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James Herbert Lorrain

2026-05-06T15:31:43Z

Effossy: started a details

{{Short description|British missionary}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = James Herbert Lorrain
| image = [[File:J Herbert Lorraine Cropped Portrait.jpg|250px]]
| alt =
| caption = James Herbert Lorrain in Lushai attire
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1870|2|6}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1944|7|1|1870|2|6}}
| death_place = London and was buried in grave Lane KK, Section No. CC, Plot No. 16J in South Ealing Cemetery, 28 Chilton Ave, London W5 4RU, UK. [https://www.google.com:443/maps?q=51.497570,-0.301929&hl=en&gl=gb]
| other_names = Pu Buanga (to [[Mizo people]])
| occupation = [[Christian missionary]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for = Christianity in Mizoram, [[Mizo language]], and [[Mizo literature]]
}}
[[File:Sap Upa leh Pu Buanga Black and White.jpg|thumb|J.H. Lorrain and F.W. Savidge]]

'''James Herbert Lorrain''', or '''Pu Buanga''', (6 February 1870 – 1 July 1944)<ref name=Hluna>{{cite book|last=Hluna|first=J.V.|title=Mizoram Hmar Bial Missionary-te Chanchin|year=2003|publisher=The Synod Literature & Publication Board|location=Aizawl, India|pages=13–27}}</ref><ref name=mizostory>{{cite web| author= |title=Conclusion 2: 1922–1945 |url= http://www.mizostory.org/mizostory/Conclusion_2__1923-1944.html|publisher=Mizo Story |accessdate=18 January 2014}}</ref> was a British [[Baptist]] [[missionary]] in [[northeast India]], including [[Mizoram]], Assam, and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He and [[Frederick William Savidge]] reduced the [[Mizo language]] (known as the Lushai language under the [[British Overseas Territories|Colonial British]] name), to writing—devised an alphabet using [[Latin script|Roman lettering]] and phonetic form of spelling based on [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian system]] translation; compiled grammar and dictionaries for [[missionary]] activities and clerical administration.<ref name="R1">{{cite book |last= Anderson |first= Gerald H. |title= Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&dq=Depelchin+Henri&pg=PA176|year= 1999 |page= 410|isbn= 9780802846808}}</ref><ref name="R3">{{cite book |last= J. |first= Zorema|title= Indirect Rule in Mizoram 1890–1954 |publisher= Mittal Publications |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=James+Herbert+Lorrain+%2C+Frederick+William+Savidge&pg=PA68|year= 2007|pages= 68–85 |isbn= 9788183242295}}</ref><ref name="R4">{{cite book |last= Prasad |first= Ram Narayan |author2=Prithwipati Chakraborty |title= Administration of Justice in Mizoram |publisher= Mittal Publications |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O-llviDkGAAC&q=Lorrain|year= 2006 |page= 16 |isbn= 9788183240598}}</ref><ref name="R6">{{cite book |last=D. |first= Ben Rees |title= Vehicles of Grace and Hope |publisher= William Carey Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rMKm-Ee1dYC&dq=James+Herbert+Lorrain%2C+baptist+missionary&pg=PA123 |year= 2002 |page= 123 |isbn= 9780878085057}}</ref><ref name="scott">{{cite web |url= http://www.missionfrontiers.org/issue/article/the-mizos-of-northeast-india |title= The Mizos of Northeast India:Proclaiming the Gospel to their neighbours near and far |date= 1 November 1994 |quote= One hundred years ago, in 1894, two Scottish missionaries—James H. Lorrain and Frederick W. Savidge—entered a remote, landlocked, hilly and heavily forested area of Northeast India known today as Mizoram. There they encountered an animistic tribal people of Mongolian descent who had no written language and had never heard of the Gospel. |publisher=missionfrontiers.org |accessdate= 26 April 2012 }}</ref>

He and F.W. Savidge were credited to the establishment of Christianity and [[education in Mizoram]]. They compiled the first Lushai grammar and dictionary. As a gifted [[lexicographer]], Lorrain single-handedly was responsible for the origin of [[written language]] and [[hymns]] in Mizo. More popularly known as "''Pu Buanga Dictionary''", ''Dictionary of the Lushai Language'' became the foundation of Mizo language and [[Mizo literature|literature]].

==Life==

Lorrain was brought up in [[South London]] as a [[Congregationalist]]. He was [[Baptism|baptised]] at a young age. His father was a [[postmaster]] at London Post Office. Following his father's profession, he worked as a [[telegraphist]] in the same post office. His family was a member of London Highgate Road Baptist Church. Here he met F.W. Savidge. In 1890, story of [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]], a six-year-old British girl who was held hostages by Mizo tribes, and rescued by the British military, was a headline. When Lorrain saw a portrait the hapless girl in captivity in a newspaper, he prayed and planned to work as a missionary to the remote tribes. In December 1890 he saw the exact opportunity under [[Robert Arthington]]'s ''Aborigines Mission''. He resigned from post office and left London on 16 December 1890. His ship arrived at [[Calcutta]] on 21 January 1891, not really knowing how to proceed further for the unexplored land. He stayed in [[Bengal]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]) for a year. His future associate F.W. Savidge arrived in November 1891, and they met at an evangelical campaign at [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]] organised by the New Zealand Baptists. On their first attempt to enter [[Tripura]] they were bluntly denied by the ruler, Maharaja. Dejected they moved to [[Chittagong]] where they stayed for sometime awaiting permission to enter Lushai Hills. Since Lushai Hills was still under [[Tribal chiefdom|tribal chieftainship]]s with constant warfare, their application was deferred and were allowed to stay at Kasalong village, the nearest possible location. Facing heavy shortage of food supply, they stayed there for a few months under constant hunger. Rangamati Commissioner had provided them with a rifle to defend themselves from any tribal insurgency. Unfortunately neither of them had any experience in shooting and could not even hit [[jungle fowl]]s flogging around their hut. Then they suffered from severe [[dysentery]]. The medical doctor advised them to move to [[Darjeeling]] where a colder climate would revive them. After they recovered they stayed at [[Silchar]] for one whole year in 1893. Fortunately they could encounter some Mizo visitors from time to time, so that they could start learning their language. Finally a permit was issued and they immediately set off on [[Tlawng River]] in a canoe on [[Boxing Day]] of 1893.<ref name=Hluna/>

Lorrain married Eleanor Atkinson in 1904.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R6"/> He died in London after ten years of his retirement, at the age of 73.<ref name=mizostory/>

==Missionary work==

===Arthington Aborigines Mission===
Lorrain and Savidge arrived in [[Aizawl]] on 11 January 1894 to be the first missionaries to Mizos. The day is now observed as public holiday as "Missionary Day" in the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Missionary Day observed in Mizoram|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-11/guwahati/46090094_1_mizoram-lushai-aizawl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115171147/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-11/guwahati/46090094_1_mizoram-lushai-aizawl|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2014|accessdate=14 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHANCHIN THA THLEN NI – 2012|url=http://mizoramsynod.org/index.php?phek=thuthar&nid=1117|publisher=Mizoram Presbyterian Church Synod|accessdate=14 January 2014}}</ref> They made camp at Thingpui Huan Tlang ("tea garden"), MacDonald Hill, Zarkawt. The natives soon called Lorrain as ''Pu Buanga'' ("Mr. Grey", for his grey hairs), and Savidge as ''Sap Upa'' ("Old Mizo [[Sahib]]", as he was older of the two). They became known only be these new names among the Mizos. By March or April 1894, created the first Mizo alphabets based on Roman script.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lalhruaitluanga Ralte |title=Zoṭawng Hawrawp A Aw B Ṭobul leh A Chhehvel |date=21 July 2013 |url=http://www.mizoliteraryjournal.com/news/zo%E1%B9%ADawng-hawrawp-a-aw-b-%E1%B9%ADobul-leh-a-chhehvel-by-lalhruaitluanga-ralte/ |work=The Mizo |publisher=The MIZO, USA |accessdate=18 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116182926/http://www.mizoliteraryjournal.com/news/zo%E1%B9%ADawng-hawrawp-a-aw-b-%E1%B9%ADobul-leh-a-chhehvel-by-lalhruaitluanga-ralte/ |archivedate=16 January 2014 }}</ref> On 2 April 1894 they started a school. Suaka and Thangphunga became the first students, hence the first literate Mizos. However, the school was closed down in 1897 as the Arthington Mission was terminated. During their stay, they taught the [[Mizo people|Lusei]] tribes to read and write, translated [[Gospel]]s ([[Gospel of Luke]], [[Gospel of John]]) and [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] into [[Mizo language|Lusei language]], and published ''A Grammar and Dictionary of the Luhsai Language'' in 1895.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R4"/><ref name="scott"/>

===Assam Frontier Pioneer Mission===
In 1897 Arthington dissolved his mission, and handed over the mission field to [[Presbyterian Church of Wales|Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Mission]]. Lorrain and Savidge were forced to return to [[England]]. After completing a short on medicine, they formed their own ''Assam Frontier Pioneer Mission'', and they returned to India in 1899. On 16 June 1900 they arrived at Sadya, [[Assam]] (now in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]). They worked among Abors – [[Galo tribe]] and [[Adi people]]. They prepared ''A Dictionary of the ABOR-MIRI Language''.<ref name=Hluna/>

===Baptist mission in southern Mizoram===

In 1902, the Welsh Presbyterian Mission decided to split Mizoram into two mission fields, the northern and southern regions. Since mission was fledging well and the church was growing immensely, they handed the southern field to [[Baptist Missionary Society]] of London. The mission was funded under the share of [[Robert Arthington]]'s will. The experienced and unemployed Baptist workers Savidge and Lorrain were immediately recruited. They arrived in [[Lunglei]] on 13 March 1903, greeted by several Christinized natives from the north. They settled at [[Serkawn]]. This marked the establishment of [[Baptist Church of Mizoram|Baptist Church in Mizoram]] and Serkawn remains the centre of its administration to this day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Page 9: Lorrain and Savidge return with the Baptist Missionary Society|url=http://www.mizostory.org/mizostory/Mizo_Story_9.html|publisher=Mizo Story|accessdate=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113182649/http://www.mizostory.org/mizostory/Mizo_Story_9.html|archive-date=13 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> For effective administration Savidge took up education and social works, while Lorrain pursued pastoral and translation works. They both got married during this period.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.mizobaptist.org/?page_id=56|publisher=Baptist Church of Mizoram|accessdate=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="R2">{{cite web |url= http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs08/In_Search_of_Chin_Identity.pdf |title= In search of Chin Identity |page=205 |quote= James Herbert Lorrain, a pioneer missionary of the Baptist Missionary Society of London(BMSL), working at [[Lunglei]] |publisher= burmalibrary.org |accessdate= 25 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="R5">{{cite book |last= C. |first= Lalkima |author2=Lalneihzovi|title= Changing Status of Women in North-eastern States |publisher= Mittal Publications |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dvVY7hXU6xEC&dq=James+Herbert+Lorrain%2C+baptist+missionary&pg=PA90|year= 2009 |pages= 90–97|isbn= 9788183242820}}</ref> In terms of statistics, evangelism in Mizoram the most successful in any BMS field in the 20th century. Between 1919 and 1924, the total Baptist community increased from 3,670 to 8,770, and church membership from 1,017 to 3,198.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram|url=http://www.bmsworldmission.org/about-us/our-heritage/asia/mizoram|publisher=BMS World Mission|accessdate=14 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115052236/http://www.bmsworldmission.org/about-us/our-heritage/asia/mizoram|archivedate=15 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Lakher Pioneer Mission===
On reaching [[Lushai Hills]], Lorrain wrote a letter to [[Reginald Arthur Lorrain]], his younger brother, that "there is a great need of a 'wild tribe of head hunting' hills men which lay seven days' journey south of their present station, and who were known as the Lakhers, and for whom the Christian natives in Lushai Hills had been very definitely praying for sometime past, that a missionary might be sent to tell these people of the love of God and His Son, Jesus Christ." {{sic}} On receiving the letter and having decided to work as a missionary in Lakher 'country' {{sic}} (Lakherland), he approached the missionary societies already operating in those areas like [[BMS World Mission|Baptist Missionary Society]] (BMS) and ''Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Mission'' – later renamed to [[Presbyterian Church of Wales|Welsh Presbyterian Mission]]. However, those missionary societies denied to extend their work to that remote region; thus, R.A. Lorrain founded the ''[[Mara people|Lakher]] Pioneer Mission'' with the help of a missionary minded believers among his relatives and friends—R.A. Lorrain and his wife Maud Louisa Ulander arrived [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]) on 16 February 1907 – James Herbert Lorrain and his wife who were in Calcutta in connection with BMS conference greeted them – they resumed their journey from Calcutta and reached Serkawn (Lunglei) on 15 March 1907, where J.H. Lorrain home was situated – in due course, R.A. Lorrain and his wife built their own mission bungalow, now called ''Lorrain Ville''; thus, they laid the foundation of Christianity in Lakherland and first missionary station at Saikao village.<ref name="R5"/><ref>{{cite book |last= Sakhong |first= Lian H. |title= In Search of Chin Identity |publisher= Nordic Institute of Asian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NEzTqz-6kYC&dq=James+Herbert+Lorrain%2C+baptist+missionary&pg=PA180 |year= 2001 |page= 180|isbn= 9780700717644}}</ref>

===Progress of education===
With assistance from Colonial British [[bureaucracy]], the government schools and teaching staff of [[Aizawl]] division were transferred to ''Welsh Presbyterian Mission'' on 21 April 1904, while education of the Lunglei sub-division was transferred to BMSL with F.W. Savidge as the Honorary inspector. In spite of assistance, the progress of education field was very slow. In words of F.W. Savidge:<blockquote>The parents do not yet see the need of education and the smallest excuse is sufficient for them to keep the children away. Those who have attended regularly have shown remarkable progress. No amount of persuasion to educate the girls seems to have any effect upon the parents, as girls are much too useful at home for general works.<ref name="R3"/></blockquote> Lorrain also remarked saying:<blockquote>We have a very great difficulty in the South Lushai in obtaining pupils for our Girls Boarding School...Down here female education is regarded as being of very little worth compared with the works which the girls are able to do at home in helping their parents and apparently, it will be many years before public opinion alters very much.<ref name="R3"/></blockquote>

===Growth of church===
In the first three decades of the 1900s, especially from 1919 to 1924, the church experienced phenomenal growth. Much of the credit goes to Lorrain and Savidge for their efforts to build on a small Christian community planted by ''Welsh Calvinistic '' missionaries. The efforts of missionaries and their education had a lasting effect on the Lushai tribes, and consequently submitted to conversion in large numbers, once their fear and dislike of aliens was overcome. By the time of Lorrain's retirement in 1932, the status of Mizoram as one of the most Christian states of modern India, was already anticipated.<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R6"/><ref name="R2"/> According to Lorrain:<blockquote>A new day dawned upon the Lushai Hills, giving to the hardy inhabitants just the opportunity they needed to develop, their latent powers of heart and mind hitherto held in check by the deadening weight of the animistic belief and fears...The God blessed labour of many missionaries both Wales and English...has gradually through the years transformed this once wholly illiterate and semi-savage tribe into one of the most loyal, literate and progressive communities in Assam province.<ref name="R3"/></blockquote>

The missionaries also laid the foundation for the development of indigenous leadership for the purpose of creating a wholly autonomous church. Their schools also imparted the prerequisite skills essential to function in the western world introduced through the [[British Empire|British]] administration. In 1921, F.W. Savidge remarked on the success of mission education as:<blockquote>Our old boys are to be found in all positions in their country. Among them are pastors, evangelists,
schoolmasters, sub-assistant surgeons, dispensers, clerks, surveyors, soldiers and many others.<ref name="R3"/></blockquote>

==Works==
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NrdGnQEACAAJ The Lushai Grammar and Dictionary]'' (with F.W. Savidge)
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=K1kUMgEACAAJ A Grammar and Dictionary of the Lushai Language]'' (with F.W. Savidge)
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rhF0OwAACAAJ Dictionary of the Lushai language]''
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EvZyeDe0ka4C A dictionary of the ABOR-MIRI language]''

==See also==
* [[Hunterian transliteration]]
* [[Mara Evangelical Church]]
* [[Education in Mizoram]]
* [[Baptist Church of Mizoram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=James Herbert Lorrain |sopt=t}}
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050320/spectrum/book5.htm Essays on the History of the Mizos – by Sangkima. Spectrum Publications, Guwahati and Delhi]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&q=Lorrain&pg=PA1881 Author: Col Ved Prakash – p.1881]
* [http://www.mizostory.org/mizostory/Mizo_Story_3.html Lorrain ‘Pu Buanga’ and Savidge ‘Sap Upa’]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041021221446/http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/13/1021.htm Lakher Pioneer Mission]
* [http://www.misingonline.com/index.php?do=/zephyretta/blog/christian-missionary-works-on-mising-language/ CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY WORKS ON MISING LANGUAGE]
*[http://talentshare.org/~mm9n/articles/Indian%20Christianity/CHAPTER%20SIXTEEN.htm Evangelism account and photographs]
*[https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22James+Herbert+Lorrain%22 List of books at Google]

{{Lushai frontier}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lorrain, James Herbert}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish Baptist missionaries]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Linguists from Scotland]]
[[Category:Orthographers]]
[[Category:Scottish lexicographers]]
[[Category:Scottish educators]]
[[Category:Christianity in Mizoram]]
[[Category:British missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Burials at South Ealing Cemetery]]

Jayanagar, Bengaluru

2026-05-03T18:14:15Z

Effossy:

{{About|the neighbourhood in Bangalore, India|other uses|Jayanagar (disambiguation){{!}}Jayanagar}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jayanagara
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Jayanagar, Bangalore.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.925|N|77.595|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = Bengaluru
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1948
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560011,<ref name=JayanagarPINcodes>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnabangalore.com/html/pin_codes.html |title=Bangalore PIN codes |access-date=14 October 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014195948/http://www.apnabangalore.com/html/pin_codes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 560041,<ref name=JayanagarPINcodes /> 560082,<ref name=JayanagarPINcodes /> 560029,560070,560069<ref name=JayanagarPINcodes />
| registration_plate = KA-05
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| official_name = Jayanagara
}}
'''Jayanagara''' is a mixed residential and commercially developed neighbourhood in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], India. It is one of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike#Zones|zones]] of [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]. It is sub-divided into seven [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=RANGANNA|first1=T. S.|title=Old-world charm sadly eroded|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/oldworld-charm-sadly-eroded/article4656604.ece|work=The Hindu|date=26 April 2013|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>

It is surrounded by [[Basavanagudi]], [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore|JP Nagar]], [[Wilson Garden]], [[Banashankari]], Gurappanapalya, [[Suddaguntepalya]], [[Tavarkere]] [[BTM Layout]] among other areas. It is in proximity to the [[Lal Bagh|Lalbagh Botanical Gardens]]. Jayanagara is divided into 10 blocks (From Blocks 1-9 including 4th 'T' Block') the 3rd and 4th blocks are largely commercial hubs, while the rest are mostly residential.

Some of its sub areas include- [[Tilaknagar]], Tata Silk Farm, Yediyur, Kottapalya and [[Ragigudda]].

A 2010 survey by [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA Bengaluru]] ranked Jayanagar as the most liveable place in Bengaluru that still maintains the old charm of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_jayanagar-on-top-e-city-comes-last-in-survey_1480999|title=Jayanagara on top, E-city comes last in survey|publisher=Dnaindia.com|access-date=2013-04-30}}</ref>

==History==
As per the [[Kannada language]], The word "Jayanagar" when split into two words, [[Victory|Jaya]] and [[City|nagar]]<nowiki/>a literally makes it ''Victory City''. It is not definitively known why that is. One school of thought is that ''Jaya'' comes from [[Mysore]]'s [[Maharaja]] [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]].{{cn|date=March 2022}}

The foundation of Jayanagara was laid in the year 1948.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web|author=T. S. Ranganna |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/oldworld-charm-sadly-eroded/article4656604.ece |title=Old-world charm sadly eroded |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2013-04-26 |access-date=2013-04-30}}</ref> It was one of the first planned neighbourhoods in Bengaluru, and at the time, the largest in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sprightly Jayanagar now in its 75th year |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/sprightly-jayanagar-now-in-its-75th-year-2657079 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/real-estate/the-top-five-expensive-neighbourhoods-in-bangalore/article19445345.ece|title=The top five expensive neighbourhoods in Bangalore|last=Roofandfloor|date=2017-08-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

Jayanagara was traditionally regarded as the southern end of Bengaluru. The "[[List of Namma Metro stations|South End Circle]]", where six roads meet, and the historic [[Ashoka Pillar]] (which was to mark the southern end) bear this fact. While newer extensions have taken away this distinction from Jayanagara, it remains one of the more southern parts of the city.

In 1976, during the regime of [[D. Devaraj Urs]], another iconic structure was added to Jayanagar, the Jayanagara BDA Shopping complex. It also housed the famous Puttanna Kanagal theatre.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurien|first1=Anila|title=Jayanagara shopping complex comes to life at last|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/jayanagar-shopping-complex-comes-to-life-at-last-724545.html|access-date=18 May 2020|work=Deccan Herald|date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518144850/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/jayanagar-shopping-complex-comes-to-life-at-last-724545.html|archive-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> There was a fire in 2008. Later a new development project was initiated in 2011-2012 during the tenure of [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] and [[B. N. Vijaya Kumar]] worth around 193 crores that also involved demolishing the Puttanna Kanagal theatre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puttanna theatre to be razed soon |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/260691/puttanna-theatre-razed-soon.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=Deccan Herald|date=29 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705123345/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/260691/puttanna-theatre-razed-soon.html |archive-date=5 July 2012}}</ref>

==Population==
Jayanagara constituency has seven wards and had 1.8 [[lakh]] voters {{as of|2013|lc=y}}.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

==Schools and Colleges==
Notable schools and colleges in Jayanagara include


* [[Carmel Convent School]]
* [[Jain University]], Jayanagara campus
* [[National College, Bengaluru]]
* [[R. V. Pre University College]]
* [[Vijaya College, Bengaluru]]
* [[NMRKV College for Women]]

== Healthcare Centres ==
* [[Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru]]
* [[Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopaedics]]
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=February 2025}}
* [[Jayanagara General Hospital]]
* [[Manipal Hospital]]
* [[Apollo Speciality Hospitals]]
* [[Cloudnine Hospital]]
* [[Chirag Hospital]]
* [[Keva Ayurveda Healthcare Pvt Ltd]]
* [[CB Physiotherapy Clinic]]
* [[Sagar Hospital Jayanagar]]

==Notable residents==


*[[Prakash Belawadi]], national award-winning filmmaker
*[[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]], Kannada actress
*[[B. S. Chandrasekhar]], former Indian cricketer, leg spinner
*[[Amoghavarsha JS]], award winning Indian filmmaker
*[[Shashi Deshpande]], writer
*[[V. V. Giri]], former president of India
*[[Puttanna Kanagal]], Kannada movie director
*[[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath Hathwara (actor)]], Kannada actor
*[[Anil Kumble]], Cricketer
*[[N. R. Narayana Murthy]], [[Infosys]] founder
*[[Sudha Murty]], Writer, Teacher, Philanthropist, [[Infosys Foundation]] Chairperson
*[[Bhargavi Narayan]], Kannada actress
*[[Raja Ramanna]], nuclear physicist
*[[S. K. Ramachandra Rao]], scholar
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], actress and politician
*[[G. Venkatasubbiah]], Kannada and Sanskrit scholar, writer, Grammarian, editor, lexicographer
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], Kannada actor

==Geographic location==
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bangalore around Jayanagara'''
|Northwest = South End Circle
|North = [[LalBagh|Lalbagh Botanical Garden(Wilson Garden)]]
|Northeast = [[Bannerghatta Road]]
|West = K.R. Road
|Centre = Jayanagara
|East = Tavarekere
|Southwest = Banashankari 1st stage
|South = [[J. P. Nagara, Bangalore]]
|Southeast = [[BTM Layout]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://narasimhadatta.info/bmtc_query.html Bengaluru Bus Route Search]

{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in South Bengaluru]]

Kanoria foundation

2026-04-26T19:58:59Z

Effossy: started new page

{{Short description|Victims' organization in India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Kanoria foundation
| full_name =
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| formation = 2014
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| type = Trust
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| status = Foundation
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| headquarters = [[Kolkata]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
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| key_people = H. P. Kanoria (Chairman) [[Hemant Kanoria]] (Trustee) [[Sunil Kanoria]] (Trustee)
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'''Kanoria foundation''' is a trust organisation headquartered in [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. It was founded in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ishita Ayan Dutt |first1=Namrata Acharya |title=Kanorias move company ownership to trust |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kanorias-move-company-ownership-to-trust-117040401224_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Himatsingka |first1=Anuradha |title=Businesses under trust to make Kanoria Group more stable: Hemant Kanoria, Srei Foundation trustee |work=The Economic Times |date=6 June 2017 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/businesses-under-trust-to-make-kanoria-group-more-stable/articleshow/59008216.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The foundation actively supports various social initiatives, including sponsoring students' education, organising spiritual conferences,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Ashish |title=We Should Know Our Dharma And Do Our Karma |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/-We-Should-Know-Our-Dharma-And-Do-Our-Karma-/29-03-2017-115325/}}</ref> and assisting survivors of acid attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=THE KANORIA FOUNDATION IS STRIVING TO BRING SOME CARE AND RELIEF TO ACID ATTACK VICTIMS IN INDIA |url=https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/t2/2022-02-21/81/Page-14.html}}</ref>

==Acid Survivors and Women Welfare Foundation (ASWWF)==
Acid Survivors and Women Welfare Foundation (ASWWF) is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) formed and managed by the Kanoria foundation to support and promote the welfare of acid attack survivors. The foundation provides financial assistance to survivors for medical treatment and their overall rehabilitation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Care kit for acid attack survivors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/care-kit-for-acid-attack-survivors/article7299883.ece |website=thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=10 June 2015}}</ref>

ASWWF has expanded its operations to Odisha and Bihar to ensure that women affected by acid attacks receive advocacy, financial support, and assistance with rehabilitation.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Acid Survivors and Women Welfare Foundation |url=https://aswwf.org/index.php/about/ |website=aswwf.org}}</ref>

== Education initiatives ==
The Kanoria foundation has established Srihari Global School, Asansol, with the aim of providing holistic development of children — enriching the body, mind, and soul. The school follows a pedagogical approach to teaching and is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kanoria Foundation {{!}} Srihari Global School |url=https://www.srihariglobal.com/kanoria-foundation.php |website=www.srihariglobal.com}}</ref>

Approximately 700 underprivileged students benefit from scholarships, free meals, and education provided by Sarvodaya schools, which have been established by the Kanoria foundation to support the weaker sections of society.<ref>{{cite web |title=VISIT TO SURYODAYA SCHOOL BY SREI FOUNDATION |url=http://www.wecareforhumanity.org/news/visit-to-suryodaya-school-by-srei-foundation |website=We Care For Humanity |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> These two Sarvodaya schools are affiliated with the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]].

==Universal Spirituality and Humanity Foundation==
The Universal Spirituality and Humanity Foundation, an initiative of the Kanoria foundation, has been organising the World Confluence of Humanity, Power and Spirituality over the years. The event brings together eminent speakers from around the world to share their views on humanity and spirituality.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 14th edition of India's biggest digital Spiritual Confluence |url=https://financialsamachar.com/the-14th-edition-of-indias-biggest-digital-spiritual-confluence/}}</ref>

Distinguished personalities such as the late Dr [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], former President of India, and the late [[Pranab Mukherjee]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Work harder, for common benefit: President Pranab Mukherjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/work-harder-for-common-benefit-president-pranab-mukherjee/articleshow/56028870.cms |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Secretariat |first1=President's |title=Press Information Bureau Government of India President's Secretariat |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155546 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> former President of India, have attended the confluence. The event has also received commendations from [[Narendra Modi|Shri Narendra Modi]], Hon’ble Prime Minister of India; [[Ram Nath Kovind|Shri Ram Nath Kovind]], Hon’ble President of India; and Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu, Hon’ble Vice President of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Compliments on World Confluence of Humanity, Power & Spirituality Event |url=https://kanoriafoundation.co.in/soul-world-confluence/ |website=kanoriafoundation.co.in }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Philanthropic organizations]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]

Rajendra Prasad filmography

2026-04-24T21:26:30Z

Effossy: added basic stub w/ refs

{{short description|Filmography of Indian actor Rajendra Prasad}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}

[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema]].

== Telugu films ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|1977||''[[Sneham (1977 film)|Sneham]]''|| Chandram
|
|
|-
|1979||''Chaaya''|| Prasad
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1980 ||''Nijam''||
|
|
|-
|''Aadadi Gadapa Daatite''||
|
|
|-
|''[[Moodu Mulla Bandham]]'' || Murali
|
|
|-
|1981 ||''Daari Tappina Manishi'' || Atma
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1982 ||''Ee Charitra Ae Sirato''|| Varun
|
|
|-
|''[[Manchu Pallaki]]''|| Hari
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalavari Samsaram]]''|| Rajeev
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1983 ||''[[Mundadugu]]''|| Mohan
|
|
|-
|''[[Pelli Choopulu (1983 film)|Pelli Choopulu]]''|| Sivaiah
|
|
|-
|''Pelli Chesi Chupestham''|| Papa Rao
|
|
|-
|''Navodayam''|| Vikram
|
|
|-
|''[[Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju]]''|| Satish
|
|
|-
|''[[Poratam (1983 film)|Poratam]]''|| Tailor Appa Rao
|
|
|-
|''Idi Kaadu Mugimpu''|| Krishna
|
|
|-
|''Ee Pillaku Pellavutundaa?'' || Dancer
|
|
|-
|''Ee Desamlo Oka Roju''|| Bus Passenger
|
|
|-
|''[[Adavalle Aligithe]]''|| Karthik
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1984 ||''Ee Chaduvulu Makkodu''|| Kishan
|
|
|-
|''Aakali Neeku Joharlu''||
|
|
|-
|''Rojulu Marayi'' || Kaamesam
|
|
|-
|''Udayam'' || Raja
|
|
|-
|''Gudi Gantalu Mrogayi''|| Mestri
|
|
|-
|''[[Sampoorna Premayanam]]'' || Prasad
|
|
|-
|''[[Tandava Krishnudu]]'' || Raja
|
|
|-
|''[[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]]'' || Vidyarthi
|
|
|-
|''[[Swati (1984 film)|Swati]]''|| Subba Rao
|
|
|-
|''Yama Doothalu'' || Raja
|
|
|-
|''James Bond 999''|| Bose
|
|
|-
|''[[Rustum (1984 film)|Rustum]]''|| Paper Punna Rao
|
|
|-
| rowspan="21" | 1985 ||''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vandemataram]]'' || Dr.G. N. Kal / Nukaal
|
|
|-
|''Yamudu'' || Vinod
|
|
|-
|''Ada Pillale Nayam'' || Devadasu
|
|
|-
|''Ottuku Viluva Ivvandi'' ||
|
|
|-
|''Aagraham''|| Shankar
|
|
|-
|''Deshamlo Dongalu Paddaru''
|
|
|
|-
|''Muddula Chellelu''|| Luli Rao
|
|
|-
|''Mangalya Bandham''|| Bus Conductor
|
|
|-
|''Garjana''|| Balu
|
|
|-
|''Musugu Donga''|| Giri
|
|
|-
|''Anadiga Aadadi''|| Shankar
|
|
|-
|''[[Darja Donga]]''|| Prasad
|
|
|-
|''[[Kotha Pelli Koothuru]]''|| Raja
|
|
|-
|''[[Babayi-Abbayi]]'' || Taxi Driver
|
|
|-
|''[[Muchataga Mugguru]]''|| Ramesh
|
|
|-
|''[[Preminchu Pelladu (1985 film)|Preminchu Pelladu]]''||Rambabu
|Debut as a lead actor
|
|-
|''[[Kattula Kondayya]]'' || Inspector Vijay
|
|
|-
|''[[Donga (film)|Donga]]'' || Inspector Ravi
|
|
|-
|''[[Puli (1985 film)|Puli]]''|| Inspector Prasad
|
|
|-
|''Bharyabhartala Bhandam''|| Madan
|
|
|-
|''[[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]]''|| Rajesh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1986||''[[Kashmora (1986 film)|Kashmora]]''|| Dharka
|
|
|-
|''[[Karu Diddina Kapuram]]''|| Satya Keerthi David
|
|
|-
|''[[Punyasthree]]''|| Peter
|
|
|-
|''[[Padaharella Ammayi]]''|| Chanti
|
|
|-
|''[[Aranyakanda (film)|Aranyakanda]]''|| Singadu
|
|
|-
|''[[Pavitra (1986 film)|Pavitra]]''|| Kishtaiah
|
|
|-
|''[[Brahmastram (1986 film)|Brahmastram]]''|| Raja
|
|
|-
|''[[Captain Nagarjun]]''|| Ravi
|
|
|-
|''[[Rakshasudu (1986 film)|Rakshasudu]]''|| Inspector Vijay
|
|
|-
|''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]''|| Prasad
|
|
|-
|''[[Ladies Tailor (1985 film)|Ladies Tailor]]''|| Sundaram (Tailor)
|
|
|-
|''[[Rendu Rella Aaru]]''|| Mad / Madhusudhana Rao / Venkata Sivam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |1987||''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]''|| Raghava
|
|
|-
|''[[Lawyer Suhasini]]''|| Surya Prakash Rao
|
|
|-
|''Satyagraham''|| [[District Educational Office|DEO]]
|[[Cameo appearance]]
|
|-
|''[[Dharmapatni (1987 film)|Dharmapatni]]''|| Bosu Babu
|
|
|-
|''[[Madana Gopaludu]]''|| Gopalam
|
|
|-
|''[[Manmadha Leela Kamaraju Gola]]''|| Kamaraju
|
|
|-
|''[[Makutamleni Maharaju]]''|| Mohan
|
|
|-
|''[[Trimurtulu]]''|| Sandeep
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaboye Alludu]]''|| Prasad
|
|
|-
|''[[Damit Katha Adam Thirigindi]]''|| Gagapathi & Chakravarthy
|Dual role
|
|-
|''[[Gundamma Gari Krishnulu]]''|| Gopala Krishna
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Mogudu]]''|| Ramakrishna
|
|
|-
|''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]''|| Vidyasagar
|
|
|-
|''[[Gandhinagar Rendava Veedhi]]''|| Prabhu / Ram Singh
|
|
|-
|''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (1987 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta]]''|| Krishna Murthy
|
|
|-
|''Naku Pellam Kavali''|| Lakshmana
|
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |1988||''[[Samsaram (1988 film)|Samsaram]]''|| Ravi Babu
|
|
|-
|''Bhama Kalapam''|| Krishna Murthy
|
|
|-
|''[[Thodallullu]]''|| Bhaskar
|
|
|-
|''Aanimuthyam''|| Inspector Murali
|
|
|-
|''[[Bava Marudula Saval]]''|| Inspector Jai Kumar
|
|
|-
|''[[Asthulu Anthasthulu]]''|| Kishtaiyah
|
|
|-
|''Bharya Bhartala Bhagotham''|| Basu / Bhagothula Subramanyam
|
|
|-
|''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1988 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]''|| Akbar
|
|
|-
|''[[Jhansi Rani (1988 film)|Jhansi Rani]]''|| Mr. V / Sriraj
|
|
|-
|''Pelli Chesi Choodu''|| Mohan
|
|
|-
|''Jeevana Ganga''|| Raja
|
|
|-
|''Chinnodu Peddodu''|| Chinnodu
|
|
|-
|''[[Sahasam Cheyara Dimbhaka (1988 film)|Sahasam Cheyara Dimbhaka]]''|| Chandram
|
|
|-
|''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1988 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]''|| Raja & Chinnababu Dillep
| Dual role
|
|-
|''[[Station Master (1988 film)|Station Master]]''|| Rama Rao
|
|
|-
|''[[Donga Kollu]]''|| Alli Billi Anjineelu
|
|
|-
|''[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988 film)|Vivaha Bhojanambu]]''|| Sitarama Rao
|
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |1989||''[[Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha]]''|| Chittibabu
|
|
|-
|''Paila Pacheesu''||Suresh
|
|
|-
|''[[Chettu Kinda Pleader]]''|| Balaraju
|
|
|-
|''Bhale Dampathulu''|| Raja
|
|
|-
|''[[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]''|| Kishtaiah
|
|
|-
|''[[Chalaki Mogudu Chadastapu Pellam]]''|| Giri
|
|
|-
|''[[Gaduggai]]''|| Gopi / Pandu
|
|
|-
|''Poola Rangadu''|| Ranga
|
|
|-
|''Gopala Rao Gari Abbayi''|| Ranga
|
|
|-
|''[[Muthyamantha Muddu]]''|| Anudeep
|
|
|-
|''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (1989 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]''|| Rambabu
|
|
|-
|'' Zoo Laka Taka''|| Prabhu
|
|
|-
|''[[Preminchi Choodu (1989 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]''|| Chittibabu
|
|
|-
|''Sakshi''|| Raja
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1990||''Idem Pellam Baboi''|| Kalyana Chakravarthy
|
|
|-
|''[[Guru Sishyulu (1990 film)|Guru Sishyulu]]''|| Babu
|
|
|-
|''[[Ramba Rambabu]]''|| Rambabu
|
|
|-
|''[[Dagudumuthala Dampathyam]]''|| Kishtaiah
|
|
|-
|''[[Mama Alludu]]''|| Vijay
|
|
|-
|''[[Mahajananiki Maradalu Pilla]]''|| Ravi / Kishtaiyah
|
|
|-
|''[[Prema Zindabad]]''|| Gopalam
|
|
|-
|''Chevilo Puvvu''|| Prasad
|
|
|-
|''Navayugam''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Master Kapuram]]''|| David
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1991||''[[Vichitra Prema]]''|| Sivudu
|
|
|-
|''[[Yerra Mandaram]]'' || Ramudu
|
|
|-
|''[[Minor Raja]]''|| Minor Raja
|
|
|-
|''[[Teneteega (1991 film)|Teneteega]]''|| Varun Kumar
|
|
|-
|''[[April 1 Vidudala]]''|| Diwakaram
|
|
|-
|''[[Attintlo Adde Mogudu]]''|| Gopi
|
|
|-
|''[[Iddaru Pellala Muddula Police]]''|| Constable Kishtaiyah & Anand
| Dual role
|
|-
|''[[Edurinti Mogudu Pakkinti Pellam]]''|| Bava / Badaradandi Varaprasad
|
|
|-
|''[[Prema Thapassu]]''|| Rathaiyah
|
|
|-
|''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' || KK / K. Krishna Murthy
|
|
|-
|''[[Kobbari Bondam]]''|| Raju
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1992||''Golmaal Govindam''|| Govindam
|
|
|-
|''[[Appula Appa Rao]]''|| Appula Apparao
|
|
|-
|''[[Subba Rayudi Pelli]]''|| Subbarayudu
|
|
|-
|''[[Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha]]''|| Raja
|
|
|-
|''[[Brundavanam]]''|| Ravi
|
|
|-
|''Seetapathi Chalo Tirupathi''|| Seethapati
|
|
|-
|''[[Valu Jada Tolu Beltu]]''|| Accha Rao
|
|
|-
|''[[Aa Okkati Adakku]]'' || Chitti Babu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1993||''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu]]''|| Raja Vallabha Devudu
|
|
|-
|''Ladies Special''|| Himself || Cameo
|
|-
|''[[Rajendrudu Gajendrudu]]''||Rajendra
|
|
|-
|''[[Kannayya Kittayya]]''|| Kannaiya / [[Krishna]] & Kittayya
|Dual role
|
|-
|''[[Alibaba Aradajanu Dongalu]]''|| Alibaba
|
|
|-
|''[[Joker (1993 film)|Joker]]''|| Balaji / Joker
|
|
|-
|''[[Akka Pethanam Chellili Kapuram]]''|| Satyanarayana
|
|
|-
|''[[Mayalodu]]''|| Veerababu
|
|
|-
|''[[Mister Pellam]]'' || Balaji
|
|
|-
|''[[Pekata Papa Rao]]''|| Pekata Papa Rao
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1994||''[[Bramhachari Mogudu]]''|| Rambabu
|
|
|-
|''[[Madam (1994 film)|Madam]]''|| Prasad / Madam Sarojini / Mandakini
|
|
|-
|''[[Allarodu]]''|| Krishna Murthy
|
|
|-
|''[[Parugo Parugu]]''|| Rambabu / Angala
|
|
|-
|''[[Lucky Chance (1994 film)|Lucky Chance]]''|| Bosu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1995||''[[Vaddu Bava Thappu]]''|| Raja
|
|
|-
|''[[Lingababu Love Story]]''|| Lingababu
|
|
|-
|''[[Ketu Duplicatu]]''|| Vijay
|
|
|-
|''[[Rambantu]]''|| Rambantu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1996||''[[Mummy Mee Aayanochadu]]''|| Satish
|
|
|-
|''[[Topi Raja Sweety Roja]]''|| Raja
|
|
|-
|''[[Family (1996 film)|Family]]''|| Krishna
|
|
|-
|''[[Ladies Doctor (1996 film)|Ladies Doctor]]''|| Dr. Ram Prasad
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1997||''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]''|| Balu
|
|
|-
|''[[Thaali (1997 film)|Thaali]]''|| Ramu
|
|
|-
|''[[Chilakkottudu]]''|| Rajendra Prasad
|
|
|-
|''Jai Bajarangbali''|| Madhu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/May/2-May-1997.pdf | title=Harikrishna is ready for rebellion! | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203064706/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1997/May/2-May-1997.pdf | archive-date=3 December 2024 | language=te}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mama Bagunnava]]''|| Gopala Krishna
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1998||''Navvulata''|| Bosu
|
|
|-
|''[[All Rounder (1998 film)|All Rounder]]''|| Balaraju
|
|
|-
|''[[Ulta Palta (1998 film)|Ulta Palta]]''|| Raja & Raja
|Dual role
|
|-
|''Sisindri Babai''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Mee Aayana Jagratha]]''|| Gopi Krishna
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999||''[[Chinni Chinni Aasa (1999 film)|Chinni Chinni Aasa]]''|| Raja
|
|
|-
|''[[Yamajathakudu]]''|| [[Yama]] Dharma Raju
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000||''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]''|| Rambabu
|
|
|-
|''[[Antha Mana Manchike (2000 film)|Antha Mana Manchike]]''|| Jagapati
|
|
|-
|''[[Ninne Premistha]]''|| Ramesh
|
|
|-
|''[[Devullu]]''|| [[Hanuman]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2001||''[[Ammo Bomma]]''|| Rambabu
|
|
|-
|''Apparao Ki Oka Nela Thappindi''|| Schemes Apparao & Appula Apparao
|Dual role
|
|-
|''[[Family Circus (film)|Family Circus]]''|| Pataudi
|
|
|-
|''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]''|| Suribabu
|
|
|-
|''[[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]]''|| Prasad
|
|
|-
|''[[Ammaye Navvithe]]'' || Sundaram
|
|
|-
|2002||''[[Sandade Sandadi]]''|| Balu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003||''[[Sriramachandrulu]]''|| Sriram
|
|
|-
|''[[Maa Alludu Very Good]]''|| A.V.Rao
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004||''[[Oka Pellam Muddu Rendo Pellam Vaddu]]''|| Hari Chandra
|
|
|-
|''[[Andaru Dongale Dorikite]]'' || Bangaru Raju||
|
|-
|''[[Apparao Driving School]]''|| Apparao
|
|
|-
|''[[Aa Naluguru]]'' || Raghuram
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005||''[[Andagadu]]''|| Sundaram
|
|
|-
|''[[Pellam Pichodu]]''|| Srinivas / Srinu ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006||''[[Iddaru Attala Muddula Alludu]]''|| Balu
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarada Saradaga]]''|| Balaraju
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhagyalakshmi Bumper Draw]]''|| Bullabbai
|
|
|-
|2007||''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]''|| Rajaji
|
|
|-
|2008 || ''Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu'' ||
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2008 |title=Friends indeed! |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Friends-indeed/articleshow/3153455.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611041223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Friends-indeed/articleshow/3153455.cms |archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010||''[[Brahmalokam To Yamalokam Via Bhulokam]]''|| [[Brahma]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Gudu Gudu Gunjam]]''|| Gopalam
|
|
|-
|''[[Baava]]''|| Sitaramudu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011||''[[Bhale Mogudu Bhale Pellam]]''|| Venkat
|
|
|-
|'' Yemainadoi Naalo''|| [[Krishna]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Mogudu (film)|Mogudu]]''|| Anjaneya Prasad
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2012||''[[Nippu]]''|| Narayana Murthy
|
|
|-
|''[[Ayyare]]''|| Prasad / Swamiji / [[Krishna]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Lovely (2012 film)|Lovely]]''|| Maharadhi
|
|
|-
|''[[Onamalu]]''|| Narayana Rao
|
|
|-
|''[[Julai]]''|| [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]] Sitaram ||
|
|-
|''[[Dream (2012 film)|Dream]]''|| Army Officer
|
|
|-
|''Cinemakeldam Randi''||
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013||''[[Manushulatho Jagratha]]''|| [[Yama]] Dharma Raju
|
|
|-
|''Vasundhara Nilayam''|| Sanjeev Chaturvedi ||
|
|-
|''Man of the Match'' || Radha Krishna ||
|
|-
|2014||''[[Aagadu]]''|| C.I. Rajarao
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2015||''[[Top Rankers (2015 film)|Top Rankers]]''|| Principal Viswanath
|
|
|-
|''[[Tommy (2015 film)|Tommy]]''|| Satyam Master
|
|
|-
|''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''|| Paida Sambasiva Rao
|
|
|-
|''[[Noothi Lo Kappalu]]'' || || ||
|-
|''[[Dagudumootha Dandakor]]''|| Rajugaru
|
|
|-
|''[[Srimanthudu]]''|| Narayana Rao ||
|
|-
|''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]''|| K.V. Rajendra Prasad
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2016||''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''|| Ramesh Chandra Prasad alias Subramaniam
|
|
|-
|''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]''|| Advocate Narayana
|
|
|-
|''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]''|| Nagaraju
|
|
|-
|''[[Thikka]]''||Manohar
|
|
|-
|''[[Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam]]''||Gopala Krishna
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017||''[[Gunturodu]]''||Suryanarayana
|
|
|-
|''[[Andhhagadu]]''|| Ranjith Kulkarni
|
|
|-
|''[[Shamanthakamani]]''|| Uma Maheswara Rao / Mahesh Babu||
|
|-
|''[[Raja The Great]]''|| Prasad
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018|| ''[[Oo Pe Ku Ha (Oollo Pelliki Kukkala Hadavidi)|Oo Pe Ku Ha]]''||
|
|
|-
|''[[Mahanati]]''|| [[K. V. Chowdary]] ||
|
|-
|''[[Raju Gadu]]'' || Narayana ||
|
|-
|''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' || Ramaraju ||
|
|-
|''[[Ee Maaya Peremito]]'' || Babu Rao ||
|
|-
|''[[Bewars (2018 film)|Bewars]]'' || Satya Murthy ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019|| ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]'' || Prasad ||
|
|-
|''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' || Chanti ||
|
|-
|''[[Burra Katha (film)|Burra Katha]]'' || Eeswara Rao ||
|
|-
|''[[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]''|| Krishna Murthy ||
|
|-
|''[[Tholu Bommalata]]'' || Somaraju / Sodal Raju ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020||''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''|| Siva Prasad ||
|
|-
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' ||[[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Prajapathi ||
|
|-
| ''[[College Kumar (2020 film)|College Kumar]]'' || Sasi Kumar ||
|
|-
|''[[Miss India (film)|Miss India]]'' || Dr. Viswanatha Sastry ||
|
|-
|''[[Solo Brathuke So Better]]''
| Venkataramana
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
| ''[[Gaali Sampath]]''
|Gaali Sampath
|
|
|-
| ''Climax''
|Vijay Modi
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Climax Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/climax/movieshow/81204683.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2021-09-03|archive-date=31 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231070121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/climax/movieshow/81204683.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Checkmate''
|Inspector Krishna Prasad
|
|
|-
|''[[Gully Rowdy]]''
|Head Constable Patapagalu Venkat Rao
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pelli SandaD]]''|| Maya's father ||
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-07-31|title=Veteran director K Raghavendra Rao to debut as actor with 'Pelli SandaD'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-director-k-raghavendra-rao-debut-actor-pelli-sandad-153228|website=The News Minute|access-date=31 December 2024|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705034117/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-director-k-raghavendra-rao-debut-actor-pelli-sandad-153228|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Senapathi]]''|| Krishna Murthy ||
|<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-12-29|title=Senapathi trailer: Rajendra Prasad's OTT debut promises an intense thriller|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/senapathi-trailer-rajendra-prasad-aha-7695832/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Super Machi]]''
|Prasad
|
|
|-
|''[[F3: Fun and Frustration]]''
|C. I. Nagaraju || || <ref>{{cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=పిసినారి గా ఎఫ్3 లో సీనియర్ నటుడు?|url=https://www.prabhanews.com/cinema/rajendra-prasad-is-going-to-play-a-special-role-in-f3/|website=[[Andhra Prabha]]|language=te|access-date=31 December 2024|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704051309/https://www.prabhanews.com/cinema/rajendra-prasad-is-going-to-play-a-special-role-in-f3/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]'' || Surendra ||
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Macherla Niyojakavargam Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/macherla-niyojakavargam/movieshow/90500325.cms |archive-date=31 December 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231091704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/macherla-niyojakavargam/movieshow/90500325.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anukoni Prayanam]]''||Rajendra||
|
|-
|''[[Shasana Sabha|Sasanasabha]]''|| Narayana Swamy ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|''[[Waltair Veerayya]]'' || CI Seethapati ||
|
|-
|''[[Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu]]'' || Venkataramaiah
|
|
|-
|''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]''
|Prasad Garikapati
|
|
|-
|''[[Jilebi (2023 film)|Jilebi]]''
| Warden Dhairyam
|
|
|-
|[[Krishna Rama|''Krishna Rama'']]
|Ramathirtham
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|Rumi
|
|
|-
|''[[Utsavam (2024 film)|Utsavam]]''
|Aaradhyulu
|
|
|-
|''[[Janaka Aithe Ganaka]]''
|Judge
|
|
|-
|''[[Laggam]]''
|Sadanandam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|''[[Shashtipoorthi]]''
|Diwakar
|
|
|-
|''[[Single (film)|Single]]''
|Murthy
|
|
|-
|''[[Robinhood (2025 film)|Robinhood]]''
|John Snow
|
|
|-
|''[[Paradha]]''
|Krishna
|Special appearance
|
|-
|''[[Mass Jathara]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Sahakutumbaanaam]]''
|Driver Prasad Rao
|
|
|}

=== As voice actor ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Actor !! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2000 ||''[[Thenali|Tenali]]'' || [[Jayaram]]|| rowspan="2" | Telugu dubbed version || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tenali.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Movie Review - Tenali - Kamal Hassan and Jyotika|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|2003 ||''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' || [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-boys.html|title=Telugu & Tamil cinema review - Boys - Siddardh, Nakul, Sai, Bharath, Manigandhan, Harini - Shankar - AM Ratnam|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=31 December 2024|archive-date=31 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231063117/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-boys.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Tamil films ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1981 ||| ''[[Nandu (film)|Nandu]]'' || Rickshaw driver ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Inimai Idho Idho]]'' || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Vasuke]]'' || Balu ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Nadigai]]'' || Himself || Special appearance
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kee (film)|Kee]]''|| Rao ||
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]'' || Sivabalan ||
|-
|}

== Other language films ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
|-
|2005||''[[Mahasadhvi Mallamma]] ''|| Barama Reddy || [[Kannada]]
|-
| 2009
|''[[Quick Gun Murugan]]''|| Quick Gun Murugan || [[Indian English|English]]
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
!Language
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024|| ''[[Bench Life]]'' || Isha's father || [[SonyLIV]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|-
| [[Harikatha (TV series)|''Harikatha'']]|| Rangachari || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|0707399}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

List of mountain peaks of Kerala

2026-04-23T05:52:39Z

Effossy: stub.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

List of mountains and freestanding mountains in [[Kerala|Kerala state]], [[India]]. Height of the mountains is given in [[foot (measurement)|feet]].
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Summits of Kerala with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence'''
|Mountain
|Height (ft)
|-
|[[Anamudi]]
|8841
|-
|[[Meesapulimala]]
|8661
|-
|[[Malleswaran|Malleeswaran Mudi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attappadi in Palakkad {{!}} Nature and Wildlife in Palakkad {{!}} Malabar places of Interest |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref>
|8455
|-
|[[Mukurthi|Mukurthi Mala]]
|8380
|-
|[[Devimala]]
|8273
|-
|[[Kattumala]]<ref name="JCD">{{Cite book |last=Darnell |first=John Coleman |author-link=John Coleman Darnell |title=The Inscription of Queen Katimala at Semna: Textual Evidence for the Origins of the Napatan State |publisher=Yale Egyptological Seminar |year=2006 |isbn=9780974002538 |location=New Haven}}</ref>
|8100
|-
|[[Kumarikkal Mala]]
|8050
|-
|Vagavara Mala
|8000
|-
|[[Pampadum Shola National Park|Pambadum Chola]]
|8000
|-
|Korumpara
|7900
|-
|[[Eravimala]]
|7880
|-
|[[Anginda peak|Anginda Mudi]]
|7818
|-
|Vayoottumala
|7677
|-
|[[Vellarimala]]
|7673
|-
|Peradu Mala
|7400
|-
|Chekkan Mudi
|7300
|-
|[[Sispara]]
|7237
|-
|Chokramudi
|7200
|-
|Chemmun Mudi
|7100
|-
|Koorakakobu Mala
|7000
|-
|[[Chembra Peak|Chembra Mudi]]
|6900
|-
|Alliya Mala
|6900
|-
|[[Banasura Hill]]
|6762
|-
|[[Kottamala]]
|6624
|-
|[[Karimala]]
|6556
|-
|Perumbattikallu
|6500
|-
|[[Agastya Mala]]
|6132
|-
|Elembileri Mala
|6032
|-
|Meenamala
|5690
|-
|Koyil Mala
|5272
|-
|Kurichipandi Mala
|5271
|-
|Changumala
|5105
|-
|Thanottumala
|5095
|-
|Pulamala
|4927
|-
|Aladi Mala
|4777
|-
|[[Karimala Gopuram]]
|4721
|-
|Ambarimedu
|4566
|-
|Nandavaram Mudi
|4557
|-
|Nattavaram Mala
|4553
|-
|Mottumala
|4509
|-
|[[Vaithalmala]]
|4500
|-
|Vantholan Mala
|4040
|-
|[[Kakkiyar Mala]]
|4028
|-
|[[Varappilly Kunnu]]
|4010
|-
|[[Kalladikkodu Mala]]
|4000
|-
|[[Mudiyan Para]]
|3996
|-
|[[Mookkottumudi]]
|3954
|-
|[[Kanchili Kunnu]]
|3952
|-
|[[Pamba Mala]]
|3869
|-
|[[Vellakkalli Mala]]
|3824
|-
|[[Sabarimala]]
|3790
|-
|[[Kadama Mala]]
|3723
|-
|[[Mahalivadan Mala]]
|3691
|-
|[[Poomala]]
|3665
|-
|[[Valvara Mala]]
|3535
|-
|[[Mookkunni Mala]]
|3525
|-
|[[Muthiramala]]
|3417
|-
|[[Ambukuthi mala|Ambukuthi Mala]]
|3280
|-
|[[Pandimudi]]
|3174
|-
|[[Pulippachal Mala]]
|3062
|-
|[[Kudikkal Kunnu]]
|3058
|-
|[[Velimudi]]
|3045
|-
|[[Ponmudi]]
|3039
|-
|[[Valeru Mala]]
|3028
|-
|[[Karungoli Mala]]
|3003
|-
|[[Kudayathoor Mala]]
|3000
|-
|[[Elappilly Mala]]
|3000
|-
|[[Poothadan Mudi]]
|2989
|-
|[[Nedumpara Peak]]<ref>{{cite book |author=V. Nagam Aiya |title=Travancore State Manual |date=1906 |publisher=Victoria Institutions |isbn=978-1-5390-8250-7 |page=225}}</ref>
|2921
|-
|[[Cherppumdi]]
|2900
|-
|[[Chandimudi]]
|2852
|-
|[[Padikkattumala]]
|2788
|-
|[[Pandampara]]
|2441
|-
|[[Karadimala]]
|2199
|-
|[[Kurakampara]]
|2104
|-
|[[Karimala]]
|2084
|-
|[[Mangattu Kumban]]
|2083
|-
|[[Anaykkal]]
|2080
|-
|[[Mecheri Mala]]
|2000
|-
|[[Nellikkamala]]
|2000
|-
|[[Chekkumala]]
|1970
|-
|[[Thenkanattu Mudi]]
|1954
|-
|[[Kodamala]]
|1953
|-
|[[Venkalppara]]
|1851
|-
|[[Pranakkodu Mala]]
|1792
|-
|[[Achan Kovil]]
|1750
|-
|[[Ayiravalli Mala]]
|1730
|-
|[[Munippara]]
|1716
|-
|[[Eerodumala]]
|1567
|-
|[[Kottappara Mala]]
|1500
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
'''Free standing mountains in Kerala'''
|-
|Mountain
|Height (ft)
|-
|[https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/cheriyam/id/2564 Cheriyam mountain/pandallur hills]
|2011
|-
|[[Kodikuthimala|Amminikkadan hills]]/[[kodikuthimala]]
|1781
|-
|[https://www.keralatourism.org/ebooks/expect-the-unexpected/puralimala/8 Purali mala]
|1633
|-
|[[Arimbra Hills, Malappuram|Arimbra hills/Oorakam mala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art of Legend India: Arimbra Hills Aka Mini Ooty Of Kerala |url=http://post.artoflegendindia.com/2013/05/arimbra-hills-aka-mini-ooty-of-kerala.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530182410/http://post.artoflegendindia.com/2013/05/arimbra-hills-aka-mini-ooty-of-kerala.html |archive-date=2015-05-30 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=post.artoflegendindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=മൊറയൂര്‍ ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Morayur Grama Panchayat) » ചരിത്രം |url=http://lsgkerala.in/morayurpanchayat/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023358/http://lsgkerala.in/morayurpanchayat/history/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=lsgkerala.in}}</ref>
|1558
|-
|[http://wikimapia.org/397592/Anangan-Hills Anangan mala]
|1535
|}

There are five free standing mountains in Kerala. That is, the mountains far from the Western Ghats.
Although these 5 mountains are far from the Western Ghats, they are all a branch of the Western Ghats.

==See also==
* [[List of mountains in India]]
* [[List of rivers in Kerala]]
* [[List of highest point in Kerala by districts]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mountains of Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Lists of mountains of India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala geography-related lists|mountains]]

Anubhavinchu Raja

2026-04-21T08:55:39Z

Effossy: Creating A Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anubhavinchu Raja
| image = Anubhavinchu Raja.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sreenu Gavireddy
| writer = Sreenu Gavireddy
| based_on =
| producer = Supriya Yarlagadda
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Raj Tarun]]|Kashish Khan|[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]}}
| cinematography = [[Nagesh Banell]]
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]] Sree Ventakeswara Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2021|11|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹4.95 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Anubhavinchu Raja Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=5522&cid=6&fid=6512 |website=Andhraboxoffice |language=en |date=28 December 2021 |access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Anubhavinchu Raja''''' ({{translation|Experience it, Boy!}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy|romantic action comedy]] film written and directed by Sreenu Gavireddy and produced by Supriya Yarlagadda through [[Annapurna Studios]] and Sree Ventakeswara Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-31|title='Anubhavinchu Raja' locks its release date|url=https://english.ntvtelugu.com/anubhavinchu-raja-locks-its-release-date/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=English|language=en-US}}</ref> The film features [[Raj Tarun]] and Kashish Khan in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-25|title=Raj Tarun is excited about his upcoming film 'Anubhavinchu Raja'|url=https://telanganatoday.com/raj-tarun-is-excited-about-his-upcoming-film-anubhavinchu-raja|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-26|title=Anubhavinchu Raja Telugu Movie Review|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/anubhavinchu-raja-telugu-movie-review.html|access-date=2021-11-28|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}</ref> It was released on 26 November 2021,<ref>{{Cite news |title='Anubhavinchu Raja' trailer: Raj Tarun starrer promises a fun ride – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anubhavinchu-raja-trailer-raj-tarun-starrer-promises-a-fun-ride/articleshow/87752300.cms |access-date=2021-11-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and grossed {{INRConvert|4.95|c}} at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=Anubhavinchu Raja Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=5522&cid=6&fid=6512 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raju works as a security guard in idm company along with his friend where he learns that Raju a.k.a. [[King Kong]] Raju has hired goons to kill him. On asking about it, Raju reveals that after inheriting his grandfather's wealth at a young age, lives a lavish life and becomes the village's laughing stock. On a quest to prove himself worthy of respect, things go haywire, when he decides to become the sarpanch of the village.

== Cast ==

* [[Raj Tarun]] as Bangarraju 'Raju'/ "[[King Kong]] Raju", a [[security guard]] works in [[Hyderabad]] had a dark secret.
* Kashish Khan as Sruthi, an [[IT professional]] who works at a [[multinational corporation]] in Hyderabad
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Aadukalam Naren]]
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Ammireddy
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]] as Rahul
* [[Sudharshan]]
* Temper Vamsi
* [[Aadarsh Balakrishna]]
* Ariyana Glory
* Chandoo Sai
* Bhupal Raju

== Soundtrack ==
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:33
| title1 = Anubhavinchu Raja
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| length1 = 4:06
| title2 = Neevalle Raa
| extra2 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = Bathike Haayiga
| extra3 = Deepu
| title4 = Kaki Nemali Ke Votu
| length4 = 2:10
| extra4 = [[Roll Rida]]
| all_music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| length3 = 3:28
| all_lyrics = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
}}

== Release ==
In late-October 2021, the release date of the film was announced as 26 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Raj Tarun's Anubhavinchu Raja to hit screens in November|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raj-taruns-anubhavinchu-raja-to-hit-screens-in-november/articleshow/87430372.cms|access-date=2021-11-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "The songs by Gopi Sunder are catchy and few scenes even generate laughs. The film tries to be a moral lecture by showcasing the lifestyle of a young, rich guy from Godavari but the output is dull fare. Don’t expect too much if you’re watching it this weekend."<ref>{{Citation|title=Anubhavinchu Raja Movie Review: Raj Tarun shines but is let down by a bad script|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/anubhavinchu-raja/movie-review/87929128.cms|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that the film "has a sliver of a story and a messy screenplay, making it an ordeal to sit through". She felt that the lead actress's characterisation can be best described as a stereotypical "cute-but-dumb".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-11-26|title='Anubhavinchu Raja' movie review: Nothing redeeming about this one|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/anubhavinchu-raja-movie-review-nothing-redeeming-in-this-boring-saga/article37697776.ece|access-date=2021-11-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Pinkvilla]]''rated the film 2/5 and wrote, "The film needed a zany hero, not a stock character. The comedy had to be self-deprecating, not indulgent. The film has a track where supari killers live as sleeper cells".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-26|title=Anubhavinchu Raja Movie Review: A banal entertainer made worse by weak execution|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/anubhavinchu-raja-movie-review-banal-entertainer-made-worse-weak-execution-951372|access-date=2021-11-28|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref> [[NTV (Indian TV channel)|''NTV'']] cited the film as a "below-average fare" and stated, "The commercial ingredients are half-hearted, especially because none of the situations feels refreshing. The final act is watchable because of the coming-of-age nature of the story".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-26|title=Review: Anubhavinchu Raja|url=https://english.ntvtelugu.com/review-anubhavinchu-raja/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=English|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt15319148|title=Anubhavinchu Raja}}
*[https://www.telugu-kathalu.com/anubhavinchu-raja-ott-release-date-digital-rights-ott-platform/ Anubhavinchu Raja OTT Release Date]

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2021 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2021 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Annapurna Studios films]]

Id Mohammad

2026-04-20T16:57:52Z

Effossy:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Saikh Id Mohammad''' (born 1952 or 1953)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Saikh Id Mohammad (Revolutionary Socialist Party):Constituency - Baharampur (West Bengal) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10082 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a five time consecutive member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency]] in [[Murshidabad district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bharatpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bharatpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mohammad is from [[Bharatpur I|Bharatpur]], Murshidabad North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Ulauddin. He completed his BSc in 1972 at [[Katwa College]], which is affiliated with [[Burdwan University]].<ref name=":0" /> His wife is a teacher at Madrasha Siksha Kendra. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Id Mohammad Saikh(Revolutionary Socialist Party):Constituency- BHARATPUR(MURSHIDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=779 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mohammad became an MLA for the first time winning from Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency, representing the Revolutionary Socialist Party in the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1" /> He retained the seat for the Socialist Party in the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and won for a third time in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1" /> He won again in [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006 election]] and made it a fifth time in a row winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vandavasi Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Vandavasi Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-vandavasi-constituency-69.html |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He lost to Kamalesh Chatterjee of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2016 election.<ref name=":2" /> In 2011, he polled 70,658 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Daliya Begum of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 1,929 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Bharatpur Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Bharatpur assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/bharatpur-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-bharatpur-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9149811.htm |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatpur Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Humayun Kabir of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bharatpur-election-result-2021-live-updates-bharatpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696521.html |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammad, Id}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]

Dibya Shankar Mishra

2026-04-19T05:36:31Z

Effossy: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dibya Shankar Mishra
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Dibya Shankar Mishra
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Dibya Shankar Mishra''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dibya Shankar Mishra Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=202 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Junagarh Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Dibya Shankar Mishra of BJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/junagarh-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916678.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Elections 2024: Junagarh Constituency result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/odisha/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-junagarh-constituency-result-3009702 |website=Deccan Herald |publisher=DH Web Desk |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Dibya Shankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Tamil Nadu Lokayukta

2026-04-10T15:19:58Z

Effossy: New New Info - done

{{Short description|Anti-corruption Ombudsman for the state of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Tamil Nadu Lokayukta
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| image_size =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 2018
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = No
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
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| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| hqlocmap =
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| sworntype =
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| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Hon’ble Shri Justice P. Raja manickam.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref1">{{cite news |title=Retired judge to head T.N. Lokayukta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/retired-judge-to-head-tn-lokayukta/article26715857.ece |access-date=14 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=3 April 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| chief1position = Lokayukta
| parentagency =
| website = https://tamilnadulokayukta.tn.gov.in/en/home/
| child1agency =
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}}

'''Tamil Nadu Lokayukta''' is the Parliamentary Ombudsman for the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Tamil Nadu Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2018 and approved by the [[president of India]]. With [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] coming into force on 16 January 2014, each state in India was required to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> According to the 2013 law, the Lokayukta bench should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref> and assists in her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant prematurely.

A Lokayukta of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]],<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> or leader of largest opposition party in State Legislature, Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==

Tamil Nadu Lokayukta Act-2018 was passed in July 2018 in the Tamil Nadu Assembly and was effective from 13 November 2018.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref2">{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly passes Lokayukta bill after Opposition stages walkout |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/090718/tamil-nadu-assembly-passes-lokayukta-bill-after-opposition-stages-walkout.html |access-date=14 September 2021 |newspaper=The Asian Age |date=9 July 2018}}</ref> Tamil Nadu governor appointed a five member Lokayukta headed by former judge P. Devadass.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref1" /><ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref5">{{cite news |title=At last, TN gets Lokayukta Thandoratimes.com |url=https://thandoratimes.com/news-id-at-last-tn-gets-lokayukta1020.htm |access-date=14 September 2021 |publisher=Thandoratimes.com |date=3 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The other members are retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer Rajaram M and K. Arumugam, advocate as non-judicial members and K. Jayabalan, ex district judges and Krishnamoorthy R as judicial members.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref7">{{cite news |title=Finally, Tamil Nadu Lokayukta constituted |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/apr/02/finally-tamil-nadu-lokayukta-constituted-1958984.html |access-date=14 September 2021 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2 April 2019}}</ref> Lokayukta appointed and other members of the team will hold office for a period of five years from the day of appointed or attaining age of 70, whichever is earlier. The five member Lokayukta was finalised by three member search committee headed by K. Venkataraman, a Retired High Court judge as the chairperson and R. Krishnamoorthy, Former Advocate General and A. Pari, retired IPS officer as other members of the search committee.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref3">{{cite news |title=Selection committee led by TN CM announces search committee for Lokayukta |url=http://www.uniindia.com/selection-committee-led-by-tn-cm-announces-search-committee-for-lokayukta/south/news/1451872.html |access-date=14 September 2021 |publisher=uniindia |date=28 December 2018}}</ref> As per the Tamil Nadu Lokayukta bill, a person serving or retired as high court judge, or a person with combined experience in public administration, finance and legal, vigilance, anti-corruption policies, for a period of 25 years should head the position of Lokayukta.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref8">{{cite news |title=TN Assembly passes Lokayukta Act, DMK and activists call it a 'toothless' Act |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-assembly-passes-lokayukta-act-dmk-and-activists-call-it-toothless-act-84456 |access-date=14 September 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=9 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> No complaints against the Lokayukta or its members will be entertained as per this Act.

Penalty of Rs one lakh or one year imprisonment will be imposed on persons making wrong complaints.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref8"/><ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref2" />

All proceedings of the Lokayukta will be private and in-camera<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref7" /> and will not be open to the public or media.

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Blockquote|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Tamil Nadu Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2018}}

== Powers ==

Tamil Nadu Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister, State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Leader of Opposition and Government officials<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref2" /> and the same can be forwarded to the Registrar. The complaint to be valid should not be anonymous.

The Lokayukta has powers to order initial enquiry on complaint against any Government official or agency to ascertain the genuiness of the complaint and to determine if there is a case prima-facie to continue the investigation.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref2" /> It can summon and examine any person and document its evidence in affidavits. Its investigation department will have a civil court powers under the Criminal Procedure Code,1908.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref2" />

== Appointment and tenure ==

First Lokayukta of Tamil Nadu is Justice P. Devadass, a former retired judge of High Court who will head a five member team and will have a term of five years or reaching of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref1" />

Lokayukta Chairperson will be appointed by Governor along with other members who are recommended by a committee headed by Chief Minister and other members being
Speaker of Assembly and Opposition Leader in Assembly, or elected leader of the largest opposition party in the Assembly.<ref name="Tamil Nadu Lokref2" />

== See also ==

*[[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013]]
*[[Goa Lokayukta]]
*[[Karnataka Lokayukta]]
*[[Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=September 2021}}

[[Category:Lokayuktas]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2018]]

List of Hindi authors

2026-04-08T18:28:58Z

Effossy: made

{{Short description|None}}
{{Dynamic list}}
This is a '''list of authors of [[Hindi literature]], i.e. people who write in [[Hindi]]''' language, [[:Category:Dialects of Hindi|its dialects]] and [[Hindustani language]].
{{Horizontal TOC|nonum=y}}

==A==
* [[Amarkant]] (1925–2014), novelist
* [[Amar Goswami]] (1945–2012), Hindi author and journalist
* [[Amir Khusro]] (1253–1325 AD), author of pahelis and mukris in the "Hindavi" dialect
* [[Acharya Ramlochan Saran]] (1889–1971), author, grammarian and publisher
* [[Abid Surti]] (1935–), author
* [[Acharya Chatursen Shastri]] (1891–1960)
* [[Amrita Pritam]] (1919–2005)
*[[Asghar Wajahat]] (1946-) Hindi scholar, novelist

==B==
* [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]] (1850–1885), the "father of modern Hindi literature"
* [[Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan]] (1905–1988)
* [[Bhisham Sahni]] (1915–2003), author
* [[Bhupendra Nath Kaushik]] (1924–2007), poet, writer, satirist
* [[Badri Narain Sinha]] (1930–1979), poet, critic, journalist
* [[Balendu Dwivedi]] (1975–), Hindi author
* [[Bihari Lal|Bihari]] (1595–1664), author of ''[[Satasai]]'' ("Seven Hundred Verses")
* [[Banarasidas]] (1586–1643), author of 'Ardhakathanaka', the first biography in Hindi
* [[Bhagwati Charan Verma]] (1903–1981), author of ''Chitralekha'' and Sahitya Akademy award winning ''Bhoole Bisre Chitra''

==C==
* [[Chand Bardai]] (1148–1191), author of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''
* [[Chandrarekha Dhadwal]] (1951-), Hindi and Pahadi author
* [[Chandrakiran Sonrexa]] (1920-2009), author of ''Chandan Chandni''
* [[Chirag Jain]] (1985-) Author of Epic "Purushottam"
* [[Chitra Mudgal]] (1943–) The first Indian woman to receive the [[Vyas Samman]] for her novel "Aavaan".

==D==
* [[Darchhawna]] (1936–2023), Hindi writer and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]] (1861–1913), novelist, author of ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]''
* [[Dharamvir Bharati]] (1926–1997), Hindi poet, playwright
* [[Dushyant Kumar]] (1931–1975), [[poet]] of modern [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
* [[Divya Prakash Dubey]] (1982–), Hindi author
* [[Doodhnath Singh]] (1936–2018), Hindi writer, critic, poet and a recipient of Bharat Bharti Samman

==G==
* [[Ganga Das]] (1823–1913), author of about fifty kavya-granthas and thousands of padas. He is known as Bhismpitama of the Hindi poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panchjanya.com/8-4-2001/18c.html |title=1-8-1999 |access-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107093120/http://www.panchjanya.com/8-4-2001/18c.html |archive-date=7 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Geetanjali Shree]] (1957 - ) author of [[Tomb of Sand]] (Ret Samadhi) which won the International Booker Prize in 2022
* [[Gopal Singh Nepali]] (1911–1963), poet, lyricist
* [[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]] (1917–1964), modern Hindi poet
* [[Guru Bhakt Singh 'Bhakt']] (1893–1983), "Wordsworth of India"
* [[Guru Gobind Singh Ji]] (1666–1708), the tenth Guru of Sikhism
* [[Babu Gulabrai]] (1888–1963), philosopher and Hindi writer
* [[Gopaldas Neeraj]] (1925–2018), poet and author
* [[Giriraj Kishore (writer)|Giriraj Kishore]] (1937–2020), writer

==H==
* [[Hari Joshi]] (1943–), satirist, novelist, writer, poet
* [[Harishankar Parsai]] (1924–1995), satirist
* [[Harivanshrai Bachchan]] (1907–2003): ''[[Madhushala]]''
* [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] (1907–1979), novelist, literary historian
* [[Hetu Bhardwaj]], Hindi fiction writer<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&dq=hetu+bhardwaj&pg=PA140 |title = Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|isbn = 9788126008735|last1 = Dutt|first1 = Kartik Chandra|year = 1999}}</ref>
* [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]] (1955–)

==I==
* [[Indira Dangi]] (1980–), novelist, writer

==J==
* [[Jagadguru Kripalu Maharaj|Jagadguru Shree Kripaluji Maharaj]] (1922–2013), religious leader
* [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Swami Rambhadracharya]] (1950–), spiritual leader, scholar, poet, textual commentator, philosopher and playwright
* [[Jagdish Piyush]] (1950–2021), author, writer
* [[Jaishankar Prasad]] (1889–1937), poet known for ''[[Kamayani]]''
* [[Jainendra Kumar]] (1905–1988), author, short story writer
* [[Janki Ballabh Shastri]] (1916–2011), poet, author
* [[Jyotsna Milan]] (1941–2014), novelist, short story writer, poet and editor

==K==
* [[Kabir]] (1440–1518), poet, figure of the [[Bhakti movement]]
* [[Kavi Bhushan]] (1613–1712), poet and scholar who mainly wrote in braj bhasha
* [[Kaka Kalelkar]] (1885–1961), Gandhian, social reformer, scholar
* [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]] (1932–2007), author, screenwriter, 2003 Sahitya Akademi Award for ''[[Kitne Pakistan]]'' (2000)
* [[Kashinath Singh]] (1937–), novelist, short story writer, 2011 Sahitya Akademi Award for ''Rehan Par Ragghu'' (2008), author of ''[[Kashi Ka Assi]]''.
* [[Kedarnath Agarwal]] (1911–2000), recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1986) for ''Apurva'' (poetry collection)
* [[Kedarnath Singh]] (1934–2018), modern poet
* [[Keshavdas]] (1555–1625), Sanskrit scholar, Hindi poet, author of ''Rasik Priya''
* [[Krishna Sobti]] (1925–2019), recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the novel ''Zindaginama''
* [[Kamta Prasad Guru]] (1875–1947), grammar expert
* [[Kaifi Azmi]] (1919–2002)

==L==
* [[Lallu Lal]] (1763–1835), author and translator
* [[Laxmi Narayan Mishra]] (1903–1987), playwright

==M==
* [[Meera|Mirabai]] (1498–1546/1547), poet
* [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]] (1477–1542), [[Avadhi]] poet; author of ''Padmawat''
* [[Mahadevi Varma]] (1907–1987), poet, writer, recipient of the [[Jnanpith Award]]
* [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] (1886–1964), modern Hindi poet; a pioneer of Khadi boli poetry; author of the epic ''Saket''
* [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi]] (1889–1968), poet, playwright, journalist
* [[Mannu Bhandari]] (1931–2021), novelist
* [[Mohan Rakesh]] (1925–1972), a pioneer of the Nai Kahani ("New Story") literary movement
* [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]] (1864–1938), writer, linguist, translator
* [[Mamta Kalia]] (1940–), Novelists
* [[Manohar Shyam Joshi]] (1933–2006), journalist, screenwriter
* [[Mehrunnisa Parvez]] (1944–), Hindi novelist, short story writer and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Madhur Kapila]] (1942–), art critic, [[Hindi]] writer, recipient of the 2011 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for contribution to literature
* [[Mohan Rana]] (1964–), Hindi poet and philosopher
* [[Mridula Garg]] (1938–), short story writer and novelist

==N==
* [[Nagarjun]] (1911–2002), poet, biographer
* [[Naresh Mehta]] (1922–2000), one of the pioneers ''Nakenwad'' movement
* [[Nalin Vilochan Sharma]] (1916–1961), one of the pioneers ''Nakenwad'' movement
* [[Neelam Saxena Chandra]] (1969–), poet, fiction
* [[Nirmal Verma]] (1929–2005), novelist, translator
* [[Narendra Kohli]] (1940–2021), credited with reinventing the ancient form of epic writing in modern prose
*[[Nasira Sharma]](1948-) writer, novelist

==P==
* [[Pandit Narendra Sharma]] (1913–1989), poet, lyricist
* [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']] (1921–1977), Hindi novelist
* [[Padma Sachdev]] (1940–2021), poet, novelist in Hindi and Dogri
* [[Pran Kumar Sharma]] (1938–2014), creator of ''Chacha Choudhary''
* [[Premchand]] (1880–1936), modern Hindustani literature
* [[Priyamvad]] (1952–), writer and historian in Hindi.
* [[Parichay Das]] (1964–), writer and editor in contemporary Bhojpuri poetry
* [[Pankaj Prasun]] (1984–), writer and poet of Satire poetry

==R==
* [[Ram Ratan Bhatnagar]] (1914–1992), writer, literary critic
* [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]] (1928–1994), poet, novelist
* [[Raghuvir Sahay]] (1929–1990), poet, translator, short-story writer and journalist
* [[Rahi Masoom Raza]] (1927–1992), writer, lyricist
* [[Rajkamal Choudhary]] (1929–1967), poet, short story writer, novelist, critic
* [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] (1893–1963), the "father of Hindi travel literature"
* [[Ravidas]] (1398–1448), guru, songwriter
* [[Rajendra Prasad Singh (linguist)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]] (1964–), Hindi author, critic and linguist
* [[Rajendra Mishra]] (1919–1979), Hindi author, critic
* [[Rajendra Yadav]] (1929–2013), pioneer of "Nayi Kahani" movement
* [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] (1915–1984), writer, screenwriter
* [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]] (1908–1974), nationalist poet, essayist
*[[Ramnarayan Yadavendu]] (1909–1951), writer, fictionist, essayist and social reformer
* [[Ram Vilas Sharma]] (1912–2000), literary critic
* [[Ramvriksh Benipuri]] (1899–1968), writer
* [[Rangeya Raghav]] (1923–1962), writer
* [[Raskhan]] (1533–1618), poet
* [[Rustam Singh (poet)|Rustam Singh]] (1955–), poet, philosopher, translator and editor
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941), writer, poet, and musician
* Rati Saxena ( 1954-) Poet, Translator, Writer, Editor

==S==
* [[Sahajanand Saraswati]] (1889–1950), writer, scholar
* [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]] (1911–1987) ("Agyeya"), recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya Akademi Award]], and [[Jnanpith Award]]
* [[Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena]] (1927–1983), recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 1983
* [[Sharad Joshi]] (1931–1991), satirist, screenwriter
* [[Shekhar Joshi]] (1939–2022), Hindi author
* [[Acharya Shivpujan Sahay]] (1893–1963), writer of novels and prose
* [[Sri Lal Sukla]] (1925–2011), satirist
* [[Sumitranandan Pant]] (1900–1977), Hindi poet
* [[Surdas]] (1467–1583), composer
* [[Sūdan]] (1700–1753), author and poet
* [[Shankar Dayal Singh]] (1937–1995)
* [[Yagyadutt Sharma (novelist)|Yagyadutt Sharma]] (1916–1993), Hindi novelist, writer and poet
* [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]] (1904–1948), poet, songwriter
* [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']] (1896–1961), poet and author
* [[Safdar Hashmi]] (1889–1954), author, street theatre, activist
* [[Shyam Narayan Pandey]] (1907–1991), Hindi poet
* [[Saadat Hassan Manto]] (1912–1955), Hindi author
* [[Surender Mohan Pathak]] (1940–), Hindi author
* [[Sudama Panday 'Dhoomil']] (1936–1975), Hindi poet, recipient of 1979 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Kal Sunana Mujhe''

==T==
* [[Teji Grover]] (1955–), poet, fiction writer, translator and painter
* [[Tulsidas]] (1532–1623), author of ''[[Ramcharitmanas|Shrī Rāmcharitmānas]]''

==U==
* [[Usha Priyamvada]] (1930–), novelist, short-story writer, translator

==V==
* [[Vidyapati]] (1352–1448), a prominent poet of Eastern dialects
* [[Vishnu Prabhakar]] (1912–2009), recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the novel ''Ardhanarishvara''
* [[Vibhuti Narain Rai]] (1951–), novelist
* [[Viveki Rai]] (1924–2016), novelist
* [[Vrindavan Lal Verma]] (1889–1969), historical novelist
* [[Vidya Niwas Mishra]] (1926–2005), scholar, journalist
* [[Vrind]] (1643–1723), Braj bhasha poet

==Y==
* [[Yashpal]] (1903–1976), novelist, author, ''Jhutha Sach'' (''The False Truth'', 1958–1960)

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi-language poets]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi}}
[[Category:Lists of writers by language]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers| ]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian writers|Hindi language]]
[[Category:Hindi language-related lists|Authors]]

Kulwant Singh Sidhu

2026-04-07T22:16:24Z

Effossy: started new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
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| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Atam Nagar Assembly constituency|Atam Nagar]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Simarjit Singh Bains]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
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}}
'''Kulwant Singh Sidhu''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Atam Nagar Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Atam Nagar Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Estimates|Committee on Estimates]]<ref name="List Public Accounts">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=35&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Local Bodies|Committee on Local Bodies]]<ref name="Committee on Local Bodies">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514033512/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Atam Nagar Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Atam Nagar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Atam Nagar
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sidhu, Kulwant Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Loiyumpa Silyel

2026-04-06T20:18:56Z

Effossy: made

{{Short description|Ancient Meitei Constitution}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Loiyumpa Silyel {{small|([[Modern Meitei]]: "Loiyumpa Sinyen")}}
| image = First page of the "Loiyumpa Silyel", a 12th century ancient Meitei language written constitution of ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur), enacted during the reign of Meitei King Loiyumpa (Loiyumba).jpg
| caption = First page of the "Loiyumpa Silyel", stored in the [[Manipur University]] Library, digitalised by the [[Digital Library of India]]
| language = [[ancient Meitei language]] ([[old Manipuri language]])
| country = [[Ancient Kangleipak]] - [[Medieval Kangleipak]]
| genre = [[Constitution]]
| published = 1110 CE
| publisher = King [[Loiyumba]] ([[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]]: Loiyumpa)
| subjects = law, rules and regulations, social system
| note = It is an 11th-12th century written constitution of the [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).
}}

The '''Loiyumpa Silyel''' ([[Modern Meitei]]: "Loiyumba Sinyen"), also termed as the '''Loyumpa Silyel''' ([[Modern Meitei]]: "Loyumba Sinyen") or the '''Loiyumpa Shilyel''' ([[Modern Meitei]]: "Loiyumba Shinyen") or the '''Loyumpa Shilyel''' ([[Modern Meitei]]: "Loyumba Shinyen") or the '''Loyumba Sinyen''' ({{langx|omp|{{Script|Latn|Loyampa Sinyen}}}}), is an 11th-12th century [[ancient Meitei language]] written [[constitution]], regulated in the [[Ancient Kangleipak|Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur)]] during the rule of King [[Loiyumba]] (1074-1122 CE). In 1110 CE, its format was finalised from a [[promulgation]] of the proto-constitution, drafted in 429 CE by King [[Naophangba]].<ref name=sanajaoba>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=loyumba+shinyen+final+document&pg=PP2 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref>{{r|sanajaoba|p=304}} Historically, it is the first written constitution,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangte |first=Priyadarshni M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um0OAQAAMAAJ&q=loyumba+shinyen+first+written+Constitution |title=Customary Laws of Meitei and Mizo Societies of Manipur |date=2008 |publisher=Akansha Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8370-130-3 |pages=275, 338 |language=en}}</ref> and one of the well recorded [[Ancient Meitei language]] texts of the kingdom.<ref name=manihar>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ch Manihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiBkAAAAMAAJ&q=loyumb%C4%81+sinyen |title=A History of Manipuri Literature |date=1996 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0086-9 |pages=18, 21 |language=en}}</ref> It was replaced by the [[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]], that was functional until [[Manipur]] was merged into [[Republic of India]] on October 15, 1949.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&dq=loyumba+Shinyen+Manipur+State+Constitution+Act+1947+substituted+merger+India+October+15+1949&pg=PA304 |title=Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001 |date=1991 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-271-4 |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref>

It includes the accounts of the distribution of the duties to the subjects of the king.{{r|manihar|p=306}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=loiyumba+shinyen&pg=PA326 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=326 |language=en |author-link=Ayyappa Paniker}}</ref> Its rules and regulations remains to be an authoritative work in the [[Meitei culture|Meitei social system]] till the present day [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Rasheeduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAFuAAAAMAAJ&q=loyumba+sinyen+social+system+rules+regulations |title=Composite Culture of India and National Integration |last2=Study |first2=Indian Institute of Advanced |date=1987 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref> The Loiyumpa Silyel also describes [[Meitei royal etiquette]].<ref name=":Manipur: Treaties & Documents. India: Mittal Publications, 1993. p. 7–11">Manipur: Treaties & Documents. India: Mittal Publications, 1993. p. 7–11</ref><ref name=":Loiyumpa Silyel The Ancient Constitution Of Manipur">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466474|title=Loiyumpa Silyel The Ancient Constitution Of Manipur|last=Manikchand Singh|first=konsam|date=2012}}</ref><ref name=":plamanipur.com">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-25|title=Historical evidence {{!}} Meeyamgi Ningtam Lanmee|url=https://plamanipur.com/historical-evidence/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cyrus the Great]]
* [[Hammurabi]]
* [[Magna Carta]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wiktionary|Loiyumpa Silyel}}

{{Portal bar|Asia|Books|History|India|Law|Language|Literature|Politics|Religion|Royalty}}
{{Law}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kangleipak]]
[[Category:Constitutions of former countries]]

New Life College, Bangalore

2026-04-04T03:57:44Z

Effossy: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Christian seminaries and theological institutions in India#Major seminaries and theological institutions in India]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Shaivism

2026-03-29T17:51:51Z

Effossy: slightly adjust citations per standard format

{{Short description|Hindu tradition that worships Shiva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox
| title = Shaivism
| image = [[File:Worship AS.jpg|200px]]
| caption = [[Shiva]] (above) is the primary God in Shaivism.
}}
{{Saivism}}
{{hinduism_small}}

'''Shaivism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|aɪ|v|ɪ|z|əm}}; {{langx|sa|शैवसंप्रदायः|Śaivasampradāyaḥ|translit-std=IAST|engvar=in}}) is an umbrella-term for a number of [[Hindu denominations|Hindu religious traditions]], which worship [[Shiva]]{{sfn|Bisschop|2020|pages=15-16}}{{sfn|Bisschop|2011}}{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986|p=1}} as the [[Para Brahman|supreme being]]. The followers of Shaivism are called Shaivas or Shaivites, numbering about 385 million people,{{sfn|Preston}}{{sfn|Johnson|Grim|2013|p=400}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=474}} across [[South Asia]] predominantly in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=17}}<ref name="Keayxxvii">Keay, p.xxvii.</ref>

Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Aryan religions and traditions, Vedic [[Rudra]], and post-Vedic traditions, [[Sanskritisation|accommodating]] local traditions and Yoga, puja and bhakti.{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986|p=66-70}}{{sfn|Bisschop|2011}} Worship of the Vedic deity Rudra forms its earliest traceable root, but the earliest evidence for sectarian Rudra-Shiva worship appears with the [[Pasupata]] (early CE),{{sfn|Bisschop|2011}} which emerged with the [[Origins of Hinduism|Hindu synthesis]], when many local traditions were aligned with the [[Brahmanism|Vedic-Brahmanical fold]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=148-150}} The Pāśupata movement rapidly expanded throughout North India, giving rise to different forms of Shaivism and followed by the emergence of various tantric traditions.{{sfn|Bisschop|2011}} Both devotional and monistic Shaivism became popular in the 1st millennium CE, and it became the dominant religious tradition of several [[Hindu king]]doms.{{sfn|Bisschop|2011}} It arrived in [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]] Asia shortly thereafter, leading to the construction of thousands of Shaiva temples on the islands of [[Indonesia]] as well as [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]], co-evolving with [[Buddhism]] in these regions.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=208–214}}{{sfn|Gonda|1975|p=3–20, 35–36, 49–51}}

Shaivism encompasses a wide range of sub-traditions. A basic distinction can be made between Puranic Shaivism, such as the Shiva-worship in the [[Smarta tradition]], and non-Puranic (Agamic/Tantric) Shaivism. The latter is further divided in the ''atimarga'', solely for sanyassins (ascetic renunciates), and the ''mantramarga'', open to both sanyassons and householders. Within the ''mantramarga'', the [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] is devotional [[Dualistic cosmology#Theistic dualism|dualistic theism]], while the Tantric [[Kapalika]] gave rise to a number of [[yoga]]-oriented [[monism|monistic]] systems, such as the [[Trika]] and [[Kashmiri Shaivism]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162–167}}<ref name="ganeshtagare">Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1892-7}}, pages 16–19</ref>{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=202–204}} Tantric Shaivism is closely related to [[Shaktism]], and some Shaivas worship in both Shiva and Shakti temples.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=202–204}} It is the Hindu tradition that most accepts ascetic life and emphasises yoga, and encourages one to discover and be one with Shiva within.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162–167}}<ref name="ganeshtagare"/><ref name="Himalaya Academy">{{cite web|title=Introduction to Hinduism|publisher=Himalayan Academy|year=2009|url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects|access-date=2014-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430102410/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63933/bhakti|archive-date=30 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

It has a vast literature,<ref>Tattwananda, p. 54.</ref> making appeals to [[Brahmanism|Vedic orthodoxy]] but viewing the [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agama]] texts as superior revelations.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=158}}{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=116}}{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=4}}
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==Etymology and nomenclature==
Shiva ({{IAST|śiva}}, {{langx|sa|शिव}}) literally means kind, friendly, gracious, or auspicious.{{Sfn|Apte|1965|p=919}}<ref name="Macdonell, p. 314">Macdonell, p. 314.</ref> As a proper name, it means "The Auspicious One".<ref name="Macdonell, p. 314"/>

The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the [[Rig Veda]], as an epithet for several [[Rigvedic deities]], including [[Rudra]].{{sfn|Chakravarti|1994|p=28}} The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature.<ref name=mmwshiva>Monier Monier-Williams (1899), [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1107.html Sanskrit to English Dictionary with Etymology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227192855/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1107.html |date=27 February 2017 }}, Oxford University Press, pages 1074–1076</ref>{{sfn|Chakravarti|1994|p=21-22}} The term evolved from the Vedic ''Rudra-Shiva'' to the noun ''Shiva'' in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".<ref name=mmwshiva/>{{sfn|Chakravarti|1994|p=21-23}}

The Sanskrit word {{IAST|śaiva}} or {{Transliteration|sa|hunterian|shaiva|engvar=in}} means "relating to the god Shiva",{{Sfn|Apte|1965|p=927}} while the related beliefs, practices, history, literature and sub-traditions constitute Shaivism.{{sfn|Flood|1996| p= 149}}

==Origins and history==
The origins of Shaivism are unclear and a matter of debate among scholars. According to Chakravarti, it is an amalgam of pre-Vedic cults and traditions and Vedic culture.{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986|p=66-106}} Gavin flood associates it with the Brahmanization of local traditions.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=148-150}} According to Bisschop, the earliest traceable root of Shaivism is the worship of the Vedic deity Rudra.{{sfn|Bisschop|2011}}

===Indus Valley Civilisation===
{{Main|Religion of the Indus Valley Civilisation}}

[[File:Shiva Pashupati.jpg|thumb|The "Pashupati" seal from the [[Indus Valley civilisation]].]]
Some trace the origins to the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], which reached its peak around 2500–2000 BCE.<ref>For dating as fl. 2300–2000 BCE, decline by 1800 BCE, and extinction by 1500 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 24.</ref>{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=204–205}} Archeological discoveries show seals that suggest a deity that somewhat appears like Shiva. Of these is the [[Pashupati seal]], which early scholars interpreted as someone seated in a meditating yoga pose surrounded by animals, and with horns.<ref>For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 ''in'': Flood (1996), p. 29.</ref> This "Pashupati" ([[Master of Animals|Lord of Animals]], [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|paśupati}}'')<ref name="Michaels p. 312">For translation of ''{{IAST|paśupati}}'' as "Lord of Animals" see: Michaels, p. 312.</ref> seal has been interpreted by these scholars as a prototype of Shiva. [[Gavin Flood]] characterises these views as "speculative", saying that it is not clear from the seal if the figure has three faces, or is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=28-29}}

Other scholars state that the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered, and the interpretation of the Pashupati seal is uncertain. According to Srinivasan, the proposal that it is proto-Shiva may be a case of projecting "later practices into archeological findings".<ref>[[Mark Singleton (yoga teacher)|Mark Singleton]] (2010), ''Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-539534-1}}, pages 25–34</ref>{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=2–10}} Similarly, Asko Parpola states that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bull interpretation is likely more accurate.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=204–205}}<ref>Asko Parpola(2009), ''Deciphering the Indus Script'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521795661}}, pages 240–250</ref>

===Vedic elements===
The ''[[Rigveda]]'' (~1500–1200 BCE) has the earliest clear mention of [[Rudra]] ("Roarer") in its hymns 2.33, 1.43 and 1.114.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=204–205}} Flood notes that Rudra is an ambiguous god, peripheral in the Vedic pantheon, possibly indicating non-Vedic origins.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=152}} The text also includes a ''Satarudriya'', an influential hymn with embedded hundred epithets for Rudra, that is cited in many medieval era Shaiva texts as well as recited in major Shiva temples of [[Hindus]] in contemporary times. Yet, the Vedic literature only presents scriptural theology, but does not attest to the existence of Shaivism.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=204–205}}

=== Emergence of Shaivism ===
{{See also|Rudra|Shiva}}
[[File:Vima Kadphises Shiva coin.jpg|thumb|[[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] coin of [[Vima Kadphises]] (2nd century CE), with a possible Shiva, holding a [[Trishula|trident]], in [[wikt:ithyphallic|ithyphallic]] state{{refn|group=note|name="illpha_rep"}} and next to a [[Nandi (bull)|bull]], his mount, as in Shaivism.<ref name="sino-platonic.org">Loeschner, Hans (2012) [http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp227_kanishka_stupa_casket.pdf The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223231/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp227_kanishka_stupa_casket.pdf |date=20 December 2016 }}, ''[[Sino-Platonic Papers]]'', No. 227 (July 2012); page 11</ref><ref name="Bopearachchi, O. 2007">Bopearachchi, O. (2007). Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans. ''Res Orientales'', 17, 41–53</ref><ref>Perkins, J. (2007). Three-headed Śiva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises's Copper Coinage. ''South Asian Studies'', 23(1), 31–37</ref> The deity was described by the later Kushans in their coinage as "[[Oesho]]", a possibly kushan deity.<ref name="Bopearachchi, O. 2007"/>]]

According to Chakravarti, Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Aryan religions and traditions, Vedic Rudra, and post-Vedic traditions, accommodating phallic, bull and serpent cults, the Dravidian Father God and Mother Goddess concept, and Yoga, puja and bhakti.{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986|p=66-70}}

According to [[Gavin Flood]], "the formation of Śaiva traditions as we understand them begins to occur during the period from 200 BC to 100 AD."{{sfn|Flood|2003|p=205}} Shiva was originally probably not a Brahmanical god.{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986|p=66}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=150}} The pre-Vedic Shiva acquired a growing prominence as its cult assimilated numerous "ruder faiths" and their mythologies,{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986|p=66-69}} and the Epics and Puranas preserve pre-Vedic myths and legends of these traditions assimilated by the Shiva-cult.{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986|p=69}} Shiva's growing prominence was facilitated by identification with a number of Vedic deities, such as [[Purusha]], [[Rudra]], [[Agni]], [[Indra]], [[Prajapati|{{IAST|Prajāpati}}]], [[Vayu|{{IAST|Vāyu}}]], among others.{{sfn|Chakravarti|1994|pp=70–71}} The earliest evidence for sectarian Rudra-Shiva worship appears with the [[Pasupata]] (early CE).{{sfn|Bisschop|2011}} The followers of Shiva were gradually accepted into the Brahmanical fold, becoming allowed to recite some of the Vedic hymns.{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986|p=70}}

[[Patanjali]]'s ''{{IAST|[[Mahābhāṣya]]}}'', dated to the 2nd century BCE, mentions the term ''Shiva-bhagavata'' in section 5.2.76. Patanjali, while explaining Panini's rules of grammar, states that this term refers to a devotee clad in animal skins and carrying an ''ayah sulikah'' (iron spear, trident lance)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Laura Giuliano|title=Silk Road Art and Archaeology |journal=Journal of the Institute of Silk Road Studies|volume=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU_rAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Kamakura, Shiruku Rōdo Kenkyūjo|page=61|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229012548/https://books.google.com/books?id=xU_rAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=29 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> as an icon representing his god.{{sfn|Flood|2003|p=205}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=154}}<ref>{{cite book|author=George Cardona|title=Pāṇini: A Survey of Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC&pg=PA277|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1494-3|pages=277–278, 58 with note on Guleri}}</ref>

The ''[[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]]'' mentions terms such as Rudra, Shiva, and Maheshwaram,<ref>[a] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 301–304; [b] R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-8121509992}}, pages 106–111</ref><ref>Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400–406 with footnotes</ref>{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=153–154}} but its interpretation as a theistic or monistic text of Shaivism is disputed.<ref>A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309–314; {{doi|10.1017/S0041977X00146531}}</ref><ref name="srinivasanch9">D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004107588}}, pages 96–97 and Chapter 9</ref> The dating of the ''[[Shvetashvatara Upanishad|Shvetashvatara]]'' is also in dispute, but it is likely a late [[Upanishads|Upanishad]].<ref>Stephen Phillips (2009), ''Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy'', Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-14485-8}}, Chapter 1</ref>

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions Shaiva ascetics, such as in chapters 4.13 and 13.140.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael W. Meister|title=Discourses on Siva: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Nature of Religious Imagery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9I3pAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-7909-2|pages=274–276|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627072421/https://books.google.com/books?id=9I3pAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=27 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Other evidence that is possibly linked to the importance of Shaivism in ancient times are in epigraphy and numismatics, such as in the form of prominent Shiva-like reliefs on [[Kushan Empire]] era gold coins. However, this is controversial, as an alternate hypothesis for these reliefs is based on [[Zoroastrian]] [[Oesho]]. According to Flood, coins dated to the ancient Greek, Saka and Parthian kings who ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent after the arrival of [[Alexander the Great]] also show Shiva iconography; however, this evidence is weak and subject to competing inferences.{{sfn|Flood|2003|p=205}}{{sfn|Lorenzen|1987|pp=6–20}}

In the early centuries of the common era is the first clear evidence of [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pāśupata Shaivism]].{{sfn|Bisschop|2011}} The inscriptions found in the Himalayan region, such as those in the Kathmandu valley of [[Nepal]] suggest that Shaivism (particularly Pāśupata) was established in this region by the 5th century, during the late [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]] era. These inscriptions have been dated by modern techniques to between 466 and 645 CE.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Early Strata of Śaivism in the Kathmandu Valley, Śivaliṅga Pedestal Inscriptions from 466–645 CE | journal=[[Indo-Iranian Journal]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | volume=59 | issue=4 | year=2016 | pages=309–362 | doi=10.1163/15728536-05904001 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Puranic Shaivism===
[[File:Shiva Parvati Ganesha.jpg|250px|thumb|Shiva (middle) is the supreme being of Shaivism, accompanied by his son Ganesha (left) and consort Parvati (right). Painting by Raja Ravi Varma.]]
During the [[Gupta Empire]] (c. 320–500 CE) the genre of [[Purana|Purāṇa]] literature developed in India, and many of these Puranas contain extensive chapters on Shaivism – along with [[Vaishnavism]], Shaktism, [[Smarta Tradition]]s of Brahmins and other topics – suggesting the importance of Shaivism by then.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=154}}

The most important Shaiva Purāṇas of this period include the ''[[Shiva Purana|Shiva Purāṇa]]'', the ''[[Skanda Purana|Skanda Purāṇa]]'', and the ''[[Linga Purana|Linga Purāṇa]]''.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lorenzen|1987|pp=6–20}}<ref>Bakker, Hans (2014). ''The World of the Skandapurāṇa,'' pp. 2-5. BRILL Academic. {{ISBN|978-90-04-27714-4}}.</ref>

===Post-Gupta development===
[[File:Shiva with Trisula Panjikent 7th–8th century CE Hermitage Museum.jpg|thumb|Shiva with [[Trisula]], worshipped in [[Central Asia]]. [[Penjikent]], [[Uzbekistan]], 7th–8th century CE. [[Hermitage Museum]].]]
Most of the Gupta kings, beginning with [[Chandragupta II]] (Vikramaditya) (375–413 CE) were known as Parama Bhagavatas or [[Bhagavata]] [[Vaishnavas]] and had been ardent promoters of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Ganguli | first =Kalyan Kumar | year =1988 | title =Sraddh njali, studies in Ancient Indian History. D.C. Sircar Commemoration: Puranic tradition of Krishna|page=36 | publisher =Sundeep Prakashan | isbn =978-81-85067-10-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Dandekar | year =1977 | chapter =Vaishnavism: an overview | editor-last1 =Jones | editor-first =Lindsay | title =MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion |page=9500| publisher =MacMillan (Reprinted in 2005) | isbn =978-0028657332 | chapter-url =https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2 }}</ref> But following the [[Huna people|Huna]] invasions, especially those of the [[Alchon Huns]] circa 500 CE, the [[Gupta Empire]] declined and fragmented, ultimately collapsing completely, with the effect of discrediting Vaishnavism, the religion it had been so ardently promoting.<ref name="HTB98"/> The newly arising regional powers in central and northern India, such as the [[Aulikaras]], the [[Maukharis]], the [[Maitrakas]], the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalacuris]] or the [[Vardhanas]] preferred adopting Shaivism instead, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of [[Shiva]].<ref name="HTB98"/> Vaishnavism remained strong mainly in the territories which had not been affected by these events: [[South India]] and [[Kashmir]].<ref name="HTB98">{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans T. |title=The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-00-7 |pages=98–99 and 93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |language=en}}</ref>

In the early 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] (Huen Tsang) visited India and wrote a memoir in Chinese that mentions the prevalence of Shiva temples all over North [[Indian subcontinent]], including in the [[Hindu Kush]] region such as [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]].{{sfn|Daniélou|1987|p=128}}{{sfn|Tattwananda|1984|p= 46}} Between the 5th and 11th century CE, major Shaiva temples had been built in central, southern and eastern regions of the subcontinent, including those at [[Badami cave temples]], [[Aihole]], [[Elephanta Caves]], [[Ellora Caves]] (Kailasha, cave 16), [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], Bhuvaneshwara, Chidambaram, Madurai, and Conjeevaram.{{sfn|Daniélou|1987|p=128}}

Major scholars of competing Hindu traditions from the second half of the 1st millennium CE, such as [[Adi Shankara]] of Advaita Vedanta and [[Ramanuja]] of Vaishnavism, mention several Shaiva sects, particularly the four groups: Pashupata, Lakulisha, tantric Shaiva and Kapalika. The description is conflicting, with some texts stating the tantric, puranik and Vedic traditions of Shaivism to be hostile to each other while others suggest them to be amicable sub-traditions. Some texts state that Kapalikas reject the Vedas and are involved in extreme experimentation,{{refn|group=note|Kapalikas are alleged to smear their body with ashes from the cremation ground, revered the fierce Bhairava form of Shiva, engage in rituals with blood, meat, alcohol, and sexual fluids. However, states David Lorenzen, there is a paucity of primary sources on Kapalikas, and historical information about them is available from fictional works and other traditions who disparage them.{{sfn|Lorenzen|1972|p=xii, 4–5}}{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=212-213}}}} while others state the Shaiva sub-traditions revere the Vedas but are non-Puranik.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=206-214}}

===South India===
Shaivism was the predominant tradition in South India, co-existing with Buddhism and Jainism, before the Vaishnava [[Alvars]] launched the [[Bhakti movement]] in the 7th century, and influential Vedanta scholars such as [[Ramanuja]] developed a philosophical and organisational framework that helped Vaishnavism expand. Though both traditions of Hinduism have ancient roots, given their mention in the epics such as the ''Mahabharata'', Shaivism flourished in South India much earlier.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=61–62 with footnote 64}}

The Mantramarga of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, provided a template for the later though independent and highly influential Pancaratrika treatises of Vaishnavism. This is evidenced in Hindu texts such as the ''Isvarasamhita'', ''Padmasamhita,'' and ''Paramesvarasamhita''.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=61–62 with footnote 64}}

[[File:Mamallapuram, Shore Temple, India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The 7th to 8th-century [[Shore Temple]] at Mahabalipuram is a UNESCO World Heritage site. It features thousands of Shaivism-related sculptures.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/ Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123062515/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/ |date=23 November 2019 }}, UNESCO World Heritage Sites; Quote: "It is known especially for its rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous 'Descent of the Ganges', and the temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva."</ref>]]
Along with the Himalayan region stretching from Kashmir through Nepal, the Shaiva tradition in South India has been one of the largest sources of preserved Shaivism-related manuscripts from ancient and medieval India.<ref name=sanderson2014p1/> The region was also the source of Hindu arts, temple architecture, and merchants who helped spread Shaivism into southeast Asia in early 1st millennium CE.{{sfn|Ann R. Kinney|Marijke J. Klokke|Lydia Kieven| 2003|p=17}}{{sfn|Briggs|1951|pp=230–249}}{{sfn|Sanderson|2004|pp=349–352}}

There are tens of thousands of Hindu temples where Shiva is either the primary deity or reverentially included in anthropomorphic or aniconic form (lingam, or [[Swayambhu|svayambhu]]).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pratapaditya Pal|author2=Stephen P. Huyler|author3=John E. Cort|display-authors=etal|title=Puja and Piety: Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist Art from the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|year=2016|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-28847-8|pages=61–62|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326150329/https://books.google.com/books?id=NXolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|archive-date=26 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Elgood2000p47">{{cite book|author=Heather Elgood|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ|year=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-304-70739-3|pages=47–48|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809073225/https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ|archive-date=9 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Numerous historic Shaiva temples have survived in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Heather Elgood|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ|year=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-304-70739-3|pages=143–167|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809073225/https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ|archive-date=9 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gudimallam Lingam|Gudimallam]] is the oldest known lingam and has been dated to between 3rd to 1st-century BCE. It is a carved five feet high stone lingam with an anthropomorphic image of Shiva on one side. This ancient lingam is in [[Chittoor]] district of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Elgood2000p47"/><ref>Wendy Doniger (2009), An Alternative Historiography for Hinduism, Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pages 17–26, Quote: "Numerous Sanskrit texts and ancient sculptures (such as the Gudimallam linga from the third century BCE) define (...)"</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Srinivasan | first=Doris | title=Unhinging Śiva from the Indus civilization | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=116 | issue=1 | year=1984 | pages=77–89 | doi=10.1017/s0035869x00166134 | s2cid=162904592 }}</ref>

===Southeast Asia===
[[File:A collage of Shaivism Shiva Siwa Hindu icons and temples in Southeast Asia.jpg|thumb|An image collage of 1st millennium CE Shaivism icons and temples from Southeast Asia (top left): Shiva in yoga pose, Nandi, [[Prambanan]] temple, Yoni-Linga and [[Hindu temple]] layout.]]

Shaivism arrived in a major way in southeast Asia from south India, and to much lesser extent into China and Tibet from the Himalayan region. It co-developed with Buddhism in this region, in many cases.{{sfn|Kulke|Kesavapany|Sakhuja|2010}} For example, in the [[Caves of the Thousand Buddhas]], a few caves include Shaivism ideas.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. J. Vainker|title=Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaA0AQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=British Museum Publications for the Trustees of the British Museum|isbn=978-0-7141-1447-7|page=162}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Dunhuang caves in north China built from the 4th century onwards are predominantly about the Buddha, but some caves show the meditating Buddha with Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha and Indra.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward L. Shaughnessy|title=Exploring the Life, Myth, and Art of Ancient China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMgYyKoshGEC&pg=PA70|year=2009|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4358-5617-2|page=70}}</ref>}} The epigraphical and cave arts evidence suggest that Shaiva Mahesvara and Mahayana Buddhism had arrived in Indo-China region in the [[Funan]] period, that is in the first half of the 1st millennium CE.{{sfn|Briggs|1951|pp=230–249}}{{sfn|Sanderson|2004|pp=349–352}} In Indonesia, temples at archaeological sites and numerous inscription evidence dated to the early period (400 to 700 CE), suggest that Shiva was the highest god. This co-existence of Shaivism and Buddhism in Java continued through about 1500 CE when both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced with Islam,{{sfn|Ann R. Kinney|Marijke J. Klokke|Lydia Kieven| 2003|p=21-25}} and persists today in the province of Bali.<ref name=britbalinesepeople>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balinese-people Balinese people] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417161643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balinese-people |date=17 April 2019 }}, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014)</ref>

The Shaivist and Buddhist traditions overlapped significantly in southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Vietnam between the 5th and the 15th century. Shaivism and Shiva held the paramount position in ancient Java, Sumatra, Bali, and neighbouring islands, though the sub-tradition that developed creatively integrated more ancient beliefs that pre-existed.<ref name=rghose4>R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253</ref> In the centuries that followed, the merchants and monks who arrived in Southeast Asia, brought Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Buddhism, and these developed into a syncretic, mutually supporting form of traditions.<ref name=rghose4/><ref>{{cite book|author=Andrea Acri|editor=D Christian Lammerts|title=Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgGhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261|year=2015|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4519-06-9|pages=261–275|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328110026/https://books.google.com/books?id=wgGhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261|archive-date=28 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
In [[Balinese Hinduism]], Dutch ethnographers further subdivided ''[[Sampradaya#Shaivite sampradayas|Siwa (shaivaites)]] [[Sampradaya]]"'' into five – Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher caste Brahmana men with lower caste women.<ref name=boon>{{cite book|title=The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion|author=James Boon|year=1977|publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=0-521-21398-3}}</ref>

==Traditions==
[[File:Development of Shaivism (expanded).png|thumb|right|The development of various schools of Shaivism from pre-Vedic Shiva and early worship of Rudra.]]
[[File:Female Ascetics (Yoginis) LACMA M.2011.156.4 (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|Two female Shaiva ascetics (18th century painting)]]

Shaivism centres around Shiva, but it has many sub-traditions whose theological beliefs and practices vary significantly. They can broadly divided in theistic dualism and nontheistic monism, but there are also combinations of the features or practices of the two.{{sfn|Gonda|1977|pp=154–162}}{{sfn|Sanderson|1995|pp=16–21}}

Shaivism can also be divided in Vedic, Puranic and non-Puranic (esoteric, tantric) Shaivism.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=154-155}}{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=215–217}}{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|pp=660-704}}{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=206–207}} Vedic and Puranic are often grouped together given the significant overlap.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=206–207}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=154-155}}

Non-Puranic Shaivism consists of esoteric, minority sub-traditions wherein devotees are initiated (''{{IAST|dīkṣa}}'') into a specific cult they prefer.{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|pp=660–704}}{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=206–207}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=154-155}} These are traditionally further divided into the ''atimarga'' or "outer higher path", only accessible for Shaiva sannyasins{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=155}} and the ''mantramarga'', followed by both the renunciates (''[[sannyasi]]'') and householders (''[[grihastha]]'') in Shaivism.{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|pp=663–670, 690–693}}{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=215–217}} The atimarga consists of the [[Pashupata]]; the Lakula, a subschool of the Pashupata; and the [[Kalamukha]], a subschool of the Lakula. [[Lingayatism]] is related to the Kalamukha, but was also influenced by Siva Siddhanta.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=152, 156-157, 172}}

The [[Nath]]-tradition is a subgroup of the [[Siddha]] tradition,{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=36}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2012}} and related to heterodox ascetic Shaivite traditions{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=308}} especially the [[Kapalika]]{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=36}}{{sfn|O'Brien-Kop|2022|p=1485}} and the [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]],{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=36}}

===Vedic-Puranic Shaivism===
Vedic-Puranic Shaivism is a householder lay religion,{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=154-155}} followed by the majority within Shaivism. They revere the Vedas and the Puranas and hold beliefs that span from dualistic theism, such as Shiva [[Bhakti]] (devotionalism), to monistic non-theism dedicated to yoga and a meditative lifestyle. This sometimes involves renouncing household life for monastic pursuits of spirituality.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=205–207, 215–221}}

In Vedic-Puranic Shaivism, Shiva is also called Mahadeva or Maheshvara and others" synonymously, and most worshipped in the form of the [[Linga]], while temples also feature the bull [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], the [[Trishula]] (trident), and anthropomorphic statues of Shiva, to help focus practices.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=215–217}}

===Atimarga===
The Atimarga branch of Shaivism emphasises liberation (salvation) – or the end of all [[Dukkha]] – as the primary goal of spiritual pursuits.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=664–665}} It was the path for Shaiva [[asceticism|ascetics]], in contrast to Shaiva householders whose path was described as Mantramarga and who sought both salvation as well as the yogi-siddhi powers and pleasures in life.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|p=664}} The Atimarga revered the [[Vedic]] sources of Shaivism, and sometimes referred to in ancient Indian texts as Raudra (from Vedic [[Rudra]]).<ref>Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 665–666, context: pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72.</ref>

The ''atimarga'' sub-traditions include Pashupatas and Lakula.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=660–704}}{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=206–207}}

====Pashupata====
[[File:Mahakuta Lakulisha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Lakulisha]] at Sangameshvara Temple at Mahakuta, Karnataka ([[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]], 7th century CE). His 5th–10th century ithyphallic statues{{refn|group=note|name="illpha_rep"}} are also found in seated yogi position in [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Packert Atherton|title=The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C|year=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10789-4|pages=92–97, 102–103|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402173857/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkxXK5wFob4C|archive-date=2 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

[[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] (IAST: ''{{IAST|Pāśupatas}}'') are the Shaivite sub-tradition with the oldest heritage, as evidenced by Indian texts dated to around the start of the common era such as the [[Shanti Parva]] book of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' epic.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=660–704}}{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=206–207}} It is a monist tradition, that considers Shiva to be within oneself, in every being and everything observed. The Pashupata path to liberation is one of [[asceticism]] that is traditionally restricted to Brahmin males.<ref>Sanderson, Alexis; "Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions." In The World's Religions, edited by S. Sutherland, L. Houlden, P. Clarke and F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1988), pp. 660–704. Reprinted in The World's Religions: The Religions of Asia, edited by F. Hardy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1990), pp. 128–72.</ref>{{refn|group=note|Pashupatas have both Vedic-Puranik and non-Puranik sub-traditions.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=206–207}}}} Pashupata theology, according to ''Shiva Sutras'', aims for a spiritual state of consciousness where the Pashupata yogi "abides in one's own unfettered nature", where the external rituals feel unnecessary, where every moment and every action becomes an internal vow, a spiritual ritual unto itself.{{sfn|Vasugupta|1992|pp=140–141}}

The Pashupatas derive their Sanskrit name from two words: Pashu (beast) and Pati (lord), where the chaotic and ignorant state, one imprisoned by bondage and assumptions, is conceptualised as the beast,<ref name=lochtefeld505/> and the Atman (Self, Shiva) that is present eternally everywhere as the Pati.{{sfn|Daniélou|1987|pp=120–123}} The tradition aims at realising the state of being one with Shiva within and everywhere. It has extensive literature,{{sfn|Daniélou|1987|pp=120–123}}{{sfn| Dasgupta|1955|pp=5-6}} and a fivefold path of spiritual practice that starts with external practices, evolving into internal practices and ultimately meditative yoga, with the aim of overcoming all suffering (Dukkha) and reaching the state of bliss (Ananda).{{sfn|Daniélou|1987|pp=124–129}}{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=31-38}}

The tradition is attributed to a sage from Gujarat named [[Lakulisha]] (~2nd century CE).<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA206|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|page=206|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330124702/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA206|archive-date=30 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He is the purported author of the ''[[Pashupata-sutra]]'', a foundational text of this tradition. Other texts include the [[bhasya]] (commentary) on ''Pashupata-sutra'' by Kaudinya, the ''Gaṇakārikā'', ''Pañchārtha bhāshyadipikā'' and ''Rāśikara-bhāshya''.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=664–665}} The Pashupatha monastic path was available to anyone of any age, but it required renunciation from four [[Ashrama (stage)]] into the fifth stage of ''Siddha-Ashrama''. The path started as a life near a Shiva temple and silent meditation, then a stage when the ascetic left the temple and did karma exchange (be cursed by others, but never curse back). He then moved to the third stage of life where he lived like a loner in a cave or abandoned places or Himalayan mountains, and towards the end of his life he moved to a cremation ground, surviving on little, peacefully awaiting his death.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=664–665}}

The Pashupatas have been particularly prominent in [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Kashmir]] and [[Nepal]]. The community is found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>See [[Alexis Sanderson]]'s ''Śaivism among the Khmers Part I'', pp. 349—462 in the ''Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient'' 90—91 (2003—2004).</ref> In the late medieval era, Pashupatas Shaiva ascetics became extinct.<ref name=lochtefeld505>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/505 505]|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316052117/https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|archive-date=16 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>For Pāśupata as an ascetic movement see: Michaels (2004), p. 62.</ref>

The tantric sub-tradition in this category is traceable to post-8th to post-11th century depending on the region of Indian subcontinent, paralleling the development of Buddhist and Jain tantra traditions in this period.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=208–209}}

====Lakula====
The lakula developed from the Pashupatas. Their fundamental text too was the Pashupata Sutras. They differed from Pashupata in that they departed radically from the Vedic teachings, respected no Vedic or social customs. He would walk around, for example, almost naked, drank liquor in public, and used a human skull as his begging bowl for food.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=665–666}} The Lakula Shaiva ascetic recognised no act nor words as forbidden, he freely did whatever he felt like, much like the classical depiction of his deity Rudra in ancient Hindu texts. However, according to Alexis Sanderson, the Lakula ascetic was strictly celibate and did not engage in sex.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=665–666}}

Secondary literature, such as those written by Kashmiri Ksemaraja, suggest that the Lakula had their canons on theology, rituals and literature on [[pramanas]] (epistemology). However, their primary texts are believed to be lost, and have not survived into the modern era.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=665–666}}

===Mantramarga===
{{multiple image
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| footer = The horizontal three ash lines ([[Tripundra]]) with a red mark on forehead is a revered mark across Shaiva traditions symbolising [[Om]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Deussen|first=Paul|title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA789|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7|pages=789–790|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313065543/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA789|archive-date=13 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004178960}}, pages 182-183</ref>
}}

"Mantramārga" ([[Sanskrit]]: मंत्रमार्ग, "the path of mantras") has been the Shaiva tradition for both householders and monks.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=663–670, 690–693}} It grew from the Atimarga tradition.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=667–668}} This tradition sought not just liberation from ''Dukkha'' (suffering, unsatisfactoriness), but special powers (''siddhi'') and pleasures (''bhoga''), both in this life and next.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=664, 667–668}} The ''siddhi'' were particularly the pursuit of ''Mantramarga'' monks, and it is this sub-tradition that experimented with a great diversity of rites, deities, rituals, yogic techniques and mantras.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=667–668}} These sub-traditions cherish secrecy, special symbolic formulae, initiation by a teacher and the pursuit of ''siddhi'' (special powers). Some of these traditions also incorporate theistic ideas, elaborate geometric yantra with embedded spiritual meaning, mantras and rituals.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=208–209}}{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=660–663, 681–690}}{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=17–18}}

Mantramārga grew to become a dominant form of Shaivism in this{{which?|date=March 2026}} period. It also spread outside of India into [[Southeast Asia]]'s [[Khmer Empire]], [[Java]], [[Bali]] and [[Chams|Cham]].<ref>Sanderson, Alexis; the Saiva Age, page 44.</ref>{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=171}}

The Mantramarga tradition created the [[Āgama (Hinduism)#Shaiva Agamas|Shaiva Agamas]] and Shaiva tantra (technique) texts. This literature presented new forms of ritual, yoga and mantra.<ref name="Flood, Gavin 2006. P.120">Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.120</ref> This literature was highly influential not just to Shaivism, but to all traditions of Hinduism, as well as to Buddhism and Jainism.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=662–663}} Mantramarga had both theistic and monistic themes, which co-evolved and influenced each other. The tantra texts reflect this, where the collection contains both dualistic and non-dualistic theologies. The theism in the tantra texts parallel those found in Vaishnavism and Shaktism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC&pg=PA173|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1261-1|pages=173–175|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402092411/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC&pg=PA173|archive-date=2 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=flood58>{{cite book|author=Gavin Flood|title=The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Uer8W670IoC|year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-011-6|pages=58–61|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814100801/http://books.google.com/books?id=1Uer8W670IoC|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Shaiva Siddhanta is a major sub-tradition that emphasised dualism during much of its history.<ref name=flood58/>

Shaivism has had strong nondualistic (advaita) sub-traditions.<ref name=reynolds243>{{cite book|author=John Myrdhin Reynolds|title=The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, First Dzogchen Master|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJbxvDZOZz8C&pg=PA243|year=1996|publisher=Shambhala|isbn=978-1-55939-868-8|pages=243–244|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324192511/https://books.google.com/books?id=SJbxvDZOZz8C&pg=PA243|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Braj B. Kachru|title=Kashmiri Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mAlg5qw130C&pg=PA10|year=1981|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02129-6|pages=10–11|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024449/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mAlg5qw130C&pg=PA10|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Its central premise has been that the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self) of every being is identical to Shiva, its various practices and pursuits directed at understanding and being one with the Shiva within. This monism is close but differs somewhat from the monism found in [[Advaita Vedanta]] of Adi Shankara. Unlike Shankara's Advaita, Shaivism monist schools consider [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] as Shakti, or energy and creative primordial power that explains and propels the existential diversity.<ref name=reynolds243/>

Srikantha, influenced by [[Ramanuja]], formulated Shaiva [[Vishishtadvaita]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Elaine Fisher|title=Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxsXvgAACAAJ |year=2017|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-52029-301-4|pages=11–12, 209–211 note 28}}</ref> In this theology, Atman (Self) is not identical with [[Brahman]], but shares with the Supreme all its qualities. [[Appayya Dikshita]] (1520–1592), an Advaita scholar, proposed pure monism, and his ideas influenced Shaiva in the [[Karnataka]] region. His Shaiva Advaita doctrine is inscribed on the walls of Kalakanthesvara temple in Adaiyappalam ([[Tiruvannamalai district]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Elaine Fisher|title=Hindu Pluralism: Religion and the Public Sphere in Early Modern South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxsXvgAACAAJ |year=2017|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-52029-301-4|pages=9–12, 220}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34628 A Topographical List Of The Inscriptions Of The Madras Presindency (collected Till 1915) With Notes And References Volume I], V. Rangacharya, Madras Government Press, pages 47–48</ref>

====Shaiva Siddhanta====
[[File:Thirumoolar Nayanar.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Tirumular]], the great Tamil Śaivasiddhānta poet and mystic saint (''siddha'').]]
[[File:Iraivan Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Saiva Siddhanta Church|Kauai Hindu monastery]] on [[Kauaʻi Island]] in Hawaii is the only Hindu Monastery(shaivaite) in the United States.]]

The [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Śaivasiddhānta]] ("the established doctrine of Shiva") is the earliest [[sampradaya]] (tradition, lineage) of Tantric Shaivism, dating from the 5th century.<ref name=flood58/><ref>Sanderson, Alexis; the Saiva Age, page 45.</ref> The tradition emphasises loving devotion to Shiva,{{sfn|Dhavamony|1971|pp=14–22, 257–258}} uses 5th to 9th-century Tamil hymns called ''[[Tirumurai]]''. A key philosophical text of this sub-tradition was composed by 13th-century [[Meykandar]].<ref name=britshaivasiddhanta/> This theology presents three universal realities: the ''pashu'' (individual Self), the ''pati'' (lord, Shiva), and the ''pasha'' (Self's bondage) through ignorance, [[karma]] and [[maya (illusion)|maya]]. The tradition teaches ethical living, service to the community and through one's work, loving worship, yoga practice and discipline, continuous learning and self-knowledge as means for liberating the individual Self from bondage.<ref name=britshaivasiddhanta>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shaiva-siddhanta Shaiva Siddhanta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318092809/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shaiva-siddhanta |date=18 March 2017 }}, Encyclopedia Britannica (2014)</ref>{{sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2004|pp=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC/page/n216 210]–217}}

The tradition may have originated in Kashmir where it developed a sophisticated theology propagated by theologians Sadyojoti, Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇakaṇṭha and his son Bhaṭṭa Rāmakaṇṭha (c. 950–1000).<ref name="Flood, Gavin 2003. pg. 210">{{harvnb|Flood|2003|pp=209–210}}</ref> However, after the arrival of Islamic rulers in north India, it thrived in the south.<ref name="Flood, Gavin 2006. P.34">Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. p. 34</ref> The philosophy of [[Shaiva Siddhanta]], is particularly popular in [[south India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name=arulsamy>S. Arulsamy, ''Saivism – A Perspective of Grace'', Sterling Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, 1987, pp.1</ref>

The historic Shaiva Siddhanta literature is an enormous body of texts.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=668–669}} The tradition includes both Shiva and Shakti (goddess), but with a growing emphasis on metaphysical abstraction.{{sfn| Sanderson|1988|pp=668–669}} Unlike the experimenters of Atimarga tradition and other sub-traditions of Mantramarga, states Sanderson, the Shaiva Siddhanta tradition had no ritual offering or consumption of "alcoholic drinks, blood or meat". Their practices focussed on abstract ideas of spirituality,{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|pp=668–669}} worship and loving devotion to Shiva as SadaShiva, and taught the authority of the Vedas and Shaiva Agamas.{{sfn|Hilko Wiardo Schomerus|2000|pp=1–7, 29–37, 44–49}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=375–376}} This tradition diversified in its ideas over time, with some of its scholars integrating a non-dualistic theology.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rohan A. Dunuwila|title=Śaiva Siddhānta Theology: A Context for Hindu-Christian Dialogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDsdAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-0-89581-675-7|pages=29–30, 66–73|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402091604/https://books.google.com/books?id=cDsdAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=2 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Tamil Shiva Siddhanta - Nayanars=====
[[File:Nayanars6.jpg|thumb|Nayanars Shaiva poet-saints are credited with [[Bhakti movement]] in Shaivism. It included three women saints, such as the 6th-century [[Karaikkal Ammaiyar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Julia Leslie |title=Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC&pg=PA196 |year=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1036-5 |pages=196–197 |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081519/https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC&pg=PA196 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
By the 7th century, the [[Nayanars]], a tradition of poet-saints in the bhakti tradition developed in ancient [[Tamilakam]] with a focus on Shiva, comparable to that of the Vaisnava Alvars.<ref>For the emergence of the Nayanars by the 7th century and comparison with [[Vishnu|Vaisnava]] [[Alvars]] see: Flood (1996), 131.</ref> The devotional [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poems of the Nayanars are divided into eleven collections together known as ''[[Tirumurai]]'', along with a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Purana]] called the ''[[Periya Puranam]]''. The first seven collections are known as the ''[[Tevaram]]'' and are regarded by Tamils as equivalent to the [[Vedas]].<ref>For eleven collections, with the first seven (the ''Thevaram'') regarded as Vedic, see: Tattwananda, p. 55.</ref> They were composed in the 7th century by [[Sambandar]], [[Appar]], and [[Sundarar]].<ref>For dating of Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar as 7th century see: Tattwananda, p. 55.</ref>

[[Thirumoolar|Tirumular]] (also spelled {{IAST|Tirumūlār}} or {{IAST|Tirumūlar}}), the author of the ''[[Tirumantiram]]'' (also spelled ''Tirumandiram'') is considered by Tattwananda to be the earliest exponent of Shaivism in Tamil areas.<ref>Tattwananda, p. 55.</ref> Tirumular is dated as 7th or 8th century by Maurice Winternitz.<ref>Winternitz, p. 588, note 1.</ref> The ''Tirumantiram'' is a primary source for the system of Shaiva Siddhanta, being the tenth book of its canon.<ref>For the Tirumantiram as the tenth book of the Shaiva Siddhanta canon see Brooks, Douglas Renfrew. "Auspicious Fragments and Uncertain Wisdom", in: Harper and Brown, p. 63.</ref> The ''[[Thiruvasakam|Tiruvacakam]]'' by [[Manikkavasagar|Manikkavacagar]] is an important collection of hymns.<ref>Tattwananda, p. 56.</ref>

====Kapalika====
The [[Kāpālika]] ([[Sanskrit]] : कापालिक){{sfn|Lorenzen|2023|p=13–24}} tradition was a [[Tantra|Tantric]], non-[[Puranic]] form of Shaivism which originated in [[medieval India]] between the 4th and 8th century CE.{{refn|<ref name="Törzsök 2020">{{cite book |author-last=Törzsök |author-first=Judit |year=2020 |chapter=Why Are the Skull-Bearers (Kāpālikas) Called Soma? |editor1-last=Goodall |editor1-first=Dominic |editor2-last=Hatley |editor2-first=Shaman |editor3-last=Isaacson |editor3-first=Harunaga |editor4-last=Raman |editor4-first=Srilata |title=Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions: Essays in Honour of Alexis G.J.S. Sanderson |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Gonda Indological Studies |volume=22 |pages=33–46 |doi=10.1163/9789004432802_004 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-43280-2 |issn=1382-3442}}</ref>{{sfn|Lorenzen|2020}}<ref name="Barrett 2008">{{cite book |last=Barrett |first=Ronald L. |year=2008 |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGFNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[London]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |edition=1st |pages=1–28 |isbn=9780520941014 |lccn=2007007627}}</ref>{{sfn|Urban|2007|p=106–133}}<ref name="Eliade 1958">{{cite book |author-last=Eliade |author-first=Mircea |author-link=Mircea Eliade |year=1969 |orig-year=1958 |chapter=Chapter VIII: Yoga and Aboriginal India — Aghorīs, Kāpālikas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-WvAvKOwc0C&pg=PA296 |title=Yoga: Immortality and Freedom |location=[[Bucharest]], [[Chicago]], and [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]/[[University of Bucharest]]/[[University of Chicago Press]] |series=[[Bollingen Foundation|Mythos: The Princeton/Bollingen Series in World Mythology]] |volume=LVI |pages=296–298 |isbn=9780691142036}}</ref><ref name="lochtefeld349">{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA349 |year=2001 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=349}}</ref><ref name="Flood2003">{{cite book|author=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99868-7|pages=212–213}}</ref>}} The word is derived from the Sanskrit term ''[[Kapala|kapāla]]'', meaning "skull", and ''kāpālika'' can be translated as the "skull-men" or "skull-bearers".{{refn|<ref name="Törzsök 2020"/>{{sfn|Lorenzen|2020}}<ref name="Barrett 2008"/>{{sfn|Urban|2007|p=106–133}}<ref name="Eliade 1958"/><ref name="lochtefeld349"/><ref name="Flood2003"/>}}

Today, the Kāpālika tradition survives within its Shaivite offshoots: the [[Aghori|Aghorī order]], [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaulā]], and [[Trika]] traditions.<ref name="Barrett 2008"/><ref name="Eliade 1958"/>

In later [[Hatha Yoga]], the Kaula visualization of [[kundalini]] rising through a system of [[chakra]]s is overlaid onto the earlier [[Bindu (symbol)|bindu]]-oriented system.<ref name="JM">{{harvnb|Mallinson|2011|pp=770, 774}}</ref>

=====Aghori=====
The Aghori (from {{langx|sa|अघोर|lit=not dreadful', 'dreadless}}, {{IAST3|aghora}}) are a Hindu [[Monasticism|monastic order]] of [[Asceticism|ascetic]] [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] [[sadhu]]s based in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Eliade 1958">{{cite book |author-last=Eliade |author-first=Mircea |author-link=Mircea Eliade |year=1969 |orig-date=1958 |chapter=Chapter VIII: Yoga and Aboriginal India — Aghorīs, Kāpālikas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-WvAvKOwc0C&pg=PA296 |title=Yoga: Immortality and Freedom |location=[[Bucharest]], [[Chicago]], and [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]/[[University of Bucharest]]/[[University of Chicago Press]] |series=[[Bollingen Foundation|Mythos: The Princeton/Bollingen Series in World Mythology]] |volume=LVI |pages=296–298 |isbn=9780691142036}}</ref> They are the only surviving sect derived from the ''[[Kapalika|Kāpālika]]'' tradition, a [[Tantra|Tantric]], non-[[Puranic]] form of [[Shaivism]] which originated in [[Medieval India]] between the 4th and 8th century CE.<ref name="Eliade 1958"/>{{sfn|Lorenzen|2020}}<ref name=Barrett2008>{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Ronald L.|title=Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India|chapter=Introduction|pages=1–28|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|year=2008|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGFNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|isbn=9780520941014}}</ref>{{sfn|Urban|2007|p=106–133}}<ref name=lochtefeld349>{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA349 |year=2001 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=349}}</ref>

Similarly to their Shaivite predecessors,<ref name="Eliade 1958"/> Aghoris usually engage in [[Post-mortem interval|post-mortem]] rituals, often dwell in [[charnel ground]]s, smear [[cremation]] ashes on their bodies,<ref name=Staff2014>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Westerners Flock to Join Indian Cannibal Sect|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=9 March 2014|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/westerners-flock-join-indian-cannibal-sect-1439533}}</ref> and use bones from human corpses for crafting ''[[Kapala|kapāla]]'' ([[skull cups]] which [[Shiva]] and other [[Hindu deities]] are often iconically depicted holding or using) and jewellery.{{sfn|Lorenzen|2020}}<ref name=Barrett2008/>{{sfn|Urban|2007|p=106–133}} They also practice post-mortem [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]], eating flesh from foraged human corpses, including those taken from [[Shmashana|cremation ghats]].<ref name=today>{{cite news|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/indian-doc-focuses-hindu-cannibal-sect-wbna9842124#.UsLVWdIW1A0|title=Indian doc focuses on Hindu cannibal sect|work=Today|date=27 October 2005|agency=[[The Associated Press]]|access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Their practices are sometimes considered contradictory to orthodox [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Lorenzen|2020}}<ref name=Barrett2008/>{{sfn|Urban|2007|p=106–133}}<ref>John Bowker, ''The Meanings of Death'', Cambridge University Press, p. 164.</ref> Many Aghori [[guru]]s command great reverence from rural populations and are widely referred to in [[Indian literature|medieval and modern works of Indian literature]], as they are supposed to possess healing powers gained through their intensely [[Hermit|eremitic]] rites and practices of [[renunciation]] and ''[[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tápasya]]''.{{sfn|Lorenzen|2020}}<ref name=Barrett2008/>{{sfn|Urban|2007|p=106–133}}

=====Kulamārga=====
The Kāpālika tradition gave rise to the [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kulamārga]], a subsect of Tantric Shaivism which preserves some of the distinctive features of the Kāpālika tradition.{{sfn|Sanderson|2012–2013|p=4-5, 11, 57}} Kaula developed into four main systems, known as the Four Transmissions,{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=681}}{{sfn|Sanderson|2012–2013|p=57–65}} namely eastern (''Pūrvāmnāya''; [[Trika]]-tradition, which developed into Kashmir Shaivism;{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=681}} goddess ''Kuleshvari''{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=681}}), northern (''Uttarāmnāya''; Mata and Krama tradition; goddess [[Kali]]{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=682}}), western (''Paścimāmnāya''; goddess ''[[Kubjika]]''), and southern (''Daksinamnaya''; goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Tripurasundari]]{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=688}}).{{efn|{{harvtxt|Sanderson|2012–2013|p=58}}: "...liturgical systems differentiated most obviously by the identity of the central deity. Thus in an early classification, seen in the Ciñciṇīmata, we are given accounts of four systems of Kaula teaching, called the Āmnāyas (‘Traditions’), assigned to the four directions, east (Pūrvāmnāya), north (Uttarāmnāya), west (Paścimāmnāya), and south (Dakṣiṇāmnāya), each with a distinctive pantheon of worship."}}

=====Trika and Kashmir Shaivism=====
{{Main|Trika|Kashmir Shaivism}}
[[File:Nandi, the Bull Mount of Shiva LACMA M.87.272.10.jpg|thumb|right|A 3rd century CE [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] statue from Kashmir.]]
[[File:Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981).jpg|thumb|right|{{Circa|8th–9th century CE}} [[Pandrethan Shiva Temple|Shiva Temple at Pandrethan]], Kashmir.]]

[[Kashmir Shaivism]] is an influential tradition within Shaivism that developed from the Trika school in Kashmir in the late 1st millennium CE and thrived in early centuries of the 2nd millennium, before the region was subjugated by the Islamic conquests from the [[Hindu Kush]] region.{{sfn|Singh|1989|p=ix–xiv}}{{efn|name="Singh_1989"}} The Kashmir Shaivism traditions contracted due to Islam except for their preservation by [[Kashmiri Pandits]].{{sfn|Lawrence|2012}}{{sfn|Brunn|2015|p=402–408}} The tradition experienced a [[Kashmir Shaivism#20th-century revival|revival]] in the 20th century due especially to influence of [[Lakshman Joo|Swami Lakshmanjoo]] and his students.{{sfn|Bäumer|Kumar|2011}}

Kashmir Shaivism has been a [[Nondualism|nondual]] school,{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|p=221 with footnote 500}}{{sfn|Sanderson|1995|pp=16-17}} and is distinct from the dualistic Shaiva Siddhānta tradition that also existed in medieval Kashmir.{{sfn|Flood|2006|p=61-66}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=164-167}}{{sfn|Lawrence|2012}} The 10th century scholar [[Utpaladeva]] and 11th century [[Abhinavagupta]] and [[Kshemaraja]], in their exegesis of Tantric scriptures, developed the [[Pratyabhijna]]-teaching, 'recognition of the essence, Shiva'.{{sfn|Singh|1982|p=3–5, 14–33}}{{sfn|Wallis|2013|p=Chapter 2, "Kashmir Shaivism"}} Their extensive texts established the Shaiva theology and philosophy in an [[advaita]] ([[monism]]) framework.{{sfn|Lawrence|2012}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=164-167}} The ''Siva Sutras'' of 9th century [[Vasugupta]] and his ideas about ''Spanda'' have also been influential to this and other Shaiva sub-traditions, but it is probable that much older Shaiva texts once existed.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=164-167}}{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=15–16, 43–45, 118}}

A notable feature of Kashmir Shaivism was its openness and integration of ideas from [[Shaktism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhism]].{{sfn|Lawrence|2012}} For example, one sub-tradition of Kashmir Shaivism adopts Goddess worship (Shaktism) by stating that the approach to god Shiva is through goddess Shakti. This tradition combined monistic ideas with tantric practices. Another idea of this school was ''Trika'', or modal triads of Shakti and cosmology as developed by [[Somananda]] in the early 10th century.{{sfn|Lawrence|2012}}{{sfn|Lawrence|2012}}{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=7–8, 17–32}}

Nondual (Kashmir Trika) Shaivism emphasises yoga as a practice beyond the ritual obligations, categorizing it into [[Trika#Four upayas|four upaya]]: ''anupaya'', the "non-means" or the pathless path; ''sambhavopaya'', related to [[Samskara (Indian philosophy)|desire or will]], "the sudden upsurge of emotion and instinct that shatters [[Prapanca|thought construction]]", which is ''[[nirvikalpa]]'', without thought-construction; ''saktopaya'', related to cognition (''jnana''), "focusing on a pure thought construction (''suddhavikalpa'') that corresponds to a true state of affairs, such as [[Nirvanashatkam|"I am Siva"]]; ''anavopaya'', individual means, related to ''kriya'', action, the devlopment of pure thoughts by eans of mantra, meditation on body-parts and the breath, and meditation on external objects.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=221–223}}

====Nath====
{{Main|Nath}}
[[File:Gorakshanath.jpg|thumb|right|[[Goraknath]] founded the Nath Shaiva monastic movement.]]

[[Nath]] is a subgroup of the [[Siddha]] tradition,{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=36}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2012}} and related to heterodox ascetic Shaivite traditions{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=308}} especially the [[Kapalika]]{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=36}}{{sfn|O'Brien-Kop|2022|p=1485}} and the [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]],{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=36}} but also the [[Pashupata]]{{sfn|O'Brien-Kop|2022|p=1485}} and the Saktas.{{sfn|O'Brien-Kop|2022|p=1485}} They emerged as a confederation of Shiva-devotees in the 12th and 13th century.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=308}}

The Nath consider Shiva as "Adinatha" or the first guru, and it has been a small but notable and influential movement in [[India]] whose devotees were called "Yogi" or "Jogi", given their monastic unconventional ways and emphasis on Yoga.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=169–170, 308}}<ref name="Natha">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Natha Natha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304121833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Natha |date=4 March 2017 }}, Encyclopedia Britannica (2007)</ref><ref name="Singleton2010p27">{{cite book|author=Mark Singleton|title=Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUgBIrn5REwC&pg=PA27|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-974598-2|pages=27–39|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304173842/https://books.google.com/books?id=tUgBIrn5REwC&pg=PA27|archive-date=4 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nath theology integrated elements from Yoga, shaivism, Tantra, [[Buddhism]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]]. Their unconventional ways challenged all orthodox premises, exploring dark and shunned practices of society as a means to understanding theology and gaining inner powers. The tradition traces itself to 9th or 10th century [[Matsyendranath]] and to ideas and organisation developed by [[Gorakshanath]].{{sfn|Mallinson|2012|pp=407–421}} They combined both theistic practices such as worshipping goddesses and their historic [[Guru]]s in temples, as well monistic goals of achieving liberation or ''[[Moksha|jivan-mukti]]'' while alive, by reaching the perfect (''siddha'') state of realising oneness of self and everything with Shiva.{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|2010|pp=36–38}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2012|pp=407–421}}

They formed monastic organisations,{{sfn|Mallinson|2012|pp=407–421}} and some of them metamorphosed into warrior ascetics to resist persecution during the Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=thapar165>{{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|title=Somanatha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA165|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-306468-8|pages=165–166|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317154632/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZZ8T8tZc4YC&pg=PA165|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|pp=99-104, 218}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lorenzen | first=David N. | title=Warrior Ascetics in Indian History | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=98 | issue=1 | pages=61–75 | year=1978 | doi=10.2307/600151 | jstor=600151 }}</ref>

The [[Inchegeri Sampradaya]], also known as Nimbargi Sampradaya, is a lineage of Hindu Navnath teachers from [[Maharashtra]] which was started by Shri Bhausaheb Maharaj.<ref name="ShantiKuteer">{{Cite web |url=http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi=21 |title=ShantiKuteer Ashram, ''Bhausaheb Maharaj'' |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020004254/http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi=21 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> It is inspired by [[Sant Mat]] teachers as [[Namdev]], [[Ravidas|Raidas]] and [[Kabir Das|Kabir]]. The Inchegeri Sampraday has become well-known through the popularity of [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]].

===Lingayatism===
{{Main|Lingayatism}}
[[File:Necklace with Shiva's Family LACMA M.85.140.jpg|thumb|right|A necklace with pendant containing linga symbol of Shiva are worn by Lingayats.<ref name=olson244>Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0813540689}}, pages 243–244</ref>]]
[[Lingayatism]], also known as Veera Shaivism is a distinct Shaivite religious tradition in [[India]].<ref name=britlingayat/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Aziz Ahmad|author2=Karigoudar Ishwaran|title=Contributions to Asian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5|year=1973|publisher=Brill Academic|page=5|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215003331/https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Aya Ikegame|title=Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA83|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-23909-0|page=83|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214234243/https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&pg=PA83|archive-date=14 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It was founded by the 12th-century philosopher and statesman [[Basava]] and spread by his followers, called [[Sharana]]s.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLs3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77 | title=Lingayat Religion – Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements, Jayant Lele | publisher=Brill Archive | access-date=22 May 2015| isbn=9004063706 | year=1981 }}</ref>

Lingayatism emphasises [[qualified monism]] and [[bhakti]] (loving devotion) to Shiva, with philosophical foundations similar to those of the 11th–12th-century South Indian philosopher [[Ramanuja]].<ref name=britlingayat/> Its worship is notable for the iconographic form of ''Ishtalinga'', which the adherents wear.<ref>Fredrick Bunce (2010), Hindu deities, demi-gods, godlings, demons, and heroes, {{ISBN|9788124601457}}, page 983</ref><ref name=janpeter>Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812383}}, pages 2–3</ref> Large communities of Lingayats are found in the south Indian state of Karnataka and nearby regions.<ref name=britlingayat>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lingayat Lingayat: Hindu sect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121919/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lingayat |date=2 February 2017 }}, Encyclopedia Britannica (2015)</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=David Levinson|author2=Karen Christensen|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUoOAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-0-684-80617-4|page=475|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214234047/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUoOAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 February 2017|url-status=live}}; Quote: "The Lingayats are a Hindu sect concentrated in the state of Karnataka (a southern provincial state of India), which covers 191,773 square kilometers. The Lingayats constitute around 20 percent of the total population in that state."</ref>{{sfn|A. K. Ramanujan|1973}} Lingayatism has its own theological literature with sophisticated theoretical sub-traditions.{{sfn|R. Blake Michael|1992|pp=168–175}}

They were influential in the Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]] that reversed the territorial gains of Muslim rulers, after the invasions of the Deccan region first by [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later other Sultanates. Lingayats consider their scripture to be ''[[Basava Purana]]'', which was completed in 1369 during the reign of Vijayanagara ruler [[Bukka Raya I]].<ref name="Rice1982p64">{{cite book|author=Edward P. Rice|title=A History of Kannada Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC&pg=PA64|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0063-8|pages=64–72|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215013237/https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC&pg=PA64|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bill Aitken|title=Divining the Deccan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564711-2|pages=109–110, 213–215|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215013220/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Lingayat (Veerashaiva) thinkers rejected the custodial hold of Brahmins over the [[Veda]]s and the [[shastra]]s, but they did not outright reject the Vedic knowledge.<ref name=leelaprasad>Leela Prasad (2012), Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231139212}}, page 104</ref><ref name=roghair7>{{harvnb|Velcheru Narayana Rao|Gene H. Roghair|2014|p=7}}</ref> The 13th-century Telugu Virashaiva poet [[Palkuriki Somanatha]], the author of the scripture of Lingayatism, for example asserted, "Virashaivism fully conformed to the [[Vedas]] and the shastras."<ref name=leelaprasad/><ref name=roghair7/>

==Texts==
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Shaiva manuscripts that have survived''' (post-8th century)
<poem>
Nepal and Himalayan region = 140,000
South India = 8,600
Others (Devanagiri) = 2,000
Bali and SE Asia = Many
</poem>
|source = —Alexis Sanderson, ''The Saiva Literature''<ref name=sanderson2014p1>Alexis Sanderson (2014), ''The Saiva Literature'', Journal of Indological Studies, Kyoto, Nos. 24 & 25, pages 1–113</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Sanderson | first=Alexis | title=The Impact of Inscriptions on the Interpretation of Early Śaiva Literature | journal=Indo-Iranian Journal | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | volume=56 | issue=3–4 | year=2013 | pages=211–244 | doi=10.1163/15728536-13560308 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
Over its history, Shaivism has been nurtured by numerous texts ranging from scriptures to theological treatises. These include the Vedas and Upanishads, the Agamas, considered superior to the Vedas,{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=158}} and the ''[[Bhasya]]''. According to Gavin Flood, Shaiva scholars developed a sophisticated theology, in its diverse traditions.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=223–224}} Among the notable and influential commentaries by ''dvaita'' (dualistic) theistic Shaivism scholars were the 8th century Sadyajoti, the 10th century Ramakantha, 11th century Bhojadeva.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=223–224}} The dualistic theology was challenged by the numerous scholars of ''advaita'' (nondualistic, monistic) Shaivism persuasion such as the 8th/9th century Vasugupta,{{refn|group=note|Vasugupta is claimed by two [[Advaita]] (Monistic) Shaivism sub-traditions to be their spiritual founder.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare|title=The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW6UtkgT-CcC&pg=PA3|year=2002|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1892-7|pages=1–4, 16–18|access-date=15 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315182555/https://books.google.com/books?id=GW6UtkgT-CcC&pg=PA3|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} the 10th century Abhinavagupta and 11th century Kshemaraja, particularly the scholars of the Pratyabhijna, Spanda and Kashmiri Shaivism schools of theologians.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=223-224}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark S. G. Dyczkowski|title=The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXn5n4gdfcIC|year=1987|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-431-9|pages=17–25|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041947/https://books.google.com/books?id=QXn5n4gdfcIC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Pathak|1960|pp= 11, 51-52}}

===Vedas and Principal Upanishads===
In Shaivism the Agamas are considered to be superior to the Vedas,{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=158}} incorporating the orthodox system as a lower level of understanding.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=158}} According to Dyczkowski, the Shaivites developed "a corpus of sacred Saiva literature — the Saivagamas — that considered itself to be independent of the authority of the Vedas and had nothing to do with the Epics or Puranas."{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=4}} The surviving Vedic literature can be traced to the 1st millennium BCE and earlier, while the surviving Agamas can be traced to 1st millennium of the common era.{{sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=31–34 with footnotes}} According to David Smith, "a key feature of the Tamil Saiva Siddhanta, one might almost say its defining feature, is the claim that its source lies in the Vedas as well as the Agamas, in what it calls the Vedagamas", noting that this claim to Vedic orthodoxy was an attempt to broaden it's appeal, while viewing "the Siddhanta as the essence of the Vedas".{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=116}} This school's view of the Saivagama's as the essence is reflected by Arulnanti, who states that the Agamas contain the essence of the Vedas and Vedanta.{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=116}} Likewise, Umapati states:
{{blockquote|The Veda is the cow, the true Agama its milk; the liturgical Tamil of the Four [Tamil poets] is the ghee churned therefrom.{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=116}}}}

The ''[[Shvetashvatara Upanishad|{{IAST|Śvetāśvatara}} Upanishad]]'' (400–200 BCE)<ref name="Flood 1996 p. 86">For dating to 400–200 BCE see: Flood (1996), p. 86.</ref> is the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism.{{refn|group=note|For {{IAST|Śvetāśvatara}} Upanishad as a systematic philosophy of Shaivism see: {{Harvnb|Chakravarti|1994|p=9}}.}}

===Shaiva minor Upanishads===
Shaivism-inspired scholars authored 14 Shiva-focussed Upanishads that are called the Shaiva Upanishads.<ref name=ayyangarminor2>{{cite book| last=Ayyangar| first = TRS| year=1953| title=Saiva Upanisads| publisher = Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007)|isbn= 978-0895819819}}</ref> These are considered part of 95 minor Upanishads in the [[Muktikā]] Upanishadic corpus of Hindu literature.<ref name=ayyangarminor2/><ref>Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736500}}, pages 60–88</ref> The earliest among these were likely composed in 1st millennium BCE, while the last ones in the late medieval era.<ref>{{cite book| last=Olivelle| first=Patrick| title=Upaniṣads| url=https://archive.org/details/earlyupanishadsa00oliv| url-access=limited| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1998| isbn=978-0192835765| pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlyupanishadsa00oliv/page/n33 11]–14}}</ref>

The Shaiva Upanishads present diverse ideas, ranging from [[bhakti]]-style theistic dualism themes to a synthesis of Shaiva ideas with Advaitic (nondualism), Yoga, Vaishnava and Shakti themes.<ref name=pdeussen247268>{{cite book|last=Deussen|first=Paul|title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PA247|year=1997|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|isbn=978-8120814677|pages=247–268 with footnotes|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802053259/https://books.google.com/books?id=8mSpQo9q-tIC&pg=PA247|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Shaivism Upanishads
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=200px style="background: #ffad66;" | Shaiva Upanishad
| width= 60px | Composition date
| width= 240px | Topics
| width=40px | Reference
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Kaivalya Upanishad]]''
| 1st millennium BCE
| Shiva, Atman, Brahman, [[Sannyasa]], Self-knowledge
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Deussen|first=Paul|title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120814677|pages=791–794|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024020/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Chester G Starr (1991), A History of the Ancient World, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195066289}}, page 168</ref><ref name=peterheehs85>Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814736500}}, pages 85–86</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Atharvashiras Upanishad]]''
| 1st millennium BCE
| Rudra, Atman, Brahman, Om, monism
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Deussen|first=Paul|title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120814677|pages=773–777|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024020/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Ignatius Viyagappa (1980), G.W.F. Hegel's Concept of Indian Philosophy, Gregorian University Press, {{ISBN|978-8876524813}}, pages 24-25</ref><ref>H Glasenapp (1974), Die Philosophie der Inder, Kröner, {{ISBN|978-3520195036}}, pages 259–260</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Atharvashikha Upanishad]]''
| 1st millennium BCE
| Shiva, Om, Brahman, chanting, meditation
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Deussen|first=Paul|title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120814677|pages=779–782|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024020/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Brihajjabala Upanishad]]''
| Late medieval, post-12th century
| Shiva, sacred ash, prayer beads, [[Tripundra]] tilaka
|<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brihajjabala.pdf|title= बृहज्जाबालोपनिषत् (Brihat-Jabala Upanishad)|language= sa|last= Hattangadi|first= Sunder|year= 2000|access-date= 13 March 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170722075721/http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/brihajjabala.pdf|archive-date= 22 July 2017|url-status= live}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Kalagni Rudra Upanishad]]''
| Unknown
| Meaning of Tripundra (three lines tilaka), Ritual Shaivism
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Deussen|first=Paul|title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-8120814677|pages=789–790|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024020/https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994a|p=274-286}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Dakshinamurti Upanishad]]''
| Unknown
| Dakshinamurti as an aspect of Shiva, Atman, monism
|<ref>{{cite book| title=Dakshinamurti stotra of Sri Sankaracharya and Dakshinamurti Upanishad with Sri Sureswaracharya's Manasollasa and Pranava Vartika| author=AM Sastri| year=2001| publisher=Samata (Original: 1920)| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfwZAAAAMAAJ| isbn=978-8185208091| oclc=604013222| pages=153–158| access-date=13 March 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313134512/https://books.google.com/books?id=bfwZAAAAMAAJ| archive-date=13 March 2017| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Sharabha Upanishad]]''
| Unknown
| Shiva as Sharabha
|<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/sharabha.html?lang=sa|title= शरभोपनिषत् (Sharabha Upanishad)|language= sa|last= Hattangadi|first= Sunder|year= 2000|access-date= 13 March 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170530144713/http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/sharabha.html?lang=sa|archive-date= 30 May 2017|url-status= live}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Akshamalika Upanishad]]''
| Late medieval, post-12th century CE
| Rosary, japa, mantras, Om, Shiva, symbolism in Shaivism iconography
|<ref>{{cite book|first = Guy| last= Beck| year= 1995|title= Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 978-8120812611|pages=133–134, 201–202}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Rudrahridaya Upanishad]]''
| Unknown
| Rudra-Uma, Male-Female are inseparable, nondualism
|<ref>{{cite book| last=Ayyangar| first = TRS| year=1953| title=Saiva Upanisads| publisher = Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007)|isbn= 978-0895819819|pages= 193–199}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Bhasmajabala Upanishad]]''
| Late medieval, post-12th century
| Shiva, sacred ash, body art, iconography, why rituals and [[Varanasi]] are important
|<ref>{{cite book| last=Ayyangar| first = TRS| year=1953| title=Saiva Upanisads| publisher = Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007)|isbn= 978-0895819819|pages= 165–192}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Klaus K.|last= Klostermaier|title=Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India|year= 1984|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-88920-158-3|pages=134, 371}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Rudrakshajabala Upanishad]]''
| After the 10th century
| Shiva, Bhairava, Rudraksha beads and mantra recitation
|<ref name="ayyangarminor2"/>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Ganapati Upanishad]]''
| 16th or 17th century
| Ganesha, Shiva, Brahman, Atman, Om, Satcitananda
|{{Sfn|Grimes|1995|p=21-29}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Pancabrahma Upanishad]]''
| About 7th century CE
| Shiva, Sadashiva, nondualism, [[Soham (Sanskrit)|So'ham]], Atman, Brahman, self-knowledge
|<ref>{{cite book| last=Ayyangar| first = TRS| year=1953| title=Saiva Upanisads| publisher = Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007)|isbn= 978-0895819819|pages= 110–114}}</ref>{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994a|p=187-188}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| ''[[Jabali Upanishad]]''
| unknown
| Shiva, Pashupata theology, significance of ash and body art
|<ref>{{cite book|last= Sastri |first=AM |title=The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin |oclc= 863321204 |year=1950 |publisher=The Adyar Library, Madras|isbn= 81-85141029}}</ref>
|}

===Shaiva Agamas===
The Agama texts of Shaivism are the most important texts of Shaivism.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=158}}{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=116}}{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=4}}{{sfn|Lipner|2004|p=27–28}} These texts include Shaiva [[cosmology]], epistemology, philosophical doctrines, precepts on meditation and practices, four kinds of yoga, mantras, meanings and manuals for Shaiva temples, and other elements of practice.<ref name=Grimes>Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3068-2}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5p0ev3nJEC pages 16–17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307061636/https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5p0ev3nJEC |date=7 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue, Rodopi, {{ISBN|978-90-420-1510-4}}, pages 54–56</ref> These canonical texts exist in [[Sanskrit]]<ref name=Grimes/> and in south Indian languages such as [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>Indira Peterson (1992), Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0784-6}}, pages 11–18</ref>

The Agamas present a diverse range of philosophies, ranging from [[theistic dualism]] to absolute [[monism]].<ref>DS Sharma (1990), The Philosophy of Sadhana, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-0347-1}}, pages 9–14</ref><ref name=richdavis167>Richard Davis (2014), Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-60308-7}}, page 167 note 21, Quote (page 13): "Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important."</ref> In Shaivism, there are ten dualistic ([[dvaita]]) Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism ([[bhedabheda]]) Agama texts and sixty four monism ([[advaita]]) Agama texts.{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=43–44}} The Bhairava Shastras are monistic, while Shiva Shastras are dualistic.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162–167}}<ref>JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0407-4}}, pages 252, 259</ref>

The Agama texts of Shaiva and Vaishnava schools are premised on existence of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self) and the existence of an Ultimate Reality, Shiva.<ref name=ganeshtagare/> The texts differ in the relation between the two. Some assert the dualistic philosophy of the individual Self and Ultimate Reality being different, while others state a Oneness between the two.<ref name=ganeshtagare/> Kashmir Shaiva Agamas posit absolute oneness, that is God (Shiva) is within man, God is within every being, God is present everywhere in the world including all non-living beings, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and God.<ref name="ganeshtagare"/> While Agamas present diverse theology, in terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Dhavamony, has been acceptable to the Shaivas.{{sfn|Dhavamony|1999|p=31–34 with footnotes}}

==Influence==
Shiva is a pan-Hindu god and Shaivism ideas on [[Yoga]] and as the god of performance arts ([[Nataraja]]) have been influential on all traditions of Hinduism.

Shaivism was highly influential in southeast Asia from the late 6th century onwards, particularly the Khmer and Cham kingdoms of Indochina, and across the major islands of Indonesia such as Sumatra, Java and Bali.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=44–45 with footnotes}} This influence on classical [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Thailand]] continued when Mahayana Buddhism arrived with the same Indians.{{sfn|Chakravarti|1986|p=171}}<ref name="Subramanian1989">{{cite book|author=K. R. Subramanian|title=Buddhist Remains in Āndhra and the History of Āndhra Between 225 & 610 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&pg=PA140|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0444-5|pages=140–|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315005522/https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&pg=PA140|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Shaivism of Indonesia, the popular name for Shiva has been ''Bhattara Guru'', which is derived from Sanskrit ''Bhattaraka'' which means "noble lord".<ref>R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552</ref> He is conceptualised as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all [[Guru]]s in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 130–131, 550–552</ref> However, the Bhattara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Bhattara Guru's wife in southeast Asia is the same Hindu deity Durga, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualised with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others.<ref>Hariani Santiko (1997), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725 The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214426/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178725 |date=22 August 2018 }}, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226</ref><ref name=ghose15>R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 15–17</ref> Shiva has been called Sadasiva, Paramasiva, Mahadeva in benevolent forms, and Kala, Bhairava, Mahakala in his fierce forms.<ref name=ghose15/> The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivism traditions found on the subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of Shaiva Siddhanta (locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).<ref>R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 155–157, 462–463</ref>

As [[Bhakti movement]] ideas spread in South India, Shaivite devotionalism became a potent movement in [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Shaivism was adopted by several ruling Hindu dynasties as the state religion (though other Hindu traditions, Buddhism and Jainism continued in parallel), including the [[Chola]], [[Nayakas of Keladi|Nayaks]]([[Veerashaiva|lingayats]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzMrL1BVKTMC&q=nayaks%20veerashaiva%20by%20faith |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 14: Mysore |date=1974 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Rajput]]s. A similar trend was witnessed in early medieval Indonesia with the [[Majapahit]] empire and pre-Islamic [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]].<ref>Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. "A Historical Sketch of Saivism", in: Bhattacharyya (1956), Volume IV pages 63 -78.</ref><ref>For more on the subject of Shaivite influence on Indonesia, one could read N.J.Krom, Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst/Introduction to Hindu-Javanese Art, The Hague, Martinus Nijhof, 1923</ref> In the Himalayan Hindu kingdom of Nepal, Shaivism remained a popular form of Hinduism and co-evolved with Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism.

[[File:God marriage AS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A seated [[Ardhanarishvara]] symbolically presenting the feminine Shakti as inseparable part of masculine Shiva.]]

==Relation with other Indian traditions==
Shaivism sub-traditions subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. These traditions compare with Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of Shaivism with other traditions
|-
! !! style="background: #ffcc99;" |Shaiva Traditions !! Vaishnava Traditions !! Shakta Traditions !! Smarta Traditions || References
|-
|Scriptural authority || Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas || Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas || Vedas and Upanishads ||Vedas and Upanishads ||{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=474}}<ref name="Dhavamony1999p33">{{cite book |author=Mariasusai Dhavamony |title=Hindu Spirituality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC |date=1999 |publisher=Gregorian Press |isbn=978-88-7652-818-7 |pages=32–34 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229001010/https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC |archive-date=29 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Supreme deity || Shiva || Vishnu || Devi || None (Considers [[Parabrahman]] to be so) ||<ref name="JanGondaVandS">{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title=Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HGXjgEACAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4742-8080-8|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230205427/https://books.google.com/books?id=4HGXjgEACAAJ|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Christopher Partridge |title=Introduction to World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3 |pages=182 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230205429/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ |archive-date=30 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Creator || Shiva || Vishnu || Devi || Brahman ||<ref name="JanGondaVandS"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Sanjukta Gupta|title=Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AFxluCHsoAC|date=1 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-15774-7|pages=65–71|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230205437/https://books.google.com/books?id=4AFxluCHsoAC|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Avatar]] || Minor || Key concept || Significant || Minor ||{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=474}}<ref name=laiengavatar>{{cite book |author=Lai Ah Eng |title=Religious Diversity in Singapore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-754-5 |pages=221 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503015405/https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C |archive-date=3 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dhavamony2002p63">{{cite book |author=Mariasusai Dhavamony |title=Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC |year=2002 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=90-420-1510-1 |pages=63 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207085011/https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC |archive-date=7 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sannyasa|Monastic]] life || Recommends ||Accepts || Accepts || Recommends ||{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=474}}<ref>Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0812692983}}, page 332 with note 68</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1992|title= The Samnyasa Upanisads|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0195070453| pages=4–18}}</ref>
|-
|Rituals, [[Bhakti]] || Affirms{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162–167}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaivas|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/shaiv.html|website=Overview Of World Religions|publisher=Philtar|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222015505/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/shaiv.html|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Munavalli|first1=Somashekar|title=Lingayat Dharma (Veerashaiva Religion)|date=2007|publisher=Veerashaiva Samaja of North America|page=83|url=http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626074912/http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Affirms || Affirms || Optional<ref>{{cite book|author=Prem Prakash|title=The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oA7BLTFoOicC|year=1998|publisher=Inner Traditions|isbn=978-0-89281-664-4|pages=56–57|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223072138/https://books.google.com/books?id=oA7BLTFoOicC|archive-date=23 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ||<ref>{{cite journal | last=Frazier | first=J. | title=Bhakti in Hindu Cultures | journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=6 | issue=2 | year=2013 | pages=101–113 | doi=10.1093/jhs/hit028}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ahimsa]] and [[Vegetarianism]]|| Recommends,{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162–167}} Optional|| Affirms || Optional || Recommends ||<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lisa Kemmerer |author2=Anthony J. Nocella |title=Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq70lgRwlRQC |year=2011 |publisher=Lantern |isbn=978-1-59056-281-9 |pages=27–36 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227015011/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq70lgRwlRQC |archive-date=27 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Frederick J. Simoons |title=Plants of Life, Plants of Death |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC |year=1998 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-15904-7 |pages=182–183 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207073745/https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC |archive-date=7 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Free will]], [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]], [[Karma]] || Affirms || Affirms || Affirms || Affirms ||<ref name="JanGondaVandS"/>
|-
|[[Metaphysics]]|| [[Brahman]] (Shiva), [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self) || Brahman (Vishnu), Atman || Brahman (Devi), Atman || Brahman, Atman ||<ref name="JanGondaVandS"/>
|-
|[[Epistemology]] ([[Pramana]]) || 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony 4. Self-evident<ref>{{cite book |author=K. Sivaraman |title=Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C |year=1973 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1771-5 |pages=336–340 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228181231/https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C |archive-date=28 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>|| 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony || 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony || 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Comparison and analogy 4. Postulation, derivation 5. Negative/cognitive proof 6. Reliable testimony ||<ref>John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791430675}}, page 238</ref>{{Sfn|Flood|1996|pp=225}}<ref>Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0815336112}}, pages 245–248</ref>
|-
|[[Philosophy]]||Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita || Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita|| Shakti-advaita || Advaita, qualified advaita ||<ref>{{cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534713-5 |pages=89–91 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104022224/https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC |archive-date=4 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Matthew James Clark|title=The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-15211-3|pages=177–225|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230094518/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Liberation ([[Soteriology]]) || Jivanmukta, [[Karma|Charya]]-[[Kriyā]]-[[Yoga]]-[[Jnana]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hurley|first1=Leigh|last2=Hurley|first2=Phillip|title=Tantra, Yoga of Ecstasy: the Sadhaka's Guide to Kundalinin and the Left-Hand Path|date=2012|publisher=Maithuna Publications|isbn=9780983784722|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0983784728}}</ref> || Videhamukti, Yoga, champions householder life|| Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga || Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga, champions monastic life ||<ref name="Kim Skoog 1996 63–84, 236–239">{{cite book |author=Kim Skoog |editor1=Andrew O. Fort |editor2=Patricia Y. Mumme |title=Living Liberation in Hindu Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1EZjyLbxYAC |date=1996 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2706-4 |pages=63–84, 236–239 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225072647/https://books.google.com/books?id=U1EZjyLbxYAC |archive-date=25 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Rajendra Prasad |title=A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC |year=2008 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-8069-544-5 |pages=375 |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229161604/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC |archive-date=29 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Shaktism===
The goddess tradition of Hinduism called [[Shaktism]] is closely related to Shaivism. In many regions of India, not only did the ideas of Shaivism influence the evolution of Shaktism, but Shaivism also itself was influenced by it and progressively subsumed the reverence for the divine feminine (Devi) as an equal and essential partner of divine masculine (Shiva).{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=45–52 with footnotes}} The goddess Shakti in eastern states of India is considered the inseparable partner of God Shiva. According to Galvin Flood, the closeness between Shaivism and Shaktism traditions is such that these traditions of Hinduism are at times difficult to separate.<ref name=flood200shakti/> Some Shaiva worship in Shiva and Shakti temples.{{sfn|Flood|2003|pp=202–204}}

===Smarta Tradition===
Shiva is a part of the [[Smarta Tradition]], sometimes referred to as Smartism, which is a tradition within Hinduism.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60">{{cite book|author=Gudrun Bühnemann|author-link=Gudrun Bühnemann|title=Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60|year=2003|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-9004129023|page=60|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143322/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Smartas are associated with the [[Advaita Vedanta]] theology, and their practices include the [[Panchayatana puja]], a ritual that incorporates simultaneous reverence for five deities: Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Devi and Ganesha. The Smartas thus accept the primary deity of Shaivism as a means to their spiritual goals.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp= 17}}

Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasises that all idols ([[murti]]) are icons of ''saguna'' [[Brahman]], a means to realising the abstract Ultimate Reality called nirguna Brahman. The five or six icons are seen by [[Smartas]] as multiple representations of the one [[Saguna Brahman]] (i.e., a personal God with form), rather than as distinct beings.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=17}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|title=Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC|year=1998|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11265-9|page=49|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225230234/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC|archive-date=25 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, then follow a philosophical and meditative path to understanding the oneness of Atman (Self) and Brahman (metaphysical Ultimate Reality) – as "That art Thou".<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/><ref name="lexicon">[https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects The Four Denominations of Hinduism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328151222/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects |date=28 March 2017 }}, Basics of Hinduism, Kauai Hindu Monastery</ref><ref name="Harle1994p141">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent| url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/140 140]–142, 191, 201–203}}</ref>

Panchayatana puja that incorporates Shiva became popular in medieval India and is attributed to 8th century [[Adi Shankara]],<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60"/><ref name="lexicon"/> but archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the [[Gupta Empire]] period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometres from [[Ajmer]]) has been dated to belong to the [[Kushan Empire]] era (pre-300 CE).<ref name="Williams1981p2">{{cite book|author=Frederick Asher|editor=Joanna Gottfried Williams|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ|year=1981|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-06498-2|pages=1–4|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205102943/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE commonly embedded the ''pancayatana'' architecture, from [[Odisha]] to [[Karnataka]] to [[Kashmir]]. Large temples often present multiple deities in the same temple complex, while some explicitly include dual representations of deities such as [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu).<ref name="Harle1994p141"/>

===Vaishnavism===
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| caption1 =
| image2 = Lingas on two sides of a large river rock. (3746582014).jpg
| width2 = 170
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| footer = Shaivism iconography in [[Cambodia]], at [[Kbal Spean]] river site. As in India, the site also co-features Vaishnavism-related iconography.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Anupa Pande|author2=Parul Pandya Dhar|title=Cultural Interface of India with Asia: Religion, Art and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvxtAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=National Museum Institute|isbn=978-81-246-0262-1|pages=159 with note 13|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327011608/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvxtAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=27 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
Vaishnava texts reverentially mention Shiva. For example, the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' primarily focuses on the theology of Hindu god [[Vishnu]] and his [[avatar]]s such as [[Krishna]], but it praises [[Brahma]] and Shiva and asserts that they are one with Vishnu.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=246, 248 with footnote 501}} The Vishnu Sahasranama in the ''Mahabharata'' list a thousand attributes and epithets of Vishnu. The list identifies Shiva with Vishnu.{{sfn|Lipner|2012|pp=319–320}}

Reverential inclusion of Shaiva ideas and iconography are very common in major Vaishnava temples, such as Dakshinamurti symbolism of Shaiva thought is often enshrined on the southern wall of the main temple of major Vaishnava temples in peninsular India.{{sfn|Stella Kramrisch|1993|p=57}} [[Harihara]] temples in and outside the Indian subcontinent have historically combined Shiva and Vishnu, such as at the Lingaraj Mahaprabhu temple in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. According to Julius Lipner, Vaishnavism traditions such as [[Sri Vaishnavism]] embrace Shiva, Ganesha and others, not as distinct deities of polytheism, but as polymorphic manifestation of the same supreme divine principle, providing the devotee a polycentric access to the spiritual.{{sfn|Lipner|2012|pp=312–313, 315–317, 374–375}}

Similarly, Shaiva traditions have reverentially embraced other gods and goddesses as manifestation of the same divine.{{sfn|Lipner|2012|pp=319–333}} The ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', for example in section 6.254.100 states, "He who is Shiva is Vishnu, he who is Vishnu is Sadashiva."{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994a|p=438}}

===Sauraism (Sun deity)===
The sun god called ''[[Surya]]'' is an ancient deity of Hinduism, and several ancient Hindu kingdoms particularly in the northwest and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent revered Surya. These devotees called Sauras once had a large corpus of theological texts, and Shaivism literature reverentially acknowledges these.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=53–58 with footnotes}} For example, the Shaiva text ''Srikanthiyasamhita'' mentions 85 Saura texts, almost all of which are believed to have been lost during the Islamic invasion and rule period, except for large excerpts found embedded in Shaiva manuscripts discovered in the Himalayan mountains. Shaivism incorporated Saura ideas, and the surviving Saura manuscripts such as ''Saurasamhita'' acknowledge the influence of Shaivism, according to Alexis Sanderson, assigning "itself to the canon of Shaiva text ''Vathula-Kalottara''.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=53–58 with footnotes}}

===Yoga movements===
[[File:Shiva Bijapur.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Many Shaiva temples present Shiva in yoga pose.]]

Yoga and meditation have been an integral part of Shaivism, and it has been a major innovator of techniques such as those of Hatha Yoga.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mikel Burley |author-link=Mikel Burley |title=Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1706-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl/page/6 6]–12, 59}}</ref><ref>Alexis Sanderson (1999), [http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_yoga_of_mrgendra.pdf YOGA IN ŚAIVISM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019164616/http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_yoga_of_mrgendra.pdf |date=19 October 2016 }}, Oxford University, pages 1-7</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Paul E Muller-Ortega |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen |title=Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPK2spNnwm4C&pg=PA181 |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3232-9 |pages=181–192 |access-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402173924/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPK2spNnwm4C&pg=PA181|archive-date=2 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Many major Shiva temples and Shaiva ''tritha'' (pilgrimage) centres, as well as Shaiva texts, depict anthropomorphic iconography of Shiva as a giant statue wherein Shiva is a lone yogi meditating.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lise McKean|title=Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC&pg=PA161|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56009-0|pages=161–163|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315005243/https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC&pg=PA161|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Indira Viswanathan Peterson|2014|pp=96-97}}

In several Shaiva traditions such as the Kashmir Shaivism, anyone who seeks personal understanding and spiritual growth has been called a [[Yogi]]. The ''[[Shiva Sutras]]'' (aphorisms) of Shaivism teach yoga in many forms. According to [[Mark Dyczkowski]], yoga – which literally means "to yoke", that is, to control oneself, but is also popularly understood as "union" – to this tradition has meant the "realisation of our true inherent nature which is inherently greater than our thoughts can ever conceive", and that the goal of yoga is to be the "free, eternal, blissful, perfect, infinite spiritually conscious" one is.{{sfn|Vasugupta|1992|pp=7–8}}

Many Yoga-emphasising Shaiva traditions emerged in medieval India, who refined yoga methods in ways such as introducing [[Hatha Yoga]] techniques. One such movement had been the ''[[Nath]]'' Yogis, a Shaivism sub-tradition that integrated "[[Tantra|esoteric traditions]] drawn from [[Buddhism]], Shaivism, and Hatha Yoga,"<ref name="Natha"/> and influenced 18th century [[Advaita Vedanta]].<ref name="Singleton2010p27"/> It was founded by [[Matsyendranath]] and further developed by [[Gorakshanath]].<ref name="Natha"/><ref name="Singleton2010p27"/><ref>[http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17972/1/Nath%20Sampradaya.FP.pdf Nath Sampradaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517022952/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17972/1/Nath%20Sampradaya.FP.pdf |date=17 May 2017 }}, James Mallinson (2011), Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3, Brill Academic, pp. 407–428.</ref> The texts of these Yoga emphasising Hindu traditions present their ideas in Shaiva context.{{refn|group=note|For example:
{{Blockquote|
<poem>
[It will] be impossible to accomplish one's functions unless one is a master of oneself.
Therefore strive for self-mastery, seeking to win the way upwards.
To have self-mastery is to be a yogin (yogitvam). [v. 1–2]
[...]
Whatever reality he reaches through the Yoga whose sequence I have just explained,
he realizes there a state of consciousness whose object is all that pervades.
Leaving aside what remains outside he should use his vision to penetrate all [within].
Then once he has transcended all lower realities, he should seek the Shiva level. [v. 51–53]
[...]
How can a person whose awareness is overwhelmed by sensual experience stabilize his mind?
Answer: Shiva did not teach this discipline (sādhanam) for individuals who are not [already] disaffected. [v. 56–57]
[...]
</poem>
|Bhatta Narayanakantha, ''Mrigendratantra'' (paraphrased)|Transl: Alexis Sanderson<ref>Alexis Sanderson (1999), Yoga in Śaivism: The Yoga Section of the Mṛgendratantra, University of Oxford, pages 4, 22–25</ref>}}}}

[[File:2017 Nataraja Shiva at Badami Hindu temple, Sculpture de Siva.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|Dancing Shiva Nataraja at the 6th century Badami cave temples.]]

===Hindu performance arts===
Shiva is the lord of dance and dramatic arts in Hinduism.<ref name=panthey1987>{{cite book|author=Saroj Panthey|title=Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUBXNueBQo0C|year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-016-1|pages=59–60, 88|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083742/https://books.google.com/books?id=GUBXNueBQo0C|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=rao227>{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=223–229, 237|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315012920/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24548 Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215105555/http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24548 |date=15 February 2017 }} The Art Institute of Chicago, United States</ref> This is celebrated in Shaiva temples as [[Nataraja]], which typically shows Shiva dancing in one of the poses in the ancient Hindu text on performance arts called the ''[[Natya Shastra]]''.<ref name=rao227/><ref>{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0877-5|pages=236–238, 247–258|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315012920/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Gomathi Narayanan (1986), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874102 SHIVA NATARAJA AS A SYMBOL OF PARADOX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928115107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874102 |date=28 September 2018 }}, Journal of South Asian Literature, Vol. 21, No. 2, page 215</ref>

Dancing Shiva as a metaphor for celebrating life and arts is very common in ancient and medieval Hindu temples. For example, it is found in [[Badami cave temples]], [[Ellora Caves]], [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], [[Chidambaram]] and others. The Shaiva link to the performance arts is celebrated in [[Indian classical dance]]s such as [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Chhau dance|Chhau]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|title=Indian Art in Detail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JR1rj6wxlo8C|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02691-9|page=28|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315005404/https://books.google.com/books?id=JR1rj6wxlo8C|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Smith|title=The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&pg=PA1|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52865-8|pages=1–2|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315005506/https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&pg=PA1|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Burch Brown|title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkvSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA489|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517667-4|pages=489–490|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315013021/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkvSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA489|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Buddhism===
Buddhism and Shaivism have interacted and influenced each other since ancient times in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Their Siddhas and esoteric traditions, in particular, have overlapped to an extent where Buddhists and Hindus worshipped in the same temple such as in the [[Seto Machindranath]]. In southeast Asia, the two traditions were not presented in competitive or polemical terms, rather as two alternate paths that lead to the same goals of liberation, with theologians disagreeing which of these is faster and simpler.<ref>{{cite book|author1= Anita M. Leopold|author2= Jeppe Sinding Jensen|title= Syncretism in Religion: A Reader|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WvYQAQAAIAAJ|year= 2005|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-0-415-97361-8|page= 303|access-date= 19 March 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170320062633/https://books.google.com/books?id=WvYQAQAAIAAJ|archive-date= 20 March 2017|url-status= live}}</ref> Scholars disagree whether a syncretic tradition emerged from Buddhism and Shaivism, or it was a coalition with free borrowing of ideas, but they agree that the two traditions co-existed peacefully.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicholas Tarling|author-link=Nicholas Tarling|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0b-6wpalR40C&pg=PA328|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66369-4|pages=328–329|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053242/https://books.google.com/books?id=0b-6wpalR40C&pg=PA328|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The earliest evidence of a close relationship between Shaivism and Buddhism comes from the archaeological sites and damaged sculptures from the northwest Indian subcontinent, such as Gandhara. These are dated to about the 1st-century CE, with Shiva depicted in Buddhist arts.<ref name="Blurton1993p84"/>{{refn|group=note|Some images show proto-Vishnu images.<ref name="Blurton1993p84">{{cite book|author=T. Richard Blurton|title=Hindu Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC|year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5|pages=84–85, 191|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630131216/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The Buddhist Avalokiteshvara is linked to Shiva in many of these arts,<ref name="Blurton1993p30">{{cite book|author=T. Richard Blurton|title=Hindu Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC|year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5|pages=29–30, 84–85|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630131216/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> but in others Shiva is linked to Bodhisattva Maitreya with him shown as carrying his own water pot like Vedic priests.<ref name="Blurton1993p84"/> According to Richard Blurton, the ancient works show that the Bodhisattva of Compassion in Buddhism has many features in common with Shiva in Shaivism.<ref name="Blurton1993p30"/> The Shaiva Hindu and Buddhist syncretism continues in the contemporary era in the island of Bali, Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Harvey|title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0 |url-access=registration|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31333-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0/page/143 143]–144}}</ref> In Central Asian Buddhism, and its historic arts, syncretism and a shared expression of Shaivism, Buddhism and Tantra themes has been common. This is evident in the [[Kizil Caves]] in [[Xinjiang]], where there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Kieschnick|author2=Meir Shahar|title=India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8eAgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4560-8|pages=79–80|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329150333/https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8eAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumāra |first=Braja Bihārī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lJI9avHstYC |title=India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-457-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Junghee |date=1993 |title=The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250524 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=53 |issue=3/4 |pages=311–357 |doi=10.2307/3250524 |jstor=3250524 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| total_width = 250
| align = right
| image1 = Cave 77 Left corridor decorative band (detai).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Cave 189 painting, Kizil.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Paintings of Shiva and Parvati in [[Kizil Caves]], [[Xinjiang]], China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image
| direction = vertical
}}

The syncretism between Buddhism and Shaivism was particularly marked in southeast Asia, but this was not unique, rather it was a common phenomenon also observed in the eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, the south and the Himalayan regions.<ref name=rghose4/> This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva.<ref name=rghose4/>{{refn|group=note|Similarly, in Vaishnavism Hindu tradition, Buddha is considered one of the [[avatar]]s of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book| author= James Lochtefeld| year= 2002| title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1&2| publisher= Rosen Publishing| isbn= 0-8239-2287-1| page= [https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/128 128]| url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/128}}</ref>}} In the pre-Islamic Java, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions.<ref>R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 160–165</ref>{{refn|group=note|Medieval Hindu texts of Indonesia equate Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu).<ref>J.L. Moens, Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550; {{oclc|10404094}}, Quote: “He Janardana is the excellent Dewa in the form of Buddha, the Kula Bhairava."</ref>}} This idea is also found in the sculptures and temples in the eastern states of India and the Himalayan region. For example, Hindu temples in these regions show [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu) flanked by a standing [[Buddha]] on its right and a standing [[Surya]] (Hindu Sun god) on left.<ref>R. Ghose (1966), Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period, The University of Hong Kong Press, pages 94–96, 253</ref><ref>Rk Sahu (2011), [http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Dec/engpdf/28-34.pdf Iconography of Surya in the Temple Art of Odisha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010215354/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Dec/engpdf/28-34.pdf |date=10 October 2016 }}, Orissa Review, Volume 11, page 31</ref>

On major festivals of Bali Hindus, such as the [[Nyepi]] – a "festival of silence", the observations are officiated by both Buddhist and Shaiva priests.<ref name=rghose4/><ref>{{cite book|author=Christiaan Hooykaas|title=Cosmogony and creation in Balinese tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKdkAAAAMAAJ|volume=Bibliotheca Indonesica, Volumes 9–10|year=1974|publisher=Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|pages=1–3|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105934/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKdkAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=28 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Jacob Ensink (1978), Siva-Buddhism in Java and Bali, ''Buddhism in Ceylon and studies on religious syncretism in Buddhist countries'', Vol. 133, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 146–177</ref>

===Jainism===
Jainism co-existed with Shaiva culture since ancient times, particularly in western and southern India where it received royal support from [[Hindu king]]s of the Chaulukya, Ganga and Rashtrakuta dynasties.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|p=243}} In late 1st millennium CE, Jainism too developed a Shaiva-like tantric ritual culture with Mantra-goddesses.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|p=243}}{{sfn|Gray|2016|p=17}} These Jain rituals were aimed at mundane benefits using ''japas'' (mantra recitation) and making offerings into [[Homa (ritual)|Homa]] fire.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|p=243}}

According to Alexis Sanderson, the link and development of Shaiva goddesses into Jaina goddess is more transparent than a similar connection between Shaivism and Buddhism.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=243–244}} The 11th-century Jain text ''Bhairavapadmavatikalpa'', for example, equates Padmavati of Jainism with Tripura-bhairavi of Shaivism and Shaktism. Among the major goddesses of Jainism that are rooted in Hindu pantheon, particularly Shaiva, include Lakshmi and Vagishvari (Sarasvati) of the higher world in Jain cosmology, Vidyadevis of the middle world, and Yakshis such as Ambika, Cakreshvari, Padmavati and Jvalamalini of the lower world according to Jainism.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|p=243}}

Shaiva-Shakti iconography is found in major Jain temples. For example, the Osian temple of Jainism near Jodhpur features Chamunda, Durga, Sitala, and a naked Bhairava.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=245–246}} While Shaiva and Jain practices had considerable overlap, the interaction between the Jain community and Shaiva community differed on the acceptance of ritual animal sacrifices before goddesses. Jain remained strictly vegetarian and avoided animal sacrifice, while Shaiva accepted the practice.{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|pp=245–249}}

==Temples and pilgrimage==
{{location map+|India|float=right|width=400|caption=Red markers denote important Shaiva temples in the mainland Indian subcontinent. Orange markers denote UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Green markers represent the ancient Pancha Ishwarams of Sri Lanka.
|places=
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Somnath temple|Somnath]]'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=20.888028|long=70.401278}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga|Srisailam]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=right|lat=16.073812|long=78.868557}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Ujjain]]'''|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=top|lat=23.182778|long=75.768333}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Omkareshwar]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=right|lat=22.245572|long=76.151047}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga|Parli]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=bottom|lat=18.842420|long=76.535167}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Baidyanath Temple|Deoghar]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=right|lat=24.492634|long=86.699795}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Bhimashankar Temple|Bhima]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=left|lat=19.072076|long=73.535807}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Rameshwaram]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=right|lat=9.287833|long=79.315782}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Nageshvara Jyotirlinga|Dwaraka]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=top|lat=22.335913|long=69.086917}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Jageshwar]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=right|lat=29.637423|long=79.854365}}
{{location map~|India|label='''[[Kathmandu]]'''|mark= Orange_pog.svg |position=top|lat=27.73|long=85.33}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Aundha Nagnath Temple|Aundha]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=right|lat=19.537131|long=77.041387}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Triambak]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=left|lat=19.932127|long=73.530739}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=left|lat=30.735187|long=79.066911}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Grishneshwar|Ellora]]|mark= Red_pog.svg |position=right|lat=20.024970|long=75.169924}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.182778|long=75.768333}}
{{location map~|India|label=Sivasagar|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left|lat=26.98|long=94.63}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=20.27|long=85.84}}
{{location map~|India|label=|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=22.9|long=77.651667}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Varanasi'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=25.310753|long=83.010614}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Badrinath'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=30.744|long=79.493}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Puri'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right|lat=19.8|long=85.81}}
{{location map~|India|label='''Khajuraho'''|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=top|lat=24.863|long=79.92}}
{{location map~|India |lat=22.4833|long=73.5332|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=20.02639|long=75.17917|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=10.951483 |long=79.3562|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=11.1219 |long=79.2710|label='''[[Chidambaram]]'''|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=10.783055 |long=79.1325|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=12.61667|long=80.19167|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=15.3144|long=76.47167|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=top}}
{{location map~|India |lat=15.94833|long=75.816667|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=top}}
{{location map~|India |lat=27.671066|long=85.429513|label='''Bhairavanath'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=23.85892|long=72.10162|label=|mark=Orange_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=22.89|long=88.02|label='''Taraknath'''|mark=Red_pog.svg|position=left}}
{{location map~|India |lat=34.215|long=75.501|label= '''[[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]]''' |mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=22.63333|long=91.683333|label= '''[[Chandranath Temple|Chandranath]]''' |mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=31.066667|long=81.3125|label= '''[[Mount Kailash|Kailash]]''' |mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India |lat=32.723889|long=72.951944|label= '''[[Katas Raj]]''' |mark=Red_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India|lat=9.83|long=80.0|label=[[Naguleswaram]]|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India|lat=8.95|long=79.90|label=[[Ketheeswaram]]|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India|lat=8.55|long=81.23|label=[[Koneswaram]]|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India|lat=7.58|long=79.80|label=[[Munneswaram temple|Munneswaram]]|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right}}
{{location map~|India|lat=5.92|long=80.53|label=[[Tondeswaram]]|mark=Green_pog.svg|position=right}}
}}
Shaiva Puranas, Agamas and other regional literature refer to temples by various terms such as ''Mandir'', ''Shivayatana'', ''Shivalaya'', ''Shambhunatha'', ''Jyotirlingam'', ''Shristhala'', ''Chattraka'', ''Bhavaggana'', ''Bhuvaneshvara'', ''Goputika'', ''Harayatana'', ''Kailasha'', ''Mahadevagriha'', ''Saudhala'' and others.<ref>Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press</ref> In Southeast Asia Shaiva temples are called [[Candi of Indonesia|Candi]] (Java),<ref>{{cite book|author1=Edi Sedyawati|author2=Hariani Santiko|author3=Hasan Djafar|display-authors=etal|title=Candi Indonesia: Seri Jawa: Indonesian-English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsLiCQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan|isbn=978-602-17669-3-4|pages=4–15|author1-link=Edi Sedyawati|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314152207/https://books.google.com/books?id=MsLiCQAAQBAJ|archive-date=14 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Balinese temple|Pura]] (Bali),<ref>{{cite book|author=Fredrik Barth|title=Balinese Worlds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2nfb7UyssMC|year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-03834-6|pages=31–36|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314071445/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2nfb7UyssMC|archive-date=14 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Wat]] ([[Cambodia]] and nearby regions).<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|page=24|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418131501/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jack M. Clontz|title=Khon Mask : Thailand Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzTFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|year=2016|publisher=MOCA Bangkok|isbn=978-1-78301-872-7|page=222|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314071453/https://books.google.com/books?id=VzTFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|archive-date=14 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many of the Shiva-related pilgrimage sites such as Varanasi, Amarnath, Kedarnath, Somnath, and others are broadly considered holy in Hinduism. They are called ''kṣétra'' (Sanskrit: क्षेत्र<ref>Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, [http://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/73.html क्षेत्र] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912063425/http://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/73.html |date=12 September 2016 }} "sacred spot, place of pilgrimage".</ref>). A ''kṣétra'' has many temples, including one or more major ones. These temples and its location attracts pilgrimage called tirtha (or tirthayatra).<ref>Knut A. Jacobsen (2012), Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415590389}}</ref>

Many of the historic [[Puranas]] literature embed tourism guide to Shaivism-related pilgrimage centres and temples.{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=146, '''Quote:''' The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''}} For example, the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' deals primarily with ''Tirtha Mahatmyas'' (pilgrimage travel guides) to numerous geographical points,{{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=146, '''Quote:''' The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''}} but also includes a chapter stating that a temple and ''tirtha'' is ultimately a state of mind and virtuous everyday life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Geoffrey Waring Maw|title=Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Sessions Book Trust|isbn=978-1-85072-190-1|page=7|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216202914/https://books.google.com/books?id=IarXAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Sanjukta Dasgupta|author2=Chinmoy Guha|title=Tagore at Home in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBiJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|year=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1149-8|page=76|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330124831/https://books.google.com/books?id=iBiJCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|archive-date=30 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major rivers of the Indian subcontinent and their confluence (''sangam''), natural springs, origin of Ganges River (and ''pancha-ganga''), along with high mountains such as Kailasha with Mansovar Lake are particularly revered spots in Shaivism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|title=Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC|year=1998|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11265-9|pages=65–67|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225230234/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC|archive-date=25 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=saraswati6/> Twelve ''[[jyotirlinga]]'' sites across India have been particularly important pilgrimage sites in Shaivism representing the radiant light (''jyoti'') of infiniteness,<ref name="Lochtefeld">[[#Lochtefeld|Lochtefeld 2002]], pp. 324-325</ref><ref name="E. U. Harding">[[#Harding|Harding 1998]], pp. 158-158</ref><ref name="paris_congress">[[#Vivekananda|Vivekananda Vol. 4]]</ref> as per [[Shiva Purana|Śiva Mahāpurāṇa]].<ref name="R.">{{harvnb|Venugopalam|2003|pp=92–95}}</ref> They are [[Somnath temple|Somnatha]], [[Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga|Mallikarjuna]], [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakaleshwar]], [[Omkareshwar]], [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnatha]], [[Bhimashankar]], [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Visheshvara]], [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Trayambakesvara]], [[Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga|Vaidyanatha]], [[Nageshvara Jyotirlinga|Nageshvara]], [[Ramanathaswamy Temple|Rameshvara]] and [[Grishneshwar]].<ref name=saraswati6>{{cite book|author=B Sarawati|title=Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqEcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2|year=1985|publisher=N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation|pages=5–7, 12|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330114119/https://books.google.com/books?id=cqEcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2|archive-date=30 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Other texts mention five Kedras (Kedarnatha, Tunganatha, Rudranatha, Madhyamesvara and Kalpeshvara), five Badri (Badrinatha, Pandukeshvara, Sujnanien, Anni matha and Urghava), snow lingam of Amarnatha, flame of Jwalamukhi, all of the Narmada River, and others.<ref name=saraswati6/> Kashi ([[Varanasi]]) is declared as particularly special in numerous Shaiva texts and Upanishads, as well as in the pan-Hindu [[Sannyasa Upanishads]] such as the ''[[Jabala Upanishad]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=B Sarawati|title=Traditions of Tirthas in India: The Anthropology of Hindu Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqEcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2|year=1985|publisher=N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation|pages=36–41|access-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330114119/https://books.google.com/books?id=cqEcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2|archive-date=30 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1992|title= The Samnyasa Upanisads|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-507045-3| pages=141–143}}</ref>

The early [[Bhakti movement]] poets of Shaivism composed poems about pilgrimage and temples, using these sites as metaphors for internal spiritual journey.<ref>Indira Peterson (1983), ''Lives of the wandering singers: Pilgrimage and poetry in Tamil Śaivite hagiography'', History of Religions, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 22, No. 4, pages 338–360</ref><ref>Indira Peterson (1982), ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/601112 Singing of a place: pilgrimage as metaphor and motif in the Tēvāram songs of the Tamil Śaivite saints] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083539/http://www.jstor.org/stable/601112 |date=30 March 2017 }}'', Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 102, No. 1, pages 69–90</ref>

==Demography==
There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/ The global religious landscape: Hindus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209012719/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/ |date=9 February 2020 }}, Pew Research (2012)</ref> Large Shaivite communities exist in the Southern Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] as well as in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttrakhand]]. In North Indian communities, Shaivism is most practiced amongst the [[Kashmiri Hindus]] and [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]] of the Himalayan belt. Substantial communities are also found in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],[[Haryana]], [[Maharashtra]] and central [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://such.forumotion.com/t10657-kashmir-shaivism-from-kashmir-to-tamil-nadu|title=Kashmir Shaivism: From Kashmir to Tamil Nadu|date=6 February 2013|publisher=Such.Forumotion|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205190330/https://such.forumotion.com/t10657-kashmir-shaivism-from-kashmir-to-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shaivam.org/scripture/English-Articles/1397/saivism-of-the-tamils|title=Shaivism in Tamils|date=|publisher=Shaivam.org|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204111054/https://shaivam.org/scripture/English-Articles/1397/saivism-of-the-tamils|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:3 Buddha and Shiva Linga Vajrayana Buddhism.jpg|thumb|Shaivism and Buddhism have co-developed in many regions. Above a syncretic image of Yoni-Linga with four reliefs of the [[Buddha]] in a Vajrayana temple.]]
According to Galvin Flood, Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly.<ref name=flood200shakti>{{cite book|author=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99868-7|page=200|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223102025/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C|archive-date=23 December 2019|url-status=live}}, Quote: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions".</ref> The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals revering gods and goddesses [[Henotheism#Hinduism|polycentrically]], with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognising Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati, Durga, Radha, Sita and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions.<ref>[[Julius J. Lipner]] (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, pages 40–41, 302–315, 371–375</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chaturdasa Devata]]
* [[Hindu denominations]]
* [[History of Shaivism]]
* [[Jangam|Jangam Lingayat]]
* [[Shaiva Siddhanta]]
* [[Kashmiri Shaivism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|refs=


{{refn|group=note|name="illpha_rep"|The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994a|p=164}} It contextualises "seminal retention" and practice of [[celibacy]]<ref name="govid52">Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp.162-184.</ref> (illustration of ''Urdhva Retas''),{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994a|pp=11-12}}<ref name="brill72">Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102-122.</ref> and represents Lakulisha as "he stands for complete complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994a|p=164}}}}


{{efn|name="Singh_1989"|{{harvtxt|Singh|1989|p=ix–xiv}}: "After the demise of the Trika as a lineage in Kashmir in the late 13th century, due in large measure to the invasion of Islam, a few rare manuscripts of this important and complex text..."}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

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* {{cite book|last = Lorenzen| first= David N.| year= 1987| chapter=Śaivism: An Overview| title =The Encyclopedia of Religion|volume=13| editor= Mircea Eliade|publisher= Collier Macmillan}}
* {{cite book | last =Lorenzen | first =David N. | year=2020 | orig-date =1972 | chapter =Chapter I: Four Śaivite Sects | title =The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects | location =[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and [[Los Angeles]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |edition=1st |series=Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies |pages=XI–XIII, 1–16 |doi=10.1525/9780520324947-003 |isbn=9780520324947 |oclc=1224279234 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRp4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR11}}
* {{cite book | last =Lorenzen | first =David N. | year =2023 | orig-date =1972 | chapter =Chapter II: Kāpālika Sources | title =The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and [[Los Angeles]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |edition=Reprint | series =Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies | doi=10.1525/9780520324947-004 |isbn =9780520324947 | oclc=1224279234 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eXeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 }}

* {{cite encyclopedia | last =Mallinson | first=James | author-link=James Mallinson (author) |year=2011 |title=Yoga: Haṭha Yoga |url=https://www.academia.edu/1317005 |editor1-last=Basu |editor1-first=Helene |editor2-last=Jacobsen |editor2-first=Knut A. |editor3-last=Malinar |editor3-first=Angelika |editor4-last=Narayanan |editor4-first=Vasudha |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=3 |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_000354 |pages=770–781 |isbn=978-90-04-17641-6 |issn=2212-5019 |via=[[Academia.edu]] |mode=cs2 }}
* {{cite book|first=James|last= Mallinson|year=2012 |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |chapter=Nāth Sampradāya|title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism|volume=3| editor1= Knut A. Jacobsen|editor2=Helene Basu|editor3=Angelika Malinar|editor4=Vasudha Narayanan|publisher=Brill Academic}}
* {{cite book |last=Mate |first=M. S. |title=Temples and Legends of Maharashtra |year=1988 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay|ref=none }}
* {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel|title=Hinduism: Past and Present |year=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey|ref=none|isbn=978-0-691-08953-9 }}
* {{cite book|author=R. Blake Michael|title=The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wclA8r5f_LcC|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0776-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Paul E.|last=Muller-Ortega|title=Triadic Heart of Siva, The: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2maVlGOSdlMC|year=2010|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1385-3}}

* {{cite book | last =O'Brien-Kop |first =karen | year =2022 | chapter =Siddha Yoga | editor-last1 =Long | editor-first1 =Jeffery D. | title =Hinduism and Tribal Religions | publisher =SpringerLink}}

* {{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Charles |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}

* {{cite book|last= Rigopoulos|first=Antonio | year=1998| title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7}}
* {{Cite journal | last =Nath | first =Vijay | date =March–April 2001 | title =From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition | journal =Social Scientist | volume =29 | issue =3/4 | pages =19–50 | doi=10.2307/3518337 |jstor=3518337|ref=none }}
* {{cite book |last=Oberlies |first=T. |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |year=1998 |location=Vienna|ref=none }}

* {{cite book|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=S.|title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC|year=2004|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-427-4}}
* {{cite book|last= Pathak| first= V. S.|title= History of Śaiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions, 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D.| publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|year= 1960}}
* {{cite book|author=Indira Viswanathan Peterson|title=Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQwABAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6006-7}}
* {{cite book|author=A. K. Ramanujan|title=Speaking of Śiva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4tIpcyRKZUC|year=1973|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-044270-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Velcheru Narayana Rao|author2=Gene H. Roghair|title=Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hwABAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6090-6}}
* {{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225}}

* {{Citation | last =Samuel | first=Geoffrey | title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-69534-3}}
* {{cite book | last =Sanderson | first =Alexis | year =1988 | chapter =Saivism and the Tantric Traditions| title= The World's Religions| editor= S Sutherland |display-editors=etal |publisher= Routledge}}
* {{cite book | last =Sanderson|first= Alexis| year= 1995 |chapter = Meaning of a Tantric Ritual| title= Essais sur le Rituel| editor1= AM Blondeau|editor2= K Schipper |publisher= Louvain: Peeters }}
* {{cite journal | last =Sanderson|first = Alexis| year=2004| title=The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I| journal = Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient| volume= 90/91|pages = 349–462| jstor= 43732654}}
* {{cite book | last =Sanderson|first= Alexis| year= 2009| chapter =The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period| title= Genesis and Development of Tantrism| editor= Shingo Einoo|publisher= Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture}}
* {{cite book|last =Sanderson | first =Alexis| year =2010 | editor=Dominic Goodall & Andre Padoux|title=Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner: Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHnhXwAACAAJ|publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry|isbn=978-2855396668}}
* {{cite journal | last =Sanderson | first =Alexis | year =2012–2013 | title =The Śaiva Literature | journal =Journal of Indological Studies (Kyoto), Nos. 24 & 25 (2012–2013), 2014| url =http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_2014_the_saiva_literature_jist_kyoto_(1).pdf | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104838/http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_2014_the_saiva_literature_jist_kyoto_(1).pdf | archive-date =2016-03-04}}
* {{cite book | author=Hilko Wiardo Schomerus|title=Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought : Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUL8r9cOMXcC|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1569-8}}
* {{cite book | last =Sharma |first=Ram Karan |title=Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata|year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |ref=none|isbn=978-81-208-0544-6 }} Second edition
* {{cite book | first =Jaideva | last =Singh | year =1982 | title =Pratyabhijnahrdayam: The Secret of Self-recognition | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn=978-81-208-0323-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVJSChd9hOoC | access-date =14 March 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170315104843/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVJSChd9hOoC | archive-date =15 March 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book | last =Singh | first =Jaideva | year =1989 | title =A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana|publisher =State University of New York Press | isbn =978-0-7914-0180-4 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=v5_Wk8QKSF4C | access-date =14 March 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170315105255/https://books.google.com/books?id=v5_Wk8QKSF4C | archive-date =15 March 2017 | url-status =live}}
* {{cite book | last =Smith | first =David | year =1996 | title =The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-48234-9}}

* {{Citation|last = Tattwananda|first = Swami|year = 1984|title = Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship |place = Calcutta|publisher = Firma KLM Private Ltd.|edition = First Revised}}

* {{cite book |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |year=2007|author-link=Hugh Urban |orig-date=2003 |chapter=India's Darkest Heart: Tantra in the Literary Imagination |title=Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and [[Delhi]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]]/[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=1st |pages=106–133 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520230620.003.0004 |isbn=9780520236561 |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1pp4mm.9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&pg=PA106 }}

* {{cite book|author1=Vasugupta|translator=Mark Dyczkowski |title=The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6-n4ulAsdIC|year=1992|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1264-0}}
*{{Cite book | first=R. | last=Venugopalam | year=2003 | title=Meditation: Any Time Any Where | place=Delhi | publisher= B. Jain Publishers (P) Ltd. | edition=First | isbn=81-8056-373-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtnNw_hiA9oC&q=jyotirlinga&pg=PT113}}

* {{cite book | last =Wallis | first = Christopher | year =2013 | title =Tantra Illuminated}}
* {{cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |title=History of Indian Literature |year=1972 |publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation |location=New Delhi|ref=none }} Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Basham |first=A. L. |editor=Zysk, Kenneth |title=The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-507349-2 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Bhattacharyya |editor-first=Haridas |title=The Cultural Heritage of India |url=https://archive.org/details/culturalheritage04bhat |year=1956 |publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta }} Four volumes.
* {{cite book |last=Bisschop |first=Peter C. |year=2018 |title=Universal Śaivism: The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra |chapter=Universal Śaivism |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Gonda Indological Studies |volume=18 |doi=10.1163/9789004384361 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-38246-6 |s2cid=158081966}}
* {{cite book |last=Courtright |first=Paul B. |title={{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings |year=1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-505742-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |author-link=Alain Daniélou |year=2017 |orig-year=1964 |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIXtDwAAQBAJ |location=[[Delhi]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-3638-9 |oclc=24247413 |s2cid=169604069 }}
* {{cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |year=1984 |orig-year=1979 |title=Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDQK7l13WIIC |location=[[Rochester, Vermont]] |publisher=[[Inner Traditions]] |isbn=0-89281-374-1 |oclc=25281659 |s2cid=191033152 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Rao |first=B. S. L. Hanumantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Religion in Andhra: A Survey of Religious Developments in Andhra from Early Times Upto A.D. 1325 |date=1993 |publisher=Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of A.P. |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shaivism ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Shaivism"]
*[http://www.saivism.net/ Saivism.Net]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171207081214/http://www.alexissanderson.com/publications.html Alexis sanderson, ''Publications''], scholarly studies in Shaivism
*[https://references.rkmm.org/external/manual/a-concise-encyclopaedia-of-hinduism/article/%C5%9Baivism?p=03408e62817b3af3099725755af0978b04fddd5ece0745ea1b7f78cbb5508433 Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Saivism]

{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shaivism| ]]
[[Category:Theistic Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]

Ananta Vasudeva Temple

2026-03-28T23:52:00Z

Effossy: improved lead per standard format for consistency

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Bhubaneswar, India}}
{{for|the temple in West Bengal|Ananta Basudeba Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Ananta Vasudeva Temple
|native_name = [[:or:ଅନନ୍ତ ବାସୁଦେବ ମନ୍ଦିର|ଅନନ୍ତ ବାସୁଦେବ ମନ୍ଦିର]]
|native_name_lang = or
|image = Ananta Vasudev.jpg
|caption = The Ananta Vasudeva Temple
|map_type = Orissa
|coordinates = {{coord|20|14|26.18|N|85|50|8.81|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Location in Odisha
|map_size = 250
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Odisha]]
|district = [[Khurda district|Khurda]]
|locale = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = Ananta Vasudeva ([[Krishna]])
|festivals =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|architecture = [[Kalinga Architecture]]
|inscriptions =
|year_completed = 13th Century
|creator =
|temple_board =
|website =
}}

'''Ananta Vasudeva Temple''' ("Temple of the [[Ananta (infinite)|Infinite]] [[Vāsudeva]]", [[Odia language|Odia]]:ଅନନ୍ତ ବାସୁଦେବ ମନ୍ଦିର) is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Krishna]], an ''[[avatar]]'' of [[Vishnu]] located in [[Bhubaneswar]], the state capital of [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajput Architecture |first=G.S. |last=Ghurye |publisher=Popular Prakashan|year= 2005 |ISBN =81-7154-446-0 |pages=91}}</ref> The temple was constructed in the thirteenth century, and the complete [[Murti|murtis]] of Krishna, [[Balarama]] and [[Subhadra]] are worshipped there. The temple dates back to the period of Chandrika Devi, the daughter of [[Anangabhima III]], during the reign of the king Bhanudeva. A commemorative inscription that marked the foundation of the temple can be found in the [[British Museum]]'s collection.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1967-1018-4 British Museum Collection]</ref>

==Legend==
It appears that the original image of [[Vishnu]] was worshipped on the spot where the great temple of Ananta Vasudeva was built in the 13th century CE. Thus in the 13th century, Queen Chandrika of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] was prompted to construct a new temple - the temple of Ananta Vasudeva in this place. There must have been an old temple where this Vishnu image was installed. The [[Maratha]]s, who extended their empire up to river [[Mahanadi]], were responsible for renovating the Vishnu temple at [[Bhubaneswar]] in the late 17th century.<ref>''Tāntric art of Orissa ''. P.126. Jitāmitra Prasāda Siṃhadeba.</ref>

==Architecture==
In form, the temple resembles the [[Lingaraja Temple|Lingaraj temple]], but includes ''[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]]'' ([[Vishnu]] related) sculptures.<ref>''Hinduism and the Religious Arts ''.p.149. Heather Elgood</ref> The temple has longitudinal bands of miniature ''[[shikhara]]s'' (shrines), exactly like those in Lingaraj temple, with the minor difference that the number of the ''[[shikhara]]s'' forming one longitudinal band in its case is only three.<ref>''Rajput Architecture ''.p.126.G.S. Ghurye</ref> The sculpture in the exterior walls varies in character in each temple in Bhubaneswar. Most of the female sculptures in the temple walls are overly ornamented and lack originality<ref>''World heritage monuments and related edifices in India ''P.186.ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed.</ref>

The sanctum has the icons of Krishna, Balarama, and Subhadra. Balarama stands under a seven-hooded serpent, Subhadra holds pot of jewels and a lotus in her two hands, keeping her left foot over another jewel pot, while Krishna holds a [[Kaumodaki|mace]], ''[[Sudarshana Chakra|chakra]]'', [[Padma (Vishnu)|lotus]], and a [[Panchajanya|conch]].

==Difference from Jagannath Temple, Puri==
The idols found in the ''[[Garbhagriha|garbhagrha]] ''(sanctum sanctorum) of the temple have complete structure unlike the images of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]. Here the ''shrimurtis'' (idols) are made of black granite stone, rather than wood, as seen in the Puri temple. For this temple only, the city gains its name as ''Chakra kshetra'' (circular place), whereas [[Puri]] is named ''Shankha kshetra'' (conch-shaped place).

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:View of Ananta Vasudeva Temple from Bindusagar - July 2007.jpg|View of Ananta Vasudeva Temple from Bindusagar
File:Ananta vasudeva temple 2.jpg|View of Ananta Vasudeva Temple in 1869
File:Mahaprasad in ananta vasudeva.jpg|Mahaprasad in Ananta Vasudeva temple
File:Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar 18.jpg|Lion statue in the ''singhadwara''
File:Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar 17.jpg|A small broken shrine in the premises
File:Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar 19.jpg|First stone inscription installed in the outer wall
File:Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar 20.jpg|''Bimana'' or ''Deula''
File:Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar 21.jpg|''Jagamohana''
File:Abadha and Prasada in earthen pots in Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar.jpg|Abadha and Prasada offered to the deities
File:Temple Kitchen of Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar 02.jpg|The temple kitchen of the Ananta Basudeba temple in Bhubaneswar, Odisha
File:Temple Kitchen of Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar 01.jpg|The temple kitchen of the Ananta Basudeba temple in Bhubaneswar, Odisha
File:Ananta Basudeba Temple, Bhubaneswar - Varaha niche 08 (cropped).jpg|[[Varaha]] as a parshvadevata in a niche
</gallery>
==Community Service==
Many temples in India do community service in the form of serving food, medical assistance, cultural activities, etc.
Serving food on special occasions is done by almost all the temples and is known as [[Prasad (food offering)|Prasad]].
Around one hundred temples in Bhubaneswar serve food to the people in and around the temple area free or at a nominal cost. It helps in preserving traditional Odia recipes. These recipes are automatically introduced to the newer generation as well as to the visiting people from outside the state and India.The taste of the prasad is unique and delicious. It helps to maintain a connection with the ancient roots besides feeding thousands of devotees with dignity and devotion.<ref>Times of India, Sunday, 22 December 2024 {{fcn|reason=need more precise location e.g. title and/or page|date=September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Ananta Vasudeva Temple}}
{{reflist}}

{{Temples in Bhubaneswar}}
{{Hindu temples in Odisha}}

[[Category:Purana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Jagannath temples]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Odisha]]
[[Category:13th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:13th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]

Flag of Bangladesh

2026-03-20T08:56:20Z

Effossy:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox flag
| Name = National Flag of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
| Image = File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| Nickname = "The Red–Green"
| Morenicks =
| Use = 111000
| Symbol = {{FIAV|111000}} {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}} {{FIAV|Vertical unknown}}
| Proportion = 3:5
| Adoption = {{Start date and age|1972|01|17|df=y}}
| Design = A green field defaced by a red disc slightly off centre to hoist (left as depicted).
| Designer = [[Quamrul Hassan]]
| Image2 = Civil Ensign of Bangladesh.svg
| Imagetext2 = Civil ensign of [[Bangladesh]]
| Use2 = [[Civil ensign]]
| Symbol2 = {{FIAV|000100}} {{FIAV|normal}} {{FIAV|Mirror}}
| Design2 = A [[Red Ensign]] with the national flag of [[Bangladesh]] in the canton.
| Image4 = Naval Ensign of Bangladesh.svg
| Imagetext4 = Naval ensign of [[Bangladesh]]
| Use4 = [[Naval ensign]]
| Symbol4 = {{FIAV|000001}}{{FIAV|normal}}{{FIAV|Mirror}}
| Design4 = A [[White Ensign]] with the national flag of [[Bangladesh]] in the canton.
| Use5 = [[Air force ensign]]
| Symbol5 = {{FIAV|normal}}
| Image5 = Air Force Ensign of Bangladesh.svg
| Proportion5 = 1:2
| Design5 = A field of air force blue with the national flag of [[Bangladesh]] in the canton and the [[Bangladesh Air Force]] roundel in the middle of the fly.
}}
The [[national flag]] of [[Bangladesh]], nicknamed the '''''Lal–Sobuj''''',{{efn|{{langx|bn|লাল–সবুজ|Lal–Sôbuj}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈlalˌʃobudʒ|pron}}; {{lit|the Red–Green}}}} was adopted officially on 17 January 1972. It consists of a red circle on top of a dark green field. The red circle is offset slightly toward the hoist so that it appears centred when the flag is flying. The [[civil ensign]] and [[naval ensign]] place it in the [[Flag terminology|canton]] of a red or white field, respectively.

The flag is based on a similar flag used during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971, which had a yellow map of the country inside the red disc. In 1972, this map was removed from the flag. One reason given was the difficulty for rendering the map correctly on both sides of the flag.<ref name="fotw" />

While there are numerous interpretations, the most widely accepted interpretation says that the green of the flag symbolises the lush [[Geography of Bangladesh|landscape of Bangladesh]], and the red circle, reminiscent of the rising sun, represents the sacrifice made by the people during the [[Bangladesh Liberation war|Liberation War of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/magazine/arts-and-letters/46644/shib-narayan-das-the-flag-redesign-was|title=Shib Narayan Das: The flag redesign was pre-planned|last=Kabir|first=Punny|date=2013-12-12|location=Dhaka|language=en|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=2024-07-27}}</ref>

==Origin==
[[File:Flag of Bangladesh (1971).svg|thumb|Flag of Bangladesh used during the Liberation War]]
[[File:Bangabandhu Waiving Flag on 23 March 1971 at Dhanmondi 32.jpg|thumb|Official hoisting of the flag by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] at his residence in 32 Dhanmondi on 23 March 1971]]
[[File:Shangrami Chetona - DU - Ashfaq.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dhaka University]] campus, where a flag representing Bangladesh for the first time was raised on 2 March 1971]]

The first version of the flag was designed and made by a group of student leaders and activists from the [[Swadheen Bangla Nucleus]] on 6 June 1970. The work took place in room 108 of Iqbal Hall (now Sergeant [[Zahurul Haq]] Hall) at [[Dhaka University]]. The students involved in the design included [[Kazi Aref Ahmed]], [[ASM Abdur Rab]], [[Shajahan Siraj]], [[Monirul Islam (artist)|Manirul Islam]] (Marshal Moni), Swapan Kumar Choudhury, [[Serajul Alam Khan]], Quamrul Alam Khan Khasru, [[Hasanul Haq Inu]], and Yousuf Salahuddin Ahmed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=OP-ED: Fifty years of the Bangladeshi flag |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/242468/op-ed-fifty-years-of-the-bangladeshi-flag |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The flag was crafted from cloth donated by Bazlur Rahman Lasker, the owner of Apollo Tailors, [[Dhaka New Market]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/pachmisheli/article/98845/|script-title=bn:আমাদের জাতীয় পতাকা|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193717/http://www.prothom-alo.com/pachmisheli/article/98845/}}</ref>

A map of [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh) was first traced on a tracing paper from an atlas by Hasanul Haq Inu, Yousuf Salahuddin Ahmed and Enamul Haq, at Enamul's room (312) in Quaid-I Azam Hall (now Titumir Hall), EPUET (now [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology|BUET]]).<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqVjD44C9MU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811190355/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqVjD44C9MU|archive-date=11 August 2020|url-status=bot: unknown|title=History of Bangladeshi Flag Part 1|last=Mohammad Momen|date=15 December 2014|access-date=12 December 2017|publisher=Faizul Momen|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFFFA8obveo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307080318/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFFFA8obveo|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|title=History of Bangladeshi Flag Part 2|last=Mohammad Momen|date=15 December 2014|access-date=12 December 2017|publisher=Faizul Momen|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Later, the map was painted in the red circle by [[Shib Narayan Das]].<ref>'আমাদের জাতীয় পতাকার ইতিহাস',
আমাদের সময়, ডিসেম্বর ৩, ২০০৯</ref> On 2 March 1971, this initial version of the flag was hoisted in Bangladesh for the first time at Dhaka University, by student leader [[A. S. M. Abdur Rab]], the then Vice President of [[Dhaka University Central Students' Union]] (DUCSU).<ref>Glassie, Henry and Mahmud, Feroz. 2008. Living Traditions. Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Series-II. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Dhaka. p. 580</ref> The flag was conceived so as to exclude the [[star and crescent]] considered as symbols of [[West Pakistan]] (now [[Pakistan]]).

Another source states the first flag hoisted at Dhaka University on 2 March 1971 was stitched by Mini Quadir on 1 March 1971 upon requests from her cousin Monirul Haque, the president of Dhaka metropolitan [[Awami League]]. Using materials bought from Dhaka [[Port of Dhaka|Sadarghat]]. On the next day upon another request by Monirul Haque a white cutout of the East Pakistan map was stitched onto the flag and later coloured golden using afsaan ([[Mehndi|mehendi]]) upon reconsideration. The flag was hoisted at Dhaka University.<ref>{{Cite web |interviewer-last=Dina|interviewer-first=Sayala Roksana |last=Quadir|first=Mini |date=26 Mar 2008 |title='The colour of the flag will be green, with a red circle' |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/the-colour-of-the-flag-will-be-green-with-a-red-circle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513092425/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/the-colour-of-the-flag-will-be-green-with-a-red-circle |archive-date=May 13, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website='The colour of the flag will be green, with a red circle' |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imam |first=Jahanara |title=একাত্তরের দিনগুলি |date=February 1986 |publisher=Shandhani Prakashani and Charulipi Prakashani |isbn=9844800005 |location=Bangladesh |trans-title=The Days of '71 |oclc=417202076}}</ref>

On 23 March 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman officially hoisted the flag for the first time at [[Bangabandhu Memorial Museum|his house]] in 32 [[Dhanmondi Thana|Dhanmondi]]. According to his pre-announced instructions, a general holiday is observed across the country on this day.<ref>{{cite news |last=Haque |first=Sazidul |date=23 March 2021 |script-title=bn:২৩ মার্চ ১৯৭১: 'পাকিস্তান দিবস' মুছে গেল প্রতিরোধের পতাকায় |trans-title=23 March 1971: 'Pakistan Day' erased from resistance flag |language=bn |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/march1971/article1871285.bdnews |access-date=25 September 2022 |work=[[Bdnews24.com]] |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324083833/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/march1971/article1871285.bdnews |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 1971, the flag was hoisted for the first time in foreign mission, when Deputy High Commissioner Hosen Ali along with other officials declared their alliance with the newly formed Mujibnagar Government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Role of MOFA in Liberation War |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/3164add5-f0b4-432e-99e3-342057675660 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217151843/https://mofa.gov.bd/site/page/3164add5-f0b4-432e-99e3-342057675660 |archive-date=2025-02-17}}</ref>
[[File:First flag of Bangladesh to hoited on foreign soil.jpg|thumb|right|First flag to be hoisted on Kolkata Mission of Bangladesh]]

On 25 July 1971, [[Zakaria Pintoo]], captain of the [[Shadhin Bangla Football Team]] became the first person to hoist the Bangladesh flag on foreign soil, before a match in [[Nadia district]] of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=I am luckier than Pele: Zakaria Pintoo |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/133717/i-am-luckier-than-pele-zakaria-pintoo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218173354/https://www.newagebd.net/article/133717/i-am-luckier-than-pele-zakaria-pintoo |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref>

On 13 January 1972, the flag was modified. The map from the centre was removed, and the red disk moved towards the hoist so as to be visually centred when the flag is in flight on a mast.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Symbolism==
[[File:National Flag of Bangladesh in South Korea.jpg|thumb|Flag of Bangladesh waving in the air]]
According to ''[[CIA World Factbook]]''<ref name="fotw">[https://www.fotw.info/flags/bd.html Flag of Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523041531/https://www.fotw.info/FLagS/bd.html |date=23 May 2006 }}, [[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]].</ref><ref name="lonelyplanet">"Lonely Planet: Bangladesh", 4th Edition, Lonely Planet Publications, (December 2000), {{ISBN|0-86442-667-4}}.</ref> and official descriptions, the green used in the flag represents the lushness of the green landscape of the country<ref name=CIAfactbook-1>{{cite web|title=Flag description|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2081.html|work=The world fact book|publisher=CIA USA|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701210145/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2081.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Bangladesh|title=flag of Bangladesh|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=5 March 2016|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110173734/https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> and the red disk of the flag represents the blood the [[Bengalis]] shed during the Bangladesh Liberation War and the blood of those who died for the [[independence of Bangladesh]].<ref name=":0" /> An alternative description says that the green background represents the youth power and progress, while the red disk represents the revolution and renaissance. The circularity of the red design indicates the [[sunrise|rising sun]], similar to the [[Japanese flag]].

==Design==
{{multiple image
|header=Construction guide
|direction=vertical
|total_width=250
|image1=Bangladesh National Flag construct.svg
|image2=Flag of Bangladesh (construction sheet).svg
}}
According to Bangladeshi government specifications,<ref name="flagrule">{{Cite web |date=July 2005 |title=People’s Republic of Bangladesh flag rules, 1972 |url=http://lib.pmo.gov.bd/legalms/pdf/national-flag-rules.pdf#page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619074851/http://lib.pmo.gov.bd/legalms/pdf/national-flag-rules.pdf#page=2 |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |website=Prime Minister's Office, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh}}</ref> following is the specification of the national flag:
*The flag will be in [[Spring_green#Bottle_green|bottle green]] and rectangular in size in the proportion of length to width of 10:6, with a red circle in near middle.
*The red circle will have a radius of one-fifth of the length of the flag. Its centre will be placed on the intersecting point of the perpendicular drawn from the nine-twentieth part of the length of the flag, and the horizontal line drawn through the middle of its width.
*The green base of the flag will be of [[Procion]] Brilliant Green H-2RS 50 parts per 1000. The red circular part will be of Procion Brilliant Orange H-2RS 60 parts per 1000.
*Depending on the size of the building the flag sizes will be {{convert|10|x|6|ft|abbr=on}}; {{convert|5|x|3|ft|abbr=on}}; {{convert|2+1/2|x|1+1/2|ft|mm|abbr=on}}. The size of the flag for cars is {{convert|12+1/2|x|7+1/2|in|abbr=on}}, and the size of the table flag for bilateral conferences is {{convert|10|x|6|in|abbr=on}}.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Colour Reference
|-
! [[Colour model]]
! style="background-color:#006747; color:#FFFFFF;"|Green
! style="background-color:#DA291C; color:#FFFFFF;"|Red
|-
|[[Procion]] (official specification)<ref name="flagrule"/>
|[[Brilliant green (dye)|Brilliant Green]] H-2RS 50 parts per 1000
|Brilliant Orange H-2RS 60 parts per 1000
|-
| [[Pantone]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Flags and anthems manual London 2012: SPP final version / London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games|date=2012|publisher=LOCOG. London|page=17|url=https://library.olympic.org/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/34593/flags-and-anthems-manual-london-2012-spp-final-version-london-organising-committee-of-the-olympic-ga?_lg=en-GB|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193252/https://library.olympic.org/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/34593/flags-and-anthems-manual-london-2012-spp-final-version-london-organising-committee-of-the-olympic-ga?_lg=en-GB|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 342 C
| 485 C
|-
|[[RGB]] {{ref|alpha|a}}
| 0,103,71
| 218,41,28
|-
| [[CMYK]] {{ref|beta|b}}
| 100-0-31-60
| 0-81-87-15
|-
|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] {{ref|beta|b}}
| #006747
| #DA291C
|}
:{{note|alpha|a}} Converted from Pantone color model per {{url|connect.pantone.com}}
:{{note|beta|b}} Converted from RGB based on ''Inkscape'' colours value.

== Protocol ==
{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Ceremonial parade flag of Bangladesh.svg
| image2 = Ceremonial Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| footer = Flag used in [[military parades]] ({{FIAV|Equal}}), with the [[Ayah|Quranic verse]] inscribed: "Verily, [[God in Islam|Allah]] is capable of all things" ({{cite quran|35|1|style=nosup|expand=yes}})
}}
[[File:Colour guards Contingent of Bangladesh Military Academy.jpg|thumb|Colour guards contingent of [[Bangladesh Military Academy]] waving the ceremonial flag of Bangladesh.]]
The national flag of Bangladesh is flown on all working days on important government buildings and offices, e.g., the president house, legislative assembly buildings, etc. All ministries and the secretariat buildings of Bangladesh, offices of the high court, courts of district and session judges, offices of the commissioners of divisions, deputy commissioner/collectors, chairman, upazila parishad, central and district jails, police stations, primary, secondary and higher secondary level educational institutions and other buildings notified by the government from time to time. Ministers of state and persons accorded the status of a minister of state, deputy ministers and persons accorded the status of a deputy minister while on tour outside the capital within the country or abroad are entitled to fly the flag on their motor vehicles and vessels.<ref name="flagrule"/>

===Official residences===
The following persons must fly the flag on their official residence:<ref name="flagrule"/>
* The [[President of Bangladesh]]
* The [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]
* The [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
* The [[Deputy Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
* The [[Chief Whip of Bangladesh]]
* The [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh]]
* All [[Cabinet of Bangladesh|Cabinet Ministers]]
* All Ministers of State
* The [[Leader of the Opposition in Jatiya Sangsad]]
* Heads of Bangladeshi Diplomatic or Consular Missions in foreign countries
* Chairmen of [[Chittagong hill tracts]] (district offices of [[Rangamati]], [[Khagrachari]] and [[Bandarban]])

===Motor vehicles and vessels===
The following persons are entitled to fly the flag on their motor vehicles and vessels:<ref name="flagrule"/>
* The [[President of Bangladesh]]
* The [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]
* The [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
* The [[Deputy Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
* The [[Chief Whip of Bangladesh]]
* The [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh]]
* All [[Cabinet of Bangladesh|Cabinet Ministers]]
* All Ministers of State
* The [[Leader of the Opposition in Jatiya Sangsad]]
* Heads of Bangladeshi Diplomatic or Consular Missions in foreign countries

=== Display ===
The national flag of Bangladesh is flown on public and private buildings throughout Bangladesh and the office premises of [[Bangladeshi diplomatic missions]] and consular posts on the following days and occasions:<ref name="flagrule"/>
* [[Independence Day (Bangladesh)|Independence Day]] on 26 March.
* [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]] on 16 December.
* Any other day notified by the Government of Bangladesh.

=== Half-mast ===
The national flag of Bangladesh is flown at half-mast on the [[Language Movement Day|National Martyrs Day]] on 21 February, and all other days notified by the Government of Bangladesh.<ref name="flagrule"/>

==World records==
*On 16 December 2013, the 42nd [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day of Bangladesh]], 27,117 people gathered at the National Parade Ground in Dhaka's [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar]] and created a "human flag" which was recorded in ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]'' as the world's largest human national flag.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2014/01/04/bangladeshs-human-flag-in-guinness-world-records|title=Bangladesh's human flag in Guinness World records|work=Bdnews24.com|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204514/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2014/01/04/bangladeshs-human-flag-in-guinness-world-records|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.banglamail24.com/english/index.php?view=details&news_type_id=1&menu_id=3&news_id=13262 |title=Bangladesh makes biggest flag |work=Bangla Mail 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218021716/http://www.banglamail24.com/english/index.php?view=details&news_type_id=1&menu_id=3&news_id=13262 |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=16 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/12/16/world-largest-human-flag|title=World's largest human flag!|date=16 December 2013|website=Bdnews24.com|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110227/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/12/16/world-largest-human-flag|url-status=live}}</ref> This feat was short, however, as India topped the record on 7 December 2014 with 43,830 people participating to achieve the new world record for largest human national flag.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-human-national-flag|title=Largest Human National Flag|date=7 December 2014|website=guinnessworldrecords.com|access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211054058/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-human-national-flag|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In July 2021, Saimon Imran Hayder used 16,000 envelopes to create a 240m2 Bangladesh flag at the [[InterContinental Dhaka]] which was also a Guinness World Record attempt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/07/24/murad-guinness-world-record-of-national-flag-will-be-pride-for-nation|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|title=Murad: Guinness world record of national flag will be pride for nation|date=24 July 2021|author=BSS|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726151824/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/07/24/murad-guinness-world-record-of-national-flag-will-be-pride-for-nation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/2021/07/24/a-guinness-world-record-attempt-largest-bangladesh-national-flag-made-of-handmade-envelopes|title=A Guinness World Record attempt: Largest Bangladesh national flag made of handmade envelopes|date=24 July 2021|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726151824/https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/2021/07/24/a-guinness-world-record-attempt-largest-bangladesh-national-flag-made-of-handmade-envelopes|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In May 2024, in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], [[Ashik Chowdhury]] jumped from 41,795 feet with a flag of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anika |first=Ayman |date=2024-05-26 |title=Ashik Chowdhury's record skydive from 41,000 feet! |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/ashik-chowdhurys-record-skydive-41000-feet-3618751 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mia |first=Sozib |date=2024-05-28 |title=Ashik jumps off plane with national flag |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/good-day-bangladesh/lqofhnkxdu |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashik Chowdhury, a professional skydiver, posing with the Bangladesh flag |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/ashik-chowdhury-a-professional-skydiver-posing-with-the-bangladesh-flag-1716312950 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd}}</ref> He was awarded the "Greatest Distance Freefall with a Banner or Flag" record by Guinness World Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greatest distance freefall with a banner/flag |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/762444-greatest-distance-freefall-with-a-banner-flag#:~:text=The%20greatest%20distance%20freefall%20with,Bangladesh%20flag%20during%20the%20skydive. |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=[[Guinness World Records Limited]]}}</ref>
*On 16 December 2025, the 54th Victory Day of Bangladesh, 54 paratroopers (signifying the 54th Victory Day), including Ashik Chowdhury, jumped from the attitude of {{approximately}} {{convert|12000|ft|m}} with Bangladeshi flags over the National Parade Ground in Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, which was recorded in ''Guinness Book of World Records'' as the world's largest flag-parachuting event.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh sets world record for parachuting with highest number of flags|url=https://en.bd-pratidin.com/national/2025/12/16/52878|website=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]]|date=16 December 2025}}</ref>

== Historical flags ==
=== Pre-colonial states ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;"|Flag !! style="width:100px;"|Date !! style="width:250px;"|Use !! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png}} || 1206–1352 || Flag of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] according to the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375)|| A dark grey flag with a black strip left of centre.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=no}} || 1576–1717 || Flag of the [[Mughals]] ([[Bengal Subah]])|| [[Mughal Empire]] [[Flag of the Mughal Empire|Alam]] flag that was primarily [[moss green]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/019addor0005475u00059vd0.html |title=A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id. f. 59v-D |website=British Library |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919070131/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/019addor0005475u00059vd0.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2022}}
|-
| {{ListFlag|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg|border=no}} || 1717–1757 || Flag of the [[Bengal Subah|Bengal Nawab]]|| A white flag with three red barrels and a red sword.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vlaggen van alle Natien|year=1862|author=Steenbergen|url=https://assets.catawiki.nl/assets/2014/6/9/2/9/4/294f8ffa-efb9-11e3-99ec-ac83e78c4a8a.jpg|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724125732/https://assets.catawiki.nl/assets/2014/6/9/2/9/4/294f8ffa-efb9-11e3-99ec-ac83e78c4a8a.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
===British India and independence===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;"|Flag !! style="width:100px;"|Date !! style="width:250px;"|Use !! style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg}} || 1858–1947 || The official [[state flag]] of the [[British Empire]] for use in India || The [[Flag of the United Kingdom]].
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of the Governor-General of India (1885–1947).svg}} || 1885–1947 || Flag of the [[Viceroy of India]] || The [[Union Jack]] with the insignia of the [[Order of the Star of India]] beneath the [[Imperial Crown of India]].
|-
| {{ListFlag|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} || 1880–1947 || [[Star of India (flag)|Flag of the British Raj]]: A civilian flag used to represent [[British Raj|British India]] internationally. || A [[Red Ensign]] with the Union Flag at the canton, and the [[Star of India (flag)|Star of India]] displayed in the fly.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of British Bengal.svg}} || −1947 || Flag of the [[Bengal Presidency|Presidency of Fort William (Bengal Presidency, later Bengal Province)]] || A [[Blue Ensign]] with the Union Flag at the canton, and the Bengal Presidency Emblem displayed in the fly.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} || 1947–1971 || Flag of [[Pakistan]] || Green flag with a white crescent and star on it, and a white strip to its left. See [[List of Pakistani flags]] for more.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} || March – December 1971|| Flag of [[Mukti Bahini]] (Liberation Forces)|| A flag with a red background, a white disk and a hand holding a rifle- bayonet in the middle.
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Bangladesh (1971).svg}} || 1971–1972 || Flag of [[Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh]], used after independence too. In recent years often used during protests as a legacy symbol of the original vision of the country during the liberation war.|| A flag with a green background, a red disk and a yellow map of the country in the middle<ref name="fotw" />
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Bangladesh (1971 reverse).svg}} || 1971–1972 || Reverse of flag of [[Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh]], used after independence too. || A flag with a green background, a red disk and a yellow map of the country in the middle<ref name="fotw" />
|-
| {{ListFlag|Flag of Bangladesh.svg}} || 1972–present || National flag of Bangladesh || A red disc on top of a green field, offset slightly toward the hoist.<ref name="CIAfactbook-1" />
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Bangladesh}}
* [[List of Bangladeshi flags]]
* [[National symbols of Bangladesh]]

;Similar flags by pattern
* [[Flag of Japan]]
* [[Flag of Palau]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|National flag of Bangladesh}}
* {{FOTW|id=bd|title=Bangladesh}}
* {{cite book |last=Farooq |first=AKM |year=2012 |chapter=National Flag |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=National_Flag |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* [https://russelljohn.net/journal/2019/05/flags-of-bangladesh-japan-and-palau/ Similarities between flags of Bangladesh, Japan, and Palau]

{{Asia topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Asia]]}}
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh}}
[[Category:Bicolor flags]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh|Flag]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1972|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Flags of Bangladesh| ]]
[[Category:National flags|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Flags with circles]]
[[Category:Flags displaying a sun]]
[[Category:Vertically symmetrical flags]]

Arif Mohammad Khan

2026-03-19T17:08:55Z

Effossy:

{{short description|29th Governor of Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{for|the alpine skier|Arif Khan (skier)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arif Mohammad Khan
| caption = Khan, {{circa|2025}}
| image = [[File:Arif Mohammad Khan in Bihar with PM Narendra Modi.jpg|159x159px]]
| imagesize = 200px
| office = 29th [[List of Governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2025|01|02|df=yes}}
| term_end = 5 March 2026
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Arlekar]]
| successor = [[Syed Ata Hasnain]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| office1 = 22nd [[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| termstart1 = 6 September 2019
| termend1 = 2 January 2025
| predecessor1 = [[P. Sathasivam]]
| successor1 = [[Rajendra Arlekar]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| term_start2 = 6 December 1989
| term_end2 = 10 November 1990
| primeminister2 = [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]]
| president2 =
| predecessor2 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Harmohan Dhawan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|11|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| nationality = Indian
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| termstart3 = {{Start date|1980||}}
| termend3 = {{End date|1984||}}
| predecessor3 = [[Manohar Lal (politician)|Manohar Lal]]
| successor3 = [[Naresh Chander Chaturvedi]]
| constituency4 = [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor4 = [[Syed_Muzaffar_Hussain_(Lok_Sabha_member)|Maulana Saiyad Muzaffar Hussain]]
| successor4 = [[Rudrasen Chaudhary]]
| termstart4 = {{Start date|1984||}}
| termend4 = {{End date|1991||}}
| constituency5 = [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor5 = [[Padamsen Chaudhary]]
| successor5 = Padamsen Chaudhary
| termstart5 = {{Start date|1998||}}
| termend5 = {{End date|1999||}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sayyada Reshma Arif|1977}}
| children = 2
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan, Patna]]
}}

'''Arif Mohammad Khan''' (born 18 November 1951) is an Indian politician who served as the 30th [[Governor of Bihar]] from 2025 to 2026.<ref name="IT_24Dec2024">{{cite magazine |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |date=24 December 2024 |title=Ex-bureaucrat Ajay Bhalla appointed Manipur Governor, Arif Khan moved to Bihar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-home-secretary-ajay-kumar-bhalla-appointed-manipur-governor-2654907-2024-12-24 |magazine=India Today |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and previously served as [[Governor of Kerala]] from 2018 to 2025, and as a [[Union Council of Ministers|Union minister]], holding several portfolios ranging from energy to civil aviation.<ref name="Krishna2011">{{cite book |author=Ananth V. Krishna |date=September 2011 |title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics |publisher=Pearson Education India |page=292 |isbn=9788131734650 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA292}}</ref><ref name="AyresOldenburg2005">{{cite book |author1=Alyssa Ayres |author2=Philip Oldenburg |date=2005 |title=India Briefing: Takeoff at Last? |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=22 |isbn=978-0-7656-1592-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFHLwJjPv00C&pg=PA22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Women get a raw deal again: Muslim Personal Law Board is still stuck in Shah Bano timewarp as its opposition to triple talaq bill proves |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 January 2018 |url=https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/women-get-a-raw-deal-again-muslim-personal-law-board-is-still-stuck-in-shah-bano-timewarp-as-its-opposition-to-triple-talaq-bill-proves/ }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Arif Mohammad Khan was born on 18 November 1951 in [[Bulandshahr]]. He was educated at Jamia Millia School, Delhi, [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]] and at [[Shia College, Lucknow|Shia College]], [[University of Lucknow]].<ref name="Lok Sabha" />
[[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|thumb|275x275px]]
Khan, {{circa|Khan in 2019}}

Ex-MLA [[Asif Muhammad Khan]] is his younger brother.
Arif Mohammad Khan translated [[Vande Mataram]] into [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/unnecessary-and-irrelevant/232420|title=Unnecessary And Irrelevant|website=Outlook India|date=6 September 2006 |access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> It can be read in Urdu ([[Devanagari]] script)

== Political career (1972–2019) ==

Khan started his political career as a student leader. He was the President of [[Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union]] in the year 1972–73 and also its honorary Secretary a year earlier (1971–72).<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{Cite web |title=Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=1 September 2019 |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2769.htm}}</ref> He contested the first legislative assembly election from [[Syana Assembly constituency|Siyana constituency]] of [[Bulandshahr|Bulandshahar]] on [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] party's banner but was defeated. He became a member of the legislative assembly of UP in 1977 at the age of 26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1977 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

Khan joined the [[Indian National Congress]] party and was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1980 from [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]] and 1984 from [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]]. In 1986, he quit the [[Indian National Congress]] due to differences over the passage of [[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum|Muslim Personal Law Bill]] which was piloted by [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in the [[Lok Sabha]]. He was against the legislation to enable Muslim men to avoid giving their divorced wife or wives any maintenance after the [[iddah]] period as per the Quran and resigned because of differences with [[Rajiv Gandhi]] on this issue. Khan joined the [[Janata Dal]] and was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1989. During the [[Janata Dal]] rule Khan served as Union Minister of [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]. He left the [[Janata Dal]] to join the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and again entered the Lok Sabha in 1998 from [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]]. Khan held ministerial responsibilities from 1984 to 1990. In 2004, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and unsuccessfully contested the Lok Sabha election that year from [[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kaiserganj]] constituency. Later BJP appointed Khan as the Governor of Kerala and later was appointed the Governor of Bihar.

==Jain Hawala Case==
Journalist Sanjay Kapoor, in his book "Bad Money, Bad Politics" has claimed that Khan received an amount of 7 crores of [[Hawala]] money. As per the CBI charge sheet, he was accused of being paid this amount of money when he was Union Minister, but he was later acquitted in the case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arif, Jain brothers acquitted in hawala case |newspaper=The Tribune (Chandigarh) |date=8 September 1998 |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/1998/98sep08/head1.htm}}</ref>

==Political views==
===Reformation in Islam===
Arif Mohammad Khan has always supported reformation within Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |author=Arif Mohammad Khan |title=No country for triple talaq |newspaper=Indian Express |date=6 June 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/no-country-for-triple-talaq-4690585/ }}</ref> He resigned from position of Minister of state protesting against Rajiv Gandhi Congress Government stand on Shah Bano case in 1986.<ref name="Scroll interview">Ajaz Ashraf, [https://scroll.in/article/730642/arif-on-shah-bano-case-najma-heptullah-was-key-influence-on-rajiv-gandhi Arif on Shah Bano case: 'Najma Heptullah was key influence on Rajiv Gandhi'], Scroll.in, 30 May 2015.</ref> He defended Supreme Court judgement on [[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum |Shah Bano case]] in Parliament.<ref>Shishir Tripathi, [http://www.firstpost.com/india/triple-talaq-negates-both-equality-and-dignity-of-muslim-women-arif-mohammad-khan-3050810.html Triple talaq negates both equality and dignity of Muslim women: Arif Mohammad Khan], Firstpost, 14 October 2016.</ref><ref>Namita Kohli, [http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajiv-gandhi-govt-caved-under-pressure-from-narasimha-rao-najma-heptulla-during-shah-bano/story-N3or1pJErtJkSUmqGX96FP.html ‘Rajiv was pressured by Narasimha Rao, Najma Heptulla during Shah Bano’], Hindustan Times 11 September 2016.</ref> Khan opposed [[triple talaq in India]] and said that pronouncement of divorce by Muslim men in such manner should be punishable by 3 years in jail.<ref>Eram Agha, [http://www.news18.com/news/india/triple-talaq-should-be-made-punishable-with-3-years-jail-arif-mohd-khan-1320876.html Triple Talaq Should be Punishable With 3 Years Jail: Arif], News18, 13 March 2017.</ref> Khan has asserted that Muslim men are still allowed to be polygamous and can also give a divorce easily by paying paltry sums.<ref name="Hindustan Times 2017">{{cite news |title=If triple talaq can be challenged, why can't polygamy? |website=Hindustan Times |date=24 August 2017 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/if-triple-talaq-can-be-challenged-why-can-t-polygamy/story-VgzqqGfIT9GsHjyNCBKjnO.html }}</ref>

Khan welcomed the Karnataka High Court's judgement upholding that the [[hijab]] is not an essential garment according to [[Islam]] during the [[2022 Karnataka hijab row]], stating that enforcing the wearing of a hijab is a conspiracy to push back Muslim females into the four walls of their homes and reduce their career prospects - he gave an example of imagining a female [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer who is responsible for controlling law and order in a district, who cannot do so wearing a hijab.<ref name="India Today 2022">{{cite news |title=Karnataka hijab row: Kerala Governor Arif Mohammed welcomes HC's verdict |website=India Today |date=17 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-hijab-row-kerala-governor-arif-mohammed-welcomes-hc-verdict-video-1926256-2022-03-17 }}</ref><ref name="Shakil 2022">{{cite news |last=Shakil |first=Marya |title='Muslim Girls Won't be Restricted Anymore': Kerala Guv Arif Mohammad Khan Hails Hijab Verdict |website=News18 |date=15 March 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/muslim-girls-wont-be-restricted-anymore-kerala-guv-arif-mohammad-khan-hails-hijab-verdict-4877594.html }}</ref>

On being asked for a reaction about the [[murder of Kanhaiya Lal]] in [[Udaipur]] by reporters, Khan responded that [[madrasa]]s teach that [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemy]] should be punished by beheading and demanded that what is taught there should be examined.<ref name="The New Indian Express 2022">{{cite news |title=Islamic law that advocates beheading being taught in madrasas: Kerala Guv Arif Khan |website=The New Indian Express |date=30 June 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/jun/30/islamic-law-that-advocates-beheading-being-taught-in-madrasas-kerala-guv-arif-khan-2471213.html}}</ref>

==Current activities==
Khan has been deeply involved in writing since his student days. He is the author of the best-selling book of the year 2010 ''Text and Context: Quran and Contemporary Challenges'', published by Rupa & Co.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newageislam.com/books-and-documents/Text%20and%20Context-Quran%20and%20Contemporary%20Challenges%20By%20Arif%20Mohammed%20Khan/d/4872 |title=Let the Quran Speak for Itself, Books and Documents, Saif Shahin, NewAgeIslam.com, New Age Islam |publisher=Newageislam.com |access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> Now Arif Mohammad Khan is actively involved in writing articles and columns related to Islam and [[Sufism]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Arif Mohammad Khan |title=Is there any scope for change and reform in Islam? |newspaper=Tehelka |date=28 February 2013 |url=http://tehelka.com/is-there-any-scope-for-change-and-reform-in-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515052346/http://tehelka.com/is-there-any-scope-for-change-and-reform-in-islam/ |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has advocated abolishing of All India Muslim Personal Law Board.<ref name="Scroll interview"/> Arif Mohammad Khan also supported the [[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum|Supreme Court of India's Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum]] to make the right to maintenance of a divorced Muslim wife absolute.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arif Mohammad Khan welcomes Supreme Court's ruling on Section 125 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 April 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arif-mohammad-khan-welcomes-supreme-courts-ruling-on-section-125/articleshow/46843490.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bula Devi |title="It's Not About The Slogan. By Throwing Challenges, Owaisi Is Reviving Separatism." |newspaper=Outlook India Magazine |date=25 March 2016 |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/its-not-about-the-slogan-by-throwing-challenges-owaisi-is-reviving-separatism/296900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030747/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/its-not-about-the-slogan-by-throwing-challenges-owaisi-is-reviving-separatism/296900 |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>

== Governorship (2019– 2026) ==
[[File:Arif Mohammad Khan in Bihar with PM Narendra Modi.jpg|144x144px]]

Khan, {{circa|Khan as a governor (2025)}}
=== Governor of Kerala (2019–2025)===
[[File:Arif Mohammad Khan (cropped).jpg|130x130px]]

Khan, {{circa|2024}}

Khan was appointed the [[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] on 1 September 2019 by the order of the [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]]. He took charge as Governor on 6 September 2019 from [[P. Sathasivam]] he continued in office till 2 January 2025. Then he was appointed as the [[Governor of Bihar|Governor of Bihar.]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Arif Mohammad Khan takes oath in Malayalam |website=The Times of India |date=7 September 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/arif-mohammad-khan-takes-oath-in-malayalam/articleshow/71016534.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arif Mohammad Khan Sworn In As Kerala Governor |newspaper=NDTV News |date=6 September 2019 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/arif-mohammad-khan-sworn-in-as-kerala-governor-2096562}}</ref> The political controversy regarding the appointment of vice-chancellors of backgrounds from SFI/CPIM to the universities of Kerala had put him in the spotlight.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Kerala governor wants 11 university V-Cs out & how it's turned into a political slugfest |newspaper=The Print |date=26 October 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/why-kerala-governor-arif-khan-wants-9-vcs-to-resign-and-why-its-causing-a-political-stink/1182083/}}</ref> He wasn't given a proper farewell by the Kerala state government owing to various controversies between the office of the governor and the government. His farewell wasn't attended by the Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] nor any of the cabinet ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No thank you to Guv Arif, welcome Guv Arlekar |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/01/01/kerala-governor-arlekar-arif-khan.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=No thank you to Guv Arif, welcome Guv Arlekar |language=en}}</ref>

=== Governor of Bihar (2025–2026) ===
[[File:Arif Mohammad Khan in Bihar with PM Narendra Modi.jpg|144x144px]]

Khan, {{circa|2025}}

Khan was appointed by the president as the [[Governor of Bihar]] on 24 December 2024,<ref name="IT_24Dec2024" /> and assumed office on 2 January 2025. He left office on 14 March 2026 when he was replaced by [[Syed Ata Hasnain]] after just a period of 1 year & 71 days.

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
!Image
! Took office !! Left office
!Tenure length!! Position !! Political Party
|-
| 1.
| [[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|176x176px]]|| 1977 || 1980
|3 years|| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (1st term) in 7th UP assembly from [[Syana Assembly constituency|Syana]] || [[Janata Party]]
|-
| 2.
| [[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|177x177px]]|| 1980 || 1984
|4 years|| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in 7th Lok Sabha from [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 3.
|[[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|177x177px]]|| 1984 || 1989
|5 years|| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in 8th Lok Sabha from [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|4.
| [[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|177x177px]]
|1989
|1991
|2 years
|[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of Civil Aviation]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
| 5.
| [[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|177x177px]]|| 1989 || 1991
|2 years|| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in 9th Lok Sabha from [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]] || [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| 6.
| [[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|177x177px]]|| 1998 || 1999
|1 year|| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (4th term) in 12th Lok Sabha from [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
|7.
|[[File:Arif Mohammad Khan (cropped).jpg|144x144px]]
|6 September
2019
|2 January 2025
|5 years, 118 days
|[[Governor of Kerala]]
| -
|-
|8.
|[[File:Arif Mohammad Khan in Bihar with PM Narendra Modi.jpg|144x144px]]
|2 January 2025
|14 March 2026
| 1 year, 71 days
|[[Governor of Bihar]]
| -
|}

==See also==
*[[Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986]]
*[[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum]]
*[[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
*[[Syed Zafar Islam]]
*[[Tahir Aslam Gora]]
*[[Tarek Fatah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921190404/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12UP31.htm Parliament of India profile]
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Manohar Lal (politician)|Manohar Lal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]] |years=1980 – 1984}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Naresh Chander Chaturvedi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Maulana Saiyad Muzaffar Hussain]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]] |years=1984 – 1991}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rudrasen Chaudhary]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Padamsen Chaudhary]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]] |years=1998 – 1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Padamsen Chaudhary]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[P. Sathasivam]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] |years=6 September 2019 – 2 January 2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rajendra Arlekar]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rajendra Arlekar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]] |years=2 January 2025 – 13 March 2026}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Syed Ata Hasnain]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}
{{Current Indian governors|Kerala=Arif Mohammad Khan}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Arif Mohammad}}
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Bahraich district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Civil aviation ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Ministers of power of India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]

Varma (surname)

2026-03-19T13:59:00Z

Effossy: Expanded content with additional details

{{Redirect|Verma|people with the given name "Verma" and other uses|Verma (disambiguation)}}

'''Verma''', '''Varma''' are [[surnames]] found in India and Southeast Asia. These surnames are commonly used by people of different castes and ethnic groups across the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJoDDAAAQBAJ&dq=varma+hindu+surname&pg=RA2-PA541 |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set |date=2003-05-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977169-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&dq=Indian+surname+varma&pg=PA432 |title=Indian Civilization and Culture |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-083-2 |language=en}}</ref> The surname is used in North India by and some of the groups among cluster of castes called [[Kayastha]]s,<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RuK9z3jLcwgC&pg=PA242|last=Atal|first= Y|year=2012|title= Sociology: A Study of the Social Sphere|publisher=Pearson Education India|page=242|isbn=978-81-317-9759-4 }}</ref> [[Jats]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Yong |last2=Zhang |first2=Man |last3=Guo |first3=Qiaosheng |last4=Wei |first4=Min |last5=Shi |first5=Hongzhuan |last6=Wang |first6=Tao |last7=Han |first7=Zhengzhou |last8=Liu |first8=Huihui |last9=Liu |first9=Chang |last10=Huang |first10=Jianmin |date=2023-08-18 |title=Classification of Isatis indigotica Fortune and Isatis tinctoria Linnaeus via comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=24 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12864-023-09534-8 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2164|pmc=10436401 }}</ref> [[Rajputs|Rajput]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajput |first=Shelal Lodhi |date=2020 |title=Unfolding the Contributions of Greek & Roman Philosophers in Natural Law School of Jurisprudence |url=https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3751247 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3751247 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Kurmi]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/nitish-kumar-kurmi-community-bihar-a-political-history-8174700/|title=The Kurmi: a political history|website=Indian express|accessdate=17 July 2023}}</ref> and [[Koeri|Koeris.]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Cultural Research Institute|year=2004|place= India|publisher= Cultural Research Institute West Bengal (India)|page=26|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SfK839MBxycC|quote= Recently , they have adopted surnames like Verma , Mehta and Kushwaha . Their subgroups are mostly endogamous . There are five major social divisions or endogamous subgroups among the Koiri of West Bengal.}}</ref>

== Indian traditional usage ==
According to Ayodhya Prasad Sah, the title was also used by some [[Brahmins]] in parts of [[Odisha]], although it is recommended historically for the [[Kshatriya]]s.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8QBAAAAMAAJ&q=Varma++title |title=Life in mediæval Orissa, cir. A.D. 600-1200 |first=Ayodhya Prasad |last=Sah |publisher=Chaukhambha Orientalia |year=1976 |page=123}}</ref>

==Notable people==
Notable people with the surname "Varma" or its variants include:

===Burman===

* [[Anand Burman|Anand Ashok Chand Burman]], Indian billionaire businessman
* [[Sidharth Burman]], Indian businessman
* [[Saket Burman]], British billionaire
* [[Mohit Burman]], Indian businessman
* [[Megha Burman]], Indian actress
* [[Jayasri Burman]], Indian contemporary artist

===Dev Burman===
* [[Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman]], from the Tripura royal family; Indian Sitarist and Dhrupad singer
* [[Rahul Dev Burman]], Indian music composer and singer, son of Sachin Dev Burman
* [[Sachin Dev Burman]], Indian music composer and singer belonged to the Tripura royal family
* [[Somdev Devvarman]], Indian tennis star
* [[Meera Dev Burman]], Indian film lyricist and musician

===Varma===

* [[Amshuvarma|Amshu Varma]], Nepalese [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Lichchhavi]] King
* [[Aneesh Varma]], British-American Entrepreneur of Indian origin
* [[Indira Varma]], British actress of Indian origin
* [[Jagannatha Varma]], Indian(Malayalam) actor From Kerala
* [[Mahadevi Varma]], Indian(Hindi) poet from Uttar Pradesh
* [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Founder of Transcendental Meditation (birth surname)
* Maipady Venkatesh Varma Raja, Erstwhile Raja of Kumbla, now part of Kerala
* [[Manasi Varma]] Indian television actress
* [[Marthanda Varma]], Founder of the Kingdom of Travancore, now part of Kerala
* [[Prakash Varma]], Indian filmmaker from Kerala
* [[Prince Rama Varma]], Indian classical musician From Kerala
* [[Raja Ravi Varma]], Indian painter, From Kerala
* [[Ram Gopal Varma]], Indian(Bollywood) filmmaker from Andhra Pradesh
* [[Rama Varma IX]], Maharaja of Kingdom of Cochin, now part of Kerala
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)]], Indian actor from Andhra Pradesh
* [[Samyuktha Varma]], Indian(Malayalam) actress from Kerala
* [[Shabareesh Varma]], Indian(Malayalam) lyricist, Singer from Kerala
* [[Shreekumar Varma]], Indian writer from Kerala
* [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], Indian revolutionary fighter, lawyer and journalist from Gujarat
* [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] (1928–1975), Indian (Malayalam) poet and songwriter from Kerala

===Varman===
{{see also|List of monarchs of Cambodia}}
* [[Varman dynasty]] (4–7 c.), a dynasty of Kamarupa, including a list of rulers
* [[Suryavarman II]], Great King of the Khmer Empire and builder of Angkor Wat


===Verma===
* [[Abhay Verma]] (born 1998), Indian actor
* [[Abhishek Verma (archer)]] (born 1989), Indian archer
* [[Abhishek Verma (arms dealer)]] (born 1968), Indian businessman
* [[Agys Ramsaran Verma]], Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh
* [[Ajit Ram Verma]], Indian physicist
* [[Alka Verma]], Indian actress on the television show ''C.I.D.''
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]], Indian actor and television host
* [[Aman Verma (footballer)]]
* [[Amit Verma (cricketer)]]
* [[Anil Kumar Verma]], Indian politician

* [[Anshul Verma]], Indian politician and member of the 16th Lok Sabha
* [[Anurag Verma]], New Zealand cricketer
* [[Aru Krishansh Verma]], Indian film actor
* [[Arun Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
* [[Atul Verma]] (born 1997), Indian archer
* [[Baboo Lal Verma]], Indian politician and state minister of the Government of Rajasthan
* [[Beni Prasad Verma]], Indian politician and former Minister of Steel
* [[Bhagwati Charan Verma]], 20th-century Hindi writer and winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award
* [[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]], Indian politician who entered the Parliament of India in 2014
* [[Bindeshwari Prasad Verma]], Indian politician and first Speaker of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
* [[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]], Indian politician and three time member of the Lok Sabha
* [[Chotelal Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Daya-Nand Verma]], Indian mathematician after whom [[Verma module]]s are named
* [[Deepak Verma]], British actor, writer and producer
* [[Deven Verma]], Indian actor
* [[Dhirendra Verma]], 20th-century Indian poet and linguist
* [[Gajendra Verma]], Indian composer and playback singer
* [[H. C. Verma]], Indian experimental nuclear physicist
* [[H. L. Verma]], business science academic and administrator
* [[Harish Verma]] (born 1982), Indian actor
* [[Hemraj Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Hikmat Singh Verma]], Fiji Indian politician and former member of the House of Representatives of Fiji
* [[Inder Verma]], molecular biologist
* [[J. S. Verma]], Chief Justice of India
* [[Jai Verma]], Indian Hindi writer
* [[Jai Prakash Verma]], Indian politician
* [[Jhunnilal Verma]], Indian lawyer and politician
* [[K. C. Verma]], former director of RAW – India's foreign intelligence agency
* [[Kamla Verma]], Indian politician and a former cabinet minister
* [[Kaushal Kumar Verma]] (born 1971), Indian mathematician
* [[Kimi Verma]], Indian actress and fashion designer
* [[Lalji Verma]], Indian politician and currently member of 18th Lok Sabha
* [[Mahendra K. Verma]], Indian physicist working in magnetohydrodynamics
* [[Mahesh Verma]], Indian prosthodontist
* [[Manas Bihari Verma]], Indian aeronautical scientist
* [[Manikya Lal Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Constituent Assembly of India
* [[Mayur Verma]] (born 1991), Indian television actor
* [[Mihika Verma]] (born 1986), Indian television actress and former model
* [[Motilal Verma]], activist in the Indian independence movement
* [[Nakul Verma]] (born 1991), Indian cricketer
* [[Narendra Singh Verma]], Indian politician and Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
* [[Neelam Verma]], Canadian television anchor, businesswoman and Miss Universe finalist
* [[Neena Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
* [[Nirmal Verma]], Indian Hindi writer, activist and translator
* [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]], Indian admiral who served as Chief of the Naval Staff
* [[Omkar Verma]] (born 1991), Indian cricketer
* [[O.P. Verma]], Indian administrator who served as governor for two states
* [[Om Prakash Verma (politician)]], Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Parmish Verma]], Indian singer and actor
* [[Parvesh Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Parliament of India
* [[Phool Chand Verma]], Indian politician, member of the Lok Sabha and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party
* [[Pony Verma]], Bollywood choreographer
* [[Purnima Verma]], political and social worker and a Member of Parliament
* [[R.L.P. Verma]], member of Lok Sabha and a leader of Bhartiya Janata Party
* [[Raghunath Singh Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
* [[Rajeev Verma]], Indian actor
* [[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
* [[Rakesh Verma]], Indian politician
* [[Rakesh Kumar Verma]], Indian politician and Member of the Legislative Assembly
* [[Ram Murti Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Ramdeo Verma]], Indian politician and long-time member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
* [[Ramkumar Verma]], 20th-century Indian Hindi poet
* [[Rammurti Singh Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Ramswaroop Verma]], 20th-century activist and politician
* [[Randhir Prasad Verma]], Indian police officer posthumously awarded the Ashoka Chakra
* [[Rashmi Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
* [[Ravi Verma]], science administrator with a focus on AIDS and other social and public health issues
* [[Ravi Prakash Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Rajya Sabha
* [[Rekha Verma (born 1973)|Rekha Verma]], Indian politician and member of the sixteenth Lok Sabha
* [[Richard Verma]], American lawyer, public servant and [[United States Ambassador to India]]
* [[Rita Verma]], Indian politician and former Minister of State of Mines and Minerals
* [[Roshan Lal Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
* [[S. P. Sen Verma]], former Chief Election Commissioner of India
* [[Sahib Singh Verma]], Indian politician and former Union Labour Minister of India
* [[Sajjan Singh Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
* [[Sameer Verma]] (1994-), Indian badminton player
* [[Sandip Verma, Baroness Verma]], Indian English politician
* [[Sangeet Verma]], Indian photographer and photojournalist
* [[Satya Mohan Verma]] (1933-), Indian poet
* [[Saurabh Verma]] (1981-), Indian-born American cricketer
* [[Shafali Verma]], Indian women's cricketer
* [[Sheo Sharan Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
* [[Shivani Verma]], Indian spiritual teacher and inspirational speaker
* [[Subhash Verma]] (1968-), Indian wrestler
* [[Sunil Verma]], activist and survivor of the Bhopal disaster
* [[Sunil Kumar Verma]], Indian biologist known for his work on DNA barcoding
* [[Surendra Verma]], Indian Hindi litterateur and playwright
* [[Surendra Verma (science writer)]], Indian-Australian journalist and author of popular science books
* [[Sushma Verma]] (1992-), Indian cricketer
* [[Swati Verma]], Indian film actress primarily working in the Bhojpuri film industry
* [[Tinu Verma]], Indian film action director, actor, writer and producer in Hindi cinema
* [[Usha Verma]], Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha
* [[Utkarsh Verma]], Indian politician, and member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
* [[Veena Verma (writer)]], Punjabi poet and short story author living in the United Kingdom
* [[Vikram Verma]], Indian politician and political leader of Bharatiya Janata Party in Madhya Pradesh
* [[Vimla Verma]], Indian politician and social worker and member of the Parliament of India
* [[Vineet Verma]], Indian film director and animator
* [[Virendra Verma]], Indian politician and member of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha
* [[Vrindavan Lal Verma]], 20th-century Indian Hindi novelist and playwright

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Sugar industry in India

2026-03-18T23:49:40Z

Effossy: New Stub - done

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Time of cutting sugar cane.jpg|thumb|Sugar cane cutting]]
[[Sugar]] has been produced in India since ancient times, or at least 1200 BC. It then spread to other parts. Sugarcane is a native of tropical Indian subcontinent then to Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVWItAEACAAJ|title=The Great Hedge of India: The Search for the Living Barrier that Divided a People|last=Moxham|first=Roy|date=2002-02-07|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780786709762|language=en}}</ref> In [[India]], [[sugarcane]] is planted thrice a year in October, March and July depending on part of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/planting-time-sugarcane|title=Planting time: Sugarcane {{!}} agropedia|website=Agropedia.iitk.ac.in|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> Most of the sugar production in India takes at local [[Cooperative movement in India|Cooperative Sugar mills]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coopsugar.org/|title=NFCSF – National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Limited|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/commodities/cooperative-sugar-mills-seek-sops-to-begin-crushing-in-next-season/1135453/|title=Cooperative sugar mills seek sops to begin crushing in next season|date=2018-04-17|website=The Financial Express|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> After gaining Independence, India made serious plans for overall industrial development of sugar industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/indian-industries/sugar.html|title=Indian Sugar Industry, Sugar Industry in India, Sugar Industry, Sugar Industries|website=www.indianmirror.com|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>

== Market ==
[[File:Sugarcane weighing at sugarmill.jpg|thumb|Sugarcane weighing at sugar mill]]
Sugar industry is a big business in India. Around 525 mills produced more than 30 million tonnes of sugar in the last crushing season,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/isma-cuts-indias-2018-19-sugar-production-estimate-to-307-lakh-tonnes/articleshow/67622494.cms?from=mdr|title=ISMA cuts India's 2018–19 sugar production estimate to 307 lakh tonnes|last=Bhosale|first=Jayashree|date=2019-01-21|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> which lasted from October to April. This makes it the world's largest producer, unseating [[Brazil]]. Some 50 million farmers and millions of more workers, are involved in sugarcane farming.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48173677|title=How sugar influences the world's biggest election|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=2019-05-08|work=BBC News|access-date=2019-06-04|language=en-GB}}</ref> India is the world's largest consumer of sugar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinimandi.com/india-set-to-replace-brazil-as-its-biggest-producer/|title=India, The World's Biggest Consumer Of Sugar Set To Replace Brazil As Its Biggest Producer Too|last=Rai|first=Shivani|date=2018-09-03|website=Sugar Industry News and Updates|publisher=Chinimandi.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/health/buzz/indians-are-the-world-s-largest-consumers-of-sugar-and-it-s-slowly-poisoning-us-248039.html|title=Indians Are The World's Largest Consumers Of Sugar, And It's Slowly Poisoning Us!|date=2015-12-09|website=indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> According to data from the [[Indian Sugar Mills Association]], the country's sugar mill produce 268.21{{nbsp}}[[lakh]] ({{lakh|268.21}}) tonnes of sugar between October 1, 2019, and May 31, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/in-focus/bittersweet-harvest/782225.html|title=Bittersweet harvest|website=The Tribune}}</ref>

On May 24, 2022, the Indian government announced that India will restrict the export of [[sugar]] from June 1, 2022. This restriction has been ordered to maintain domestic availability and ensure price stability.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-05-26 |title=Explained: Sugar export curbs and their impact |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sugar-export-curbs-and-their-impact-7936227/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Production of sugar cane in India ==
Sugar cane is very important input for making sugar.'''<ref name=":0" />''' When production of sugar cane increases, sugar production also increases. Sugar cane's production increased from 110 million tonnes in year 1961 to 405 million tonnes in year 2019. Sugar cane are grown in 2413 thousand hectare in 1961 year to 5061 thousand hectare in year 2019. Production quality for sugar cane is also increased. Production quantity improved from 45 tonnes/hectare to 80 tonnes/hectare.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Hectare (thousand) <ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Production of sugar cane in India|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC}}</ref>
!Production tonnes/hectare
!Production (million tonnes)
|-
|'''1961'''
|2,413
|45
|110
|-
|'''1971'''
|2,615
|48
|126
|-
|'''1981'''
|2,666
|58
|154
|-
|'''1991'''
|3,686
|65
|241
|-
|'''2001'''
|4,315
|68
|296
|-
|'''2011'''
|4,944
|69
|342
|-
|'''2019'''
|5,061
|80
|405
|}

== Production of sugar cane by state ==
Traditionally, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra produce the majority of sugar cane in India. This can be attributed to rich soil surrounding major rivers present in both states. However, in 2019 Maharashtra was hit with [[2019 Indian floods#Maharashtra|floods]] thus affecting total production.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Production by state (2017–18)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/india%20production/India_Productions.aspx?cat=Agri&hscode=1015 |title=India production of 1015,1015 |publisher=Agriexchange.apeda.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2022-08-12}}</ref>
|-
! State !! Production(1000 tonnes) !! Share(Percentage)
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 177,060.00 || 46.75
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 83,130.00 || 22.06
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 28,260.00 || 7.50
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 16,540.00 || 4.39
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 13,980.00 || 3.71
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 12,050.00 || 3.20
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 9,630.00 || 2.56
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 8,020.00 || 2.13
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 7,950.00 || 2.11
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || 6,300.00 || 1.67
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 5,430.00 || 1.44
|-
| [[Telangana]] || 2,560.00 || 0.68
|-
| Others || 5,980.00 || 1.59
|}

== Products and by-products ==
The processing of sugarcane generates [[bagasse]], [[molasses]] and press mud. Indian sugar industry has been using these by-products to generate [[Ethanol|bioethanol]], electricity and many other products over the years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Solomon|first=S.|date=2011-12-01|title=Sugarcane By-Products Based Industries in India|journal=Sugar Tech|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=408–416|doi=10.1007/s12355-011-0114-0|s2cid=45483988|issn=0974-0740}}</ref>

== Organisations ==

* [[Indian Sugar Mills Association]] (ISMA)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/maharashtra-mills-set-yet-another-record-in-sugar-output/articleshow/69210828.cms|title=Maharashtra mills set yet another record in sugar output|date=2019-05-07|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>
*[[All India Sugar Trade Association]] (AISTA)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-sugar-idINKCN1QZ129|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319204142/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-sugar-idINKCN1QZ129|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 19, 2019|title=India's 2018/19 sugar output seen at 32.6 million T – trade body|date=2019-03-18|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-06-04|language=en}}</ref>
* [[National Sugar Institute]] (NSI)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/nsi-admission-2019-applications-begun-at-national-sugar-institute-entrance-exam-in-june-entrance-exam-in-june-nsi-gov-in-5639344/|title=NSI admission 2019: Applications begun at National Sugar Institute, entrance exam in June|date=2019-03-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>
* [[The Sugar Technologists Association of India]] (STAI)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/commodities/sugar-technologists-seek-hike-in-msp-to-rs-3600-quintal/1552699/|title=Sugar technologists seek hike in MSP to Rs 3,600/quintal|date=2019-04-19|website=The Financial Express|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Cooperative sugar factories in Maharashtra]]
* [[Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research]]
* [[History of sugar]]

== References ==
{{commons category|Sugar industry in India}}
{{reflist}}

{{Agriculture in India}}
{{Sugar}}

[[Category:Sugar industry by country|India]]
[[Category:Industries of India]]
[[Category:Sugar industry in India| ]]

Durjan Singh

2026-03-17T07:42:00Z

Effossy: new...

{{Short description|Leader of Chuar Rebellion}}
{{distinguish|Durjan Singha Dev}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Durjan Singh
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for = [[Chuar Rebellion]]
| title = [[zamindar]] of Raipur estate
| spouse =
}}
'''Durjan Singh''' was a great leader of [[Chuar Rebellion]] of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]. Singh was a ''[[zamindar]]'' of Raipur in the [[Bishnupur kingdom|Bishnupur district]] of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History-BANKURA |url=https://www.wbcsmadeeasy.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/HISTRY-BAN.pdf |website=WBCSMadeEasy}}</ref> He led the Chuar Rebellion in 1798–99 in [[Midnapore district]] against the [[British East India Company]], but it was brutally crushed at its peak..<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gouripada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC |title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle |date=1986 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Civil Disturbances During the British Rule in India (1765 - 1857) |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/civil-disturbances-during-british-rule-india-1765-1857 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

== Rebellion ==
In [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], the [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]] of [[Jungle Mahals]] were called ''chuars'' . Some of them became ''zamindars'', and called themselves ''Rajas'' or ''Sardars''. Their rebellions during the [[Company rule in India|Company rule]] were called [[Chuar Rebellion]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97EeAQAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society |date=1973 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Southwest Bengal, 1776, by Rennell.jpg|thumb|[[Estate (land)|Estate]] of Bengal (map by Runnel, 1776)]]
Raja Durjan Singh was the [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] ''zamindar'' of Raipur, from where he was dispossessed by the British. To get back his Raipur estate, Durjan Singh joined the Chuar Rebellion started by [[Raja Jagannath Singh|Jagannath Singh]], ''zamindar'' of [[Dhalbhum]] and attacked the British with around 15,000 of his companions and caused havoc in Raipur and surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Binod Sankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTxUHzhYXwC |title=Changing Profile of the Frontier Bengal, 1751-1833 |date=1984 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |first=West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMBFAQAAIAAJ |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Bānkurā |date=1968 |publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers |language=en}}</ref> He was also supported by other dispossessed Bhumij ''zamindars'', ''Rajas'' and Bagri leaders of [[Midnapore]], [[Dhalbhum]], [[Bankura]]{{When|date=January 2025}} including Mohan Singh, Lal Singh, Govardhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraf |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVTEliFf9W8C |title=The Indian Society: A Process of Peoples' Revolutionary Struggle Through the Ages |date=1974 |publisher=Progressive Studies, Kashmir |language=en}}</ref> He established his rule over 30 villages and attacked the [[East India Company]] establishments. The ''Chuars ([[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]])'' spread the rebellion in [[Raipur, Bankura|Raipur]], [[Bankura]], [[Phulkusma]], Bhalaidiha, [[Shyamsundarpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Shyamsunderpur]] and [[Simlapal]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6nQ_AAAAMAAJ |title=Hundred Years of Freedom Struggle, 1847-1947 |date=1989 |publisher=Biplabi Niketan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saha |first1=Sheela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnZuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Company Rule in India: Some Regional Aspects |last2=Saha |first2=D. N. |date=2004 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-251-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Suchibrata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRouAAAAMAAJ |title=The Santals of Jungle Mahals: An Agrarian History, 1793-1861 |date=1984 |publisher=Ratna Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQrAQAAIAAJ |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |date=2002 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Binod Sankar |title=Changing Profile of the Frontier Bengal, 1751-1833 |date=1984 |publisher=Mittal Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTxUHzhYXwC&q=lal+singh+satarkhani+chuar+barabhum&pg=PA86 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Durjan}}
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Tribal chiefs]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Adivasi]]
[[Category:Bhumij people]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]

John Mahendran

2026-03-16T04:59:34Z

Effossy: started biography

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Mahendran
| image =
| imagesize = 46
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Director
| othername = John Roshan<ref name="G"/>
| yearsactive = 2002 - present
| spouse =
| parents = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
}}

'''John Mahendran''', credited as '''John''', is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film director and screenwriter who has worked on Tamil and Telugu and language films. John is the son of noted Tamil film maker [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Career==
Reports in July 1997 suggested that John was set to direct a film under [[Mani Ratnam]]'s production house with [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] in the lead role, though the project failed to materialize.<ref name="G">{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/lot/2330/gcnjul.html|title=GOKUL'S HOME PAGE|publisher=}}</ref> John then made his directorial debut with the Telugu romantic drama, ''Premichedi Endukamma'' (1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-preminchedi.html|title=Premichedi Endukamma?|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi}}</ref> and also directed ''[[Neetho (2002 film)|Neetho]]'' (2002) starring newcomers [[Prakash Kovelamudi]] and [[Mahek Chahal]], though the film performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/movielist.html|title=Telugu Cinema roundup in 2002 - list of straight movies released|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-neetho.html|title=Telugu Cinema — Review — Neetho — Surya Prakash, Mehek — Vidya sagar — John — Ramoji Rao|publisher=}}</ref> He later adapted and remade the latter film in Tamil as ''[[Sachein]]'' (2005) with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Genelia D'Souza]] and [[Bipasha Basu]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13john.htm|title='Bipasha is not there just for an item number'|publisher=}}</ref> John later worked on the independent Tamil film ''[[Aanivaer]]'' (2006), which told the story of a doctor caught up in the [[Sri Lankan civil war]]. The film won positive reviews and had a limited release across regions with Tamil diaspora.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/comedy-creativity-mark-cultural-extravaganza/article1907383.ece|title=Comedy, creativity mark cultural extravaganza|date=8 September 2007|publisher=|via=The Hindu}}</ref> John subsequently began work and finished the first schedule for ''Urumi'', which starred [[Sibiraj]] and [[Aparna Pillai]], but the film was later shelved.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} He then began pre-production on a film starring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and also a project titled ''Saravedi'', starring [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]] but both the projects never materialized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mytamilmovie.com/descriphead.asp?idno%3D10235 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-09-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928022909/http://www.mytamilmovie.com/descriphead.asp?idno=10235 |archivedate=28 September 2015 }}</ref>

John began work on a political comedy film titled ''Thallaippu Seidhigal'' in 2011 with [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]] and [[Aindrita Ray]] in the lead, and although the team had a photoshoot and later went through a title change, with a new title of ''Sadugudu'', the project was shelved.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} In the early 2010s, John has worked on the script of ''[[Settai (film)|Settai]]'' (2013) by helping director [[R. Kannan|Kannan]] re-work the script of Hindi film ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' and on writing dialogues for ''Ambikapathy'', the dubbed Tamil version of ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dhanush-an-effortless-actor-john-mahendran-113062100314_1.html|title=Dhanush an effortless actor: John Mahendran|first=|last=IANS|publisher=}}</ref> Subsequently he worked as a writer on film including ''[[Kaashmora]]'' (2016) and ''[[Motta Siva Ketta Siva]]'' (2017), while working as a screenplay and dialogue writing teacher at the Bofta Film Institute based in Chennai.

In 2022, he wrote for the Tamil movie ''[[Visithiran]]'', the official remake of Malayalam movie ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' directed by [[M. Padmakumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rk-suresh-to-remake-joseph-in-tamil-bala-to-produce-news-malayalam-tjsqHjidedaga.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006045303/https://www.sify.com/movies/rk-suresh-to-remake-joseph-in-tamil-bala-to-produce-news-malayalam-tjsqHjidedaga.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2019|title=RK Suresh to remake 'Joseph' in Tamil, Bala to produce|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Director===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Language
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''Preminchedi Endukamma'' || Telugu || rowspan="4"|credited as John
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Neetho (2002 film)|Neetho]]'' || Telugu
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Sachein]]'' || Tamil
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Aanivaer]]'' || Tamil
|}

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
!class=unsortable| Role
|-
|2022 || ''[[Raangi]]'' || Krishnamurthy
|-
|2023 ||''[[Raththam]]'' || Inspector Vimal Raj
|}

===Writer===
*''All films are in Tamil including dubs. He has translated other language films into Tamil''.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;" Nee-Na
|-
! width=35 | Year
! width=200 | Film
! width=50 | Screenplay
! width=50 | Dialogues
! width=50 | Notes
|-align="center"
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 ||''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Raanjhanaa|Ambikapathy]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Translated}} ||
|-
|''[[Dookudu|Athiradi Vettai]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Translated}} ||
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Kashmora]]'' || {{no}}|| {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2020 ||''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Kabadadaari]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 ||''[[Visithiran]]'' || {{no}}|| {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' || {{no}} ||{{partial|Translated}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Kondraal Paavam]]''
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Agent (film)|Agent]]''
| {{no}} || {{partial|Translated}} ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Baby and Baby]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || Story discussion
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1892316}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahendran, John}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

KRG Studios

2026-03-15T19:59:45Z

Effossy: page edit

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''KRG Studios''' is an Indian [[film production]] and [[Film distribution company|distribution]] company based in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], India. It primarily deals with the production and distribution of [[Kannada]]-language and non-Kannada films across [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=cinimirror|date=2019-08-10|title=New office for KRG Studios to create more hits|url=https://cinimirror.com/new-office-for-krg-studios-to-create-more-hits/|access-date=2021-11-12|website=Cini Mirror|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
KRG Studios established its distribution business in 2017 by Karthik Gowda with Yogi G Raj, having distributed over 100+ films in Karnataka to date. In 2020, KRG Studios ventured into full-fledged production, from conceptualization to creation of [[feature film]]s and also launched the KRG Connects [[movie marketing]] unit in the same year.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Producer Karthik Gowda on Sunday announced all about his latest venture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/producer-karthik-gowda-on-sunday-announced-all-about-his-latest-venture/articleshow/77183849.cms|access-date=2021-11-12|website=The Times of India|date=26 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Film production ==
KRG Studios ventured into film production with ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'', a film starring [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]] is an Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|comedy drama film]] written and directed by [[Rohit Padaki]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhananjaya-starrer Kannada movie 'Rathnan Prapancha' to release on October 22 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/dhananjaya-starrer-kannada-movie-rathnan-prapancha-to-release-on-october-22/articleshow/86781767.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2021-11-12 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> The film stars Malayalam actress, [[Reba Monica John]] in her Kannada debut, [[Panju (actor)|Panju]], [[Umashree]], [[Ravishankar Gowda]], [[Anu Prabhakar]] and others. It was released directly on the digital platform [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 22 October 2021. It received positive reviews from critics and audience and became a ''streaming blockbuster'' on [[Amazon Prime Video]].

Following their success of [[Rathnan Prapancha]], they produced ''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]'' in 2023, an [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Vijay Naagendra, starring [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]], [[Amrutha Iyengar]], B. S. Avinash, [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Naveen Shankar]], Anirudh Bhat, Mayuri Nataraj, Rajesh Nataranga and others. [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] composed the soundtrack and background score, while Karthik.S handled the cinematography. The film marks Dhananjaya's 25th film as an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRG Studios Production 2 is Daali Dhananjaya's milestone 25th film, Hoysala |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/krg-studios-production-2-is-daali-dhananjayas-milestone-25th-film-hoysala/47298728f271 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Released on 30 March 2023, it opened to positive reviews and critical acclaim.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=V, DHNS |first=Vivek M. |title='Gurudev Hoysala' review: A gripping, enjoyable cop drama |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/gurudev-hoysala-review-a-gripping-enjoyable-cop-drama-1205568.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Uttarakaanda (film)|Uttarakaanda]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakaanda - Kannada Movie Review, Ott, Release Date, Trailer, Budget, Box Office & News - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/uttarakaanda.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> has been announced as the next production venture by KRG Studios. Directed by Rohit Padaki, the film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar|Dr.Shivarajkumar]], [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttarakanda first look poster released as a birthday gift for Dolly Dhananjay |url=https://www.journoindia.com/2022/08/uttarakanda-first-look-poster-released.html |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> It is one of the most anticipated [[Kannada cinema]], especially because it marks the return of Sandalwood Queen [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramya: ಧನಂಜಯ ಜೊತೆ 'ಉತ್ತರಕಾಂಡ' ಸೇರಿಕೊಂಡ ರಮ್ಯಾ, 'ಇನ್ ಮ್ಯಾಲಿಂದ ಫುಲ್ ಗುದ್ದಾಂಗುದ್ದಿ' |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/dhananjaya-ramya-starrer-uttarakanda-movie-muhurtha-photos/articleshow/95339995.cms |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> However, Ramya opted out of the film due to unavailability of dates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-03-27 |title=Ramya has opted out of KRG Studios' Uttarakaanda |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Mar/27/ramya-has-opted-out-of-krg-studios-uttarakaanda |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It was also reported that [[Atul Kulkarni]] was roped into play a role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=Atul Kulkarni To Play Lead Role In The Rohith Padaki's Kannada Film Uttarakaanda |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/atul-kulkarni-to-play-lead-role-in-the-rohith-padakis-kannada-film-uttarakaanda-8655671.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Bollywood music composer and singer [[Amit Trivedi]] will make his Kannada debut with ''Uttarakaanda'',<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2024-04-03 |title=Bollywood's Amit Trivedi to compose music for Kannada film 'Uttarakaanda' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bollywoods-amit-trivedi-to-compose-music-for-kannada-film-uttarakaanda/article68023073.ece |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> while cinematography will be handled by Advaitha Gurumurthy and art direction by Vishwas Kashyap. The team also held auditions for the supporting and other background actors in and around North Karnataka in March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Dhananjaya-starrer Uttarakaanda Team Concludes Auditions For Additional Cast Members |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dhananjaya-starrer-uttarakaanda-team-concludes-auditions-for-additional-cast-members-8832404.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

After filming began in April 2024, further cast details were revealed over the following days with their first look posters. [[Chaithra J. Achar|Chaithra Achar]] who has showcased her talent in movies like ''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B|Saptha Sagaradache Ello]], [[Toby (film)|Toby]] and'' ''Gilky'' was roped in to play Lacchi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Actress Chaithra Achar's First Look From Uttarakaanda Unveiled |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-chaithra-achars-first-look-from-uttarakaanda-unveiled-8854956.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Malayalam Filmmaker [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] was cast in the role of Torrino.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam actor-producer Vijay Babu forays into Kannada cinema with Uttarakaanda |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/malayalam-actor-producer-vijay-babu-forays-into-kannada-cinema-with-uttarakaanda/fbde0e3908282 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> [[Diganth]] to play Mallige, a character distinct from his previous roles.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2024-04-18 |title=Diganth, Chaithra J Achar join the cast of 'Uttarakaanda' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/diganth-chaithra-j-achar-join-the-cast-of-uttarakaanda/article68078838.ece |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Director [[Yogaraj Bhat|Yograj Bhat]] as Patil, while veteran and accomplished actors [[Rangayana Raghu]] and ''Gopal Krishna Deshpande'' were cast as Bande Kaaka and Dharma respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Uttarakaanda Movie: 'ಬಂಡೆ ಕಾಕಾ' ನಾಗಿ 'ಉತ್ತರಕಾಂಡ'ದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಿದ್ದಾರೆ ರಂಗಾಯಣ ರಘು - Vistara News |url=https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/sandalwood/uttarakaanda-movie-bande-kaaka-rangayana-raghu/635245.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |language=kn |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428173817/https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/sandalwood/uttarakaanda-movie-bande-kaaka-rangayana-raghu/635245.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> National award-winning actress [[Umashree]] was on boarded to play the role of Pandari Bai, this movie marks her second collaboration with the director and production team following their successful film [[Rathnan Prapancha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Dhananjay: ಉತ್ತರಕಾಂಡ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಪಂಡರಿಬಾಯಿ ಇವರೇ! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/sandalwood-veteran-actress-umashree-in-uttarakaanda-movie-rvj-dvp-1665201.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=News18 ಕನ್ನಡ |language=kn}}</ref> and finally [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] was announced as the female lead 'Durgi' owing to the vacancy as Ramya backing out of the project. The film marks her debut in Kannada cinema who has worked in various roles in the South Indian Films.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2024-04-23 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh to make Kannada debut with 'Uttarakaanda' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aishwarya-rajesh-to-make-kannada-debut-with-uttarakaanda/article68096998.ece |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is also reported that actress [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana Menon]] is also included in the cast who would is said to be paired opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar|Shivarajkumar]] who have proved to be a successful onscreen pair.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Bhavana Menon to collaborate with Shivarajkumar again within 'Uttarakaanda' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Apr/23/bhavana-menon-to-collaborate-with-shivarajkumar-again-within-uttarakaanda |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On the occasion of their 6th anniversary, KRG Studios announced their collaboration with [[The Viral Fever|TVF Motion Pictures]] in the arena of feature films with a specific focus on South Indian regional languages<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=KRG Studios, TVF Motion Pictures team up to produce South Indian films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Jul/22/krg-studios-tvf-motion-pictures-team-up-to-produce-south-indian-films-2597250.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> with the purpose of bringing interesting and fresh stories to young adults everywhere. The [[Muhurat shot|muhurtha]] of the film happened in Bangalore on 6 September 2023, where [[Sudeepa|''Kichcha Sudeep'']] was the special guest at the event and slammed the clapboard for the first scene of the film, titled ''Powder''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kiccha-sudeep-wishes-to-diganth-dhanya-ramkumar-starrer-powder-movie/articleshow/103080780.cms|title=ದಿಗಂತ್, ಶರ್ಮಿಳಾ ಮಾಂಡ್ರೆ, ಧನ್ಯಾ ರಾಮ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ ನಟನೆಯ 'ಪೌಡರ್'; Kiccha Sudeep ಸಾಥ್|website=Vijay Karnataka}}</ref> A comedy Kannada feature film, directed by the Janardhan Chikkanna and written by Deepak Venkateshan, the movie boasts a stellar cast including [[Diganth]], [[Dhanya Ramkumar]], [[Sharmiela Mandre]], Anirudh Acharya, [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Ravishankar Gowda]], Gopal Krishna Deshpande and others. The shooting commenced in [[Mysore|Mysuru]] on 30 October 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Powder wraps up Mysuru schedule, next stop Bengaluru |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/Dec/04/powder-wraps-up-mysuru-schedule-next-stop-bengaluru-50119.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> and concluded with a second schedule in [[Bangalore]] on 14 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TVFs Maiden Kannada Feature Film Powder Finally Completes The Shoot |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tvfs-maiden-kannada-feature-film-powder-finally-completes-the-shoot-2730896.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> The film is slated to release in theatres on 12 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-03-15 |title=It's a wrap for Kannada feature film 'Powder' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/its-a-wrap-for-kannada-feature-film-powder/2001769/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Further, the production has announced their next film (5th production) on 25 June 2023, tilted ''Kirik'et 11''.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2023-06-25 |title=Danish Sait, Naveen Shankar to star in 'Kiriket 11' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/danish-sait-naveen-shankar-to-star-in-kiriket-11/article67008337.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The movie marks the Kannada debut of director ''Suman Kumar,'' co-writer of the popular Hindi web series ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' and ''[[Farzi]]'' written by Manoj Kumar Kalvanan, the film revolves around cricket starring [[Danish Sait]] and [[Naveen Shankar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2023-06-26 |title=Danish Sait, Naveen Shankar get ready for a game of Kirik'et 11 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Jun/26/danish-sait-naveen-shankar-get-ready-for-a-game-of-kiriket-11-2588493.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The shooting of the film will commence shortly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-25 |title=Naveen Shankar and Danish Sait team up for sports comedy, Kiriket 11 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/naveen-shankar-and-danish-sait-team-up-for-sports-comedy-kiriket-11/articleshow/101255505.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On the eve of superstar [[Kiccha Sudeep]]'s birthday in 2023, the production team made an exciting announcement that they will be working with Sudeep for the very first time on a film titled ''KK'' (King Kichcha).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Kichcha Sudeep returns to direction after 10 years, to collaborate with KRG Studios |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kichcha-sudeep-set-to-return-to-direction-after-10-years-join-forces-krg-studios-2429851-2023-09-01 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film marks the return of the actor to the director's chair after nearly a decade.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2023-09-02 |title=Sudeep returns to direction after ten years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sudeep-returns-to-direction-after-ten-years/article67262832.ece |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The team has shared a title teaser that reveals the tagline "God Forgives, I don't" which suggests that Sudeep is ready to take on yet another actioner with ''KK'', with him also playing the main lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/kichcha-sudeep-goes-behind-lens-after-10-years-for-kk20230901233747/|title=Kichcha Sudeep goes behind lens after 10 years for 'KK'|website=ANI News}}</ref>

The banner has also ventured into [[Tamil cinema|Tamil language films]] through collaborating with acclaimed filmmaker [[Anjali Menon]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-02-19 |title='Wonder Women' Filmmaker Anjali Menon Sets Partnership With South Indian Content Specialist KRG Studios (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/wonder-women-anjali-menon-krg-studios-1235916089/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] through collaboration with [[Friday Film House]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=After Abbabba, Karthik Gowda and Vijay Babu now collaborate for Malayalam movies |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-abbabba-karthik-gowda-and-vijay-babu-now-collaborate-for-malayalam-movies/d2e7236138999 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

As KRG expands its footprint to comprehensive film production, on February 20, 2024, the production announced its first collaboration with the filmmaker [[Anjali Menon]] for their next project tentatively title ''KRG07''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-02-19 |title='Wonder Women' Filmmaker Anjali Menon Sets Partnership With South Indian Content Specialist KRG Studios (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/wonder-women-anjali-menon-krg-studios-1235916089/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Known for her works, Menon brings her storytelling to a Tamil feature film in partnership with KRG.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Bangalore Days director Anjali Menon to work on a Tamil film next! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/bangalore-days-director-anjali-menon-to-work-on-a-tamil-film-next-article-107845308 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> This collaboration with Anjali Menon marks a pivotal moment for the company, focusing on bridging gaps in storytelling within the Kannada industry and beyond.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=National Award Winning Writer Anjali Menon To Collaborate With KRG Studios For A Feature Film {{!}} Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/regional/regional-news/anjali-menon-to-collaborate-with-krg-studios-for-a-feature-film/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 29 February 2024, [[Friday Film House]] and KRG Studios announced their collaboration to produce and distribute feature films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Abbabba, Karthik Gowda and Vijay Babu now collaborate for Malayalam movies |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-abbabba-karthik-gowda-and-vijay-babu-now-collaborate-for-malayalam-movies/d2e7236138999 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The collaboration will initially involve three feature films and will explore several other opportunities in distribution. The first feature titled ''Padakkalam'', directed by Manu Swaraj will commence production soon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotagunasi |first=Manjunath B. |title=KRG Studios: ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದ ಜತೆಗೆ ಮಲಯಾಳಂ ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗಕ್ಕೆ ಹೊರಟು ನಿಂತ ಕೆಆರ್‌ಜಿ ಸ್ಟುಡಿಯೋಸ್‌ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-karthik-gowda-and-yogi-g-rajs-krg-studios-forays-into-malayalam-film-industry-announced-padakkalam-mnk-181709370701014.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref>

== Films distributed ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of films distributed by KRG Studios
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
| ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
| rowspan="18" |Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dodmane Huduga review. Dodmane Huduga Kannada movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dodmane-huduga-review-kannada-movie-review-20740 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Operation Alamelamma]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=Operation Alamelamma review. Operation Alamelamma Kannada movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/operation-alamelamma-kannada-movie-21678 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kataka (film)|Kataka]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animated crab is villain in Ravi Basrur's Kataka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/sep/05/animated-crab-is-villain-in-ravi-basrurs-kataka-1958.html |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Churikatte]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2018 |title=Pistol led to the script of Churikatte |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jan/22/pistol-led-to-the-script-of-churikatte-1761612.html |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2018 |title=Forget your everyday life and get transported with Churikatte |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/forget-your-everyday-life-and-get-transported-with-churikatte/articleshow/62648357.cms |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taarak review. Taarak Kannada movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/taarak-review-kannada-movie-21808 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="15" |2018
| ''[[Rajaratha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-27 |title=KRG Studios to distribute 'Rajaratha' |url=https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/krg-studios-to-distribute-rajaratha/ |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=News Karnataka |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2018 |title=My debut may have been a hit, but I still want to prove myself with Rajaratha: Anup Bhandari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-debut-may-have-been-a-hit-but-i-still-want-to-prove-myself-with-rajaratha-anup-bhandari/articleshow/63417823.cms |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nagarahavu (2016 film)|Nagarahavu]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2018 |title='Nagarahavu' is ready to be re-release abroad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nagarahavu-is-ready-to-be-re-release-abroad/articleshow/65130619.cms |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2018 |title=Naagarahavu to release overseas on demand |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jul/24/naagarahavu-to-release-overseas-on-demand-1848006.html |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[8MM Bullet]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moviekoop|title=8MM Movie {{!}} Cast, Release Date, Trailer, Posters, Reviews, News, Photos and Videos|url=https://moviekoop.com/Movie/Details/8MM/739|access-date=2021-11-14|website=Moviekoop|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Idam Premam Jeevanam''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-14 |title=Spreading positivity with the music of Idam Premam Jeevanam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/spreading-positivity-with-the-music-of-idam-premam-jeevanam/articleshow/63285523.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[O Premave (2018 film)|O Premave]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-23 |title=O Premave complete - Kannada News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/o-premave-complete-kannada-news-201265 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Days of Borapura'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-14 |title=Days of Borapura ready - Kannada News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/days-of-borapura-ready-kannada-news-211551 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[6ne Maili]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-24 |title='6ne Maili is a suspense thriller based on real events' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/6ne-maili-is-a-suspense-thriller-based-on-real-events/articleshow/64710592.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Trunk'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trunk Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/trunk/movie-review/64974920.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sankashtakara Ganapathi''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sankashta Kara Ganapathi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sankashta-kara-ganapathi/movie-review/65158956.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Onthara Bannagalu''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Onthara Bannagalu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/onthara-bannagalu/movie-review/65434954.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ondalla Eradalla]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ondalla Eradalla Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ondalla-eradalla/movie-review/65512945.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naduve Antaravirali]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Naduve AntaraviraliUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/naduve-antaravirali/movieshow/64970985.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhairava Geetha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=Bhairava Geetha is a saga of love and revenge based on a true story that took place in Rayalaseema: Ram Gopal Varma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bhairava-geetha-is-a-saga-of-love-and-revenge-based-on-a-true-story-that-took-place-in-rayalaseema-ram-gopal-varma/articleshow/67043817.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''
| rowspan="2" |Telugu version
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K. |date=2019-01-09 |title=NTR biopic 'NTR Kathanayakudu' welcomed in Telugu States with fanfare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ntr-biopic-ntr-kathanayakudu-welcomed-in-telugu-states-with-fanfare/article61554103.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=2019-02-22 |title=N.T.R: Mahanayakudu Movie Review: A Functional Political Film In Which The Road To Victory Is Filled With The Shouts Of "Jai NTR" |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/n-t-r-mahanayakudu-movie-review-a-functional-political-film-in-which-the-road-to-victory-is-filled-with-the-shouts-of-jai-ntr |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" |2019
| ''[[Devaki (2019 film)|Devaki]]''
| rowspan="20" |Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-20 |title=Devaki distribution rights bought by KRG Studios |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Apr/20/devaki-distribution-rights-bought-by-krg-studios-11135.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yaana (film)|Yaana]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-12 |title='Yaana' review: A feel-good tale about female friendships |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/yaana-review-feel-good-tale-about-female-friendships-105335 |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pailwaan]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Studios bags Hindi rights of Sudeep-starrer Pailwaan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/10/zee-studios-bags-hindi-rights-of-sudeep-starrer-pailwaan-12883.html |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Girmit]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Girmit' is driven by young talents: Ravi Basrur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/nov/05/girmit-is-driven-by-young-talents-ravi-basrur-2057022.html |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=5 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brahmachari (2019 film)|Brahmachari]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-29 |title=Brahmachari – ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಚಾರಿ (2019/೨೦೧೯) |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2019/11/29/brahmachari-2019/ |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=Kannada Movies Info |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mundina Nildana]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mundina Nildana' Premiere Show In America - chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/21690-mundina-nildana-premiere-show-in-america.html |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=www.chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Babru]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-14 |title=ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ಕಾತುರದಿಂದ ಎದುರು ನೋಡುತ್ತಿರುವ "ಬಬ್ರೂ" ಚಿತ್ರದ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಗೆ ಮುಹೂರ್ತ ಫಿಕ್ಸ್ |url=https://torrentspree.com/babru-kannada-movie-release-date/ |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=Torrent Spree |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-06 |title=Babru – ಬಬ್ರೂ (2019/೨೦೧೯) |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2019/12/06/babru-2019/ |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=Kannada Movies Info |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[India vs England]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-24 |title=India v/s England – ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ವರ್ಸಸ್ ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್ (2020/೨೦೨೦) |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2020/01/24/india-vs-england-2020/ |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=Kannada Movies Info |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Missing Boy (film)|Missing Boy]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-22 |title=Relive the true story of Hubballi's missing boy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/relive-the-true-story-of-hubballis-missing-boy/articleshow/68510989.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Panchatantra (film)|Panchatantra]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Panchatantra Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/panchatantra/movie-review/68624678.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shwetha |first=Aravind |date=2019-11-15 |title='Ayushman Bhava' review: Shivarajkumar-P Vasu entertainer is formulaic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/ayushman-bhava-review-shivarajkumar-p-vasu-entertainer-formulaic-112381 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sri Bharatha Baahubali'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2020-01-10 |title='Sri Bharatha Baahubali helped me test my acting skills' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/Jan/10/sri-bharatha-baahubali-helped-me-test-my-acting-skills-16472.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dia, a love tale from the director of 6-5=2|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/29/dia-a-love-tale-from-the-director-of-6-52-12628.html|access-date=2021-11-14|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=29 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shivaji Surathkal]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flixjini.com|title=Shivaji Surathkal : Where to Stream movie online|url=https://www.flixjini.in/movie/shivaji-surathkal|access-date=2021-11-14|website=www.flixjini.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Act 1978]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mansore's ACT -1978 to get theatrical release on November 20|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/07/mansores-act-1978-to-see-multiplex-release-on-november-20-21188.html|access-date=2021-11-14|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=7 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2021
| ''[[Badava Rascal]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Now, I have producers who will back my projects: Dhananjaya |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-now-i-have-producers-who-will-back-my-projects-which-was-not-the-case-until-recently-dhananjaya/f133a6c69f335 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ramarjuna]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aniissh's 'Ramarjuna' trailer to be out on January 23; film to hit screens on January 29|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jan/21/aniisshs-ramarjuna-trailer-to-be-out-on-january23-film-to-hit-screens-on-january29-2252825.html|access-date=2021-11-14|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 January 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mugilpete]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mugilpete Movie Review : An old school commercial romantic entertainer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mugilpete/movie-review/87803323.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]'' ||<ref name="Dhananjay's first production venture 'Badava Rascal' to release on September 24">{{Cite web |title=Dhananjay's first production venture 'Badava Rascal' to release on September 24 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/24/dhananjays-first-production-venture-badava-rascal-to-release-on-september-24-2334484.html |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=The New Indian Express|date=24 July 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ninna Sanihake]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ninna Sanihake Movie Review : A breezy romcom that tackles modern relationships deftly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ninna-sanihake/movie-review/86861129.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' || rowspan="3" |Telugu version ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2021-04-09 |title='Vakeel Saab' review: This masala-laced remake of 'Pink' starring Pawan Kalyan, Nivetha Thomas and Anjali hits the right notes in the courtroom proceedings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/vakeel-saab-review-pawan-kalyan-amplifies-no-means-no/article34279888.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paagal]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Paagal Movie Review : A quirky tale of love based on a flimsy story-line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/paagal/movie-review/85323680.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nootokka Jillala Andagadu]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nootokka Jillala Andagadu review. Nootokka Jillala Andagadu Kannada movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nootokka-jillala-andagadu-review-kannada-movie-23216 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="20" | 2022 || ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]'' || rowspan="3" |Kannada ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-02-10 |title='Love Mocktail 2 is best experienced as an individual film' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Feb/10/love-mocktail-2is-best-experienced-as-an-individual-film-2417474.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Yellow Board''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yellow Board Movie Review : A novel idea, some formulaic execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/yellow-board/movie-review/89996487.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[777 Charlie]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=777 Charlie to release in 1,800-plus theatres worldwide |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jun/07/777-charlieto-release-in-1800-plus-theatres-worldwide-2462490.html |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 June 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]'' || rowspan="3" |Telugu version ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-09 |title='Kanam' ('Oke Oka Jeevitham') review: A lovely time-travel film with emotional beats working wonders |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanam-oke-oka-jeevitham-review-a-lovely-time-travel-film-with-emotional-beats-working-wonders/article65869865.ece |access-date=2023-06-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhala Thandanana]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhala Thandanana Movie Review : Sree Vishnu shines in this tepid thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/bhala-thandanana/movie-review/91362431.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRG Studios of Kantara, KGF 2 fame to distribute the Adivi Sesh starrer HIT 2 in Karnataka |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/krg-studios-of-kantara-kgf-2-fame-to-distribute-the-adivi-sesh-starrer-hit-2-in-karnataka/a025b830a0158 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Twenty One Hours]]'' || rowspan="14" | Kannada ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-22 |title=The first look of Dhananjaya starrer Twenty One Hours released online |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-first-look-of-dhananjaya-starrer-twenty-one-hours-released-online/articleshow/85537202.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaaneyaadavara Bagge Prakatane]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaneyadavara Bagge Prakatane Movie Review: Missing people, memories and a murder |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/may/28/kaneyadavara-bagge-prakatane-movie-review-missing-people-memories-and-a-murder-31813.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gargi review. Gargi Kannada movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/gargi-review-kannada-movie-27436 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Karmanye Vadhikaraste'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-26 |title=Tsering Dolma, Prateek make Kannada debut with Karmaneya Vadhikaraste |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Aug/26/tsering-dolma-prateek-make-kannada-debut-with-karmaneya-vadhikaraste-13862.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Aghora'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aghora Movie Review : A thrilling whirlwind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/aghora/movie-review/90013424.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sakutumba Sametha]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sakutumba Sametha' film review: A rather entertaining and simplistic take on a profound situation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/may/23/sakutumba-sametha-film-review-a-rather-entertaining-and-simplistic-take-on-a-profound-situation-2456715.html |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 May 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ravi Bopanna]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Bopanna movie review: This film can drive fans crazy |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ravi-bopanna-movie-review-this-film-can-drive-fans-crazy/articleshow/93530173.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love 360]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-08-20 |title='Love 360' review: Shashank's new film is all about newness |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Aug/20/love-360-review-shashanks-new-film-is-all-about-newness-2489252.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film)|Gandhada Gudi]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2022-10-28 |title='Gandhada Gudi' documentary review: Puneeth Rajkumar's beautiful ode to Karnataka's biodiversity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gandhada-gudi-documentary-review-puneeth-rajkumars-beautiful-ode-to-karnatakas-biodiversity/article66064758.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''Saddu Vicharane Naditide'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-27 |title=An evening of retrospective theatre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/an-evening-of-retrospective-theatre/articleshow/68579402.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raana (2022 film)|Raana]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-11-14 |title='Raana' review: Commercial potboiler peppered with proverbial twists |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Nov/14/raana-review-commercial-potboiler-peppered-with-proverbial-twists-2517967.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raymo]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-11-26 |title='Raymo' movie review: A well-made, emotional musical entertainer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Nov/26/raymo-movie-reviewa-well-made-emotionalmusical-entertainer-2522356.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Triple Riding]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2022-11-25 |title='Triple Riding' Kannada movie review: A lacklustre entertainer aimed to appease Ganesh's fans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/triple-riding-kannada-movie-review-a-lacklustre-entertainer-aimed-to-appease-ganeshs-fans/article66182995.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''Padavi Poorva'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Padavi Poorva Movie Review : A nostalgic trip into the 90s |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/a-nostalgic-trip-into-the-90s/movie-review/96590582.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2023 || ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' || Telugu and Kannada versions ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=Dasara Movie Review: Fiery Nani is brilliant in this predictable revenge drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dasara-movie-review-fiery-nani-is-brilliant-in-this-predictable-revenge-drama-keerthy-suresh-srikanth-odela-2353651-2023-03-30 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hondisi Bareyiri]]'' || rowspan="6" | Kannada ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2023-02-11 |title='Hondisi Bareyiri' review: A youthful entertainer that kindles nostalgia and unearths grim realities |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Feb/11/hondisi-bareyiri-review-a-youthful-entertainer-that-kindles-nostalgia-and-unearths-grim-realities-2546329.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]'' ||<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| ''[[Shivaji Surathkal 2]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2023-04-08 |title='Shivaji Surathkal 2' brings strong women characters into the story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Apr/08/shivaji-surathkal-2-brings-strong-women-characters-into-the-story-2563761.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |author1=DHNS |author2=Shree D N |title=Daredevil Musthafa, completely crowdfunded, set for release |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/daredevil-musthafa-completely-crowdfunded-set-for-release-1209837.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Siren'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2023-05-27 |title=Siren Movie Review: A slow-paced thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/May/27/siren-movie-review-a-slow-paced-thriller-43920.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Melody Drama (film)|Melody Drama]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Melody DramaU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/melody-drama/movieshow/100788234.cms |access-date=2023-08-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adipurush]]'' || Kannada, Telugu, Hindi Versions ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRG Studios secures Karnataka distribution rights for Prabhas' Adipurush |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jun/12/krg-studiossecures-karnataka-distribution-rights-for-prabhas-adipurush-2584080.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=The New Indian Express|date=12 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Bengaluru Boys'' || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bengaluru Boys |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/bengaluru-boys/movieshow/100702579.cms |access-date=2023-08-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aachar & Co]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aachar & Co on OTT: Where to watch tale of 1960s Bengaluru after theatrical outing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aachar-co-on-ott-where-to-watch-tale-of-1960s-bengaluru-after-theatrical-outing/5953946db4433 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ustaad (2023 film)|Ustaad]]''
|Telugu Version||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-08-12 |title='Ustaad' Telugu movie review: Debut director Phanideep, actors Simha Koduri and Kavya Kalyanram make an impression in this overdrawn yet warm coming-of-age story of a boy and his bike |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ustaad-telugu-movie-review/article67186989.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kshetrapati (2023 film)|Kshetrapati]]''
| rowspan="3" |Kannada ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-19 |title=Kshetrapati Review: This Naveen Shankar Film Is A Sincere Depiction Of Farmers' Struggle |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kshetrapati-review-this-naveen-shankar-film-is-a-sincere-depiction-of-farmers-struggle-8542885.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2023-07-17 |title='Tatsama Tadbhava': Teaser of suspense thriller starring Prajwal Devaraj, Meghana Raj Sarja out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tatsama-tadbhava-teaser-of-suspense-thriller-starring-prajwal-devaraj-meghana-raj-sarja-out/article67089406.ece |access-date=2023-08-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Baanadariyalli]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=htadmin |date=2023-09-09 |title=KRG STUDIOS MARKS MILESTONE WITH 100TH DISTRIBUTION: 'BAANADARIYALLI' - Flick Feeds |url=https://flickfeeds.com/krg-studios-100th-distribution-baanadariyalli/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chiththa|Chikku]]'' || Kannada and Tamil Versions ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharth dubs for Chittha in Kannada: Netizens praise effort; vow to watch 'Chikku' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/siddharth-dubs-for-chittha-in-kannada-netizens-praise-effort-vow-to-watch-chikku/ec1a0b11e729 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[12th Fail]]'' || Kannada and Hindi Versions ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRG Studios to release the Kannada version of 12th Fail |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/oct/26/krg-studios-to-release-the-kannada-version-of-12th-fail-48955.html |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2024 || ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' || Kannada and Tamil Versions ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kollywood |first=Only |date=2023-10-12 |title=Captain Miller: Extra effort to put in for Kannada dubbing of the Dhanush starrer! |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/captain-miller-extra-effort-to-put-in-for-kannada-dubbing-of-the-dhanush-starrer/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Only Kollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hanu-Man]]'' || Kannada, Telugu, Hindi and Tamil Versions ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revealed - HanuMan's release plans in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala, pre-release event details |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/revealed-hanumans-release-plans-in-tamil-nadu-karnataka-and-kerala-pre-release-event-details/020d3f0ea9689 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe]]'' || rowspan="5" | Kannada ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-02-10 |title=Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe Movie Review: Suni and Vinay Rajkumar orchestrate a symphony of emotions that is mostly in tune |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Feb/10/ondu-sarala-prema-kathe-movie-review-suni-and-vinay-rajkumar-orchestrate-a-symphony-of-emotions-tha-51919.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shakhahaari]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Kannada Actor Rangayana Raghu's Serious Avatar In First Look For Shakahari Amazes Fans |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kannada-actor-rangayana-raghus-serious-avatar-in-first-look-for-shakahari-amazes-fans-8623677.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Abbabba]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anandraj |first=Shilpa |date=2022-04-20 |title=KM Chaitanya describes 'Abbabba' as a slapstick comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/km-chaitanya-describes-abbabba-as-a-slapstick-comedy/article65337567.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''Kreem''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Shashiprasad S. |date=2023-04-19 |title=My film 'Kreem' makes shocking revelations about human sacrifice: Kannada writer Agni Sridhar |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/my-film-kreem-makes-shocking-revelations-about-human-sacrifice-kannada-writer-agni-sridhar/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Photo (2023 film)|Photo]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2024-03-14 |title='Photo' movie review: A hard-hitting document of our dark times |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/photo-movie-review-a-hard-hitting-document-of-our-dark-times/article67950114.ece |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' || Kannada (Re-Release) ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's Jackie re-release: One of Appu's most celebrated films; will get wide release, says Karthik Gowda |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/puneeth-rajkumars-jackie-re-release-one-of-appus-most-celebrated-films-will-get-wide-release-says-karthik-gowda/5c423fb8f429 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[O2 (2024 film)|''O2'']]||Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=2024-04-19 |title=O2 review: A well-written medical thriller that's effectively translated onto the screen |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/o2-kannada-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]''
|Malayalam Version
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil runtime and censor details revealed; Prithviraj's film to have a massive global release |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/guruvayoor-ambalanadayil-runtime-censor-details-revealed/cd320c8a60216 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Moorane Krishnappa]]''
| rowspan="5" |Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-11 |title=Moorane Krishnappa to hit screens on May 24 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/May/13/moorane-krishnappa-to-hit-screens-on-may-24 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Sahara''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-08 |title=Sahara Movie Review: This Debut Kannada Film On Women’s Cricket Wins Comfortably |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/sahara-movie-review-this-debut-kannada-film-on-womens-cricket-wins-comfortably-review-110783488 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kotee]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2024-04-09 |title=Dhananjaya's next is 'Kotee', directed by Parameshwar Gundkal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhananjayas-next-is-kotee-directed-by-parameshwar-gundkal/article68045800.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chef Chidambara]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-06 |title=Anirudha Jatkar to headline Anand Raj's Chef Chidambara |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/Aug/06/anirudha-jatkar-to-headlineanand-rajs-chef-chidambara-46330.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shivamma Yarehanchinala]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jun/04/shivamma-is-a-commercial-film-that-is-entertaining-and-also-message-oriented-rishab-shetty|title='Shivamma' is a commercial film that is entertaining and also message-oriented: Rishab Shetty|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=4 June 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ullozhukku]]''
|Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2024-05-31 |title=‘Ullozhukku’: Parvathy and Urvashi-starrer’s first look and release date out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ullozhukku-parvathy-and-urvashi-starrers-first-look-and-release-date-out/article68236109.ece |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Family Drama (2024 film)|Family Drama]]''
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Drama is a comedy revolving around a bunch of morally corrupt characters, says director Akarsh HP |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/family-drama-is-a-comedy-revolving-around-a-bunch-of-morally-corrupt-characters-says-director-akarsh-hp/ffc917622344 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Laughing Buddha (film)|Laughing Buddha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pramod Shetty’s Laughing Buddha gets a new release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pramod-shettys-laughing-buddha-gets-a-new-release-date/36badc83fb696 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2025
| ''[[3BHK]]''
| Tamil and Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Hebbuli Cut]]''
|rowspan="6" |Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kothalavadi]]''
|
|-
|''Austin Na Mahan Mouna''
|
|-
|''Rippan Swamy''
|
|-
|''[[Green Girl]]''
|
|-
|''[[Shakthi Thirumagan]]''
|rowspan="2" |Tamil and Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Aaryan (film)|Aaryan]]''
|
|-
|''[[Udaala]] ''
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Bank of Bhagyalakshmi|Bank Of Bhagyalakshmi]]''
|
|-
|
|''[[Mark (2025 film)|Mark]]''
|
|-
|
|''[[JC The University]]''
|
|-
|}

== List of films produced ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of films produced by KRG Studios
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''
| Direct OTT Release on [[Amazon Prime]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rathnan Prapancha (Ratnan Prapancha) - Kannada Movie Review, Ott, Release Date, Trailer, Budget, Box Office & News - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/rathnan-prapancha.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Orchestra Mysuru]]''
| Presented by KRG Studios along with Daali Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orchestra Mysuru will be a special film for me and my friends: Dhananjay |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/jan/07/orchestra-mysuru-will-be-a-special-film-for-me-and-my-friends-dhananjay-2535393.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gurudev Hoysala Movie Review : Dhananjaya, Naveen Shankar steal the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/dhananjaya-naveen-shankar-steal-the-show/movie-review/99115542.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Powder (2024 film)|Powder]]''
| In collaboration with [[The Viral Fever]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2023-08-25 |title=KRG Studios collaborates with TVF for a film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/krg-studios-collaborates-with-tvf-for-a-film/article67235180.ece |access-date=2023-08-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]''
| In collaboration with [[PRK Productions]] & [[Jayanna Films]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakaanda Movie Update: 'ಉತ್ತರಕಾಂಡ'ಕ್ಕೆ ಇಳಿಯಲು ಡಾಲಿ ರೆಡಿ; ರೋಹಿತ್‌ ಪದಕಿ ಕೃತಿಗೀಗ ಮುಹೂರ್ತ ಸಡಗರ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dhananjaya-starrer-uttarakaanda-movie-ready-to-launch-details-here-181667318126212.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Shodha]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= Shodha Movie Update: Pawan Kumar-led Kannada suspense thriller gets new streaming date|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/shodha-on-ott-pawan-kumar-led-kannada-suspense-thriller-gets-new-streaming-date-ottplay-101755590495942.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| {{pending film|italic=yes|Mango Pachcha}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-25 |title=Danish Sait, Naveen Shankar to star in 'Kiriket 11' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/danish-sait-naveen-shankar-to-star-in-kiriket-11/article67008337.ece |access-date=2023-08-31 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Uttarakaanda|italic=yes}}
|[[Rohit Padaki]] Direction
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-02-19 |title='Wonder Women' Filmmaker Anjali Menon Sets Partnership With South Indian Content Specialist KRG Studios (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/wonder-women-anjali-menon-krg-studios-1235916089/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Indian film distributors]]
[[Category:Film production companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]

Abdul Aleem (professor)

2026-03-04T20:47:13Z

Effossy: Creating Stub

{{POV|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}
'''Abdul Aleem''' was a scholar, educationist, journalist and writer in Urdu. He was the professor of Arabic at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and also served as its vice-chancellor from 1968 to 1974.<ref>[http://www.amu.ac.in/pro.jsp?did=10065&lid=List%20of%20Vice-Chancellors List of vice-chancellors] Aligarh Muslim University</ref>

==Early life and education==
He belonged to a zamindar family. His father was a practicing lawyer in [[Lucknow]]. He excelled at studies from the very beginning, and it was only natural that he should have been drawn into the field of academics. After his studies he initially joined Jamia University and during his association with Jamia university, he wrote profusely for its organ "Jamia". His escalation as an academic was phenomenal, but hardly surprising in view of his abilities. In the early 1930s he had been to Germany and had there come into contact with Marxian thought. After his stint at Jamia, Abdul Aleem joined the [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]] as head of Department of Arabic. He was soon to come under the influence of the progressives. The progressives were extremely active at [[Lucknow]], during this period. The university was a hotbed of nationalist, socialist and communist literary activities. It was no surprise that he should have got involved in these.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7BCcgC0kvsC&q=Abdul+Aleem+amu+vc&pg=PA92 |title = Education and Politics: From Sir Syed to the Present Day : The Aligarh School|isbn = 9788176482752|last1 = Muhammad|first1 = Shan|year = 2002| publisher=APH }}</ref>

==Political career==
{{no refs|section|date=July 2023}}
In 1934, when Shri Jaiprakash Narian lay the foundation of the [[Congress Socialist Party]] at Pune, Abdul Aleem was with him, amongst the founders. When the first convention of the Progressive Writers was being called at Lucknow in 1936, Shri Abdul Aleem was amongst the organisers along with Sajjad Zaheer and others. In 1938, he was appointed General Secretary of this Association. He was managing director of the weekly "Hindustan" which was the precursor of the Qaumi Awaz. this publication was started by Acharya Narendra Dev and shri Rafi Ahmed Qidwai. He was also a member of the editorial board of "New Indian Literature" along with Mulk Raj Anand and Ahmad Ali. His work "Literature and Marxism" is one of the accomplished treatises of the times and of the progressive literature of the period. The writings of Abdul Aleem were causing an awakening amongst the youth, throughout the length and breadth of the entire country and his political activism was becoming more and more strident day by day. As a consequence, he was arrested and imprisoned by the British and underwent rigours of prison for a year.

==Academic career==
After independence was won, Abdul Aleem was invited to join the Aligarh Muslim University as head of the Department of Arabic. In a short time he proved his worthiness in his assignment and was appointed as Vice Chancellor, Aligarh Muslim University in 1968. After completing his tenure here he was called upon to serve as chairman of the newly constituted "Board for Promotion of Urdu". He was called upon to travel with [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]] who was serving as the 3rd [[president of India]]. Dr. Abdul Aleem was also a linguist in his own right, besides English, Hindi, Urdu, Persian and Arabic, he also had knowledge of German, French, Russian and Chinese. He was amongst the founders of the "[[Indian School of International Studies]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/11922-obituaries|title = Obituaries|year=1922|work=Milli Gazette}}</ref>

Prof. Mumtaz Hussain wrote about him thus: "Dr. Aleem can be counted amongst those few intellectuals belonging to the sub-continent who gave a direction to the thinking of the people of the sub-continent."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aleem, Abdul}}
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University people]]

{{Improve categories|date=July 2023}}

Jai Chiranjeeva

2026-03-03T18:06:19Z

Effossy: fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jai Chiranjeeva
| image = Jai Chiranjeeva.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| producer = [[C. Aswani Dutt]]
| writer = '''Screenplay''': K. Vijaya Bhaskar '''Story''' & '''Dialogues''': [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Sameera Reddy]] [[Bhumika Chawla]] [[Arbaaz Khan]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| distributor = [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2005|12|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Jai Chiranjeeva''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]] and produced by Vyjayanthi Movies. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], and [[Arbaaz Khan]]. The film's music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]] with the editing by [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] and cinematography by [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]. The film was released on 22 December 2005. The film was remade in Bangladeshi as ''[[Ziddi Mama]]'' (2012), starring [[Shakib Khan]], [[Apu Biswas]] and [[Rumana Khan|Rumana]].

==Plot==
Pasupathi, an arms dealer, arrives in India to supply a new batch of weapons, including the .35 Magnum, to his associates. He is stopped because of a routine check but manages to escape from the officer by shooting him with the new weapon and bribing his associates (the other officers) from uncovering the truth.

Pasupathi meets his partner Ramakoti and his other associates, including Asghar, Ramakoti's henchman. He shows the latest weapon, which can also be connected to a computer, chooses one of its targets (a young girl on a swing), and then locks it (even indicating that the weapon is not rigid). Ranjan, one of the partners, remarks that it is like a game, to which he replies that it is not a game, and then shoots her. He concludes that the girl is dead, but her soul is not. Ramakoti then manages to take care of that matter by giving the task to Asghar.

'''10 months later''':
In a train, some ruffians try to harass a girl, but are interrupted by a passenger who beats them after his sleep is interrupted. One of their allies, who was getting ready, is afraid that the passenger might beat him too; he lies that he knows them and nothing else, taking the responsibility to admit his allies to a hospital. The passenger advises him to follow his sayings. He also tells the girl to wake him up in case of an emergency.

Venu, a friend of the passenger, gets involved in a no-ticket case while waiting for the latter's arrival. The passenger is revealed to be Sathyanarayana Murthy, who rescues his friend from being arrested. He lies about having chest pain and hence consults a doctor, M. V. Shankara Rao, whom he actually threatens with killing him unless he gives information. Venu witnesses this, but later acts as if nothing happened in front of him. Sathya and Venu visit Venu's colony. Sathya later encounters Sailaja, who thinks that he is a tailor. Venu brags that Sathya is a billionaire to save the latter from a police case.

During the preparations of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], Sathya falls off the apartment roof while discussing something with Venu. He bumps into Sailaja, while causing so many things, and finally is safe. The next day, Sathya and Venu go to a red-light area and meet Rasul, who informs them about the supply of arms and Asghar after taking each amount from the duo. Sathya goes alone to Asghar's hideout and brawls with his henchmen, even though the latter escapes.

Sathya and Venu start boozing before learning that they are about to have dinner in Sailaja's apartment. Eventually, they manage to hide their drunkenness, but they are caught red-handed by Sailaja's father after Sathya starts washing his left hand instead of his right. Teaming with her friends, Sailaja decides to teach them a lesson by hosting Venu's birthday party at a pub. Sailaja eventually tells Sathya to dance while Venu starts boozing and looking at them. After the party is over and they walk out of the club, Sathya witnesses a beggar beating his daughter for not begging properly. He saves her from the beggar after beating him and gives her all his money for her basic needs. He then starts speaking about how he dislikes watching children in trouble, eventually telling about finishing someone who killed his loved one. Sailaja asks Venu if Sathya loved someone earlier. Venu tells her about Sathya's niece.

'''10 months ago''':
Sathya is a rough but kind man living in [[Amalapuram]] with his niece Lavanya, mother, sister, and brother-in-law. Sathya and Lavanya share a special bond and are the best of friends. Lavanya's mother, worried that Lavanya will become illiterate like her uncle, talks about admitting her to a convent school. Sathya, initially reluctant, agrees after talking to Lavanya. One day, after getting admitted to a school and roaming out with her family, Lavanya falls off a swing in a park and dies before getting to the hospital. The doctor, who tried to treat her later, discovered this. Asghar suddenly appears and tells him that she is hit by a bullet, revealing that his boss (Pasupathi) wanted to kill a dog instead (since he wanted to test his weapon), but the child became the target. Pasuapathi bribes him with 5 lakh rupees for not telling the truth (or else he would have been killed) and acting for an operation, which was a ruse by Asghar. After the doctor says he could not save her, Sathya, along with the rest of her family, mourns her death.

10 months after Lavanya's death, the family members, except Sathya, had moved on. They met Sai and his daughter, who is now bald-shaven and is revealed to have been operated on for a critical condition. After Sathya's mother tells her that Lavanya did not have her head shaven, Sai even tells that someone might have bluffed them, because of which Sathya later sets out to seek revenge, also asking the doctor about the cause of Lavanya's death. The doctor eventually reveals everything to him (indicating why he took an appointment as a ruse and threatened him).

'''Present''':
Jeeva, Ramakoti, and the henchmen kidnap Rasul after finding out that he is the informer. Meanwhile, Sailaja later starts developing feelings for Sathya after a turn of events. The next day, Sathya and Venu go to find Rasul for getting information. He tells them that Asghar and his men had changed their address after that brawl. He is revealed to be missing a left leg, also revealing that Jeeva had chopped it off, and telling Sathya to teach them a lesson, concluding that it will be a fee for him. They go back to the colony and find that Asghar and his gang are waiting for them. Sathya takes all the men down, snaps Jeeva's right leg (as payback for what he did to Rasul), and threatens Asghar that he will kill his boss in two months, leaving the goons injured, and moves out of the colony. After discovering all this, Pasupathi returns from LA and discusses everything with Ramakoti. He then discovers that the doctor also knows about this matter.

Neelima, a US citizen and the doctor's daughter, comes to visit her family. Neelima and her father jog in a park where Pasupathi suddenly appears and meets the latter, while the former is knocked down unconscious after bringing a water bottle. Pasupathi will leave Neelima on one condition: he will jog around the tree 1000 times, which is nearly impossible for her father, though he agrees. He completes a round of 100 and dies because of a cardiac arrest. Pasupathi tries to kill Neelima but stops because of Ramakoti's advice and walks away. Neelima's family is shattered after her father's death.

Sathya and Venu move on to a new address, thinking that the former does not want to trouble the residents of the colony. Sathya even learns that the doctor's death, and his daughter being the witness to his death. He overcomes several obstacles and eventually meets Neelima, who is initially reluctant to take some actions, but teams up with him. They get hold of Ramakoti through the [[Electoral list|electoral list]]. Sathya gets hold of Dhanushkoti, Ramakoti's son, and kidnaps him. Ramakoti and his henchmen get hold of Sathya and injure his toe but later want to know where Dhanush actually is, discovering that he gave a wrong address, leading Ramakoti to call Pasupathi for a video meeting. Pasupathi reveals all his illegal activities to Sathya and challenges him to do whatever he wants. It is revealed that Venu and Dhanush had arrived at the latter's home. Sathya takes care of those who wanted to kill him. He takes a phone and calls a number, indicating the phone bomb's signal, and blasts the house, causing Ramakoti to cry out loud, but it is revealed that his son is already safe, and Sathya overpowers the other men. Ramakoti eventually reveals where his boss lives. Venu calls Sathya's family to the town where he is presently residing. Though his mother and brother-in-law are reluctant, Sathya's sister nods her head no (indicating that he should progress ahead).

Driven by a desire for revenge, Sathya wants to travel to the US but faces an obstacle: he is uneducated and unable to obtain a travel visa. Despite his feelings for Sailaja, Sathya ends up marrying Neelima, who holds a US green card, to use her status to gain entry into LA. The story continues to unfold as Sathya and Neelima travel to LA, where Sathya plans to carry out his mission of killing Pasupathi. Pasupathi's bodyguards kidnap Neeraja, and Sathya eventually contacts Pasupathi, who is playing some games with him. Sathya eventually notices a poster of Pasupathi on a building after saving a kid from a passing truck, envisioning Lavanya inside her. Sathya gets inside the building, takes down all of his guards, despite learning that he planted a specialized bomb on Neelima. He eventually saves her and kills Pasupathi with that bomb. The film ends with Sathya reuniting with Sailaja and her family, with Venu remarking that he loved and married someone else.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Sathyanarayana Murthy alias Sattipandu “Satya”
* [[Sameera Reddy]] as Sailaja "Sailu"
* [[Bhumika Chawla]] as Neelima "Neelu"
* [[Arbaaz Khan]] as Pasupathi (Voiced by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Bramhanandam]] as Neelima's uncle
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Ramakoti
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Asghar, Pasupathi's henchman (Voiced by P. Ravi Shankar)
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Dhanushkoti, Ramakoti's son
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Sathya's mother
* [[Shriya Sharma]] as Lavanya, Sathya's niece
* [[Sujitha]] as Sathya's sister
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] as Sathya's brother-in-law
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu, Sathya's friend
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Sailaja's father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Sailaja's mother
* [[Vizag Prasad]] as Dr. M. V. Shankara Rao, Neelima's father
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Visa Agent
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Customs Officer
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as Church Father
* [[Uttej]] as Sathya's family friend
* [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]] as Ramakoti's assistant
* Ping Pong Surya as Rasool
* [[Rajitha]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was launched on Ramanaidu Studios at 9 April 2005.<ref>{{cite web|work=Idlebrain|access-date=18 November 2023|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-jaichiranjeeva.html|title=Jai Chiranjeeva opening function|date=9 April 2005}}</ref> the team has erected a 60 feet idol of Hanuman designed by art director Anand Sai near Gachibowli specifically for the film which took 20 days to be completed.<ref>{{cite web|work=Telugu Cinema|access-date=18 November 2023|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/stars/vijayabhaskarchit_no2705.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228102355/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/stars/vijayabhaskarchit_no2705.php|archive-date=28 December 2005|title=Vijay Bahsakr on Jai Chiranjeeva}}</ref> The film's climax and one of the songs were shot in [[Los Angeles]] and on the [[Las Vegas strip]], respectively.

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Mani Sharma. The audio was launched at Shilpa Kala Vedika on 14 November 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-jaichiranjeeva.html|title=Jai Chiranjeeva audio launch|work=Idlebrain|access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Jai Chiranjeeva
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">14 November 2005 (India)</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:58
| language = Telugu
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[Aditya Music]]</div>
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Allari Pidugu]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Jai Chiranjeeva Songs">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/6uV1evSlrDgDHcPruEUR4O | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Jai Chiranjeeva | date = 12 November 2005 | access-date = 4 February 2021}}</ref>
| all_music = [[Mani Sharma]]<ref name = "Jai Chiranjeeva Songs" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:58
| title1 = Jai Jai Ganesha
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mallikarjun]] (Uncredited), Chorus
| length1 = 5:43
| title2 = Ko Ko Kodi
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 5:03
| title3 = Thumps Up Thunder
| lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], Nihal Konduri
| length3 = 5:21
| title4 = Thillana
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length4 = 4:48
| title5 = Hey Jana
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose, [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra5 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], Chorus
| length5 = 5:04
| title6 = Maha Muddu
| lyrics6 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra6 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length6 = 5:06
}}

==Home media==
The DVD of ''Jai Chiranjeeva'' was released by [[Kad Movies|KAD Entertainment]] on February 7, 2006
Telivision [[Zee telugu]]

==Reception==
''Sify'' wrote "Jai Chiranjeeva offers very little by way of surprise and it is the one-man entertainment troupe called Chiranjeevi that salvages this uneven film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/jai-chiranjeeva-review-telugu-pclvO8ihefjhj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130085012/https://www.sify.com/movies/jai-chiranjeeva-review-telugu-pclvO8ihefjhj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2021|title = Jai Chiranjeeva|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> ''Idlebrain'' wrote "First half of the film is satisfactory with entertainment. There is lag in the second half. [..] Climax should have been handled better. The plus points of the film are Chiranjeevi and comedy dialogues by Trivikram. On the flipside, the main revenge objective of hero was not efficiently projected".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-jaichiranjeeva.html|title = Jai Chiranjeeva! - Telugu cinema Review - Chiranjeevi, Sameera Reddy & Bhumika Chawla}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The only problem is that the script writers seem to have run out of steam and keep repeating the same old stories. And their safest formula is a judicious mix of dance, music, sentiment, and more than anything fights. If the mixture is in correct proportion, the film is a hit. Even if one of these is more or less, the film bombs at the box office. Jai Chiranjeeva offers nothing new. It is a revenge theme retold".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec252005/movies17341420051224.asp|date=25 December 2005|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=7 April 2025|title=Jai Chiranjeeva|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909214709/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec252005/movies17341420051224.asp|archive-date=9 September 2006|last=GU}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer]] - Madhusudhan Reddy <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0457391|title=Jai Chiranjeeva}}

{{K. Vijaya Bhaskar}}
{{Trivikram Srinivas}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]

Honeymoon Express (2024 film)

2026-03-03T09:13:56Z

Effossy: started new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Honeymoon Express
| image = Honeymoon Express film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Bala Rajasekharuni
| writer = Bala Rajasekharuni
| producer = Bala Rajasekharuni
| starring = {{ubl|[[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]]|[[Hebah Patel]]}}
| cinematography = Sistla Vmk
| editing = Umashankar Gummadidala
| music = '''Score''' [[R. P. Patnaik]] '''Songs''' [[Kalyani Malik]]
| studio = {{ubl|New Reel India Entertainments|
NRI Entertainments}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|06|21|ref1=<ref>{{cite news |title=Honeymoon Express all set for theatrical release on June 21 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/honeymoon-express-pre-release-event-highlights-898791 |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Honeymoon Express '''''is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written, directed and produced by Bala Rajasekharuni.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amala Akkineni Unveils The Teaser Of Honeymoon Express |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/amala-akkineni-unveils-the-teaser-of-honeymoon-express-article-110840050 |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=9 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]] and [[Hebah Patel]] with [[Tanikella Bharani]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2023 |title=Chaitanya Rao to star next in Honeymoon Express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Dec/16/chaitanya-rao-to-star-next-in-honeymoon-express-50447.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 21 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=Romantic Comedy Honeymoon Express To Release On June 21 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/futuristic-romantic-comedy-honeymoon-express-to-release-on-june-21-article-111003316 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Eshan and Sonali have been married for a year, but they are close to filing for divorce. They must make a difficult decision shortly before their first anniversary: do they "cut the cake" or "cut the relationship"? They meet a peculiar elderly couple by strange accident, and their intervention alters their lives forever. To save their marriage, the seniors send them to a mysterious location known as the "Honeymoon Express." But what seems like paradise quickly turns into a bizarre nightmare that puts their relationship to the ultimate test by exposing their deepest fears, secrets, and wants. Will they make it through this hardship together and head back home, or will they be apart for good? Their epic trip culminates in this question, which keeps the audience on the edge of their seats.

== Cast ==
*[[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]] as Eeshan
*[[Hebah Patel]] as Sonali
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Bala
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Tripura Sundari
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Dr. Bhangima Bhaskar
*[[Arvind Krishna (actor)|Arvind Krishna]] as Rahul
*Surekha Vani as Ragini
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Vineeth Sharma

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Honeymoon Express
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|2024|df=y}}
| recorded = 2023–2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-series]]
| producer = Kalyani Malik
| prev_title = [[Vidya Vasula Aham]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
}}
The film's [[Soundtrack|soundtrack album]] is [[Kalyani Malik]], whereas [[background score]] is composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].{{Track listing
| all_music = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Prema
| note1 =
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| title2 = Cute Gaa Sweetu Gaa
| note2 =
| length2 = 4.55
| lyrics2 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra2 = Deepu
| title3 = Nijama
| note3 =
| length3 = 3:37
| lyrics3 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra3 = [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]], Kalyani Malik
| title4 = Honeymoon Express
| note4 =
| length4 = 3:12
| lyrics4 = Kittu Vissapragada, [[Spoorthi Yadagiri|Spoorthi Jithender]]
| extra4 = [[Spoorthi Yadagiri|Spoorthi Jithender]]
| total_length = 15:09
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Honeymoon Express'' was released on 21 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Honeymoon Express all set for theatrical release on June 21 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/honeymoon-express-pre-release-event-highlights-898791 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Sasidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 stated "it has some engaging moments but is frivolous at the same time", while praising performances of Chaitanya and Hebah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=Honeymoon Express Review: A Relationship Drama That’s Partially Engaging |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/honeymoon-express-review-a-relationship-drama-thats-partially-engaging-review-111167410 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/honeymoon-express-review-rating-900152 |title=Honeymoon Express: A couple's attempt to make marriage work |date=21 June 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/honeymoon-express-review-a-message-oriented-musical-drama-with-predictable-narration/d716de331091 |title=Honeymoon Express Review - A coming-of-age musical drama with routine narration |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30779704}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. P. Patnaik]]

NLC India Limited

2026-02-28T15:31:25Z

Effossy: expanded content

{{Short description|Central Public Sector Undertaking}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=October 2018}}
{{primary sources|date=February 2017}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NLC India Limited
| logo = NLC India Limited.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt = NLC Logo
| image = File:NLCIL Corp Office.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = NLCIL Corporate Office
| image_caption = NLC India's corporate office
| type = [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|513683}} {{NSE|NLCINDIA}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1956}}
| industry = [[Coal mining|Mining]] and [[electric utility]]
| products = [[Lignite]] and [[electric power]]
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|11592.70|c}}<ref name=pnl>{{Cite web|title=NLC India Consolidated Profit & Loss account, NLC India Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/nlcindia/consolidated-profit-lossVI/NLC|access-date=2020-08-03|website=moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2020
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|2345.11|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| income_year = 2020
| net_income = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|1441.37|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| net_income_year = 2020
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|53488.13|c}}<ref name=bls>{{Cite web|title=NLC India Consolidated Balance Sheet, NLC India Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/nlcindia/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/NLC|access-date=2020-08-03|website=moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
| assets_year = 2020
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|12905.13|c}}<ref name=bls/>
| equity_year = 2020
| num_employees = 11,379
(as on 01.01.2023)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlcindia.com/ |title=NLC India Limited |access-date=11 February 2017 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604011441/https://www.nlcindia.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website = {{url|nlcindia.in}}
| owner = [[Ministry of Coal]], [[Government of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Shareholding Pattern - NLC India Ltd.|url=https://trendlyne.com/equity/share-holding/935/NLCINDIA/latest/nlc-india-ltd/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=trendlyne.com}}</ref>
| location = [[Neyveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
}}
'''NLC India Limited''' ('''NLC''') (formerly '''Neyveli Lignite Corporation India Limited''') is a [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Coal]], [[Government of India]]. It annually produces about 30 million tonnes of [[lignite]] from opencast mines at [[Neyveli]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in southern India and at [[Barsingsar Thermal Power Station|Barsingsar]] in [[Bikaner district]] of [[Rajasthan]] state. The lignite is used at pithead [[thermal power station]]s of 3640 MW installed capacity to produce electricity. Its joint venture has a 1000 MW thermal power station using coal. Lately, it has diversified into [[Renewable energy in India|renewable energy]] production and installed 1404 MW solar power plant to produce electricity from photovoltaic (PV) cells and 51 MW electricity from windmills.

It was incorporated in 1956 and was wholly owned by the [[Government of India]]. A small portion of its stock was sold to the public to list its shares on stock exchanges where its shares are traded.

==History==
Lignite deposit was found by chance when some 'brown substance' gushed out with water in [[T. M. Jambulingam Mudaliar]]'s 620 acre own farm artesian well during 1934. He acted swiftly and contacted the then [[British Raj]], which sent geologists to Neyveli. It was later identified as 'Lignite'. He generously extended substantial portion of the sprawling land-bank for soil exploration. Through his effort and donated his 620 acres land to the [[Madras|Madras Government]].<ref>{{citation |author=neyveliwebs.com |title= History of Neyveli |url=http://neyveliweb.tripod.com/history_of_neyveli.htm |publisher=Nayveliwebs |location=Neyveli |language=English |year=2015 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=NLC |title=History |url=http://neyveli.jbss.in/History.asp |publisher=Neyveli city |location=Neyveli |language=English |year=2015 |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303092051/http://neyveli.jbss.in/History.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:TM Jambulinga Mudaliar Statue Neyveli.jpg|thumb|Statue of Rao Bahadur T. M. Jambulingam Mudaliar]]
NLC has been a forerunner in the country in the energy sector for 62 years, contributing a lion's share in lignite production and significant share in thermal power generation. It was inaugurated by the first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1956.

NLC operates four opencast lignite mines of a total capacity of 30.6 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) at Neyveli and Barsingsar; six lignite-based pithead thermal power stations with an aggregate capacity of 3640 MW – at Neyveli and Barsingsar; NLC recently commissioned 2×500 MW New Thermal Power Plant at Neyveli with Asia's largest lignite fired boiler and decommissioned its 600 MW old power plant in 2020.

It has a 1000 MW coal-based thermal power Station at Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu through its subsidiary, NLC Tamil Nadu Power Limited (NTPL), a joint venture between NLC and TANGEDCO (equity participation in the ratio of 89:11).

Further, NLC, jointly with the [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited]] (UPRVUNL), is setting up a 3×660 MW coal-based thermal power plant at [[Ghatampur]] in Uttar Pradesh, through its subsidiary company Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Limited (NUPPL) (equity participation in the ratio of 51:49). Two units of 660 MW each are commissioned and third unit is under construction.

NLC is also setting up Coal Mines at Thalabira and Pachwara in Odisha, to meet the coal requirements of its above power plants.

NLC has also forayed into renewable energy sector with commissioning of a 141 MW Solar Photo Voltaic Power Plant including 1 MW rooftop project at Neyveli and a 51 MW wind energy plant at Kazhuneerkulam village of Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. The company has also set up 1209 MW Solar Power Projects at Tirunelveli, Virudhunagar and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu. NLC is the first PSU to achieve 1 GW solar power in India. NLC is aiming to achieve a total renewable energy capacity of 4251 MW, at various locations in India.

NLCIL has a target of becoming a 20,000+ MW company by 2030. Works are under progress for the lignite-based Bithnok TPS and Barsingsar TPS Expansion (each 250 MW) in Rajasthan. Apart from the above, the addition of thermal capacity to the tune of 6040 MW by way of installation of new plants and acquisition of power assets to the tune of 3000 MW is in the pipeline.

NLC has also contributed significantly to the socio-economic development for more than half a century.

The business portfolio of the company is as under:

==Chronology of events==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Event
|-
|1828
|Occurrence of peat, a low calorific fuel of coal family near [[Point Calimere]] is reported to the then Madras Government, by the sub-collector of [[Thanjavur]] Mr. Nelson.
|-
|1870
|Peat bogs found in [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] (Peat is considered to be the first stage in the formation of coal from vegetable matter accumulating in swamps).
|-
|1877
|W. King of the Geological Survey of India takes up a study of artesian wells around Pondicherry. He comes across a carbonaceous strata.
|-
|1884
|Mr.Poilay a French Engineer encounters a Lignite seam in a bore hole at Bahoor, the then French territory. Further exploration along the belt indicates possible lignite deposits at Udharamanickam, Aranganur, and Kanniakoil, near [[Cuddalore]]. Lignite deposits are indicated at Kasargod and the Collector of South Kanara reports it to the Board of Revenue.
|-
|1934
|Industries Department of the then Government of Madras drills bore holes for tapping artesian water in the neighborhood of Neyveli. Lignite particles encountered are taken as "black - clay" by unlettered workmen engaged in drilling.
|-
|1935
|Borewells sunk in Jambulinga Mudaliyar's land in Neyveli and the black particles gushing forth attract the attention of camping geologists engaged in some other mission in the Neyveli Vriddhachalam area.
|-
|1937-1938
|Samples of the black substance taken from the above form well sent to the Government of Madras for analysis.
|-
|1941
|M/s. Binny & Co., Madras put down four or five bore holes at Aziz Nagar, near Neyveli. Two of them show evidence of lignite deposits, but further work is given up for want of casing pipes and drilling equipment.
|-
|1943-1946
|The [[Geological Survey of India]] starts drilling operations near Neyveli. Preliminary investigations indicate the existence of lignite to the extent of about 500 tonnes in that area.
|-
|1947
|H.K. Ghose, geologist and mining engineer deputised by the Government of India, arrives in Neyveli and starts his operations.
|-
|1948
|The first bore holes sunk by Ghose have to be abandoned because of waterlogging and sand - beds. The third one "September 1951" yields samples of lignite.
|-
|1949
| Ghose draws an experimental open-cut plan and calls for tenders to start excavation.
|-
|1951
|Sinking 175 borewells in a cluster punctuating the chosen area, Ghose proves the existence of about 2000 Million tonnes of Lignite reserves in the area. State Government's Industries and Commerce Department also sinks over 150 borewells south of Vriddhachalam. Paul Eyrich, a mining engineer, is deputised by the Bureau of Mines, United States, to assist the Government of Madras under point four programme to determine the engineering and economic aspects of lignite mining in Neyveli. Upon his recommendation, the US Government sponsors a study on the subject under the direction of V.F.Parry.
|-
|1952
|The High Power Committee for Lignite Mining recommends the Pilot Quarry project.
|-
|1953
|Pilot Quarry being commissioned by Dr. U. KrishnaRao, Minister for Industries, Madras Government.
|-
|1954
|Nehru's visit to the pilot Quarry. Government of India's Committee comprising Mr. C.V. Narasimhan, ICS, Mr. A.C. Guha and Mr. A. Lahiri inspect the Pilot Quarry and submit a report to the Government. Under the Colombo Plan, services of the UK firm PDTS (M/s. Powell Duffryn Technical Services Limited) are availed of for a Project report.
|-
|1955
|Neyveli Lignite project's affairs, hitherto managed by the State Government, get passed on to the Central Government with full Financial responsibility. Mr. T.M.S. Mani, ICS, Secretary, Department of Industries, Labour and Co-operation, takes over as the Chief Executive of the project.
|-
|1956
|Formation of NLC as a corporate body. NLC is born as a Government-sponsored commercial concern.
|}

== Power projects ==
NLC India has five pithead thermal power stations with an aggregate capacity of 4240 MW. Further, NLC India has so far installed 51 wind turbine generators of capacity 1.50 MW each and also commissioned a 140 MW solar photo voltaic power plant in Neyveli, resulting in an overall power generating capacity of 4431 MW (excl. JVs).

{| class="wikitable"
!Power plant
!Capacity (MW)
|-
|TPS - I
|600 (retired)
|-
|TPS - II
|1470
|-
|TPS - I Expansion
|420
|-
|Barsingsar TPS
|250
|-
|TPS - II Expansion
|500
|-
|Wind Power Plant
|51
|-
|Solar Power Plant
|1404
|-
|NTPL
|1000
|-
|NNTPP
|1000
|-
|Total
|6695
|}

===Thermal Power Station I===
The 600 MW Neyveli Thermal Power Station-I in which the first unit was synchronized in May 1962 and the last unit in September 1970 consists of six units of 50 MW each and three units of 100 MW each. Power generated from Thermal Power Station-I after meeting NLC's requirements is supplied to TANGEDCO, Tamil Nadu which is the sole beneficiary. Due to the aging of the equipment / high-pressure parts, the life extension programme has been approved by the Indian Government in March 1992 and was completed in March 1999 thus extending the life by 15 years. Given the high grid demand in this region, this power station is being operated after conducting the Residual Life Assessment (RLA) study. The Indian Government sanctioned a 2×500 MW Power Project (Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant – NNTPS) in June 2011 as a replacement for the existing TPS-I.

=== Thermal Power Station II ===
The 1470 MW second thermal power station consists of 7 units of 210 MW each. In February 1978, the Government of India sanctioned the second thermal power station of 630 MW capacity (3 × 210 MW) and in February 1983, the Government of India sanctioned the second thermal power station Expansion from 630 MW to 1470 MW with the addition of 4 units of 210 MW each. The first 210 MW unit was synchronized in March 1986 and the last unit (Unit-VII) was synchronized in June 1993. The power generated from the second thermal power station after meeting the needs of the second mine is shared by the Southern states viz., Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Union Territory of Puducherry]].

=== Thermal Power Station I - Expansion ===
Thermal Power Station-I has been expanded (2 × 210 MW) using the lignite available from Mine-I expansion. The scheme, TPS I Expansion, was sanctioned by the Government of India in February 1996. Unit-I was synchronized in October 2002 and Unit-II in July 2003. The power generated from this station, after meeting the internal requirements, is shared by the Southern States viz., Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Union Territory of Puducherry.

=== Barsingsar Thermal Power Station ===
The Government of India sanctioned the Barsingsar Thermal Power Station 250 MW (2 × 150 MW) in October 2005. The units were commissioned in December 2026 and in January 2026. The power generated from this station after meeting internal requirements is shared by the [[Electric power distribution|DISCOMS]] of the state of Rajasthan.

=== Thermal Power Station II - 1st expansion ===
This project consists of two units of 250 MW capacity each. Unit-II attained commercial operation in April 2015 and Unit-I in July 2015. The lignite requirement is met through expansion of Mine-II. The steam generators of this project employ eco-friendly [[Fluidized bed combustion|circulating fluidised bed combustion]] (CFBC) technology. This technology has been adopted for 250 MW capacity units for the first time in India.

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130">
File:TPS I, Neyveli NLCIL.jpg|Thermal Power Station-I
File:TPS II, Neyveli NLCIL.jpg|Thermal Power Station-II
File:TPS I Expansion, Neyveli NLCIL.jpg|Thermal Power Station-I Expansion
File:TPS II Expansion, Neyveli NLCIL.png|Thermal Power Station-II Expansion
</gallery>

== Mining projects ==
NLC has four open cast lignite mines, namely, Mine I, Mine II, Mine IA and Barsingsar Mine and a coal mine named Talabira II & III OCP, Sambalpur Odisha. The lignite mined out is used as fuel to the linked pithead power stations. Also, raw lignite is being sold to small scale industries to use it as fuel in their production activities. The mines at Talabira currently despatches coal to Tuticorin Thermal Power Plant (NTPL) and sells the balance coal to outside customers.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Mines
!Capacity (in MTPA)
|-
|Mine I
|10.5
|-
|Mine I A
|3.0
|-
|Mine II
|15.0
|-
|Barsingsar Mine
|2.1
|}

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130">
File:Mine I, Neyveli NLCIL.jpg|Mine I
File:Mine II, Neyveli NLCIL.jpg|Mine II
File:Mine IA, Neyveli NLCIL.jpg|Mine IA
</gallery>

== Joint venture projects ==

=== NLC Tamil Nadu Power Ltd. (NTPL) (2 x 500 MW) ===
[[File:NTPL Tuticorin NLCIL.jpg|thumb|NTPL (2 x 500MW) Thermal Power Plant, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu]]

NLC Tamil Nadu Power Limited (NTPL), is a joint venture company of NLC India Ltd (formerly known as NLC Ltd) and TANGEDCO (Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Company), incorporated under the Companies Act. The Equity participation between NLC and TANGEDCO is 89:11. The Government of India had issued sanction for the implementation of coal-based 2 × 500 MW thermal power project by NTPL at [[Thoothukudi|Tuticorin]] at an estimated cost of ₹ 4,909.54 crores, Unit 1 and Unit 2 has been declared for commercial operation effective 18 June 2015 and 29 August 2015. RCE – 2 for the project (Completion cost of the project) works out to ₹ 7,293.48 crores (June – 15 base). Power Purchase Agreement has been signed with TANGEDCO, ESCOMs of Karnataka, Puducherry Electricity Department, Kerala State Electricity Board and DISCOMs of Andhra Pradesh. Power evacuation from this project is being carried out by [[Power Grid Corporation of India]]. NTPL has signed a fuel supply agreement with [[Mahanadi Coalfields|Mahanadhi Coalfields]] for supply of 3.0 MTPA of coal and to meet the shortfall in the requirement, a contract has also been awarded on [[MSTC Limited|MSTC]] for the supply of imported coal.

=== Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Ltd. (NUPPL) (3 x 660 MW) ===
Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Limited (NUPPL) is a joint venture between NLC India and [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam|Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited]], for setting up of 3 × 660 MW power project at [[Ghatampur Thermal Power Station|Ghatampur]], Uttar Pradesh.

== Upcoming projects ==

=== Neyveli New Thermal Power Project (NNTPP) (2 X 500 MW) ===
The Neyveli New Thermal Power Project (2×500 MW) is being implemented at a capital cost of ₹ 5,907.11 crores as a replacement for the more than five decades old 600 MW Thermal Power Station I and adopts [[Pulverized coal-fired boiler|pulverized fuel firing]] technology. Consequent to re-tendering of Steam Generator package, the units are rescheduled to be commissioned in October 2017 and April 2018. [[Letter of Agency|LOA]] for Steam Generator package (NTA 1) and Turbo-Generator package (NTA 2) has been issued to [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] and detailed engineering activities, civil and mechanical erection works and supplies are in progress. LOA has also been issued for the Balance of Plant Package and the engineering & civil works, supplies and erection are in progress.

=== Expansion of Mine I-A ===
In order to meet the additional requirement of lignite arising out of implementation of 1000 MW Neyveli New Thermal Power Project at Neyveli, expansion of Mine-IA is being implemented, which would result in raising the Mine IA capacity by 4 MTPA. Ministry of Coal has accorded approval for mining expansion plan of Mine 1A.

=== Wind Power Plant (51 MW) ===
NLC is implementing wind power farm of capacity 51 MW at Kazhuneerkulam in Tamil Nadu at an estimated cost of ₹ 347.14 crores. M/s LeitwindShriram Manufacturing Limited is the implementing agency and so far 29 nos. of Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) have been commissioned and the balance 5 Nos. are expected to be commissioned during the year 2016. Power Purchase Agreement has been signed with TANGEDCO.

=== Neyveli Solar Power Project (2 X 65 MW) ===
NLC is setting up 130 MW Solar power project at Neyveli, Tamil Nadu. The project is implemented through EPC route and scheduled to be commissioned in 2016–17. BHEL and M/s Jakson bagged the contract and LOA has been issued. Power Purchase Agreement has been signed with TANGEDCO.

=== Bithnok Thermal Power Project (250 MW) ===
Bithnok Thermal Power Project (250 MW) with the linked lignite mine of 2.25 MTPA capacity at Bithnok in Rajasthan is being set up at an aggregate estimated cost of ₹ 2,709.93 crores. Power Purchase Agreement has been signed with Rajasthan DISCOMs. Agreement for supply of 25 cusecs of water from IGNP canal has been entered into. Rajasthan Government has issued award for acquisition of 1175.87 hectares of private land in Bithnok and 1863.18 Ha of Government land will be diverted to project by Rajasthan Government after takeover of private land. The project is proposed to be implemented through Engineering, Procurement & Commissioning (EPC) contract mode and is expected to be commissioned during 2020. Ministry of Coal has accorded approval for revised mining plan in June 2015. EOI short listing is completed & techno-commercial evaluation is in progress.

=== Barsingsar Thermal Power Project Extension (250 MW) ===
A lignite-based Thermal Power Plant with a capacity of 250 MW as an extension of the existing power plant at Barsingsar is being set up. The fuel requirement for the above power plant is to be met from linked Hadla Mine of 1.9 MTPA and the existing Barsingsar Mine. The aggregate estimated cost of the project is ₹ 2,635.04 crores. All statutory clearances have been obtained. Government of Rajasthan has allocated mining lease area of 15.66 Sq. km. The project is proposed to be implemented through Engineering, Procurement & Commissioning (EPC) route and is expected to be commissioned during 2020. EOI short listing is completed & techno-commercial evaluation is in progress.

=== Sirkazhi Thermal Power Project (3960 MW) ===
It is proposed to set up a coal-based thermal power project with an overall capacity of 3960 MW, in two phases, at Sirkazhi in the coastal district of [[Nagapattinam]], in Tamil Nadu Advance Action Proposal at a cost of ₹ 56.52 crores for taking up pre-project activities is in progress. NLCI has identified Thirumullaivasal as the site for locating the power plant. Feasibility report is under preparation. Action has been initiated for floating tender for preparation of CRZ map for the project. Application for land acquisition has been submitted to Government of Tamil Nadu for issue of administrative sanction for acquisition of land for this project. Preparations of EIA/EMP report, DPR for captive coal jetty are in process. Change in configuration to 5 × 800 MW using super critical technology is under active consideration.

=== Thermal Power Station II - 2nd Expansion (2 x 660 MW) ===
It is proposed to increase the power generating capacity by adding another 1320 MW thermal power plant as the second expansion to the existing TPS-II at Neyveli. A new mine, Mine-III of capacity of 11.5 MTPA is proposed to be set up to exploit the mineable lignite reserves of about 380 MT available in the south of the existing Mine-II to meet the fuel requirement of the proposed thermal power plant. Advanced Action Proposals (AAP) of Rs. 7.05 Cr for Mine-III and Rs. 1.80 Cr for TPS-II Second Expansion for taking up phase-I pre-project activities were approved. Action has been initiated to enter into Power Purchase Agreement with DISCOMs of [[South India|Southern States]]. PPA has been signed with TANGEDCO, Kerala SEB, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

=== Mine II - Augmentation ===
It is proposed to augment Mine-II from the present capacity of 15.0 MTPA to 18.75 MTPA, in order to meet the lignite requirements of TPS-II including Expansion for operating at a higher Plant Load Factor (PLF).

=== Talabira II & III, OCP (20 MTPA) and Talabira Thermal Power Plant (3200 MW) ===

The Government has allotted Talabira-II and III coal blocks in [[Odisha]] to power NLC which is looking to ramp up coal-based electricity generation capacity. NLC plans to have 19,000 MW capacity by 2025; projects to generate 6,000 MW from coal and 2,500 MW from lignite are underway.

NLC is expediting to set up a pit head coal-based power project in Odisha with the capacity of 3,200 MW. The power plant will entail an estimated investment of ₹ 17,000 crores, and is to be built at Tareikela near [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]] in the western part of Odisha. This power plant would be linked to Talabira II & III coal block in [[Sambalpur]] and Jharsuguda district which has a mineable reserve of 553.98 Million Metric Tones. The thus annual capacity of the mine is 20 MTPA. Currently, the mine is being developed by NLC and its mine operator and developer, M/s Talabira Odisha Mining Private Limited, a subsidiary of [[Adani Group|Adani Enterprises Limited]].

=== Pachwara south coal block 10 MTPA in Jharkhand ===

== Research and development ==

=== R&D initiatives ===
* Coldry and Matmor process – In this process, lignite is crushed and made into pellets which are dried using hot air, and then iron ore is added to make the pellets suitable as reduction agents in iron ore purification process.
* Upgradation of brown coal (UBC) - Reducing moisture in raw lignite at site and increasing [[calorific value]] will reduce the transportation cost and increase the fuel value. This will reduce auxiliary power consumption, {{CO2}} emission and improve power plant efficiency and overcome the problem of spontaneous ignition while transporting lignite over long distances.
* Underground coal gasification - To gainfully utilize the vast potential of lignite deposits which are uneconomical for conventional mining
* Synthesis of zeolites from lignite fly ash – for removal of calcium from circulating water system
* Dynamic loading of conveyors – energy conservation measure
* Separation of iron from bottom slag of thermal power stations
* Usage of bottom ash for construction purposes
* High longevity coatings and alternate material for erosion and corrosion resistance
* Development of fly ash-based pesticide
* Collaborative research with premier technical institutes
* Silica sand beneficiation plant
[[File:CARD Neyveli NLCIL.jpg|thumb|Centre for Applied Research & Development (CARD), Neyveli, Tamil Nadu]]

=== Centre for Applied Research & Development (CARD) ===
Centre for Applied Research & Development (CARD) is the in-house R&D Centre of NLC and has been recognised by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science & Technology]] since 1975.

The testing and R&D facilities were upgraded under a project (LERI) sponsored by [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO), Vienna during 1995–2000. The main objective was to strengthen CARD to improve its capability to provide analytical, [[environmental monitoring]], R&D, technology and services to industry and the Government. Under this project, services of national and international experts were utilised for lignite utilisation and opencast mines, power stations related problems and acquired sophisticated equipment, training and established combustion and gasification testing facilities.

The major functions of CARD are carrying out science & technology projects (Ministry of Coal), in-house S&T plan projects, pollution level measurements, quality control testing & consultancy services, pilot plant studies based on R&D and commercialization of technology developed, coordination of S&T projects taken by other NLC units, institutional services for students, special studies for operation and new schemes.

CARD is carrying out various R&D works on lignite utilisation, diversification, product development, by-product utilisation, solid waste management, wasteland reclamation, corrosion evaluation and prevention. For implementing these projects, CARD is associating with outside agencies like, [[IIT Delhi]], [[IIT Madras]], [[IIT Kharagpur]], [[Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research|CIMFR]], [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University|TNAU]], [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]], [[Anna University]], [[University of Madras|Madras University]], [[Annamalai University]], [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology|NIIST]], [[Vellore Institute of Technology|VIT]], [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli|NIT-Trichy]], [[Central Electro Chemical Research Institute|CECRI]], VCRC-Pudhucherry, IRERC, and Kollam. Based on the R&D works, some of the processes have been scaled up to pilot plant scale. The projects include Ministry of Coal funded R&D projects as well as in-house S&T funded projects.

CARD has completed seventeen projects funded by Ministry of Coal and seventeen projects under in-house R&D. There are two on-going Ministry of Coal funded projects and nine on-going projects under in-house R&D and a study on upgradation of brown coal in association with M/s [[Kobe Steel|Kobe Steel Ltd.]], Japan with a funding from [[New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization|NEDO]], Japan.

CARD/NLC has conducted extensive studies on mine spoil reclamation, integrated farming system, slope stabilization, ash pond reclamation, utilisation of fly ash, bottom ash and bottom slag.

Corrosion studies have been conducted in SME structures of mines to develop suitable coating material. Corrosion studies are also being conducted in SWC pumps to prevent erosion-corrosion due to adverse conditions in mining environment.

==== Testing facilities ====
CARD has a well-established analytical facility and is rendering analytical services towards quality control of various products/materials used in mines, power stations and other service units as well as outside agencies. The analytical testing facility includes lignite analytical, microbiology, material testing, environmental section, soil mechanical section, metal testing, paint testing, general analytical, petrography.

The sophisticated instruments available include [[scanning electron microscope]] with EDS, ED-X-RAY [[Fluorescence spectroscopy|fluorescence spectrometer]], elemental analyzer, TGA/DTA, heating microscope, inductively coupled plasma spectrometer, [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy|atomic absorption spectrometer]], high pressure liquid ion chromatograph, nitrogen analyzer, [[fluorescence microscope]], petrography microscope, metallurgical microscope, surface area analyzer, continuous ambient air quality monitoring system, and power quality analyzer. CARD facilities are available for internal use and utilized by other agencies like [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]], BHEL, MECL, GSI, and STCMS.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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{{Coalfields}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
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{{authority control}}

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Yuvan Shankar Raja

2026-02-17T02:33:05Z

Effossy: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian composer and playback singer (born 1979)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| image = Yuvan Shankar Raja at Concert (cropped).jpg
| caption = Yuvan in 2022
| birth_name = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| alias = {{hlist| BGM King| Little Maestro|Abdul Haliq}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|8|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| origin = [[Pannaipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| discography = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja discography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{marriage|Sujaya Chandran|2005|2008|reason=div}}|{{Marriage|Shilpa Mohan|2011|2014|reason=div}}|{{Marriage|Zafroon Nizar|2015}}}}
| genre = {{hlist| [[Film score]] | [[world music]] | [[Jazz]] | [[Rock music|Rock]] | [[Folk music|Folk]] | [[Classical music|Classical]]}}
| occupation = {{flat list|
*Arranger
*Composer
*Lyricist
*Song writer
*Playback singer
*Orchestrator
*Musician
*Record producer
*Film producer
}}
| instrument = {{hlist| [[Guitar]] | [[Musical keyboard|keyboard]] | [[Singing|vocals]] | [[Piano]] | [[Drum]]s | [[Violin]] | [[Cello]] | [[Flute]] }}
| years_active = 1996–present
| label = {{hlist| [[Sony Music]] | [[Think Music]] | [[Saregama]] | [[Eros Music|Eros]] | [[Divo (record label)|Divo]] | [[Zee Music Company|Zee]] | [[Lahari Music|Lahari]] | [[U1 Records]] | [[Wunderbar Films|Wunderbar]] | [[Aditya Music|Aditya]] | [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |}}
}}
'''Yuvan Shankar Raja''' (born 31 August 1979), is an Indian composer and playback singer.<ref>{{cite news |title=25 Years in Tamil Film Industry: Yuvan Shankar Raja Shares an Emotional Note |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/25-years-in-tamil-film-industry-yuvan-shankar-raja-shares-an-emotional-note-4827347.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=News18 |date=2022-02-28 |archive-date=2025-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207064215/https://www.news18.com/pv_candidate.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know Yuvan Shankar Raja debuted as music composer at 16 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-yuvan-shankar-raja-debuted-as-music-composer-at-16/articleshow/80602767.cms |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 January 2021|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815163855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-yuvan-shankar-raja-debuted-as-music-composer-at-16/articleshow/80602767.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> He mainly scores music for Tamil films along with few Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi films.<ref>{{cite news |title=25 years of Yuvan: How his music has been integral to Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/25-years-yuvan-how-his-music-has-been-integral-tamil-cinema-161595 |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=The News Minute |date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815163311/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/25-years-yuvan-how-his-music-has-been-integral-tamil-cinema-161595|archive-date=15 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Considered a versatile composer, he is particularly known for his use of [[Western culture#Music|Western music elements]] and often credited with having introduced [[Hip-hop|hip hop]] to the Tamil film and music industry and started the "era of [[remix]]es" in [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref name="indianewsreel.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianewsreel.com/Music/News/20113309093300/Mega-musical-event-by-Yuvan.aspx|title=Mega musical event by Yuvan|publisher=IndiaNewsReel.com|access-date=20 August 2011|archive-date=3 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803084728/http://www.indianewsreel.com/Music/News/20113309093300/Mega-musical-event-by-Yuvan.aspx|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssmusic.tv/artist_profile.php?Opt=1&Language=&artId=20071100001|title=Yuvan Shankar Raja's Profile|date=20 December 2009|publisher=[[SS Music]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623092856/http://www.ssmusic.tv/artist_profile.php?Opt=1&Language=&artId=20071100001|archive-date=23 June 2008|access-date=20 December 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Yuvan, the new youth icon">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/14/stories/2006041400260400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510200445/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/14/stories/2006041400260400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2006|title=Yuvan, the new youth icon|date=20 December 2009|access-date=20 December 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> which included mixed [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] and [[jazz]]. He is frequently referred to as the "BGM King" of Tamil film music.<ref>{{cite news |title=SJ Suryah praises Yuvan Shankar Raja as King of BGM! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yuvan-shankar-raja-is-king-of-bgm-sj-suryah-appreciate-tamil-news-267938 |access-date=25 May 2023 |work=www.indiaglitz.com |date=21 August 2020|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706172459/https://www.indiaglitz.com/yuvan-shankar-raja-is-king-of-bgm-sj-suryah-appreciate-tamil-news-267938 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja Expresses His Gratitude to the Fans for Reaching a Milestone in His Film Journey! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yuvan-shankar-raja-milestone-in-cinema-career-emotional-thanks-letter-to-fans-viral-tamil-news-308738 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=Indiaglitz | date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706172153/https://www.indiaglitz.com/yuvan-shankar-raja-milestone-in-cinema-career-emotional-thanks-letter-to-fans-viral-tamil-news-308738 |archive-date=6 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuvan has won two [[Filmfare Awards South]], five [[Mirchi Music Awards South]], three [[Vijay Awards]] and two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].

Within a span of 25 years, Yuvan has worked on over 190 films. Being the youngest son of composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]], he began his musical career in 1996, at the age of 16, when he composed the film score for ''[[Aravindhan]]''. He got his breakthrough with the soundtracks for the films ''[[Dheena]]'' (2001) and ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' (2002) soundtrack, becoming one of Tamil cinema's most sought-after composers by the mid-2000s.<ref name="Welcome to">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14204402&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022134556/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14204402&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Welcome to |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 January 2007 |access-date=20 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name="http">{{cite news|title=Yuvan, the new youth icon|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/14/stories/2006041400260400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510200445/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/14/stories/2006041400260400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2006|access-date=13 July 2012|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/ilayarajas-son-gets-his-ticket-to-bollywood-633852?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|title=Ilayaraja's son gets his ticket to Bollywood|work=NDTVMovies.com |date=July 2013 |access-date=6 May 2018|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173811/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/ilayarajas-son-gets-his-ticket-to-bollywood-633852?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|url-status=live}}</ref> He won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil]] in 2004 for his score in the drama ''[[7/G Rainbow Colony|7G Rainbow Colony]]''. In 2006, he became the only Indian composer to win the [[Cyprus International Film Festival]] Award for the soundtrack of ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]''.<ref name="Versatile musician">{{cite web|title=Versatile musician|url=http://ecentral.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/4/19/soundnstage/11080536&sec=soundnstage|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615132217/http://ecentral.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2012%2F4%2F19%2Fsoundnstage%2F11080536&sec=soundnstage|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=13 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He also won the [[Filmfare Special Award – South]] in 2009 for his Telugu musical ''[[Oy!]]''.

In 2015, Yuvan created his own music label, [[U1 Records]] and in 2017, he started his own film production studio, YSR Films.

== Early life ==
Yuvan Shankar Raja was born on 31 August 1979.<ref name="r155">{{cite news |title=Yuvan birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Yuvan-Shankar-Raja |access-date=4 March 2023 |date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130031334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Yuvan-Shankar-Raja |url-status=live }}</ref> He is the third and youngest child of musician and film composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. He is the younger brother of music director [[Karthik Raja]] and playback singer-music director [[Bhavatharini]]. Yuvan once confessed that his brother Karthik Raja was more talented than him, but he did not get a successful break into the music business since he did not get a "good team to work with".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/11/07/stories/2008110750070300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108173754/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/11/07/stories/2008110750070300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=On a creative trip|access-date=4 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 November 2008}}</ref> His father as well as his siblings have sung many songs under his direction. Film director and film composer [[Gangai Amaran]] and R. D. Bhaskar are his uncles and their sons [[Venkat Prabhu]], [[Premgi Amaren]] and Parthi Bhaskar, who are working in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] as well, are his cousins.

Yuvan did his schooling at [[St. Bede's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]] in Chennai,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/26/stories/2008012651870600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129215146/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/26/stories/2008012651870600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 January 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Of memories and a milestone | date=26 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112551270200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201163847/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112551270200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 December 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Alumni invited to St. Bede's centenary celebrations | date=25 November 2007}}</ref> and discontinued his education after his tenth class. He started learning music from Jacob Master,<ref name="Creativetrip">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/11/07/stories/2008110750070300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108173754/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/11/07/stories/2008110750070300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=On a creative trip|access-date=15 August 2009|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 November 2008}}</ref> attending piano classes at "Musee Musical" in Chennai, which is affiliated to [[Trinity College London|Trinity College]] in London, UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_director.php?conid=3288&Music-Directors/Composers=Yuvan%20Shankar%20Raja|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-date=25 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225050329/http://planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_director.php?conid=3288&Music-Directors%2FComposers=Yuvan%20Shankar%20Raja|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Yuvan Shankar Raja stated that he always wanted to become a pilot and travel "all around the world", but as he grew up "with music around him", he eventually became a musician.<ref name="Creativetrip" /> He admires the work of his father and other composers such as [[S. D. Burman]], [[R. D. Burman]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[Naushad|Naushad Ali]] and the voices of singers [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], and [[P. Susheela]].<ref name="Creativetrip" />

== Career ==

=== Film score and soundtracks ===

==== Early years (1996–2001) ====
In 1996, following his mother's suggestion to take up music as a profession, Yuvan Shankar Raja started composing tunes for an album.<ref name="Yuvan Shankar Raja's Profile">{{cite web|title=Yuvan Shankar Raja's Profile|url=http://www.ssmusic.tv/artist_profile.php?Opt=1&Language=&artId=20071100001|publisher=S S Music|access-date=5 March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623092856/http://www.ssmusic.tv/artist_profile.php?Opt=1&Language=&artId=20071100001|archive-date=23 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[T. Siva]], the producer of the Tamil language film ''[[Aravindhan]]'', after hearing some of the tunes, asked him to compose a [[trailer music]] score. As Siva was impressed by the music, he gave Yuvan Shankar the assignment to compose the entire film score, including a soundtrack for that film.<ref name="Yuvan Shankar Raja's Profile" /> After consulting and getting consent from his parents, he accepted the offer; his music career started. His entry into the Tamil film and music little superstar industry had happened at age 16, thus he became one of the youngest composers ever in the industry, which he says, was "purely accidental".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfmpage.com/forum/archives/20550.03.13.03.html|title=YSR in London|publisher=tfmpage.com|access-date=4 April 2009|archive-date=10 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210173131/http://tfmpage.com/forum/archives/20550.03.13.03.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, both the soundtrack album as well as the film itself failed to attract audiences and do well, and Yuvan Shankar Raja's following projects ''[[Velai]]'' (1998) and ''[[Kalyana Galatta]]'' (1998) were not successful either; his compositions for these films did not receive good reviews or responses,<ref name="Masterpieces of Ilayaraja">{{cite web|url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/review/ilayaraja.html|title=Masterpieces of Ilayaraja|publisher=nilacharal.com|access-date=4 April 2009|archive-date=26 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226050502/http://nilacharal.com/enter/review/ilayaraja.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_director.php?Director=Yuvan%20Shankar%20Raja&conid=3288|title=Yuvan Shankar Raja | Music Directors | Music Composers|date=31 August 1979|publisher=Planetradiocity.com|access-date=20 August 2011|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005123022/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_director.php?Director=Yuvan%20Shankar%20Raja&conid=3288|url-status=usurped}}</ref> with one reviewer labelling the music and background score in the latter as "cacophony" and "poor".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/KalyaaNa_Galaattaa_8242.html|title=KalyaaNa Galaattaa: Movie Review|publisher=Indolink.com|access-date=20 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718214603/http://indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/KalyaaNa_Galaattaa_8242.html|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The failures of his first projects meant that he was not offered any film projects and assignments subsequently.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/22/stories/2003102200060100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031110173902/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/22/stories/2003102200060100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2003|title=Generation NEXT|date=22 October 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> During this time of struggle, he was approached and assigned by director [[Vasanth]] to compose the music for his film ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'' (1999). The soundtrack received a very positive response, being described as "fresh" and "different", with a critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' citing that his "absolutely enchanting musical score [...] bears testimony to his "Raja" surname."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A194789BC4D9414965256941003DC8A7|title=A mad, mad spin – The New Indian Express|date=29 November 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322152742/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/A194789BC4D9414965256941003DC8A7|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=20 August 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> The album became very popular, particularly songs such as "Irava Pagala" and "Chudithar Aninthu", gaining him first time notice, especially among young people and children.<ref name="Masterpieces of Ilayaraja" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/D585681E7E02040365256940004D0E19|title=Cinema – The Hindu|date=20 August 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405015425/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/D585681E7E02040365256940004D0E19|archive-date=5 April 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=20 August 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> The album would make possible his first breakthrough in the industry and proved to be a major turning point in his career.<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/24/stories/2009102451541200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905040532/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/24/stories/2009102451541200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2011|title=Yuvan Unplugged|date=24 October 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> After working for two [[Sundar C]] films, ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]'' (1999) and ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' (2000), he got to work for [[A. R. Murugadoss]]'s directorial debut in 2001, the action flick ''[[Dheena]]'', starring [[Ajith Kumar]], which went on to become a blockbuster and Yuvan Shankar Raja's first major successful film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/review/ilayaraja.html|title=A Tamil entertainment ezine presenting interesting contents and useful services|publisher=Nilacharal|access-date=20 August 2011|archive-date=26 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226050502/http://nilacharal.com/enter/review/ilayaraja.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuvan Shankar's songs were equally successful,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14873661|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324043704/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14873661|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2009|title=Harris out, Yuvan in!|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=5 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41592.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918184429/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/41592.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2008|title=Ajith's 'Aegan' audio on October|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=5 March 2010}}</ref> which are considered to have played a major role in the film's great success,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilwire.com/21329-asal-music-director-yuvanshankar.html|title=Asal music director: Yuvanshankar Raja|publisher=tamilwire.com|access-date=5 March 2010|archive-date=30 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630162238/http://www.tamilwire.com/21329-asal-music-director-yuvanshankar.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> while his [[film score|background score]] in the film was also well appreciated. This was followed by [[Bala (director)|Bala's]] ''[[Nandhaa]]'' (2001), for which he received rave reviews.<ref name="Masterpieces of Ilayaraja" />

==== Rise to prominence (2002–2003) ====

In 2002, he had three album releases, the first being ''Thulluvadho Ilamai'', collaborating with [[Selvaraghavan]] for the first time. The film was directed by [[Kasthuri Raja]], but his son Selvaraghavan wrote the script and worked with Yuvan Shankar Raja for the film's soundtrack album. The soundtrack album of ''Thulluvadho Ilamai'' particularly appealed to the younger generation. The film itself, marking the debut of Selvaraghavan's brother [[Dhanush]], released one year later and became a [[sleeper hit]] at the
Chennai box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nanjilonline.com/music/kadhalkondaen_rev.asp |title=Kadhal Kondaen Music Review |publisher=NanjilOnline.com |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095855/http://www.nanjilonline.com/music/kadhalkondaen_rev.asp |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=408&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english |title=Kadhal Konden – Tamil Movie Review |publisher=Thiraipadam.com |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004175410/http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=408&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english |url-status=live }}</ref> He then gained notice by churning out "youthful music" in the college-life based ''[[April Maadhathil]]'' (2002), the [[romantic comedy]] films ''[[Kadhal Samrajyam]]'' (2002) (The film was never released theatrically, the soundtrack was released in 2002) and ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' (2002), [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer's]] directorial debut film, and the [[love triangle|triangular love story]] ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' (2002), in which he also made his on-screen debut, appearing in some scenes and one song sequence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/yuvan.asp |title=Yuvan Sankar Raja - a short chat |website=archives.chennaionline.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121084859/http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/yuvan.asp |archive-date=21 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the same time, he made his [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut with ''[[Seshu]]'' and ''[[Malli Malli Choodali|Malli Malli Chudali]]'' and also composed for the Tamil films ''[[Junior Senior (2002 film)|Junior Senior]]'' and ''[[Pop Carn]]'', starring Malayalam actors [[Mammootty]] and [[Mohanlal]], respectively, though all of which performed poorly at the box office.

In 2003, Selvaraghavan's first independent directorial, the drama-[[thriller film]] ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' released, which is considered a milestone for Yuvan Shankar Raja.<ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/08spice.htm |title=Jaya bats for Tamil film industry |publisher=Rediff |date=8 February 2005 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302015632/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/08spice.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His work in the film, particularly his background score, was unanimously praised, leading to the release of a separate CD consisting of several film score pieces, à la "Hollywood-style", which was reportedly the first film score CD release in India. Furthermore, the film went on to become a blockbuster, cementing the film's lead artist Dhanush and Yuvan Shankar in the Tamil film and music industry.<ref name="Generation NEXT">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/27/stories/2003102700060300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031130002349/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/27/stories/2003102700060300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2003|title=Generation NEXT|access-date=31 August 2009|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 October 2003}}</ref> The same year, he worked in [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan's]] debut film ''[[Kurumbu]]'', which featured the first [[remix]] song in a Tamil film. By that time, in a career spanning less than a decade, Yuvan Shankar Raja had established himself as one of the leading and most-sought after music directors in the Tamil film industry, despite having worked predominantly with newcomers and in low-budget productions.<ref name="rediff.com" /><ref name="Generation NEXT" />

==== Peak Success (2004–2007) ====
Yuvan Shankar's 2004 releases, ''7G Rainbow Colony'', another Selvaraghavan film, and [[Silambarasan]]'s ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]'', were both critically and commercially successful films, featuring acclaimed as well as popular music by Yuvan Shankar Raja, which also contributed to the films' successes.<ref name="rediff.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/16510.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924190457/http://indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/16510.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2005 |title=In tune with the times|website=IndiaGlitz |date=31 August 2005 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2005/05/13/stories/2005051302350100.htm |title=Where Simbu scores |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227023615/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2005/05/13/stories/2005051302350100.htm |archive-date=27 December 2005 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> His work in the former, in particular, got critically acclaimed and eventually led him to win the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Direction Award]] at the 2004 Filmfare Awards South;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/21sld5.htm |title=rediff.com: The Best Tamil Films, 2004 |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614101648/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/21sld5.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> receiving the award at the age of 25, he was the youngest winning music composer of the award at that time. For the next several years, he would have nine to ten releases every year on average, making him one of the most prolific film composers of India.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/It-was-a-good-year-for-Yuvan/articleshow/7167264.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104075814/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-27/news-and-interviews/28224843_1_music-new-film-song|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=It was a good year for Yuvan!|date=27 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yuvan Vs Harris!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-vs-harris-news-tamil-kkfvlUajdhe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022134608/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-vs-harris-news-tamil-kkfvlUajdhe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|work=Sify|access-date=23 June 2011}}</ref>

His first of nine album releases of 2005 was ''Raam''. His score for the Ameer-directed thriller, labelled as "soul-stirring", fetched him further accolades<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raam-review-tamil-13687741.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319000139/http://www.sify.com/movies/raam-review-tamil-13687741.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2014 |title=Movie Review:Raam|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7275.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024114340/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7275.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2004 |title=Raam Tamil Movie Review |website=IndiaGlitz |date=5 March 2005 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> and eventually yielded a win at the 2006 [[Cyprus International Film Festival]] for Best Musical score in a Feature Film,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/9406.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404225615/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/9406.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2006 |title=Events – Actor Jeeva Felicitated |website=IndiaGlitz |date=31 March 2006 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/14/stories/2006041400260400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510200445/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/14/stories/2006041400260400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 May 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Yuvan, the new youth icon | date=14 April 2006}}</ref> the first such award for an Indian composer. His successful streak continued with his following releases of that year, the low-budget films ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'', ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' and ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' becoming successful ventures at the box office; Yuvan Shankar's songs, "Theepidikka",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Top-10-Tamil-songs-of-2005-imagegallery-events-jdwmIwjdgeg.html?html=4#galname |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022134640/http://www.sify.com/movies/Top-10-Tamil-songs-of-2005-imagegallery-events-jdwmIwjdgeg.html?html=4#galname |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Top 10 Tamil songs of 2005|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> "Panithuli" and "Dhavani Potta" from the respective soundtracks enjoyed popularity and were said to have played an important role in the films's successes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooljilax.com/movie2005/stats2005.html |title=Tamil Film Statistics – 2005 |publisher=Cooljilax.com |date=10 January 2006 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708191635/http://www.cooljilax.com/movie2005/stats2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the release of the soundtrack for the [[S. J. Suryah]]-starring romantic comedy ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (2006 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]'', that also enjoyed popularity after the film's release,<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/yuvan-shankar-raja-on-top-of-tamil-music-charts/5951/story.htm |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja on top of Tamil music charts |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=5 March 2006 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014022217/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/yuvan-shankar-raja-on-top-of-tamil-music-charts/5951/story.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> his final album of 2005, ''[[Pudhupettai]]'', released, which saw him once again collaborating with director Selvaraghavan. The ten-track [[Experimental music|experimental]] album, receiving high critical acclaim, was considered Yuvan Shankar Raja's finest work till then and a "musical masterpiece".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/8073.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224234757/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/8073.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2005 |title=Pudhupettai Music Review songs lyrics |website=IndiaGlitz |date=25 January 2006 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Musicreviews/pudhupettai/tamil-movie-pudhupettai-musicreview.html |title=Music Review: Pudupettai |website=Behindwoods |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=10 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610233846/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Musicreviews/pudhupettai/tamil-movie-pudhupettai-musicreview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The soundtrack and score of the film featured a traditional [[Sheet music|orchestral score]] played by the "Chapraya Symphony" of [[Bangkok]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/8073.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224234757/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/8073.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 December 2005 | title=Pudhupettai – Music Review |website=IndiaGlitz |date=25 January 2006 | access-date=6 December 2008}}</ref> for the first time in a Tamil film. Critics felt that this project, in particular, proved his abilities and talent to produce innovative and experimental scores as well.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/02/stories/2006060202350300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626042032/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/02/stories/2006060202350300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 June 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=A haunting dirge of savagery – Pudhupettai | date=2 June 2006}}</ref> The film itself, releasing only in May 2006, did average business, despite opening to outstanding reviews.

He next worked on the romantic comedies ''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]'' and ''[[Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu]]'' and the gangster film ''Pattiyal'', which all released in early 2006. His ''Happy'' songs and score received positive reviews, with critics labelling the "youthful music" as "excellent",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-happy.html |title=Happy – Telugu cinema Review |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=27 January 2006 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107074142/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-happy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the film's "main strength",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7969.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210144442/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7969.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2006 |title=Happy Telugu Movie Review |website=IndiaGlitz |date=28 January 2006 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> while his score for ''Pattiyal'' was highly praised by critics; a ''[[Sify]]'' reviewer wrote: "Yuvan Shankar Raja's music and background score is the life of the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14164659&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430165718/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14164659&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2006 |title=Movie Review:Pattiyal|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> Furthermore, both films went on to become very successful ventures, both commercially and critically. His subsequent releases that year include Silambarasan's directorial debut ''[[Vallavan]]'' and the action entertainer ''[[Thimiru]]''. Yuvan Shankar Raja was cited as the "real hero" of the former,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7598.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202102254/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7598.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2005 |title=Vallavan Tamil Movie Review |website=IndiaGlitz |date=22 October 2006 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> which featured some of the year's most listened-to tracks such as "Loosu Penne" and "Yammadi Aathadi",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28077.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119230320/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28077.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2007 |title=Musical year this, in Kollywood|website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> while the latter film ranked amongst the year's highest-grossing films. In November 2006, the ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' soundtrack album got released, which saw the composer foraying into pure rural folk music,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/7575.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204055125/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/7575.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2005 |title=Paruthi Veeran Music Review songs lyrics |website=IndiaGlitz |date=7 December 2006 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> using traditional musical instruments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/35521.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229040149/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/35521.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2007 |title=Looking Back 2007 – Part II |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> Though initially releasing to mixed reviews, with critics doubting whether the songs could attract a modern youth audience,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/23par.htm |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja disappoints |publisher=Rediff |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020202557/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/23par.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/review/music_review_295.asp |title=Tamil magazine Tamil news, poem, story, movie & song reviews |publisher=Nilacharal.com |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927003750/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/review/music_review_295.asp |archive-date=27 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> his first attempt at rural music turned out to be a major success, following the film's outstanding run at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33461.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910175913/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33461.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2007 |title=Paruthi Veeran going steady |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29967.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322165158/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29967.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2007 |title=Yuvan all the way |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> The film, Ameer's third feature film as well as [[Karthi]]'s debut venture, received universal critical acclaim after its release in February 2007 and became a blockbuster, while particularly the song "Oororam Puliyamaram" was a chartbuster number in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/top-ten-songs-of-2007-news-tamil-kkfujCehgdi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722011459/http://www.sify.com/movies/top-ten-songs-of-2007-news-tamil-kkfujCehgdi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2011 |title=Top ten songs of 2007 |website=[[Sify]] |date=31 December 2007 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-1/album/paruthiveeran.html |title=Paruthiveeran – Top 10 Albums Which Revived Tamil Cinema Music – Behindwoods.com Top ten Album of 2007 Mozhi Chennai 28 Billa Polladhavan Pachaikili Muthucharam Paruthiveeran Pokkiri Sivaji ATM Tamil Movie News hot stills Tamil Movie Slide Show |website=Behindwoods |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021061346/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-1/album/paruthiveeran.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, he had a record ten album releases in one year. The first was the soundtrack of the romantic drama film ''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'', following which the audios of the [[Sports film|sports comedy]] film ''[[Chennai 600028]]'', the Telugu family entertainer ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule|Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule]]'', [[Vasanth]]'s thriller film ''[[Satham Podathey]]'' and the romantic films ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' and ''[[Kannamoochi Yenada]]'' released, with the former three being well-received besides garnering positive reviews. The films ''Chennai 600028'', Venkat Prabhu's directorial debut, and ''Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule'', [[Selvaraghavan]]'s Telugu debut, in particular, were great commercial successes and became some of the year's most successful films in Tamil and Telugu, respectively. In late 2007, the film ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' and its soundtrack got released. The soundtrack album, which was released as ''Tamil M. A.'', as well as the film itself, had been met with positive reviews and critical acclaim. The music was called a "musical sensation" and was noted to be a "proof" of Yuvan Shankar Raja's "composing skills".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/9327/0/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012220935/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/9327/0/ | archive-date=12 October 2007 | title=Audio Review : Tamil M A – Yuvan's symphonies shine through! | publisher=musicindiaonline.com | access-date=6 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/03sssouth.htm |title=Thamizh M.A – Music review |publisher=Rediff |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011225944/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/03sssouth.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Karthik |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2007/09/11/tamil-ma-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |title=Tamil M.A (Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja) by Milliblog! |publisher=Itwofs.com |date=11 September 2007 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=12 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712044216/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2007/09/11/tamil-ma-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja |url-status=live }}</ref> However, despite positive reviews by critics, the film failed to evoke the interest of the audience and did not enjoy much popularity. His final release of 2007 was ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'', a remake of the 1980 [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer [[Billa (1980 film)|of the same title]]. This film, remade by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]], starring Ajith Kumar in the title role, also featured two remixes from the original version. The film emerged one of the top-grossers of the year,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-1/top-collection/billa.html |title=Billa Box Office Top 10 of 2007 – Behindwoods.com Billa Tamil Movie Article Sivaji Tamil Movie Slide Show Polladhavan Malaikottai Box Office Top Ten of 2007 Vel Tamil Movie News Mozhi hot stills Paruthiveeran picture Unnale Unnale image gallery |website=Behindwoods |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=18 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018133019/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-1/top-collection/billa.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while also fetching positive reviews for Yuvan Shankar's stylish musical score.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/21/stories/2007122150090300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223102715/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/12/21/stories/2007122150090300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 December 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Billa beats boredom | date=21 December 2007}}</ref>

==== More achievements (2008–2012) ====


In 2008, five films, featuring Yuvan's music were released, two of them being the Tamil and Kannada remakes of ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule|Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule]]'', titled ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' and ''[[Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu]]'', respectively, which partly featured the original score and songs. The Tamil version, in particular, was able to repeat the success of the original film, emerging as a high commercial success, while yielding Yuvan his second Filmfare nomination. The other releases that year include [[Sebastian Seeman|Seeman's]] ''[[Vaazhthugal]]'', [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s comedy-thriller ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'', [[Ajith Kumar]]'s action thriller ''[[Aegan]]'' and [[Silambarasan]]'s [[Masala film|masala flick]] ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'', out of which, ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' and ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' proved to be successful at the box office, with Yuvan Shankar's score in the former and his songs in the latter garnering accolades and several awards at the 2009 Isaiyaruvi Tamil Music Awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirchigossips.com/music/isayaruvi-music-awards-2008/ |title=Isayaruvi Sunfeast Tamil Music Awards 2008 | mirchigossips.in |publisher=Mirchigossips.com |date=11 July 2008 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201212255/http://www.mirchigossips.com/music/isayaruvi-music-awards-2008/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, nine of his soundtrack albums released. Excluding the romantic comedy ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'', featuring his most popular song of the year "[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi (song)|Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]", all other films failed at the box office. Besides "Oru Kal", the songs "Siragual" (''[[Sarvam]]'') and "Aedho Saigiral" (''[[Vaamanan]]'') also became popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kollywood-top-10-songs-of-2009-news-tamil-kkfrdNecfdb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105120202/http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-top-10-songs-of-2009-news-tamil-kkfrdNecfdb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2011 |title=Kollywood- Top 10 Songs of 2009|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jan/04/slide-show-1-top-tamil-albums-of-2009.htm |title=Top Tamil Albums of 2009 – Rediff.com Movies |publisher=Movies.rediff.com |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513060340/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jan/04/slide-show-1-top-tamil-albums-of-2009.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He had provided a rural score again in ''[[Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum]]'' and a [[sarangi]]-based score for the urban action drama of [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer's]] ''[[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|Yogi]]''. His score for his Telugu romantic musical ''Oy!'' fetched him the [[Filmfare Special Award (South)|Special Jury Award]] at the [[57th Filmfare Awards South|2010 South Filmfare Awards]].

In late 2009, the [[Paiyaa (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of ''[[Paiyaa]]'' released, which was regarded as a "blockbuster album" and a "magnum opus",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/23/slide-show-1-south-half-year-report-of-tamil-cinema.htm |title=Half-yearly BO report: Suriya rules Tamil – Rediff.com Movies |publisher=Movies.rediff.com |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=31 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831000627/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/23/slide-show-1-south-half-year-report-of-tamil-cinema.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.top10cinema.com/feature/5081/kaadhal-solla-vandhen-music-review |title=Kaadhal Solla Vandhen – Music Review | Articles – Features |publisher=Top 10 Cinema |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009023211/http://www.top10cinema.com/feature/5081/kaadhal-solla-vandhen-music-review |archive-date=9 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> as it went on to become highly popular, much prior to the film's release, and one of Yuvan Shankar Raja's biggest successes of his career.<ref name=ma /> The song "[[Thuli Thuli]]" had become the first Tamil song to be featured in the India Top 20 list for April 2010, indicating that it was the most frequently played Tamil song on all Indian FM radio stations in the history of Tamil film music.<ref name=ma>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Yuvans-musical-magic/articleshow/5994947.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103120556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-01/news-and-interviews/28277283_1_song-music-industry-paiyaa|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Yuvan's musical magic!|access-date=1 June 2010|first1=Sreedhar|last1=Pillai|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 June 2010}}</ref> The film itself became one of the highest earners of the year, particularly supported by Yuvan's score and songs. Along with ''[[Paiyaa (soundtrack)|Paiyaa]]'', songs from three more films for which he composed music that year – ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'', ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' and ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' – featured among the Top 10 chartbusters of the year.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> In early 2010, he composed his first [[Bollywood]] song; "Haq Se", as part of the ensemble soundtrack of the film ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'', starring his close friend [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], which received thoroughly positive reviews. In 2011, he teamed up with [[Silambarasan]] again for the anthology film ''[[Vaanam]]'', with the song "[[Evan Di Unna Pethan]]" from the album, that was released as a single, gaining popularity. His next film was [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s ''[[Avan Ivan]]''; Yuvan's songs generally fetched positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-avan-ivan/20110512.htm |title=Review: Avan Ivan's music is impressive |publisher=Rediff |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717042828/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-avan-ivan/20110512.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He next composed a score that drew influence from several [[world music]] styles for the critically acclaimed independent gangster film ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-aaranya-kaandam/20110610.htm |title=Review: Aaranya Kaandam bypasses gangster cliches |publisher=Rediff |date=10 June 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612231713/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-aaranya-kaandam/20110610.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> winning high praise from critics.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tamil/Aaranya-Kaandam/movie-review/8825713.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Aaranya Kaandam – The Times of India | access-date=12 March 2012 | archive-date=20 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320060054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tamil/Aaranya-Kaandam/movie-review/8825713.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> He went on to work in Venkat Prabhu's action thriller ''[[Mankatha]]'', his biggest project till date, and [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]'s first Telugu venture ''[[Panjaa]]''. His last two releases of 2011 were the soundtrack albums to the action-masala films ''[[Rajapattai]]'' and ''[[Vettai]]'', both of which received mixed responses and failed to reach success. His 2012 works include ''[[Billa II]]'', starring [[Ajith Kumar]], Ameer's long-delayed ''[[Ameerin Aadhi-Bhagavan|Aadhi Bhagavan]]'' and Vasanth's ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal|Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal]]''.

====2013 to 2019====

In 2013, he contributed music to nine films.
Tracks from ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' were generally received positively by critics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Simbu croons for Yuvan|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/news-interviews/36595449_1_vaalu-simbu-yuvan|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411041550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/news-interviews/36595449_1_vaalu-simbu-yuvan|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|work=The Times of India|date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal]]'', directed by Vasanth. Despite the film itself receiving "mixed reviews", Yuvan Shankar Raja's soundtrack was widely acclaimed, frequently cited as "arguably his best album in 2013".<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Music Directors of 2013 |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/3515/top-10-music-directors-of-2013 |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=MovieCrow |date=2014-01-02 }}</ref> Director [[Vasanth]] praised it as "post-modern music" and highlighted Yuvan Shankar Raja's dedicated seven months of work on the score.<ref>{{cite web|date=2013-01-25|title=Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal Music Review – Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal Music Review|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/dec-12-01/moondru-per-moondru-kaadhal-music-review.html|accessdate=2013-05-27|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>
His collaboration with veteran composer [[M. S. Viswanathan|M.S. Viswanathan]] in ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'' was a unique endeavor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thillu Mullu 2 with Yuvan & MSV's music |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thillu-mullu-2-with-yuvan-%26-msvs-music-tamil-news-84969 |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=www.indiaglitz.com |date=20 August 2012 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707081140/https://www.indiaglitz.com/thillu-mullu-2-with-yuvan-%26-msvs-music-tamil-news-84969 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Yuvan composed the soundtrack for [[Suseenthiran]]'s romantic drama [[Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer]]. The album garnered mixed to positive reviews, and the music supported the film's "highly positive reviews" and success.
A profound highlight was his work on ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'', where the emotional depth of the film was significantly amplified by his score, particularly through the song "Aanandha Yaazhai," which garnered "rave reviews" and was "celebrated across Tamil Nadu".<ref name="Music Review - Thanga Meenkal">{{cite web|date=2013-07-19|title=Music Review - Thanga Meenkal|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thanga-meengal/thanga-meengal-songs-review.html|access-date=2013-09-02|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902185722/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thanga-meengal/thanga-meengal-songs-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="moviecrow.com">{{Cite web|date=2013-07-19|title=Yuvan's Thanga Meengal Music Review|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/2221/yuvans-thanga-meengal-music-review/amp|access-date=2020-06-14|website=www.moviecrow.com|language=en|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614081849/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/2221/yuvans-thanga-meengal-music-review/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> The music of ''[[Arrambam]]'', which topped various music charts and achieved strong CD sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/arrambam-aka-aarambam-music-sales-has-been-great-according-to-sony-music.html |title=Arrambam (aka) Aarambam music sales has been great according to Sony Music |website=Behindwoods.com |date=23 September 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> This year also saw him reach his 100th movie milestone with ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biryani]]'', a collaboration with director [[Venkat Prabhu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan Is Gearing Up For His 100th Film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-is-gearing-up-for-his-100th-film/articleshow/14867468.cms |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=timesofindia |date=15 January 2017 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529131530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-is-gearing-up-for-his-100th-film/articleshow/14867468.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The soundtrack was met with a "positive response".<ref>{{cite web|title=Biriyani Music Review|url=http://www.musicperk.com/biriyani/|work=Musicperk.com|accessdate=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220165420/http://www.musicperk.com/biriyani/|archive-date=20 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biriyani (Music review), Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja|url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2013/08/21/biriyani-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/|work=Milliblog|accessdate=21 August 2013|archive-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823185719/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2013/08/21/biriyani-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, nine movies, featuring Yuvan's music were released, two of them non-Tamil movies; the Telugu film ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' and the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Raja Natwarlal]]'', which marked Yuvan's [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] debut. The other releases that year, which included ''[[Thirudan Police]]'', ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' and ''[[Poojai]]'' proved to be commercially successful, whereas ''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]'' released with positive reviews from critics. In ''[[Vadacurry]]'', he has done only one song in the album. In 2015 ''[[Vai Raja Vai]],'' ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani|Masss]]'' and ''[[Yatchan]]'', which were released. whereas the visuals of ''[[Idam Porul Eval]]'' remain unreleased.

His next film was ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharmadurai]]'', which marked the second collaboration with lyricist [[Vairamuthu]] and director [[Seenu Ramasamy]] after ''[[Idam Porul Yaeval|Idam Porul Eval]].'' and ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'', ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'', ''[[Yaakkai]]'' and ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]'' were the movies scored by him in 2016.

In 2017, seven films, namely ''[[Chatriyan|Sathriyan]]'', ''[[Kadamban]]'', ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]'', ''[[Gowdru Hotel]]'' (his straight Kannada debut),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvanshankar-raja-goes-to-sandalwood/articleshow/56887513.cms|title=Yuvan Shankar Raja goes to Sandalwood|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2017|access-date=28 May 2023|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528005008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvanshankar-raja-goes-to-sandalwood/articleshow/56887513.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the Telugu film ''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]'', ''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]'' and ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]'' released.

2018 saw the release of ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'' which notably became his 125th project. and ''[[Raja Ranguski]]'', ''[[Peranbu]]'', ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'', ''[[Genius (2018 Tamil film)|Genius]]'', ''[[Sandakozhi 2]],'' ''[[Maari 2]]''. The song "[[Rowdy Baby]]" from ''Maari 2'' garnered a billion views on YouTube. [[Rowdy Baby]] became the first south Indian song to have garnered 1 billion+ views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhanush-sai-pallavis-rowdy-baby-garners-1-billion-views-on-youtube-7053563/|title=Rowdy Baby garners 1 billion views on YouTube|work=The Indian Express|date=16 November 2020|access-date=28 May 2023|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227154852/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhanush-sai-pallavis-rowdy-baby-garners-1-billion-views-on-youtube-7053563/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, ''[[Kanne Kalaimaane]]'', ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'', ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]'', ''[[Sindhubaadh]]'', ''[[Kazhugu 2]]'', ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' and ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]'' released.

==== 2021 to present ====
In 2021, he had seven releases namely ''[[Pebbles (film)|Koozhangal]]'', ''[[Kalathil Santhippom]]'', ''[[Chakra (2021 film)|Chakra]]'', ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'', ''[[Dikkiloona]]'', ''[[Maanaadu]]'' and ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]''.

Yuvan had ten album releases in 2022. He collaborated with [[Pradeep Ranganathan]] for [[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']], which received a huge response from audience and positive mention from critics.<ref>{{cite news |title='Love Today' completes 100 days; A major look back at the film's successful journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-today-completes-100-days-a-major-look-back-at-the-films-successful-journey/photostory/97822844.cms?picid=97823378 |access-date=12 June 2023 |publisher=timesofindia |date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612072540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-today-completes-100-days-a-major-look-back-at-the-films-successful-journey/photostory/97822844.cms?picid=97823378 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Viruman]]'', ''[[Naane Varuvean]]'', ''[[1945 (2022 film)|1945]]'', ''[[Veeramae Vaagai Soodum]]'', ''[[Coffee with Kadhal]]'', ''[[Agent Kannayiram]]'' and ''[[Laththi]]'' released in 2022.

In 2023, ''[[Custody (2023 film)|Custody]]'' released. He composed music for Amazon web-series ''[[Modern Love Chennai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title='Modern Love Chennai', with music by Ilaiyaraaja, Yuvan Shankar Raja, to release on May 18 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/modern-love-chennai-with-music-by-ilaiyaraaja-yuvan-shankar-raja-to-release-on-may-18-23285346 |access-date=30 May 2023 |publisher=www.mid-day.com |date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530084920/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/modern-love-chennai-with-music-by-ilaiyaraaja-yuvan-shankar-raja-to-release-on-may-18-23285346 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, After two decades, Yuvan and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] have reunited for ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'', marking their second collaboration since ''[[Puthiya Geethai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2021 |title=Will Yuvan Shankar Raja and Vijay team up after almost two decades? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-vijay-team-up-after-almost-two-decades/articleshow/88471671.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127150500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-vijay-team-up-after-almost-two-decades/articleshow/88471671.cms |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2023 |title='Thalapathy 68': Vijay, Venkat Prabhu team up for their next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhu-team-up-for-their-next/article66877089.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522021946/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhu-team-up-for-their-next/article66877089.ece |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single, "Whistle Podu," sung by Vijay, broke records with 25.5 million views in 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=The Greatest of All Time song Whistle Podu: Vijay turns singer and shakes a leg with Prabhudeva, Prashanth. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/the-greatest-of-all-time-song-whistle-podu-vijay-turns-singer-and-shakes-a-leg-with-prabhudeva-prashanth-watch-101713145283136.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424091437/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/the-greatest-of-all-time-song-whistle-podu-vijay-turns-singer-and-shakes-a-leg-with-prabhudeva-prashanth-watch-101713145283136.html |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
Yuvan later revealed that Vijay has sung one more song in the movie.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=The 'GOAT' crew pays special tribute to the late singer Bhavatharini as they bring back her voice through AI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-goat-crew-pays-special-tribute-to-the-late-singer-bhavatharini-as-they-bring-back-her-voice-through-ai/articleshow/111019221.cms |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731171014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-goat-crew-pays-special-tribute-to-the-late-singer-bhavatharini-as-they-bring-back-her-voice-through-ai/articleshow/111019221.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single, "Chinna Chinna Kangal," released on Vijay's birthday, features his vocals alongside an [[Artificial intelligence|AI-recreated]] version of the late Bhavatharini's voice, making it a heartfelt tribute. Later, [[Venkat Prabhu]] revealed, "Vijay sir personally came forward to sing Chinna Chinna Kangal to pay tribute to the memory of [[Bhavatharini|Bhavatharani]]."<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2024 |title=Vijay's 'GOAT' second single 'Chinna Chinna Kangal' tops the global chart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-second-single-chinna-chinna-kangal-tops-the-global-chart/articleshow/111224206.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624095626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-second-single-chinna-chinna-kangal-tops-the-global-chart/articleshow/111224206.cms |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Subsequent tracks "Spark" and "Matta" have garnered mixed and energetic responses, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-31 |title='GOAT' fourth single 'Matta': It's Ilayathalapathy's party on Yuvan Shankar Raja's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-fourth-single-matta-its-ilayathalapathys-party-on-yuvan-shankar-rajas-birthday/articleshow/112951265.cms |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901134725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-fourth-single-matta-its-ilayathalapathys-party-on-yuvan-shankar-rajas-birthday/articleshow/112951265.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Other languages ====
Besides [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]], he has also scored music for films in other [[South India]]n languages. Around 35 of the Tamil films, for which he had composed music, were afterwards dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] or [[Malayalam|Malayalam languages]] as were the respective soundtracks. Apart from these ones, he also worked "straightly" on Telugu projects such as ''[[Seshu]]'', ''[[Malli Malli Choodali|Malli Malli Chudali]]'', ''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]'', ''[[Raam (2006 film)|Raam]]'', ''[[Raju Bhai]]'' and ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' and ''[[Oy!]]'', making him well-known and popular in [[Telugu cinema]] also.<ref>{{cite news|title=South film industry gets bigger|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-31/news-interviews/29603728_1_tamil-nadu-film-industry-tamil-superstar/2|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711113348/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-31/news-interviews/29603728_1_tamil-nadu-film-industry-tamil-superstar/2|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 June 2011}}</ref> He also worked on the soundtrack for ''[[Panjaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/32723/tollywood/panjaa-audio-songs-are-rocking-news-details |title=Panjaa audio songs are rocking |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |date=21 November 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620092546/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/32723/tollywood/panjaa-audio-songs-are-rocking-news-details |archive-date=20 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Yuvan's ''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]'', was released in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2017/10/24/oxygen-music-review-telugu-yuvan-shankar-raja/|title=Oxygen (Music review), Telugu – Yuvan Shankar Raja|work=milliblog|access-date=28 May 2023|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528010356/https://milliblog.com/2017/10/24/oxygen-music-review-telugu-yuvan-shankar-raja/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Other work ===

==== Playback singing ====

{{Main|List of songs recorded by Yuvan Shankar Raja}}

Besides scoring, Yuvan Shankar Raja is a noted playback singer as well. As of August 2011, he has sung over 80 songs, mostly his own compositions, and several times he recorded for his father Ilaiyaraaja and his brother [[Karthik Raja]]. He lent his voice first in 1988, when he was eight years old for a song in the film ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'', composed by his father. Since then, he frequently sang for his father in films such as ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (1990), ''Chatriyan'' (1990), ''Thalattu Ketkuthamma'' (1991), ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' (2001), ''Kaathal Jaathi'' (2002), ''[[Ramanaa|Ramana]]'' (2003) and ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham|Neethane En Ponvasantham]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ilaiyaraaja-Yuvan-get-on-track/articleshow/12109106.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617065303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/news-interviews/31116407_1_music-composer-ilaiyaraaja-yuvan-shankar-raja | url-status=live | archive-date=17 June 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Ilaiyaraaja, Yuvan get on track | date=2 March 2012}}</ref> Under his brother's direction, he had sung in the films ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' (1998), ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' (2001) and ''[[Veyilodu Vilayadu]]'' (2012). He had also performed a song for the film ''[[Siddhu +2|Siddu +2]]'' (2010), composed by his friend [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Dharans-dream-come-true/articleshow/7077644.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106115452/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/news-interviews/28231795_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-dharan | url-status=live | archive-date=6 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Dharan's dream come true| date=11 December 2010}}</ref> and had lent his voice for the [[Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam|theme song]] for the [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]], set to tune by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-02/yuvan-shankar-raja-rahman-14-05-10.html |title=Yuvan in Rahman's music |website=Behindwoods |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210045110/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-02/yuvan-shankar-raja-rahman-14-05-10.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, he sang a song for Rahman in the film ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]''.

However, he is better known as a singer of his own compositions. Films, featuring some of his most popular songs as a singer, include ''Thulluvadho Ilamai'', ''[[April Maadhathil]]'', ''[[Pudhupettai]]'', ''[[Pattiyal]]'', ''[[Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu]]'' (in which he had sung all songs),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/17375.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214180954/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/17375.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2005 |title=All by Yuvan himself |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> ''Deepavali'', ''Kattradhu Thamizh'', ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'', ''Sarvam'', ''Paiyaa'' and ''Naan Mahaan Alla'', the latter earning him a Filmfare nomination for the [[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award (Tamil)|Best Male Playback Singer Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67252.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604053400/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67252.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2011 |title=Nominees of Idea Filmfare Awards South |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref>

==== Concerts ====
In January 2009, Yuvan had announced his first live performance, which was planned to be held at the [[Rogers Centre]] in [[Toronto]], Canada on 25 April 2009. According to Yuvan, the show would have featured around 30 songs, sung by well-known singers and his father [[Ilaiyaraaja]], as well as some stage dances in between, by actresses [[Sana Khan]] and [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yuvan To Go Unplugged in Canada|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/17293.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129073616/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/17293.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2009|website=IndiaGlitz|date=21 January 2009|access-date=15 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yuvan Shankar's traffic connection|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Yuvan-Shankars-traffic-connection/articleshow/4022814.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106114856/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-24/news-interviews/28033877_1_traffic-cops-traffic-rules-journalist|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012|date=24 January 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yuvan says 'yes'|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/26/stories/2009012650440800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213202329/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/26/stories/2009012650440800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2009|date=26 January 2009|access-date=15 February 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> However, the concert had been postponed eventually, with Yuvan Shankar stating that he was working on novel ideas to make the show memorable and hence, postponed the concert.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yuvan Shankar Raja cancels his concert|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-09-04/yuvan-shankar-raja-24-04-09.html|website=Behindwoods|date=24 April 2009|access-date=25 April 2009|archive-date=12 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912000249/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-09-04/yuvan-shankar-raja-24-04-09.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2009, he announced that a [[Concert tour|world tour]], titled "Oru Naalil", is planned with a three-hour [[Theatrical production|stage show]] to be held in various cities all over the world.<ref name="Yuvan Unplugged">{{cite news|title=Yuvan Unplugged|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/24/stories/2009102451541200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905040532/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/24/stories/2009102451541200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2011|date=24 October 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The tour began with a show on 1 December 2009 at the [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates,<ref name="Yuvan to go global with Oru Naalil">{{cite web|title=Yuvan to go global with Oru Naalil|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52083.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127142941/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52083.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2009|website=IndiaGlitz|date=26 November 2009|access-date=26 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="Yuvan to light up Sharjah Cricket Stadium">{{cite web|title=Yuvan to light up Sharjah Cricket Stadium|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-09-04/yuvan-shankar-raja-shankar-mahadevan-hariharan-26-11-09.html|work=The Hindu|location=India|date=26 November 2009|access-date=26 November 2009|archive-date=2 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302121107/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-09-04/yuvan-shankar-raja-shankar-mahadevan-hariharan-26-11-09.html|url-status=live}}</ref> featuring performances by singers such as Shankar Mahadevan, Hariharan, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Harish Raghavendra]] and [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Silambarasan]] and professional dancers from [[Mumbai]],<ref name="Yuvan Unplugged" /> which was expected to be followed by shows in Canada, the [[United States|US]] and South Africa.<ref name="Yuvan Unplugged" /> Also, it was planned to conduct the shows in [[Muscat|Muscat, Oman]] and [[Kuwait]],<ref name="Yuvan Unplugged" /><ref name="Yuvan to light up Sharjah Cricket Stadium" /> but following the Dubai concert, the tour was cancelled.

In October 2010, Yuvan Shankar Raja disclosed that he had signed for his first live concert in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Yuvans-live-show/articleshow/6684055.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106115444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-05/news-interviews/28225479_1_vaanam-concert-yuvans | url-status=live | archive-date=6 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Yuvan's 'live' show | date=5 October 2010}}</ref> The event, named ''[[Yuvan – Live in Concert]]'', which was sponsored, organized and later telecasted on [[Star Vijay|STAR Vijay]], was held at the YMCA Grounds, [[Nandanam]], Chennai, on 16 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/yuvan-goes-live-in-chennai-news-tamil-kkgu6Wehbic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007060129/http://sify.com/movies/yuvan-goes-live-in-chennai-news-tamil-kkgu6Wehbic.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2010 |title=Yuvan goes live in Chennai |website=[[Sify]] |date=4 October 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> Additionally, a promotional music video, "I'll Be There for You", composed and sung by Yuvan Shankar himself, directed by Vishnuvardhan and shot by [[Nirav Shah]] was made,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishnuvardhan-directs-yuvan-shankar-raja-news-tamil-kmumrcbebfd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043724/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishnuvardhan-directs-yuvan-shankar-raja-news-tamil-kmumrcbebfd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2010 |title=Vishnuvardhan directs Yuvan Shankar Raja! |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 December 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> while STAR Vijay aired a 3-week, 14 episode serial on Yuvan Shankar Raja as a run-up to the concert.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/oct/oct164.php |title=Indiantelevision.com's > Regional > Vijay TV to air 16 episodes on Yuvan Shankar Raja |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref>

On 16 February 2012, [[Techofes]] organized a live-in tribute concert for Yuvan Shankar Raja, where he also performed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techofes.in/concert/ |title=Techofes 2012 – Live-in-concert |work=techofes.in |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207075737/http://www.techofes.in/concert/ |archive-date=7 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He performed at the inaugural Kuala Lumpur International Indian Music Festival 2012 held at the [[Bukit Jalil National Stadium|Bukit Jalil Stadium]], Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 15 December 2012.<ref>[http://www.mmail.com.my/story/yuvan-loves-malaysia-29430] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014173059/http://www.mmail.com.my/story/yuvan-loves-malaysia-29430|date=14 October 2012}}</ref> A pre-launch event to promote the concert was held in [[Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur|Brickfields]], Kuala Lumpur in the first week of September, where Yuvan Shankar Raja sang a couple of songs.<ref>{{cite web |author=C. Premananthini |url=http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/yuvan-wows-fans-in-brickfields-1.142280 |title=Yuvan wows fans in Brickfields |website=New Straits Times |publisher=Nst.com.my |date=12 September 2012 |access-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214183656/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/yuvan-wows-fans-in-brickfields-1.142280 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Music style and influence ==
[[File:Yuvanism.jpg|right|thumb| Poster of Yuvanism]]
He has explored various genres,<ref name="Yuvan Unplugged" /> and experimented with new sounds. Yuvan Shankar Raja has not learnt [[Indian classical music]],<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=111214778&cid=2409 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924205629/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/profile.php?id=111214778&cid=2409 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Welcome To |website=[[Sify]] |date=31 August 1979 |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref> although he has used complex [[swara]] patterns and [[Carnatic raga|carnatic rāgas]] in several films, including ''[[Nandhaa]]'' and ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]''. Critics have noted that Yuvan Shankar Raja's music has a "youthful character to it",<ref name="ReferenceB" /> with his compositions in particular appealing to the younger generation.

Yuvan Shankar Raja started the "era of [[remix]]es"; "[[Adutha Varisu|Aasai Nooru Vagai]]" from ''Kurumbu'' (2004) is considered as the first remix in a Tamil film, following which several composers began remixing Tamil film songs from the 1970s and 80s. He has experimented with the fusion of old songs with his own original compositions, mixing and incorporating parts of them into his songs, e.g., "Theepidikka" from ''Arinthum Ariyamalum'' (2005) and "Enga Area" from ''Pudhupettai'' (2005). In 2010, he and his friend and fellow actor Silambarasan released the song "Evan Di Unna Pethan" from the film ''Vaanam'' (2011) as a single, which generated the trend of releasing single tracks from film soundtracks in Tamil cinema several months prior to the actual release,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2701259.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Showbitz – Moving to direction | date=9 December 2011 | access-date=10 December 2011 | archive-date=15 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115082056/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2701259.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74555.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126153744/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74555.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2011 |title=Hit mantra of soup boys |website=IndiaGlitz |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref> although the first single in Tamil cinema had been released in 2001 already.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501150300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031014020945/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501150300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2003 |title=Fame on a platter |date=25 October 2002 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref>

== Frequent collaborations ==

Yuvan Shankar Raja has frequently collaborated with several Tamil film directors, including [[Selvaraghavan]],<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-replaces-gv-in-selva-s-film-news-tamil-km1jHjcefaa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230091836/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-replaces-gv-in-selva-s-film-news-tamil-km1jHjcefaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2010 |title=Yuvan replaces GV in Selva's film |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/62607.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228202351/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/62607.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2010 |title=Selva, Yuvan come together again |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-10-05/yuvan-shankar-raja-ameer-aadhi-bhagavan-27-07-10.html |title=Yuvan returns |website=Behindwoods |date=26 July 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029111959/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-10-05/yuvan-shankar-raja-ameer-aadhi-bhagavan-27-07-10.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]],<ref name="ReferenceA" /> [[Venkat Prabhu]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Venkat-and-Yuvan-have-a-deal/iplarticleshow/5513558.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Venkat and Yuvan have a deal | date=30 January 2010 | access-date=27 December 2010 | archive-date=6 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106113740/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Venkat-and-Yuvan-have-a-deal/iplarticleshow/5513558.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]], [[Ram (director)|Ram]] and [[N. Lingusamy|Lingusamy]].

He has also worked with a wide range of lyricists, including [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Palani Bharathi]], [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Snehan]], [[Yugabharathi]], and [[Madhan Karky]]. Additional collaborations include those with [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], [[Thamarai]], and [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]. His association with Na. Muthukumar,<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja remembers Na Muthukumar on his birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-remembers-na-muthukumar-on-his-birth-anniversary/articleshow/92843447.cms |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=12 July 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209174053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-remembers-na-muthukumar-on-his-birth-anniversary/articleshow/92843447.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> in particular, has resulted in a number of notable songs and is considered one of his most consistent composer–lyricist partnerships.

Yuvan has composed music for several films frequent leading Tamil actors such as [[Ajith Kumar]],[[Silambarasan]], [[Suriya]], [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Karthi]],.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-06-20 |title=The Simbu-Yuvan Shankar combo is back! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200616/the-simbu-yuvan-shankar-combo-is-back.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Non-cinematic works==
=== Music Albums ===
Aside from scoring film music and soundtracks, he also produces personal music albums from time to time. In 1999, he made the Tamil [[Pop music|pop]] album "[[The Blast (album)|The Blast]]", which contained 12 tracks, featuring vocals by [[Kamal Haasan]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan|Nithyashree Mahadevan]], and Yuvan.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Blast |url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/music/pop/m/music_director.1046/ |work=musicindiaonline |access-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821180716/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/music/pop/m/music_director.1046 |archive-date=21 August 2009 }}</ref> At a time when film music dominated the Indian industry, Yuvan's decision to create a standalone album was bold. Although it didn't gain mainstream success, it remains a crucial milestone in his career, reflecting his early interest in blending Western and Indian sounds.

=== Singles & Collaborations ===
In recent years, Yuvan has focused on independent singles, collaborating with a wide range of artists across genres. In 2021, he released "Top Tucker", a song composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, featuring collaborations with several artists, including [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Uchana Amit, and [[Jonita Gandhi]], with lyrics penned by Badshah and [[Vignesh Shivan]]. The music video features [[Rashmika Mandanna]] alongside Badshah and others. The song received significant attention, garnering millions of views shortly after its release.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja's Top Tucker with Rashmika Mandanna turns viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-rajas-top-tucker-with-rashmika-mandanna-turn-viral/articleshow/80882580.cms |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 February 2021|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716153558/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-rajas-top-tucker-with-rashmika-mandanna-turn-viral/articleshow/80882580.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> It was praised for its catchy rhythm and the collaboration between artists from different parts of India. The same year, he ventured into spiritual music with "Tala Al Badru Alayna", featuring [[A. R. Ameen]].

In 2021, Yuvan teamed up with [[Arivu]] to release a song titled "Don't Touch Me" through his [[U1 Records]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan's independent single with Arivu and Yunohoo to be released on June 26 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvans-independent-single-with-arivu-and-yunohoo-to-be-released-on-june-26/articleshow/83719685.cms |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 June 2021|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716153807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvans-independent-single-with-arivu-and-yunohoo-to-be-released-on-june-26/articleshow/83719685.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The song was released as an awareness track on violence against women. It features the vocals of Yuvan and Yunohoo, with Arivu contributing to the lyrics. That year, "Candy" by Yuvan, featuring [[Dhvani Bhanushali]], was released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Song 'Candy' Sung by Dhvani Bhanushali – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/watch-latest-tamil-official-music-video-song-candy-sung-by-dhvani-bhanushali/videoshow/90079363.cms |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311051130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/watch-latest-tamil-official-music-video-song-candy-sung-by-dhvani-bhanushali/videoshow/90079363.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Dhvani Bhanushali, Yuvan Shankar Raja's 'Candy' releases on Vinod Bhanushali's Hitz Music |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/watch-dhvani-bhanushali-yuvan-shankar-rajas-candy-released-on-vinod-bhanushalis-hitz-music |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=freepressjournal.in |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303065234/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/watch-dhvani-bhanushali-yuvan-shankar-rajas-candy-released-on-vinod-bhanushalis-hitz-music |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja and Dhvani Bhanushali's new Hindi track 'Candy' released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-rajas-new-hindi-track-released/articleshow/89966500.cms |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 March 2022|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716154006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-rajas-new-hindi-track-released/articleshow/89966500.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, he released "Iruthalai Kolli", a track from Naatpadu Theral, with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]]. That same year, he released "Unna Paathale", a one-minute track.

In 2024, "Money in the Bank",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2DVPmQTSLzs0m1yX0zjeXS?si=Vu74wESJTaCUSKScynI04w|title=Money in the Bank - Download or Listen Free - Spotify|website=[[Spotify]] |date=May 2024}}</ref> featuring international artists Bank Rolls Young and S Ghost, showcased his global aspirations. Another track from 2024, "She's a Killer", is unique in that Yuvan directed the music video and penned the lyrics himself.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minmini app, Yuvan come together for new track titled 'She's a Killer' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/minmini-app-yuvan-come-together-for-new-track-titled-shes-a-killer-793921 |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=DT Next |date=8 July 2024|archive-date=2025-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220184806/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/minmini-app-yuvan-come-together-for-new-track-titled-shes-a-killer-793921 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Featured Songs ===
Apart from releasing lead singles, Yuvan has also been featured in multiple independent tracks. One of the most notable collaborations was with [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]] on "[[Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam]]", Composed by A.R. Rahman for the 2010 World Classical Tamil Conference, the song featured Yuvan Shankar Raja as one of the lead singers among a diverse group of artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051663121500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519104248/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051663121500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2010 |title=Front Page : I initially wondered how I was going to do it: A.R. Rahman |location=India |date=16 May 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref>

He also lent his vocals to "Vandhanam" from [[Karthik Raja]]’s devotional album ''Andal'', which is where Yuvan sang his very first Carnatic classical song.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan sings first carnatic classical song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-sings-first-carnatic-classical-song/articleshow/17782052.cms?from=mdr |work= [[The Times of India]]|date=27 December 2012|archive-date=18 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218145206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-sings-first-carnatic-classical-song/articleshow/17782052.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, he collaborated with [[Dharan Kumar]] on "Rasaathi Nenja". In 2020, Yuvan Shankar Raja contributed to the song "[[Arivum Anbum]]" by lending his voice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arivum Anbum: Kamal Haasan-Ghibran's song on coronavirus is an anthem of hope |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/arivum-anbum-kamal-haasan-ghibran-s-song-on-coronavirus-is-an-anthem-of-hope-1670067-2020-04-23 |access-date=17 June 2023 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=23 April 2020|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716153122/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/arivum-anbum-kamal-haasan-ghibran-s-song-on-coronavirus-is-an-anthem-of-hope-1670067-2020-04-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Promotional Tracks ===
He has also composed multiple promotional singles. His 2011 track "I'll Be There for You" was created exclusively for his [[Yuvan – Live in Concert]], with lyrics by [[Na. Muthukumar]], serving as an anthem for his fans. Muthukumar stated that the lyrics were meant to reflect the love and bond between Yuvan and his fans. Though it was not officially released for years, the song was widely requested by fans. In 2025, it was finally released as part of the film ''[[Sweetheart!]]''.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Yuvan will be there for you |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/dec/30/yuvan-will-be-there-for-you-215304.html |access-date=17 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 December 2010|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716152659/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/dec/30/yuvan-will-be-there-for-you-215304.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, he composed "Vendru Va Veeraragale", a tribute song for Tamil Nadu athletes competing in the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sensational musician Yuvan Shankar Raja released a special song to cheer the Olympic players from Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sensational-musician-yuvan-shankar-raja-released-a-special-song-to-cheer-the-olympic-players-from-tamilnadu-tamil-news-291713 |access-date=15 December 2024 |work=IndiaGlitz |date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215122713/https://www.indiaglitz.com/sensational-musician-yuvan-shankar-raja-released-a-special-song-to-cheer-the-olympic-players-from-tamilnadu-tamil-news-291713 |url-status=live}}</ref> This composition was backed by the [[Department of Youth Welfare and Sports Development (Tamil Nadu)|Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu]] (SDAT) and [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

In 2023, "High on Yuvan" was released as a promotional track for his European live tour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/76g6MGMisLVMur87KqSzWE?si=0ZIEl-xNQN20947CdjJd_A |title=High On Yuvan (Theme Song)- Download or Listen Free - Spotify|website=[[Spotify]] |date=February 2024}}</ref>

In 2024, Yuvan composed and sang the theme song for the Chennai Formula 4 Racing event. The song was produced for the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]]-backed event at the [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit]], with lyrics penned by [[Arunraja Kamaraj]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja Drops Electrifying Formula 4 Racing Theme Song Ahead of Chennai Event |url=https://thevocalnews.com/big-cities/chennai/yuvan-shankar-raja-drops-electrifying-formula-4-racing/cid15253175.htm |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=The Vocal News |date=31 August 2024 |archive-date= 8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908150540/https://thevocalnews.com/big-cities/chennai/yuvan-shankar-raja-drops-electrifying-formula-4-racing/cid15253175.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ad singles ===

Yuvan composed his first jingle for the Meenakshi Labs, a division of Meenakshi Mission Hospital and Research Centre in Madurai. Speaking about this, he said, "I have done it for a good cause, for the importance given to health".<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja inaugurates hospital labs, ad campaign |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/yuvan-shankar-raja-inaugurates-hospital-labs-ad-campaign/article30520357.ece |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Hindu |date=2020-01-09 |archive-date=2025-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214100315/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/yuvan-shankar-raja-inaugurates-hospital-labs-ad-campaign/article30520357.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja: I avoid thinking about the past, only take lessons from it |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/yuvan-shankar-raja-i-avoid-thinking-about-the-past-only-take-lessons-from-it/article30524371.ece |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Hindu |date=2020-01-09 |archive-date=2025-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214100751/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/yuvan-shankar-raja-i-avoid-thinking-about-the-past-only-take-lessons-from-it/article30524371.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Music Director Yuvan Shankar Raja, Meenakshi Mission Hospital, Chairman Dr. S. Gurushankar and Film Director Ike Rathe Unveil the Brand Logo of Meenakshi Labs |url=https://faceinews.com/?p=17898 |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=Faceinews |date=2020-01-08 |archive-date=2025-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214101815/https://faceinews.com/?p=17898 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Unreleased Works ===

In 2008, he started working on his second album, the rights of which had been acquired by [[Sony BMG]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sony BMG signs more talents|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/music/news/sony-bmg-kailash-kher-110607.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714211148/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/music/news/sony-bmg-kailash-kher-110607.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2012|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=11 June 2007|access-date=15 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yuvan records private album for Sony|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/31796.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617121148/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/31796.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2007|website=IndiaGlitz|date=15 June 2007|access-date=15 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sony BMG acquires music rights of 'Dasavadharam'|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/36303.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203140305/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/36303.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2008|website=IndiaGlitz|date=2 February 2008|access-date=15 February 2009}}</ref> Reportedly a bilingual album, produced in both Tamil and Hindi, the album was never released.

In 2010, he joined hands with former President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] for a grand music video album titled "Song of Youth".<ref name="Music video on Dr. Kalam's Song of Youth">{{cite web|title=Music video on Dr. Kalam's Song of Youth|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/City360/CityFeature/20102007012012/Music-video-on-Dr-Kalams-Song-of-Youth.col|publisher=chennaionline.com|date=7 January 2010|access-date=15 January 2010|archive-date=12 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212025228/http://www.chennaionline.com/City360/CityFeature/20102007012012/Music-video-on-Dr-Kalams-Song-of-Youth.col|url-status=dead}}</ref> The popular song of the same title, on which the album is based, was written by Kalam and set to tunes by Yuvan Shankar Raja, who, along with Kalam and many other celebrities from the field of sports and entertainment, was set to feature in the [[Music video|video]] as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yuvan's music for Kalam's lines...|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53469.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114103649/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53469.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2010|website=IndiaGlitz|date=11 January 2010|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> The album was made as a trilingual, produced in Tamil, Hindi, and English,<ref>{{cite web|title=How Kalam inspired the 'national anthem for youth'|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/14/kalams-song-of-youth-now-a-music-video.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=14 January 2010|access-date=15 January 2010|archive-date=27 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327183216/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/14/kalams-song-of-youth-now-a-music-video.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but remains unreleased.

== Discography ==
{{Main|Yuvan Shankar Raja discography}}

==Filmography==
=== As film producer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2018||''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'' ||
|-
|2022||''[[Maamanithan (film)|Maamanithan]]'' ||
|-
|2024||''[[Pon Ondru Kanden]]'' || Co-produced with [[Jio Studios]]
|-
|2025||''[[Sweetheart!]]'' ||
|-
|}

===Music video===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Other credited performer(s)
!Director
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2011
|"I'll Be There For You"
|{{n/a|None}}
|[[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|2021
|"Top Tucker"
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Uchana Amit, [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|Amarpreet GS Chhabra
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|"Candy"
|[[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
|Amith Krishnan
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="auto2"/>
|-
|"Unna Paathale"
|{{n/a|None}}
|{{n/a|None}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|"Money in the Bank"
|Bank Rolls Young, S Ghost
|Abhishek Ranganathan
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2DVPmQTSLzs0m1yX0zjeXS?si=Vu74wESJTaCUSKScynI04w|title=Money in the Bank - Download or Listen Free - Spotify|website=[[Spotify]]|date=May 2024|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622131151/https://open.spotify.com/track/2DVPmQTSLzs0m1yX0zjeXS?si=Vu74wESJTaCUSKScynI04w&nd=1&dlsi=3fa71ee70fb346c6|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"She's a killer"
|[[Dushara Vijayan]]
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3OIkCo3nPEQ4k4qD7wLr9i?si=Br8ZaGE3RZizpYsGC1zDaA|title=She's a killer (Music Video)-Download or Listen Free - Spotify|website=[[Spotify]]|date=May 2024|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622131151/https://open.spotify.com/album/3OIkCo3nPEQ4k4qD7wLr9i?si=Br8ZaGE3RZizpYsGC1zDaA&nd=1&dlsi=3fa71ee70fb346c6|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Special appearances in film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Film
!Appearance Type
|-
| 2003
|"En Kadhal"||''[[Punnagai Poove]]''
| rowspan="3" |In the film
|-
| 2008
|"Cheeky Cheeky"||''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|"Gangster"||''[[Billa II]]''
|-
|"Aadhi Baghavan Rap"
|''[[Ameerin Aadhi Baghavan]]''
| rowspan="2" |Promotional video
|-
| 2013
|"Thillu Mullu Title Song"||''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]''
|-
| 2017
|"Kshanavu"||''[[Gowdru Hotel]]''
|In the film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
|"Dope Track"||''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''
| rowspan="3" |Promotional video
|-
|"Pei Pasi"
|''Pei Pasi''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|"Ye Rasa"
|[[Maamanithan (film)|''Maamanithan'']]
|-
|"Rum Bum Bum"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Coffee with Kadhal]]''
|In the film and Music video
|-
|"Baby Gurl"
|Music video
|-
|"Pacha Elai"
|[[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']]
|Lyric video
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|"Sippara Rippara"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Paramporul (film)|Paramporul]]''
|In the film and Lyric video
|-
|"Adiyaathi"
| rowspan="2" |Promotional video
|-
|"Ore Kanaa"
|''[[Joe (2023 film)|Joe]]''
|-
|2025
| "I'll Be There For You"
|''[[Sweetheart!]]''
|In the film
|}

== Personal life ==
Yuvan Shankar Raja married his girlfriend Sujaya Chandran on 21 March 2005, at the Mayor Sri Ramanathan Chettiyar Hall in [[Chennai]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/03/22/stories/2005032211030200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923180010/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2005/03/22/stories/2005032211030200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2009|title=Yuvanshankar Raja weds Sujaya Chandran|access-date=15 August 2009|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilweek.com/Illaiyarajah_Son_Yuvan_Weds_Grand_Daughter_of_Jaffna.html|title=Illaiyarajah's son Yuvan Weds Grand Daughter of Jaffna|publisher=tamilweek.com|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-date=24 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924054848/http://www.tamilweek.com/Illaiyarajah_Son_Yuvan_Weds_Grand_Daughter_of_Jaffna.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yuvan had met her in 2002 as a fan at a music cultural program in London and both fell in love later.<ref name="DivorceOneindia">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/yuvan-sujaya-file-divorce-papers-090807.html|title=Yuvan submits divorce papers!|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=15 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218033520/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/yuvan-sujaya-file-divorce-papers-090807.html|archive-date=18 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sujaya was a London-based singer and the daughter of Dr. C. R. Velayutham and Dr. Sarojini Chandran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/g/80ta.html|title=Yuvan weds Sujaya!|publisher=allindiansite.com|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013184101/http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/g/80ta.html|archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> They had a secret registered marriage in September 2003 in London, before the formal public wedding was held in 2005 with the consent of their parents.<ref name="DivorceOneindia" /> In August 2007, they filed for divorce with mutual consent, which was granted in February 2008, after 6 months.<ref name="DivorceOneindia" /><ref name="DivorceIndiaglitz">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/36521.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821091531/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/36521.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2009|title=Yuvan-Sujaya part ways|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=15 August 2009}}</ref> The reason for the divorce was cited to be "irreconcilable differences".<ref name="DivorceIndiaglitz" />

On 1 September 2011, he married Shilpa at the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], [[Tirupati]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-01/yuvan-shankar-raja-shilpa-02-09-11.html |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja Married |website=Behindwoods |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021061602/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-11-01/yuvan-shankar-raja-shilpa-02-09-11.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The marriage was held in a simple ceremony with only family members and close friends being present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-shankar-raja-marries-shilpa-in-tirupati-news-tamil-ljbniweceba.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107220034/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-shankar-raja-marries-shilpa-in-tirupati-news-tamil-ljbniweceba.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2011 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja marries Shilpa in Tirupati |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref> Shilpa was revealed to be a [[Bachelor of Pharmacy|B.Pharm]] graduate from Australia.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anupama Subramanian |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/yuvan-shankar-raja-shilpa-now-man-and-wife-806 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja, Shilpa now man and wife |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012014207/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/yuvan-shankar-raja-shilpa-now-man-and-wife-806 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[wedding reception]] was arranged a day later in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70467.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924132041/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70467.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2011 |title=Yuvan ties the knot at Tirupati |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref> Later they divorced.

In 2014, Yuvan Shankar Raja announced that he had converted to [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-10 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja embraces Islam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Yuvan-Shankar-Raja-embraces-Islam/articleshow/30113638.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622131150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Yuvan-Shankar-Raja-embraces-Islam/articleshow/30113638.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-13 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja: I converted to Islam in a way because of my mother |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-i-converted-to-islam-in-a-way-because-of-my-mother/articleshow/40119919.cms |access-date=2023-12-22 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222142242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-i-converted-to-islam-in-a-way-because-of-my-mother/articleshow/40119919.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He legally changed his name to Abdul Haliq, but continues to use his original name professionally.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Yuvan on Islam, marriage and Ilayaraja|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Yuvan-on-Islam-marriage-and-Ilayaraja/articleshow/46745251.cms|work=The Times of India|date=31 March 2015|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403062812/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Yuvan-on-Islam-marriage-and-Ilayaraja/articleshow/46745251.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 January 2015, he got married for the third time to Zafroon Nizar.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/illayarajas-son-marries-again/article6748430.ece?homepage=true&theme=true: "Illayaraja's son marries again"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107212000/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/illayarajas-son-marries-again/article6748430.ece?homepage=true&theme=true: |date=7 January 2016 }} 2 January 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/illayarajas-son-yuvan-shankar-raja-marries-for-the-third-time-721469|title=Illayarajas Son Yuvan Shankar Raja Marries for the Third Time – NDTV Movies|work=NDTVMovies.com|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102184325/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/illayarajas-son-yuvan-shankar-raja-marries-for-the-third-time-721469|url-status=live}}</ref> They had a baby girl on 7 April 2016.

== Awards and honours ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Yuvan Shankar Raja }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv125jg0b.17 |title=Reel world: an anthropology of creation |date=2015 |publisher=Duke University press |isbn=978-0-8223-7516-6 |location=Durham |doi=10.2307/j.ctv125jg0b.17 }}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rb75cn.11 |title=Brought to Life by the Voice |date=2021 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-37706-6 |edition=1 |pages=131–157 |chapter=The Raw and the Husky: On Timbral Qualia and Ethnolinguistic Belonging |jstor=j.ctv2rb75cn.11 |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624080421/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2rb75cn.11 |url-status=live |last1=Weidman |first1=Amanda }}
* {{cite journal |date=November 2012 |title=The Time of Anthropology: Notes from a Field of Contemporary Experience |journal=Cultural Anthropology |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23360316 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=547–571 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-1360.2012.01161.x |jstor=23360316 |hdl=10524/31844 |hdl-access=free |access-date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223206/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23360316 |url-status=live |last1=Pandian |first1=Anand }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|itsyuvan|Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
*[https://x.com/thisisysr Yuvan Shakar Raja] on [[Twitter|X]]
*{{IMDb name|id=1421776}}

{{Commons category|Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilMusicDirector}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestMusicDirector}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, Yuvan Shankar}}
[[Category:Yuvan Shankar Raja| ]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]

Narasimham Committee

2026-02-09T09:08:19Z

Effossy: improved article

{{Short description|Indian government committees on the banking system}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Tone|date=February 2026}}

From the [[1991 India economic crisis]] to its status of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|third largest economy in the world]] by 2011, India has grown significantly in terms of economic development, so has its [[banking in India|banking sector]]. During this period, recognizing the evolving needs of the sector, the Finance Ministry of the [[Government of India]] set up various committees with the task of analyzing India's banking sector and recommending legislation and regulations to make it more effective, competitive and efficient.<ref name="PMPIB">{{cite news
| title = Prime Minister's address at RBI Platinum Jubilee Celebrations
| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=60027
| work = Press Information Bureau, Government of India
| date = 1 April 2010
| access-date = 22 February 2011
}}</ref>

Two such expert Committees were set up under the chairmanship of [[M. Narasimham|Maidavolu Narasimham]]. They submitted their recommendations in the 1990s in reports widely known as the Narasimham Committee-I (1991) report and the Narasimham Committee-II (1998) Report. These recommendations not only helped unleash the potential of banking in India, they are also recognized as a factor towards minimizing the impact of [[2008 financial crisis]].

Unlike the [[Dirigisme|dirigist]] era up until the mid-1980s, India is no longer insulated from the global economy. The banks in India survived the [[2008 financial crisis]] relatively unscathed, a feat due in part to these Narasimham Committees.<ref name="Hindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2008/10/13/stories/2008101350900900.htm |title=Kudos in order, as also more work", Oct13,2008 |work=Business Line |date=13 October 2008 |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref>

==Background==
During the decades of the 60s and the 70s, India [[Banking in India#Nationalisation|nationalised]] most of its banks. This culminated with the [[1991 India economic crisis|balance of payments crisis]] of the [[economy of India|Indian economy]] where India had to airlift gold to [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) to loan money to meet its financial obligations. This event called into question the previous banking policies of India and triggered the era of [[economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalization in India]] in 1991.

Given the rigidities and weaknesses had made serious inroads into the Indian banking system by the late 1980s, the [[Government of India]], post-crisis, took several steps to remodel the country's financial system.<ref name="BLSDN">{{cite news
| title = Financial reforms and development
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600060800.htm
| work = S.D.Naik, Business Line, the Hindu
| date = 26 April 2002
| access-date = 22 February 2011
}}</ref> The banking sector, handling 80% of the flow of money in the economy, needed serious reforms to make it internationally reputable, accelerate the pace of reforms and develop it into a constructive usher of an efficient, vibrant and competitive economy by adequately supporting the country's financial needs.<ref name="Frontline">
{{cite news
| title = BANKING REFORMS, Radical prescriptions
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1510/15101090.htm
| work = SUDHA MAHALINGAM, Frontline Vol. 15 :: No. 10
| date = 9–22 May 1998
| access-date = 21 February 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081024220946/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1510/15101090.htm
| archive-date = 24 October 2008
| url-status = usurped
}}
</ref>

In the light of these requirements, two expert Committees were set up in 1990s under the chairmanship of [[M. Narasimham]], former [[Reserve Bank of India]] governor which are widely credited for spearheading the financial sector reform in India.<ref name="BLSDN" />

The first Narasimhan Committee (Committee on the Financial System – CFS) was appointed by [[Manmohan Singh]] as India's [[Finance Minister]] on 14 August 1991,<ref name="PMPIB" /><ref name="SN92">{{cite book|author1=India. Committee on the Financial System|author2=M. Narasimham|title=Narasimham Committee report on the financial system, 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5qaAAAAIAAJ|access-date=23 February 2011|year=1992|publisher=Standard Book Co.}}</ref> and the second one (Committee on [[Banking system|Banking Sector]] Reforms)<ref name="JainKhanna">{{cite book|author1=TR Jain|author2=OP Khanna|title=Macroeconomics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGypjQ8zMYsC&pg=PA345|access-date=23 February 2011|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-87140-65-8|pages=345–}}</ref> was appointed by [[P. Chidambaram|P.Chidambaram]]<ref>{{cite news
| title = Financial sector reforms – an assessment
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/19971230/36455263.html
| work = Sudha Sharma, Expressindia.com
| date = 30 December 1997
| access-date = 23 February 2011
}}</ref> as Finance Minister in December 1997.<ref name="IT">
{{cite news
| title = Make the Buck Stop
| url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20001211/chid.shtml
| work = India Today, on the net
| date = 11 December 2000
| access-date = 21 February 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101124121043/http://india-today.com/itoday/20001211/chid.shtml
| archive-date = 24 November 2010
| url-status = dead
}}
</ref> Subsequently, the first one widely came to be known as the Narasimham Committee-I (1991) and the second one as Narasimham-II Committee (1998).<ref name="Kalyan">{{cite web|url=http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2010/09/narasimham-committee-report-1991-1998.html |title=Narasimham Committee Report 1991 1998 – Recommendations |publisher=Gaurav Akrani |date=16 September 2010 |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref><ref name="Vidya">{{cite web |url=http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/3045/9/UOM-2001-1757-8.pdf |title=Vidyanidhi Document |access-date=2011-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180839/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/3045/9/UOM-2001-1757-8.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

The purpose of the Narasimham-I Committee was to study all aspects relating to the structure, organisation, functions and procedures of the financial systems and to recommend improvements in their efficiency and productivity. The Committee submitted its report to the Finance Minister in November 1991 which was tabled in Parliament on 17 December 1991.<ref name="JainKhanna"/>

The Narasimham-II Committee was tasked with the progress review of the implementation of the banking reforms since 1992 with the aim of further strengthening the financial institutions of India.<ref name="Frontline"/> It focussed on issues like size of banks and [[capital adequacy ratio]] among other things.<ref name="Kalyan"/> M. Narasimham, chairman, submitted the report of the Committee on Banking Sector Reforms (Committee-II) to the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] [[Yashwant Sinha]] in April 1998.<ref name = "Frontline"/><ref name="Kalyan"/>

==Recommendations of the Committee==
The 1998 report of the committee to the GOI made the following major recommendations:

=== Autonomy in Banking ===
Greater autonomy was proposed for the [[Public-sector undertaking|public sector]] banks in order for them to function with equivalent professionalism as their international counterparts.<ref name="rbidocs.rbi.org.in">{{Cite web| title=Committee on Banking Sector Reforms (Narasimham Committee II) - Action taken on the recommendations | url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/24157.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927113759/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/24157.pdf | archive-date=2011-09-27}}</ref> For this the panel recommended that recruitment procedures, training and remuneration policies of public sector banks be brought in line with the best-market-practices of professional banking systems. It also recommended the RBI relinquish its seats on the board of directors of these banks. The committee further added that given that the government nominees to the board of banks are often [[Parliament of India|members of parliament]], politicians, bureaucrats, etc., they often interfere in the day-to-day operations of the bank in the form of the ''behest-lending''.<ref name = "Frontline"/> As such the committee recommended a review of functions of banks boards with a view to make them responsible for enhancing shareholder value through formulation of corporate strategy and reduction of the government equity.<ref name="rbidocs.rbi.org.in"/>

To implement this, criteria for ''autonomous status'' were identified by March 1999 (among other implementation measures) and 17 banks were considered eligible for autonomy.<ref name="BNI">{{cite web|author=anurag |url=http://www.banknetindia.com/banking/rbip3a.htm |title=Banking Sector Reforms 1999–2000 |publisher=Banknetindia.com |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref> But some recommendations like reduction in Government's equity to 33%,<ref name="Hindu4">{{cite web |date=21 May 2004 |title=Now Govt has to top up funds banks need to grow |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/05/21/stories/2004052101980800.htm |access-date=2011-02-19 |work=Business Line}}</ref><ref name="TET">{{cite news
| title = Business houses can set up banks
| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/banking/finance/banking/business-houses-can-set-up-banks/articleshow/1948997.cms
| work = The Economic Times
| date = 2 September 2006
| access-date = 21 February 2011
}}</ref> the issue of greater professionalism and independence of the board of directors of public sector banks is still awaiting Government follow-through and implementation.<ref name="THBL">{{cite news
| title = Budget and banking reforms
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/03/05/stories/2010030550730800.htm
| work = K. KANAGASABAPATHY, BusinessLine, Business Daily from THE HINDU group of publications
| date = 5 March 2010
| access-date = 23 February 2011
}}</ref>

=== Reform in the role of RBI ===
First, the committee recommended that the RBI withdraw from the 91-day treasury bills market and that interbank call money and term money markets be restricted to banks and primary dealers.<ref name="JainKhanna"/><ref name="BNI"/> Second, the Committee proposed a segregation of the roles of RBI as a ''regulator'' of banks and ''owner'' of bank.<ref name = "IE4">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/19980818/23055344.html |title=Nip state-run banks stake below 51%, Centre told |work=The Indian Express |date=18 August 1998 |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref> It observed that ''"The Reserve Bank as a regulator of the monetary system should not be the owner of a bank in view of a possible conflict of interest"''. As such, it highlighted that RBI's role of effective supervision was not adequate and wanted it to divest its holdings in banks and financial institutions.

Pursuant to the recommendations, the RBI introduced a [[Liquidity Adjustment Facility]] (LAF) operated through repo and reverse repos to set a corridor for money market interest rates. To begin with, in April 1999, an Interim Liquidity Adjustment Facility (ILAF) was introduced pending further upgradation in technology and legal/procedural changes to facilitate electronic transfer.<ref name = "IE3">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/20000428/fec28083.html |title=Text of the monetary and credit policy 2000–01|work=The Indian Express |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref> As for the second recommendation, the RBI decided to transfer its respective shareholdings of public banks like [[State Bank of India]] (SBI), [[National Housing Bank]] (NHB) and [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD) to GOI. Subsequently, in 2007–08, GOI decided to acquire entire stake of RBI in SBI, NHB and NABARD. Of these, the terms of sale for SBI were finalised in 2007–08 itself.<ref name="RBISBI">{{cite news
| title = Government acquires entire RBI shareholding in SBI
| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=28897
| work = Press Information Bureau, Government of India
| date = 29 June 2007
| access-date = 23 February 2011
}}</ref>

=== Stronger banking system ===
The Committee recommended for merger of large Indian banks to make them strong enough for supporting international trade.<ref name="rbidocs.rbi.org.in"/> It recommended a three tier banking structure in India through establishment of three large banks with international presence, eight to ten national banks and a ''large number of regional and local banks''.<ref name = "Frontline"/><ref name = "Kalyan"/> This proposal had been severely criticized by the RBI employees [[trade union|union]].<ref name="RBI union">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19980425/11555314.html |title=RBI Union's protest article |work=The Indian Express |date=25 April 1998 |access-date=2011-02-19 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Committee recommended the use of mergers to build the size and strength of operations for each bank.<ref name="Hindu3">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/01/29/stories/2010012951380800.htm |title=Going ahead with bank mergers|work=Business Line |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref> However, it cautioned that large banks should merge only with banks of equivalent size and not with weaker banks, which should be closed down if unable to revitalize themselves.<ref name="JainKhanna"/> Given the large percentage of [[non-performing asset]]s for weaker banks, some as high as 20% of their total assets, the concept of "narrow banking" was proposed to assist in their rehabilitation.<ref name="rbidocs.rbi.org.in"/>

There were a string of mergers in banks of India during the late 90s and early 2000s, encouraged strongly by the Government of India in line with the committee's recommendations.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/08/29/stories/2004082901610100.htm |title=Govt favors consolidation in banks |work=Business Line |date=29 August 2004 |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref> However, the recommended degree of consolidation is still awaiting sufficient government impetus.<ref name="THBL"/>

=== Non-performing assets ===
Non-performing assets had been the single largest cause of irritation of the banking sector of India.<ref name="Frontline"/> Earlier the Narasimham Committee-I had broadly concluded that the main reason for the reduced profitability of the commercial banks in India was the priority sector lending. The committee had highlighted that 'priority sector lending' was leading to the buildup of non-performing assets of the banks and thus it recommended it to be phased out.<ref name = "Vidya"/> Subsequently, the Narasimham Committee-II also highlighted the need for 'zero' non-performing assets for all Indian banks with International presence.<ref name = "Vidya"/> The 1998 report further blamed poor credit decisions, behest-lending and cyclical economic factors among other reasons for the buildup of the non-performing assets of these banks to uncomfortably high levels. The Committee recommended creation of Asset Reconstruction Funds or Asset Reconstruction Companies to take over the bad debts of banks, allowing them to start on a clean-slate.<ref name = "Frontline"/><ref>{{cite news
|title = Asset reconstruction firm mooted to issue swap bonds for bad loans|url = http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19980506/12655284.html|work = Banking Bureau,Expressindia.com|date = 6 May 1998|access-date = 23 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Panel moots ARC to tackle mounting NPA
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980506/12650034.html
| work = ENS ECONOMIC BUREAU, Expressindia.com
| date = 6 May 1998
| access-date = 23 February 2011
}}</ref> The option of re-capitalization through budgetary provisions was ruled out. Overall the committee wanted a proper system to identify and classify NPAs,<ref name="JainKhanna"/> NPAs to be brought down to 3% by 2002<ref name = "Frontline"/> and for an ''independent loan review mechanism'' for improved management of loan portfolios.<ref name="JainKhanna"/>
The committee's recommendations led to introduction of a new legislation which was subsequently implemented as the [[Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002|Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002]] and came into force with effect from 21 June 2002.<ref>{{cite news
| title = NEW LEGISLATION FOR RECOVERY OF DEBTS
| url = http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rmay2002/20052002/r200520021.html
| work = Press Information Bureau, Government of India
| date = 20 May 2002
| access-date = 23 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icai.org/resource_file/11432p687-694.pdf
|title=Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002.
|access-date=2011-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.drat.tn.nic.in/Docu/Securitisation-Act.pdf
|title=Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002
|access-date=2011-02-22
|archive-date=3 March 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303144633/http://www.drat.tn.nic.in/Docu/Securitisation-Act.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

=== Capital adequacy and tightening of provisioning norms ===
To improve the inherent strength of the Indian banking system the committee recommended that the Government should raise the prescribed [[Capital adequacy ratio|capital adequacy]] norms.<ref name = "Kalyan"/> This would also improve their risk taking ability.<ref name="rbidocs.rbi.org.in"/> The committee targeted raising the [[capital adequacy ratio]] to 9% by 2000 and 10% by 2002 and have penal provisions for banks that fail to meet these requirements.<ref name = "Frontline"/><ref name="JainKhanna"/> For asset classification, the Committee recommended a mandatory 1% in case of standard assets and for the accrual of interest income to be done every 90 days instead of 180 days.<ref name="BNI"/>

To implement these recommendations, the RBI in Oct 1998, initiated the second phase of financial sector reforms by raising the banks' capital adequacy ratio by 1% and tightening the prudential norms for provisioning and asset classification in a phased manner on the lines of the Narasimham Committee-II report.<ref name = "IE1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981031/30450044.html |title=RBI policy sets deadline for banking reforms|publisher=Indian Express Article |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref> The RBI targeted to bring the capital adequacy ratio to 9% by March 2001.<ref name = "IE2">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/19981031/30455714.html |title=Reforms have been taken up in right earnest: Narasimhan |work=The Indian Express |date= 31 October 1998|access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref> The mid-term Review of the Monetary and Credit Policy of RBI announced another series of reforms, in line with the recommendations with the committee, in October 1999.<ref name="BNI"/>

=== Entry of foreign banks ===
The committee suggested that the foreign banks seeking to set up business in India should have a minimum start-up capital of $25 million as against the existing requirement of $10 million. It said that foreign banks can be allowed to set up subsidiaries and joint ventures that should be treated on a par with private banks.<ref name = "Frontline"/>

==Implementation of recommendations==
In 1998, RBI Governor [[Bimal Jalan]] informed the banks that the RBI had a three to four-year perspective on the implementation of the committee's recommendations.<ref name="IE1"/>
Based on the other recommendations of the committee, the concept of a [[universal bank]] was discussed by the RBI and finally ICICI bank became the first universal bank of India.<ref name = "IE3"/><ref name = "ICICI">{{cite web|author=ICICI Bank |url=http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/history.html |title=History of ICICI Bank |publisher=Icicibank.com |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref><ref name="BN2">{{cite news
| title = First Indian Universal Bank
| url = http://www.banknetindia.com/banking/univ.htm
| work = the banknetindia team
| access-date = 21 February 2011
}}</ref> The RBI published an "Actions Taken on the Recommendations" report on 31 October 2001 on its own website. Most of the recommendations of the Committee have been acted upon (as discussed above) although some major recommendations are still awaiting action from the Government of India.<ref name = RBI>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationReportDetails.aspx?UrlPage=&ID=251 |title=RBI Action Taken Report |publisher=Rbi.org.in |access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref>

==Criticism==
There were protests by employee unions of banks in India against the report. The Union of RBI employees made a strong protest against the Narasimham II Report.<ref name = "RBI union"/> There were other plans by the United Forum of Bank Unions (UFBU), representing about 1.3 million bank employees in India, to meet in Delhi and to work out a plan of action in the wake of the Narasimham Committee report on banking reforms. The committee was also criticized in some quarters as "anti-poor". According to some, the committees failed to recommend measures for faster alleviation of poverty in India by generating new employment.<ref name="BLSDN"/> This caused some suffering to small borrowers (both individuals and businesses in [[small and medium enterprises|tiny, micro and small sectors]]).

==Reception==
Initially, the recommendations were well received in all quarters, including the [[Planning Commission of India]] leading to successful implementation of most of its recommendations.<ref>{{cite news | title = INDIA'S ECONOMIC REFORMS: AN APPRAISAL | url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/msalu/index.php?repts=ier.htm | work = [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]] | date=26 August 1999
}}</ref> During the [[2008 financial crisis]], performance of the Indian banking sector was far better than its international counterparts. This was also credited to the successful implementation of the recommendations of the Narasimham Committee-II with particular reference to the capital adequacy norms and the re-capitalization of the public sector banks.<ref name = "Hindu2"/> The impact of the two committees has been so significant that elite politicians and financial sectors professionals have been discussing these reports for more than a decade since their first submission applauding their positive contribution

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Economy of India topics}}

{{Portal|India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Banking in India]]
[[Category:1998 in India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:History of banking]]
[[Category:Financial history of India]]

Mayur Bora

2026-02-07T17:41:26Z

Effossy: minor update

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Mayur Bora
| image = File:Mayur Borah.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1970|06|10}}
| birth_place = [[Nagaon]], Assam
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer Critic Public Speaker
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Ranjita Bora
| domesticpartner =
| children = Debasmit, Pracheeta.
| parents = Bharat Ch. Bora, Banalata Bora
| website =
| awards =
| signature = Mayur Bora Signature.jpg
}}

'''Mayur Bora''' is an Indian writer, critic and [[Public speaking|public speaker]] from [[Assam]]. Bora has 18 books to his credit, 16 in [[Assamese language]],<ref name="nenow">{{cite news|title=Mayur Bora: A true scholar of Assam with moral values|url=https://nenow.in/opinion/mayur-bora-a-true-scholar-of-assam-with-moral-values.html|date=1 Aug 2021|website=NE NOW NEWS|access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> 1 in English and 1 book of English translation of noted litterateur Dilip Bora's short stories.<ref name=guwahatiplus>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/article-detail/meet-mayur-bora-the-acclaimed-writer-with-14-books-to-his-credit|website=Guwahati Plus|title= Meet Mayur Bora- the acclaimed writer with 14 books to his credit|language=en|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="অস্বাৰূ উন্মোচন">{{Cite web|url= https://assam.nenow.in/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AE/|website=Northeast Now (Assamese)|title= বিশিষ্ট লেখক, চিন্তাবিদ ময়ূৰ বৰাৰ চতুৰ্দশ গ্ৰন্থ 'অসমীয়া স্বাভিমানৰ ৰূপৰেখা' উন্মোচন|date=10 December 2017 |language=as|access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep0920/state054 |website=The Assam Tribune|title= Sankaradeva's views on women, slavery, hygiene highlighted|language=en|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Mayur Bora's Speech in Sahitya Akademi's meet 1.webm|thumb|Mayur Bora's Speech in [[Sahitya Akademi]]'s All India Writers' Meet in [[Agartala]]]]

==Early life and education==
Mayur Bora was born at Nagaon on June 10, 1970 to Bharat Chandra Bora and Banalata Bora. His paternal grandfather - Sanat Ram Bora was the founding General Secretary of the [[Srimanta Sankaradeva Sangha]], one of the largest socio-cultural and religious organizations of [[North East India]].<ref name="nenow"/> Mayur Bora's paternal grandmother - Kiranbala Bora actively participated in India's Freedom Struggle and was imprisoned by the British for her unshakable commitment to the Gandhian struggle based on the principle of truth and non-violence.<ref name="nlakhim">{{cite book | title=নৰ্থ লখিমপুৰ কলেজ আলোচনী | author=সম্পাদনা-ডিম্পল চমুৱা | year=2015–2016 | pages=95}}</ref>

Mayur Bora started his schooling at Sacred Heart School, [[Guwahati]]. But after a few months, his parents took a decision to enroll himself in an Assamese medium school and accordingly, he was shifted to Nizarapar LP School. After securing 1st position in the LP Scholarship examination in undivided Kamrup district, he took admission in the oldest school of Assam - [[Cotton Collegiate Higher Secondary School]].<ref name="nlakhim"/> After HSLC examination in 1987, he got himself enrolled in [[Cotton College]] (now Cotton University) and passed higher secondary examination in science stream in 1989.

Thereafter, despite being selected to pursue engineering in several NITs, he decided to go to Delhi to pursue further studies in humanities. Bora completed his graduation in 1993 from Hans Raj College under the University of Delhi with honours in History. His pass subjects in BA were English, Assamese and Philosophy.

He got the first rank in the Transmission Executive examination conducted by the Staff Selection Commission and was asked to join at [[All India Radio]], [[Haflong]]. But before he could join there, he also got the job of an Assistant Manager in the apex level banking institution of the country - National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) based on his performance in an all-India level competitive examination consisting of preliminary and mains examinations followed by a personality test. He started his banking career at the Lucknow Regional Office of NABARD. Subsequently he served at Guwahati, Chandigarh, Jorhat and Pune Regional Offices of NABARD.<ref name="nenow"/>
On completion of more than 25 years of service in NABARD, Bora took voluntary retirement from Pune on March 31, 2021. He was holding the post of Deputy General Manager at the time of his early retirement. At the time of retirement, he was also on the board of Nagpur based Regional Rural Bank - Vidarbha Konkan Gramin Bank as a NABARD nominated Director. During his service life, Mayur Bora was sent on deputation by NABARD to work as a Faculty Member in Indian Institute of Bank Management, Guwahati from 2015 to 2019. He is also a Certified Associate of Indian Institute of Banking and Finance (IIBF)<ref name="nenow"/>

==Literary Journey==
Mayur Bora started writing in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] in the year 1982 while he was in class VI in the children's magazine - 'Xofura' edited by Dr [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]]. His first article was on the life and works of one of the greatest Assamese of all times - [[Anundoram Borooah]].<ref name="Asom Aditya 2021">Asom Aditya, News Paper, 13 Sept, 2021, Page, 5</ref> Thereafter he also started writing in other newspapers and periodicals - Asom Bani and Prohori. While studying in Cotton College (now Cotton University) from 1987 to 1989, he started writing in English. Some of his pieces on Westernization, Casteism and Dr [[Bhupen Hazarika]]'s teleserial - Lohit Kinare appeared in The Sentinel, the prominent English daily of Assam.<ref name="Asom Aditya 2021"/>

He has written 18 books so far. Out of those, 16 are in Assamese, one in English and one book of translation in which noted writer and retired DGP [[Dilip Borah]]'s 12 Assamese short stories were rendered into English by Mayur Bora.<ref>The Assam Tribune, 27 Sept, 2021, Page-3</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''Anubhabar Pratidhwani''
*''Pothobhrosto Hoisey Neki Sankar Sangha''
*''All Those Yearnings''
*''Protyashar Protilipi''
*''Brahmonyobador Koliwa Dawar aru Axom''
*''Abegor Kuwali Phali''
*''Marxei Bojaley Neki Communismor Mrityughonta''
*''Chetonar Spondon''
*''Jatived Protha Aru Sankaradeva''
*''Chintar Bhognanxo''
*''Hindu Dharmat Iswar Aru Nastikota''
*''Bhabonar Swaralipi''
*''Random Reflections''<ref>{{cite news|title=এখন উদাৰ আৰু বহুত্ববাদী ভাৰতৰ প্রতি হেঁপাহৰ প্রতিফলন|url=https://janambhumi.in/VFhwVmVrNTNQVDA9/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8.html|date=7 November 2016|website=Janambhumi.in|accessdate=27 July 2022}}</ref>
*''Axomiya Swabhimanor Ruprekha''<ref name="অস্বাৰূ উন্মোচন"/>
*''Sirodin Axomiya''
*''Axomiyatwar Jyoti''
*''Pahora Manik Bisari''
*''Kune Ghurai Dibo Amar Oxygen''

==Awards==
*Sahitya Sabha Award<ref name=guwahatiplus/>
*Karmabir Chandranath Sharma Award<ref name=guwahatiplus/><ref name="nenow"/>
*Dr. Moidul Islam Bora Memorial Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/critic-and-writer-mayur-bora-to-receive-dr-maidul-islam-bora-memorial-award/ |website=The Sentinel|title= Critic and Writer Mayur Bora to Receive Dr Maidul Islam Bora Memorial Award |date=10 August 2018 |language=en|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="nenow"/><ref name="astri">{{cite news|url=https://assamtribune.com/dr-moidul-islam-bora-award-conferred-on-mayur-bora|title=Dr Moidul Islam Bora Award conferred on Mayur Bora|accessdate=27 July 2022|website=Assam Tribune}}</ref>
*Bhimbar Deuri Award, 2022<ref>The Assam Tribune, 2 Dec, 2022, Page number-5</ref>
*Best Bilingual Speaker Award, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niyomiya Barta - The Assamese Daily |url=https://niyomiyabarta.com/epaper/22122023/details.php?date=22122023&page=3-10&article=10.gif&cid=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124042004/https://niyomiyabarta.com/epaper/22122023/details.php?date=22122023&page=3-10&article=10.gif&cid=10 |archive-date=2024-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=niyomiyabarta.com}}</ref>
*Assam Sahitya Sabha President's Special Award for 'Chirodin Asomiya' (Pathshala Session, 2025)<ref>"Assam Sahitya Sabha Special Awards Announcement" Niyamiya Barta News Paper (Guwahati): February 4,, P.3</ref>
*March 15, 2025, he was awarded the ‘Katha-Baibhav Award’ by Natun Sur Prakashan, Lakhimpur<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news | title=Katha Baibhav, Sahitya Jyoti awards announced, The Assam Tribune, 16 March, 2025 | date=16 March 2025 | location=Ghy | pages=9}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bora, Mayur}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]
[[Category:Living people]]

West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role

2026-02-05T18:16:50Z

Effossy: New A Biography - done

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{Infobox award
|awarded_for=Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role
| image = Chandrayee Ghosh.png
|country=India
|year2=2024
|holder=[[Chandreyee Ghosh]] for ''[[Lokkhikantopur Local]]'' and [[Sauraseni Maitra]] for ''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]''
|holder_label=Most Recent Winner
|name=WBFJA for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|presenter=West Bengal Film Journalists' Association
| caption =2026 Recipient Chandreyee Ghosh
}}

'''The West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role''' is given yearly by [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA]] as a part of its annual '''West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards''' for Bengali films, to recognise the female performer who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role.
== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Category'''
!'''Name'''
!'''#'''
|-
|Most awards
| [[Mamata Shankar]] and [[Paoli Dam]]
| 2
|-
| Most Nominated
| [[Sudipta Chakraborty]]
| 3
|}

== Winners and Nominees ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Year{{efn|name=years|Refers to the year in which the ceremony was held.}}
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 2017 (1st) <ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2017-01-03|title=WBFJA to host convocation to honour best in Bengali cinema|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/wbfja-to-host-convocation-to-honour-best-in-bengali-cinema-117010300977_1.html|access-date=2021-05-06}}</ref>
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Aparajita Auddy (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Aparajita Auddy}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Malini|Malini "Molly" Mukherjee}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Praktan]]'''''
|-
| [[Anjana Basu]]
| Madhuja Banerjee
| ''[[Abhimaan (2016 film)|Abhimaan]]''
|-
| [[Churni Ganguly]]
| Antara
| ''[[Bastu-Shaap]]''
|-
| [[Sudipta Chakraborty]]
| Ms. Bonhi
| ''[[Shororipu]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 2018 (2nd) <ref>{{Cite web |title=WBFJA announces nominations of 2nd edition of Award 2017 |url=http://www.uniindia.com/wbfja-announces-nominations-of-2nd-edition-of-award-2017/states/news/1094434.html }}</ref>
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Mamata Shankar.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Mamata Shankar}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Mother|Dev D's Mother}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Maacher Jhol (film)|Maacher Jhol]]'''''
|-
| Neha Panda
| Sarah
| ''[[The Bongs Again]]''
|-
| [[Sudipta Chakraborty]]
| Mallika
| ''[[Mayurakshi]]''
|-
| [[Tanusree Chakraborty]]
| Manashi S. Basak
| ''[[Durga Sohay]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2019 (3rd) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-14|title=Here's all you need to know about the winners of the 2019 WBFJA Awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-winners-of-the-2019-wbfja-awards/photostory/67522300.cms|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Churni Ganguly at the premire of Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani.jpeg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Churni Ganguly}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Rumki|Rumki J. Mitra}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Drishtikone]]'''''
|-
| [[Aparajita Auddy]]
| Miss Arundhati
| ''[[Haami]]''
|-
| [[Bidipta Chakraborty]]
| Nabin Chandra's Mother
| ''[[Rosogolla (film)|Rosogolla]]''
|-
| [[Koneenica Banerjee]]
| Shyamali Rakshit
| ''Haami''
|-
| [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
| Unnamed
| ''[[Rongberonger Korhi]]''
|-
| [[Sreelekha Mitra]]
| Pari Pishi
| ''[[Rainbow Jelly]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2020 (4th) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations 2020 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association|url=http://wbfja.com/nominations-2020.php|access-date=2021-05-06|website=wbfja.com}}</ref>
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Lily Chakravarty.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}} –
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Lily Chakravarty}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Sulekha|Sulekha Mitra}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Sanjhbati]]'''''
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Sudipta Chakraborty}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Ila|Ila Ganguly}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Jyeshthoputro]]'''''
|-
| Daminee Benny Basu
| Parul Ganguly
| ''Jyeshthoputro''
|-
| [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
| Aratrika Bhattacharya
| ''[[Mukherjee Dar Bou]]''
|-
| [[Swastika Mukherjee]]
| Kamalini Guha
| ''[[Shah Jahan Regency]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2021 (5th) <ref>{{cite news |title=WBJFA award function |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/1715059-wbjfa-award-function-to-be-held-on-oct-6}}</ref>
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"| – {{border| [[File:Paoli Dam IFFI.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Bidipta Chakraborty}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Sabita|Sabita}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dracula Sir]]'''''
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Paoli Dam}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Kalki|Kalki Maitra}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Love Aaj Kal Porshu]]'''''
|-
| [[Ankita Chakraborty]]
| [[Sex Worker]]
| ''[[Shironam]]''
|-
| [[Debjani Chatterjee]]
| Mrs. Renu
| ''[[Guldasta (2020 film)|Guldasta]]''
|-
| Soma Chakraborty
| Amarabati
| ''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 2022 (5th) 
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"| –
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Alokananda Roy}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Mother|Malini's Mother}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ekannoborti]]'''''
|-
| Poulami Basu
| Sreemati Chatterjee
| ''[[Dictionary (film)|Dictionary]]''
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! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2023 (6th) <ref>{{cite news |title=অনবদ্য অপরাজিত-বল্লভপুরের রূপকথা, সিনেমার সমাবর্তনে বিজয়ী কারা ? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/anik-dutta-aparajito-sweeps-wbfja-awards/wb20230109194054480480685}}</ref>
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"| {{border| [[File:Paoli Dam IFFI.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Paoli Dam}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Sulachana|Sulachana}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Byomkesh Hatyamancha'''''
|-
| [[Anashua Majumdar]]
| Mrs. Shurbhi
| ''Boudi Canteen''
|-
| [[Anjana Basu]]
| Pubali Chatterjee
| ''[[Kishmish]]''
|-
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| Safeena
| ''[[Bismillah (film)|Bismillah]]''
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| Ruchira Dev
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! scope="row" rowspan=4 style="text-align:center" | 2024 (7th) <ref>{{cite news |title=শেষ পাতা-র বাজিমাত! সিনেমার সমাবর্তনে পুরস্কার পেল দশম অবতার, সেরা অভিনেতা দেব না প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-award-2023-award-best-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-dev-got-most-popular-actor-see-full-list-31705285585673.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122044742/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-award-2023-award-best-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-dev-got-most-popular-actor-see-full-list-31705285585673.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref>
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center"|{{border| [[File:Mamata Shankar.jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Mamata Shankar}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Mamata|Mamata Sen}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Palan'''''
|-
| Ananya Sen
| Putul
| ''[[Dilkhush]]''
|-
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| ''[[Aaro Ek Prithibi]]''
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| [[Jaya Ahsan]]
| Meghna Mustafi
| ''[[Ardhangini (2023 film)|Ardhangini]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 2025 (8th) 
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"| {{border| [[File:Swastika in an Event for brand Promotion (cropped).jpg|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Swastika Dutta}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Swati|Swatilekha Sen}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Alaap (2024 film)|Alaap]]'''''
|-
| Sanjita Mukherjee
| Sarathi Sardar
| ''Doaansh''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | 2026 (9th) 
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"| {{border| [[File:Chandrayee Ghosh.png|95px]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Chandreyee Ghosh}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Malati}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Lokkhikantopur Local]]'''''
|-
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''{{sort|Sauraseni Maitra}}''' {{double dagger|alt=Award winner}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''{{sort|Arundhuti}}'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]'''''
|-
| [[Sohini Sengupta]]
| Sreemati Roy
| ''[[Grihapravesh (2025 film)|Grihapravesh]]''
|-
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| Gunja
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| ''Raas''
|}

== See also ==

* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress]]
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actor]]
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
[[Category:Film awards for supporting actress]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2017]]

Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur

2026-02-03T19:55:07Z

Effossy: article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox laboratory
|name = Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur
|native_name =
|image =
|latin_name =
|motto =
|established = {{Start date|df=yes|1959|05|16}}
|type = Applied
|budget =
|debt =
|research_field = Materials and electronics
|director =Shri RV Haraprasad
|city = [[Jodhpur]]
|state = Rajasthan
|country = India
|coor = {{Coord|26|16|18|N|73|2|16|E| display=inline,title}}
|zipcode = 342011
|telephone =
|fax =
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|affiliations =
|operating_agency = [[DRDO]] [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
|website =
|logo =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur''' ('''DLJ'''), is a strategically important laboratory of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]. It was founded in May 1959 to address issues pertaining to [[desert warfare]]. It does studies on radio-wave propagation and physiology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Background {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs-establishment/historical-background/defence-laboratory-dlj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620215303/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs-establishment/historical-background/defence-laboratory-dlj |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=drdo.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> Research is being done on integrated water management, camouflage, electronics and communications, navigation and transportation systems, weaponry, ammunition, storage spaces, and radioisotope applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Laboratory Jodhpur (DLJ) |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo-govt-india/defence-laboratory-jodhpur-dlj |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=Department of Science and Technology}}</ref>

The Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur has developed several nuclear [[radiation monitoring]] systems<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2016 |title=Scientists At DRDO's Jodhpur Lab Build Sensor To Detect Radiation Levels |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/scientists-at-drdos-jodhpur-lab-build-sensor-to-detect-radiation-levels-1288974 |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-15 |title=DRDO hands over radiation surveillance and monitoring systems to Indian Navy |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/drdo-hands-over-radiation-surveillance-and-monitoring-systems-to-indian-navy-1503458189.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>, [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]] technology<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-05 |title=DRDO develops advanced chaff technology to safeguard Naval ships |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-develops-advanced-chaff-technology-to-safeguard-naval-ships/articleshow/81911822.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>, and camouflage techniques<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO achieves major success, now enemies won’t be able to spot our tanks, cannons, and weapons, know how |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/special-news/defence-laboratory-jodhpur-developed-camouflage-technology-successful-test-was-done-on-t-90-tank-in-jaisalmer-19040930 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-05 |title=DRDO Develops Hi-Tech Camouflage Technology For Main Battle Tanks |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2024/10/drdo-develops-hi-tech-camouflage.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=indiandefensenews.in}}</ref> for the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

== Projects ==

=== Cool vest jacket ===
DLJ created a Cool vest jacket that was tested in Shahgarh Bulge in 2012 together with a cap. Packets of [[phase-change material]] are stored in the twelve pockets on the front and back of the Cool jacket. For around 2-4 hours, it helps keep the body cool. They can then be reused after being stored in a deep freezer for recharging. The body temperature can be kept below 30°C wearing the jacket. As the blood flows through the circulatory system, the phase-change material cools the body's soft tissues and captures the excess heat. It works on latent heat absorption and can run for 1,000 recharge cycles. The jacket weighs {{convert|1.5-2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and costs [[₹]]2,000-4,000. The phase-change material have a shelf life of over six months.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Vimal |date=2012-08-06 |title=‘Cool vests’ for jawans to brave the desert heat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/cool-vests-for-jawans-to-brave-the-desert-heat/articleshow/15368037.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathrani |first=Mukesh |date=2017-04-09 |title=Five years after trial, cooling vests still elude BSF jawans |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/five-years-after-trial-cooling-vests-still-elude-bsf-jawans/story-0iGnjjb3eDdhMFw3FEAhuK.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tur |first=Jatinder Kaur |date=2017-07-10 |title=Jodhpur defence lab's much-hyped premium products still in pipeline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/jodhpur-defence-labs-much-hyped-premium-products-still-in-pipeline/articleshow/59524671.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Derald Nuclear ===
In the event of a nuclear accident, DLJ's Derald Nuclear sensor can identify radiation levels. It can be installed on a drone to aid in the detection of gamma radiation up to 50 meters in the air. The sensor and its electrical circuit weigh between 20 and 22 grams. The sensor price is about ₹20,000.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-20 |title=Scientists At DRDO's Jodhpur Lab Build Sensor To Detect Radiation Levels |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/scientists-at-drdos-jodhpur-lab-build-sensor-to-detect-radiation-levels-1288974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623095703/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/scientists-at-drdos-jodhpur-lab-build-sensor-to-detect-radiation-levels-1288974 |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=ndtv.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Chaff ===

==== Chaff Rocket ====
The DRDO lab created the Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR), Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR), and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR) in 2021 to satisfy the qualitative chaff requirements of the [[Indian Navy]]. All three types were tested by the Indian Navy on Indian Naval ships in the Arabian Sea, and the results were deemed acceptable. The Navy ships fire chaff rockets to confuse the guidance system of incoming radar tracking missiles. The chaff is made up of several tiny fibers coated with zinc or aluminum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2021 |title=DRDO develops Advanced Chaff Technology to safeguard naval ships from missile attack |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1709617 |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-19 |title=DRDO develops Advanced Chaff Technology to safeguard fighter IAF aircraft against hostile radar threats |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/drdo-develops-advanced-chaff-technology-to-safeguard-fighter-iaf-aircraft-against-hostile-radar-threats/801034 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> To obtain the technology, the Indian Navy partnered with DRDO in 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2022-04-21 |title=IAF, Navy tie up with DRDO to acquire CHAFF to shield warships, fighter aircraft |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-navy-tie-up-with-drdo-to-acquire-chaff-to-shield-warships-fighter-aircraft-101650542423730.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

===== Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket =====
The Indian Navy received the MR-MOCR on June 26, 2024. It reduces radar detection by blocking radar signals and forming a microwave shield around platforms. MR-MOCR is made up of a unique kind of fiber filled in a medium-range chaff rocket. The fibers have a diameter of a few microns and have microwave obscuration qualities. When fired, the rocket creates a microwave obscurant cloud that spreads over a large area and has a long enough persistence time to effectively protect against hostile threats that have [[RF]] seekers. The MOC cloud blooming and persistence in space were demonstrated in Phase-I trials carried out from Indian naval ships. An aerial target's RCS reduction of up to 90% has been proven in Phase-II trials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2024 |title=DRDO hands over Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket to Indian Navy |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2028794 |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Anamika |date=2024-06-26 |title=What Is Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket & How It Will Help Boost Indian Navy Prowess |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/what-is-medium-range-microwave-obscurant-chaff-rocket-how-it-will-help-boost-indian-navy-prowess-article-111289475 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=2024-06-27 |title=Explained: Why DRDO's new chaff rocket is significant for Indian Navy |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/how-drdo-medium-range-microwave-obscurant-chaff-rocket-helps-indian-navy-43305764 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Chaff material and chaff cartridge-118/I ====
Together with [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]], Defense Laboratory created the advanced chaff material and chaff cartridge-118/I in 2021 to satisfy the [[Indian Air Force]]'s quality standards. Following the successful completion of user trials, the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] began the process of introducing this technology. To ensure the safety of the fighter aircraft, very little DRDO-developed chaff material needs to be used in the air as a decoy to divert incoming missiles. In order to meet the IAF's yearly rolling requirement, the technology has been passed to the private sector for large-scale production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2021 |title=DRDO develops Advanced Chaff Technology for Indian Air Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1747306 |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-08-19 |title=DRDO develops Chaff technology to safeguard fighter jets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-develops-chaff-technology-to-safeguard-fighter-jets/article35993167.ece |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-19 |title=DRDO develops advanced chaff technology to safeguard IAF's fighter jets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-develops-advanced-chaff-technology-to-safeguard-iafs-fighter-jets/articleshow/85456074.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> To obtain the technology, the IAF partnered with DRDO in 2022.<ref name=":1" />

=== Water Purification ===

==== CBRN Water Purification System ====
For the [[Indian Armed Forces]], DLJ has created a high-altitude deployable [[CBRN (weapon)|CBRN]] Water Purification System. CBRN WPS Mk-1 and CBRN WPS Mk-2 are the two variants. The Mk-1 is designed for plains and deserts, and it cannot function <1°C. The Mk-2 can work in extremely cold temperatures and is designed for high elevations. The Indian Army has ten CBRN WPS Mk-1 as of 2022. For Mk-2, DLJ has produced two prototypes. One is deployed with [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]]. The Mk-2 can function in temperatures between -20°C to 55°C. At [[Pangong Tso]], the CBRN WPS Mk-2 was tested at an elevation of more than {{convert|14800|ft|km|abbr=on}}. An order has been placed by the Indian Army and Indian Air Force to purchase 54 Mk-2 systems. The purification capacity of CBRN WPS Mk-2 is between 2,500 and 6,000 liters per hour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anish |date=2022-10-27 |title=DRDO's CBRN water purifier gives soldiers on frontlines 6000 litres per hour |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/drdo-cbrn-water-purifier-gives-soldiers-on-frontlines-6000-litres-per-hour-rke9v5 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CBRN Water Purification System Mk-II |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/CBRN_WPS_MkII_04122023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110145136/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/CBRN_WPS_MkII_04122023.pdf |archive-date=2024-11-10 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref>

==== Water Radioactivity Contamination Monitoring System (Beta, Gamma) ====
The Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur developed WRCMS (β, γ) for use with CBRN WPS Mk-2 to monitor radioactivity caused by beta and gamma radioisotopes in water. The system was created to gauge the degree of contamination in feed and filtered water in the event of a nuclear or radioactive disaster. A thorough design, production, and validation procedure led to the development of WRCMS (β, γ). It can be used in deserts, plains, and high altitudes, and it can store water at below-freezing temperatures. The system is vehicle-compatible and detachable. It weighs 35 kg when not packaged and 65 kg when packaged. It has a γ-Nal (TI) scintillator for gamma radioisotope identification and a β-plastic scintillator. With audio and video warning adjustment alarms, gross activity calculation, and contamination report creation, the minimal detectable activity is less than 100 [[Becquerel|Bq]]/L. The system is [[MIL-STD-461|MIL-STD-461E]] compliant, and can work in 50-550°C (± 30°C). It includes a control and display unit, and is [[Electromagnetic interference|EMI]]/[[Electromagnetic compatibility|EMC]] compatible. It follows JSS 55555 guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2025 |title=Water Radioactivity Contamination Monitoring System (Beta, Gamma) |url=https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/tot/WRCMS_BG01112023.pdf |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation}}</ref>

=== Radar Absorbing Paint ===
The Defence Laboratory created [[Polyurethane]] based Radar Absorbing Paint (RAP) in 2023 to help military aircraft become more stealthy against hostile radars by lowering their radar signature. The results of using the RAP on IAF platforms, such as the Mikoyan MiG-29 fighter jets, were positive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debnath |first=Mayukh |date=2023-11-19 |title=DRDO Develops Radar Absorbing Paint To Help India's Warplanes Develop Greater Degree Of Stealth |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/drdo-radar-absorbing-paint-to-help-india-iaf-fighter-combat-aircraft-develop-greater-degree-of-stealth-check-details-10114807 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=thedailyjagran.com |language=en}}</ref> It is designed to be applied to strategic targets for [[radar cross section]] reduction utilizing magnetic functional filler material. RAP's polyurethane resin structure offers exceptional resilience to weathering and can survive extremely high and low temperatures. To achieve the best radar absorption capabilities, a magnetic functional filler material of a certain size and shape has been added to the resin matrix in the suitable ratio. The proposed paint can be applied to both land-based and airborne strategic targets.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Radar absorbing Paint |url=https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/tot/RadarAbsorbingPaint27032025.pdf |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation}}</ref> [[Carbon nanotube|Carbon nanotubes]] and other materials are used in RAP to produce a coating that has a broad frequency range of electromagnetic wave absorption.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-20 |title=DRDO Develops Indigenous Radar Absorbing Paint for Stealth Operations {{!}} palpalnewshub |url=https://palpalnewshub.com/drdo-develops-indigenous-radar-absorbing-paint-for-stealth-operations/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=palpalnewshub.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

More than 90% microwave absorption, room temperature drying and curing for field use, thermal stability at both high and low temperatures, and resistance to hydraulic oil, water, and air turbine fuel are all demonstrated by the RAP. It can be applied to Al/Al alloy and [[carbon-fiber reinforced polymer]] [[Composite material|composite]] surfaces without compromising their structural qualities, and it can survive thermal shock cycling and aerodynamic vibration.<ref name=":2" /> It will be used in [[HAL Tejas Mk2]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=TEJAS MK-2 Incorporates Several Radar-Absorbing Materials |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2025/03/tejas-mk-2-incorporates-several-radar.html |access-date=2025-11-13}}</ref>

=== Lightweight High Strength Flexible Radar Absorbing Rubber Sheet (LHSF-RAbS) ===
To lessen radar reflection, DLJ has created rubber sheets that absorb radio waves. The rubber sheet is lightweight, flexible, strong, and has a wide range of temperature stability. To achieve the best absorption characteristics at microwave frequencies, the rubber matrix has been filled with functional dielectric filler in the suitable ratio. It has almost 90% microwave absorption capacity. LHSF-RAbS is flexible and simple to apply on curved surfaces, and it takes less time to cover a large area. It is resistant to water and hydraulic oil, can be custom-molded to any shape, and can be adhered to Al/Al alloy, composite surfaces, using rubber-based adhesive. LHSF-RAbS can be used outside on targets that are at sea, on land, and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lightweight High Strength Flexible Radar Absorbing Rubber Sheet (LHSF-RAbS) |url=https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/LHSF_RAbS30082024.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709183034/https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/LHSF_RAbS30082024.pdf |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Inflatable Aircraft Decoy (InfADec) ===
Defense Laboratory has created an inflatable aircraft decoy of the air retainable kind, which lessens the need for constant air blower operation. Compared to rubber-coated fabric-based decoys, the InfADec is made of plastic-coated fabric is lighter and easier for two to three people to manage. For the inflatable decoy to run continuously for several days, an automated air pressure control system was also created. InfADec creates air-retainable lightweight fabric patterns using specially engineered coated fabric structures with low air permeability. To make handling and deployment easier, modular architecture was used. Additionally, the inflatable modules were made using suitable fabric sealing technology. To achieve the necessary size and shape, the necessary cross-sectional members were supplied. The deployment area was equipped with a movable iron support structure. It takes 10 to 12 minutes to inflate or deflate, and it may hold its shape for up to 8 hours without the need for additional air.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Retainable type Inflatable Aircraft Decoy Technology (InfADec) |url=https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/tot/IndADec22052025.pdf |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation}}</ref>

=== Radiation monitoring ===
The [[Indian Navy]] received the Gamma Radiation Aerial Surveillance System (GRASS), Environmental Surveillance Vehicle (ESV), Vehicle Radiological Contamination Monitoring System (VRCMS), Underwater Gamma Radiation Monitoring System (UGRMS), Dirt Extractor and Cross Contamination Monitor (DECCOM), and Organ Radioactivity Detection System (ORDS) on 15 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-15 |title=DRDO hands over six strategic indigenously designed products to Indian Navy |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/drdo-hands-over-six-strategic-indigenously-designed-products-to-indian-navy20250715133346/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> GRASS uses a lightweight gamma radiation detecting module that can be integrated with [[UAVs]] to provide aerial radiological surveillance of nuclear-contaminated areas. ESV is developed in partnership with [[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment|Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] and is intended to quickly identify, detect, and track [[nuclear, biological and chemical]] contamination. Underwater gamma radiation levels are measured by UGRMS, which then sends the results to a base station. It is used for monitoring in ports and coastal areas, nuclear catastrophe management, radiological emergency response, and safety assurance in the vicinity of nuclear facilities or during naval operations. DECCOM is intended for usage in environments contaminated with [[Nuclear, biological and chemical|NBC]]. It reduces the possibility of hazardous materials being transferred across zones while aiding in the extraction and analysis of NBC contaminant from shoes. In situations involving nuclear or radioactive exposure, ORDS is used to detect and track radioactivity levels in human organs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-15 |title=Indian Navy gets 6 new cutting-edge tech from DRDO. All you need to know |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/07/15/indian-navy-gets-6-new-cutting-edge-tech-from-drdo-all-you-need-to-know.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-15 |title=DRDO Hands Over Six Strategic Indigenously Designed Products To Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2025/07/drdo-hands-over-six-strategic.html |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=indiandefensenews.in}}</ref>

== Industry collaboration ==
Defence Laboratory supported Economic Explosives Limited in setting up an advanced technology plant that would reduce reliance on imports while producing 118 mm, 50 mm, and 26 mm [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]] payloads for [[Dassault Mirage 2000]], [[Mikoyan MiG-29]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar]], and all helicopters in use by the armed forces. On 4 August 2024, Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit, Deputy Chief of Air Staff, officially opened the manufacturing plant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Deputy Air Chief inaugurates chaff manufacturing plant, to reduce import dependence |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/deputy-air-chief-inaugurates-chaff-manufacturing-plant-to-reduce-import-dependence/articleshow/112267626.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Technology transfers ==
In 2024, DRDO [[Technology transfer|transferred the technology]] for the Microwave Obscurant Chaff (MOC), which was developed by Defence Laboratory, to the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=26 June 2024 |title=Indian Navy gets niche DRDO technology that obscures radar signals |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navy-gets-niche-drdo-technology-that-obscures-radar-signals-3081986 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The MOC conceals [[radar]] signals and generates a [[microwave]] shield around platforms and assets, which reduces detection by radars.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DRDO Laboratories}}

[[Category:Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Tamil inscriptions in Malay world

2026-02-02T11:11:24Z

Effossy: New A Article

A number of medieval inscriptions written in Tamil language and script that have been found in Southeast Asia and China, mainly in Sumatra and peninsular Thailand. These texts arose directly from trade links between south India and certain parts of Southeast Asia and China, which involved the residence in those regions of Tamil-speaking Indians. Several of these overseas Tamil inscriptions mention well-known medieval Indian merchant associations.<ref>Jan Wisseman Christie, "The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China", ''[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]'', Vol. 29, No. 02, September 1998, pp 239-268</ref>

A good number of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscriptions, as well as [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] icons emanating from [[South India]], have been found in [[Southeast Asia]] (and even in Quanzhou in China).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=SimpliCity News |date=2019-07-03 |title=Rare Tamil stone inscription found in China; sheds light on cultural relations between ancient China and Tamilagam |url=https://simplicity.in/coimbatore/english/news/55252/Rare-Tamil-stone-inscription-found-in-China-sheds-light-on-cultural-relations-between-ancient-China-and-Tamilagam |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=simplicity.in |language=en}}</ref>

On the [[Malay Peninsula]], inscriptions have been found at [[Takuapa]], not far from the [[Vishnuite]] statues of Khao Phra Narai in [[Southern Thailand]]. It is a short inscription indicating that an artificial lake named ''Avani-naranam'' was dug by ''Nangur-Udaiyan'', which is the name of an individual who possessed a [[military]] [[fief]] at Nangur, being famous for his abilities as a [[warrior]], and that the lake was placed under the protection of the members of the Manikkiramam (which according to [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], was a merchant guild) living in the military camp. Since Avani-narayana is a surname of the [[Pallava]] King [[Nandivarman III]] who reigned from 826 to 849, we can deduce the approximate date of this inscription.<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|107}}

In the capital of Tabralinga there is a sanctuary in which there is a bronze image of [[Gaṇeśa|Ganesa]] bearing a Tamil inscription ''Majapisedesa'' in modern characters.<ref name=Sastri1949>{{cite journal | author = Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta | author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|year = 1949| title = Takuapa and its Tamil Inscription Part I. | journal = Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society| volume = 22}}</ref>

== Neusu Inscription ==
[[File:Neusu Inscription.jpg|thumb|175px|Neusu inscription found in Banda Aceh, now kept at [[Aceh Museum]]]]

A slightly later Tamil language inscription has recently been found at Neusu Aceh, [[Banda Aceh]]. The date of the inscription is illegible, but it has been dated palaeographically to about the 12th century, The entire front of the stone is illegible, aside from the isolated word ''mandapam'', presumably relating to a temple foundation or endowment. A provisional translation of the legible portion of the back reads:

"[....] that [we] would not hold (kaikkollakadavadalla); for this decision. [If any violation comes or situation arises against it (?)...those] who put the [royal] emblem (ilachchinal, Sanskrit lancana) will come to take and go (seize?) [....] that [we] would not get or collect (kolludal) interest [in kind] (polisai) [...even] afterwards our people (makkal) would do in accordance with this inscription (ikkalvettuku kokka[okka]). Let there be prosperity."

This provisional reading suggests that the inscription dealt with trading regulations covering losses of goods, the waiving of collection of interest, and perhaps of royal fees. The legible portion of the text does not bear the name of any merchant association, but a reference to "our people" (''makkal'') may indicate that an association was involved: several inscriptions of this period in southern India connect merchant associations — particularly the ''Ainnurruvar'' — with the construction of ''mandapa'' or other additions to both Hindu and Buddhist foundations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ismaili.net/Source/0104c.html |title=The medieval Tamil-language inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China |access-date=2014-01-17 |archive-date=2016-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231084823/http://ismaili.net/Source/0104c.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Kedah Inscription==
In [[Bujang Valley|ancient Kedah]] there is an important and unmistakably [[Hindu]] settlement which has been known for about a century now from the discoveries reported by Col. Low and has recently been subjected to a fairly exhaustive investigation by Dr. [[Horace Geoffrey Quaritch Wales|Quaritch Wales]]. Dr. Wales investigated no fewer than thirty sites round about [[Kedah]]. The results attained show that this site was in continuous occupation by people who came under strong [[South Indian]] influences, [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]], for centuries.<ref name=Sastri>{{cite book | last = Sastri| first = K.A. Nilakanta|title = South Indian Influences in the Far East| url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4278| year = 1949| publisher = Hind Kitabs Ltd.| location = Bombay| pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4278/page/n90 82]& 84}}</ref>

An inscribed stone bar, rectangular in shape, bears the ye-dharmma formula<ref group="nb">{{cite web
|url= http://www.virtualvinodh.com/brahmi-lipitva/208-ye-dhamma-brahmi
|title= Ye Dhamma - The Verse of Causation
|author= Vinodh Rajan
|date= April 2, 2012
|publisher= Vinodh's Virtual Cyber Space
|access-date= April 13, 2012
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120320104742/http://www.virtualvinodh.com/brahmi-lipitva/208-ye-dhamma-brahmi
|archive-date= March 20, 2012
|url-status= live
|quote= The Pali verse 'Ye Dhamma... ' is a popular verse in Buddhism that explains the heart of Buddhism Philosophy i.e Dependant Origination. The Sanskrit version of the verse is called "Pratityasamutpada Hridaya Dharani" [The Heart Dharani of Dependant Origination] with Om added to the beginning of the Verse, and Svaha added at the end, thus Dharani-fying the entire verse. The Pali version never seems to have had any specific title.
}}</ref> in [[Vatteluttu|South Indian characters]] of the 4th century AD, thus proclaiming the Buddhist character of the shrine near the find-spot (site I) of which only the basement survives. It is inscribed on three faces in ''Pallava script'', or [[Vatteluttu]] rounded writing of the 6th century AD, possibly earlier.<ref name=Sastri/>

==Barus inscription==
{{main|Lobu Tua Inscription}}
An inscription in the Tamil language, the [[Lobu Tua Inscription]] dated 1088 AD, has been found on the western coast of Sumatra island at Lobu Tua, [[North Sumatra]] province, Indonesia. It was erected by a Tamil merchant [[guild]], the ''Ayyavole'' 500 (“the 500 of the thousand directions”) which enjoyed the patronage of the [[Chola]] rulers. The inscription mentions the guild as “having met at the ''velapuram'' in Varocu”.<ref>Leonard Y. Andaya, ''Leaves of the same tree: trade and ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka'', p. 151</ref> “Varocu” is Barus, an ancient port located not far from Lobu Tua, which had played a major role in the [[camphor]] and [[Benzoin (resin)|benzoin]] trade since the 9th century. These valuable products were in high demand in China, India and the Middle East and came from the forests in the northern Sumatra hinterland. From there, they were brought to Barus and exported. Tamil were among the foreign merchants who would come to Barus and buy the camphor and benzoin from local traders.

In 1017 and 1025, the Chola kings had sent fleets to raid ports controlled by Sriwijaya in the [[Malacca Straits]]. After these successful attacks, the Chola seem to have been in a position to intervene in the region for the rest of the 11th century. This allowed for an increased presence of Tamil merchant guilds in Sumatra.<ref>Pierre-Yves Manguin, “Srivijaya, An Introduction”</ref>

==Tanjore Inscription==
{{anchor | Thanjavur inscriptions | Tanjore Inscription}}
In the ancient city of [[Tanjore]] (Thanjavur — ancient name) in Tamil Nadu are inscriptions dating from 1030. which contain a list of the ports in the [[Malacca Strait]] raided by a fleet sent by King [[Rajendra Chola I]].
The following are the places that Rajendran claims to have raided:<ref name=Arokiaswamy2000>{{cite book | last = Arokiaswamy| first = Celine W.M.| title = Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines| year = 2000| location = Manila s.n.| pages = 37, 38, & 41}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |location=Singapore}}</ref>{{rp|77-78, 170}}

*[[Sriwijaya]] ([[Palembang]])
*Pannai ([[Pannai]] kingdom)
*Malaiyur (Disputed, either referring to the ancient [[Melayu Kingdom]] or the [[Malay Peninsula]].)
*Mayirudingan (the Je-lo-ting of the [[China|Chinese]] on the [[Malay Peninsula]]), surrounded by the deep sea as by a moat. Some placed it at the [[Sathing Phra district|Sathing Phra Peninsular]] in [[Songkhla]], where the Chinese called ''Rìluótíng'' in the 13th–14th century.<ref name=koad2022>{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciengine.com/JAHH/doi/10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2022.04.06|title=The role of astronomy in determining the locations of geographical features during the eleventh to seventeenth centuries: A case study from the Thai-Malay Peninsula|author1=Peeravit Koad|author2=Thatdao Rakmak|date=2022|journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage|volume=25|issue=4|doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2022.04.06|pages=760–772|archivedate=8 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408142338/https://dds.sciengine.com/cfs/files/pdfs/view/1440-2807/1AB86F9A7AD443CA86F2A4555AC16464.pdf|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|767}}
*Ilangasokam ([[Langkasuka]])
*Mapappalam (Papphaal, placed by the [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] chronicle ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' on the coast of [[Bago, Myanmar|Pegu]] in [[Myanmar|Burma]])
*Mevilimbangam ([[Kamalanka]])
*Valaippanduru (unknown)
*Talaittakkolam ([[Takkola]] of [[Ptolemy]] and the [[Milinda Panha]], On the [[Kra Isthmus|isthmus of Kra]])
*Madamalingam ([[Tambralinga]], Chinese Tan-ma-ling, of which the center was at [[Nakhon Si Thammarat|Ligor]] in [[Southern Thailand]]), or the [[Kra Isthmus]]
*Ilamuridesam ([[Lambri|Lamuri]] of the [[Arab]]s, [[Lambri]] of [[Marco Polo]] at northern [[Sumatra]])
*Manakkavaram ([[Nicobar Islands]])
*Kadaram ([[Kedah]])

==See also==
*[[Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world]]
* [[Tamil bell]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil And Sanskrit Inscriptions In The Malay World}}
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Tamil inscriptions|Malaysia]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indian-Malaysian culture]]

Kollur, Bapatla district

2026-01-31T09:00:18Z

Effossy: started location

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kollur
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16|11|05|N|80|47|46|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kollur mandal|Kollur]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=106 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Kollur [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=7 May 2019 |pages=14,468 }}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 1856
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668818 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 16079
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522324
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Kollur''' is a village in [[Bapatla district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of [[Kollur mandal]] in [[Repalle revenue division]].<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Bapatla (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_BAPATLA.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=5 June 2019 |pages=5,770–771 |date=2011}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Kollur is situated near the banks of the [[Krishna River]],<ref name="village" /> at {{coord|16|11|05|N|80|47|46|E|}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|1856|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Economy ==
'''Agriculture'''

The major occupation of the village is agriculture and the main crop cultivated is [[paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Helen causes extensive damage to crops|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Helen-causes-extensive-damage-to-crops/2013/11/25/article1909627.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173636/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Helen-causes-extensive-damage-to-crops/2013/11/25/article1909627.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2016|accessdate=26 February 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=25 November 2013|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

'''Brick industry'''

The village is famous for [[Brick-making|brick manufacturing]]. The soil which is available at the bank of Krishna River is very good to make bricks. Every year millions of bricks are manufactured and transported to nearby districts and far off places like [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] too. There are around 400 trucks owned by the local citizens. The Brick industry was started first by Sri. ''Koganti Venkata Rattaiah''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://areaprofiler.gov.in/aboutUsIntgeratedPES.do?stateCode=28&lbCode=5295&languageId=1|title=Layout page|publisher=}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==

Kollur [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref> The village forms a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] and is under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]].<ref name="apcrda">{{cite web |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] |publisher=[[Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Andhra Pradesh]] |accessdate=16 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511092238/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |archivedate=11 May 2019 |page=5 |url-status=dead |date=30 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The Village is represented by [[Vemuru Assembly constituency]] in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]]. The assembly segment forms a part of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]]<nowiki/>which represents the [[Lok Sabha|lower house]] of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]. The present MLA from Vemuru is Mr. [[Nakka Ananda Babu]]

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 19 schools. These include 13 [[District Councils of India|Zilla]]/[[Mandal Parishad]] and 6 private schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=8 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Guntur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]

Kannagi Nagar Karthika

2026-01-30T14:54:38Z

Effossy: started stub

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = R. Karthika
| image_size =
| caption =
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = R. Karthika
| fullname =
| nickname = Kannagi Nagar Karthika 
Karthika Express
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| birth_date = 2008
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| monuments =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active = 2018-present
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| team = India
| coach = K. Raji
| highestranking =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|World Cup}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Youth Games|2025 Bahrain]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2025 Asian Youth Games|India]]}}
| show-medals = yes
| updated =
| image v =
| ethnicity =
| residence =
}}'''R. Karthika''' (born c. 2008) is an Indian [[kabaddi]] player from Kannagi Nagar, [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She is best known for captaining and later serving as vice-captain of India's under-18 girls’ kabaddi team, which won the gold medal at the [[2025 Asian Youth Games]] in [[Bahrain]], where the team defeated [[Iran]] 75–21 in the final.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dhasarathy |first=Srikkanth |date=2025-10-25 |title=From Kannagi Nagar to Bahrain: Kabaddi star Karthika walks the talk with Asian Youth Games gold |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/kabaddi-star-karthika-walks-talk-with-asian-youth-gold-850731 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=dtnext |publisher=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=en}}</ref> Coming from a working-class community, she is widely regarded as a symbol of sports-driven upliftment for girls from under-privileged urban areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ponnusamy |first=Mahalingam |date=2025-10-26 |title=Pride of Kannagi Nagar: Chennai teen Karthika raids her way to Under-18 Asian Gold |url=https://thefederal.com/category/sports/pride-of-kannagi-nagar-chennai-teen-karthika-raids-her-way-to-under-18-asian-gold-213198 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=thefederal.com |publisher=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2025-10-27 |title=Beating stigma: Kannagi Nagar's Karthika shines with Kabaddi gold in U18 Asian Games |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/karthika-kannagi-nagar-gold-asian-youth-games-2025-tamil-nadu-pride-2809124-2025-10-27 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She also commonly called as '''Karthika Express''' and '''Kannagi Nagar Karthika.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-10-26 |title=Stalin presents ₹25 lakh cheque each to kabaddi players Karthika and Abinesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/stalin-presents-25-lakh-each-to-kabaddi-players-karthika-and-abinesh/article70204607.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>'''

== Early life and background ==
Karthika hails from Kannagi Nagar, a large [[tenement]] area in southern Chennai, Tamil Nadu, home to more than 20,000 families.<ref name=":0" /> She studied at a government school in her neighbourhood.<ref name=":1" /> Her father works in construction and her mother, previously a civic worker, now drives an [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaw]] to support the family. <ref name=":1" />In 2018, a local coach, K. Raji, formed a girls’ kabaddi team in Kannagi Nagar to challenge the negative image attached to the area and empower young women through sport.<ref name=":1" /> Karthika joined the girls’ team coached by Raji, practising in informal conditions such as a corner of a public park while balancing her schoolwork. She quickly distinguished herself and got selected for senior national-camp exposure at age 16.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Career ==

=== International achievements ===
In October 2025, Karthika co-led the Indian Under-18 girls’ kabaddi team to an unbeaten run at the Asian Youth Games in Bahrain, culminating in a dominant 75–21 win over Iran in the final.<ref name=":2" /> Following the achievement, she received both state-level recognition and a celebratory homecoming in Kannagi Nagar, where she rode a horse-drawn chariot and was welcomed by her community.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-10-26 |title=Kabaddi gold medalists from Tamil Nadu receive warm welcome after Asian Youth Games triumph |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/kabaddi-gold-medalists-from-tamil-nadu-receive-warm-welcome-after-asian-youth-games-triumph-850883 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.dtnext.in |publisher=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=en}}</ref> M. K. Stalin, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, presented each of R. Karthika and Abinesh Mohandhas with a cheque of ₹ 25 lakh in recognition of their gold-medal performance at the 2025 Asian Youth Games.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-10-27 |title=CM Stalin presents Rs 25 lakh each to two kabaddi players |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Oct/27/cm-stalin-presents-rs-25-lakh-each-to-two-kabaddi-players |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

=== Challenges and future prospects ===
Despite her success, Karthika continues to train in less-than-ideal infrastructure: the girls’ team still practices outdoors, and they have long sought an indoor kabaddi facility in Kannagi Nagar.<ref name=":0" /> The state government has since assured support, including training infrastructure and according to reports a house and job after she turns 18. Going forward, her inclusion in senior national camps suggests her potential to progress into the senior Indian women's team.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karthika, Kannagi}}
[[Category:2008 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

N. Uttam Kumar Reddy

2026-01-25T05:08:34Z

Effossy:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy
| image = N Uttam kumar Reddy.jpg
| caption = Uttam Kumar Reddy in 2017
| office = [[Revanth Reddy ministry| Minister of Irrigation, Food & Civil Supplies]] {{small|[[Government of Telangana]]}}
| term_start = 7 December 2023
| governor = * [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] (2023-2024)
* [[C.P. Radhakrishnan]] {{small|(Additional charge)}} (2024)
* [[Jishnu Dev Varma]] (2024-)
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| predecessor =
* [[Singireddy Niranjan Reddy]]
* [[Gangula Kamalakar]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 6 June 2019
| term_end1 = 6 December 2023
| constituency1 = [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda, Telangana]]
| predecessor1 = [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[Kunduru Raghuveer|Kunduru Raghuveera Reddy]]
| office2 = 2nd [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee| President of the Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| 1blankname2 = [[All India Congress Committee| AICC]] President
| 1namedata2 =
* [[Sonia Gandhi]]
* [[Rahul Gandhi]]
* [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| term_start2 = 2 March 2015
| term_end2 = 4 December 2020
| predecessor2 = [[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]
| successor2 =
[[Revanth Reddy]]
| office3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)| Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 9 December 2023
| predecessor3 = [[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]
| constituency3 = [[Huzurnagar]]
| term_start4 = 2 June 2014
| term_end4 = 5 June 2019
| constituency4 = [[Huzurnagar (Assembly constituency)|Huzurnagar]]
| predecessor4 = ''Telangana Assembly created''
| successor4 = [[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]
| office5 = [[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry| Minister of Housing and Cooperative Societies]] {{small|[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| term_start5 = 25 May 2009
| term_end5 = 1 March 2014
| governor5 =
* [[N. D. Tiwari]]
* [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 =
* [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
* [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
* [[Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| predecessor5 = [[Botsa Satyanarayana]]
| successor5 = [[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]
| office6 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)| Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 16 May 2009
| term_end6 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor6 = ''Constituency Established''
| successor6 = ''Telangana Assembly Created''
| constituency6 = [[Huzurnagar (Assembly constituency)|Huzurnagar]]
| term_start7 = 6 October 1999
| term_end7 = 16 May 2009
| constituency7 = [[Kodad (Assembly constituency)|Kodad]]
| predecessor7 = Venepalli Chander Rao
| successor7 = Venepalli Chander Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|6|20|df=y}}
| birth_name = Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy
| birth_place = [[Suryapet]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present-day [[Suryapet district]], [[Telangana]]), India
| spouse = [[N. Padmavathi Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website = {{url|uttamforyou.com|Official website}}
| occupation = Politician
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| serviceyears = 1982–1991
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-2.svg|21px]] [[Flight Lieutenant]]
| unit = President's Secretariat
}}

'''Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy''' (born 20 June 1962) is a [[politician]] and former [[Indian Air Force|Indian Air Force pilot]] from the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. He was a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda constituency]]. He served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from Kodad between 1999 and 2009 and from Huzurnagar between 2009 and 2019. He served as the president of [[Indian National Congress|Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] from February 2015 until June 2021. He served as the Minister of Housing, Weaker Section Housing Programmes in [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]]'s ministry.

==Early life==
Uttam Kumar Reddy was born on 20 June 1962 in [[Nalgonda district]], Andhra Pradesh to Purushottam Reddy and Usha Devi. He is a graduate in B.Sc. He is a former fighter pilot in the [[Indian Air Force]]. He flew the [[MiG 21]] and [[Mig23|MiG 23]] in front line fighter squadrons. He served as the Controller of Security, Protocol, Administration, Foreign trips of [[President of India|President]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Bandari|first=Pavan Kumar|date=20 June 2021|title=Uttam Kumar Reddy birthday: A Journey of IAF pilot to TPCC President|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/uttam-kumar-reddy-birthday-a-journey-of-iaf-pilot-to-tpcc-president-691616|access-date=27 June 2021|website=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Uttam Kumar Reddy is married to [[N. Padmavathi Reddy]]. The couple has no children.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 April 2018|title=KCR family plundering state money: Uttam Kumar Reddy|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/290418/kcr-family-plundering-state-money-uttam-kumar-reddy.html|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

==Political career==
Uttam Kumar Reddy is a five-time MLA from Congress. He won the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999 elections]] from [[Kodad (Assembly constituency)|Kodad constituency]]. He won from the same constituency in [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004 elections]]. In 2009, he shifted to [[Huzurnagar (Assembly constituency)|Huzurnagar constituency]] and won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] elections. After the formation of Telangana, he contested and won the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 elections]] from Huzurnagar. In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]], he contested and won as an MP from [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda constituency]]. After winning as an MP, he resigned as an MLA from Huzurnagar that he won in 2018, with effect from 5 June.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 June 2019|title=Uttam tenders resignation as MLA|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/uttam-tenders-resignation-as-mla/article27527710.ece|access-date=27 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He served as the Minister of Housing, Weaker Sections Housing Programmes in [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]]'s ministry.<ref name=":0" />

He represented the Telangana region in an all party meeting held by the then Union Home Minister [[P. Chidambaram]] in January 2011 to discuss the [[Srikrishna Committee]] report.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2018|title=Telangana polls: Is blue-eyed boy Uttam Kumar Reddy the chief minister face of People's Front?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/telangana-elections/2018/dec/11/is-blue-eyed-boy-uttam-the-chief-minister-face-of-peoples-front-1909806.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216070640/http://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/telangana-elections/2018/dec/11/is-blue-eyed-boy-uttam-the-chief-minister-face-of-peoples-front-1909806.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2018|access-date=27 June 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

He served as the official president of [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] (TPCC) from March 2015 until June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TPCC Chief: I'll Strive to Strengthen Party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2015/mar/03/tpcc-chief-ill-strive-to-strengthen-party-723968.html |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express|date=3 March 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Apparasu|first=Srinivasa Rao|date=26 June 2021|title=Parliamentarian A Revanth Reddy appointed Telangana PCC chief|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliamentarian-a-revanth-reddy-appointed-telangana-pcc-chief-101624731781111.html|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> After the defeat of Congress party in [[2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election|2020 GHMC elections]], he resigned as the TPCC president.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2020|title=Uttam Kumar Reddy resigns as chief of Telangana Congress after GHMC poll debacle|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/dec/04/uttam-kumar-reddy-resigns-as-chief-of-telangana-congress-after-ghmc-poll-debacle-2231842.html|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref> However, the party continued with him until he was replaced by [[Revanth Reddy]] in June 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] Assembly Elections he contested from [[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]] and won with a majority of 44888 votes on BRS candidate [[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]. He took oath as minister at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|L B Stadium]] in Hyderabad on 7 December 2023 and later he was assigned Irrigation and Food & Civil Supplies portfolios on 9 December 2023 in [[Revanth Reddy ministry|Revanth Reddy Ministry.]]<ref name="Portfolios allocated to Ministers in the new Telangana Cabinet">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=9 December 2023 |title=Portfolios allocated to Ministers in the new Telangana Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/full-list-of-telangana-cabinet-and-council-of-ministers/article67620817.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121123943/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/full-list-of-telangana-cabinet-and-council-of-ministers/article67620817.ece |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Revanth Reddy assigns portfolios to 11 ministers in Telangana Cabinet: Full list">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Revanth Reddy assigns portfolios to 11 ministers in Telangana Cabinet: Full list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/revanth-reddy-portfolios-11-ministers-telangana-cabinet-keeps-law-order-general-administration-full-list-2474051-2023-12-09 |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121125317/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/revanth-reddy-portfolios-11-ministers-telangana-cabinet-keeps-law-order-general-administration-full-list-2474051-2023-12-09 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Election statistics==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested For
! colspan="2" | Party
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
! Reference
|-
|1
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=8}}
| rowspan = "3"|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodada]]
| Chander Rao Venepally ([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| 62,499 - 71,648
| -9,149
| {{lost}}
|
<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Chander Rao Venepally, Kodad Assembly Elections 1994 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/1994/kodad/chander-rao-venepally/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Chander Rao Venepally ([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| 66,187 - 59,508
| +7,309
| {{WON}}
|
<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Uttam Kumar Reddy Nalamada, Kodad Assembly Elections 1999 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/1999/kodad/uttam-kumar-reddy-nalamada/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Chander Rao Venepally ([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| 88,178 - 64,391
| +23,787
| {{WON}}
|
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2004 - Constituency wise Results |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/ap04detail.htm |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|4
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan = "3"| [[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency| Huzurnagar]]
| [[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]] ([[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])
| 80,835 - 51,641
| +29,194
| {{Won}}
|
<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Huzurnagar 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30500 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|5
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Kasoiu Shankaramma ([[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])
| 69,879 - 45,955
| +23,924
| {{WON}}
|
<ref>{{Cite web |title=ElectWise.in |url=https://www.electwise.in/election/assembly/telangana/2014/constituency/huzurnagar/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Electwise |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election| 2018]]
| [[Shanampudi Saidireddy]] ([[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])
| 92,996 - 85,530
| +7,466
| {{WON}}
|
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huzurnagar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/huzurnagar-telangana-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[2019 Indian general election| 2019]]
| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
| Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy ([[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])
| 5,26,028 - 5,00,346
| +25,682
| {{WON}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Nalgonda 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2019/telangana/nalgonda/9981/61/17 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2019-06-05 |title=Uttam tenders resignation as MLA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/uttam-tenders-resignation-as-mla/article27527710.ece/amp/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|8
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election| 2023]]
| [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| [[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
| [[Shanampudi Saidireddy]] ([[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]])
| 1,16,707 - 71,819
| +44,888
| {{WON}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Huzurnagar Election Result 2018 LIVE: Huzurnagar MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia | url=https://www.oneindia.com/huzurnagar-assembly-elections-ts-89/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711162434/https://www.oneindia.com/huzurnagar-assembly-elections-ts-89/ | access-date=2025-02-18 | archive-date=2021-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kartheek |first=B. |date=2023-12-11 |title=Congress MP Uttam Kumar Reddy refuses to comment on Revanth's appointment as Telangana CM |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/telangana/2023/Dec/06/congress-mputtam-kumar-reddy-refuses-to-comment-on-revanths-appointment-as-telanganacm-2638995.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

|}

==Other works==
Uttam Kumar Reddy played the role of a chief minister in the movie [[Terror (2016 film)|''Terror'']] (2016).<ref>{{cite news|last=Yellapantula|first=Suhas|date=23 February 2016|title=Terror: Taking The Road Less Travelled|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2016/feb/23/terror-taking-the-road-less-travelled-895995.html|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{17th LS members from Telangana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, N. Uttam Kumar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:People from Suryapet district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Telangana]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:Presidents of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]

Erung Tenzing Lepcha

2026-01-22T05:08:16Z

Effossy:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Sikkim Assembly|Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]
| predecessor = [[Karma Sonam Lepcha]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|6|17}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
}}

'''Erung Tenzing Lepcha''' (b. 17 June 1991) is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]] belonging from the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. He won with over 9624 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Rinchenpong Assembly Election Result 2024: SKM's Erung Tenzing Lepcha emerges as winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rinchenpong-assembly-election-results-2024-rinchenpong-sikkim-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110636282.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Rinchenpong, Sikkim Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates: SKM's Erung Tenzing Lepcha wins Rinchenpong with 9624 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rinchenpong-sikkim-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546700-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, he won the Best Indian Golden Personalities Award 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2025-03-19 |title=Sikkim MLA Erung Tenzing Lepcha Receives Best Indian Golden Personalities Award 2025 |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2025/03/19/sikkim-mla-erung-tenzing-lepcha-receives-best-indian-golden-personalities-award-2025/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Sikkim MLA Erung Tenzing Lepcha receives Best Indian Golden Personalities Award 2025 for political excellence |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/sikkim-mla-erung-tenzing-lepcha-receives-best-indian-golden-personalities-award-2025-for-political-excellence-1185862-2025-03-19 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Erung Tenzing Lepcha(Sikkim Krantikari Morcha):Constituency- RINCHENPONG (BL)(SORENG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Sikkim2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=95 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lepcha, Erung Tenzing}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Soreng district]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}

Jagtai Choudhury Bari

2026-01-15T08:34:10Z

Effossy:

{{Short description|Choudhury Zamindars of Jagtai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{infobox family
| native_name= জগতাই চৌধুরী বাড়ি
|image=File:Durga Dalan of Jagtai Choudhury Bari.jpg
|image_caption=[[Durga]] Dalan of Jagtai Choudhury Bari
|country=[[India]]
|founder=Rani Gaurangini Devi
}}
{{Zamindars of Bengal}}

'''Jagtai Choudhury Bari''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: জগতাই চৌধুরী বাড়ি) is the residential house of the erstwhile [[zamindar]] family based in [[Jagtaj|Jagtai]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The Choudhury estate was established by Rani Gaurangini Devi in the 18th century in [[British India|British-occupied India]]. The first zamindar of this family was Babu Keshto Mohun Choudhury.<ref name="auto1">Anandabazar Patrika: একুশ ঢাক স্মৃতিতে, আচ্ছন্ন লক্ষ্মীদেবী (in Bengali)">Anandabazar Patrika "একুশ ঢাক স্মৃতিতে, আচ্ছন্ন লক্ষ্মীদেবী" Publisher: [[Anandabazar Patrika]] (2006)</ref> The last zamindar of Jagtai was Shri Sailendranath Choudhury until the effective abolition of the zamindari in 1955 under the West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act of 1953.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2">Sangbad Pratdin: ২৯৬ বছরের ঐতিহ্য : এবারও বালক ভোজন হবে জগতাইয়ের চৌধুরীদের বাড়িতে (in Bengali)">Sangbad Pratidin "২৯৬ বছরের ঐতিহ্য : এবারও বালক ভোজন হবে জগতাইয়ের চৌধুরীদের বাড়িতে" Publisher: [[Sangbad Pratidin]] (2020)</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite book |last=Das |first=Kalyan |date=1 December 2022 |title=মুর্শিদাবাদের বনেদি বাড়ি (Aristocratic families of Murshidabad, in Bengali, p. 161) |url=https://bpgc-opac.blacal.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=25492&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=36746 |url-status=bot: unknown |location=[[Berhampore Girls' College]] Library |publisher=Shilpanagari Printers |isbn=978-93-84487-40-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209223433/https://bpgc-opac.blacal.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=25492&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=36746 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=29 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Das |first=Kalyan |date=1 December 2022 |title=মুর্শিদাবাদের বনেদি বাড়ি (Aristocratic families of Murshidabad, in Bengali, p. 161) |url=https://opac.krccentrallibrary.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=Provider:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%20 |url-status=bot: unknown |location=[[Kandi Raj College]] Central Library and Information Centre |publisher=Shilpanagari Printers |isbn=978-93-84487-40-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209223314/https://opac.krccentrallibrary.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=Provider:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%20 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=29 October 2024 }}</ref>

==History==
Jagtai Choudhury family originated from a [[Pabna]]-based landed aristocratic family to which Rani Gaurangini Devi, the wife of Babu Saheblal Choudhury, belonged. After the death of Saheblal Choudhury, Gaurangini Devi moved from [[Pabna]] to Sherpur of [[Nimtita]] of erstwhile [[Murshidabad]]. Previously, every year during monsoon, Sherpur and surrounding area used to be flooded due to overflow of river [[Hooghly River|Ganga]]. To get rid of such disasters, Gaurangini Devi built the grand Choudhury villa at [[Jagtaj|Jagtai]] wiping out the jungles of straw. Reportedly, she handed over the zamindari to her son Babu Keshto Mohun Choudhury. According to some reports, he was the one who started the Durga Puja of Choudhury family in 18th century.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/>

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagtai Zamindari
| native_name = জগতাই জমিদারি
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Zamindari Estate
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =

| blank1_name_sec1 = Number of villages:
| blank1_info_sec1 = 7-8 villages ([[Jagtaj|Jagtai]] as headquarters)
| blank2_name_sec1 = Possession:
| blank2_info_sec1 = 18th century
| blank3_name_sec1 = Accession
| blank3_info_sec1 = 1955
}}
[[File:Babu Sailendranath Choudhury, the last zamindar of Jagtai.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.7|Babu Sailendranath Choudhury, the last zamindar of Jagtai]]

==Legend==
Once Gaurangini Devi was heading towards [[Ganga]] in a [[palanquin]] for a bathe. But, to her surprise, she noticed some [[British people|British]] men taking bathe in the bathing ghat allotted for only women. She raised her voice against the British men's unacceptable and unlawful behaviour. Her voice of protest reached to the then [[Governor-general of India|Borolat]] who became impressed with Rani Gaurangini's bold action and offered her the [[zamindari]] of [[Jagtaj|Jagtai]] along with other 7 to 8 villages.<ref name="auto1"/> It is said that she handed over the zamindari to her son Keshto Mohun Choudhury. Some reports claim that he was the one who initiated the Choudhury family's Durga Puja in the 18th century.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/>

==In culture and social life of Jagtai==
===Woman empowerment===
Gaurangini Devi founded the Jagtai Choudhury Estate as a result of her protest against the unlawful presence of [[house boat|Bojra]] of British officials in the bathing ghat of [[Hooghly river|Ganga]] allotted for women only. This act is regarded as an early example of a woman's resistance in Jagtai during the 18th century, symbolizing a form of empowerment against the British Raj.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref>[https://medium.com/@webbio257/jagtai-choudhury-bari-the-legacy-of-rani-gaurangini-b6f0192c908f "Jagtai Choudhury Bari, the legacy of Rani Gaurangini (in Bengali)" publisher: Webbio]</ref>

===Durga Puja===
The Jagtai Choudhury Bari is one of the central attractions in [[Suti]] for its 240 years' (according to some other reports 300 years) old [[Durga Puja]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref>[https://www.natungati.in/durga-poojaa-msd/ "Mrinmayee Sarad Samman 2019 organized in Aurangabad" publisher: Natun Gati]</ref> The first [[zamindar]] from this family was Babu Keshto Mohun Choudhury who first started the [[Durga Puja]] of this family.{{refn|group=note|The year of inception of Durga Puja of Jagtai Choudhury family is not out of dispute. According to a news covered by [[Sangbad Pratidin]] in 2020, the Durga Puja was first celebrated by Choudhury family around 296 years ago, thereby indicating the time period from 1720 to 1725. But, on the other hand, it is also estimated that the puja was first celebrated in Sherpur of [[Nimtita]] in around 1784 AD, before the family's permanent shifting to the Jagtai zamindari palace.}} The [[Durga Puja]] of this family is the oldest within this area.<ref name="auto1"/> The main attraction of the Choudhury family Durga Puja is the ''Kumari Puja'' on the [[maha navami]] tithi where the [[Durga|Devi]] is worshipped in the form of 'Kumari'. Another major event of the puja is ''Balak Bhojan'' in which all the infants and teenagers are offered [[Prasada]] in the premises of Choudhury bari on [[Durga Ashtami]] tithi.<ref name="auto2"/>
During initial days, 108 [[dhak (instrument)|dhak]]s used to be played by 108 [[dhak (instrument)|dhaki]]s during the puja, in the Nat Mandir. But, now 2 dhaks are played as part of this major festival.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref>"[[Berhampore]] Puja Parikrama: The aristocracy and tradition of puja in Murshidabad. [[Berhampore]] Puja Parikrama. "The aristocracy and tradition of puja in Murshidabad" Publisher: [[Berhampore]] Puja Parikrama (10-15-2020)</ref><ref>"Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali)">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali) |publisher=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane |year=1960 |isbn= |location=Kolkata |page=55}}[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.298740/page/n61/mode/2up]</ref><ref>"Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali)">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali) |publisher=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane |year=1960 |isbn= |location=Kolkata |page=58}}[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.298740/page/n61/mode/2up]</ref>

===In literature===
Nalinikanta Sarkar, in his book 'Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane' has mentioned multiple times, about the Choudhuries of Jagtai. The Choudhuries of Jagtai were close allies of the [[Nimtita Zamindar Bari|Choudhuries of Nimtita]].<ref>"Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali)">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali) |publisher=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane |year=1960 |isbn= |location=Kolkata |page=80}}[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.298740/page/n85/mode/2up]</ref><ref>"Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali)">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali) |publisher=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane |year=1960 |isbn= |location=Kolkata |page=81}}[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.298740/page/n87/mode/2up]</ref><ref>"Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali)">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali) |publisher=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane |year=1960 |isbn= |location=Kolkata |page=82}}[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.298740/page/n87/mode/2up]</ref> The Jagtai Choudhury family is featured in Kalyan Das’s book ''মুর্শিদাবাদের বনেদি বাড়ি'' (in English: ''Aristocratic Families of Murshidabad''), which documents the histories of several prominent aristocratic families of colonial Murshidabad.<ref name="auto3"/>

==Further reading==
* Sarkar, Nalinikanta (Ashvin, Bengali year 1367), ''Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane'' (in Bengali). Mitra & Ghosh Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
* Majumdar, Sayantan (2023), ''[https://banglarshiksha.co.in/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%82%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%bc%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%ae/ সূতীর ইতিহাস]''. Banglar Shiksha.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://jagtaizamindari.blogspot.com/2024/09/jagtai-zamindari.html Jagtai (zamindari)]
* [https://jagtaizamindari.blogspot.com/2024/09/jagtai-choudhuries-in-media-coverage.html Jagtai Choudhuries in media coverage (Part-1)]
* [https://jagtaizamindari.blogspot.com/2024/09/jagtai-choudhuries-in-media-coverage_12.html Jagtai Choudhuries in media coverage (Part-2)]

{{Bengal Nobility}}
{{Nobility of the Raj}}

[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]

Sonbhadra district

2026-01-11T03:09:02Z

Effossy: expand details based on references and corrected details to improve readability

{{short description|District in Uttar Pradesh, India
Purvanchal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sonbhadra district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name = Sonanchal
| image_skyline = View from the top of Vijay Garh Fort.jpg
| image_caption = View from [[Vijaygarh Fort]]
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Sonbhadra.svg
| map_caption = Location of Sonbhadra district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Robertsganj
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mirzapur division|Mirzapur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 4 March 1989
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Robertsganj]]
| named_for = [[Son River]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{hlist|[[Robertsganj]]|[[Ghorawal]]|[[Dudhi]]|[[Obra, Uttar Pradesh|Obra]]}}
| area_total_km2 = 6,788
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,862,559
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioners for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=26 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_info1 = 64%
| demographics2_title2 = [[Sex ratio]]
| demographics2_info2 = 918/1000
| demographics2_title3 = [[Scheduled Castes]]
| demographics2_info3 = {{percent and number|421661|1862559|2}}
| demographics2_title4 = [[Scheduled Tribes]]
| demographics2_info4 = {{percent and number|385018|1862559|2}}
| leader_title = [[District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Badrinath Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = Abhishek Verma
, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = UP-64
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = {{hlist|[[National Highway 39 (India)|NH-39]]|[[List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|SH-5A]]|[[List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|SH-5]]}}
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://sonbhadra.nic.in/}}
| official_name = Sonebhadra
}}

'''Sonbhadra district''' (also known as '''Sonebhadra''') or '''Sonanchal''' is the second largest district by area of [[Uttar Pradesh]] after [[Lakhimpur Kheri]]. The district headquarters is in the town of [[Robertsganj]].
Sonbhadra is also known as the "Energy Capital of India" for hosting multiple power plants.Sonbhadra district is located in south eastern Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="India's energy capital">{{cite web | author = Catch News| title =Sonbhadra Singrauli has all the ingredients Energy capital of India| url = http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/sonbhadra-singrauli-belt-is-called-india-s-power-capital-but-may-be-headed-for-a-disaster-1465284694.html | access-date = 7 June 2016 }}</ref>

Sonbhadra lies between [[Vindhya]] and [[Kaimur hills]], and its topology and natural environment prompted the first Prime Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to refer to Sonbhadra as the "Switzerland of India".<ref name="Switzerland of India">{{cite web|work= Hindustan Times|title= Once hailed by PM Nehru for its beauty, 'India's Switzerland' lacks access to power, water, healthcare|url= https://m.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/once-hailed-by-pm-nehru-for-its-beauty-india-s-switzerland-lacks-access-to-power-water-healthcare/story-ezbhu8K8Dyt2ZDlHyjAVUL.html|access-date= 7 July 2018|date= 7 July 2018|author=Sudhir Kumar |quote=Country's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was so taken up by the natural beauty of the region that he once described Sonbhadra as the "Switzerland of India."}}</ref>

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru at Rihand Dam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] at inauguration of [[Rihand Dam]]]]
In 2018 Uttar Pradesh's chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] recognised Sonbhadra as a tourist hub in Purvanchal region and further promoted by Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department.<ref>{{cite news |title=Develop Sonbhadra as a tourism hub: Yogi |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/develop-sonbhadra-as-a-tourism-hub-yogi/story-gHNwDMRu2Gpk57NYbJfVwM.html |access-date=14 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

In February 2020, a [[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) news report incorrectly claimed that the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI) had found {{convert|3,000|tonne}} of gold deposits in Sonbhadra district. PTI later stated on Twitter that the GSI had told PTI that there had been no such discovery of large gold deposits in the district.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=PTI_News |author-link=Press Trust of India |number=1231221168125857792 |title=Geological Survey of India tells PTI there has been no discovery of gold deposits estimated to be around 3,000 tonnes in Uttar Pradesh's Sonbhadra district, as claimed by district mining official |date=22 February 2020|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/no-discovery-of-around-3000-tonne-gold-deposits-in-ups-sonbhadra-says-gsi/article30888796.ece |title=No discovery of around 3,000-tonne gold deposits in U.P.'s Sonbhadra: GSI |date=22 February 2020 |work=The Hindu| access-date=23 February 2020 |agency=PTI}}</ref>

==History==
The Valley of [[Son River|Son]] and [[Belan River|Belan]] Rivers abounds in caves which were the earliest dwellings of the primeval inhabitants. This area had been the centre of activities of pre-historic humans which is evident from the rock paintings (pre-historic cave art) found in abundance in this region. These paintings are of the periods ranging from [[Mesolithic]] to [[Paleolithic]] ages.<ref name="Sonbhadra: Of Cave Paintings And Fossil Parks" />
[[File:Panchmukhi rock 1.jpg|thumb|Cave Paintings at [[Churk|Panchmukhi Hill]], [[Robertsganj]] in Sonbhadra]]
[[Sonbhadra]], whose ancient name was Gramputra or [[Shivdwar|Gupt Kashi]], was built by the ancient king Putrak for his queen Paatali.<ref name="Foundation day of Sonbhadra">{{cite web | author = Patrika| title =Foundation day of Sonbhadra History| url = https://m.patrika.com/sonbhadra-news/foundation-day-of-sonbhadra-1523331/| access-date = 4 March 2018
}}</ref> It is said that '[[Bhar]]s' had settlements along with [[Chero]], Searis and [[Kharwar]] communities in the district up to fifth century there was the rule of <nowiki>''Chandel Rajput''</nowiki> kings on [[Vijaygarh Fort]]. This district was famous as second [[Varanasi|Kashi]] during 11th to 13th centuries. In the 9th century B.C., the Brahmadutt dynasty was subdivided by Nagas. [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] and [[Nāga|Naga]]s also held supremacy over this region before the advent of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]]. After the death of [[Harsha|Harshvardhan]] in the latter half of the 7th century, it remained under the control of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihar]]s till 1025 before they were driven out by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. This area was under the administration of various Governors of [[Mughal emperors]]. Some of the forts such as [[Agori Fort]] were under the control of Madan Shah.

===The forts located in the district===
* [[Agori Fort]]
* [[Vijaygarh Fort]]
* Sodhrigarh Durg

The heroine of Famous Novel [[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]] written by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]] was the princess of [[Vijaygarh]] and the daughter of king Jay Singh.

===History of kingdoms in the region ===
[[Agori Fort|Agori]] Barhar was an impartible estate. It originally comprised parts of the present districts of Sonbhadra and part of Mirzapur district. It was divided into two parganas of [[Agori Fort|Agori]] and Barhar. Chandel Rajput Raja Paramardideva of [[Mahoba]], ancestor of the family and contemporary of Raja [[Prithviraj III]] of Delhi, who attacked Mahoba as the Raja was the ally of Raja Jaichand of Kannauj, and occupied it for a time. Raja Paramardi Deva fled for his life with his friends and family, and though Mahoba was re-occupied by the Raja with the help of Jaichand of Kannauj, the glory of the capital never returned. During this time one of the sons of Raja Paramardi Deva, called Ashajit, fled eastwards in the turmoil that followed. His sons or grand sons called Barimal and Bharimal, captured [[Agori Fort|Agori]] from the Kaharwar Raja and made themselves the independent rulers of [[Agori Fort|Agori]] and Barhar. The elder brother Barimal took the kingdom of Agori and Barhar, and the younger brother Bharimal became the ruler of Bardi state ruled by Chandel -Rajput.

Another jagirdari in sonbhadra in [[Vijaygarh Fort|Vijaygarh]].it was also ruled by Chandel Dynasty after that by [[Narayan dynasty]].

==Geography==
[[File:Eco point Robertsganj.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Son View Point]]]]
The district lies in the extreme south-east of the state, and is bounded by [[Mirzapur district]] to the northwest, [[Chandauli district]] to the north, [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]] districts of Bihar state to the north-east, [[Garhwa district]] of [[Jharkhand]] state to the east, [[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] state to the south, and [[Singrauli district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state to the west. The northern part of the district lies on a plateau of the [[Vindhya Range]], and is drained by tributaries of the Ganges including the [[Belan River|Belan]] and [[Karmanasa River|Karmanasha]] rivers. South of the steep escarpment of the [[Kaimur Range]] is the valley of the [[Son River]], which flows through the district from west to east. The southern portion of the district is hilly, interspersed with fertile stream valleys. The [[Rihand River]], which rises to the south in the highlands of [[Surguja district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], flows north to join the Son in the center of the district. The [[Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar]], a reservoir on the [[Rihand]], lies partly in the district and partly in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. East of the Rihand, the [[Kanhar River]], which originates in [[Chhattisgarh]], flows north to join the Son.

===Climate===
Sonbhadra has a relatively subtropical climate with high variation between summer and winter temperatures. The average temperature is {{cvt|30 to 46|°C}} in the summer and {{cvt|2 to 15|°C}} in the winter. The weather is pleasant in rainy season from July to October.

===Ecology===
The portion of the district north of the Son River lies in the [[Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests]] ecoregion. The portion south of the Son lies in the [[Chhota Nagpur dry deciduous forests]] ecoregion.

[[Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary]] lies mostly within the district, reaching generally east and west along the spine of the Kaimur Range, and extending to the Son River at its eastern end.

==Economy==
[[File:SSTPS.jpg|thumb|[[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station]] at [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]] in Sonbhadra]]
The district has many electrical power stations around [[Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar]]. [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] has two coal-based thermal power plants, being [[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station]] at [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]] and [[Rihand Thermal Power Station]] at Rihand Nagar. Other power stations are at [[Anpara]] ([[UPRVUNL]]), [[Obra, Uttar Pradesh|Obra]] (UPRVUNL), [[Renusagar]] ([[Hindalco]]) and [[Pipri]]-Hydro (UPRVUNL). [[Northern Coalfields]] (a branch of [[Coal India Limited]]) has its headquarters and many coal mines in this region.

[[Hindalco]] has a major aluminium plant at Renukut. Owing to the limestone hills, initially one cement factory was established at Churk in 1956. Another cement factory started at Dala in 1971, with an ancillary unit at Chunar from 1980. A big dam constructed at [[Pipri]] in 1961 is named [[Rihand Dam]]; a small dam was constructed at Obra in 1968.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

The [[Birla group]] set up an aluminum plant at Renukut. The company set up its own power plant at Renusagar in 1967 and started a company in Renukut called HiTech Carbon. Another industrial group initiated a company in Renukut named Grasim Industries Limited, which produces chemicals and later it started own power plant at Renukut in 1998.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Sonbhadra as one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

==Tourist attraction==
[[File:Salkhan Fossil.jpg|thumb|[[Salkhan Fossils Park]] in Sonbhadra district]]

===Historical places===
[[File:Vijay Garh Fort on the Hill top.jpg|thumb|[[Vijaygarh Fort]] on the Hill top]]
*[[Vijaygarh Fort]]
*[[Agori Fort]]
*[[Veer Lorik Stone|Veer Lorik Patthar]]
*Cave Paintings of [[Son River|Son]] and [[Belan River|Belan Valley]], Sonbhadra<ref name="Sonbhadra: Of Cave Paintings And Fossil Parks">{{cite web | author=Charu Chaudhary| title =Sonbhadra: Of Cave Paintings And Fossil Parks| url = https://www.india.com/travel/articles/sonbhadra-of-cave-paintings-and-fossil-parks-3671776/| access-date = 3 July 2020
}}</ref>

===Nature===
[[File:Rihand Dam, Renukoot 1.jpg|thumb|[[Rihand Dam]]]]
*[[Salkhan Fossil Park]]
*[[Mukkha Fall]]
*[[Son View Point]], [[Robertsganj]]
*[[Rihand Dam]]
*[[Dhanraul Dam]]
*[[Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary]]

===Temples===
[[File:Shivdwar.jpg|thumb|[[Shivdwar|Shivdwar Temple]]]]
[[File:Hindu God Shiva Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Renukeshwar Mahadev Temple]]]]

*[[Shivdwar]]
*[[Renukeshwar Mahadev Temple]]
*[[Vandevi Temple]]
*[[Jwaladevi Temple]], [[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]]
*Maa Vaishnav Shaktipeeth [[Dalla]]
*ambedkar park

==Transport==

===By air===
*[[Muirpur Airport]] at Muirpur, an operational airstrip and proposed airport, currently used by chartered and private planes near [[Renukut]]
*[[Varanasi Airport|Varanasi International Airport]] in [[Varanasi]]. Flights are available to all major Indian cities including [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Agra]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Patna]], [[Khajuraho]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], etc. International connections are [[Bangkok]], [[Colombo]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Kathmandu]] from [[Varanasi Airport|Varanasi International Airport]].

===By train===
*[[Mirzapur]] Railway Station
* [[Robertsganj railway station|Sonbhadra Railway Station]]
*[[Chopan]] Railway station
*[[Renukoot]] Railway station near Rihand Dam
*[[Anpara]] Railway station
*[[Singrauli]] Railway station (in [[Madhya Pradesh]])
*[[Shaktinagar, Uttar Pradesh|Shaktinagar]] Railway station
*[[Varanasi]] Railway station
*[[Dudhi]] Railway station

The city is connected by rail to Delhi, Allahabad, Ranchi and Patna. Some notable trains passing through the district are Muri express (Jammu Tawi - Delhi - Tata Nagar), Jharkhand Swarna Jayanti Express/12873(Hatia - Kanpur - Delhi), Triveni Express (Bareilly - Lucknow - Shaktinagar/Singrauli/barwadih) Bhopal Express (Bhopal-Howrah) weekly and Shaktipunj Express/11448(Howrah-Bokaro - Chopan- Jabalpur). Intercity Express/03346 (Singrauli- Chopan-Varanasi).

===By road===
Robertsganj, the headquarters of Sonbhadra, is located about {{cvt|88|km}} from the city of [[Varanasi]] which has the nearest airport. Robertsganj is well connected to [[Lucknow]], [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Mirzapur]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Faizabad]], [[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]] [[Sasaram]] & [[Garhwa]] by road. Buses are available at all hours of the day from Varanasi and it normally takes {{fract|2|1|2}} hours to cover the distance. The highway connecting Varanasi and Waidhan passes through the district. Though this is not a national highway it is a very busy road because of the towns Dalla, Renukot, Anpara, Shaktinagar which are sufficiently commercialized areas. National Thermal Power corporation is in Shaktinagar and also Northern Coalfields limited (a subsidiary company of Coal India Ltd) has different projects like Singrauli, Khadia, Jayant, Dudhichua, amlori, Kakri etc. These areas have several major coal mines which cater a big part of the coal need of the state. [[Churk]] a nearby town is situated around {{cvt|10|km}}, where [[Jaypee Group]] is establishing a thermal power project. One of the main reasons this road is always busy is due to daily transport of around 1000 trucks of grits and sand.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,41,964|13=1911|14=2,39,431|15=1921|16=2,39,230|17=1931|18=2,60,445|19=1941|20=2,97,288|21=1951|22=3,36,065|23=1961|24=4,43,174|25=1971|26=5,80,593|27=1981|28=8,00,717|29=1991|30=11,04,210|31=2001|32=15,04,852|33=2011|34=18,62,559|percentages=pagr|source=Census of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sonbhadra district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|5.56}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.09}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Sonbhadra district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,862,559, of which male and female were 971,344 and 891,215 respectively.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Sonbhadra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1294/download/4190/DH_2011_0969_PART_A_DCHB_SONBHADRA.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kosovo]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | title = Country Comparison: Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 |work=The World Factbook |publisher = Central Intelligence Agency | quote = Kosovo 1,825,632 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[West Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011| quote = West Virginia 1,852,994}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 254th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|270|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 27.27%. 16.88% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 22.64% and 20.67% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Sex ratio and child population===
Sonbhadra has a [[sex ratio]] of 996 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males.
In census enumeration, data regarding child undeg age six were also collected for districts Sonbhadra. There were total 323,092 children under age six against 302,834 of 2001 census. Of total 323,092 male and female were 167,870 and 155,222 respectively. Child sex ratio as per census 2011 was 925 compared to 956 of census 2001. In 2011, children under age six formed 17.35 percent of Sonbhadra District compared to 20.69 percent of 2001. There was net change of -3.34 percent in this compared to previous census.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Literacy rate===
[[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 64%. Male and female literacy were 74.92% and 52.14% respectively. Total literate in Sonbhadra District were 985,708 of which male and female were 601,988 and 383,720 respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Language===
{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Sonbhadra district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 83.91 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value2 = 14.57 |color2 = gold
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.52 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 83.91% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]] and 14.57% spoke [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language. Around 5,000 people in the district speak [[Gondi language|Gondi]] and 1,800 [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], both tribal languages.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] is major language in southern part of district while in Northern part, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] is spoken.

===Sonbhadra District urban population===
Out of the total Sonbhadra population for 2011 census, 16.88 percent lives in urban regions of district. In total 314,342 people lives in urban areas of which males are 167,999 and females are 146,343. Sex Ratio in urban region of Sonbhadra district is 871 as per 2011 census data. Similarly child sex ratio in Sonbhadra district was 868 in 2011 census. Child population (0-6) in urban region was 38,169 of which males and females were 20,434 and 17,735. This child population figure of Sonbhadra district is 12.16% of total urban population.there are 11.7% urban people belong to scheduled casts and 3.2% urban people belong to scheduled tribes.

Average literacy rate in Sonbhadra Urban as per census 2011 is 84.31% of which males and females are 90.73% and 76.93% literates respectively.

==Notable people==
'''Politicians'''
*[[Ram Shakal]]
*[[Lalchandra]]
*[[Bhai Lal]]
*[[Chhotelal]]
*[[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
'''Artists'''
*[[Vivek Mushran]] Bollywood actor
*[[Srikant Dwivedi]] Mr. India 2017, Bollywood actor
*[[Anurag Kashyap]] Film director
*[[Abhinav Kashyap]] Film director
*[[Indian Idol#Summary|Saumya Mishra]] Indian Idol season 9 contestant (Singer)
*[[Vartika Jha]] Dancer, Choreographer and Actress, second runner up of [[Dance Plus (season 4)]]
*[[Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri]] Indian Sanskrit Scholar, The [[Government of India]] awarded civilian award [[Padma Shri]] (Literature & Education) in 2019

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://sonbhadra.nic.in}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sonbhadra district
|North = [[Chandauli district]]
|Northeast = [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]] [[Rohtas district]], Bihar
|East = [[Garhwa district]], [[Jharkhand]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Surguja district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Singrauli district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Northwest = [[Mirzapur district]]
}}

{{Sonbhadra district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Mirzapur Division topics}}
{{Son basin}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonbhadra District}}
[[Category:Sonbhadra district| ]]
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]

Salman Bijnori

2026-01-01T03:46:57Z

Effossy: New New Details - done

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar, teacher and editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Salman Bijnori
| image = Salman Bijnori.jpg
| honorific_prefix = [[Mawlana]]
| office1 = Vice-President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] (M)
| term_start1 = May 2022
| predecessor1 =
| office2 = Editor-in-chief of [[Monthly Darul Uloom]]
| term_start2 = December 2016
| predecessor2 = [[Habibur Rahman Azami (scholar, born 1941)|Habibur Rahman Azami]]
| module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=Islam
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1969|4|14}}
|birth_place = [[Sahaspur]], Bijnor district, Uttar Pradesh, India
|birth_name = Muhammad Salman
|alma_mater = {{bulleted list|Jamia Ashraful Uloom Rashīdi, [[Gangoh]]|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]}}
|teachers = {{bulleted list|[[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]]|[[Abdul Haq Azmi]]|[[Nematullah Azmi]]|[[Qamruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri]]|[[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]]|[[Arshad Madani]]|Muhammad Hussain Bihari|Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori|Zubair Ahmad Deobandi}}
|denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
|creed = [[Maturidi]]
|Sufi_order = [[Naqshbandi]]
|disciple_of = [[Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi]]
|occupation = Islamic scholar, teacher, writer, Sufi spiritual guide
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox social media personality
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = SalmanBijnoriOfficial
| youtube_display_name = Salman Bijnori
| youtube_years_active = 2019–present
| youtube_genre = [[Islamic]]
| youtube_subscribers = 42.7 thousand
| youtube_views = 2.88 million
| stats_update = 1 January 2026
}}
}}
'''Salman Bijnori''' (born 14 April 1969), also known as '''Maulana Salman Bijnori''', is an Indian Islamic scholar, senior teacher at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], and editor-in-chief of its monthly journal [[Monthly Darul Uloom|Darul Uloom]]. Affiliated with the [[Naqshbandi]] Sufi order, he is an authorised disciple of [[Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi]]. He also serves as the Vice President of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] (M).<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Executive Council of Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind |url=https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723084006/https://www.jamiat.org.in/ui/national_executive_council/ |archive-date=23 July 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=jamiat.org.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Salman Bijnori was born on 14 April 1969 in [[Sahaspur]], Bijnor district, Uttar Pradesh, into a family of scholars. His father, Saeed Ahmad Qasmi Sahaspuri, was a graduate of Darul Uloom Deoband and a student of [[Hussain Ahmed Madani|Hussain Ahmad Madani]].<ref name="Asānīd">{{cite book |last1=Muzaffarnagari|first1=Muhammad Taslim Aarifi|last2=Saharanpuri|first2=Abdullah Sher Khan|title=Asātizat-u-Dar al-Uloom Wa Asānīduhum Fi al-Hadith|trans-title=Asanīd of Hadith teachers of Darul Uloom|url=https://archive.org/details/20240305_20240305_1203 |publisher=Maktaba al-Haramain|location= [[Deoband]]|date=2023|edition=2nd|page=129|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abbasi|first= Ibn al-Hasan|title= Yaadgar-e-Zamana Shakhsiyaat ka Aḥwaal-e-Muṭāla'a|trans-title=Study of the Biographies of Timeless Personalities|url=https://archive.org/details/yaadgar-e-zamana-shakhsiyyat-ka-ahwaal-e-mutalaa |publisher=Majlis Turāth al-Islam|location=[[Karachi]]|edition=1st|date=October 2020|pages=472–473|language=ur}}</ref>

He memorized the Quran at the age of seven under his father’s guidance and completed foundational Arabic and Islamic studies at home. In 1981, he enrolled at Jamia Ashraf-ul-Uloom, [[Gangoh]], where he studied until his graduation in 1987. He then enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1987 and completed the Dawra-e-Hadith in 1988. His teachers at Darul Uloom Deoband included [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]], [[Abdul Haq Azmi]], [[Nematullah Azami|Nematullah Azmi]], [[Qamruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri]], [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]], Muhammad Hussain Bihari, [[Arshad Madani]], Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori, and Zubair Ahmad Deobandi.{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023|pp=129–132}}<ref name=":Gangoh">{{Cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Khalid Saifullah|editor1-last=Rashidi|editor1-first=Abdul Wajid|editor2-last=Rashidi|editor2-first=Abdus Samad|title=Tadhkira Akābir-e-Gangoh|trans-title=The Biographies of the Elders of Gangoh|url=https://archive.org/details/BESTUBOOKS6008/TAZKIRA_AKABIR_E_GANGOH_VOL_02/page/n561/mode/2up|edition=1st|year=2013|publisher=Dar al-Kutub al-Islamia|location=[[Gangoh]], U.P|page=563|language=ur}}</ref>

Following his graduation, he pursued a specialization in Arabic literature ('Takmil al-Adab al-Arabi') at Darul Uloom Deoband, where he studied under [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]], [[Usman Mansoorpuri]], and [[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]], earning first position in his exams.{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023|p=132}}

== Career ==
After completing his education, Bijnori was appointed as an assistant teacher at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in [[Dhu al-Qadah]] 1409 AH (June 1989). He served in this capacity for two years before moving to Madrasa Faiz-e-Hidayat Rahimi in Raipur, [[Saharanpur district]], where he taught for a year from [[Shawwal]] 1411 AH (April 1991) to [[Sha'ban]] 1412 AH (February 1992).{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023|p=132}}{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=564}} He later taught at [[Madrasa Shahi]] in Moradabad in the Arabic language and literature department from Shawwal 1412 AH to Sha'ban 1414 AH (April 1992 to January 1994). During this time, he also supervised the biweekly wall magazine ''Al-Balagh'', published by the department's students.{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023|p=132}}<ref name=":Nida">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Qasmi |editor1-first=Muhammad Salim|editor2-last=Rashidi|editor2-first=Sayed Akhlad|editor3-last=Mansoorpuri|editor3-first=Muhammad Salman|editor3-link=Salman Mansoorpuri|title=Tareekh-e-Shahi Number|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/nida-e-shahi-shumarah-number-11-12-mohammad-salman-mansurpuri-magazines |journal=Monthly Nida-e-Shahi|date=November–December 1992|volume=4|issue=11–12|pages=600–601|publisher=[[Madrasa Shahi]]|location=[[Moradabad]]|language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=564}}

In 1994 (1414 AH), he was appointed as a permanent faculty member at Darul Uloom Deoband. Later, in 2019 (1440 AH), he was promoted to the position of senior faculty member in the institution.<ref name=":Khalili">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah Khalili |url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame' o Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy |edition=3rd|date=October 2020 |location=Deoband |page=767 |language=ur |trans-title=A comprehensive and brief history of Darul Uloom Deoband |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi}}</ref>{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=564}}<ref name=":AMU">{{Cite web |last= |date=4 September 2021 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband ki Khidmaat-e-Hadith par AMU mein Maulana Salman Bijnori ka Tausee'i Khutba |trans-title=An extension lecture by Maulana Salman Bijnori on the services of Darul Uloom Deoband in the field of Hadith at AMU |url=https://qindeelonline.com/darul-uloom-deoband-ki-khidmat-e-hadees-par-amu-men-maulana-salman-bijnauri-ka-tauseei-khutba/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904174058/https://qindeelonline.com/darul-uloom-deoband-ki-khidmat-e-hadees-par-amu-men-maulana-salman-bijnauri-ka-tauseei-khutba/ |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=Qindeel |language=ur}}</ref> Currently, he teaches advanced Islamic texts such as [[Sunan ibn Majah|Sunan Ibn Mājah]], [[Mishkat al-Masabih]], [[Kitab al-Hamasah|Diwan al-Hamasa]], and [[Mu'allaqat|Sab'a Mu'allaqat]].{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023|p=133}}

Since 2016, he has served as the editor-in-chief of [[Monthly Darul Uloom|Darul Uloom]], the official Urdu monthly journal of Darul Uloom Deoband, succeeding [[Habibur Rahman Azami (scholar, born 1941)|Habibur Rahman Azami]].<ref name=": Khursheed">{{Cite web |last=Qasmi |first=Khursheed Alam Dawood |date=28 July 2021 |title=Prolific Writer and Popular Teacher: Maulana Habibur Rahman Azami Qasmi |url=https://millattimes.com/opinion-prolific-writer-and-popular-teacher-maulana-habibur-rahman-azmi-qasmi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930020115/https://millattimes.com/opinion-prolific-writer-and-popular-teacher-maulana-habibur-rahman-azmi-qasmi/ |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=Millat Times |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|p=472}}<ref name=":AMU"/>

In 2022, he was elected Vice President of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] (M), where he contributes to the organization’s socio-religious initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2022 |title=Sehaspur mein Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind ke husn-e-intikhab ki sataish |trans-title=Praise for the excellence of the election of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in Sehaspur |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/81837 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809072754/https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/81837 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Millat Times}}</ref>

He is an authorized disciple of [[Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi]] in the [[Naqshbandi]] Sufi order.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Safdar |first=Muhammad Alqama |date=29 November 2023 |title=Peer Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi Mujaddidi Damat Barakatuh: Zindagi ka Safar |trans-title=Peer Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi Mujaddidi (May His Blessings Be Upon Him): The Journey of His Life |url=https://sailerawan.com/elementor-8373/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203132724/https://sailerawan.com/elementor-8373/?amp=1 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Sail-e-Rawān |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=19 May 2015 |title=Maulana Salman Bijnori ka daura |trans-title=Maulana Salman Bijnori's visit |url=https://archive.urdu.siasat.com/news/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81-761677/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207094621/https://archive.urdu.siasat.com/news/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81-761677/ |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=ur}}</ref>

== Political views ==
Bijnori expressed his views on the role of madrasas, stating that the purpose of madrasas is to train scholars, not to produce doctors or engineers. He urged the government to support Muslim schools that provide non-religious education but refrain from interfering with the traditional role of madrasas. He also opposed the chanting of "[[Vande Mataram]]," stating that while Islam teaches Muslims to love their homeland, it does not permit the worship of any country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haq |first=Zia |date=3 November 2009 |title=Darul Uloom no to madrasa board |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/darul-no-to-madrasa-board/story-wVgU2C7Y4B8W5VElqHsDCM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206073453/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/darul-no-to-madrasa-board/story-wVgU2C7Y4B8W5VElqHsDCM.html |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]
* [[Salman Mansoorpuri]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijnori, Salman}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]

Manikaran

2025-12-05T08:53:33Z

Effossy: further expand layout for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Hot springs town in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

'''Manikaran''' is a town located in the [[Parvati Valley]] on river [[Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)|Parvati]], northeast of [[Bhuntar]] in the [[Kullu District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. It is at an altitude of 1760 m and is located 4 km from [[Kasol]], about 45 km from [[Kullu]] and about 35 km from [[Bhunter|Bhuntar]]. The small town is known for its [[Manikaran hot springs|hot springs]] and pilgrim centres of [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] and [[Kullu]]. An experimental [[geothermal energy]] plant has also been set up here.

[[File:Gurdwara at Manikarn.jpg|thumb|Gurudwara at Manikarn]]
[[File:Manikaran.jpg|thumb|right|Manikaran]]
[[File:Outer view of the temple's hot water well and the parvati river flowing by it.jpg|thumb|Outer view of the Manikaran temple and Manikaran Sahib [[gurudwara]] located at Manikaran featuring the hot water well and the Parvati river flowing past.]]

==Religious centre==
Manikaran is a pilgrimage centre for [[Hindus]] and [[Sikhs]]. The Hindus believe that [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] recreated human life in Manikaran after the flood, making it a sacred area. It has many temples and a [[gurdwara]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/india/himachalpradesh/manikaran
|title=Manikaran Travel Guide
|publisher=
|accessdate=2006-09-23
}}</ref>
There are temples of the Hindu deities [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], and [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.himachalpradesh.us/gods/shiva.php
|title=Lord Shiva, the principle deity of Himachal Pradesh
|publisher=
|accessdate=2006-09-23
}}</ref> The area is well known for its hot springs<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.himachalpradesh.us/geography/himachal_hot_springs.php
|title=Hot Springs in Himachal Pradesh
|publisher=
|accessdate=2006-09-23
}}</ref> and its beautiful landscape.

According to legend, when the Hindu gods [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] were walking in the valley, Parvati dropped one of her earrings. The jewel was seized by [[Shesha]], the serpent deity, who then disappeared into the earth with it. Shesha only surrendered the jewel when Shiva performed the cosmic dance, the [[Tandava]], and shot the jewel up through the water. Apparently, jewels continued to be thrown up in the waters at Manikaran until the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<ref>Minakshi Chaudhry, Destination Himachal, p. 208. Rupa and Co. Publ. (2006) {{ISBN|81-291-0715-5}}</ref>

==Sikh belief==
[[File:ManikaranGurdwara.JPG|thumb|Manikaran gurdwara]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
According to the [[Sikhs]], during [[Udasis|third Udasi]], the founder of Sikhism, [[Guru Nanak]], came to this place in 15 Asu 1574 Bikrami with his disciple [[Bhai Mardana]]. Mardana felt hungry and they had no food. Guru Nanak sent Mardana to collect food for the [[langar (Sikhism)|langar]] (the community kitchen). Many people donated ''[[Atta flour|atta]]'' (flour) to make ''[[roti]]'' (bread). The one problem was that there was no fire to cook the food. Guru Nanak asked Mardana to lift a stone and he complied and a hot spring appeared. As directed by Guru Nanak, Mardana put the rolled [[chapatis]] in the spring, but to his despair, the chapatis sank. Guru Nanak then told him to pray to God saying that if his chapatis float back then he would donate one chapati in His name. When he prayed all the chapatis started floating up duly baked. Guru Nanak said that when anyone who donates in the name of God, his drowned items float back.

==Hindu belief==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
The [[legend]] of Manikaran says that while walking around, Shiva and Parvati once chanced upon a lush green place surrounded by mountains. Enamoured by the beauty of the place, they decided to spend some time there. It is believed that they actually spent eleven hundred years here.

During their stay, Parvati lost her earring in the waters of a stream. Upset over the loss, she asked Shiva to retrieve it. Shiva commanded his attendant to find the earring for Parvati. However, when they failed, he was extremely angry. He opened his third eye, a tremendously inauspicious event which led to disturbances in the universe. An appeal was made before the serpent god, [[Shesha]], to pacify Shiva. Sheshnag hissed, thereby giving rise to a flow of boiling water. The water spread over the entire area, resulting in the emergence of precious stones of the type Parvati had lost, and Shiva and Parvati were happy.

==Hindu temples at Manikaran==

===Lord Ram Chandra Ji Temple===
'''History'''
The temple was constructed by [[Raja Jagat Singh]] in the 15th century.
It is at an altitude of 1756 m and is located about 35 km from Kullu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps elevation for a route |url=https://www.doogal.co.uk/RouteElevation.php |access-date=2017-09-19 |website=www.doogal.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

It is claimed that even before 1905, these hot water springs, sprang with full force, making an 11 to 14 feet high fountain. The temperature of different springs at Manikaran is 64 to 80 °C . There is no sulphur in these springs.
Food is cooked in these springs. Bathing here is considered a balm for arthritis.

===Temple of Shiva===
However, an earthquake in 1905 caused damage to the temple and it was slightly tilted. The importance of Manikaran is also judged from the fact that [[deva (Hinduism)|devas]] of Kullu valley pay regular visit to this place on specified dates.<ref>[http://www.gurudwarasahibmanikaran.org/index.php Official Website of Gurudwara Sahib Manikaran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203212404/http://www.gurudwarasahibmanikaran.org/index.php |date=3 February 2014 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Manikaran Gurdwara, a Holy place for Shikhs at Manikaran 01.jpg|Bridge of Manikaran Gurdwara
Upstream view of Parwati river from Manikaran.jpg|Upstream view of Parwati river from Manikaran
Diners at Manikaran Gurdwara.jpg|Traditional feeding (Langar) of visitors at Manikaran
Hot springs at Manikaran,Himachal Pradesh.jpg|Tourists and pilgrims having a bath in a hot spring
Manikaran view from Shiva Temple.jpg|Manikaran viewed from Shiva temple
Manikaran Vashnu temple.JPG|[[Shiv Parvati]] Temple at Manikaran
Manikaran Gurdwara, a Holy place for Shikhs at Manikaran 16.jpg|Outer view of Manikaran Gurdwara
</gallery>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.kasol.net/p/manikaran.html MANIKARAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226182325/https://www.kasol.net/p/manikaran.html |date=26 December 2017 }}
* [https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g297618-d1590585-Reviews-Manikaran_Gurudwara-Manali_Manali_Tehsil_Kullu_District_Himachal_Pradesh.html Manikaran Gurudwara] at [[TripAdvisor]]

[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kullu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kullu district]]
[[Category:Hot springs of India]]
[[Category:Villages in Kullu district]]

Vere Level Office

2025-11-21T07:15:15Z

Effossy:

{{Short description|2024 Indian-Telugu language workplace comedy sitcom streaming television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vere Level Office.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| native_name =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Workplace comedy]]
* [[Suspense]]
* [[Sitcom]]
}}
| director =
| writer =
| creator =
| producer = Varun Chowdary Gogineni
| starring = Mirchi Kiran RJ Kajal
| country = India
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 42
| language = Telugu
| music = Ajay Arasada
| cinematography = Chintapally Pradeep Reddy
| editor = Subbu Polisetty
| runtime =
| company =
| network = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|12|12}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Vera Maari Office]]''
}}

'''''Vere Level Office''''' ({{translation|Different Office}}) is an Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[workplace comedy]] [[sitcom]] [[streaming television]] series directed by E. Satti Babu starring Mirchi Kiran and RJ Kajal. The series first aired on [[aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 12 December 2024 and is a remake of the Tamil series ''[[Vera Maari Office]]''.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Mirchi Kiran as HR Subhramanya Sastry
*RJ Kajal as Nisha
*Vasanthika
*Subhasree Biswas
*Swathi Chowdary
*Ravi Shiva Teja
*Mahesh Vitta
*Ramana Bhargava
*Akhil Vivaan
*P. Mahendar
*Raja Vikram
*Akhil Sarthak
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote, "Vere Level Office is a delightful watch for those looking for a lighthearted series filled with humor and relatable office drama. With its engaging characters and promising storyline, it strikes a chord with both youth and corporate audiences".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/vere-level-office-review-a-refreshing-take-on-corporate-life-with-humor-and-heart-929984|title='Vere Level Office' Review: A Refreshing Take on Corporate Life with Humor and Heart|first=Kausalya|last=Rachavelpula|date=15 December 2024|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> Regarding episodes 1-3, a critic from ''[[OTTplay]]'' wrote, "The series and its characters take time to grow on you, but once they do, they begin to make sense. It’s too early to judge the show fully, as more episodes are set to release regularly".<ref>https://www.ottplay.com/news/vere-level-office-episodes-1-2-and-3-review-takes-time-to-grow-on-you/39c9fb414b40</ref> Regarding episode 4, a critic from ''The Hans India'' wrote, "Overall, Episode 4 feels like a feel-good, well-rounded entry in the series. It’s funny, engaging, and even a little thought-provoking".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/vere-level-office-episode-4-review-fun-emotions-and-a-hint-of-drama-930834|title='Vere Level Office' Episode 4 Review: Fun, Emotions, and a Hint of Drama|first=Kausalya|last=Rachavelpula|date=18 December 2024|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|34748957}}
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2020s workplace comedy television series]]
[[Category:2020s comedy television series]]

P. Arasan

2025-10-20T21:50:26Z

Effossy: added a details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
'''P. Arasan''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Aranthangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-05-17 |title=Former MLA brandishes sickle during an event near Avudaiyarkoil; video goes viral |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/former-mla-brandishes-sickle-during-an-event-near-avudaiyarkoil-video-goes-viral/article69587423.ece |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was a candidate of the [[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MADMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatisticalReport-TN01.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatisticalReport-TN01.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]

2004 in India

2025-10-05T02:23:51Z

Effossy: expanded content

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{year in India|2004}}
Events in the year '''2004 in the Republic of India'''.

==Incumbents==
* [[President of India]]: [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]]: [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] to 22 May [[Manmohan Singh]]
* [[Vice President of India]] - [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
* [[Chief Justice of India]] –
** until 2 May – [[V. N. Khare]]
** 2 May-1 June – [[S. Rajendra Babu]]
** starting 1 June – [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]

===Governors===
* [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] – [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] (until 4 November), [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] (starting 4 November)
* [[List of governors of Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]] – V.C. Pande till 15, DECEMBER, 2004 and Shilendra Kumar Singh from 16, DECEMBER, 2004
* [[List of governors of Assam|Assam]] – [[Ajai Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Bihar|Bihar]] –
** until 31 October: [[Rama Jois|M. R. Jois]]
** 1 November-4 November: [[Ved Marwah]]
** starting 4 November: [[Buta Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]] – [[Krishna Mohan Seth]]
* [[List of governors of Goa|Goa]] –
** until 2 July: [[Kidar Nath Sahani]]
** 2 July-16 July: [[Mohammed Fazal]]
** starting 16 July: [[S. C. Jamir]]
* [[List of governors of Gujarat|Gujarat]] –
** until 2 July: [[Kailashpati Mishra]]
** 2 July-24 July: [[Balram Jakhar]]
** starting 24 July: [[Nawal Kishore Sharma]]
* [[List of governors of Haryana|Haryana]] –
** until 1 July: [[Babu Parmanand]]
** 2 July-7 July: [[Om Prakash Verma]]
** starting 24 July: [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]
* [[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] – [[Vishnu Sadashiv Kokje]]
* [[List of governors of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]] – [[Ved Marwah]] (until 9 December), [[Syed Sibtey Razi]] (starting 9 December)
* [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]] – [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha|S. K. Sinha]]
* [[List of governors of Karnataka|Karnataka]] – [[T. N. Chaturvedi]]
* [[List of governors of Kerala|Kerala]] –
** until 23 February: [[Sikander Bakht]]
** 23 February-23 June: [[T. N. Chaturvedi]]
** starting 23 June: [[R. L. Bhatia]]
* [[List of governors of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] –
** until 1 May: [[Ram Prakash Gupta]]
** 1 May-2 May: [[Krishna Mohan Seth]]
** 2 May-21 June: [[Balram Jakhar]]
* [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] – [[Mohammed Fazal]] (until 5 December), [[S.M. Krishna]] (starting 12 December)
* [[List of governors of Manipur|Manipur]] – [[Arvind Dave]] (until 5 August), [[Shivinder Singh Sidhu]] (starting 5 August)
* [[List of governors of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]] – [[M.M. Jacob]]
* [[List of governors of Mizoram|Mizoram]] – [[Amolak Rattan Kohli]]
* [[List of governors of Nagaland|Nagaland]] – [[Shyamal Datta]]
* [[List of governors of Odisha|Odisha]] – [[M. M. Rajendran]] (until 17 November), [[Rameshwar Thakur]] (starting 17 November)
* [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Punjab]] –
** until 3 November: [[Om Prakash Verma]]
** 3 November-16 November: [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]
** starting 16 November: [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]]
* [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] –
** until 14 January: [[Kailashpati Mishra]]
** 14 January-1 November: [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
** 1 November-8 November: [[T. V. Rajeswar]]
** starting 8 November: [[Pratibha Patil]]
* [[List of governors of Sikkim|Sikkim]] – [[V. Rama Rao]]
* [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] – [[P. S. Ramamohan Rao]] (until 2 November), [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] (starting 2 November)
* [[List of governors of Tripura|Tripura]] – [[Dinesh Nandan Sahay]]
* [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] –
** until 2 July: [[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]
** 3 July-7 July: [[Sudarshan Agrawal]]
** starting 7 July: [[T. V. Rajeswar]]
* [[List of governors of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]] – [[Sudarshan Agarwal]] (starting 7 January)
* [[List of governors of West Bengal|West Bengal]] – [[Viren J. Shah]] (until 14 December), [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]] (starting 14 December)

==Events==
* National income - {{INR}}31,863,319 million

=== January - June ===
* 17 January – The national executive of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) meets at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].
* 17 January – [[P.A. Sangma]] quits the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and decides to ally with the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]].
* 28 January – BJP president [[Venkaiah Naidu]] elected for three-year term.
* 28 January – The [[Border Security Force]] busts a hideout of pro-Pakistan [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] in Pulwama District of south [[Kashmir]] and recovers a "huge quantity" of ammunition and explosives. Acting on a tip-off, the security personnel raided the hideout at Remu village in the early hours and recovered around 12,000 rounds of AK ammunition, 2.5 kg [[RDX]] and three [[grenade]]s according to a [[Border Security Force]] spokesman.
* 28 January – Commerce minister [[Arun Jaitley]] announced the Cabinet decision to free gold and silver imports from all restrictions.
* 28 January – The [[Lucknow]] bench of the [[High Courts of India|Allahabad High Court]] fixed 23 February for further hearing of the revision petition filed against deputy prime minister L. K. Advani's discharge in the [[Babri Masjid]] demolition case by a special [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] court at Rae Bareli.
* 29 January – [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]] meets [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) leader [[Karunanidhi]] to finalise their electoral pact which also includes the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) and the Left parties in the state.
* 7 February-15 February – [[Kala Ghoda festival]]
* 18 February - Karnataka khadi gramodyoga samyukta sangha (kkgss) becomes the official flag maker of India.
* 4 March – The [[Maharashtra Pollution Control Board]] (MPCB) refused to clear a project of [[Pepsi]] to expand their plant to triple production in [[Chembur]], [[Mumbai]] on the grounds that the expansion will have a polluting effect on the environment.
* 6 April – The biggest ever [[India|Indo]] -French naval exercise [[Varuna 2004]] gets underway off the coast of [[Goa]].
* 20 April – First phase of polling for [[2004 Indian general elections|fourteenth]] [[Lok Sabha]] elections covering 141 constituencies.
* 26 April – Second phase of polling for [[2004 Indian general elections|fourteenth]] [[Lok Sabha]] elections covering 137 constituencies.
* 5 May – Third phase of polling for [[2004 Indian general elections|fourteenth]] [[Lok Sabha]] elections covering 83 constituencies.
* 7 May - [[Rabinder Singh (intelligence officer)|Rabinder Singh an Indian intelligence officer]] and [[Double agent]] of [[Central Intelligence Agency]] escaped via [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-05 |title=The Vanished Spies |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-vanished-spies/224695 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref>
* 10 May – Fourth and last phase of polling for [[2004 Indian general elections|fourteenth]] [[Lok Sabha]] elections covering 182 constituencies.
* 13 May – Results for the [[2004 Indian general elections|fourteenth]] [[Lok Sabha]] elections announced, the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) loses, as the [[Indian National Congress]] wins a surprise victory.
* [[File:Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in March 2014.jpg|thumb|151x151px|[[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] sworn in as the Prime Minister.]]20 May – Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] sworn in as the new [[prime minister of India]], after Congress forms the [[United Progressive Alliance]] with the Left parties.
* 1 June – Justice [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]] appointed [[Chief Justice of India]].
* 22 June - [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/SSC-results-on-June-22/articleshow/741456.cms Maharashtra SSC results] were announced on June 22 at 3 pm. Shri Saraswati Bhuvan High School, Chatrapati Sambhajinagar (previously known as Aurangabad) was one of the top performing school in Maharashtra.

=== July - December ===
* 14 July – [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], amidst walkouts by the opposition in both houses orders a high-level departmental inquiry into the [[Godhra tragedy]] in 2002.
* 15 July – [[Maninder Pal Singh Kohli]], prime accused in the high-profile rape and murder of British teenager Hannah Foster is arrested by [[West Bengal]] police in Darjeeling District while trying to flee to [[Nepal]].
* 18 July – [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) chief [[Vinay Katiyar]] resigns from his post on the direction of the party high command.
* 28 July – Maninder Pal Singh Kohli admits to having raped and murdered British teenager Hannah Foster in an interview to a private television channel.
* 1 August – The [[senior citizen savings scheme]] offering a "high" nine percent taxable return is expected to be launched.
* 31 August – Union minister [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]'s brother Ghulam Abbas Azad is attacked by terrorists, seriously injuring his security guard in Doda District of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
* 1 September – The [[High Courts of India|Bombay High Court]] passes interim orders restraining [[television channel]]s from broadcasting "any adult TV programme and film without an appropriate certificate from the Indian [[censor board]]."
* 10 September – [[Lord Vaibhav M.B]]. was born.
* 15 October - [[Rajat Kumar]] was born
* 17 October – [[2004 Maharashtra assembly elections|Assembly elections]] Congress and alliance win Maharashtra election [[Maharashtra]].
* 17 October – After the loss in [[Maharashtra]] assembly election BJP president [[Venkaiah Naidu]] quits, [[L. K. Advani|Advani]] to lead BJP.
* 18 October – Bandit [[Veerappan]] Killed by Tamil Nadu and Karnataka Special Task Force members at a checkpost, when the bandit was travelling in an ambulance driven by disguised policeman as driver.
* 11 November – [[Shankaracharya of Kanchi]] [[Jayendra Saraswathi]] is arrested on charges of murdering a temple manager.
* 20 November – Policemen and soldiers recover 300 kg of [[RDX]] from a grocery store near [[Anantnag]].
* 25 November – The Indian [[political party]] [[Congress Jananayaka Peravai]] merges into the [[Indian National Congress]].
* 27 November – [[Lieutenant General]] [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]] is named the next [[Chief of the Army Staff of Indian Army]]. He will succeed General [[N C Vij]] when he retires on 31 January.
* 21 December – [[Zahira Sheikh]], key witness in [[Best Bakery case]] is declared [[hostile witness|hostile]] by the prosecution after she went back on her police statement during the retrial.
* 26 December – [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|The largest earthquake in 40 years]] originates from the [[Indian Ocean]] off the west coast of [[Sumatra]] island in Indonesia, measuring 9.3 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and creating [[tsunami]] waves that sweep across much of the coastlines of [[South Asia]]. More than 18,000 reported killed in India and 280,000 across the globe.

==Arts and literature==
* 12 November – [[Veer-Zaara]] is released in Indian cinemas and is a huge blockbuster.

==Sport==
* 28 January – Former [[all-rounder]] [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] appointed coach of the under-19 Indian [[cricket]] team for the [[junior World Cup]] to be played in [[Bangladesh]] in April.
* 24 March – India win the ODI [[cricket]] series in Pakistan.
* 2 April – India win the 1st Test Match.
* 10 October – Australia wins [[First Test Match]] between India and Australia by 217 runs.
* 18 October – [[Second Test Match]] between India and Australia drawn because of rain.

==Births==
* 4 May – [[Ashnoor Kaur]], actor
* 27 November - [[Anikha Surendran]], actress

==Deaths==
* 9 January – [[Nissim Ezekiel]], poet, playwright and art critic (b. 1924).
* 31 January – [[Suraiya]], actress and singer (b. 1929).
* 23 February
** [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]], [[filmmaker]], [[film producer|producer]], [[screen writer]], [[film editing|editor]] and actor (b. 1934).
** [[Sikander Bakht]], politician (b. 1918).
* 24 February - [[Rajiv Goswami]], [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|Anti - Mandal protester]] (b.1971)
* 26 February – [[Shankarrao Chavan]], politician and twice [[Chief Minister]] of [[Maharashtra]] (b. 1920).
* 5 March – [[Jaggayya]], actor (b. 1928).
* 7 April – [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]], [[Odissi]] dancer and guru (b. 1926).
* 17 April – [[Soundarya]], actress (b. 1971).
* 27 April – [[J. V. Somayajulu]], actor (b. 1928).
* 1 May – [[Ram Prakash Gupta]], [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] and governor of [[Madhya Pradesh]] (b. 1923).
* 16 May – [[Kamala Markandaya]], novelist and journalist (b. 1924).
* 19 May – [[E. K. Nayanar]], politician and three times [[Chief Minister]] of [[Kerala]] (b. 1919).
* 2 June –
** [[Dom Moraes]], poet, writer and columnist (b. 1938).
** [[Shrikant Jichkar]], politician (b. 1954).
* 26 June – [[Yash Johar]], film producer (b. 1929).
* 14 July – [[Swami Kalyandev]], supercentenarian (b. 1876).
* 23 July – [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]], actor, director and producer (b. 1932).
* 29 July – [[Nafisa Joseph]], model, [[MTV]] [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]], [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] 1997 (b. 1979).
* 31 July – [[Allu Rama Lingaiah]], actor (b. 1922).
* 2 August – [[V. Balakrishnan (author)|V. Balakrishnan]], writer and translator (b. 1932).
* 15 August – [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]], politician and [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] (b. 1941).
* 23 September – [[Raja Ramanna]], nuclear scientist (b. 1925).
* 28 September – [[Mulk Raj Anand]], [[Indian writing in English|novelist in English]] (b. 1905).
* 29 September – [[Balamani Amma]], poet (b. 1909).
* 11 October – [[Gulshan Rai]], film producer and distributor (b. 1924).
* 13 October – [[Nirupa Roy]], actress (b. 1931).
* 18 October – [[Veerappan]], bandit (b. 1952).
* 11 December – [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], [[Carnatic music|Carnatic singer]] (b. 1916).
* 16 December – [[Laxmikant Berde]], comic actor (b. 1954).
* 18 December – [[Vijay Hazare]], cricketer (b. 1915).
* 23 December – [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], politician, 9th [[Prime Minister of India]] (b. 1921).

==Observances==
The following events which are observed according to the [[Hindu]] calendar were observed on the following dates in 2004.
* [[Basant Panchami]] – 26 January
* [[Maha Shivratri]] – 18 February
* [[Holi]] – 6 March
* [[Ram Navami]] – 30 March
* [[Raksha Bandhan]] – 30 August
* [[Janmashtami]] – 7 September
* [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] – 18 September
* [[Vijayadashami|Dassera]] – 22 October
* [[Deepavali]] – 12 November

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Bollywood films of 2004]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Years in India}}
{{Asia topic|2004 in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2004 In India}}
[[Category:2004 in India| ]]
[[Category:Years of the 21st century in India]]
[[Category:2004 by country|India]]

Sifan, Jammu and Kashmir

2025-09-27T12:35:02Z

Effossy: New Page - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sifan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = [[List of villages in India|Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7458|75.0887|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = {{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
| area_total_ha = 86.2
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web |title=Shalwan Pora Population - Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir |website=Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3711-shalwan-pora-jammu-and-kashmir.html |accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref>
| population_total = 1,438
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020| url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192101
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sifan ''' is a village in [[Anantnag]] tehsil in [[Anantnag district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
According to Census 2011 information, the location code or village code of Sifan village is 003662. Sifan village is located in Anantnag tehsil of Anantnag district in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is situated {{cvt|9|km}} away from Anantnag, which is both district & sub-district headquarter of Sifan village.

The total geographical area of village is {{cvt|86.2|ha}}. Sifan has a total population of 1,438 peoples. There are about 205 houses in Sifan village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sifan Population - Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir |website=Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3662-sifan-jammu-and-kashmir.html |accessdate=7 November 2016}}</ref> Anantnag is nearest town to Sifan which is approximately {{cvt|8|km}} away.

==Transport==

===By Rail===
[[Sadura Railway Station]] and [[Anantnag Railway Station]] are the very near by railway stations to Sifan. However [[Jammu Tawi]] railway station is major railway station {{cvt|243|km}} near to Sifan.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Villages in Anantnag district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantnag district]]

Dalmandi

2025-09-23T14:30:47Z

Effossy: stub...

{{orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Market in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Dalmandi''' (meaning '''Lentil Market'''), officially known as ''Hakim Mohammad Jafar Marg'' is one of the largest markets of [[Varanasi]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Mansi |date=2022-07-16 |title=Dalmandi: A Perfect Place for the Shopaholics |url=https://travelxamp.com/dalmandi-shopping-varanasi/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Travel Xamp |language=en-US}}</ref> spanning from Beniyabagh to Chowk Police Station near [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/travel/malls-and-shopping-centers/top-10-shopping-spots-in-varanasi-you-can-t-miss/ar-AA1uQtyn#:~:text=A%20hub%20for%20wholesale%20clothing,%20Dal%20Mandi%20Market,fashion%20lovers%20seeking%20high-quality%20products%20at%20affordable%20prices. |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Those who come to hear the name of Dal Mandi the biggest market of Purvanchal are often confused |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-those-who-come-to-hear-the-name-of-dal-mandi-the-biggest-market-of-purvanchal-are-often-confused-22031580.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is located in [[Purvanchal]]<ref name=":0" /> and is mostly run by [[Muslims]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Nikhat |date=2024-12-28 |title=Dalmandi: The Soul of Banaras Faces a Threat – A Struggle to Preserve Cultural Heritage, Livelihoods and Identity |url=https://twocircles.net/2024dec28/450995.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable/qualified to make this claim ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=January 2025}}
[[File:Dalmandi.png|thumb|Dalmandi]]
In the Dalmandi area of Varanasi, [[Merchant|merchants]] historically engaged in the trade of [[Lentil|lentils]] and attended performances by [[Tawaif|Tawaifs]], who performed music and dance in the evenings. Over time, the variety of lentils traded in the area decreased, although the practice of performances by the ''Tawaifs'' in the Kothas continued.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The famous Dalmandi, which was made by the British as the 'Dolmandi' of tawaifs |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/web-stories/india/how-dalmandi-varanasi-became-dol-mandi-of-courtesans-tawaif-heeramandi-real-story-1719248565481 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=DNA India |language=hi}}</ref> It is believed, during the British Raj, the strategy to expel the British from India were considered in the ''Kothas'' of Rajeshwar Bai, [[Jaddanbai|Jaddan Bai]] and [[Rasoolan Bai]], located in the same area.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Varanasi: 10,000 shops in Varanasi's Dalmandi market will be demolished, Kashi Vishwanath's road will be widened |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/shops-of-dalmandi-market-of-varanasi-will-be-demolished-way-to-kashi-vishwanath-will-be-widened/articleshow/116555412.cms |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> [[Bismillah Khan|Ustad Bismillah Khan]] lived in this area as well.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

The city plans to demolish around 10,000 shops in Dalmandi to widen the eight ft-wide road to twenty-three ft in order to make the way easier for the devotees going to [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]. This will reduce the distance of the temple from 2.5 km to 1 km.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-17 |title=10,000 shops to be demolished in Banaras's Dalmandi: Road to be widened, 150 meters away from Vishwanath Corridor, CM eyes project - Varanasi News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/news/10-thousand-shops-in-dal-mandi-of-varanasi-will-be-demolished-134138253.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231153910/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/news/10-thousand-shops-in-dal-mandi-of-varanasi-will-be-demolished-134138253.html |archive-date=31 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Retail markets in India]]
[[Category:Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Culture of Varanasi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi district]]

Kamala Sankaran

2025-09-01T09:27:13Z

Effossy: started stub

{{short description|Indian legal academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Kamala Sankaran''' is a legal academic, and currently a professor of law at [[National Law School of India University]], Bengaluru. She has also been the vice-chancellor of [[Tamil Nadu National Law University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tnnls.ac.in/Faculty/vcwriteup.php|title=.:: Tamil Nadu National Law University::. {{!}} Hostels, national law University Trichy, national law college trichy, National Law University of India University, Tamilnadu, TNNLU, TNNLU|last=University|first=Tamil Nadu National Law|website=tnnls.ac.in|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-11-30|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117224001/http://tnnls.ac.in/Faculty/vcwriteup.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has served as a member of the Working Group on Migration, set up by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation]], Government of India;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158769|title=A Government Panel recommends legal framework for protection of interests of migrants in the country|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-30}}</ref> and on the Delhi High Court Legal Service Committee and the Delhi State Legal Services Authority.

== Education ==
Sankaran obtained an undergraduate degree in law (LLB) and master's of law (LLM) from the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] in 1982 and 1985, respectively. She obtained a PhD from the [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] in 1999.

== Academic career ==
Sankaran has taught at the Faculty of Law, [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Milia Islamia]], [[Indian Law Institute]] and Campus Law Centre, [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legallyindia.com/lawschools/tnnls-to-appoint-du-prof-kamala-sankaran-as-vc-20161207-8154|title=TNNLS to appoint DU Prof Kamala Sankaran as VC|last=Ganz|first=Kian|website=www.legallyindia.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-11-30}}</ref>

She currently teaches at the [[National Law School of India University|National Law School of Indian University, Bengaluru]] where she is a Professor of Law, Ford Foundation Chair in Public Interest Law. Additionally, she is the Dean of the university's research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Kamala Sankaran |url=https://www.nls.ac.in/faculty/dr-kamala-sankaran/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=National Law School of India University |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* Sankaran, Kamala; Dupper, Ockert eds. (2014). ''Affirmative Action: A View from the Global South.'' Stellenbosch: Sun Press. {{ISBN|978-1-920689-46-9}}.
* Sankaran, Kamala; Fudge, Judy; McCrystal, Shae eds. (2012). ''Challenging the Legal Boundaries of Work Regulation.'' Oxford: [[Hart Publishing]]. {{ISBN|9781849462792}}.
* Sankaran, Kamala. (2009). ''Freedom of Association in India and International Labour Standards.'' Nagpur: LexisNexis. {{ISBN|9788180385131}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankaran, Kamala}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Indian legal scholars]]
[[Category:Indian women jurists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]

62nd Punjabis

2025-08-27T20:25:38Z

Effossy: improved references after review and updated info for accuracy

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=62nd Punjabis
| image=62nd Punjabis Indian Army.jpg
| image_size =
|caption=
|dates=1903–1922
|country={{flagicon|East India Company}}[[Company Raj|Company-ruled India]] {{flag|British India}}
|branch={{army|Madras Presidency}} {{army|British India}}
|type=Infantry
|size=1 Battalion
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=Field Marshal Sir [[Claude Auchinleck]], GCB, GCIE, CSI, DSO, OBE
|nickname=Mootoo Naik ki Paltan
|motto=
|colors=Red; faced green
|colors_label=Uniform
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[Battle of Wandiwash]] 1860 Siege of [[Madura]] 1763 [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] 1767–69 Capture of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] 1778 [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] 1780–84 [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] 1789–92 [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second Mahratta War]] 1803–06 [[Travancore War]] 1809 [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Mahratta War]] 1817–19 [[Coorg War]] 1834 [[First Anglo-Chinese War|First China War]] 1839–42 Chin Lushai Expedition 1889–90 [[First World War]] 1914–18<ref name="Qureshi 1958">Qureshi, Maj MI. (1958). ''The First Punjabis: History of the First Punjab Regiment 1759–1956''. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.</ref>
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}
The '''62nd Punjabis''' was an infantry regiment of the [[British Indian Army]]. It was raised in 1759 as the 3rd Battalion of Coast Sepoys, and formed part of the [[Madras Army]]. It was designated as the 62nd Punjabis in 1903 and became 1st Battalion [[1st Punjab Regiment]] in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the [[Pakistan Army]], where it continues to exist as '''1st battalion, [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]'''. It is the senior-most surviving infantry battalion of the British Indian Army.<ref name="Qureshi 1958"/>

== History ==

===Early history===
The regiment had its antecedents in the old [[Madras Army]] of the British [[East India Company]], which was largely responsible for the British conquest of south and central [[India]]. It was raised at [[Chennai|Madras]] in September 1759, as the 3rd Battalion of Coast Sepoys from existing companies of sepoys that had been raised a year earlier. The men were mostly enlisted from South India and consisted of Muslims and Hindus. The regiment was actively engaged in the wars against the French, [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] and the [[Marathas]]. Their first major engagement was the decisive [[Battle of Wandiwash]] in 1760, which ended French colonial ambitions in India. This was followed by forty years of [[Anglo-Mysore Wars|constant warfare against the Sultans of Mysore]], and then the Marathas chieftains. In the [[Second Maratha War]] of 1803–05, the regiment fought in the [[Battle of Assaye]] under General [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], the future Duke of Wellington. Its performance at Assaye was much appreciated and it was permitted to display the word "Assaye" with the device of an elephant on their colours and appointments. It was again engaged against the Marathas during the [[Third Maratha War]] of 1817–19, which decisively broke the Maratha power in India. In 1840, the regiment took part in the [[First Anglo-Chinese War]], where it again performed well and as a reward, was authorized to bear a golden dragon wearing the imperial crown upon its [[regimental colours]]. In the latter part of the 19th century, the regiment did not see much action, although it saw active service in [[Burma]].<ref name="Qureshi 1958"/>

===62nd Punjabis===
In 1902, the regiment, now designated as the 2nd Madras Infantry, was reconstituted with Punjabi Muslims, [[Sikh]]s and [[Rajput]]s. Next year, as a result of the [[Kitchener Reforms|reforms]] brought about in the Indian Army by [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], all Madras units had 60 added to their numbers, and the regiment's designation was changed to 62nd Punjabis. During the [[First World War]], the 62nd Punjabis were sent to [[Egypt]] as part of the [[10th Indian Division]] to protect the [[Suez Canal]]. The regiment played a major role in repulsing the [[Raid on the Suez Canal|Turkish offensive]] of 1915. After operating in the British colony of [[Aden]] later that year, they arrived in [[Mesopotamian Campaign|Mesopotamia]] on 31 December 1915. Here, they were engaged in fierce fighting on the [[Tigris]] Front, as the British made desperate efforts to raise the [[Siege of Kut|Siege of Kut al Amara]], and later, during the British advance northwards. The regiment took part in the Battles of [[Battle of Hanna|Hanna]], [[Battle of Dujaila Redoubt|Dujaila Redoubt]] and the Hai Salient. After serving on the Persian frontier for the rest of the war, the regiment returned to India in 1920. It suffered a total of 840 casualties during the war. Captain [[Claude Auchinleck]], later Field Marshal and the last Commander-in-Chief of the British Indian Army, served with the 62nd Punjabis in Egypt and Mesopotamia.<ref name="Qureshi 1958"/><ref name="Gaylor 1991">{{cite book|last=Gaylor|first=John|title=Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–91|publisher=Stroud: Spellmount|year=1991}}</ref>

===Subsequent history===
[[File:62nd Punjabis, Ismailia, Egypt, 1914.jpg|thumb|right|Officers of the 62nd Punjabis, Ismailia, Egypt, 1914. Captain [[Claude Auchinleck]] is standing on far right.|330px]]
After the First World War, the 62nd Punjabis were grouped with the [[66th Punjabis|66th]], [[76th Punjabis|76th]], [[82nd Punjabis|82nd]] and [[84th Punjabis]], and the [[1st Brahmans]] to form the 1st Punjab Regiment in 1922. The battalion was redesignated as 1st Battalion 1st Punjab Regiment.

During the [[Second World War]], 1/1st Punjab initially served in [[Anglo-Iraqi War|Iraq]] and then moved to [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] in November 1941 to join the [[5th Indian Division]], only to take part in the British withdrawal following [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]]'s offensive in January 1942. The battalion was converted into motorized infantry and deployed at [[Ruweisat Ridge]], where in July, it took part in halting Rommel's final offensive in North Africa at [[First Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]] by the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] led by General Claude Auchinleck. It then participated in the British [[Second Battle of El Alamein|counter-attack]] in October, which turned the tide of war in North Africa. In October 1943, 1/1st Punjab arrived in [[Burma Campaign|Burma]], where it fought in the [[Burma Campaign 1944|Second Arakan Campaign]] and took part in the [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|Reconquest of Burma]]. It fought in the Battles of [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]], Tiddim Road and numerous actions in the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] Basin until the final Allied victory in August 1945. It then served in the [[Dutch East Indies]] as part of the Allied occupation forces.<ref name="Qureshi 1958"/>

In 1947, 1/1st Punjab was allocated to Pakistan Army. During the 1948 [[Kashmir]] War with [[India]], it served at Chakothi. In 1956, the 1st Punjab Regiment was merged with the [[14th Punjab Regiment|14th]], [[15th Punjab Regiment|15th]] and [[16th Punjab Regiment]]s to form one large [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]], and 1/1st Punjab was redesignated as 1 Punjab. During the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War, the battalion fought in the [[Battle of Chawinda]], while in the 1971 war, it served in the [[Rajasthan]] Sector.<ref>Rizvi, Brig SHA. (1984). ''Veteran Campaigners – A History of the Punjab Regiment 1759–1981''. Lahore: Wajidalis.</ref>

==Lineage==
*1759: 3rd Battalion of Coast Sepoys
*1769: 2nd Carnatic Battalion
*1784: 2nd Madras Battalion
*1796: 1st Battalion 2nd Regiment of Madras Native Infantry
*1824: 2nd Regiment of Madras Native Infantry
*1885: 2nd Regiment of Madras Infantry
*1901: 2nd Madras Infantry
*1903: 62nd Punjabis
*1922: 1st Battalion 1st Punjab Regiment
*1956: 1st Battalion The Punjab Regiment <ref name="Qureshi 1958"/>

==See also==
*[[1st Punjab Regiment]]
*[[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Qureshi, Maj MI. (1958). ''The First Punjabis: History of the First Punjab Regiment 1759–1956''. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
*Rainey-Robinson, RM. (1904–09). '' History of the 2nd Madras Infantry'' (two volumes). Calcutta: Thacker & Spinks.
*Sanders, CW. (1937). ''History of the 1st Battalion, 1st Punjab Regiment''. Lahore: Civil and Military Press.
*Wilson, Lt Col WJ. (1882–88). ''History of the Madras Army''. Madras: The Government Press.
*Phythian-Adams, Lt Col EG. (1943). ''Madras Infantry 1748–1943''. Madras: The Government Press.
*Rizvi, Brig SHA. (1984). ''Veteran Campaigners – A History of the Punjab Regiment 1759–1981''. Lahore: Wajidalis.
*{{cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|last2=Burn|first2=Jeffrey|year=1979|title=Indian infantry regiments 1860–1914|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=0-85045-307-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914-1947|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Gaylor|first=John|title=Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–91|publisher=Spellmount|year=1991|isbn=978-0-946771-98-1}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Military history of the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1759]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1922]]

FHM India

2025-07-16T13:16:08Z

Effossy: done...

{{Short description|Indian men's magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = For Him Magazine (FHM)
| logo = FHM.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| image_file = Asin FHM India November 2009 Cover.png
| image_size = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Asin]] on the November 2009 cover of ''FHM''
| editor = Nitin Agarwal
| editor_title = Editorial Director
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category = [[List of men's magazines#Men's lifestyle magazines|Men's lifestyle]]
| frequency = Monthly
| circulation =
| publisher = Nitin Agarwal
| founder =
| founded =
| firstdate = {{Start date|2007|10}}
| company = TCG Media Limited
| country = [[India]]
| based = [[New Delhi]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = [http://www.fhmindia.com FHMIndia.com]
| issn =
| oclc =
}}
'''''FHM India''''' is the Indian edition of the British monthly [[List of men's magazines#Men's lifestyle magazines|men's lifestyle magazine]] called ''[[FHM]]''. It is now published in [[India]] by TCG Media Limited and is the 32nd international edition of ''[[FHM]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=27858 |title=Men's magazine FHM to be launched in India in October |work=Exchange4media |date=22 September 2007 |accessdate=15 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162719/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=27858 |archivedate=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The first issue was launched in the October 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fhm-international.com/editions.asp?ID=99|title=The sun never sets on the FHM empire|date=17 August 2006|work=FHM International|accessdate=15 March 2013}}</ref> with [[Ujjwala Raut]] '''-''' India's most successful overseas supermodel<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/ujjwala-raut-showstopper-ramp-single-parent/|title=Ujjwala Raut: Showstopper on the ramp and single parent|date=2018-03-09|work=VOGUE India|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en-US}}</ref> on the cover.

High-profile names have been published in the magazine include top models, actresses and singers [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Katrina Kaif]], Laig, [[Ujjwala Raut]], [[Nicole Scherzinger]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://celebmafia.com/nicole-scherzinger-fhm-magazine-india-november-2013-issue-12285/|title=Nicole Scherzinger – FHM Magazine (India) – November 2013 Issue|date=2013-11-06|work=CelebMafia|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Olga Kurylenko]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gotceleb.com/olga-kurylenko-fhm-magazine-january-2009-2010-02-17.html|title=Olga Kurylenko - FHM Magazine (January 2009) - GotCeleb|date=2010-02-17|work=GotCeleb|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Kelly Brook]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mendaily.com/kelly-brook-fhm-india-october-2012-photoshoot-by-marc-van-dalen/|title=Kelly Brook FHM India October 2012 Photoshoot by Marc Van Dalen|date=2012-10-06|work=Men Daily|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Maria Sharapova]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/ngpl/docs/oct_teaser|title=FHMindia_Oct. 09_teaser|work=Issuu|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en}}</ref> and [[Padma Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.123masala.com/archives/padma-lakshmi-sizzle-in-single-status-drool/|title=Padma Lakshmi Sizzle in Single Status, drool|website=www.123masala.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>

FHM India claims to have 1,000,000+ reach per month.

== History ==
The magazine began publication in 1985 in the UK under the name ''For Him Magazine'' and changed its title to '''''FHM''''' in 1994 when [[Emap Consumer Media]] bought the magazine. However, the full ''For Him Magazine'' continued to be printed on the spine of each issue.

''FHM'' was published by NGPL from its inaugural issue up to the July 2010 issue. From August 2010 to March 2015, a publishing company out off Delhi published ''FHM,'' and thereafter, TCG Media took charge of FHM in India. [[Bauer Media Group|Bauer Media]] shut down FHM & Zoo in UK in early 2016 along with some major license editions in a few countries. TCG Media Limited decided to continue publishing FHM India with consent from [[Bauer Media Group|Bauer Media]]. TCG Media Limited is headquartered in [[New Delhi]] and also has offices in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fhmindia.com/contact-us/ |title=Contact|work=FHM|accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref>

The magazine was launched with the October 2007 issue with [[Ujjwala Raut]] '''-''' India's most successful overseas supermodel <ref name=":2" /> on the cover.

== See also ==

* [[List of people on the cover of FHM (India)]]
* [[FHM]]
* [[L'Officiel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fhmindia.com/ Official website]

[[Category:2007 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 2007]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Men's fashion magazines]]
[[Category:Men's magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]

Defence Planning Committee

2025-07-07T05:35:09Z

Effossy:

{{Short description|Senior decision making body of GoI in defence matters}}
{{For|the NATO decision-making body|Defence Planning Committee (NATO)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Defence Planning Committee
| native_name =
| type = Committee
| seal =
| logo =
| formed = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|04|19}}
| jurisdiction = India
| headquarters =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State]] for Defence
| chief1_name = Ajit Doval, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1_position = [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Adviser]] and ''[[ex-officio]]'' chairperson
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]]
| website =
}}

The '''Defence Planning Committee''' is a senior decision-making organisation created on 19 April 2018 by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="IE_DPCfirst2">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/may/04/defence-planning-committee-holds-first-meeting-decides-to-make-action-plan-to-deal-with-security-ch-1809890.html|title=Defence Planning Committee holds first meeting; decides to make action plan to deal with security challenges—The meeting, chaired by National Security Adviser Ajit Doval, also discussed ways to expedite modernisation of the armed forces and evolving a security strategy for the country|date=4 May 2018|work=The Indian Express|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

==History==
The Defence Planning Committee was notified by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) in April 2018, the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Adviser]] (NSA) was appointed as the chairperson of the committee, with the chairperson, [[Foreign Secretary of India|Foreign Secretary]], [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], and expenditure [[Secretary to Government of India|secretaries]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] being its members and the chief of the Integrated Defence Staff (CIDS) being its member-secretary,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/nsa-will-chair-panel-set-up-for-new-security-roadmap-foreign-defence-secys-its-members-5143179/|title=NSA will chair panel set up for new security roadmap; Foreign, Defence Secys its members|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=19 April 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=6 June 2018|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|oclc=70274541}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nsa-headed-committee-for-higher-defence-management/article23599248.ece|title=NSA-headed committee for higher defence management|date=19 April 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 June 2018|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Ali|date=26 May 2018|title=The Doval Scorecard|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/21/strategic-affairs/doval-scorecard.html|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|volume=53|issue=21|issn=0012-9976|lccn=sa67002009|oclc=46735231}}</ref> the NSA was also given the mandate to co-opt members as they see fit. The Integrated Defence Staff headquarters at [[Kashmir House]], [[New Delhi]] was to serve as the committee's secretariat.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

NSA [[Ajit Doval]] chaired the committee's first meeting on 3 May 2018, which was attended by the three chiefs of staff, and defence, foreign and expenditure secretaries.<ref name="Hindu_DPCfirst2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/doval-chairs-first-meet-of-defence-panel/article23765476.ece|title=Doval chairs first meet of defence panel|date=4 May 2018|access-date=4 May 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The first meeting discussed the topics under mandate of DPC.<ref name="IE_DPCfirst2" />

==Mandate==
The mandate of DPC is manifold; the committee is empowered to "analyse and evaluate all relevant inputs relating to defence planning", which consists of—amongst others—"national defence and security priorities, foreign policy imperatives, operational directives and associated requirements, relevant strategic and security-related doctrines, defence acquisition and infrastructure development plans, including the 15-year Long-Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP), defence technology and development of the Indian defence industry and global technological advancement".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/creation-of-defence-planning-committee-lkbehera-190418|title=Creation of Defence Planning Committee: A Step towards Credible Defence Preparedness {{!}} Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|last=Behera|first=Laxman Kumar|date=2018-04-19|website=[[Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses]]|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/43496-scraping-the-bottom-of-the-barrel-budgets-organisation-and-leadership-in-the-indian-defence-system/|title=Scraping the bottom of the barrel: Budgets, organisation and leadership in the Indian defence system|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|date=2018-08-22|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-to-create-super-committee-for-defence-planning/story-PQSPeTpZ8Xm2QKjINXzxnK.html|title=India to create super-committee for defence planning|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2018-04-19|website=Hindustan Times|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0972-0243|oclc=231696742|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>

The committee is also vested with the power of preparing different drafts, including—but not limited to—drafts on: "national security strategy, strategic defence review and doctrines; international defence engagement strategy; roadmap to build defence manufacturing eco-system; and prioritised capability development plans for the armed forces over different time-frames in consonance with the overall priorities, strategies and likely resource flows."<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

The DPC answers to—and submits its reports to—the ''Raksha Mantri'' ([[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]), currently [[Rajnath Singh]].

According to the notification issued by Indian Government the DPC will have several mandates namely to<ref name="Hindu_DPCfirst2" />

# Prepare a draft [[National Security Strategy (India)|National Security Strategy]].
# Develop a capability development plan.
# Work on defence diplomacy issues.
# Improving defence manufacturing ecosystem in India.<ref name="IE_DPCfirst2" />

==Organisation==
Four sub-committees on: policy and strategy, plans and capability development, defence diplomacy and defence manufacturing ecosystem come under the DPC; the terms of reference and membership of the sub-committees are finalised separately. Specific issues are managed by the committee through its sub-committees.

DPC is chaired by the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Adviser]], with the service chiefs, [[Defence Secretary (India)|defence]], expenditure and [[Foreign Secretary (India)|foreign]] [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretaries]] being its members and the IDS chief being its member-secretary. The Integrated Defence Staff headquarters in New Delhi serves as the secretariat for the committee. The DPC submit its reports to the ''Raksha Mantri'' ([[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]).<ref name="Hindu_DPCfirst2" />

===Members===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Members of the Defence Planning Committee
! Position
!Incumbent
!Portrait
!''[[Ex-officio]]'' status
|-
|[[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Adviser]]
|[[Ajit Doval]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (retd.)
|[[File:Ajit Kumar Doval.jpg|171x171px]]
|{{Center|Chairperson}}
|-
|[[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] and [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee|Permanent Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
|[[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]]
|[[File:Anil Chauhan Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).jpg|145x145px]]
| rowspan="7" |{{Center|Member}}
|-
|[[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
|[[General (India)|General]] [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
|[[File: General Upendra Dwivedi, PVSM, AVSM (2024).jpg|145x145px]]
|-
|[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
|[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Dinesh Kumar Tripathi]]
| [[File:Admiral Dinesh Kumar Tripathi, PVSM, AVSM, NM.jpg|151x151px]]
|-
|[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]]
|[[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Amar Preet Singh]]
|[[File:Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh - 2024.jpg|145x145px]]
|-
|[[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]]
|[[File:Rajesh Kumar Singh, Defence Secretary.jpg|frameless|161x161px]]
|-
|[[Secretary to Government of India|Expenditure Secretary]]
|Manoj Govil
|[[File:Manoj_Govil,_IAS.jpg|frameless|139x139px]]
|-
|[[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]]<td>[[Vikram Misri]]
|[[File:The_Ambassador-designate_of_India_to_People's_Republic_of_China,_Shri_Vikram_Misri_meeting_with_the_President_of_India,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_on_January_01,_2019_(cropped).jpg|137x137px]]
|-
|[[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]]
|[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Ashutosh Dixit]]
|[[File:Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit.jpg|145x145px]]
|Member Secretary
|}

== Reception ==
Former [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], Air Chief Marshal [[Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy]]—who was a part of the [[Naresh Chandra]] task-force—praised the move, calling it "an outstanding move";<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2018/05/25/defence-planning-committee.html|title=Committed to synergy|last=Sagar|first=Pradip R|date=3 June 2018|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=6 June 2018|publisher=Jacob Mathew}}</ref> but, criticised the government's decision to not include the Defence Production Secretary and [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) chairperson in the committee, dubbing them "key players" in the government's flagship [[Make in India]] initiative.<ref name=":2" />

Amit Cowshish, a former Financial Adviser (Acquisition) in the Ministry of Defence, criticised the committee's "wide mandate", calling it an obstacle from "swift reform".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/narendra-modi-government-defence-planning-committee-nsa-general-elections-5188758/|title=A blunt instrument|last=Cowshish|first=Amit|date=2018-05-24|website=[[The Indian Express]]|oclc=70274541|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref> Cowshish also criticised the timing of DPC's creation, calling it a step taken "four years too late",<ref name=":6" /> further adding that the creation of the committee called "into question the relevance of the existing long-term, five-year and annual plans of the armed forces".<ref name=":6" />

Mohinder Puri, a former deputy chief of the army, praised the government's decision, saying, "on the face of it, the DPC looks good, as it takes the overall view of national and international security".<ref name=":2" /> A ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' column questioned the decision of naming the NSA as DPC's chairperson, arguing that NSA is already overworked as it is being the PM's special representative on border issues with China and chief of the executive council of [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Nuclear Command Authority]].<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
; Integrated entities
* [[Integrated Defence Staff]], tri-services command at strategic level composed of MoD, MEA and tri-services staff
* [[Defence Cyber Agency]], tri-services command
* [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]], tri-services command at operational level
* [[Defence Space Agency]], draws staff from all 3 services of Indian Armeed Forces
* [[Strategic Forces Command]], nuclear command of Indiad
** [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]], Strategic Forces Command
** [[Special Forces of India]], tri-services, RAW and internal Security each has own units
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]], first operational tri-services command

; Assets
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]

; Other nations
* [[Special Operations Forces (Russia)|Special Operations Forces Command (KSSO)]] - Russian equivalent command
* [[Joint Special Operations Command|Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)]] - U.S. equivalent command

; General concepts
* [[Joint warfare]], general concept
* [[Minimum Credible Deterrence]]
* [[List of cyber warfare forces]] of other nations

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Indian Armed Forces}}

[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:21st century in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2018]]
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in India]]

College of Engineering and Management, Punnapra

2025-06-13T18:33:42Z

Effossy: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = College Of Engineering And Management Punnapra (C.E.M.P)
| native_name = കോളേജ് ഓഫ് എഞ്ചിനീയറിംഗ് ആൻഡ് മാനേജ്മെന്റ് പുന്നപ്ര
| image = Logo-cemp-2019-re-load2.jpg
| established = 2008
| head_label = Principal
| head = Roobin V.Varghese
| students = 1500+
| type = [[Public college|Public]], Government Educational Institution
| chairman = [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]]
| affiliations = [[AICTE]], [[A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University]]
| address = [[Punnapra]]
| city = [[Alappuzha]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|9|46|15|N|76|33|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.cempunnapra.org/}}, {{URL|https://www.capekerala.org/}}
| logo =
}}
[[File:Entrance of CAPE Campus.jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Entrance to Campus]]
The '''College of Engineering and Management Punnapra''' is an educational institution established in 2008 under the [[Co-operative Academy of Professional Education]]. The College is affiliated to Kerala University(till 2015) and A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University ( KTU) (from 2015) and is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE).<ref>{{cite web|author=visakh unni |url=https://www.cempunnapra.org |title=CEM Punnapra |publisher=CEM Punnapra |date=2015-11-24 |access-date=2016-02-14}}</ref>

The Institution is currently holding the place of one of the largest engineering workshop in kerala. Fully controlled and funded by Govt of kerala.

==Courses==
'''''B.Tech Courses (UG) -''''' Duration - 4 Years

* ''Civil Engineering'' - 4 Year Course - 60 seats
* ''Computer Science and Engineering'' - 4 Year Course - 60 seats
*''Electronics and Communication Engineering'' - 4 Year Course - 60 seats
*''Electrical and Electronics Engineering'' - 4 Year Course - 60 seats
*I''nformation Technology'' - 4 Year Course - 60 seats

'''''M.Tech Courses''''' '''''(PG)''''' - Duration - 2 Years

*''Computer Science & Engineering'' - 2 Year Course - 18 seats
*''Mechanical Engineering''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cempunnapra.org/departments.html |title=Departments |publisher=Cempunnapra.org |access-date=2016-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121021618/http://cempunnapra.org/departments.html |archive-date=21 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> - 2 Year Course - 18 seats

==Admission==
[[File:Collegegate.jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Entrance to CAPE Campus]]
Admission of students are carried out by the basis of the ranks obtained in the state-level Common Entrance Exam, conducted by the Commissioner of Entrance Examination(CEE).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cempunnapra.org/admission.html |title=Admission |publisher=Cempunnapra.org |access-date=2016-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120133704/http://cempunnapra.org/admission.html |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Location ==

The College is situated inside '''CAPE Campus or City Of Knowledge''' which is an education healthcare campus consist of many other institutions like Institute of Management & Technology(IMT), Kerala Institute of Making the Best(KIMB), Sagara Hospital. All these institutions situated in [[Punnapra North]] near [[Alappuzha]]. It is about 4 km from [[Alappuzha]] town which is commonly known as Venice of The East.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cempunnapra.org/contactus.html |title=Contact |publisher=Cempunnapra.org |access-date=2016-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120103932/http://cempunnapra.org/contactus.html |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Facilities ==

* Canteen
* 1 Boys Hostel
* 1 Girls Hostel
* Central Park
* State Bank Of India (SBI) ATM
* Post Office - (Vadakkal Alappuzha - 688003)
* Career Guidance and Placement Unit
* Central Library
* Indoor Badminton Court
* Auditorium
* Stationery shop
* Gymnasium (proposed)
* Student's Vehicle Parking Shed

== About ==
All the events are under the care of govt of kerala. The admissions to the free/merit seats and management seats are through the Central Allotment Process conducted by the Controller of Entrance Examinations, government of [[Kerala]]. The proportion of seats are as follows : free/merit seats 50%, management seats 35% (as aforementioned allotment to both these categories are through the Central Allotment Process ), the remaining 15% seats come under the NRI quota.

===Placement===
The placement cell provides the opportunity for the final year students to attend campus interviews with organizations and arranges in-industry training for students. Main recruiters include [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [[IBS Software Services]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], Logidots, [[UST Global]], [[Mindtree]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://cempunnapra.org/placement/#tablepress-1 | title= College of Engineering and Management Punnapra Placement | publisher= CEMPPunnapra.org}}</ref>

== Activities ==

=== ''Atharva-'19'' ===
National Technical event conducted in 2019. Including varieties of workshop, games, DJ.

=== ''Atharva-'20'' ===
National Technical event conducted in 2020.

=== ''Dextra'' ===
Cultural Festival of CEMP

== See also ==
* [[List of Engineering Colleges in Kerala]]
* [[Co-operative Academy of Professional Education]]
* [[KEAM]]
* [[All India Council for Technical Education]]

[[File:Junction in CAPE Campus.jpg|thumb|Campus]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|College of Engineering and Management, Punnapra}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]