriots. She belonged to the [[Holeya|Holaya]] community. The Government of Karnataka has taken up the initiative to celebrate November 11 as Onake Obavva Jayanti since 2021.

==Heroics of Obavva==
During the reign of [[Madakari Nayaka]], the city of Chitradurga was besieged by the troops of [[Hyder Ali]] (1754-1779). A chance sighting of a man entering the Chitradurga fort through a hole in the rocks led to a plan by Hyder Ali to send his soldiers through that hole. The Guard (Kahale Mudda Hanuma, who was on duty near that hole) had gone home to have his lunch. During his meal he needed some water to drink, so his wife Obavva went to collect water in a pot<ref name="Mysore">{{cite book |title=March of Mysore Vol.3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97YeAQAAIAAJ&q=obavva |access-date=10 September 2012 |edition=1966 |year= 1966}}</ref> from a pond which was near the hole in the rocks, halfway up the hill.<ref name="history">{{cite book |last1=Hayavadana Rao |first1=Conjeevaram |title=History of Mysore (1399-1799 AD) 1766-1799 |year=1943 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZ4D3zfzbKgC&q=obavva |access-date=10 September 2012 |volume= 3 |publisher=Govt. of Mysore |location=Bangalore |page=260 }}</ref> She noticed the army trying to enter the fort through the hole. She used the ''Onake'' or [[Mortar and pestle|pestle]] to kill the soldiers one by one by hitting them on the head and then quietly moving each corpse without raising the suspicions of the rest of the troops. Mudda Hanuma returned from lunch and was shocked to see Obavva standing with a blood stained ''Onake'' and several of the enemies' dead bodies around her. Later, the same day, she was found dead either due to shock or having been killed by the enemy soldiers.<ref name="jasmine">{{cite book |last1=Cathy Spagnoli |first1=Paramasivam Samanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&q=obavva&pg=PA112 |title=Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1999 |isbn=9781563085765 |edition=1999 |location=Englewood, USA |access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> Though her brave attempt saved the fort this time, Madakari could not resist the attack by Hyder Ali during 1779, when the fort of Chitradurga was lost to Hyder Ali.<ref name=shintri>{{Cite book|author= Sarojini Shintri|author2=Kurukundi Raghavendra Rao|pages=151|title= Women freedom fighters in Karnataka|access-date=2009-06-17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwEtAAAAIAAJ&q=Chitradurg+fort|publisher= Prasaranga, Karnatak University|year=1983}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
She is considered to be the epitome of [[Kannada]] female pride. The hole through which Hyder Ali's soldiers snuck in is called Onake Obavvana ''Kindi'' (kindi=hole) or ''Onake kindi''.<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66q1AAAAIAAJ&q=obavva |title=Mysore State Gazetteer - Chitradurga District |publisher=Govt. of Mysore |year=1967 |editor1-last=B.N |editor1-first=Sri Sathyan |volume=4 |location=Bangalore |page=393 |access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> Her heroic effort is depicted in a famous song-sequence in the film [[Nagarahavu]], directed by [[Puttanna Kanagal]]. A sports stadium in Chitradurga, Veera Vanithe Onake Obavva Stadium, is named after her,<ref>{{cite book |last1= John|first1= Jijo K.|title=Studies in South |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSRo4_35T78C&q=obavva&pg=PA24 |access-date=10 September 2012 |edition=2005 |volume=2 |issue=1 |publisher=Printnet Info Services Pvt Ltd. |location=Bangalore |page=24 }}</ref> and she is commemorated with a statue sculpted by [[Ashok Gudigar]], erected in front of the District Commissioner’s office in Chittradurga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/blewis/www/chitradurga.htm|title=An Informal History of the Chitradurga Nayakas|last=Lewis|first=Barry|date=2007|website=Barry Lewis UIUC Department of Anthropology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515154647/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/blewis/www/chitradurga.htm|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The 2019 [[Kannada]] language historical drama film ''Chitradurgada Onake Obavva'' stars Kannada actress Tara as Onake Obavva.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chitradurgada Onake Obavva (2019)|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/chitradurgada-onake-obavva|publisher=Movie Buff|date=21 June 2019}}</ref>

Actress [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] played the role of Onake Obavva in the movie [[Naagarahaavu|Nagarahaavu]].

She was played by Neha Gokhale, the younger daughter of veteran actor [[Vikram Gokhale]] during Art of Living's Kala Arpan 2023 festival at Bangalore, India in a play called Adnyaat Shalaka directed by Sheetal Talpade which showcases unknown female warriors of India lost to annals of history.

== See also ==
* [[Belawadi Mallamma]]
* [[Keladi Chennamma]]
* [[Abbakka Rani]]
* [[Kitturu Chennamma]]
* [[Rani Chennabhairadevi]]
* [[Household Stone Implements in Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Onake Obavva}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Obavva, Onake}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Women in 18th-century warfare]]
[[Category:Indian women warriors]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Women from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]

Maa Babu

2026-03-06T03:33:03Z

EggleFreggle: minor added details and cleaned formatting

{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maa Babu
| image = Maa Babu (1960 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Prakash Rao]]
| writer = [[Samudrala Jr.|Samudrala Jr]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = T. Prakash Rao
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan]]''|[[Dhruva Chatterjee]]}}
| producer = D. V. S. Raju
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[M.N.Rajam]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| studio = Pragathi Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1960|12|22}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Maa Babu''''' ({{translation|Our Boy}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] co-written and directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]]. The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and M. N. Rajam, with music composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan]]'' (1959).<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 1961 |title=Maa Babu |pages=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19610101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Dr. Anand is a well-known rectitude, and his wife dies giving birth to a baby boy. Parallelly, a widowed pregnant lady, Ratna Devi, has a miscarriage. Since Anand promised her to protect the child, he gives his own to her, hiding the truth. After that, grief-stricken, Anand becomes a wanderer and returns after a few years. Due to affection for his son, he starts being frequent in their life, which does not augur well with Ratna Devi's mother-in-law and sister-in-law, who makes her life miserable by attributing illicit relations and forcibly stopping Anand. Shortly after that, Anand knits a nurse, Maya, a spendthrift, does not get with Anand. Eventually, Anand's dad passes away, and he leaves considerable wealth to Anand's child, including a monthly allowance of Rs.10,000. At that time, Maya learns the birth secret of Anand's child, so she files a case in the court and wins. Therefore, Ratna Devi has to hand over the child to Maya, but the depressed child is not able to stay therein and flies. At Present, everybody is in hunt of him, and in that chaos, Maya dies in an accident. Finally, the movie ends with Anand retrieving the child to Ratna Devi and continuing his journey on official duty by dedicating his life to the hospital.

== Cast ==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Dr. Anand
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Ratnadevi
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Maya
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Dr. Ashok
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
*[[Ramana Reddy]]
*[[V. Nagayya]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]
*[[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C.S.R]]
*[[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]] as Ramu
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
*[[P. Kannamba|Kannamba]]
*[[Honey Irani]]
*[[M. Saroja]]
*Nalla Ramamurthy

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Babu (1960)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CZJ/info |access-date=10 September 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Enta Kalam Enthadooram"
|[[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|4:51
|-
|2
|"Babu Nidura Po"
|Samudrala Jr
|[[P. Susheela]]
|4:34
|-
|3
|"Chell Chell"
|Samudrala Jr
|[[P. Susheela]]
|4:23
|-
|4
|"O Daarinapoye Chinnavada"
|Samudrala Jr
|Ghantasala, [[S. Janaki]]
|5:10
|-
|5
|"Virese Jhum Jhum"
|Samudrala Jr
|[[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|4:09
|-
|6
|"Edamma Nee Raju"
|Samudrala Jr
|[[P. Leela]]
|4:16
|-
|7
|"Srimathigaru"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|2:06
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0254537}}

[[Category:1960 drama films]]
[[Category:1960s pregnancy films]]
[[Category:1960 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Insaf Ki Pukar

2026-03-03T23:49:50Z

EggleFreggle: general reworked intro for accuracy also and updated info per sources

{{short description|1987 film by T. Rama Rao}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Insaf Ki Pukar poster.jpg
| caption = Flyer
| director = [[T. Rama Rao]]
| producer = Raj Bhaktiani Ramesh Gwalani
| screenplay = M. D. Sundar
| story = M. D. Sundar
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Jeetendra]] [[Anita Raj]] [[Bhanupriya]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = V. Durga Prasad
| editing = T. V. Balasubramanyam J. Krishna Swamy
| studio = Shivkala Movies
| released = {{Film date|1987|12|25|df=yes}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Insaf Ki Pukar''''' ({{Translation|The Call of Justice}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]], produced by Raj Bhaktiani and Ramesh Gwalani under the Shivkala Movies banner and directed by [[T. Rama Rao]]. It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Anita Raj]] and [[Bhanupriya]], with music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=5 November 2015 |title=Flitting into flashbacks |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/flitting-into-flashbacks/article7846091.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224071227/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/flitting-into-flashbacks/article7846091.ece |archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Guru Sishyulu (1990 film)|Guru Sishyulu]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=874}}</ref>
== Plot ==
Soon-to-be released convicts Vijay and Ajay meet Manohar, who has been sentenced to death. He tells them that his sister was kidnapped by a taxi driver, then raped and murdered by Dinesh Lal, younger brother of a plutocrat Dhani Lal. The Lals, Dhani Lal's partner Sohan Lal and corrupt Inspector Imaandar framed Manohar for the taxi driver's murder. Vijay and Ajay decide to clear Manohar's name, and stall his execution by fracturing his leg. After release, they gain control over Imaandar, by which Vijay infiltrates the Lals' services as a bodyguard for Dinesh Lal. Besides, Ajay traps Rani daughter of Dhani Lal. In tandem, Vijay loves Sheela, daughter of Imaandar. Soon enough, they realise that Manohar's parents are held captive by Dhani Lal since Jagannath, father of Manohar, is aware of a hidden treasure. After rescuing them, Ajay recognises them as his parents from whom he was separated in childhood. Vijay recognises Jagannath as the murderer of his parents. Jagannath reveals the truth: the actual culprit is Sohan Lal who murdered Vijay's parents wearing a mask of Jagannath. Eventually, Vijay and Ajay thwart their enemies, safeguard the treasure, and free Manohar.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Dharmendra]] as Vijay
* [[Jeetendra]] as Ajay
* [[Anita Raj]] as Sheela
* [[Bhanupriya]] as Rani
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Dhanilal
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Sohanlal
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Dinesh
* [[Kader Khan]] as Inspector Imaandaar
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Meena Imaandaar
* [[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Inspector Jagannath
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Mrs. Jagannath
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as Police Commissioner Ranjeet
* [[Avinash Wadhavan]] as Manohar
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Municipal Inspector Narayan Singh
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Solomon
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as Chacha
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], and [[Anand Bakshi]] wrote the songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insaaf Ki Pukar |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/insaaf-ki-pukar/BSsLUxHJ1,4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314091449/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/insaaf-ki-pukar/BSsLUxHJ1,4_ |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=4 January 2020 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aa Aa Mere Diljaani"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Pyar Ka Shola Bhadka"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy, Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Achha Bura Jaane Khuda"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Tune Jaga Diya"
| Mohammed Aziz, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| "Toota Yeh Dil Ka Sheesha"
| Anuradha Paudwal
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1987 action films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about treasure hunting]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

Padavettu

2026-03-03T09:42:02Z

EggleFreggle: added new article

{{Short description|2022 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Padavettu
| image = Padavettu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Liju Krishna
| producer = {{ubl|Vikram Mehra|Siddharth Anand Kumar|[[Sunny Wayne]]}}
| writer = Liju Krishna
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nivin Pauly]]
* [[Aditi Balan]]
* [[Shammi Thilakan]]}}
| music = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| cinematography = Deepak D. Menon
| editing = Shafique Mohamed Ali
| studio = {{ubl|[[Yoodlee Films]]|Sunny Wayne Productions}}
| distributor = Century Release
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|10|21}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Padavettu''''' ({{Translation|Battle}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[political film|political]] [[action thriller]] film written and directed by Liju Krishna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Rape accused director Liju Krishna's name retained in the credits of Padavettu |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rape-accused-director-liju-krishna-s-name-retained-credits-padavettu-167498 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> It was produced by [[Yoodlee Films]] in association with Sunny Wayne Productions. The film starring [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Aditi Balan]] and [[Shammi Thilakan]] depicts the story of the oppressed section of society in northern Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivin-paulys-next-film-is-political-drama-padavettu/article37084831.ece|title=Nivin Pauly's next film is political drama 'Padavettu'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 October 2021|access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>

The film was released theatrically on 21 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/nivin-pauly-aditi-balan-shine-tom-chacko-starrer-padavettu-official-teaser/articleshow/93955053.cms|title= 'ഇതെന്‍റെ മണ്ണാണ്, ഞാനിവിടെ കിടക്കും വേണ്ടി വന്നാൽ കിളയ്ക്കും'! തീ പാറും പ്രകടനവുമായി നിവിൻ പോളി; 'പടവെട്ട്' ടീസർ|trans-title='This is my soil, I will lie here and I will cut it if I want it'! Nivin Pauly with fiery performance; 'Patavet' Teaser|website=Samayam Malayalam |date= 2 September 2022|access-date= 2 September 2022|language=ml}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ravi is a jobless guy living with his aunt Pushpa. He just sits at home all day and fights with everyone including his aunt and neighbors. His house is in a bad shape now since they do not have money to repair it. They have given an application in the Panchayat for money to repair it. Despite Pushpa always complaining in the Panchayat meetings, they don't seem interested to consider her request.

A local politician named Kuyyali hears this and sees it as an opportunity. He rebuilds their house for them without their permission and keeps a plaque in front of their home advertising his party. Everyone who passes by in front of their home starts noticing it and that irks Ravi and so he breaks it at night. When Kuyyali hears about it, he tries to take advantage of the situation and accuses the opposition party of the wrongdoing. Ravi tells the police that it was he who did that. Kuyyali rebuilds the plaque and threatens Ravi that if he breaks it again, it will be bad for Ravi.

Ravi's neighbor Mohanan's dad gets killed by a wild boar one night when he was supervising his field. To take revenge, Mohanan goes to the field the next night to kill the boar but boar attacks him and he gets injured. Ravi turns up at the scene and kills the Boar instead.

Ravi decides not be lazy in life anymore and starts farming at his home. Meanwhile, Kuyyali through his shoddy schemes tries to take control of all farmer lands. Ravi objects. In revenge, Kuyyali decides that the end location for his election rally will be Ravi's home and they will destroy the home and farm land. Ravi starts destroying the plaque they kept at his home. The party workers starts to fight with Ravi. Ravi wins and then tells Kuyyali never to step on his home again. Ravi proclaims that the farm land belongs to the farmers.

==Cast==
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as Ravi Koroth, an ex-athlete
* [[Aditi Balan]] as Shyma, Ravi's love interest (voice over by [[Nikhila Vimal]])
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Kuyyali, a political leader
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Mohanan<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/malayalam-star-nivin-paulys-political-thriller-padavettu-to-release-in-september/articleshow/91770893.cms |title=Malayalam star Nivin Pauly's political thriller ''Padavettu'' to release in September |publisher=The Economic Times|date=May 24, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Remya Suresh]] as Pushpa, Ravi's aunt<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nivin-pauly-starrer-padavettu-to-release-in-september-1.7544180 |title=Nivin Pauly-starrer 'Padavettu' to release in September|date=24 May 2022|access-date=24 May 2022 |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>
* Manoj Omen as Manoj
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Coach Yohannan
* [[Indrans]] as Raghavan Mash
* [[Sudheesh]] as Govindhan
* [[Kainakary Thankaraj]] as President Vijayan
* [[Subeesh Sudhi]] as Sasi
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as Pradeep, Shyma's ex-husband (Cameo)<ref>{{Cite web |title='Padavettu' movie review: Ambitious on paper but middling in execution |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/oct/23/padavettu-movie-review-ambitious-on-paper-but-middling-in-execution-2511198.html |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Production==
The film was shot at Maloor in [[Kannur]], which is the native village of Liju Krishna. Around a thousand people from the village were trained through crash course in acting for the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-makes-nivin-pauly-s-padavettu-special-138893 |title=What makes Nivin Pauly's 'Padavettu' special?|date=3 December 2020|access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>

Principal photography began in December 2019 in [[Kannur district]].<ref name="manju: minute">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-has-made-padavettu-more-magical-says-sunny-wayne-118816 |title=Manju Warrier has made 'Padavettu' more magical, says Sunny Wayne|date=24 February 2020|access-date=24 May 2022 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> First schedule was wrapped in February 2020. Second schedule was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. It was wrapped up on 15 March 2022 in Kannur.<ref name='toi'>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-paulys-padavettu-team-wraps-up-the-shoot-shares-a-video-from-the-sets/articleshow/90222545.cms |title=Nivin Pauly's Padavettu: Team wraps up the shoot, shares a video from the sets|date=15 March 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

==Release==
The first trailer was released on 7 October 2022 at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]] in front of [[Manjappada]] before the opening game of the [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23 Indian Super League season]] between [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] and [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title='പടവെട്ട് കേരള ബ്ലാസ്റ്റേഴ്‌സിനൊപ്പം'; ട്രെയ്‌ലര്‍ ആഘോഷമാക്കി ആരാധകര്‍ {{!}} Padavettu |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2022/10/08/562930.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 21 October 2022.

==Critical reception==
[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of [[Firstpost]] praised the cinematography and score but found that the film lacked cohesion: "Great camerawork and music require scripts on which to pin themselves. Sadly, the writing of Padavettu is too defused to serve this purpose." Rating the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, Vetticad wrote, "The first half is solid, but leads into a second half clouded by mixed metaphors and hazy philosophising...".<ref>{{cite web |title=Padavettu movie review: Nivin Pauly and the case of the vague wanderings|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/padavettu-movie-review-nivin-pauly-and-the-case-of-the-vague-wanderings-11718431.html|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=29 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10518176}}

[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Govind Vasantha]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Yoodlee Films films]]

Aayiram Kannudayaal

2026-03-03T05:08:22Z

EggleFreggle: refined details as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|1986 film by K. Shankar}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aayiram Kannudayaal
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| screenplay = K. Shankar
| story = [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
| producer = R. Jambunaathan
| starring = [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[Jeevitha]] [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] [[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]]
| cinematography = M. C. Sekar
| editing = [[K. Shankar]] V. Devan
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Sasivarnam Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1986|11|21}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Aayiram Kannudayaal''''' ({{translation|Goddess with thousand eyes}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] directed by [[K. Shankar]]. The film stars [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Jeevitha]], [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] and [[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]]. It was released on 21 November 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aayiram Kannudayaal / ஆயிரம் கண்ணுடையாள் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/aayiram-kannudayaal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109071743/https://screen4screen.com/movies/aayiram-kannudayaal |archive-date=9 November 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aayiram Kannudayal ( 1986 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=977 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820221630/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=977 |archive-date=20 August 2004 |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
* [[Jeevitha]]
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]]
* [[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]]
* [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]
* [[M. N. Nambiar]]
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
* [[Senthil]]
* [[Loose Mohan]]
* Heran Ramasamy
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
* [[Gandhimathi]]
* [[Ennatha Kannaiya]]
* [[LIC Narasimhan]]
* [[Shankar–Ganesh]] in special appearance
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aayiram Kannudayaal Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/aayiram-kannudayaal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221070241/https://macsendisk.com/product/aayiram-kannudayaal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record/ |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aayiram Kunnudaiyaal
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Vani Jairam]], [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]]
| title2 = Maatharin Kungumam
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Vani Jairam
| title3 = Sirikkatthaane
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title4 = Amma Thaaye
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[P. Susheela]], Vani Jairam
| title5 = Vaigai Karai Meenakshi
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Vani Jairam
| title6 = Oru Kodi
| length6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
}}

== Critical reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt that Rajeev's acting of keeping straight face till the end was a new lesson he taught to the audience and also added Padmini, Nambiar, Manorama did not have proper roles and concluded that since it is directed by legendary director K. Shankar so only old glory can be told now otherwise nothing special.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=21 December 1986 |title=ஆயிரம் கண்ணுடையாள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-12-21/page/n53/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230220063743/https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-12-21/page/n53/mode/2up |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=19 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=53 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting, humour, music, dialogues, cinematography and direction but felt the length of the first story could have been reduced.<ref>{{cite news|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=16 July 2025|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-11-44|date=2 December 1986|pages=4|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|title=ஆயிரம் கண்ணுடையாள் |last=பாலுமணி
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{K. Shankar}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ra (2014 film)

2026-03-03T03:32:14Z

EggleFreggle: general improved details to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Prabu Yuvaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ra
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Prabu Yuvaraj
| producer = Ameen Akbar
| writer = Ashraf Prabu Yuvaraj
| starring = Ashraf [[Aditi Chengappa]]
| music = Raj Aryan

| cinematography = Saravanan Ramasamy
| editing = Prem Boominathan
| studio = Plan A Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|12|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ra''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] [[fantasy]] [[horror film]] written by debutant Prabu Yuvaraj, who co-wrote the film alongside Ashraf.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131015114813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-25/news-interviews/42392270_1_fantasy-ashraf-aditi-chengappa Ra is a fantasy thriller – The Times of India]</ref> Produced by Ameen and Akbar, the film features Ashraf and [[Aditi Chengappa]] in lead roles.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131015114815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-18/news-interviews/42181609_1_bollywood-film-thriller-aditis Aditi’s next, a thriller - The Times of India]</ref> The music was composed by Raj Aryan with cinematography by Saravanan Ramasamy<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ra' gets ready |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ra-gets-ready-imagegallery-kollywood-njylR2egdie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925215947/http://www.sify.com/movies/Ra-gets-ready-imagegallery-Kollywood-njylR2egdie.html |archive-date=2013-09-25}}</ref> and editing by Prem Boominathan. The film was launched at Chennai in July 2013, and it released on 5 December 2014 to positive reviews.

The film seems to have been highly inspired{{ambiguous|date=February 2017}} by the Hollywood film ''[[Insidious (film)|Insidious]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130710013604/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/Events/43128.html Events - 'Ra' Movie Launch]</ref>

==Plot==
Ajay's wife Renya had died mysteriously on the very first day of their marriage. Ajay started a quest to solve the mystery behind her death. Then, he went to a ghost hunter to ask a favor: to help him see his wife's soul. The ghost hunter hypnotized him and sent him to another world. As he traveled, he tried to go through a mysterious red door. After that, he came to reality and explained what he had done in the alternate world. The ghost hunter, after hearing him, said that the red door was protected by a deadly monster, and if anybody entered the door, a big war would rise into action in the real world, and soon the world would be destroyed by the monster. A few days later, some panoramal activities are observed at Ajay's house. Then movie ends with some twist and horror scene.

==Cast==
* Ashraf as Ajay
* [[Aditi Chengappa]] as Renya
* JP Jay as Inspector Deena Dayalan
* Lawrence R as Prabu
* Geetha Baby
* [[Rethika Srinivas]] as Ajay's sister

==Release==
The film was released on 5 December 2014.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ra
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Raj Aryan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:20
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Raj Aryan
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Gurkha (film)|Gurkha]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
The soundtrack was composed by Raj Aryan.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Varuvayo Thaen Malai Eval
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length1 = 4:14
| title2 = Yutham
| extra2 = Lawrence
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Devathai
| extra3 = Karthik
| length3 = 4:10
| title4 = Ye Pulla Yean Usurae
| extra4 = Raj, M. M. Monisha
| length4 = 4:49
| title5 = Kannurangai
| extra5 = Nivas, [[M. M. Manasi]]
| length5 = 3:23
| title6 = Ye Pulla Yean Usurae (Remix)
| extra6 = Lawrence, Sathguru, M. M. Monisha
| length6 = 4:06
| title7 = Ra Theme
| extra7 =
| length7 = 1:56
}}

==Critical reception==
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Behindwoods rated the film positively and wrote, "A fairly well made thriller by debutants with strong technical backing".<ref>http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/ra/ra-review.html "Ra". ''Behindwoods''. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Ra is essentially a haunted house thriller but the writers Ashraf and Prabu Yuvaraj (the hero and the director of the film respectively) introduce an element of fantasy that gives it a different color. And, their treatment isn't kitschy in the least bit and the director whips up a genuine sense of dread like Hollywood horror films Insidious, Stir Of Echoes and Dead Silence".<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ra/movie-review/45388146.cms "Ra"]. ''[[The Times Of India]]''. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Appreciable Effort at Churning Out Horror Movie by Debutant |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/dec/07/appreciable-effort-at-churning-out-horror-movie-by-debutant-691323.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3060862|title=Ra}}

[[Category:2014 fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bibliography of Zakariyya Kandhlawi

2026-03-01T22:46:17Z

EggleFreggle: stub

{{Short description|none}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zakariyya Kandhlawi
| image = Cover of Aap Beati (Kandhlawi) (2-volume).png
| image_size = 100x
| caption = The cover of Zakariyya Kandhlawi's autobiographical work, [[Aap Beati (Kandhlawi)|''Aap Beati'']], primarily published in Urdu in the early 1970s, spanning 7 volumes
| native_name = زکریا کاندھلوی
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1898|02|3|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|05|24|1898|02|3|df=yes}}
| resting_place = [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]]
| known_for = [[Hadith studies]]
| movement = [[Deobandi movement]]
}}
This '''bibliography of Zakariyya Kandhlawi''' is a selected list of scholarly resources that are generally available. These resources are related to [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], a leading [[Hadith studies|hadith scholar]] who is popularly known as [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] and served as an influential ideologue of [[Tablighi Jamaat]] during the mid-twentieth century in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaborieau |first=M. |title=Zakariyyā Kāndhalawī Sahāranpūrī |date=24 April 2012 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_8095 |series=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=9789004161214 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115180625/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_8095 |url-status=live }}</ref> He authored numerous books on classical Islamic knowledge, including the notable work [[Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik|''Awjaz al-Masalik'']]. In 1970, he published a seven-volume autobiography in Urdu titled [[Aap Beati (Kandhlawi)|''Aap Beati'']], in which he aimed to cover all the information related to himself and the remarkable events of his life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara D. |title=Zakariyya, Maulānā Muḥammad |year=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1093 |series=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702200515/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1093 |url-status=live }}</ref> This list includes his biographies, [[Thesis|theses]] written about him, and articles published about him in various journals, newspapers, encyclopedias, seminars, websites, and follows the [[APA style]].
{{Dynamic list}}

== Encyclopedias ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kandhalavi, Muhammad Zakariya |year=2003 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-1234 |series=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028043417/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-1234 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gaborieau |first=M. |title=Zakariyyā Kāndhalawī Sahāranpūrī |year=2012 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_8095 |series=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=13 June 2023 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_8095 |isbn=9789004161214 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115180625/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_8095 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara D. |title=Zakariyya, Maulānā Muḥammad |year=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1093 |series=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702200515/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1093 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Özşenel |first=Mehmet |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kandehlevi-muhammed-zekeriyya |title=KANDEHLEVÎ, Muhammed Zekeriyyâ |series=[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi|TDV Encyclopedia of Islam]] |publisher=[[Directorate of Religious Affairs]], Centre for Islamic Studies |year=1988–2016 |volume=24 |location=Turkey |pages=298–299 |language=tr |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-29 |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327234848/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kandehlevi-muhammed-zekeriyya }}
{{refend}}

== Biographies ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Anwar Ali
|first=Sayyid
|title=Radd-i fitnah: yani, Shaikh al-Hadith Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Sahib maddi zillah ki kitab Fitnah-yi Maududiyyat par ek be lag tabsirah
|trans-title=
|publisher=Maktabah-yi al-Hasnat
|year=1978
|location=Rampur, India
|language=ur
|oclc=7278165}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Bijnauri
|first=Azizurrahman
|title=Vali-yi kamil
|publisher=Madni Dar ul-Talif
|year=1969
|location=Bijnaur, India
|language=ur
|oclc=70157589}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bulandshahri |first=Ashiq Ilahi |url=https://archive.org/details/TOOBAA-sawaneh-umeri-sheikh-ul-hadeez-hazrat-moulana-zikriya-kandhelvi-madni |title=Sawaneh Umeri Sheikh Ul Hadees Hazrat Moulana Zakariya Kandhelvi Madni |date=26 November 2021 |publisher=Mahadus Halis Al-Islamia |location=Karachi, Pakistan |language=ur |author-link=Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Gangohi
|first=Mahmud Hasan
|title=Vasf-i Shaikh
|publisher=Maktabah-yi Mahmudiyyah
|year=1979
|location=Merath, India
|language=ur
|oclc=977443420}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Husaini
|first=Sayyid Nafis
|title=Makatib Shaikhulhadis Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Madani banam Maulana Abduljalil Ra'ipuri
|url=https://archive.org/details/Maktaba-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra/Makateeb-i-Shaykh-ul-Hadith
|publisher=Maktabatulharmain
|year=1998
|location=Lahore, Pakistan
|language=ur
|oclc=214937242}}
* {{Cite book |last=Iqbal |first=Sufi |author-link=Sufi Iqbal |title=Hazrat Sheikh Ka Ittiba-i Sunnat Aur Ishq-i Rasool|trans-title=The following of the Sunnah and love for the Prophet by Hazrat Sheikh. |publisher=Maktabatulmadaniyyah |year=1982 |location=Lahore, Pakistan |language=ur |oclc=12972767}}
* {{Cite book |last=Iqbal |first=Sufi |author-link=Sufi Iqbal |title=Faiz-i Shaikh|publisher=Idaratus Siddiq|year=2020 |location=Dabhel, India |language=ur |oclc=1298200825}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Kandhlawi
|first=Nurul Hasan Rashid
|title=Barakatul Asr Hazrat Shaikh al-Hadith, Muhammad Zakariya Sahib Kandhlavi Muhaajir Madani... ke mamulaat-i Ramazan: jis men Ramazanul Mubarak 1332 se lekar Ramazan 1400 tak ke ijmali va tafsili haalaat jam' kie gae hain
|trans-title=
|publisher=Maktabah al-Banuriyah
|year=1981
|location=Karachi, Pakistan
|language=ur
|oclc=11757169}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kandhlawi |first=Zakariyya |title=Aap beati: Autobiography of Maulana Zakariya Kandhlawi |year=2014 |publisher=Idara Impex |isbn=978-81-7101-248-0 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Kandhalwi
|first=Shabbir Ahmad Jazbi
|title=Gham Naham-yi Firaq: Bar Vafat Hasrat Ayat Hazrat Aqdas Shaikh Al-hadith Maulana Zakariya Kandhalvi
|trans-title=
|publisher=Kutub Khana-yi Aziziyyah
|year=1983
|location=Delhi, India
|language=ur
|oclc=13903754}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Madani
|first=Mohammed Ismail Memon
|title=Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Kandhalvi Aur Digar Akabar Ka Ramazan
|trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Kandhalvi and other prominent figures in Ramazan
|publisher=Majlis-e Nashriat-e Islam
|year=1997
|location=Karachi, Pakistan
|language=ur
|oclc=62340808}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Makki
|first=Abd al-Hafiz
|title=Shaykh Al-hadith Wa-imam Al-muhaddithin Fi Asrih
|publisher=Al-Maqtabatul Imdadiya
|year=2013
|location=Makkah al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
|language=ar
|oclc=970601401}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Maroofi
|first=Muhammad Shakir Umayr
|title=Rayhanat al-Hind Shaykh al-hadith Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandhilawi: hayatuhu wa khidamatuhu fi lum al-hadith
|publisher=Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur
|year=2010
|location=India
|language=ar
|oclc=1055767388}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Motala
|first=Yusuf
|title=Qutb-ul-Aqtab Hazrat Shaikh-ul-Hadith Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Muhaajir Madani
|publisher=Maktabat-ul-Shaikh
|year=2006
|location=England
|language=ur
|oclc=126211795}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/moulana%20shaikhul%20hadith%20zakaria.pdf |title=Hazrat Sheikh Al-Hadith Maulana Muhammad Zakaria Kandhlowi |publisher=Maqtaba-e Islam |year=2003 |location=India |language=ur |author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi |access-date=2023-06-14 |archive-date=2022-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616052415/http://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/moulana%20shaikhul%20hadith%20zakaria.pdf |url-status=live |oclc=856569507}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nadwi |first1=Muhammad Sani Hasani |url=https://archive.org/details/Maktaba-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra/Swaneh-al-Qaseedah-al-Madhiyya-Manaqib-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra |title=Al-Qasida Al-Murakkhia Manaqib Barakah Ahdar Muhaddith Kabir Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi Muhajirani Pishin |last2=Manan |first2=Abdul |date=1984 |publisher=Sagir Ahmad |location=Lahore |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Firoz Akhtar |title=Zikr-i Zakariya |trans-title=Remembrance of Zakariya |url=https://archive.org/details/Maktaba-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra/Swaneh-Zikr-i-Zakariyya|publisher=Markaz al-Shaikh Abi al-Hasan al-Nadvi, Jama'ah Islamiyah Muzaffarpur |year=2005 |location=Azamgarh, India |language=ur |oclc=62733034}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Najibullah
|first=Muhammad Shahid
|title=Qutb-ul-Aqtab Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Muhaajir Madani ka safarnama-yi Afriqa va Inglaind, Ramazan ul-Mubarak 1401H./1981
|trans-title=Account of travels of Muhammad Zakariyya
|publisher=Majlis-e Nashriyat-e Islam
|year=1982
|location=Karachi, Pakistan
|language=ur
|oclc=22909165}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Naqshbandi Ghafuri
|first=Muhammad Ruhullah
|title=Shaikhulhadis Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Sahib Saharanpuri Ki Dini Va Ilmi Khidmat
|trans-title=Religious and academic services of Shaykh al-Hadith Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Zakaria Sahib Saharanpuri
|publisher=Maqtabatul Haramain
|year=2013
|location=Lahore, Pakistan
|language=ur
|oclc=854906431}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Nomani
|first=Sajjad
|author-link=Sajjad Nomani
|title=Tazkirah-yi shaikh
|publisher=Idarah Al-furqan Bukdipu
|year=2000s
|location=Lucknow, India
|language=ur
|oclc=61161606}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Khalid Saifullah |url=https://archive.org/details/Maktaba-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra/Makateeb-Sheikh-ul-Hadith-ra-Banaam-Maulana-Qari-Shareef-Ahmad-ra |title=Makateeb Hazrat Sheikh Muhammad Zakariya |publisher=Jamia Ashraf ul Uloom Rashidi Gangoh |year=2012 |location=India |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Rahman
|first=Habibur
|title=Qutubulqutab Hazrat Sheikhulhadith Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Sahab Muhaajir Madani qaddasa sirruhu ki taraf se mohabbat naame, Hazrat Maulana Abdurrahim Sahab aur Hazrat Maulana Yusuf Sahab ke naam
|publisher=Kutub Khaneh-e Yahavi
|year=2007
|location=Saharanpur, India
|language=ur
|oclc=800714481}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Saharanpuri
|first=Muhammad Shahid
|title=Hazrat-i Shaikh ke hairat angez waqiat
|url=https://archive.org/details/BESTUBOOKSHSHW/HAZRAT_SHYKH_K_HERATANGEZ_WAQIAT
|publisher=Idarah-yi Ma'arif-i Shaikh
|year=1991
|location=Saharanpur, U.P., India
|language=ur
|oclc=29798167}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Saharanpuri
|first=Muhammad Shahid
|title=Fihrist-i talifat-i Sheikh
|trans-title=List of works of Sheikh
|publisher=Daftar Yadgar-i Sheikh
|year=1997
|location=Saharanpur, India
|language=ur
|oclc=51086531}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Saharanpuri
|first=Muhammad Shahid
|title=Hayat-i Shaikh
|publisher=Maktabah Yadgar-i Shaikh
|year=2004
|location=U.P., India
|language=ur
|oclc=62393420}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saharanpuri |first=Muhammad Shahed |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/114819/shaikhul-hadis-mawlana-zakariya-rh--er-pach-konna |title=Five daughters of Shaikhul Hadith Maulana Zakaria |publisher=Akiq Publications |year=2015 |location=Banglabazar, Dhaka |language=bn |translator-last=Bin Manjur |translator-first=Masrur |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-date=2022-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411155230/https://www.rokomari.com/book/114819/shaikhul-hadis-mawlana-zakariya-rh--er-pach-konna |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book
|last=Saharanpuri
|first=Muhammad Shahid
|title=Alam-i Arab Men Hazrat Shaikh Ka Maqam Aur Ap Ki Talifat Ki Maqbuliyat Va Isha'at
|trans-title=In the land of Arabia, Hazrat Shaikh's position and the acceptance and dissemination of his teachings
|publisher=Maktabah Yadgar-i Shaikh
|year=2016
|location=Saharanpur, India
|language=ur
|oclc=967791138}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Usmani
|first=Momin Khan
|title=Do Azim Insan
|trans-title=Two Great Men
|publisher=Maktabat Habibiyyah Rashidiyyah
|year=2013
|location=Lahore, Pakistan |language=ur
|oclc=870433078}}
{{refend}}

== Theses ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Riyaz |title=Maulana Mohd Zakaria ki Elm E hadees men Khidmaat |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2009 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/57134 |degree=PhD |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/144524601?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=144523409&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=cb65ce6f-dd11-4a75-a8eb-a95e4ded5f93&position=3&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=144527167,144526634,144524601,144527160,144521013 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627220558/https://core.ac.uk/display/144524601?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=144523409&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=cb65ce6f-dd11-4a75-a8eb-a95e4ded5f93&position=3&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=144527167,144526634,144524601,144527160,144521013 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Chaudhary |first=Muhammad Nawaz |title=Religious and academic services of Hazrat Maulana Zakaria |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |year=1992 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8810 |type=PhD |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830142215/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8810 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Hossain |first=Abu Sayyim Md. Tofazzal |url=http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3317 |title=Mawlana Zakaria Kandhalovi (Rh.): Life And Study Of Hadith |date=2024 |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]]|degree=PhD |location=Bangladesh |language=bn}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Jahya |first=Fathul Bari bin Mat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSxdnQAACAAJ |title=Hadiths on the Virtues of Charity and Hajj in the Book of Business Virtues by Kandhlawi: A Modern Critical Study |date=2013 |publisher=Department of Qur'an and Sunnah Studies, [[International Islamic University Malaysia]] |location=Malaysia |language=ar |oclc=957270059 |degree=PhD |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028043415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OSxdnQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Sarwar |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/15958 |title=Characteristics and Methodology of Awjaz-al-Masalik (An Analytical Study) |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |year=2019 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |type=PhD |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630203939/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/15958 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis |last1=Laval |first1=Thibaud |title=Mohammad Zakariya Kandhalawi's Sufi ideal: Deobandi Sufism and the Tablighi Jama'at |last2=Hachem |first2=Constance Arminjon |last3=Lory |first3=Pierre |last4=Zarcone |first4=Thierry |publisher=[[Paris Sciences et Lettres University]] |year=2018 |location=France |language=fr |oclc=1377544386 |degree=PhD}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Maliq |first=Abdul |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293977 |title=Moulana Muhammad Zakariyya Hayatuhu Wa A Maluhu |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Madras]] |year=2001 |location=India |language=ar |hdl=10603/293977 |degree=PhD |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621140458/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293977 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Sakat |first=Ahamad Asmadi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTi6nQAACAAJ |title=Metodologi al-'Allamah Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandahlawiyy dalam penyusunan kitab Awjaz al-masalik ila Muwatta' Malik |date=2010 |publisher=Jabatan al-Quran dan al-Hadith, Akademi Pengajian Islam, [[University of Malaya]] |location=Malaysia |language=ms |oclc=962924119 |degree=PhD |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630203937/https://books.google.com/books/about/Metodologi_al_Allamah_Muhammad_Zakariyya.html?id=YTi6nQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Taqi |first=Muhammad Rizwan |title=A research study of the religious and academic services of Maulana Muhammad Zakaria Kandhalvi |publisher=[[University of Karachi]] |year=2005 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |degree=PhD |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8794 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830111142/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8794 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

== Journals ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Hafiz Iftikhar |year=2013 |title=Sheikh Hadith Maulana Muhammad Zakaria personality and services of Hadith |url=https://pjir.bzu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/61e92ed35234e/page |url-status=live |journal=Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research |language=ur |publisher=[[Bahauddin Zakariya University]] |volume=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615014042/https://pjir.bzu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/61e92ed35234e/page |archive-date=15 June 2023}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Zaheer |last2=Muhammad |first2=Ibraheem Bin |year=2022 |title=Linguistics Issues in "Aujaz ul Masalik ila Muata Imam Malik" by Muhammad Zakriya Al-Kandhalavi –Nominative Issue "Subject" as Example |url=https://khairulumma.com/index.php/about/article/view/35 |url-status=live |journal=Khairulummah |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=33–44 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7456861 |issn=2790-329X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224232513/https://khairulumma.com/index.php/about/article/view/35 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Farman |first1=Mursal |last2=Iqbal |first2=Javaid |year=2016 |title=Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Imam Malik: Approach and Methodology |url=http://hazaraislamicus.hu.edu.pk/public/uploads/2016/Issue_1/04.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Hazara Islamicus |language=ur |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |issn=2305-3283 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712213549/http://hazaraislamicus.hu.edu.pk/public/uploads/2016/Issue_1/04.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2020 |access-date=24 February 2023}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghouri |first=Syed Abdul Majid |year=2022 |title=Awjaz Al-masālik 'ilā Muwaṭṭāʿ Mālik Of Shayikh Muḥammad Zakariyyā Kandhalavi: A Critical Analysis From Hadith Perspective |url=https://jmqs.usim.edu.my/index.php/jmqs/article/view/356 |url-status=live |journal=Maʿālim al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=154–183 |doi=10.33102/jmqs.v18i1.356 |issn=2637-0328 |s2cid=249614654 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014053848/https://jmqs.usim.edu.my/index.php/jmqs/article/view/356 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=24 February 2023|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Muhammad |last2=Majid |first2=Latifah Abdul |last3=Othman |first3=Fadhlan Mohd |last4=Sakat |first4=Ahamad Asmadi |year=2022 |title=Method of Mursal Hadith Interpretation in the Book of Awjaz Al-Masālik Ilā Muwaththa' Mālik by Sheikh Muhammad Zakariyyā Al-Kāndahlawiyy |url=http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/ushuluddin/article/view/6625 |url-status=live |journal=Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Ushuluddin |language=id |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=23–44 |doi=10.18592/jiiu.v21i1.6625 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2549-3752 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224232529/http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/ushuluddin/article/view/6625 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023}}
* {{Cite journal |date=1982 |editor-last=Hosni |editor-first=Mohammad Hamza |title=Hazrat Sheikh al-Hadith Maulana Zakariyya kandhlawi |url=https://archive.org/details/Maktaba-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra/Swaneh-Sheikh-ul-Hadith-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra-Number-Mahnama-Rizwan |journal=Monthly Rizwan |location=India |volume=26}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Inamullah |first1=Muhammad |last2=Uddin |first2=Nasir |year=2019 |title=Research review of methodology of sheikh Zakaria Kandahlawi in "Khasayil Nabawi" |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/22 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=17–24 |issn=2708-6577 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023233434/https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/22 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ismail |first1=Mohd Aashif |last2=Majid |first2=Latifah Abdul |last3=Nazri |first3=Mohd Arif |year=2022 |title=Penggunaan Ungkapan Al-Auj'ah ᶜIndī Di Sisi Zakariyya Al-Kāndahlawi: Tumpuan Terhadap Karya Al- Abwāb Wa Al-Tarājim Li Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī |url=https://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath/index.php/jalturath/article/view/220 |journal=Al-turath Journal of Al-quran and Al-sunnah |language=ms |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |issn=0128-0899 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203130157/https://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath/index.php/jalturath/article/view/220 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Sarwar |last2=Khan |first2=Abdul Basit |year=2019 |title=Zakariyya Kandhalvi's Methodology for Introducing the Narrators of hadith: A Study of Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta' Malik |url=http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/irifikronazar/article/view/675 |url-status=live |journal=Fikr-o Nazar |volume=56 |issue=3–4 |pages=79–107 |eissn=2518-9948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145743/http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/irifikronazar/article/view/675 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=24 February 2023}}
* {{Cite journal |date=1986 |editor-last=Nomani |editor-first=Manzoor |editor-link=Manzoor Nomani |editor2-last=Nomani |editor2-first=Sajjad |editor2-link=Sajjad Nomani |title=Sheikh al-Hadith Maulana Zakariyya Rahmatullahi Alihi |url=https://archive.org/details/Maktaba-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra/Swaneh-Hadhrat-Sheikh-ul-Hadith-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra-Number-Mahnama-Al-Furqan |journal=Monthly Al-Furqan |location=Lucknow, India}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rofi'ah |first=Khusniati |date=2015 |title=Konsep Ekonomi Jamaah Tabligh: Studi Pemikiran Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya Dalam Kitab Fadilah Al-tijarah |url=https://jurnal.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/justicia/article/view/328 |journal=Justicia Islamica: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial |language=id |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=221–246 |doi=10.21154/justicia.v12i2.328 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2502-7646 |access-date=2023-06-14 |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207213135/https://jurnal.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/justicia/article/view/328 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sofian |first1=Muhammad |last2=Syamsuwir |first2=Syamsuwir |last3=Amril |first3=Dapit |date=2020-03-05 |title=Penafsiran Ayat-Ayat Zakat Oleh Maulana Muhammad Zakariyya Al-Kandahlawi dalam Buku Fadhilah Sedekah |url=http://ecampus.iainbatusangkar.ac.id/ojs/index.php/istinarah/article/view/47 |journal=Istinarah: Riset Keagamaan, Sosial Dan Budaya |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=55 |doi=10.31958/istinarah.v1i2.1776 |s2cid=213611885 |issn=2716-3539 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-date=2020-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602173602/http://ecampus.iainbatusangkar.ac.id/ojs/index.php/istinarah/article/view/47 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Yahia Bilal Minar |first=Mohamed |date=2021 |title=Mukhtalif al-hadith (Different Hadiths) according to ShaikhZakaria Al-Kandhlawi, in sharh "Al-Shama'il" of Imam Al-Tirmizi, an applied study |url=https://jfgt.journals.ekb.eg/article_207930.html |journal=Majalat Kliat Albanat Al'azharia |language=ar |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=182–327 |doi=10.21608/jfgt.2021.207930 |s2cid=245166809 |issn=2636-3615 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221084720/https://jfgt.journals.ekb.eg/article_207930.html |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

== Newspapers ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite news |last=Hedayatullah |first=Muhammad |date=15 January 2023 |title=Life and work of Shaykhul Hadith Zakaria (RA) |language=bn |series=[[Kaler Kantho]] |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/Islamic-lifestylie/2023/01/15/1227913 |publication-place=Bangladesh |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401053432/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/Islamic-lifestylie/2023/01/15/1227913 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Mujibur |date=22 July 2022 |title=Religious Services of Sheikh al-Hadith Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlavi |series=[[Daily Pakistan]] |publication-place=Pakistan |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/22-Jul-2022/1464985 |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724002536/https://dailypakistan.com.pk/22-Jul-2022/1464985 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

== Seminars ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite conference |last=Ghouri |first=Syed Abdul Majid |date=November 2019 |title=The Approach of Sheikh Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi in His Book Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337257243 |conference=Compilation & Writing Methodologies adopted by Hadith Scholars Classical & Contemporary Perspective |language=ar |publisher=[[Selangor Islamic University]] |pages=323–339 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023153047/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Syed-Ghouri-2/publication/337257243_mnhju_alshykh_mhmad_zkrya_alkandahlawi_fy_ktabh_aawjaz_almasalik_aly_mutaa_malik/links/5f259e25458515b729f93243/mnhju-alshykh-mhmad-zkrya-alkandahlawi-fy-ktabh-aawjaz-almasalik-aly-mutaa-malik.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2022 |access-date=24 February 2023 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite conference |last=Saharanpuri |first=Muhammad Shahid |url=https://archive.org/details/Maktaba-Maulana-Zakariyya-Kandhalvi-ra/Pakistan-Main-Hadhrat-Sheikh-ra-Kay-Talamiza-i-Hadith |title=Mamlakat-e-Islamiyah Pakistan mein Sheikh al-Hadith Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi ke talamizah-e-Hadith |publisher=Jamia Darul Uloom Zakaria |date=15 April 2012 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |language=ur}}
{{refend}}

== Other ==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Razzak |first=Abdur |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/45101/bisser-shersto-100-muslim-monisi?ref=rec_2_p_121868 |title=The world's best 100 Muslim thinkers |publisher=Meena Book House |year=2015 |isbn=9789848360194 |location=Banglabazar, Dhaka |pages=417 |language=bn |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326172309/https://www.rokomari.com/book/45101/bisser-shersto-100-muslim-monisi?ref=rec_2_p_121868 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
=== Theses ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Ahmed
|first=Mobarok
|title=A study on Arabic prose writers in India with special reference to Maulana Muhammad Rabey Hasani Nadwi
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/115224
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]]
|year=2012
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/115224
|type=PhD
|pages=107–112
|access-date=2023-06-14
|archive-date=2022-10-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014204745/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/115224
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/218484 |title=Contribution of India in Hadith Literature after Independence Aazaadi Ke Baad Hindustaan Ki Khidmaat e Hadith |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/218484 |degree=PhD |pages=120–121 |access-date=2023-06-17 |archive-date=2022-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020455/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/218484 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Mujab |first=Muhammad |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/58830 |title=Islamic sciences in india and indonesia: a comparative study |journal= |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2001 |location=India |pages=167–170 |hdl=10603/58830 |degree=PhD}}
{{refend}}

== See also ==
* [[Works of Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Zakariyya Kandhlawi}}

[[Category:Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Islam-related lists]]
[[Category:Bibliographies of people|Zakariyya, Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Indian biographies|Zakariyya, Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Deobandi-related bibliographies|Zakariyya, Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Bibliographies of Indian writers]]

Dasarahalli inscriptions and hero stones

2026-02-27T21:13:05Z

EggleFreggle: added stub!

{{Multiple issues|{{unreliable sources|date=January 2025}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2025}}
{{orphan|date=October 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|13.042611|N|77.509639|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Wide Angle View Photograph of the T Dasarahalli 800CE Turugol Herostone With Inscription.jpg|thumb|355x355px|T. Dasarahalli hero stones with inscription. ]]
[[Dasarahalli|T. Dasarahalli]] is a locality in North [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], which is home to four [[Kannada_script|Kannada]] inscriptions dated between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. All the inscriptions refer to the deaths of heroes who fought in fierce battles. They record the historical name of T. Dasarahalli as ''Injatur'' and mention several administrative divisions, including Palikkarinad, Kukkalanad and Karikanad.

Of the four inscriptions, two — the Kosigaramalta Guramareya's ''turugol'' [[hero stone]] — are physically extant, while the physical status of the remaining two — the Kukkara inscription and the Dharmagudu inscription — is unknown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengalurus-inscriptions-cast-in-stone-but-lost-in-time/article65636187.ece|title=Bengaluru's inscriptions: Cast in stone, but lost in time|first=Sharath S.|last=Srivatsa|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 July 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> These inscriptions have been published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'' and the ''Journal of the Mythic Society''.

== Kosigaramalta Guramareya's Turugol hero stone inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = T. Dasarahalli 800 CE Kosigaramalta Guramareya's Turugol hero stone with inscription
| image = Digital Image of the T Dasarahalli 800CE Kosigaramalta Guramareya's Turugol Herostone Inscription.png
| image_caption = Digital image of the T. Dasarahalli 800 CE Kosigaramalta Guramareya's Turugol hero stone with inscription. Picture Courtesy: [[commons:File:Digital_Image_of_the_T_Dasarahalli_800CE_Kosigaramalta_Guramareya%27s_Turugol_Herostone_Inscription.png|Wikimedia Commons]]
| material = [[Stone]]
| height = {{convert|106|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|121|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada script of that time
| created = {{start date and age|800|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_by = B L Rice and team of the Mysore Archaeological Department
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115144
| location = {{coord|13.042611|77.509639}}
| discovered_date = 1905
}}
The inscription, dated paleographically to around 800 CE, commemorates the heroic death of Kosigaramalta Guramareya, who was killed while defending against a cattle raid (''turugol'') in the region of Injatur. The term ''turugol'' refers to the act of cattle raiding, in which cattle—considered a significant form of wealth in ancient times—were stolen. Those who died defending cattle from such raids were honoured with memorial stones known as hero stones (''vīragallu''). The presence of two such [[Hero_stone|hero stones]] in this locality suggests that the area may have been particularly prone to such raids.

The name "Injatur" is mentioned in this and two adjacent inscriptions. Based on this evidence, it can be inferred that the present-day [[Dasarahalli]] area was formerly known as Injatur. The inscription was first published in the ''Journal of the Mythic Society''.

=== Physical characteristics ===
The stone measures 106 cm in height and 121 cm in width. The [[Kannada_script|Kannada]] characters are 5 cm tall, 2 cm wide, and 0.22 cm deep, indicating a very shallow incision. The sculptural depiction shows a battle scene in which the hero wields a bow and dagger while being struck by arrows. On either side, [[Apsara|apsaras]] are shown holding [[Fly-whisk|flywhisks]] (''chamara''). Adjacent to the final character of the inscription, a small four-petalled flower is delicately engraved.

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The transliteration of the text was published in the ''Journal of the Mythic Society''. [[File:3D scanning of the T Dasarahalli 800CE Kosigaramalta Guramareya's Turugol Herostone Inscription.jpg|thumb|332x332px|3D scanning of the T. Dasarahalli 800CE Kosigaramalta Guramareya's Turugol hero stone inscription. |left]]A 3D scan of the hero stone inscription has been created, along with digital images of each character, high-resolution photographs of the inscription, and a summary. This material is available through the Akshara Bhandara software.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರ ಭಂಡಾರ |url=https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115144 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=mythicsociety.github.io}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada_script|Kannada]]
![[International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|಄ ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಕೋಸಿಗರಮೞ್ತ ಗುರಾಮರೆಯನಿಞ್ಜ
|಄ svasti śrī kosigaramaḻta gurāmarĕyaniñja
|-
|2
|ತೂರಾ ತುಱುಗೊಳೊಳ್ಕದಿ ಸತ್ತನ್
|tūrā tuṟugŏlŏ̤lka̤ di sattan
|}
== Marasinga Turugol hero stone with inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = The T. Dasarahalli 800 CE Marasinga Turugol hero stone with inscription
| image = Digital Image of the T Dasarahalli 800CE Turugol Herostone With Inscription.png
| image_caption = Digital image of The T. Dasarahalli 800 CE Turugol hero stone obtained by 3D digital scanning of the hero stone. Picture Courtesy: [[commons:File:File:Digital_Image_of_the_T_Dasarahalli_800CE_Turugol_Herostone_With_Inscription.png|Wikimedia Commons]]
| material = [[Stone]]
| height = {{convert|110|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|129|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada script of that time
| created = {{start date and age|900|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_date = 1905
| discovered_by = B L Rice and team of the Mysore Archaeological Department
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115143
| location = {{coord|13.042611|77.509639}}
| language = Kannada language of that time
}}

This hero stone, bearing a [[Kannada_script|Kannada]] inscription, commemorates Marasinga, who died while defending Injatur from a ''turugol'' (cattle raid). The term ''turugol'' refers to the act of cattle raiding, in which cattle—considered an important form of wealth in ancient times—were stolen. Those who perished in such defence were honoured through the erection of hero stones (''vīragallu'').

The inscription records that it was created during the reign of ''mādĕyagāmuṃḍa''. The suffix ''gāmuṃḍa'' is an Old Kannada term referring to a village headman, related to terms such as ''gāvunda'', ''gāvundar'', and ''gāmundar'', corresponding to the present-day Kannada term [[Gowda_(surname)#cite_note-8|''gowda'']]. The hero stone is currently located in [[Dasarahalli|T. Dasarahalli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=10MkVJhxpkbsDbhXxJpAS82KtKMI&hl=en_US&ll=13.042721630102575,77.50978077603041&z=20|title=The Incredible Inscription Stones of Bengaluru|website=Google My Maps}}</ref>

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The transliteration of the text was first published in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'',<ref name="auto">[https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n72/mode/1up Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore : Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive]</ref> with a subsequent rereading appearing in the ''Journal of the Mythic Society''. [[File:3D Scanning of the T Dasarahalli 800CE Turugol Herostone With Inscription.jpg|thumb|338x338px|3D scanning of the T. Dasarahalli 800 CE Turugol hero stone with inscription. |left]]

A 3D scan of the hero stone has been created, along with high-resolution images of each character, photographs of the inscription, a summary, and other related information. These materials are available through the Akshara Bhandara software.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರ ಭಂಡಾರ |url=https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115143 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=mythicsociety.github.io}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada_script|Kannada]]
![[International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|಄ ಸ್ವೊಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀ ಮಾದೆಯಗಾಮುಂಡ
|಄ svŏstiśrī mādĕyagāmuṃḍa
|-
|2
|ರೀ ಪೆರಿಯೂರು ಊಮಿಯ ಸಿರಿ
|rī pĕriyūru ūmiya siri
|-
|3
|ಊರ ರಾಮಾಗನು ಮಾರಸಿಙ್ಗ
|ūra rāmāganu mārasiṅga
|-
|4
|ಇನ್ಜತುರ ತೂಱೂಗೊಳೆ ಸತನ್
|injatura tūṟūgŏlĕ satan
|-
|5
|ಇ ಊರ ಆಳ್ವೊ ಸತಂ
|i ūra ālvŏ̤ satam
|}

=== Translation ===
The translation, as published in Volume 9 of ''Epigraphia Carnatica'',<ref name=":0">[https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n314/mode/1up Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore : Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive]</ref> reads:

"Be it well, when Madiyamunda was ruling this Periyur, Siriyura's son Marasinga died fighting in the ''turugol'' of Injatur."

== 8th century CE Kukkara inscription ==
This [[Kannada_script|Kannada]] inscription, dated to the 8th century CE, was issued during the reign of the [[Western_Ganga_Dynasty|Western Ganga]] king [[Sripurusha]]. It commemorates the heroic death of Kukkara, who ruled Bidirkal and drove out the forces of Palikkarinad. The place name Bidirkal corresponds to the present-day sub-locality of Chikkabidirakallu in the vicinity of [[Dasarahalli|T. Dasarahalli]], while the location of Palikkarinad cannot be identified with certainty.

The inscription also records the name of the scribe as Naga. It was documented in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'', Volume 9. The present physical status of the inscription is unknown.

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The transliteration of the text was published in ''Epigraphia Carnatica'',<ref name="auto" /> and a rereading was later published in the ''Journal of the Mythic Society''.

{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada_script|Kannada]]
!modern English
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರಿಮತ್‍ ಶ್ರಿಪುರುಷ ಮಹಾರಾಜಂ ಪೃಥುವೀ ರಾ
|svastiśrī śrīpurusha maharājam pruthuvi rā
|-
|2
|ಜ್ಯಂಗೆಯ್ಯೆ ವೊಲೆತ್ತಾಳ್ವೊರೆನ್ನ ಕರಿಕನಾಡ
|jyamgeyye volettalvorenna karikanāda
|-
|3
|ಬಿದಿರ್ಕಲ್ಲಾಳ್ದ ಕುಕ್ಕರಪಾೞಿಕ್ಕಾಱಿನಾಡಿಯರ್ ತುರಿದು
|bidirkallalda kukkarapaalkkarinaadiyar turidu
|-
|4
|ಪಡೆಯುಳವರಷ್ಟೆ ಬಲಮನ್ನ ಎಱಿದುಬಿಱ್ದು . .
|padeyulavarashte balamanna eridubirdu. .
|-
|5
|ಶ್ರೀಅಮ್ಬಿ ಆಚಾರಿಯರ ಮಗ ನ್ನಾಗನ್‍ ಮಡಿದ
|śrīambi āchāriyara maga naga mādida
|}

=== Translation ===
The translation, as published in Volume 9 of ''Epigraphia Carnatica'',<ref name=":0" /> reads:

"Be it well. When Sripurusha-maharaja was ruling the kingdom of the earth called Polettalvor, Kukkara, who was ruling Bidirkkal in Karika-nad, drove out the Palikkari-nad people, and smiting the whole force of foot-soldiers, fell. Ambi-achari's son Naga made this."

== 10th century CE Dharmagudu inscription ==
This [[Kannada_script|Kannada]] inscription, dated to the 10th century CE, is fragmentary and incomplete. From the surviving text, it can be inferred that it commemorates a hero who died in battle. The present physical status of the inscription is unknown.

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The transliteration of the text was published in ''Epigraphia Carnatica''.<ref name="auto"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada_script|Kannada]]
!modern English
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರಿ ಇನ್ದರನಾಳಾಧರ್ಮಗುಡು . .
|svastiśrī indaranālādharmagudu. .
|-
|2
|ನುಮಿಱಿದು ಸ್ವರ್ಗ್ಗಸ್ತರಾದರ್ ಇದ . .
|numiridu svargastarādar ida. .
|-
|3
|. . . . . . ದಳ್ದಗಿಯರಮ್ಮ . . .
|. . . . . . . daldagiyaramma
|-
|4
|ಇದಮ್ಮಸಿದಾಪರಿಯ . . . .
|idammasidāpariya. . . . .
|-
|5
|. . . . . . .
|. . . . . . .
|}

=== Translation ===
The translation, as published in ''Epigraphia Carnatica'',<ref name=":0"/> reads:

"Be it well. When Indara was ruling—Dharmagudu, piercing ... went to svargga. A grant was made for him. [Includes imprecation]."

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Sankardev Shishu Niketan, Mangaldai

2026-02-21T01:38:50Z

EggleFreggle: stub!

{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sankardev Shishu Niketan, Mangaldai
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = Swyomebo Mrigendota
| location = Baruapara, [[Mangaldai]] [[Darrang district|Darrang]] [[Assam]]
| country = India
| zipcode = 784125
| coordinates = {{coord|26.452272|N|92.034849|E|display=inline,title}}
| established = 1993
| opened =
| closed =
| type = [[High School]]
| district = [[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| school_board = [[Board of Secondary Education, Assam]]
| grades =
| superintendent =
| principal = Kamal Chandra Deka
| head_of_school = Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Sansthan
| enrollment = [[Secondary Education Board of Assam|SEBA]]
| faculty = 25
| campus_type = RCC building
| campus_size =
| team_name =
| affiliation =
| newspaper =
| colors =
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = 
| footnotes =
| founder = Chandra Kumar Chakraborty
}}

'''Sankardev Shishu Niketan, Mangaldai''' is a school located in Baruapara, Ward No.4, Mangaldai [[Darrang District]], [[Assam]]. It is run by the [[Shishu Shiksha Samiti, Assam]], a state-level affiliate committee of [[Vidya Bharati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/sankardev-sishu-vidya-niketan/18080213606|title = Sankardev Sishu Vidya Niketan School Darrang, Assam|date = |accessdate = |website =Icbse.com |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://schools.org.in/darrang/18080213606/sankardev-sishu-vidya-niketan.html|title = SANKARDEV SISHU VIDYA NIKETAN|date = |accessdate = |website =Schools.org.in |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://globalschoolrank.com/school/54772/sankardev-shishu-vidya-niketan-SSVN-mangaldai-darrang|title = SANKARDEV SHISHU VIDYA NIKETAN|date = |accessdate = |website =Globalschoolrank.com |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.studyapt.com/schools/assamese-medium/kalaigaon-darrang-assam/2|title = Assamese medium schools|date = |accessdate = |website =Studyapt.com |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

==Faculty and students==
The school as 18 teachers, two office assistants, and more than 400 students.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Assam]]

{{Assam-school-stub}}

PBX 1

2026-01-29T02:22:57Z

EggleFreggle: minor add citations for clarity and fixed typos for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = PBX 1
| type = studio
| artist = Sidhu Moose Wala
| cover = PBX 1 (album).jpg
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2018|10|18}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = * [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
* [[gangsta rap]]
* [[hardcore hip hop]]
| length = {{Duration|33:48}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = {{hlist|[[Byg Byrd]]|Intense|Snappy|Harj Nagra}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Snitches Get Stitches]]
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|SlLhbuASN7c|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = PBX 1
| type = studio
| single1 = Jatt Da Muqabla
| single1date = 18 October 2018
| single2 = Badfella
| single2date = 9 November 2018
| single3 = I'm Better Now
| single3date = 20 January 2019
}}
}}

'''''PBX 1''''' is the debut studio album by Indian rapper [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], released on 18 October 2018, by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. The album was produced by [[Byg Byrd]], Intense, Snappy, and Harj Nagra. Along with the album, Moose Wala also released a music video for "Jatt Da Muqabla", directed by TDot Films.

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:52
| title1 = Intro
| length1 = 0:30
| music1 =
| title2 = Jatt Da Muqabala
| length2 = 3:24
| music2 = Snappy
| title3 = Death Route
| length3 = 3:37
| music3 = Intense
| title4 = Dawood
| length4 = 3:17
| music4 = Byg Byrd
| title5 = Badfella
| length5 = 3:37
| music5 = Harj Nagra
| title6 = Kala Chashma
| note6 = Skit
| length6 = 0:25
| title7 = Selfmade
| length7 = 3:00
| music7 = Byg Byrd
| title8 = I'm Better Now
| note8 = Skit
| length8 = 1:30
| title9 = I'm Better Now
| length9 = 4:25
| music9 = Snappy
| title10 = Devil
| note10 = Skit
| length10 = 1:18
| title11 = Devil
| length11 = 4:05
| music11 = Byg Byrd
| title12 = Trend
| length12 = 3:41
| music12 = Snappy
| title13 = Outro
| length13 = 0:31
}}

'''Notes'''
* "Selfmade" features vocals by [[Sunny Malton]].
* 'Intro', 'Kala Chashma (skit)' and 'Outro' features uncredited vocals by Harjinder Thind.

== Chart performance ==

The album debuted at number 66 on the ''Billboard'' [[Canadian Albums Chart]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/chart-history/cna/|title=Sidhu Moosewala|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> The album reached the top spot on [[iTunes]] and became the top Indian Pop album.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/181031-confidential-and-pbx1-reaches-top-spot-on|title='CON.FI.DEN.TIAL' and 'PBX1' reaches top spot on iTunes|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/tseriesmusic/posts/2420496354691136|title=T-Series|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> The songs "Jatt Da Muqabala", "Badfella" and "Dawood" were ranked No. 11, 24, and 26 on UK Asian Music Chart by [[Official Charts Company|OCC]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/20181026/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40|website=[[Official Charts Company]]|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/music/album/Pbx_1?id=Bcwww2iefbxxcjvoe45fcei5xai&hl=en|title=Sidhu Moosewala: Pbx 1 - Music on Google Play|website=play.google.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/sidhu-moose-wala-turns-actor-shares-first-look-poster-of-his-film-yes-i-am-student/|title=Sidhu Moose Wala Turns Actor, Shares First Look Poster Of His Film 'Yes I Am Student'|last1=N|first1=Karan|last2=a|date=2018-11-28|website=PTC Punjabi|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> Songs "Jatt Da Muqabala", "Badfella" and "Selfmade" also featured in [[Apple Music]] 2010s Punjabi essentials playlist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/playlist/10s-punjabi-essentials/pl.0129bded871b44b79c679a3962713b4d|title='10s Punjabi Essentials|website=Apple Music|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>

== Charts ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2018)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{album chart|BillboardCanada|66|artist=Sidhu Moosewala|rowheader=true|accessdate=15 March 2020}}
|}

=== Songs ===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Chart (2018)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"|"Jatt Da Muqabala"
| rowspan="3"|UK Asian ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref name=":0" />
| 11
|-
! scope="row"|"Badfella"
| 24
|-
! scope="row"|"Dawood"
| 26
|}

== Accolades ==

* Best Album - Brit Asia Music Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://britasia.tv/the-winners-of-the-britasia-tv-kuflink-music-awards-2019/|title=THE WINNERS OF THE BRITASIA TV KUFLINK MUSIC AWARDS 2019|last=Dosanjh|first=Kiesha|date=2019-12-01|website=BritAsia TV|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{musicbrainz release group|2f25d61c-2efd-4c6b-b2d1-167f77129578}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://dailyentxpress.com/brown-boys-talk-sidhu-moose-wala-pbx-1|title=Brown Boys Talk Sidhu Moose Wala & PBX 1 -|date=2018-10-24|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927003506/https://dailyentxpress.com/brown-boys-talk-sidhu-moose-wala-pbx-1|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://dailyentxpress.com/sidhu-moose-wala-the-interview|title=Sidhu Moose Wala - The Interview -|date=2018-10-18|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-15}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{Citation|title=Sidhu Moose Wala tells about his new album PB X1 {{!}} Dainik Savera| date=17 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oajT1y4DiQk|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15}}

{{Sidhu Moose Wala}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sidhu Moose Wala albums]]
[[Category:2018 debut albums]]

Mizoram women's football team

2026-01-27T13:37:42Z

EggleFreggle:

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Mizoram football team}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Mizoram
| current =
| image = Mizoram Football Association logo.png
| fullname = Mizoram women's football team
| nickname =
| motto =
| founded =
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl]]
| capacity =
| owner = [[Mizoram Football Association]]
| chrtitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = B. Malsawmzuala
| league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
| season = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
| position = First round
| kit_alt1 =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = DC143C
| body1 = DC143C
| rightarm1 = DC143C
| shorts1 = DC143C
| socks1 = DC143C
| kit_alt2 =
| pattern_la2 = _redborder
| pattern_b2 = _redcollar
| pattern_ra2 = _redborder
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
}}

The '''Mizoram women's football team''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] team representing [[Mizoram]] in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/512|title=Mizoram Football Association }}</ref>

==History==
They made their maiden [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]] semi-final appearance at the [[2021–22 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2021–22]] edition against the eventual runners-up [[Railways women's football team|Railways]], but lost in the penalty shootout.<ref>{{cite web|title=National senior women’s championship: Manipur beats Odisha to book final with Railways |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/national-womens-football-manipur-beat-odisha-railways-beat-mizoram-final-womens-football/article37885495.ece |website=Sportstar |last1=Ajith Kumar |first1=PK |date=7 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Railways beat Mizoram to enter Final |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/railways-beat-mizoram-to-enter-final-566824 |website=The Sentinel |date=8 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Women’s NFC 2021-22 Semi-finals: Railways and Manipur are through to the final |url=https://theawayend.co/2021/12/07/senior-womens-nfc-2021-22-semi-finals-railways-and-final/ |website=The Away End |date=7 December 2021 }}</ref>

Mizoram's sub-junior team were the champions of the National Sub-Junior Girls’ Football tournament held in 2015 held at Cuttack.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizo Women and Football: Challenging Stereotypes |url=https://thebridge.in/featured/mizoram-women-football-challenging-stereotypes/ |website=The Bridge |last1=Lalduhawmi |first1=Lydia |date=14 November 2019 }}</ref>

==Honours==
===State (youth)===
* '''[[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
** Winners (1): 2014–15

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}
{{Football in Mizoram}}

[[Category:Football in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Pothumarru

2026-01-18T22:24:30Z

EggleFreggle: added new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pothumarru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = A 300 year old tree in Pothumarru village,Kalidhindi Mandal,Krishna Dist.,AP,India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A 300-year-old Holy Fig tree Pothumarru
village
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body = Panchayatraj
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=14 February 2016|page=16,352|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 57
| population_total = 3781
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 521121
| area_code = +91-8671
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Machilipatnam]]
}}

'''Pothumarru''' is a village in [[Kalidindi]] [[mandal]], located in [[Krishna district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="census" />

==Geography==

Pothumarru is located at 16°31'46"N 81°18'46"E.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

List of Women's Premier League (cricket) five-wicket hauls

2026-01-17T11:50:22Z

EggleFreggle:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}

In [[cricket]], a five-wicket haul (also known as a "five-for" or "fifer") refers to a [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket]]s in a single [[Innings (cricket)|innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement, especially in [[Twenty20|T20 cricket]] where a bowler can bowl a maximum of only 24 [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] (4 [[Over (cricket)|overs]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Pervez|first=M. A.|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=31|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yahoo Cricket|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/bowlers-most-t20-five-wicket-113642644|access-date=2020-12-01|website=cricket.yahoo.net}}</ref> The [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] (WPL) is a professional women's [[Twenty20]] cricket league in India,<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Members – India|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/the-icc/icc_members/profile.php?countryCode=ICC_FULL_MEMBERS_INDIA|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=30 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107133238/http://www.icc-cricket.com/the-icc/icc_members/profile.php?countryCode=ICC_FULL_MEMBERS_INDIA|archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> which has been held annually since its [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|first season]] in 2023. In the four seasons played, eight five-wicket hauls have been taken by eight different bowlers. Players from four of the five teams have taken five-wicket hauls; [[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]] is the only franchise for which a player has not taken a five-wicket haul.

The first five-wicket haul was taken by [[Tara Norris]] of the [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]] against the [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] on 5 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/usa-star-in-cricket-meet-tara-norris-the-first-bowler-to-take-a-five-wicket-haul-in-wpl-history-article-98432463|title=Meet Tara Norris, the first bowler to take a five wicket haul in WPL history|website=[[Times Now]] |date=5 March 2023 |accessdate=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The most economical five-wicket haul was taken by [[Ellyse Perry]] of the [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]], who claimed six wickets with an [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|economy rate]] of 3.75 in the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 season]]. [[Amelia Kerr]] of the [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]] took the least economical five-wicket haul (5/38) bowling with an economy rate of 9.50 in [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025 season]]. Till date, nobody has taken multiple five-wicket hauls in the WPL.

The best [[Bowling analysis|bowling figures]] in a WPL match was taken by [[Ellyse Perry]] of [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] who returned figures of 6/15 at the [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]] in [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 season]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Perry's masterclass leaves RCB feeling perfectly at home|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-2024-ellyse-perry-s-masterclass-leaves-royal-challengers-bangalore-feeling-perfectly-at-home-1424694|access-date=2024-03-12|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=12 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> No other bowler has taken a six-wicket haul in WPL.

The first part of this list includes all the five-wicket hauls taken in the WPL in chronological order. The second part of the list provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by WPL seasons, and the third part provides an overview of five-wicket hauls by WPL teams.

== Key ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Symbol
!Meaning
|-
|'''{{dagger}}'''
|The bowler was [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|-
|'''Date'''
|Day on which the match was held
|-
|'''Inns'''
|[[Innings (cricket)|Innings]] in which the five-wicket haul was taken
|-
|'''Ov.'''
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled
|-
|'''Runs'''
|Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
|'''Wkts'''
|Number of [[Wicket (dismissal)|wickets]] taken
|-
|'''Econ'''
|[[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Runs conceded per over]]
|-
|'''Result'''
|[[Result (cricket)|Result]] for the bowler's team
|-
|'''Ref.'''
|Citations for the record
|}

== Five-wicket hauls ==
* Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Premier League Trophy bowling best figures innings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/bowling-best-figures-innings/women-s-premier-league-988 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Last updated: 11 January 2026

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;"
|-
!No.
!Bowler
!Date
!Ground
!Team
!Opponent
!Inns
!Ov.
!Runs
!Wkts
!Econ
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| 1
! {{sortname|Tara|Norris}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|03|05}}
| [[Brabourne Stadium]]
| [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| 2
| 4
| 29
| {{sort|0571|5}}
| {{nts|7.25}}
| {{Won}}
| <ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=DC Women vs RCB Women, 2nd Match at Mumbai, Mar 05 2023, Women's Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1358930.html|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2
! {{sortname|Kim|Garth}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|03|05}}
| [[DY Patil Stadium]]
| [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| [[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]]
| 2
| 4
| 36
| {{sort|0564|5}}
| {{nts|9.00}}
| {{Lost}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=GG Women vs UPW Women, 3rd Match at Navi Mumbai, Mar 05 2023, Women's Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/up-warriorz-women-vs-gujarat-giants-women-3rd-match-1358931/full-scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 3
! {{sortname|Marizanne|Kapp}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2023|03|11}}
| [[DY Patil Stadium]]
| [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
| 1
| 4
| 15
| {{sort|0585|5}}
| {{nts|3.75}}
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=GG Women vs DC Women, 9th Match at Navi Mumbai, Mar 11 2023, Women's Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-1348825/gujarat-giants-women-vs-delhi-capitals-women-9th-match-1358937/full-scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! [[Asha Sobhana]] {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|02|24}}
| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| [[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]]
| 2
| 4
| 22
| {{sort|0578|5}}
| {{nts|5.50}}
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=RCB Women vs UPW Women, 2nd Match at Bengaluru, Feb 24 2024, Women's Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/royal-challengers-bangalore-women-vs-up-warriorz-women-2nd-match-1417717/full-scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 5
! {{sortname|Ellyse|Perry}} {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|03|12}}
| [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| 1
| 4
| 15
| {{sort|0685|6}}
| {{nts|3.75}}
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=MI Women vs RCB Women, 19th Match at Delhi, Mar 12 2024, Women's Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2023-24-1411373/mumbai-indians-women-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-women-19th-match-1417734/full-scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|6
![[Amelia Kerr]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|2025|03|06}}
|[[Ekana Cricket Stadium]]
|[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|[[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]]
|1
|4
|38
| {{sort|0578|5}}
| {{nts|9.50}}
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI-W vs UPW-W Cricket Scorecard, 16th Match at Lucknow, March 06, 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wpl-2024-25-1463356/mumbai-indians-women-vs-up-warriorz-women-16th-match-1469313/full-scorecard |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|7
!Nandani Sharma
| {{dts|format=dmy|2026|01|11}}
|[[DY Patil Stadium]]
|[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|1
|4
|33
| {{sort|0578|5}}
| {{nts|8.25}}
| {{Lost}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=GG Women vs DC Women, 4th Match at Navi Mumbai, WPL, Jan 11 2026 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2025-26-1510059/delhi-capitals-women-vs-gujarat-giants-women-4th-match-1513685/full-scorecard |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|8
![[Shreyanka Patil]] {{dagger}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|2026|01|16}}
|[[DY Patil Stadium]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|2
|3.5
|23
| {{sort|0577|5}}
| {{nts|6.00}}
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCB Women vs GG Women, 9th Match at Navi Mumbai, WPL, Jan 16 2026 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-premier-league-2025-26-1510059/gujarat-giants-women-vs-royal-challengers-bengaluru-women-9th-match-1513690/full-scorecard |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Season overview ==
Following is an overview of five-wicket hauls by WPL seasons.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! No. of 5WI
! class="unsortable" |BBI
! class="unsortable" |Bowler
! class="unsortable" |Team
|-
|[[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2023]]
|3
|5/15
|[[Marizanne Kapp]]
|[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|-
|[[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024]]
|2
|6/15
|[[Ellyse Perry]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2025]]
|1
|5/38
|[[Amelia Kerr]]
|[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|-
|[[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026]]
|2
|5/23
|[[Shreyanka Patil]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|}

== Team overview ==
Following is an overview of five-wicket hauls by WPL teams.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Team
! No. of 5WI
! class="unsortable" |BBI
! class="unsortable" |Bowler
|-
|[[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
|3
|5/15
| [[Marizanne Kapp]]
|-
|[[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]
|1
|5/36
| [[Kim Garth]]
|-
|[[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
|1
|5/38
| [[Amelia Kerr]]
|-
|[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|3
|6/15
| [[Ellyse Perry]]
|-
|[[UP Warriorz (WPL)|UP Warriorz]]
|0
|4/13
| [[Sophie Ecclestone]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Women's Premier League (cricket) seasons and results]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Women's Premier League (cricket)}}
{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

[[Category:India cricket-related lists]]
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) lists|5WI]]

Upagupta

2026-01-13T06:41:35Z

EggleFreggle: done

{{Short description|A King's guide}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image = File:พระอุปคุต วัดบวรนิเวศวิหาร Upagutta or Upagupta At Wat Bowon Niwet - CROPPED.png
| caption = Common representation of Upagupta, this one enshrined at the Wihan Phra Upakhut (Upagutta Shrine), [[Wat Bowonniwet]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
}}
'''Upagupta''' (c. 3rd century BCE) was a [[Buddhist]] monk, widely venerated in several Buddhist traditions across Asia. According to stories in the [[Sanskrit]] text [[Ashokavadana]], he served as the spiritual teacher of the [[Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]].<ref name="John1989">{{cite book | author=John S. Strong | author-link = John S. Strong | title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232 | access-date=30 October 2012 | year=1989 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0616-0 }}</ref>{{rp|16}}

In the [[Sarvāstivādin]] tradition, Upagupta is considered the fifth patriarch after [[Mahākāśyapa]], [[Ānanda]], Madhyāntika, and Śāṇakavāsin. In [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]]/[[Zen]] Buddhism, he is regarded as the fourth patriarch. His teacher was [[Śāṇavāsa]], a direct disciple of Ānanda, who was the Buddha's personal attendant.

Because his name is absent from Theravāda literature, it is generally assumed that Upagupta belonged to the Sarvāstivādin school. Despite this, his legacy has extended across diverse traditions, and in Southeast Asia, particularly in [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], and [[Bangladesh]], he is an important cult figure.

== Veneration in Southeast Asia ==

In [[Myanmar]], Upagupta is venerated under the name '''[[Shin Upagutta]]''' ({{langx|my|ရှင်ဥပဂုတ္တ}}), believed to be an [[arhat|arahant]] who protects devotees from misfortune, especially natural disasters such as floods and storms. He is a prominent figure in Burmese folk Buddhism and is associated with miraculous legends. In Cambodia, he is known as '''Preah Uppakut''', and in Laos and Northern Thailand, he is called '''Upakhut''' (อุปคุต).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2007/04/25/upakhut-saint-and-spirit/|title=Upakhut: saint and spirit|last=Walker|first=Andrew|date=25 April 2007|work=New Mandala|access-date=18 March 2012|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306004406/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2007/04/25/upakhut-saint-and-spirit/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Myanmar, Shin Upagutta is believed to reside in a floating brass palace in the southern ocean. He is invoked through Pali incantations to avert disasters, and many believe his invisible presence can prevent storms and evil spirits. He is closely associated with the nāga (mythical serpent beings) and is often portrayed seated cross-legged, holding a thabeik (alms bowl).

His veneration includes major festivals, such as one in [[Shwegyin (town)|Shwegyin]] near [[Bago, Myanmar|Bago]] during the month of Thadingyut, and another in [[Yangon]]’s Chinatown called ''Ye Hmyaw Pwe'' (ရေမျှောပွဲ), which involves processions and ceremonial offerings cast into the river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usamyanmar.net/Buddha/Article/ShinUpagoteofMyanmar.pdf|title=Moggaliputta Tissa Maha Thera|last=Paw|first=Maung|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://mmtimes.com/2011/news/596/photo.html|title=Buddhist festival marked in Yangon|author=Kaung Htet|date=10 October 2011|work=Myanmar Times|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref>

While some traditions identify Shin Upagutta with Upagupta or even with [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]], he is not mentioned in the [[Pali Canon]]. His story appears primarily in later texts, Burmese chronicles like the [[Maha Yazawin]], and regional oral traditions.<ref>{{cite book |title=Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma |last=Houtman |first=Gustaaf |year=1990 |publisher=ILCAA |page=278 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuninst.net/Myanmar/Folk-elements/ch09-ari/ch09-ari.htm#Shin-Upagote|title=Shin Upagote|author=Maung Htin Aung|date=2 October 2008|work=Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism|access-date=18 March 2012|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703230358/http://www.tuninst.net/Myanmar/Folk-elements/ch09-ari/ch09-ari.htm#Shin-Upagote|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Legends ==

In the Lokapannatti, Upagupta is sent by Ashoka to tame Mara during an enshrinement festival. Afterward, he requests that Mara take the form (''[[rupakaya]]'') of the Buddha so that the people may see what the Buddha truly looked like.<ref name="Strong">{{cite book | title =Relics of the Buddha | author =John S. Strong | year =2007 | page =145 | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | isbn =9788120831391 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=xqAB6PKyP98C&q=relics+of+the+buddha+ashoka+mechanical&pg=PA133}}</ref>

== In Literature ==

[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s poem Abhisar, from the collection Katha, retells a story of Upagupta inspired by Buddhist legends. In this poem, a courtesan named Vasavdatta encounters the monk in Mathura and invites him to her home. He declines, saying the time is not right. Months later, he finds her disfigured and cast out by society. He then cares for her, saying the time for their meeting has now come.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rabindranath Tagore |url=http://tagoreweb.in/render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Verses&bi=14576005-A4A0-4025-751D-B2EAEB60FB63&ti=14576005-A4A0-44B5-B51D-B2EAEB60FB63 |title=অভিসার |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062153/http://tagoreweb.in/render/ShowContent.aspx?ct=Verses&bi=14576005-A4A0-4025-751D-B2EAEB60FB63&ti=14576005-A4A0-44B5-B51D-B2EAEB60FB63 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tagore adapted this tale from the [[Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā]], a Sanskrit text by 11th-century Kashmiri poet [[Kshemendra]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kshemendra (translator: Nobin Chandra Das)|year=1895| location=Calcutta| title=Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā |trans-title=Legends and Miracles of Buddha Sakya Sinha| url=https://archive.org/stream/legendsmiracleso01ksem#page/n3/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=বিজন গোলদার |title=রবীন্দ্র মনন ও সাহিত্যে বৌদ্ধ চেতনা |date=5 December 2018 |url=http://www.thedailysangbad.com/index.php?ref=MjBfMDdfMThfMTNfMV80MV8xXzEzNzMxNA==}}</ref>

In the Japanese Zen text [[Denkoroku|Transmission of Light]], Upagupta is described as a great teacher. According to the account, "Whenever anyone attained realization, Upagupta would cast a [[talisman]] four fingers in breadth into a cave. The cave was eighteen [[cubit]]s by twelve, and it was filled with talismans – that is how many people attained enlightenment."<ref>{{cite book |last=Cleary |first=Thomas |date=2002 |title=Translation of Transmission of Light | pages=17 |publisher=Shambhala | isbn=978-1570629495}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Shin Upagutta]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-JASB/waddell.htm Upagupta, the Fourth Buddhist Patriarch, and High priest of Acoka]
* [https://www.academia.edu/15194634/Abhis%C4%81r_Rabindranath_Tagore_s_Poetic_Adaptation_of_an_Episode_from_Upagupta_Legend Abhisār – Rabindranath Rabindranath Tagore's Poetic Adaptation of an Episode from Upagupta Legend: An Example of Buddhist Narratives in the Time of Bengal Renaissance]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|bu}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Lineage (Buddhism)|Lineage of Buddhist patriarchs]] (According to the [[Zen]] schools of China and Japan)
| before = [[Shanavasa]]
| after = [[Dhṛṭaka]]
| years =
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC monks]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monks]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:People from the Maurya Empire]]

Sankat Mochan Temple, Shimla

2025-12-22T19:25:43Z

EggleFreggle: location!

{{short description|Hindu temple in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Sankat Mochan Temple
|native_name='''संकट मोचन मंदिर'''
|image=Sankat Mochan Shimla.jpg
|caption=
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]
|deity=[[Hanuman]]
|location=[[Shimla]]
|district=[[Shimla district|Shimla]]
|country=[[India]]
|state=[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|founded_by=[[Neem Karoli Baba]]
|established=1950
|groundbreaking=1962
|year_completed=1966
|elevation_m=1,975
|architecture=[[Hindu temple architecture]]
|map_type=India
}}
{{coord|31.085336|77.142533|display=title}}
'''Sankat Mochan Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to Hindu deity [[Hanuman]] in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. The temple is Shimla's second most visited Hanuman temple after [[Jakhoo|Jakhu Temple]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=राम मंदिर शिलान्यास: जिन्होंने लिखी रामायण, शिमला में उन्हीं के मंदिर की मिट्टी लेना भूली VHP|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/himachal-pradesh/shimla-soil-and-sand-send-to-ayodhya-for-ram-temple-by-vhp-hpvk-3192212.html|access-date=26 August 2020|work=News18 India|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> It was established in 1950 by noted religious figure, [[Neem Karoli Baba]].

== History ==
The temple was established in 1950 by [[Neem Karoli Baba]], after he spent 10–12 days in the forest area. While meditating, he got some instinct that Hanuman temple should be built on the site. Baba told his wish to his followers and eventually in the year of 1962 the then Lieutenant Governor [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh]] and other followers started the construction of the temple. The idols of [[Rama]]-[[Sita]]-[[Lakshmana]], [[Shiva]] and [[Ganesha]] were also established in the temple. The temple was inaugurated on 21 June 1966 on the day of [[Tuesday]]. Gradually the temple gained a lot of popularity and faith.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|title=सुरम्य वादियों में संकट मोचन हनुमान|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/astrology/article1-sankat-mochan-hanuman-temple-himachal-pradesh-shimla-544235.html|access-date=26 August 2020|work=Hindustan|language=hindi|date=11 July 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Neem Karoli Baba Sculpture in Ram Dass Library.jpg|thumb|Neem Karoli Baba sculpture in Ram Dass library|alt=]]

== Present ==
At present the locals come here everyday, as well as tourists who visit Shimla. Because it is Lord Hanuman temple, every Tuesday and Saturday a lot of people visit, and on Sundays huge number of people visit the temple. On each Sunday a large [[Bhandara (community kitchen)|Bhandara]] is also organised here. In the vicinity of the temple there is also the small temple dedicated to Neem Karoli Baba, which was made in 1998.{{when?|date=March 2022}} The view of Shimla city is also seen from the temple.<ref name="auto"/>

== Location ==
The temple is located at an altitude of 1,975 m above sea level on [[Chandigarh–Shimla Expressway|Chandigarh-Shimla highway]]. The natural forested environment attracts tourists.{{fact|date=March 2022}} Views of Shimla city are also seen from the temple.<ref name="auto"/>

== See also ==
* [[Shri Mahaveer Hanuman Mandir Khushala]]
* [[Jakhu Temple]]
* [[Kali Bari, Shimla|Kali Bari Temple]]
* [[Tara Devi Temple]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh|state=Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]
[[Category:Temples in Shimla]]

Abacetus artus

2025-12-16T10:52:25Z

EggleFreggle: entry

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{speciesbox
|taxon=Abacetus artus|authority=Andrewes, 1942}}
'''''Abacetus artus''''' is a species of [[ground beetle]] in the subfamily [[Pterostichinae]].<ref name=catlife>{{Cite web| title=Abacetus artus Andrewes, 1942 | url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8HT7 | website=Catalogue of Life | access-date=2023-04-09 }}</ref> It was described by Andrewes in 1942 and is an endemic species found in [[India]].<ref name=catlife/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13220507}}

[[Category:Abacetus|artus]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1942]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
{{Abacetus-stub}}

Duggirala mandal

2025-12-16T05:22:57Z

EggleFreggle: added a pg!

{{Short description|Mandal in Guntur (Andhra Pradesh), India}}
{{other uses|Duggirala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Duggirala mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline = File:Duggirala mandal in Guntur district.jpg
| image_caption = Mandal map of Guntur district showing Duggirala mandal (in green)
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|19|40|N|80|37|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Duggirala]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Mandal Parishad villages]]
| parts = 14
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj (Block level)]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name = M.Sirisha
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Guntur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=24 May 2016|pages=14,396|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 62655
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=628848|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}
'''Duggirala mandal''' is one of the 18 [[mandal]]s in [[Guntur district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tenali revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Duggirala]].<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=4 June 2019 |pages=5,626–627 |format=PDF |date=2011}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by [[Mangalagiri mandal|Mangalagiri]], [[Pedakakani]], [[Tenali mandal|Tenali]] and [[Kollipara]] mandals. [[Krishna River]] lies to the northeast of the Duggirala mandal.<ref name="map" />

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 62,655. The total population constitute, 31,269 males and 31,386 females —a sex ratio of 1004 females per 1000 males. 5,947 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,999 are boys and 2,948 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 70.97% with 40,244 literates.<ref name=population />

{{Geographic location
|width = auto
|Centre = Duggirala mandal
|North = [[Mangalagiri mandal]]
|Northeast = ''[[Krishna River]]''
|East = [[Kollipara mandal]]
|Southeast = [[Kollipara mandal]]
|South = [[Tenali mandal]]
|Southwest = [[Tenali mandal]]
|West = [[Pedakakani mandal]]
|Northwest = [[Mangalagiri mandal]]
}}

== Administration ==

{{As of|2014|06|19}}, the present tahsildar is M.Sirisha.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Tahsildars working in Guntur District as on 19.06.2014|url=http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf|website=Guntur District Official Website|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=8 September 2014|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016202326/http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also forms a part of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] under the jurisdiction of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|APCRDA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts|url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|website=Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 September 2015|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> Duggirala mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Guntur district|three mandals]] under [[Mangalagiri (Assembly constituency)]], which in turn represents [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=22|format=pdf}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 15 villages and no towns.<ref name=map /> [[Duggirala]] is the most populated and Devarapalle Agraharam is the least populated villages in the mandal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Guntur District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=9 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415192755/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17|archive-date=15 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|
#[[Chiluvuru]]
#Chinapalem
#Chintalapudi
#Devarapalle Agraharam
#[[Duggirala]](†)
#[[Emani, Guntur district|Emani]]
#Godavarru
#[[Kantamraju Konduru]]
#Morampudi
#Pedakondur
#[[Penumuli]]
#Perakalapudi
#[[Srungarapuram]]
#[[Tummapudi]]
#[[Veerlapalem]]
}}

''Note: (†)-Mandal headquarters''

== Education ==

The mandal plays a major role in education for the rural students of the nearby villages. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 7,480 students enrolled in over 72 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281739&mandalName=DUGGIRALA|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of villages in Guntur district#D|Villages in Duggirala mandal]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Guntur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Guntur district]]

Nirmal Rishi

2025-11-29T04:29:14Z

EggleFreggle: updated structure as per guidelines and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Nirmal Rishi.png
| image_caption =
| name = Nirmal Rishi
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|08|28|df=y}}
| birth_place =Khiva Kalan [[Bathinda]] (now [[Mansa district, India|Mansa]]), [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Nirmal-Rishi/news|title = Nirmal Rishi News | Latest News of Nirmal Rishi | Times of India Entertainment|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Teacher]]
| yearsactive = 1970s-present
| spouse =
| children =
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}

'''Nirmal Rishi''' (born 1943) is an Indian [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] film and [[television actress]]. She is most remembered for her role as Gulabo Maasi in her first movie ''[[Long Da Lishkara]]'' (1983). She is best known for appearing in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] movies like ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]''', '''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]'' and ''The Great Sardar''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1371858/|title=Nirmal Rishi|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> In 2024, she was awarded the prestigious [[Padma Shri]] award by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/padma-shri-for-a-woman-whos-dedicated-60-years-to-punjabi-films-and-theatre-9128135/lite/|title=Nirmal Rishi|website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=Padma Awards 2024: Nirmal Rishi and Pran Sabharwal honored for their exemplary work in Punjabi film and theater |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/padma-awards-2024-nirmal-rishi-and-pran-sabharwal-punjabi-film-and-theater/articleshow/107167605.cms |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life and film career==
Rishi was born in 1943 in the village Khiva Kalan of [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://fivewood.in/1325/|title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸਿਨੇਮੇ ਦੀ 'ਗੁਲਾਬੋ' ਮਾਸੀ ਨਿਰਮਲ ਰਿਸੀ|date=1 November 2017}}</ref> Her father was Sarpanch Baldev Krishan Rishi and mother name was Bachni Devi. She was very passionate about theatre right from her school days. She chose to be a physical education instructor and joined Government College Patiala for Physical Education.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ludhianadistrict.com/personality/nirmal-rishi.php |title=Nirmal Rishi - Theatre Artist |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108133135/http://www.ludhianadistrict.com/personality/nirmal-rishi.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> During her studies at Govt College for Physical education she came into contact with Harpal & Nina Tiwana and joined their theatre group Punjab Kala Manch, she was one of there first students and her compatriot during her time then was Late Shri Om Puri. She has been associated with the Tiwana family since then and has been a part of all the plays. She is the founder trustee of the Harpal Tiwana Foundation.

She acted in more than 60 films, including ''[[Long Da Lishkara]]'' (1983) ''Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da'' (1985), ''Diva Bale Sari Raat'', ''Suneha'', ''[[Love Punjab]]'' (2015), ''Death on Wheels'', ''[[Woman from the East]]'', ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' (2016), ''[[Angrej]]'' (2015), ''[[Lahoriye]]'' (2017), and ''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]'' (2017) and a cameo appearance in Hindi-language film [[Dangal (2016 film)|''Dangal'']] (2016).

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1983
|''[[Long Da Lishkara]]''
|Gulabo Massi
|
|-
|1985
|''Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da''
|Bhaago (Shamsher's sister)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|''Sheran De Putt Sher''
|Bachni
|
|-
|''[[Qurbani Jatt Di]]''
|Bhua
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''Jigra Jatt Da''
|Bishan Kaur- Bakhtaawar's mother
|
|-
|''Diva Bale Sari Raat''
|Jindo
|
|-
|1993
|''Ankhila Soorma''
|Tejo
|
|-
|1995
|''Khel Taqdeeran De''
|Kauri
|
|-
|1997
|''Mela''
|Parsinn Kaur
|
|-
|2007
|''Billian ch Baander''
|Mrs Saroj Bakshi
|
|-
|2008
|''Sat Sri Akal''
|
|
|-
|2009
|''Akhiyaan Udeekdian''
|Dilsher's Mother
|
|-
|2010
|''Panjaban -Love Rules Hearts''
|Karan's Mother
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Woman from the East]]''
|Jeeto Singh
|
|-
|''Saadi Love Story''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''Dilli 1984''
|Vamp
|
|-
|''Little Terrors''
|Grandmother
|Hindi/English/Urdu
Film
|-
|''Oh My Pyo!''
|Binnu's Mother
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Angrej]]''
|Marho's grandmother
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
|''Lakeeran''
|
|
|-
|''Darra''
|Mother of Darra, Pammi, and Kartar
|
|-
|''[[Love Punjab]]''
|Pargat's Mother
|
|-
|''[[Nikka Zaildar]]''
|Daleep Kaur- Nikka's grandmother
|
|-
|''[[Bambukat]]''
|Resham's mother
|
|-
|''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''
|Cameo Appearance
|Hindi Film
|-
| rowspan="10" |2017
|''[[Lahoriye]]''
|Tej Parkash Kaur- Kikkar's mother
|
|-
|''[[Rabb Da Radio]]''
|Bebe Hardev Kaur
|
|-
|''Arjan''
|Amro
|
|-
|''Asli Punjab''
|
|
|-
|''The Great Sardaar''
|Sarpanch's Mother
|
|-
|''KRAZZY TABBAR''
|Swarn Kaur
|
|-
|''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]''
|Deso Kaur- Nikka's Bebe
|
|-
|''[[Bailaras]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ek Anokhi Dulhan''
|''Saavi''
|
|-
|''Hard Kaur''
|Satwant Kaur
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2018
|''Subedaar Joginder Singh''
|Bibi Krishan Kaur
|
|-
|''[[Laung Laachi]]''
|Ajaypal's daadi
|
|-
|[[Daana Paani (2018 film)|''Daana Paani'']]
|Basant Kaur (old age)
|
|-
|''[[Carry On Jatta 2]]''
|Lady at Marriage Beaureu
|
|-
|''[[Kurmaiyan]]''
|Ambo Jai Kaur
|
|-
|''[[Parahuna]]''
|Bhua
|
|-
|''[[Aate Di Chidi]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Afsar (2018 film)|''Afsar'']]
|
|
|-
|''Marriage Palace''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rajma Chawal]]''
|Beeji/Bebe
|Hindi Film
|-
|''[[Bhajj Rohan Ve]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
|[[Arjun Patiala|''Arjun Patiala'']]
|Arjun's Mother
|Hindi Film
|-
|''Aakhiri Waris''
|
|
|-
|''Vadda Kalakaar''
|
|
|-
|''Kaake Da Viyah''
|Bebe
|
|-
|''[[Kala Shah Kala]]''
|Nindro Bhua
|
|-
|''[[Guddiyan Patole]]''
|Naani Jal Kaur
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Who's Your Daddy (web series)|Who's Your Daddy??]]''
|Biji
|Hindi Web Series
|-
|2021
|''[[Paani Ch Madhaani]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]''
|Nirmal Singh's mother
|
|-
|''[[Bajre Da Sitta]]''
|roop's grandmother
|
|-
|''[[Ni Main Sass Kuttni]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sher Bagga]]''
|Shera's Grandmother
|
|-
|''[[Shakkar Paare]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maa Da Ladla]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Honeymoon]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Mitran Da Naa Chalda]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Shinda Shinda No Papa]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ni Main Sass Kutni 2''
|Dada Sass
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rishi, Nirmal}}
[[Category:Actresses from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mansa district, India]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Indian Armed Forces rank flags

2025-11-11T18:08:55Z

EggleFreggle: general reworked details after review also for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the rank flags of Indian Armed Forces|rank insignia of Indian Army|Army ranks and insignia of India|rank insignia of Indian Navy|Naval ranks and insignia of India|rank insignia of Indian Air Force|Air Force ranks and insignia of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Military of India sidebar}}

The [[Indian Armed Forces]] follow the [[UK]]/[[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] ranking system, and their general and flag officers use rank flags.
{{Sidebox
|image = [[File:Equivalent-ranks-of-the-Indian-Armed-Forces.jpg|thumb|center|Equivalent ranks and insignia of [[Indian Armed Forces]].]]
{{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}
}}

== Indian Armed Forces ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:250px;"|Use
! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Indian Armed Forces.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]
| A horizontal tricolour of red, navy blue and sky blue with the tri-service emblem at the centre.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| A red field with the flag of India in the canton, and the tri-service emblem.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Integrated Defence Staff.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (also [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]])
| A red field with the flag of India in the canton, There is insignia of two cross swords, an eagle, an anchor and an Ashok symbol above it
|}

== Indian Army ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:250px;"|Use
! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Army.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Indian Army]]
| A red field with the flag of India in the canton, and the Army badge in the fly.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Field Marshal.jpg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]
| Red flag with crossed batons surrounded by a lotus flower wreath, the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka|Ashoka lion emblem]] above the batons and five five-pointed stars across the bottom, all in yellow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in^rank.html#ltgst |title=Indian Army Flags}}</ref>
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag COAS.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| Red flag with the national flag in the canton, with two crossed swords and the Ashoka lions emblem above them in the center of the flag and four five-pointed stars in a vertical line in the fly all yellow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=400 |title=Bharat Rakshak :: Land Forces Site - Rank Flags |access-date=14 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714014130/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=400 |archive-date=14 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Generals.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[General (India)|General]]
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Lieutenant Generals, Army Headquarters.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Principal Staff Officers.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[List of serving generals of the Indian Army#Principal Staff Officers (PSO)|Principal Staff Officer]]
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Major Generals, Army Headquarters.png|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| Flag of the [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Brigade command, Army Headquarters.png|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| Flag of the [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
|
|}

== Indian Navy ==
=== Current rank flags (2022–present) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:250px;"|Use
! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Naval Ensign of India.svg}}
|
| [[Indian Naval Ensign|Flag]] of the [[Indian Navy]]
| A white ensign, featuring the [[Flag of India]] in the [[Canton (flag)|canton]], and a [[navy blue]] filled, [[Gold (color)|gold]]-bordered octagon, enclosing the crest of the Indian Navy, located in the [[Glossary of vexillology|fly]].
|-
| {{ListFlag|Commissioning pennant of India.svg|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| [[Commissioning pennant]] of the Indian Navy
| A white triangular pennant with a gold-bordered octagon enclosing the crest of the Indian Navy in the hoist.
|-
| {{ListFlag|President's Colour of Indian Navy.svg|border=no}}
|
| [[President's Colour Award|President's Colour]] of the Indian Navy
| Indian Naval ensign with [[State Emblem of India]].
|-
| {{ListFlag|Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] (rank currently reserved for the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]])
| A white flag with a gold-bordered octagon enclosing the crest of the Indian Navy in the middle, and four blue stars in the hoist side.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice admiral]] (also [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]])
| A white flag with a gold-bordered octagon enclosing the crest of the Indian Navy in the middle, and three blue stars in the hoist side.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Rear Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear admiral]]
| A white flag with a gold-bordered octagon enclosing the crest of the Indian Navy in the middle, and two blue stars in the hoist side.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Commodore ensign of Indian Navy.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| A white flag with a gold-bordered octagon enclosing the crest of the Indian Navy in the middle, and one blue star in the hoist side.
|}

=== Former rank flags (1950–2001; 2004–2022) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:250px;"|Use
! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Naval Ensign of India (1950–2001).svg}}
| 1950–2001
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Naval Ensign]]
| A red cross on a white field, with the [[Flag of India|Indian national flag]] in the [[Canton (flag)|canton]].
|-
| {{ListFlag|Naval Ensign of India (2004–2014).svg}}
| 2004–2014
| A red cross on a white field, with the [[State Emblem of India|Indian state emblem]] in yellow at the center, with the Indian national flag in the canton.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Naval Ensign of India (2014–2022).svg}}
| 2014–2022
| A red cross on a white field, with the Indian state emblem in yellow at the center with the motto ''[[Satyamev Jayate]]'' below, and the Indian national flag in the canton.
|-
| {{ListFlag|President's Colour of Indian Navy (until 2022).svg}}
| 1951–2022
| [[President's Colour Award|President's Colour]]
| Indian Naval ensign with [[Presidential Standard of India|Presidential Standard]] elephant.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Masthead Pennant of the Indian Navy.svg|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| [[Commissioning pennant]]
| A white triangular pennant with at hoist the [[Saint George's Cross|St. George's red cross]] defaced with the [[Ashoka Chakra]].
|-
| {{ListFlag|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] (was only used by [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]])
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Vice Admiral of the Indian Navy rank flag.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] (also [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]])
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Rear Admiral of the Indian Navy rank flag.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Commodore of the Indian Navy rank flag.svg|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| Flag of the [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Senior Officer of the Indian Navy pennant.svg|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| Flag of the [[Senior Officer (rank)|Senior officer]]
|
|}

=== Former rank flags (2001–2004) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:250px;"|Use
! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Naval Ensign of India (2001–2004).svg}}
| 2001–2004
| Flag of the Indian Navy
| A blue-colored crest of the Indian Navy set upon a white background, with the flag of India placed in the canton.
|-
| {{ListFlag|COMMISSIONING PENNANT (INDIA).gif|border=0|checker=1}}
| 2001–2004
| Commissioning pennant of the Indian Navy
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET (INDIA).gif}}
| 2001–2004
| Flag of Admiral of the Fleet of the Indian Navy
| Never used.
|-
| {{ListFlag|ADMIRAL (INDIA).gif}}
| 2001–2004
| Flag of Admiral of the Indian Navy
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|VICE-ADMIRAL (INDIA).gif}}
| 2001–2004
| Flag of Vice Admiral of the Indian Navy
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|REAR-ADMIRAL (INDIA).gif}}
| 2001–2004
| Flag of Rear Admiral of the Indian Navy
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|COMMODORE (INDIA).gif|border=0|checker=1}}
| 2001–2004
| Flag of Commodore of the Indian Navy
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|SENIOR OFFICER (INDIA).gif|border=0|checker=1}}
| 2001–2004
| Flag of Senior Officer of the Indian Navy
|
|}

== Indian Air Force ==
=== Current rank flags (1980–present) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:250px;"|Use
! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Air Force Ensign of India (2023).svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Indian Air Force]]
| A [[Royal Air Force Ensign|sky-blue ensign]] with the flag of India in the canton, the Air Force [[roundel]] in the lower fly, and the IAF badge in the upper fly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in^af.html#mar |title=Indian Air Force Flags}}</ref>
|-
| {{ListFlag|President's Colour of Indian Air Forces.svg}}
|
| [[President's Colour Award|President's Colour]] of the Indian Air Force
| Air Force ensign with [[Presidential Standard of India|Presidential Standard]] elephant.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of the Marshal of the Air Force (India).svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]]
| Sky blue flag with the badge of the IAF in the center, and 5 five-pointed gold stars in a vertical line in the fly. Only [[Arjan Singh|one person]] has ever been granted the right to this flag.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in^af.html#mar |title=Indian Air Force Flags}}</ref>
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] (rank currently reserved for the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]])
| Sky blue flag with the national flag in the canton, the IAF roundel in the lower fly, the IAF badge in the upper fly, and 5 five-pointed gold stars in a vertical line in the fly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in^af.html#mar |title=Indian Air Force Flags}}</ref>
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Air marshal (India).svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] (also [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]])
| Sky blue flag with IAF roundel in the center surmounted by eagle; 3 five-pointed gold stars in a vertical line in the fly.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Air vice marshal (India).svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
| Sky blue flag with IAF roundel in the center surmounted by eagle; 2 five-pointed gold stars in a vertical line in the fly.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Air commodore (India).svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| Sky blue flag with IAF roundel in the center surmounted by eagle; 1 five-pointed gold star in the fly.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Group Captain (India).svg|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| Flag of the [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]]
| Flag of Sky blue triangular pennant with IAF roundel in the center surmounted by eagle.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Wing Commander (India).svg|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| Flag of the [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
| Sky blue triangular pennant with IAF roundel in the center.
|}

=== Former rank flags (till 2023) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;"|Flag
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:250px;"|Use
! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Air Force Ensign of India (1950–2023).svg}}
| 1950–2023
| Flag of the [[Indian Air Force]]
| A [[Royal Air Force Ensign|sky-blue ensign]] with the flag of India in the canton, and the Air Force [[roundel]] in the fly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in^af.html#mar |title=Indian Air Force Flags}}</ref>
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of the Chief of Air Staff and Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force.svg}}
| 1980–2023
| Flag of the [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] (was only used by [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]])
| Sky blue flag with the national flag in the canton, the IAF roundel in the lower fly, and the IAF badge in the upper fly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in^af.html#mar |title=Indian Air Force Flags}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Former rank flags (1950–1980) ===
The former IAF rank flags were modeled on those of the [[Royal Air Force]], with different colours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in^af.html#mar |title=Indian Air Force Flags}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;"|Flag
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:250px;"|Use
! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Marshal of the Air Forces 1950-1980.svg}}
| 1950–1980
| Marshal of the Indian Air Force
| Never used.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in^af.html#owc |title=Indian Air Force Flags}}</ref>
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Air Chief Marshal 1950-1980.svg}}
| 1950–1980
| Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force
| Sky blue bordered with two thick golden yellow stripes and with two thick horizontal green stripes in the center.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Air Marshal 1950-1980.png}}
| 1950–1980
| Air Marshal of the Indian Air Force
| Sky blue flag bordered with two thick horizontal golden yellow stripes, with one thick horizontal green stripe in the center.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Air Vice Marshal 1950-1980.svg}}
| 1950–1980
| Air Vice Marshal of the Indian Air Force
| Sky blue flag bordered with two thick horizontal golden yellow stripes, with two thin horizontal green stripes in the center.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Air Commodore 1950-1980.svg|border=0|checker=1}}
| 1950–1980
| Air Commodore of the Indian Air Force
| Swallowtail sky blue pennant bordered with two thick horizontal golden yellow stripes, with one thin horizontal green stripe in the center.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Group Captain 1950-1980.svg|border=0|checker=1}}
| 1950–1980
| Group Captain of the Indian Air Force
| Triangular sky blue pennant bordered in golden yellow, with one thick horizontal green stripe in the center.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Wing Captain 1950-1980.svg|border=0|checker=1}}
| 1950–1980
| Wing Commander of the Indian Air Force
| Triangular sky blue pennant bordered in golden yellow, with two thin horizontal green stripes in the center.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Squadron Leader.svg}}
| 1950–1980
| Squadron Leader of the Indian Air Force
| Sky blue flag bordered with two thick horizontal golden yellow stripes, with one thin horizontal green stripe in the center surmounted by an eagle in green. Below the stripe is the squadron number.
|}

== Indian Coast Guard ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|Flag
! style="width:100px;"|Date
! style="width:250px;"|Use
! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Indian Coast Guard flag.svg}}
|
| Flag of the [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| A [[Blue Ensign]] with the Flag of India in the canton, and the Coast Guard badge in the fly.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Indian Coast Guard flag.svg}}
|
|Flag of the [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]]
| A [[Blue Ensign]] with the Flag of India in the canton, and the Coast Guard badge in the fly.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of the Indian Coast Guard.svg}}
|
| Flag of the Additional Director General of the Indian Coast Guard
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag Inspector GENERAL of ICG.jpg}}
|
| Flag of the Inspector-General of the Indian Coast Guard
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Coast Guard Inspector General.png|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| Flag of the Deputy Inspector-General of the Indian Coast Guard
|
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Indian Coast Guard Commandant.png|border=0|checker=1}}
|
| Flag of the Commandant of the Indian Coast Guard
|
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Heraldry}}
* [[Armed Forces Flag Day]]
* [[Indian Naval Ensign]]
* [[List of Indian flags]]
* [[Flag of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Military rank flags of India}}
* [https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in%5E.html Indian Military Flags - CRW flags]
* [https://tmg110.tripod.com/india.htm MILITARY & NAVAL FLAGS - War Flags]

{{Military ranks by country}}
{{Military of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Armed Forces Rank Flags}}
[[Category:Military ranks of India]]
[[Category:Military insignia]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Flags of India]]

Run Baby Run (game show)

2025-11-05T00:09:58Z

EggleFreggle: added new details

{{Short description|Indian game show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Run Baby Run.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]] Game show
| creator =
| based_on =
| director =
| presenter = [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 23
| producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 40-45 minutes per episode
| company =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|2|27}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2022|8|7}}
| music =
| channel = [[Zee Tamil]]
}}

'''Run Baby Run''' is a 2022 Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] language [[Reality television|Reality]] game show, hosted by [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nandu-jagan-to-host-upcoming-reality-show-run-baby-run/articleshow/89830555.cms|title='Nandu' Jagan to host upcoming reality show 'Run Baby Run'|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225141506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nandu-jagan-to-host-upcoming-reality-show-run-baby-run/articleshow/89830555.cms|url-status=live|date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nandu-jagan-makes-comeback-on-tv-with-this-tamil-reality-show-4819706.html|title=Nandu Jagan Makes Comeback on TV With This Tamil Reality Show|website=www.news18.com|date=28 February 2022 |language=en|access-date=2022-03-02|archive-date=2022-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302203140/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nandu-jagan-makes-comeback-on-tv-with-this-tamil-reality-show-4819706.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijaytv-jagan-show-nandu-jagan-game-show-run-baby-run-in-zee-tamil-vj-anchor-jagan-reentry-sre-ghta-704771.html|title=நீண்ட இடைவெளிக்கு பிறகு சின்னத்திரைக்கு வரும் பிரபல ஆங்கர்.. ஏன் அந்த சேனலுக்கு போகல?|website=tamil.news18.com|date=26 February 2022 |language=ta|access-date=2022-03-02|archive-date=2022-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302203152/https://tamil.news18.com/nodeapi/pv-candidate|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/new-reality-show-launched-in-zee-tamil-run-baby-run/|title=New reality show launched in Zee Tamil 'Run Baby Run'|website=www.passionateinmarketing.com|date=27 February 2022 |language=en|access-date=2022-03-02|archive-date=2022-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302203142/https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/new-reality-show-launched-in-zee-tamil-run-baby-run/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also available on the digital platform on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/zee-tamil-launches-a-clutter-breaking-reality-show-run-baby-run.html|title=அடி சக்க! அடுத்த புதுமையான ஷோவை லாஞ்ச் பண்ணும் பிரபல டிவி சேனல்.. கான்செப்ட் இதுதான்!|trans-title=Zee Tamil launch new Reality show|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=24 February 2022 |language=ta|access-date=2022-03-02|archive-date=2022-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302203215/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/zee-tamil-launches-a-clutter-breaking-reality-show-run-baby-run.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to 7 August 2022. It is also available for streaming on [[ZEE5]].

==Format==
The show features Zee Tamil's soap opera families and Tamil actors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-tamil-launches-new-reality-show-run-baby-run/|title=Zee Tamil launches new reality show 'Run Baby Run'; premieres February 27|website=mediabrief.com|date=24 February 2022 |language=en|access-date=2022-03-02|archive-date=2022-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302203141/https://mediabrief.com/zee-tamil-launches-new-reality-show-run-baby-run/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==List of episodes==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="width:20pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" rowspan="2" |Episodes
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" colspan="2" |Celebrities
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" rowspan="2" | Telecast date
|-
! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Red Team
! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Blue Team
|-
| #1
| [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] Aishwarya Aajeedh Khalique
| [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] Meenakshi Govindarajan Gayathri
| 27 February 2022
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Briji

2025-09-28T09:36:07Z

EggleFreggle: starting initial entry needs work...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Briji
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
|image_skyline = Eastern Metropolitan Bypass - Dhalai Bridge - Kolkata 2012-01-21 8429.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Shahid Khudiram metro station|Shahid Khudiram]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
|governing_body = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
|parts = [[Ward No. 110, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|110]]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.4666|N|88.3877|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700084
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Briji''' is a locality of [[South Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It is a part of [[Garia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp|title=Kolkata - A Municipal History|publisher=KMC|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Populated places in West Bengal]]

Ring Wrong Ring

2025-09-10T22:55:13Z

EggleFreggle: added a data

{{Short description|Indian Hindi comedy television show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ring Wrong Ring.jpg
| genre = [[Fantasy comedy]], [[Sitcom]]
| writer = {{ubl|Bunty Rathore|Niraj Vikram}}
| screenplay = Kumar Bhatia
| director = Rajan Waghdhare
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 83
| producer = {{ubl|[[Vipul D. Shah]]|Anupam K. Kalidhar|Mahim Joshie|Chahek Kapur}}
| editor = {{ubl|Dharmesh Patel|Shadab Khan}}
| runtime = 20-24 minutes
| company = {{ubl|Optimystix Entertainment|Anjaney Telefilms Pvt. Ltd.|Chitrashala Multimedia}}
| network = [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2010|12|13|df=y}}
}}

'''''Ring Wrong Ring''''' is an Indian [[sitcom]] that premiered on [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]] this 13 December 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-13 |title='Ring Wrong Riing' starts today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ring-wrong-riing-starts-today/articleshow/7087382.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-12-08 |title=SAB TV's magical entry at 7:30pm time band. |url=https://www.adgully.com/sab-tv-s-magical-entry-at-7-30pm-time-band-45210.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Adgully |language=en-US}}</ref> and concluded on 20 June 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-22 |title=Four TV shows to go off air |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/four-tv-shows-to-go-off-air/articleshow/8488932.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Gilli GillI…' & 'Ring Wrong Ring' axed on SAB TV |work=BizAsiaLive |date=22 May 2011 |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/gilli-gilli-ring-wrong-ring-axed-on-sab-tv/}}</ref> It stars [[Muskaan Mihani]], [[Aasif Sheikh]], [[Ujjwal Chopra]], [[Anita Kanwal]] and [[Rakesh Bedi]].

==Plot==
Show centers on Mansi, a housewife who inherits a peculiar gift from her deceased father-in-law, Dinanath Chouhan: a magical ring. Dinanath, a magician by profession, created this ring with the power to grant wishes. However, a flaw in its creation causes the magic to manifest in unpredictable and often comedic ways. Mansi uses the ring with the intention of resolving daily issues and pleasing her family. This family includes her husband, Vijay, who remains blissfully unaware of the ring's existence and the ensuing chaos. This lack of awareness provides a constant source of comedic tension as Mansi struggles to conceal the magical mishaps. Also in the family is Ajay, Mansi's brother-in-law, who is similarly kept in the dark about the ring, further complicating Mansi's efforts.

Adding another layer to the family dynamic is Gayatri, Mansi's mother-in-law, a traditional and somewhat demanding figure who inadvertently adds pressure to Mansi as she juggles her wishes and the secret of the ring. Even in death, Dinanath Chouhan plays a role, appearing in a photo frame and interacting with Mansi, offering guidance (though often not very helpful) regarding the ring's erratic magic. The show's narrative structure generally involves Mansi making a wish in each episode, followed by the resulting humorous and often absurd side effects that ripple through her family. Ring Wrong Ring presents a comedic exploration of wish fulfillment, emphasizing the potential for unintended consequences when magic doesn't operate as expected, all within the context of a close-knit family dynamic.

==Cast==
* [[Muskaan Mihani]] as Mansi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-21 |title=Muskaan's double role in Ring Wrong Riing! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/muskaans-double-role-in-ring-wrong-riing/articleshow/7139835.cms |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Chouhan is the wife of Vijay, the sister-in-law of Ajay, the daughter-in-law of Gayatri, and the daughter-in-law of the deceased Dinanath Chouhan.
* [[Aasif Sheikh]] as Vijay Chouhan is the husband of Mansi, the brother of Ajay, and the son of Gayatri and deceased Dinanath Chouhan.
* [[Ujjwal Chopra]] as Ajay is the brother of Vijay, the brother-in-law of Mansi, and the son of Gayatri and deceased Dinanath Chouhan.
* [[Anita Kanwal]] as Gayatri is the wife of deceased Dinanath Chouhan, mother of Vijay and Ajay, and the mother-in-law of Mansi.
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Dinanath Chouhan is the deceased husband of Gayatri, father of Vijay and Ajay, and the deceased father-in-law of Mansi.
* Aryan Sharma as Bunty is Mansi's Nephew
* [[Harsh Khurana]] as Raj is the colleague of Vijay
* [[Delnaaz Irani]] as Bindu is the wife of Raj
* [[Yogesh Tripathi]]

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi comedy shows|List of Hindi Comedy Shows]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|tt7598116}}
* {{YouTube|p=PLfyXOEyr93G3xNW_k3EcWv9I8S4OK4CS3}}

{{SAB TV Programmes}}

[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]

Gandhi Institute for Technology

2025-09-02T06:38:25Z

EggleFreggle: added a stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Advert|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Gandhi Institute For Technology (GIFT) Bhubaneswar
| native_name = ଗାନ୍ଧୀ ବୈଷୟିକ ଯାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ, ଭୁବନେଶ୍ବର, ଓଡିଶା
| image = Gandhi_Institute_for_Technology_Logo.png
| image_alt =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = GIFT, GIFT Bhubaneswar
| motto = ''Education in Odisha''
| motto_lang = en
| established = {{start date|df=yes|2007}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]], [[Education]], [[Research]], [[Engineering]], [[Institution]]
| affiliations = *[[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]] (BPUT)
*[[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE)
*[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC)
*[[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA)
*[[International Accreditation Organization]] (IAO)
| endowment = [[Private school|Private]]
| founder = Balaram Panda Trust
| chairman = Dr. Satya Prakash Panda
| head = Dr. Patitapaban Panda
| head_label = Vice Chairman
| principal = Dr. S.K. Maharana
| academic_staff = 250
| undergrad = 3,200
| postgrad = 250
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Khordha]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|20.22230|85.67292|region:IN-OR_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban, spread over {{convert|48|acre|km2|1|abbr=on}} in Bhubaneswar
| colours = {{color box|green}}{{color box|white}} Green and White
| website = {{URL|https://www.gift.edu.in}}
}}

'''Gandhi Institute For Technology (GIFT),''' Autonomous College, [[Bhubaneswar]], is an engineering institution in [[Odisha]], India. Established in 2007 by the Balaram Panda Trust.

== Admissions ==
Qualified candidates can apply for admission in any of the four-year B.Tech. (Bachelor of Technology) degree programs. Admissions the undergraduate programs are made through Odisha Joint Entrance Examination (OJEE), JEE MAIN and All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE) and admission into the postgraduate programs (M.Tech.) are made primarily through the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) and O-JEE testing. any online application is ready to our collage in.

==Departments==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sr.No
!B.Tech
!MBA
!MCA
!M.Tech
!MSC
!Diploma
!PHD
|-
|1
|Agriculture
|Aviation and Airport
| -
|CTM
|Physics
|Civil
|
|-
|2
|Civil
|Health care and Hospital
|
|ENV
|Chemistry
|CSE
|
|-
|3
|CSE
|Logistic and Supply
|
|ISE
|Mathematics
|Electrical
|
|-
|4
|CE
|
|
|CCE
|
|EEE
|
|-
|5
|EEE
|
|
|CSE(AIML)
|
|Mechanical
|
|-
|6
|ECE
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|7
|Mechanical
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Research and development ==
A chapter of Rotaract Club was opened at GIFT college.<ref>[https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/2118108/The-New-Indian-Express-Bhubaneswar/19-04-2019#page/17/1 ROTA Club opens at GIFT]</ref>

GIFT Engineering college is designated as a 'Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (SIRO)' by Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India.

The Research and Development wing of GIFT holds regular conferences and workshops. They also conduct research in software development and robotics. It is an [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] training center and offers training in [[IBM DB2|DB2]], RAD, [[SAP SE|SAP]], [[web development]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] development.<ref>[https://college.gift.edu.in/website/history.shtml ABOUT GANDHI INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY]</ref>

GIFT is a collaborative R&D Project center of NALCO for Research Project on Nano Fluid.<ref name="awards">{{cite web |url=https://autonomous.gift.edu.in/awards-achievements/ |title=Awards & Achievements |website=GIFT Autonomous College |access-date=February 21, 2024}}</ref>

GIFTIANS have developed two android apps "Gift Notice" and "Faculty CL", to facilitate communication between the administration and the students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edu-leaders.com/news/1001710/gift-develops-android-apps |title=GIFT develops Androd apps |access-date=20 January 2015 |archive-date=20 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120131820/http://www.edu-leaders.com/news/1001710/gift-develops-android-apps |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110505062527/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Gandhi-Institute-for-Technology-Bhubaneswar-GIFT GIFT College in Minglebox]}}</ref>

==Awards and ranking==
* Gandhi Institute For Technology (GIFT), Bhubaneswar ranked 29th in all India level and awarded as 'Band Excellent' institution in ATAL Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements (ARIIA) for the academic year 2021-22 by the Ministry of Education, Govt. of India declared on 29 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://orissadiary.com/gandhi-institute-for-technology-in-excellent-band-in-atal-ranking-of-institutions-on-innovation-achievements-2021/ | title=Gandhi Institute for Technology in Excellent Band in Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements – 2021 | date=5 January 2022 }}</ref>
* GIFT College Bhubaneswar has been classified as a "Band-B" institution (Rank between 26 and 50) in category of Private or Self-Financed College/ Institutes by AICTE, New Delhi, the apex body for technical education in India in association with MHRD, Govt. of India in the recently announced ATAL Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievement (ARIIA) 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eodishasamachar.com/en/2020/08/24/national-recognition-for-gift-for-its-work-on-innovation-research/ |date=August 24, 2020 |title=National Recognition for Gift for Its Work on Innovation Research |website=eodishasamachar.com |language=en}}{{Dead link |fix-attempted=yes |date=February 2024}}</ref>{{Dead link |fix-attempted=yes |date=February 2024}}
* GIFT is ranked 21st among 'TOP ENGINEERING COLLEGES OF EXCELLENCE' by CSR-GHRDC Engineering college survey 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmrit.org/CSR-E-July-2018.pdf |date=July 2018 |title=CSR-GHRDC Engineering Colleges Survey 2018: Ranking of Top Engineering Colleges |website=GMR Institute of Technology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831122133/http://www.gmrit.org/CSR-E-July-2018.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |access-date=February 21, 2024}}</ref>
* GIFT is awarded as 'The Institute with Best Technology Utilization in Higher Education' in Eduquest-2018 organized by 'ETV Network'.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://college.gift.edu.in/website | title=NIRF Ranked Best Engineering College in Odisha - GIFT Bhubaneswar | date=9 November 2019 }}</ref>
* GIFT is awarded as the 'Most Promising Engineering College' of Odisha in 2011 by the governor of Odisha.<ref name="awards"/>
* GIFT is ranked 3rd as top engineering college under BPUT and ranked 5th among best engineering colleges in odisha by Odisha Students.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110201110249/http://odishastudents.com/ Odisha Students Listed Best Engineering Colleges]</ref>
* Team 'Bit Coders' of GIFT won 1st prize in Grand Finale of Smart India Hackathon - 2017.<ref name="awards"/>
* GIFT won 2nd and 3rd prizes in "National Robotics Championship by RoboFeast-2017, Cognizance IIT Roorkee" held at IIT Roorkee.<ref name="awards"/>
* GIFT organized a 'Summer School On Data Science using R Studio (SCDSR-2018)' from 29 May to 10 June 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://college.gift.edu.in/website/SCDSR.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217062951/https://college.gift.edu.in/website/SCDSR.doc |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2019 |title=SCDSR.doc |format=DOC |website=GIFT Autonomous College}}</ref>{{dead link |fix-attempted=yes |date=February 2024}}

==Events & Conferences==
AICTE-ISTE sponsored Induction cum Refresher Programme "Pedagogy Workshop on Innovative Teaching and Learning" has been conducted by the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Gandhi Institute For Technology from 04-01-2022 to 10-01-2022.<ref>[https://eodishasamachar.com/en/2022/01/17/aicte-iste-sponsored-induction-cum-refresher-program-at-gift/ Pedagogy Workshop on Innovative Teaching and Learning at GIFT"]</ref>

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering of Gandhi Institute For Technology (GIFT), Bhubaneswar has organized TEQIP-III BPUT, [[Odisha]] Sponsored Two-day National Seminar on Next Generation Fibers(SNGF-2020)from February 27–28, 2020.<ref>[https://orissadiary.com/national-seminar-on-next-generation-fibers-sngf-2020-at-gift/ National Seminar on Next Generation Fibers (SNGF-2020) at GIFT"]</ref>

GIFT College has organized the student exchange program as a part of '''"Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat"''' an initiative by the Government of India. As per this unique idea of sustained and structured cultural connect, GIFT has been mapped with St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur by AICTE, New Delhi. As a part of this program 29 students along with two teachers paid a visit to the institution. The Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat is a great initiative of understanding the culture of different state in a fun and interactive manner. Through close cross-cultural interactions we were able to induce a sense of responsibility & ownership for the nation as a whole.<ref>[https://kalingatv.com/state/ek-bharat-shrestha-bharat-program-in-gift/ Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat at GIFT Bhubaneswar"]</ref>

A two-day National Conference on "Restructuring Policy, Prospects and Challenges" was held at GIFT in association with AIIMS Bhubaneswar ".<ref>[https://khabar.odishatv.in/odisha/national-conference-at-gift-12/142155/ two-day National Conference on "Restructuring Policy, Prospects and Challenges"]</ref>

A two-day Faculty Development Programme on "Teaching Methodology" was organised by Department of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Gandhi Institute For Technology (GIFT) in association with British Council, Kolkata on 17& 18 June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eodishasamachar.com/en/2019/06/24/odisha-current-education-news-two-day-faculty-development-programme-on-teaching-methodology/ |title=two-day Faculty Development Programme on "Teaching Methodology" |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626092125/http://eodishasamachar.com/en/2019/06/24/odisha-current-education-news-two-day-faculty-development-programme-on-teaching-methodology/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Department of ECE of Gandhi Institute For Technology (GIFT) in association with Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE) organised an intra-department poster presentation competition and seminar on 'Recent Trends in Telecommunication' on 26-03-2019.<ref>[http://www.orissapost.com/students-learn-trends-in-telecommunication/ Recent Trends in Telecommunication]</ref>

Workshop 'Examination Reforms' by AICTE<ref>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/in-briefs-in-briefs-2019-01-23.html Workshop 'Examination Reforms' by AICTE]</ref> - The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Eastern Region in association with the Gandhi Institute For Technology (GIFT), Bhubaneswar organised a workshop on ‘Examination Reforms’ at GIFT on 21-01-2019. Er. Patitapaban Panda, Vice Chairman of GIFT stressed the need of reforms in the examination systems as higher education is driving profound changes in the technical education system in the wake of the globalisation of the world economy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kalingatv.com/uncategorized/workshop-on-examination-reforms-held-in-bhubaneswar/ |title=The need of reforms in the examination systems by Er. Patitapaban Panda, Vice Chairman |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152307/https://kalingatv.com/uncategorized/workshop-on-examination-reforms-held-in-bhubaneswar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

ICCIDA-2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eodishasamachar.com/en/gift-holds-international-conference-on-computational-intelligence-and-data-analytics/ |title=ICCIDA-2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170403/https://eodishasamachar.com/en/gift-holds-international-conference-on-computational-intelligence-and-data-analytics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> - A two-day international conference on computational intelligence and data analytics (ICCIDA)-2018 was organised by Department of Computer Science & Engineering of Gandhi Institute for Technology (GIFT), Bhubaneswar on 26 and 27 October. Chief guest Prof Sheng Lung Peng from National Dong (HWA) University, Taiwan addressed the gathering.

ICCI-SEM-2017<ref>[http://www.icci-sem.com/ ICCI-SEM-2017]</ref> - International Conference on Contemporary issues in Science, Engineering & Management held at GIFT in 18 and 19 February 2017.

==Sports==
Sundargarh's International Junior Hockey defender Neelam Sanjeeb Xess graced the 12th Annual Athelatic Meet (OCTATHLON) held on 24 and 25 January.<ref>[https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/2006258/The-New-Indian-Express-Bhubaneswar/01-02-2019#page/19/2 OCTATHLON-2019]</ref>

==College Festivals and Hobby Clubs==
On 29 January, MBA students organized their annual fest Bizzfestrix-2019 in which students from various B-Schools participated in several business games like Corporate Roadies, Business Quiz, Geet e Ghazal, TikTok challenges etc.<ref>[https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/2006258/The-New-Indian-Express-Bhubaneswar/01-02-2019#page/19/2 Bizzfestrix-2019]</ref>

Festronix 2K19was organised on 19 and 20 February 2019 at the Gandhi Institute for Technology (GIFT) in Bhubaneswar, in which nearly 2000 students from different institutes across the state actively participated with great zeal and zest. This year's theme of Festronix 2K19 was ‘Startup Odisha’.<ref>[https://kalingatv.com/state/tech-fest-festronix-2k19-held-at-gift/ Tech Fest “Festronix 2k19” Held AT GIFT]. ''kalingatv.com'', Retrieved 2024-06-12</ref><ref>[https://odishareporter.in/odisha/techfest-in-gift-engineering-college-342861 Festronix 2K19]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Biju_Patnaik_University_of Technology}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Education in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Private engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with Biju Patnaik University of Technology]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Orissa]]

Duryodhan Aihole

2025-07-12T03:38:44Z

EggleFreggle: added a details!

{{Short description|Indian political activist (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2008
| predecessor = Bheemappa Sarikar
| successor =
| constituency = [[Raibag (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Raibag]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|1|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nidagundi]], [[Mysore State]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Sushila
| children = 2 sons, 5 daughters
| father = Mahalingappa Aihole
}}

'''Duryodhan Mahalingappa Aihole''' (born 22 January 1957) is a politician from Karnataka. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-10 |title=Forest officer hits out at BJP MLA; audio goes viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/forest-officer-confronts-bjp-mla-in-viral-audio-clip/articleshow/106682390.cms |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> from [[Raibag Assembly constituency]].

== Early life and education ==
Aihole is from Raibag, Belgaum district. His father is Mahalingappa Aihole. He studied till 10th standard at Harogeri Vidhyalaya, Harogeri before he discontinued studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duryodhan Mahalingappa Aihole(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAYBAG(BELGAUM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6052 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Aihole won the [[Raibag Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/result/Results.pdf|title=CANDIDATE WISE VOTES DETAILS|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20121113/2100704.html|title = BJP MLA Duryodhana Aihole injured :falls off terrace}}</ref> He was re-elected from the same constituency again in the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He won for a third consecutive time in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election from the same Raibag seat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Raybag Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/raybag-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7795819.html |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aihole Duryodhan Mahalingappa in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/aihole-duryodhan-mahalingappa-raybag-candidate-s10a006c010/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=697 Duryodhan Mahalingappa Aihole affidavit]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aihole, Duryodhan Mahalingappa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Huskur, Bengaluru East

2025-06-02T16:31:08Z

EggleFreggle:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Huskur, Bengaluru East
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0625356|N|77.7414052|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,444
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560049
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 080
| registration_plate = KA 53
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Legislative Assembly]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]]<ref name="174_Mahadevapura">{{cite web|url=https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|title="174-Mahadevapura : BLO Details"|accessdate=2025-02-24}} </ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Huskur,''' also known as '''Jodi Huskur,''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India. Huskur village is located in [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]] taluka of Bangalore Urban district in Karnataka, India. It is situated 10 km away from [[Krishnarajapuram]] and around 8 km from [[Hoskote]]. As per 2009 stats, [[Mandur, Bengaluru East|Mandur]] is the gram panchayat of Huskur village.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder|title=2011 census of India Village: Huskur|accessdate=2025-02-24}} </ref><ref name="Map">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/13%C2%B003'38.3%22N+77%C2%B045'46.2%22E/@13.0606151,77.7622854,143m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d13.060629!4d77.762837?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIyMy4xIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D|title=Huskur Map|accessdate=2025-02-23}} </ref>

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 census of India]] information the location code or village code of Huskur village is 613098. The total geographical area of the village is 159.61 hectares. Huskur has a total population of 1,444 people, out of which male population is 743 while female population is 701. The literacy rate of Huskur village is 67.52 % out of which 72.27 % of males and 62.48 % of females are literate. There are about 350 houses in Huskur village. Pincode of Huskur village locality is 560049.<ref name="census_2011"/>

==Facilities==
Huskur has below basic types of facilities.

* Govt Higher Primary School Jodi Huskuru – The school is owned by the Government of Karnataka.<ref name="174_Mahadevapura"/>
* KMF ([[Karnataka Milk Federation]]) Dairy
* National Highway-75 – Old Madras Road- Connects [[Bengaluru]] and [[Tirupati]]

==Places of Worship==
* Maramma Devi temple
* Someshwara Swamy temple

==See also==
* [[Nimbekaipura]]
* [[Lagumenahalli, Bengaluru East|Lagumenahalli]]
* [[Bendiganahalli, Bengaluru East|Bendiganahalli]]
* [[Raghuvanahalli, Bengaluru East|Raghuvanahalli]]

==References==
*Book: Census of India, 1981: District census handbook. A. Village & town directory ; B. Village & townwise primary census abstract, Publisher: University of Minnesota, Contributor:India. Director of Census Operations, Karnataka
*Book: The Mysore Gazette, 1962
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/

{{Settlements in Bangalore Urban district}}
{{Bangalore Urban district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

Rongbong Terang

2025-06-01T21:23:09Z

EggleFreggle: added post.

{{Short description|Indian academic and writer}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Rongbong Terang
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rongbong Terang
| native_name_lang = [[Karbi language|Karbi]]
| language = [[Karbi language|Karbi]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1937|1|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Lumbungdingpi (near Bokoliaghat/Volongkom-aji), [[Karbi Anglong]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Kanam Hansepi
| children = 4
| occupation = Academic, Novelist, Poet
| notableworks = ''Rongmilir Hanhi (1981)''
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1989)  [[Assam Valley Literary Award]] (2008)
| signature =
}}

'''Rongbong Terang''' is a literary figure from [[Assam]], [[India]]. He is a [[Padma Shri|Padmashree]] Awardee<ref>{{Cite web |last=Konwar |first=Luna |date=2022-05-16 |title=Biography of Rongbong Terang - Padmashree Awardee » Dev Library |url=https://devlibrary.in/biography-of-rongbong-terang/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Dev Library |language=en-US}}</ref> for his literary work ''Rongmilir Hanhi'' (1981).

Terang was given Lifetime Achievement award at Pratidin Achiever Award 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=Assam : Noted Litterateur Rongbong Terang Conferred With 'Lifetime Achievement Award' |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/12/24/assam-noted-litterateur-rongbong-terang-conferred-with-lifetime-achievement-award/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Lummer Dai Award in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2019-05-30 |title=ASS President Rongbong Terang To Get Lummer Dai Award 2019 - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/ass-president-rongbong-terang-to-get-lummer-dai-award-2019/ |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=The Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref> he is conferred with Honorary DLitt from [[Cotton University]] in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rongbong Terang conferred DLitt degree |url=http://oldwebsite.cottonuniversity.ac.in/notice/D.Litt_Degree.pdf}}</ref>

==Education==
He studied in Lanka High School. He was in the first batch to pass out of the school. After that he completed his graduation from Nowgong College in Assamese as his honours. In 1966, he completed his post graduation from [[Gauhati University]].{{Cn|date= December 2024}}

==Career==
Rongbong Terang worked as an Assamese teacher in Diphu Govt. Boy High School. Then as an Assamese lecturer in [[Diphu Government College|Diphu Govt. College]] and acted as Principal-in-charge on 1 April 2000 and retired on 30 November 2002.<ref>http://thekararnivang.com/tag/ningkan-3-apharman-padmashree-rongbong-terang-aphan-gu-bangphu-kethap (Karbi language)</ref> He was also the president of [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] for two terms.

===Selected works===
*Rongmilir Hahi (1981)
*Srimad Bhagawad Gita (1986)
*Samanway Prabah (1989)
*Faringor Geet (1990)
*Smritir Papori (1998)
*Neela Orchid (2001)
*Krantikalar Ashru (2005)
*Jak Herowa Pakhi (2005)
*Langsoliator Kukrung (2007)

==Awards==
*Asam Sahitya Sabha's Bishnu Rabha (1982)
*Asom Prakashan Parishad (1983)
*[[Padma Shri Awards (1980–1989)#1989|Padma Shri]] (1989)
*[[Assam Valley Literary Award]] (2008)
*Asam Sahitya Sabha's Basudev Jalan award (2008)
*Mahapurush Madhavdev (2008)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://rongbongterang.blogspot.in Rongbong Terang Blog]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terang, Rongbong}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Assam Valley Literary Award]]
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:Asom Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
[[Category:People from Karbi Anglong district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]

M. M. Pallam Raju

2025-05-28T01:56:29Z

EggleFreggle: refined article and corrected details

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. M. Pallam Raju
|image =The Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Dr. M.M. Pallam Raju addressing at the release of the National Achievement Survey - Class III Children Achievement Report, in New Delhi on February 28, 2014.jpg
| birth_name = Mangapati Mallipudi Pallam Raju
| caption = Pallam Raju in 2014
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|1|24}}
| birth_place =[[Pitapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| residence = Kakinada
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Minister of Human Resource Development]]
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start1 = 29 October 2012
| term_end1 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| successor1 = [[Smriti Irani]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Union Minister of State for Defence]]
| primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2 = [[A. K. Antony]]
| term_start2 = 29 January 2006
| term_end2 = 28 October 2012
| predecessor2 = [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
| successor2 = [[Jitendra Singh (INC politician)|Jitendra Singh]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term3 = 2004 - 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Mudragada Padmanabham]]
| successor3 = [[Thota Narasimham]]
| constituency3 = [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]]
| term4 =1989 - 1991
| predecessor4 = [[Thota Gopala Krishna]]
| successor4 = Thota Subba Roa
| constituency4 = [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]]
| party =[[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Mamatha
| children = 1 daughter & 1 son
| alma_mater = [[Temple University]] ([[MBA]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 16 September 2006
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20071221064235/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4015
}}

'''Mallipudi Mangapati Pallam Raju''' (born 24 January 1962) is an Indian politician who served as the Cabinet [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister for Human Resources Development]] and [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State for Defence]] in the Central Government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Defence Ministers of State |url=http://mod.gov.in/former-raksha-rajya-mantri-0 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Ministry of Defence GOI |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the 9th, 14th and 15th [[Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. He represented the [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Kakinada]] constituency of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>His father M.S. Sanjeeva Rao former Minister Union of India. He was eminent electronic engineer in India. He was very close to Indira Gandhi Family. Pallam Raju Grand Father Mallipududi Mangapathi Pallam Raju Freedom Fighter in Madras Combined State. He was follower of Mahatma Gandhi, and Pandit Jawajar lal Nehru. He was elected as a PCC president in after independence. He served as a Cabinet Minister in Tanguturi Prakasam and Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy Cabinets.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120227160419/http://mhrd.gov.in/whoswho Home: Ministry of Human Resource Development : Government of India]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3375 |title=Lok Sabha |access-date=25 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221113/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3375 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Pallam Raju was born at [[Canadian Baptist Ministries|CBM]]-[[Christian Medical Centre]], [[Pithapuram]], [[East Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. Born into a political family, he is the eldest among two children. His grandfather, Late Mallipudi Pallam Raju was a freedom fighter and his father Shri [[M. S. Sanjeevi Rao]] was a Union Minister in the Government of India (1982–1984).

He finished his schooling from [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]] (HPS), (1971–1979). He earned his undergraduate degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam in 1983. He later earned an MBA from [[Fox School of Business and Management]] at [[Temple University]] in 1985.

He was an NCC cadet and a keen sportsman. Pallam Raju represented his school and college in several athletic and football tournaments in the country.

==Career==
'''Initial career in computers and information technology'''

Being an electronics and communication engineer, Pallam Raju started his career in the IT field. He worked in Philadelphia and Boston in the USA and in Oslo, Norway, in the field of Computers and Information Technology. He started his career as a research assistant at Temple University, USA (1985–86). He then worked as a research associate at the Federal Group Incorporated, a management consulting firm at South Natick, USA from 1986–87. He was a Sales Coordinator for the international operations of a computer company, Norsk Data A.S. at Oslo; Norway. He has also been a successful entrepreneur in IT. In 1999, he started and ran the Indian operations of TTM (India) Private Limited (ASIC Design Services), a US based chip design services company at Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh till he was inducted as the Minister of State for Defense in the United Progressive Alliance government.

'''Political career'''

His entry into politics was circumstantial. Though he came from a political lineage he wasn't encouraged to join politics. Having lost his mother early, he came back to India, end of 1988, when his father had a stroke. The general elections were in 1989 and he was encouraged by the party to contest. The decision was finally his. Then aged 27, he felt there couldn't be a better reason to return to the country.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

'''First term in the 9th Lok Sabha (1989–1991)'''

Starting out as a novice in 1989, he went on to win the election and was the youngest Member of Parliament in the 9th Lok Sabha. Over the years, he has held several important positions in the state and national units of the Congress and been on boards of successful Public Limited Companies. He was a member on the Committee on Science and Technology and Consultative Committee, Ministry of Food Processing Industries (1990).

He has held important positions in the state and national units of the Congress and was on the boards of successful Public Limited Companies. He was a director on the boards of Indian Airlines and Air India between 1994 and 1997. Between 1995 and 2000, he was the General Secretary of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee (A.P.C.C.) He was a Member of the All India Congress Committee (A.I.C.C.) from 1997 to 2000. In 2000, he was the chairman of the Science and Technology Cell, Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee (A.P.C.C.)

'''Second term in the 14th Lok Sabha (2004–2009)'''

In 2004, he was re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha (2nd term). During this term, he was a member of the General Purposes Committee and a member of the Committee on Papers laid on the Table. He was also the chairman of the Department of Policy Planning and Coordination (DEPPCO) in the All India Congress Committee (AICC). Between August 2004 and January 2006, he served as the chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Information Technology which comprises the Departments of Information Technology, Communications & Posts and Information & Broadcasting.

In January 2006, he was inducted into the Union (Indian Federal) Council of Ministers in the government headed by Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh as Minister of State for Defense. During his tenure as the Minister of State for Defense, in 2008 Pallam Raju visited Lebanon to meet the Indian peacekeepers who were part of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). He was the first to do so in five years. India has one infantry battalion deployed in charge of the eastern position of South Lebanon. In May 2008, he headed the delegation from the ministry and addressed the important Shangri La Dialogue (Annual Conference of Defense Ministers from the world) in Singapore.

'''Third term in the 15th Lok Sabha (2009–2014)'''

In May 2009, he was re-elected to the 15th Lok Sabha for the 3rd term. He continued as the Minister of State for Defense for the 2nd consecutive term. He led the Indian delegation to the Paris Air Show, France in June 2009.

'''Tenure as Union Minister for Human Resource Development'''

In October 2012, he was sworn in as the Union Minister for Human Resource Development. Some of the important milestones during his tenure include the Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), which was set up to provide higher education to deserving students. Under the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme, Fellowships and Scholarships were given to over 100,000 students, by transferring the corresponding amounts directly to their bank accounts. Training was imparted to 207,000 students through Polytechnics as a part of the Community Development Scheme (CDS) during the academic year of 2012–13.

The National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) project was another important milestone. Connectivity was provided to 20,685 colleges through the NMEICT project and efforts are on to start DTH Television channels.

Article 21-A and the Right To Education Act came into effect in April 2010, the implementation of this Act has seen as many as 230 million children enrolled in schools. The HRD Ministry and the government has focused on creating capacity in education in the last few years and has achieved reasonable success.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

'''International sphere'''

In the international sphere, Pallam Raju represented India in the United Nations General Assembly at New York City (October 2004). In May 2005, he represented the country at the South Asian Free Media Association (SAFMA) Conference in Pakistan. In November 2005, he was the leader of the MP delegation to Tokyo, Japan which was organised by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the Sasakawa Peace Foundation (SPF). In November 2005, he was a member of the delegation to Beijing, China for the Conference on Globalization which was jointly organised by the Konrad Adeneur Foundation (KAF) of Germany and the Institute of Peace Studies, India.

==Political and social views==

The bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and the creation of Telangana state saw widespread agitation in the Seemandhra region and the demand for a united Andhra Pradesh. Raju elected from Kakinada in the Seemandhra region, has strongly opposed the division of Andhra Pradesh and had been critical of the way the government was going about the issue. Raju said the Cabinet had taken the decision to bifurcate the state in great haste without understanding the concerns of the region and considering the sentiments of the people. However, he continued to remain in the government and was criticised for not resigning.
Raju has stood by his decision not to quit and is quoted to have said that though tendering one's resignation is considered a popular move with the election round the corner. He preferred to remain in the government and represent the views of his people at this crucial juncture. He preferred that the people of his constituency take into account the work and development in the constituency in the last two consecutive terms. He is said to be one of the few MP's to have completely used his MP LADS (Member of Parliament, Local Area Development Fund Scheme) for the development of his constituency.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

'''Education'''

'''Pallam Raju Prothsaham'''

Pallam Raju Protsaham is a foundation which organises vocational training.

''Appathon''

The programme trains college students to develop apps for smart phones.

== Personal life ==

Pallam Raju is married to Mamatha Mallipudi and has a daughter Vahini Raje and a son named Jatin Sanjeevi Rao.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Pallam Raju}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef| before = [[Kapil Sibal]]}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Minister of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]]
| years = 2012–2014}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Smriti Irani]]}}

{{S-end}}

{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, M. M. Pallam}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Fox School of Business and Management alumni]]
[[Category:Temple University alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Ministers of education of India]]
[[Category:Union ministers from United Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Domanlal Korsewada

2025-03-17T16:26:13Z

EggleFreggle: added a pg!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
'''Domanlal Korsewada''' (born 1948)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is a two time MLA from [[Ahiwara Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Durg district|Durg District]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.

== Early life and education ==
Korsewada is from [[Ahiwara]], Durg District, Chhattisgarh. He is the son of Nammu Das Korsewada. He completed his M.A. in 1985 at [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University|Pandit Ravishanker Shukla University]], [[Raipur]], and also did B.Ed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Domanlal Korsewada(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- AHIWARA (SC)(DURG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=280 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Korsewada first became an MLA, representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], winning the [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Domanlal Korsewada, BJP Candidate from Ahiwara Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://beta.news18.com/elections/chhattisgarh/domanlal-korsewada-assembly-candidate-s26aed2008a067e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=beta.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He regained the seat for BJP after two terms in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election, where he defeated his nearest rival, Nirmal Korse of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 25,263 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Ahiwara Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Domanlal Korsewada Wins From Ahiwara |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/ahiwara-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647403 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He is the oldest MLA in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-06 |title=72 newly-elected MLAs in Chhattisgarh are crorepatis; BJP tops list |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections/72-newly-elected-mlas-in-chhattisgarh-are-crorepatis-bjp-tops-list/articleshow/105781696.cms |access-date=2024-10-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Ahiwara Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Domanlal Korsewada defeats INC's Nirmal Kosre with 25263 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/ahiwara-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470886-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahiwara Constituency Election Results 2023: Ahiwara Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/ahiwara |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korsewada, Domanlal}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Durg district]]

Lalit Chandrakar

2025-03-17T16:24:26Z

EggleFreggle: put up new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Lalit Chandrakar''' (born 1974)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Durg Gramin Assembly constituency]] in [[Durg district|Durg District]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Durg Gramin Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Lalit Chandrakar Wins From Durg Gramin |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/durg-gramin-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647399 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chandrakar is from Kolihapuri, Durg District, Chhattisgarh. His late father, Arjun Singh Chandrakar, was a farmer. He completed his graduation in commerce in 2003 at a college affiliated with [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lalit Chandrakar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DURG-RURAL(DURG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=436 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Durg Rural Election Result 2023 LIVE: How to check Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly poll winners, news - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/durg-rural-election-result-2023-live-how-to-check-chhattisgarh-legislative-assembly-poll-winners-news-bjp-congress-tamradhwaj-sahu-lalit-chandrakar-18463891.htm |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chandrakar won from Durg Gramin Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 87,175 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Tamradhwaj Sahu]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 16,642 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalit Chandrakar, BJP Candidate from Durg-Rural Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/lalit-chandrakar-s26aed2008a063e2023c004/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durg Gramin Constituency Election Results 2023: Durg Gramin Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/durg-gramin |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Durg-Rural Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Lalit Chandrakar defeats INC's Tamradhwaj Sahu with 16642 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/durg-rural-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470881-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrakar, Lalit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Durg district]]
[[Category:Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University alumni]]

Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre

2025-03-01T07:15:24Z

EggleFreggle: done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre
|image =
|established = {{start date and age|1983||df=y}}
|location = Gandhi Mandapam Road, [[Kotturpuram]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
|type = Science museum
|visitors = 500,000+ annually<ref name="TOI_2023">{{cite news | title = Science centre draws huge crowds | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/science-centre-draws-huge-crowds | newspaper = Times of India | date = 15 February 2023}}</ref>
|director =
|publictransit = [[Kasturba Nagar railway station|Kasturba Nagar MRTS station]]
|website = {{URL|http://tnstc.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre''' (TNSTC) is a [[science museum]] and educational institution in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Established in 1983, it operates under the Government of Tamil Nadu's Department of Higher Education.<ref name="NCSM">{{cite web | title = Network of Science Centers | url = https://ncsm.gov.in/network-own-units | website = National Council of Science Museums | access-date = 2024-01-15}}</ref> The centre serves as a hub for science education and awareness, housing several major facilities including the Periyar Science and Technology Centre, the [[Birla Planetarium, Chennai|B. M. Birla Planetarium]], and various specialized galleries.<ref name="Culture">{{cite web | title = Science Centers/Cities | url = https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/Schemes/ScienceEnglish.pdf | publisher = Ministry of Culture, Government of India | access-date = 2024-01-15}}</ref>

== Location ==
The centre is located on the Gandhi Mandapam Road in [[Kotturpuram]], adjacent to the [[Central Leather Research Institute]] campus.<ref name="Location">{{cite news | title = Science hub at your doorstep | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 12 January 2020}}</ref> It lies in the predominantly wooded [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]]-[[Guindy]] region known as the ''Green Lungs of Chennai''. The nearest railway station is [[Kasturba Nagar railway station|Kasturba Nagar MRTS]], located about 1 km from the centre.

== History ==
The Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre was established in 1983 with financial assistance from the Government of Tamil Nadu. In 1988, the Periyar Science and Technology Centre was inaugurated as a major component of TNSTC, along with the B. M. Birla Planetarium.<ref name="Muthiah_2014">{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 282 | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref>

In 2007, the centre expanded with the addition of the Solomon Victor Heart Museum.<ref name="Heart_Museum">{{cite news | title = Heart Museum inaugurated at Birla Planetarium | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 20 January 2007 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/heart-museum-inaugurated-at-birla-planetarium}}</ref> The museum was inaugurated on January 19, 2007, by [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]] [[T. R. Baalu|T.R. Baalu]], featuring 'A Journey Through Time' exhibition in coordination with the Golden Heart Foundation, Chennai.

== Facilities ==

=== Periyar Science and Technology Centre ===
The Periyar Science and Technology Centre, operational since 1988, is the main exhibition complex within TNSTC.<ref name="NCSM"/> It houses multiple galleries and interactive exhibits focused on various aspects of science and technology.

=== Outdoor Parks ===
The centre maintains outdoor exhibition areas:<ref name="Parks">{{cite web |title=Outdoor Parks |url=http://tnstc.gov.in/parks |website=Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre}}</ref>
* Science Park with interactive exhibits
* Traffic Park
* Evolution Park

=== B. M. Birla Planetarium ===
The B. M. Birla Planetarium, inaugurated in 1988, is a major component of TNSTC.<ref name="Birla_1">{{cite news |date=7 December 2019 |title=Welcoming the future, honouring the past |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Kasturi & Sons |location=Chennai}}</ref> The planetarium features a 15-meter dome and seats 250 visitors. In 2019, after an 18-month renovation, the mechanical projector was replaced with a hybrid digital opto-mechanical projector offering 360-degree immersive video effects.<ref name="Renovation">{{cite news |date=8 April 2018 |title=Birla Planetarium gets a makeover |newspaper=DT Next |location=Chennai}}</ref>

The planetarium conducts regular shows in Tamil and English about astronomy and space science. Shows include topics such as the Solar System, sky and seasons, eclipses, Earth, Moon landing, comets, meteoroids, stellar cycle and the deep sky. The decommissioned original mechanical projector, nicknamed "The Resting Giant," remains on display within the campus after serving an estimated 6 million visitors.<ref name="Birla_1"/>

The planetarium offers several extension activities:<ref name="Activities">{{cite web | title = Extension Activities | website = Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre | url = http://tnstc.gov.in/activities}}</ref>
* Meet Your Scientist program
* Night Sky Observation sessions
* Live Science Demonstrations
* Meet Your Medical Expert sessions
* Science On Wheels mobile outreach
* Student Projects
* Courses and Training Programs
* Foreign Collaborative Programs

=== Halls of Science ===
The centre features several specialized galleries and exhibition spaces:<ref name="Galleries">{{cite web | title = Science Galleries | website = Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre | url = http://tnstc.gov.in/galleries | access-date = 2024-01-15}}</ref>
* Periyar Gallery
* Defence Research Gallery
* Electronics & Communication Gallery
* Ocean Gallery
* Transport Gallery
* Life Science Gallery
* Innovation Hub Gallery
* Fun Mirrors Gallery
* India in Space Gallery
* Ramanujan Math Gallery
* Science on a Sphere
* 3D Science Theatre
* Hall of Nuclear Power

==== Solomon Victor Heart Museum ====
Part of the 'Halls of Science', this museum displays preserved hearts of various animals including whales and elephants, demonstrating cardiac evolution.<ref name="Heart_Museum" /> The exhibition helps visitors understand the comparative anatomy of hearts across different species.
[[File:Heart of Human Featus.jpg|thumb|The "Heart of a Human Fetus" is a preserved specimen housed within the Solomon Victor Heart Museum at the B.M. Birla Planetarium in Chennai, India.]]

=== Educational Programs ===
TNSTC conducts various educational activities:<ref name="TNGOVT">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre |url=https://www.tndte.gov.in/institutions/tnstc |website=Department of Higher Education, Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>
* Science workshops for students
* Teacher training programs
* Science competitions and fairs
* Regular lectures and demonstrations
* Special programs during National Science Day

== Branches ==
The centre has established branches in [[Coimbatore]], [[Vellore]] and [[Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name="Branches">{{cite web | title = TNSTC Branches | website = Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre | url = http://tnstc.gov.in/branches}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of science museums|Science museums in India]]
* [[List of museums in India]]
* [[List of science centers in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre}}
* [http://tnstc.gov.in/ Official website]

{{coord|13.0127|80.2438|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Museums in Chennai]]
[[Category:Science museums in India]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1983]]
[[Category:Education in Chennai]]
[[Category:Planetaria in India]]

List of highest-grossing Gujarati films

2024-11-01T07:59:08Z

EggleFreggle: done

#REDIRECT [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati]]

Paliya, Mainpuri

2023-12-25T17:45:52Z

EggleFreggle:

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{for|the type of monument|Paliya}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Paliya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.05821|N|79.14161|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.242
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2233
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205268
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Paliya''' ({{IAST|Pāliyā}}), also spelled '''Palia''', is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 2,233, in 427 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Paliya had a population of 2,233, in 427 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 51.1% male (1,141) and 48.9% female (1,092). The 0-6 age group numbered 342 (170 male and 172 female), or 15.3% of the total population. 584 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 26.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|118-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Paliya as comprising 6 hamlets, with a total population of 1,120 people (615 male and 505 female), in 225 households and 170 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,058 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lx}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Paliya had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by well, hand pump, and tube well; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|149-54}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Centranthera nepalensis

2023-05-21T06:53:53Z

EggleFreggle:

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Nepal spur-anther flower
| image = Centranthera nepalensis at Karakkund.jpg
| genus = Centranthera
| species = nepalensis
| authority = D.Don
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Centranthera nepalensis''''', the '''Nepal spur-anther flower'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Centranthera cochinchinensis var. nepalensis – Nepal Spur-Anther Flower |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Nepal%20Spur-Anther%20Flower.html |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=www.flowersofindia.net}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Centranthera nepalensis D. Don {{!}} Species |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/264025 |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=India Biodiversity Portal |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Parasitic plant|hemiparasitic plant]] in the family [[Orobanchaceae]]. It is endemic to South India. <ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
It is an erect densely hispid herbaceous plant growing up to 1–2 ft tall, with purplish red or nearly white funnel shaped flowers. Leaves are opposite or rarely alternate, sub-sessile and linear-lance shaped. The flowering season is from September to December.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15348841}}

[[Category:Orobanchaceae]]

{{Orobanchaceae-stub}}

List of accolades received by 7 Khoon Maaf

2022-08-06T15:27:18Z

EggleFreggle: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[7 Khoon Maaf]]

Ajay Kumar Mishra

2021-12-09T10:27:50Z

EggleFreggle: rd update

#REDIRECT [[Ajay Mishra Teni]]

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{{R from move}}
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