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Meeladun Nabi

2026-05-07T18:20:21Z

EduardoVasey1: added data

{{no plot|date=May 2026}}
{{short description|Indian Tamil-language documentary film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meeladun Nabi
| image = Meeladun Nabi.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Millat Ahmad
| writer = Millat Ahmad
| producer = Millat Ahmad
| starring = Millat Ahmad Imam M. S. Abdul Qaiyoom Baqavi Imam S. M. S. Umar Rilvanullah Jamali Imam A. S. Sadakkathulla Baqavi 
| cinematography = Lalith Raghavendar, Millat Ahmad
| editing = Lalith Raghavendar
| music = S. R. Ram
| studio = ZEE6 Movies
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|31|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Meeladun Nabi''''' is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language [[documentary film]] written and directed by Millat Ahmad. The film is produced by Millat Ahmad under the banner ZEE6 Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=மீலாதுன் நபி ஆவணப்படப் பாடல்கள் வெளியீடு , சமூகம் செய்திகள் - தமிழ் முரசு Community News in Tamil, Tamil Murasu |url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/community/milad-un-nabi-documentary-songs-release |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Tamil Murasu |language=ta}}</ref>

It features Millat Ahmad along with Imam M. S. Abdul Qaiyoom Baqavi, Imam S. M. S. Umar Rilvanullah Jamali, Imam A. S. Sadakkathulla Baqavi, Rahema Begum, [[Naushad]] Hanifa, Samsudeen, and Faridha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினமலர் |title=சிங்கப்பூர் எழுத்தாளர் மில்லத் இயக்கும் இந்தியாவின் முதல் ஏ.ஐ., ஆவணத் திரைப்படம் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/world-news-nri-ta/singapore/tamil-news/indias-first-ai-documentary-directed-by-singaporean-writer/18346 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

The documentary was released on 31 October 2025.

== Cast ==
* Millat Ahmad
* Imam M. S. Abdul Qaiyoom Baqavi
* Imam S. M. S. Umar Rilvanullah Jamali
* Imam A. S. Sadakkathulla Baqavi
* Rahema Begum
* Naushad Hanifa
* Samsudeen
* Faridha

== Production ==
The film is written and directed by Millat Ahmad, who also serves as the producer under ZEE6 Movies. Cinematography is handled by Lalith Raghavendar and Millat Ahmad, while editing is done by Lalith Raghavendar. The music for the project is composed by S. R. Ram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=செய்திப்பிரிவு |date=2025-10-18 |title=‘மீலாதுன் நபி’ முதல் தோற்ற போஸ்டர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1380168-miladun-nabi-movie-first-look.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Dinakaran]]'' critic wrote that "The film will help Muslims gain a greater understanding of their religion and people of other religions get acquainted with Islam."<ref>{{Cite web |title=மீலாதுன் நபி விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cinema/miladunnabi_review/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=[[Dinakaran|Cinema Dinakaran]] |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic stated that "He has directed the film to help Muslims gain a deeper understanding of their religion and to give people of other religions a simple introduction".<ref>{{cite news |title=மீலாதுன் நபி திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Meeladun Nabi Review in tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/meeladun-nabi-164750 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212022716/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/meeladun-nabi-164750 |archive-date=12 December 2025 |language=ta |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39000944}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 documentary films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)

2026-05-06T19:09:08Z

EduardoVasey1: Added new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. Ramachandran
| image =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = [[Thalli]], [[Krishnagiri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]] [[Social Worker]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| office1 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
| term_start1 = 2 May 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Y. Prakaash]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]] (2007 - present)
| other_party = *[[Independent politician|Independent]] (2006 - 2007)
*[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (till 2006)
| constituency2 = [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
| term_start2 = 11 May 2006
| term_end2 = 19 May 2016
| predecessor2 = [[K. V. Muralidharan]]
| successor2 = [[Y. Prakaash]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''T. Ramachandran''' is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu. He is a four time Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the [[Thalli Assembly constituency]], first as an independent in 2006 and later representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in 2011, 2021 and 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Political career==
Ramachandran began getting involved in politics. He joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He criticised the state leadership of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in public, resigned and contested as independent candidate in [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]. Later, he joined the Communist Party of India in 2007.
He represented the [[Communist Party of India]] in the [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|Fourteenth Assembly]] (2011-2016).<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106023829/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|archivedate=2015-11-06|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> In the [[Thirteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|prior Assembly]] of 2006-2011 he represented the same constituency as an independent member.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf 2006 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== Elections contested ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor="98FB98"| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]|| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || Won ||62.18% || Dr.C.Nageshkumar|| [[BJP]] || 33.2%
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor="98FB98"| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]|| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || Won || 47.09% || Prakaash. Y || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 43.75%
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor="98FB98"| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]|| [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Won || 43.60% || NAGARAJA REDDY P || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || 42.40%
|}

==Legal allegations==

On 5 October 2012 Ramachandran faced allegations of instigating violence in connection with a temple festival in Nilgiris village near Uthanapalli near [[Hosur]].
Ramachandran was also arrested in the illegal quarry mining case registered in Kelamangalam Police station under Crime No. 201/2012 under sections 379 of IPC and 21 (IV) of Mines and Minerals Act and Section 4 of PPDL.
Ramachandran was arrested in connection with all the ten cases registered against him after the murder of PDK functionary T. Palani in Balepuram village on 5 July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Two-more-cases-against-Thally-MLA/article12546221.ece|title=Two more cases against Thally MLA|author=Staff Reporter|date=5 October 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

In 2015 Ramachandran was charged under the [[Tamil Nadu Goondas Act|Goondas Act]] for his alleged involvement in several murders and other anti-social activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150623/nation-crime/article/family-suspects-mla-t-ramachandran’s-role-murder|title=Family suspects MLA T Ramachandran's role in murder|first=Deccan|last=Chronicle|date=23 June 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, T.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Vokkaliga politicians]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Tiruchendur Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T16:30:43Z

EduardoVasey1: Added new stub

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tiruchendur
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 215
| map_image = Constitution-Tiruchendur.svg
| map_caption = Area of Tiruchendur State Assembly Constituency
| reservation = None
| district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
| established = 1951
| mla = [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 232,933
}}
'''Tiruchendur''' is one of the 234 [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the six state legislative assembly constituencies included in [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the oldest assembly segments in Tamil Nadu, being in existence since independence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Tenure
|-
|[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[1st Madras Assembly|1st]]
|[[S. T. Adityan]]
|width=4px style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}"|
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|1952-1957
|-
|[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[2nd Madras Assembly|2nd]]
|[[M. S. Selvarajan]]
|rowspan = "2" width=4px style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|1957-1962
|-
|[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[3rd Madras Assembly|3rd]]
|M. S. Selvarajan
|Indian National Congress
|1962-1967
|-
|[[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[4th Madras Assembly|4th]]
|[[Edmund (Tiruchendur MLA)|G. R. Edmund]]
|rowspan = "2" width=4px style="background-color: {{party color|DMK}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|1967-1971
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Tenure
|-
|[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|5th
|[[Edmund (Tiruchendur MLA)|G. R. Edmund]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|1971-1977
|-
|[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|6th
|[[R. Amirtharaj]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|1977-1980
|-
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|7th
|[[S. Kesava Adithan|S. Kesava Athithan]]

|1980-1982
|-
|1983
|7th
|R. Amirtharaj
|1983-1984
|-
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|8th
|[[Subramani Adithan|S. R. Subramania Athithan]]

|1984-1989
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|9th
|[[K. P. Kandasamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|1989-1991
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|10th
|[[A. Chelladurai]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|1991-1996
|-
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|11th
|[[S. Jennifer Chandran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|1996-2001
|-
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]]
|rowspan=7|[[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|2001-2006
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan=2|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]
|2006-2009
|-
|[[2009–2010 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2009]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|2009-2011
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]]
|2011-2016
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]
|2016-2021
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]
|2021-2026
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[17th Tamil Nadu Assembly|17th]]
|2026-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2021|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.58}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.97}}
{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.07}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.81}}
{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.52}}
{{bar percent|2001|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.01}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.22}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.63}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.48}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.70}}
{{bar percent|1983|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} }}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.49}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|29.13}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.54}}
{{bar percent|1967|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.06}}
{{bar percent|1962|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.00}}
{{bar percent|1957|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.60}}
{{bar percent|1952|{{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}|23.51}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchendur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Anitha Radhakrishnan|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Radhakrishnan|party= BJP|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Obiliya|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Murugan |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =230702 |change = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]<ref name="2021_TN_Results">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ | title=2021 Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
|votes = 88,274
|percentage = 50.58
|change = {{decrease}}2.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Radhakrishnan
|votes = 63,011
|percentage = 36.10
|change = {{decrease}}1.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = S. Gloriyan
|votes = 15,063
|percentage = 8.63
|change = {{increase}}7.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam
|candidate = S. Vadamalaipandian
|votes = 3,766
|percentage = 2.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = M. Jayanthi
|votes = 1,965
|percentage = 1.13
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,054
|percentage = 0.6
|change = {{decrease}}0.49
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 25,263
|percentage = 14.48
|change = {{decrease}}1.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 174,536
|percentage = 71.20
|change = {{decrease}}2.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}2.39
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchendur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,357 |percentage=52.97% |change=+5.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Sarathkumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,356 |percentage=37.38% |change=-9.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Senthilkumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,330 |percentage=3.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jeyaraman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,289 |percentage=2.57% |change=+0.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gloriyan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,041 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,814 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,001 |percentage=15.59% |change= 15.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,66,808 |percentage=73.46% |change= -3.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,27,058 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
|votes = 68,741
|percentage = 47.07
|change = {{decrease}}20.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = P. R. Manoharan
|votes = 68,101
|percentage = 46.60
|change = {{increase}}21.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = N. Nattar
|votes = 3,240
|percentage = 2.22
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = N. Rameswaran
|votes = 2,429
|percentage = 1.66
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = B. Deva Gnana Sigamani
|votes = 626
|percentage = 0.43
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi
|candidate = K. Sudalaikannu
|votes = 534
|percentage = 0.37
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 640
|percentage = 0.44
|change = {{decrease}}41.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 146,141
|percentage = 76.92
|change = {{decrease}}1.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}20.74
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 by-election ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009–2010 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|2009 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly bye-election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
|votes = 75,223
|percentage = 67.81
|change = {{increase}}27.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Amman T. Narayanan
|votes = 28,362
|percentage = 25.57
|change = {{decrease}}26.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = Gomathy R. Ganesan
|votes = 4,186
|percentage = 3.77
|change = {{increase}}0.40
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 46,861
|percentage = 42.21
|change = {{increase}}29.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 110,931
|percentage = 78.00
|change = {{increase}}11.10
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}27.76
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
|votes = 58,600
|percentage = 52.52
|change = {{decrease}}0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = A. D. K. Jeyaseelan
|votes = 44,684
|percentage = 40.05
|change = {{decrease}}1.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = A. Ganesan
|votes = 3,756
|percentage = 3.37
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. C. Kannan
|votes = 1,398
|percentage = 1.26
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = S. P. Parisamuthu
|votes = 430
|percentage = 0.39
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = V. Kumar
|votes = 218
|percentage = 0.20
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 13,916
|percentage = 12.47
|change = {{increase}}1.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 111,580
|percentage = 66.90
|change = {{increase}}14.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}0.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
|votes = 52,990
|percentage = 53.01
|change = {{increase}}24.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Jennifer Chandran
|votes = 41,797
|percentage = 41.81
|change = {{decrease}}17.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = V. P. R. Ramesh
|votes = 2,662
|percentage = 2.66
|change = {{decrease}}1.30
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,193
|percentage = 11.20
|change = {{decrease}}19.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 99,999
|percentage = 52.26
|change = {{decrease}}4.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}24.83
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. Jennifer Chandran]]
|votes = 59,206
|percentage = 59.22
|change = {{increase}}29.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = T. Thamotharan
|votes = 28,175
|percentage = 28.18
|change = {{decrease}}30.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = A. N. Rajakkannan
|votes = 6,967
|percentage = 6.97
|change = {{increase}}2.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = D. Ramachandran
|votes = 3,961
|percentage = 3.96
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = M. Arikrishna Devendrar
|votes = 348
|percentage = 0.35
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 31,031
|percentage = 31.04
|change = {{increase}}2.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 102,925
|percentage = 57.01
|change = {{increase}}2.21
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}29.29
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[A. Chelladurai]]
|votes = 54,442
|percentage = 58.63
|change = {{increase}}37.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = A. S. Pandian
|votes = 27,794
|percentage = 29.93
|change = {{decrease}}12.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = K. Poovanam
|votes = 4,615
|percentage = 4.97
|change = {{increase}}3.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,648
|percentage = 28.70
|change = {{increase}}11.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 94,977
|percentage = 54.80
|change = {{decrease}}10.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}37.34
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. P. Kandasamy]]
|votes = 42084
|percentage = 42.48
|change = {{decrease}}5.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Shunmugasundaram Kasimari
|votes = 24,903
|percentage = 25.14
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = A. Chelladurai
|votes = 21,095
|percentage = 21.29
|change = {{decrease}}29.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Kayal Moulana
|votes = 7,808
|percentage = 7.88
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = V. P. Jeyakumar
|votes = 1,815
|percentage = 1.83
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,181
|percentage = 17.34
|change = {{increase}}14.71
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 100,228
|percentage = 65.23
|change = {{decrease}}1.11
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}5.59
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. R. Subramania Adityan]]
|votes = 45,953
|percentage = 50.70
|change = {{increase}}1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = K. P. Kandasamy
|votes = 43,565
|percentage = 48.07
|change = {{increase}}0.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,388
|percentage = 2.63
|change = {{decrease}}0.95
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 94,617
|percentage = 66.34
|change = {{increase}}11.92
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}1.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. Kesava Adithan]]
|votes = 35,499
|percentage = 49.49
|change = {{increase}}20.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Samsudin @ Kathiravan
|votes = 34,294
|percentage = 47.81
|change = {{increase}}23.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = K. Kesavan
|votes = 948
|percentage = 1.32
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = G. A. T. John Britto
|votes = 707
|percentage = 0.99
|change = {{decrease}}26.56
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,205
|percentage = 1.68
|change = {{increase}}0.10
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 72,248
|percentage = 54.42
|change = {{increase}}2.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}20.36
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[R. Amirtharaj]]
|votes = 20,871
|percentage = 29.13
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Subramaniya Adityan
|votes = 19,736
|percentage = 27.55
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Syed Ahmed
|votes = 17,441
|percentage = 24.34
|change = {{decrease}}29.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raj Victoria
|votes = 12,477
|percentage = 17.42
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,135
|percentage = 1.58
|change = {{decrease}}6.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 72,302
|percentage = 51.85
|change = {{decrease}}17.30
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1971 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Edmund (Tiruchendur MLA)|Edmund]]
|votes = 39,974
|percentage = 53.54
|change = {{decrease}}2.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|candidate = Ganesasundaram
|votes = 34,045
|percentage = 45.60
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,929
|percentage = 7.94
|change = {{decrease}}7.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 78,350
|percentage = 69.15
|change = {{decrease}}0.36
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{decrease}}2.52
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[E. Fernando]]
|votes = 39,619
|percentage = 56.06
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = S. Nadar
|votes = 28,971
|percentage = 40.99
|change = {{decrease}}17.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10,648
|percentage = 15.07
|change = {{decrease}}2.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 73,021
|percentage = 69.51
|change = {{increase}}0.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tiruchendur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[M. S. Selvaraj]]
|votes = 39,944
|percentage = 58.00
|change = {{decrease}}5.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[S. P. Adithanar]]
|votes = 27,994
|percentage = 40.65
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,950
|percentage = 17.35
|change = {{decrease}}13.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 69,967
|percentage = 69.08
|change = {{increase}}21.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}5.60
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruchendur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[M. S. Selvaraj]]
|votes = 30,106
|percentage = 63.60
|change = {{increase}}42.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. R. Meganathan
|votes = 15,529
|percentage = 32.80
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 14,577
|percentage = 30.80
|change = {{increase}}28.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 47,340
|percentage = 47.61
|change = {{decrease}}21.20
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
|swing = {{increase}}42.62
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruchendur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. T. Adityan]] |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=25,030 |percentage=23.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Arumugam (Indian politician)]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,341 |percentage=20.98% |change=20.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramania Adityan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,224 |percentage=19.93% |change=19.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pitchu |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=9,177 |percentage=8.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugham |party=Independent politician |votes=4,850 |percentage=4.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. E. Muthu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,791 |percentage=4.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthiah |party=Independent politician |votes=4,691 |percentage=4.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annal Jabaaith |party=Independent politician |votes=3,886 |percentage=3.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Alagappan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,127 |percentage=2.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seeni Kudumben |party=Independent politician |votes=2,696 |percentage=2.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Velunarayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,834 |percentage=1.72% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,689 |percentage=2.53% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,06,475 |percentage=68.81% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,748 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= July 8, 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= October 5, 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|8.50|78.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Venu Udugula

2026-05-05T14:18:22Z

EduardoVasey1: Added a pg

{{Short description|Indian film director, poet, and screenwriter (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Venu Udugula
| image =Udugula Venu.jpg| birth_name = Venu Udugula
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983
|7|20}}
| birth_place = [[Upparapalle]], [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|Dialogue writer|Screen writer|Film director|poet}}
}}

'''Venu Udugula''' (born 20 July 1983) is an Indian film director, poet, and screenwriter who works in the [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his directorial debut with the critically acclaimed film ''[[Needi Naadi Oke Katha]]'' (2018).<ref name="By the rule book: Venu Udugula on his debut film Needi Naadi Oke Katha">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=By the rule book: Venu Udugula on his debut film Needi Naadi Oke Katha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venu-udugula-on-his-debut-film-needi-naadi-oke-katha/article22478699.ece |access-date=21 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121075449/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venu-udugula-on-his-debut-film-needi-naadi-oke-katha/article22478699.ece |archive-date=21 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> His second film, ''[[Virata Parvam]]'', featured [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Sai Pallavi]] and [[Nandita Das]].<ref name="Venu Udugula to direct a period love story">{{cite news |title=Venu Udugula to direct a period love story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venu-udugula-to-direct-a-period-love-story/articleshow/64463648.cms |access-date=21 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121080202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venu-udugula-to-direct-a-period-love-story/articleshow/64463648.cms |archive-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Venu Udugula was born on 20 July 1983 in [[Upparapalle]] Village in [[Chennaraopet]] mandal in [[Warangal]] District of [[Telangana]] state and is one of the know poets in Telugu. He graduated from [[Kakatiya University]]. During that time of education, his inclination towards art since childhood drove him to join the Hyderabad film club and started watching world cinema. He gained his inspiration watching [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], [[Krzysztof Kieslowski]] and [[Iranian films|Cinema of Iran]] which turned out to have a great impact on his creative being and altered his filmy impulses to vibe his outlook of independent vision. He Made his narrative visually more simple and evocative. Now he sees his films as an extension of his omjijective relaties. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/venu-udugula/biography.html|title=Venu Udugula Biography | Venu Udugula Girlfriend, Wife, Family & Net Worth - FilmiBeat|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>

While pursuing his education he started his career as journalist at an early age of 18 years. He worked as a columnist at the magazine "STUDY LINE".
His first works include writing an article on the famous poet Anwar's "Thalavanchani Aaranyam" which was appreciated. He Initially worked as a writer and an assistant director for serials and Telefilms and thereafter at an advertisement firm under Madhu Mahankali. Later he worked as an associate director for the movies [[Pellaina Kothalo]] and [[Gunde Jhallumandi]] under senior writer and director [[Madan (film director)|Madan]].

Udugula's debut film, ''Needi Naadi Oke Katha'', was noted for its use of [[dogme 95]] filmmaking, and is the second Indian film to do so.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Needi Naadi Oke Katha: A relatable story - The Hindu | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/needi-naadi-oke-katha-a-relatable-story/article23332419.ece | access-date=2026-01-06 | website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
!scope="col" | [[Film producer|Producer]]
! scope="col" | [[Film director|Director]]
! scope="col" | [[Writer]]
! scope="col" | [[Screenwriter]]
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Needi Naadi Oke Katha]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Zee Cine Awards Telugu 2018 - Best appreciation Director
| -
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Virata Parvam]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Telugu
| -
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Venu Udugula to direct a period love story {{!}} Telugu Movie News - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venu-udugula-to-direct-a-period-love-story/articleshow/64463648.cms | access-date=2026-01-06 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Rana Daggubati and Sai Pallavi to be seen in Venu Udugula's 'Virata Parvam 1992' | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rana-daggubati-and-sai-pallavi-be-seen-venu-udugulas-virata-parvam-1992-91021 | access-date=2026-01-06 | website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
|''[[Raju Weds Rambai]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|{{no}}
| {{no}}
| Telugu
| Debut as Producer
|<ref name="Raju Weds Rambai to release on November 21">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Raju Weds Rambai to release on November 21 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/29/raju-weds-rambai-to-release-on-november-21 |accessdate=21 November 2025 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=29 October 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121073937/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/29/raju-weds-rambai-to-release-on-november-21 |archivedate=21 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
===Zee Cine Awards Telugu===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2018
|[[Needi Naadi Oke Katha]]
| Best appreciation Director
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.zeecinemalu.com/news-gossip/most-prestigeous-zee-telugu-cine-awards-2018-winners-list-130919/ | title='జీ తెలుగు సినీ అవార్డ్స్ 2018' అందుకున్న స్టార్స్ వీరే | language=te | trans-title=These are the stars who received 'Zee Telugu Cine Awards 2018' | website=www.zeecinemalu.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm9721958|name=Venu Udugula}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:VenuUdugula}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

John McCluer

2026-05-02T16:29:34Z

EduardoVasey1: Starting new bio

{{Short description|British hydrographer (c. 1759–1795)}}
{{Infobox military person
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'''John McCluer''' ({{circa|1759}}{{snd}}1795) was a Scottish [[Hydrography|hydrographer]] who rose to the rank of [[captain]] in the [[Bombay Marine]].<ref>''The British Museum''.</ref> Between 1785 and 1787 he surveyed Muscat and [[Muttrah|Matruh]] harbours at the entrance to the [[Gulf of Oman]]. In 1787 he was ordered to survey the bank of soundings off [[Bombay]], which he did so thoroughly that his charts remained practically as he left them for nearly seventy years.<ref name=":0">Laughton 1893, p. 3.</ref> In 1790 he was appointed to command a small expedition to the [[Pelew Islands]], with the double object of surveying and establishing friendly relations with the [[Palauans|natives]].<ref name=":0" /> He was lost at sea in 1795.

== Career ==
=== Persian Gulf ===
John McCluer, born about 1759, joined the Bombay Marine as a volunteer about 1777.<ref name=":0" /> He was promoted second lieutenant on 18 February 1780 and first lieutenant on 8 January 1784.<ref name=":0" /> He obtained a high reputation as a surveyor while still a lieutenant.<ref name=":0" /> In 1785, in the ''Scorpion'',<ref name=":1">David 2007.</ref> he made a new plan of the cove of [[Muscat]], whence considerable trade was then carried on to China and India, as well as to [[Basra|Bussorah]] and the various ports in the [[Gulf of Oman]].<ref name=":2">Low 1877, p. 189.</ref> In 1786–1787, in the intervals of his regular duty, he completed a survey of the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name=":0" /> It was rough work, but by far the best then existing,<ref name=":0" /> and enabled [[Alexander Dalrymple]] to publish from the surveys a chart extending from the entrance to the Persian Gulf to Bussorah.<ref name=":1" />

The original survey of the Persian coast is contained in two sheets, that including the south-eastern part of the coast, from the entrance of the Gulf, for a distance of 300 miles (483 km), being on a smaller scale than the other.<ref name=":2" /> The other sheet contains the rest of the coast, with the principal channel of the [[Shatt al-Arab|Shatt-ul-Arab]] as far up as Bussorah, distant about 30 leagues (145 km) from the sea; this place, being at that time the chief seat of commerce and communication between India and the Turkish [[Ottoman Arabia|dominions]], besides possessing an establishment of the East India Company, was much frequented by their ships.<ref name=":2" />

=== Malabar Coast ===
[[File:Plan of Diu Island by John McCluer 1788 RMG L4267.tiff|thumb|Plan of [[Diu Island]], 1788]]
From 1787 to 1790, McCluer was engaged in the East Indies, on a survey of the western coast of India, under the orders of the [[East India Company]]: at first in the ''Experiment'', and afterwards in the ''Hawk'' and ''Experiment'', neither of which were of more than 50 tons burden.<ref name=":3" /> He had as his assistant a certain John Procter in a [[pattamar]],<ref name=":1" /> of whose ability he speaks in the highest terms.<ref name=":3" /> Having completed the coast between [[Bombay]] and [[Surat]], he sounded over the space between the coast of [[Gujarat|Guzarat]] and India, made surveys of other parts of the Indian coast, and then proceeded to the [[Maldive islands|Maldivh Islands]] and [[Diego Garcia|Diego-Garcia]].<ref name=":3" /> A box and two pocket ([[John Arnold (watchmaker)|Arnold]]) chronometers were used, but these proving irregular in their rates, he returned them.<ref name=":3" /> The bearings and altitudes of the land were taken by means of a [[John Hadley|Hadley]] sextant.<ref name=":3">Dawson 1883, p. 15.</ref> Some of the results were incorporated by [[James Horsburgh]] in his ''East India Directory''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Pacific Islands ===
[[File:Chart of the track and discoveries of the East India Company's cruizers Panther and Endeavour under the command of Lieut. John McCluer. 1790, 1791 and 1792. RMG F0326.tiff|thumb|Discoveries of the ''Panther'' and ''Endeavour'', 1790, 1791 and 1792]]
[[File:Chart of the Peeloo Archipelago from observations in 1793 & 1794 - by John Mc. Cluer ; Harmar scr. - btv1b53122277k.jpg|thumb|Chart of the Peeloo Archipelago from observations in 1793 & 1794]]
In 1790 McCluer was appointed to command a small expedition to proceed to the Pelew Islands (now [[Palau]]) for the purpose of carrying presents to their king (''[[ibedul]]''), Abba Thulle, and to inform him of the death of his son, [[Prince Lee Boo]], who had come to England with Captain [[Henry Wilson (sailor)|Wilson]]'s expedition in 1783.<ref name=":5">Nero 2011, p. 298.</ref> The ''[[HMS Panther (1778)|Panther]]'' and ''Endeavour'', vessels belonging to the East India Company's marine establishment at Bombay, were fitted for this service, under the command of Captain McClure.<ref name=":7" /> Wedgeborough and White, two officers of the Bombay Marine who had been shipwrecked with Wilson in the ''[[Antelope (1781 EIC packet ship)|Antelope]]'' on those islands, were appointed lieutenants.<ref name=":7">Hockin; Keate 1803, pp. 1–2.</ref>
On 23 August, McCluer set out in the ''Panther'', with the ''Endeavour'', under Lieutenant William Drummond, as companion ship, reaching the Pelew Islands on 21 January 1791,<ref name=":1" /> where they were welcomed with feasting, singing, and dancing: for they brought with them livestock, guns, and other presents.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Hockin; Keate 1803, pp. 16–17.</ref>

On 12 February,<ref>Nero 2011, p. 304.</ref> McCluer embarked, in the ''Panther'', on a supply trip to China,<ref name=":6">Hockin; Keate 1803, p. 35.</ref> and was accompanied by three significant islander youths: the adopted son, Kokiuaki, and daughter of Abba Thulle, and another young girl.<ref>Nero 2011, p. 298, 304.</ref> He describes "[t]he King ordering his own brother Arrakoker with his State canoe to go and fetch them on board".<ref>McCluer 1790–1792, p. 21.</ref>
[[File:Portrait of three Micronesians - Kokiuaki and his sisters.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Kokiuaki and his sisters by [[Spoilum]], 1791]]
During their stay at Macao, the natives were inoculated with the small-pox.<ref name=":6" /> McClure had portraits in oils made of them by [[Spoilum]],<ref name=":5" /> on which he writes:
{{Blockquote|text=The famous painter Spoilem came down to Macao at my request, his terms were to be ensured 50 Dollars for his trip, this sum I gave him for a picture of myself and the three Pelew people in a groupe, this piece I hope is already in your possession, which I left with Mr. Freeman [at Macao] to be sent home by the ships next season. This piece was judged to be a striking likeness of everyone in the groupe, and the Palau people were much pleased with their own resemblance. Dr. Harrison and several of the Gentlemen had a copy of the three people.}}

On 21 March the China fleet sailed for England, escorted by the ''[[HMS Leopard (1790)|Leopard]]'' and ''[[HMS Thames (1758)|Thames]]'' as far as Java Head;<ref>''Lloyd's List'' №2326.</ref> and thus the ''Panther''<nowiki/>'s journals were transmitted home.<ref name=":6" />

Another object of the mission was to make a survey of the Pelew group, with the view of ascertaining whether there was a harbour capable of affording safety and provision to any of the company's ships which might be disabled through stress of weather in their voyages to or from China.<ref>Low 1877, pp. 194–195.</ref> According to [[J. K. Laughton|Laughton]], "McCluer carried out the survey with his accustomed ability".<ref name=":0" /> Between January 1791 and January 1793 he examined the Pelew Islands, the [[Sulu Archipelago]], and a great part of the coast of [[New Guinea]].<ref name=":0" /> He also discovered a deep inlet on the western end of New Guinea which was afterwards named [[Berau Gulf|McCluer Gulf]] in his honour.<ref name=":1" />

== Madness ==
On returning to the Pelew Islands from New Guinea in January 1793, McCluer suddenly announced to Wedgeborough, his first lieutenant, his intention of resigning the command and settling there with the intention of founding an English settlement.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> On 2 February he formally wrote, desiring Wedgeborough take the command.<ref name=":0" /> "I will write", he said, "to the Bombay Presidency the cause I have for remaining at this place. It will be sufficient vindication for you and the rest of the gentlemen belonging to the vessel for me here to acknowledge that you have used every argument in your power to persuade me from this uncommon and unprecedented step. … It is nothing but my zeal for my country that prompts me."<ref>Laughton 1893, pp. 3–4.</ref> Wedgeborough finally supplied him with arms and other necessaries from the ship's stores, and left him.<ref name=":4" />

"It would seem that the long and arduous work in New Guinea had weakened his mind", notes Laughton, "and that he was unable to resist the fascinations of the dusky beauties of the islands. It is only by a species of insanity that his extraordinary conduct and breach of all rules of naval discipline can be explained."<ref name=":4" />

After fifteen months' residence on the island McCluer tired of his solitude.<ref name=":4" /> Having been promoted to be captain in the Bombay Marine on 27 June 1793, he resolved to return to the service of the East India Company and go to [[Ternate]] "to hear the news".<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> As bad weather came on he changed his mind and steered for China, reaching [[Macau|Macao]] after a perilous navigation in a native boat, without compass or other instruments, and with no provisions except cocoa-nuts and water.<ref name=":4" /> He had five men in the boat with him, who seem to have all arrived safe, though McCluer himself was afterwards laid up with a severe attack of fever and ague.<ref name=":4" />

On recovering he purchased a vessel, by means of a bill drawn on Bombay, and returned to the Pelew Islands, where he embarked his native family and property, with men servants and women servants: "after the manner of the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|patriarchs]] of old" (in Laughton's phrase).<ref name=":4" /> He then sailed for Calcutta, and meeting on the way the ''Bombay'' frigate, bound to Bombay, he sent some of his family on by her.<ref name=":4" /> He himself, with the rest, went on to Calcutta, and sailing thence was never heard of again.<ref name=":4">Laughton 1893, p. 4.</ref>

== Charts ==
A few of the charts resulting from McCluer's labours were:
* The coast of [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]] and [[Dutch Ceylon|Ceylon]];
* The Senhate Islands and reef ([[Laccadive Islands|Laccadivhs]]);
* Tracks of HMS ''Endeavour'' and ''[[HMS Panther (1778)|Panther]]'', from the east-end of [[Java]] to [[New Guinea]];
* [[Pellew Islands]];
* [[Sulu Archipelago]];
* Coast of Arabia from the [[Khuriya Muriya Islands|Curia Muria Islands]];
* Port of San Pio Quinto ([[Philippines]]).<ref name=":3" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="nolines" heights="150" widths="150">
File:Underoot Island - by John Mc Cluer 1790 ; W. Harrison sc. ; J. Walker sculpt - btv1b53142922j.jpg|Underoot Island, 1790
File:Seuheli Islands and Reef called by the Natives Seuheli-Par - by John Mc. Cluer 1790 ; W. Harrison sc. ; J. Walker sculpt - btv1b53143207n.jpg|Seuheli Islands and Reef called by the Natives Seuheli-Par, 1790
File:Plan of port San Pio Quinto on the island Camiguing, one of the Babuyanes... - by Lieut. John Mc Cluer ; W. Harrison sc. - btv1b532292365.jpg|Plan of port San Pio Quinto on the island Camiguing, one of the Babuyanes, 1791
File:View of the Laccadives - by Lieut John Mc. Cluer ; J. Walker sculp(si)t - btv1b53142911p.jpg|View of the Laccadives, 1791
File:Views on the coast of Guzarat by John McCluer Pl 8 belonging to Lieut John McCluer's description of the Coast of India and Malabar RMG L4269.tiff|Views on the coast of Guzarat, 1794
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite ODNB|last=David|first=Andrew C. F.|date=2007|title=McCluer, John (1759?–1795), hydrographer|id=17389|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/17389}}
* Dawson, L. S. (1883). ''Memoirs of Hydrography''. [https://archive.org/details/cihm_68425/page/n31/mode/2up?view=theater Part I]. Eastbourne: Henry W. Keay. p. 15.
* Hockin, J. P. (1803). "Supplement to the Account of the Pelew Islands". Keate, George. ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015017493092&view=1up&seq=319 An Account of the Pelew Islands]''. London: Printed for Captain Henry Wilson by W. Bulmer and Co.
* Low, Charles Rathbone (1877). ''History of the Indian Navy''. [https://archive.org/details/historyofindiann01lowc/page/186/mode/2up?view=theater Vol. 1]. London: Richard Bentley and Son. pp. 187–191.
* Nero, Karen L. (2011). "A Tale of Three Time Travelers: Maintaining Relationships, Exploring Visual Technologies". Hermann, Elfriede (ed.). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RB7HDwAAQBAJ Changing Contexts, Shifting Meanings: Transformations of Cultural Traditions in Oceania]''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. pp. 296, 298–299, 302–304, 308.
* [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG126123 "Capt John McCluer"]. ''[[The British Museum]]''. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
* ''Lloyd's List''. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c3049066&view=1up&seq=139 No. 2326]. London, 19 August 1791.

'''Attribution:'''

* {{DNB|last=Laughton|first=John Knox|wstitle=McCluer, John|volume=35|pages=3-4}}

== Further reading ==
* David, Andrew (1 January 2008). ''As It Was'', [http://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/as-it-was-31 31]. Hydro International. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
* Delano, Amasa (1817). ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.50175737&view=1up&seq=11 Narrative of Voyages and Travels in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres]''. Boston: Printed by E. G. House, for the author. pp. 43–44, 54, 63, 69, 72, 74, 92, 153, 193, 197.
* Dunmore, John (1991). [[doi:10.2307/j.ctvp7d58v.18|"McCluer"]]. ''Who's Who in Pacific Navigation''. University of Hawai’i Press. pp. 166–167.
* Griffin, Andrew (1990). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/42554305 "London, Bengal, the China Trade and the Unfrequented Extremities of Asia: The East India Company's Settlement in New Guinea, 1793–95"]. ''The British Library Journal'', 16(2): pp. 164, 167, 168.
* Fonds Add MS. 19301. [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1202653101/view "J. McCluer. Account of voyage, 1790 - 1792"]. ''[[Trove]]''. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
* ''[[Notes and Queries]]''. [https://archive.org/details/s2notesqueries01londuoft/page/352/mode/2up?view=theater 2nd series, vol. 1]. January–June 1856. London: Bell & Daldy. pp. 353, 442.

== External links ==
{{Commons-inline}}
* [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Oc2006-Drg-128 "Pencil drawing of an adult male and two adult females, Palau"]. ''The British Museum''. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
* [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Oc2006-Ptg-23 "Portrait of three Micronesians - Kokiuaki and his sisters"]. ''The British Museum''. Retrieved 19 November 2022.

{{Authority control}}

{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCluer, John}}
[[Category:Scottish hydrographers]]
[[Category:1759 births]]
[[Category:1795 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Ayyanar Thunai

2026-05-02T06:10:41Z

EduardoVasey1: put up basic entry initial version!

{{Infobox television
| image = Montage of Ayyanar Thunai.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Tamil television drama|Drama]]
| executive_producer =
| writer = Priya Thambi
| screenplay = Priya Thambi
| director = Ramkumar Das
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Madhumitha Hirannaiah]]
* [[Aravinth Seiju]]
* Munaf Rahman
* VJ Arun Karthi
* Parvez Musharaf
* S. T. P. Rosary
}}
| theme_music_composer = P. G. Ragesh
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 385<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhumitha and Aravind Seiju starrer 'Ayyanar Thunai' completes 100 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/madhumitha-and-aravind-seiju-starrer-ayyanar-thunai-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/121514480.cms|access-date=30 May 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhumitha and Aravind Seiju starrer 'Ayyanar Thunai' complete 150 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/madhumitha-and-aravind-seiju-starrer-ayyanar-thunai-completes-150-episodes/articleshow/122920084.cms|access-date=26 July 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> 
| producer = R. Venkatesh Babu Vaishnavi. V
| company = Global Villagers
| opentheme =
| cinematography = R. S. Saravanan
| editor = Prem Kumar Kiran
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|1|27|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Ayyanar Thunai''''' ({{translation|Support of [[Aiyanar|Ayyanar]]}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series starring [[Madhumitha Hirannaiah]] in the lead role, along with Aravind Seiju, Munaf Rahman, VJ Arun Karthi, Parvez Musharaf and S. T. P. Rosary in prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2025|title='சின்ன மருமகள்' ஒளிபரப்பு நேரம் மாற்றம்! அய்யனார் துணை சீரியல் எப்போது?|url=https://www.dinamani.com/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2025/Jan/24/ayyanar-thunai-telecast-time|website=[[Dinamani]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 January 2025|title=விஜய் டிவியின் புது சீரியல்.. இப்படி ஒரு கதையா! ப்ரோமோ இதோ|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/vijay-tv-new-serial-ayyanar-thunai-launch-promo-1735860060|website=Cineulagam}}</ref> It is produced by R. Venkatesh Babu and Vaishnavi V. under the banner of Global Villagers. It premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 27 January 2025 and is also available on the digital platform [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 January 2025|title="Ayyanar Thunai": A Distinct Romantic Tale Coming Soon in Vijay TV|url=https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/ayyanar-thunai-new-serial-coming-soon-vijay-tv/|website=South Moviez}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=Vijay TV அய்யனார் துணை Serial Promo review, Cast List |url=https://www.kollywoodglam.com/tv/tamil-serial/ayyanar-thunai-vijay-tv-serial-cast/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.kollywoodglam.com |language=ta-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=தொடர்ந்து முன்னேறும் அய்யனார் துணை..வெளியான இந்த வார TRP ரேட்டிங் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/vijay-tv-ayyanar-thunai-serial-growth-in-this-week-trp-rating/articleshow/120447521.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay TV Top 5 Serial TRP Rating : TRPயில் சிறகடிக்க ஆசை சீரியலை துரத்தும் அய்யனார் துணை; இந்த வார டாப் 5 சீரியல்கள் இதோ |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/television/ayyanar-thunai-nearing-siragadikka-aasai-in-vijay-tv-top-5-serial-trp-gan-34dhuz5 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

The series follows the story of Nila, a university rank holder and gold medalist in architecture who aspires to pursue higher education abroad. However, her wealthy businessman father arranges her marriage to a man who expects her to be a traditional housewife. Unhappy with this arrangement, Nila's path crosses with Chozhan, a driver hailing from a modest background. Chozhan lives with his three brothers-Cheran, Pandian, Pallavan and their father, Natesan, a truck driver who becomes an alcoholic after his wife's death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navaneethakrishnan |first=Stalin |title=Ayyanar Thunai Serial : 'எஸ்கேப் ஆன இந்து.. கொதித்துப் போன குடும்பம்..' ஆஹா போடும் அய்யனார் துணை சீரியல்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ayyanar-thunai-serial-february-19-2025-episode-watch-on-jiohotstar-and-star-vijay-television-131739935786802.html |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref> The family faces societal challenges due to the absence of a homemaker in their household as well as legal issues with their home. The narrative unfolds with Nila's entry into their lives bringing about significant changes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Tv Serial Ayyanar Thunai Synopsis Aired On Star Vijay Channel |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/tamil/tv-serials/ayyanar-thunai?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=Vijay TV அய்யனார் துணை Serial Promo review, Cast List |url=https://www.kollywoodglam.com/tv/tamil-serial/ayyanar-thunai-vijay-tv-serial-cast/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.kollywoodglam.com |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

==Summary==
The story starts with Nila, a Gold Medalist in Architecture. Despite her dreams of soaring high, her father Manohar treats her like a bird in a cage, trying to force her into a marriage with Surya, a man who hates the idea of a working wife. To escape this suffocating life, Nila’s path crosses with Chozhan, a simple, carefree attitude driver. Through a series of desperate twists, they enter into a "fake" marriage of necessity.

Nila, who grew up in luxury, suddenly finds herself as the only daughter-in-law in the Ayyanar household—a rough-and-tumble home with four brothers and their father, Natesan, who haven't had a woman’s touch in the house for years.

Nila’s own family, Ayyanar family's neighbors, relatives especially their uncle and aunt, look down on this union, and mocking her. But Nila doesn't back down. As a daughter-in-law, she slowly transforms the chaotic house into a home, and as a sister-in-law, she becomes the backbone for the four brothers—Cheran, Chozhan, Pandiyan, and Pallavan.

The family’s struggle lies in Natesan’s past. After his wife died, he was framed and sent to jail for a crime he didn't commit—betrayed by his own brother and sister. This betrayal left the brothers to grow up in poverty and stigma. Natesan emerged from prison a broken man, turning to alcohol, but Nila’s entry into the family acts as a healing balm, slowly restoring his dignity and proving to the world that he is a man of immense honesty.

Cheran, the eldest, was deeply in love with their cousin Karthika, but family politics and force led her to marry another man, leaving Cheran heartbroken.

Meanwhile, the youngest, Pandiyan, fell for a college girl named Vanathi, but her family stands as a massive wall against them, constantly creating hurdles.

Few months later, It is revealed that Pallavan isn't Natesan’s biological son. Years ago, while Natesan was driving trucks in the North, his friend died, leaving behind a wife, Komal, and a baby. Komal gave her son to Natesan to raise so she could remarry. Now, she returned to the Ayyanar family with hidden, evil motives. It was Nila’s sharp instincts that exposed Komal’s true nature, saving the family once again. During this chaos, Pallavan’s college romance fell apart, and Gayatri—who originally had a one-sided crush on Chozhan—eventually found a place in Pallavan's life.

Cheran has found love again with Chandha, a North Indian girl and the sister of his coworker Aneesh. However, their marriage keeps getting delayed due to endless family complications.

On Nila's professional front, things turned dark when her boss Raghav (the MD) began obsessively torturing her under the guise of love. Unable to take the harassment, Nila quit and started her own firm along with her colleague Divya. Seeing Nila struggle for capital to start the business, Chozhan did the unthinkable—he stole a large sum of money from his own company to support Nila’s dreams.

Now, Nila is fighting to establish her career while Chozhan carries the weight of his secret sacrifice, and the Ayyanar family stands at a crossroads where their past secrets and current risks are colliding.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Madhumitha Hirannaiah]] as Nila Chozhan: An architect; Manohar and Thenmozhi's daughter; Dass's sister; Chozhan's wife
* [[Aravinth Seiju]] as Chozhan Natesan: Cab driver; Natesan and Shanthi's second son; Cheran and Pandiyan's brother; Pallavan's adopted brother; Nila's husband
* Munaf Rahman as Cheran Natesan: Head worker in a construction site; Natesan and Shanthi's eldest son; Chozhan and Pandiyan's brother; Pallavan's adopted brother; Karthika's ex-lover; Chanda's love interest
* VJ Arun Karthi as Pandiyan Natesan: Mechanic; Natesan and Shanthi's youngest son; Cheran and Chozhan's brother; Pallavan's adopted brother; Vanathi's love interest
* Parvez Musharaf as Pallavan Natesan: College student; Komal's son; Natesan and Shanthi's adopted son; Cheran, Chozhan and Pandiyan's adopted brother; Gayathri's love interest
* S. T. P. Rosary as Natesan: Former lorry driver; Cherupara and Kasturi's brother; Shanthi's widower; Cheran, Chozhan and Pandiyan's father; Pallavan's adoptive father

===Recurring===
* Atchaya Roy as Vanathi Manickam: College student; Manickam's daughter; Vasanth's sister; Pandiyan's love interest
* Swathi Nair as Chandayatha aka Chanda: Aneesh's sister; Cheran's love interest
* Ayesha as Gayathri: College student; Pallavan's love interest; Chozhan's former one-sided lover
* Reshma Prasad as Karthika Ashwin: Kasturi's daughter; Cheran, Chozhan and Pandiyan's cousin; Pallavan's adopted cousin; Cheran's ex-lover; Ashwin's wife
* Ashwin Kannan as Ashwin: Karthika's husband
* Supergood Kannan as Manohar: Thenmozhi's husband; Dass and Nila's father
* Gayathri Priya as Thenmozhi Manohar: Manohar's wife; Dass and Nila's mother
* Jebin John as Dass Manohar: Manohar and Thenmozhi's son; Nila's brother; Madhi's husband
* Deepthi Kapil as Madhi Dass: Dass's wife
* Malik as Aneesh: Chanda's brother; Cheran's co-worker and friend
* Agalaya Agal as Kasturi: Cherupara and Natesan's sister; Karthika’s mother
* Bharath Mohan as Kasturi's husband; Karthika's father
* Vincent Roy as Cherupara; Natesan and Kasturi's brother
* Divya Vijay Kumar as Divya: Pallavan's college mate and ex-love interest
* Sasindhar Pushpalingam as Surya: Nila's ex-fiancé
* Paranthaman as Kannan: Pandiyan's friend and co-worker
* KB Bala Balasubramanian as Manickam: Auto driver; Vanathi and Vasanth's father
* Chandru as Vasanth Manickam: Manickam's son; Vanathi's brother
* Jasmine Praveen as Divya: Nila's colleague and friend
* Baala as Murugan: Nila's senior colleague
* Mohammed Salmaan / Vikash Sampath as Raghav: Nila's MD who one-sidedly loved her
* Baanu as Komal: Pallavan's mother
* Guna as Komal's second husband
* Mullai Dhanasekaran as Constable Vaazhavandhan: Chozhan's well-wisher; Sumathi's husband
* Pushpa as Sumathi Vaazhavandhan: Vaazhavandhan's wife

=== Special appearance ===
* [[Roopa Sree]] as Shanthi: Natesan's wife; Cheran, Chozhan and Pandiyan's mother; Pallavan's adoptive mother (Photographic Appearance)

==Reception==
The show got a TVR of 4.84 on its Launch week on January - February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24|title=Tamil TV Serials TRP Ratings this week – April 2025 {{!}}{{!}} Top 20 Tamil Serials List with TRP Rating - Cinebuds |url=https://cinebuds.com/tamil-tv-serials-trp-ratings-this-week/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Extended telecast ===
* From 11 August 2025 following the conclusion of the long-running series ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'', both ''[[Pandian Stores 2]]'' and ''Ayyanar Thunai'' were broadcast as 45 minutes special episodes. This extended telecast continued until 5 October 2025.

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Year
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Category
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Recipient
! style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Result
! style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="13" |2025
|Behindwoods Gold Icon Awards
|Most celebrated on screen pair
| rowspan="3" |Madhumitha & Aravinth Seiju
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Vijay Television Awards|10th Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
|-
|Favorite Pair
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=vigneshpv94 |date=2025-09-03 |title=10 Annual Vijay Television Awards 2025 Winners List |url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/awards/vijay-television-awards-2025-winners-list/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=The News Medium |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Find of the year – Female
| rowspan="2" |Madhumitha
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Heroine
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Find of the year – Male
| rowspan="2" |Aravinth Seiju
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Hero
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Character – Male
|Munaf Rahman
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Father
|S. T. P. Rosary
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Favorite Serial
|Ayyanar Thunai
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best DOP
|R. S. Saravanan
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Writer
|Priya Thampy
|{{Won}}
|-
|JFW Favourites of Tamil Nadu 2025
|Favourite onscreen pair-Television
|Aravinth Seiju and Madhumitha
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|Galatta Glorious Icons Awards 2026(Second Edition)
|Best Television Show of the year - Fiction
|Ayyanar Thunai
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Indian Awards 2026
|Favorite family of the year 2026
|Ayyanar Thunai
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:black"
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Notes
! style="background:#7b0c0c;color:white"| Ref.
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Ayyanar Thunai'' அய்யனார் துணை
| 27 January 2025
| [[Star Vijay]]
| rowspan="5"| Ongoing
| Original
|
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Shree Gandhadagudi'' ಶ್ರೀ ಗಂಧದಗುಡಿ
|6 October 2025
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|rowspan="5"|Remake
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiantvinfo.com/what-are-the-remakes-of-ayyanar-thunai-in-other-languages/|title=Ayyanar Thunai Remakes in Other Languages – Baai Tujha Ashirvad , Shree Gandhadagudi, Podarillu, Kattathe Kilikkoodu}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Kattathe Kilikkoodu'' കാറ്റത്തെ കിളിക്കൂട്
|10 November 2025
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/kattathe-kilikkodu-serial-asianet-actors/|title=Kattathe Kilikkodu Serial Asianet Starts from 10 November and Telecast Everyday at 8:00 PM}}</ref>
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Podarillu'' పొదరిల్లు
|8 December 2025
|[[Star Maa]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/ayyanar-thunai-cast-and-crew-in-telugu-vijay-tv-top-rating-serial-ayyanar-thunai-is-remake-in-telugu-star-maa-channel-see-he-promo-and-telecast-time-and-date-article-153097931|title=Ayyanar Thunai: தெலுங்கில் ரீமேக் செய்யப்படும் அய்யனார் துணை... ஹீரோவாக நடிக்க போகும் தமிழ் நடிகர் யார் தெரியுமா?}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Bai Tuza Ashirwad'' बाई तुझा आशीर्वाद
| 27 April 2026
| [[Star Pravah]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/star-pravah-bai-tuza-aashirwad-serial-promotional-strategy-went-viral-on-social-media-entertainment-news-kds07|title=मालिकेच्या प्रोमोशनसाठी अनोखा प्रयोग ! दांगट कुटूंबाने चक्क आंब्यांनी केली एकुलत्या एक सुनेची तुला|website=Sakal|date=17 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Bareilly Ke Bachchan'' बरेली के बच्चन
| {{TBA}}
| [[Colors TV]]
| Upcoming
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bareilly-ke-bacchan-promo-out-a-quirky-take-on-family-dysfunction-set-in-bareilly/articleshow/130351906.cms|title=‘Bareilly Ke Bacchan’ promo out: A quirky take on family dysfunction set in Bareilly|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/good-news-for-ayyanar-thunai-serial-fans-1776434538|title=அய்யனார் துணை சீரியல் ரசிகர்களுக்கு வந்த சூப்பர் குட் நியூஸ்... சீரியலுக்கு இவ்வளவு மவுசா? |website=cineulagam.com|date=17 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt36734155}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television series about brothers]]

Lalan Kumar

2026-05-01T13:37:51Z

EduardoVasey1: added new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Lalan Kumar''' (born 1973) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is an MLA from [[Pirpainti Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur District]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Pirpainti Bihar Election 2020 Final Results LIVE:BJP Candidate LALAN KUMAR wins from Pirpainti, Bihar |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/pirpainti-bihar-election-2020-results-live-vote-counting-begins-at-8-am-stay-tuned-for-updates-1385830 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=news.abplive.com }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from [[Pirpainti]], Bhagalpur District, Bihar. He is the son of late Sivnath Paswan. He completed his B.Sc. in Engineering at [[MIT, Muzaffarpur|MIT Muzaffarpur]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalan Kumar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PIRPAINTI (SC)(BHAGALPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11252 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar won from Pirpainti Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly constituency. He polled 96,229 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ram Vilas Paswan of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]], by a margin of 27,019 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Pirpainti Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Lalan Kumar of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/pirpainti-election-result-2020-live-updates-pirpainti-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061811.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Result 2020: Pirpainti Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno154-2-1795472 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Deccan Herald }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Lalan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur district]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

P. Kumar

2026-04-20T06:55:55Z

EduardoVasey1: Adding new biography

{{Short description|Indian attorney and politician}}
{{Indian patronymic|P. Kumar|Palanivel}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P.Kumar
ப.குமார்
| birth_name = Palanivel Kumar
| native_name = Punalkulam
| children = [[P. K. Mukesh Kumar]]
| education = B.sc.BL
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|04|21}}
| birth_place = [[Punalkulam]], Pudukkottai district, India
| office = Member of Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = May 2009 — May 2019
| constituency = [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
| website =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}

'''P. Kumar''' (born 21 April 1971) is an Indian politician. He is popularly known as 'ப.குமார்', member of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]] constituency since 2009. He represents AIADMK.

== Personal life ==
He was born in [[Pudukkottai district]], Gandarvakkottai taluk, Punalkulam, [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is the son of Palanivel and Muniyammal. He has one son and a daughter.

==Politics==
He joined AIADMK in 1991. In 2009 he was nominated to participate in the Lok Sabha election.

In February 2014 he was re-nominated for the [[Lok Sabha]] seat for [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]. In 2018 he was appointed AIADMK trichy urban secretary and served as state youth wing secretary for 5 years. He is Deputy Leader in Lok Sabha for AIADMK. In the 2014 Lok Sabha election he defeated Mu. Anbhalagan.

He is known for his organising abilities. He was called district secretary "of trichy AIADMK.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/P-Kumar-re-nominated-for-Trichy-Lok-Sabha-seat/articleshow/30970059.cms P Kumar re-nominated for Trichy Lok Sabha seat]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 3 July 2014.</ref>

===Elections ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Constituency
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
!Result
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan=2| [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|{{full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, P}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]

Bhagyakul Roy family

2026-04-19T16:24:24Z

EduardoVasey1: put up the stub more to come!

{{Short description|Bangladeshi family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2011}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
}}
The '''Bhagyakul Roy family''' (also known as '''The Bhagyakul Roys''') is a family Zamindars from Bhagyakul in the [[Munshiganj District]] of [[Bangladesh]].

== Overview ==
In the first half of the 18th century the Bhagyakul Roy family of the mechantile [[Tili (caste)|Tili]] caste, entered into the salt business. They rapidly acquired vast fortunes and became chief landlords (or [[zamindar]]s) of Bhagyakul and many other estates in the undivided Bengal (pre-1947). Simultaneously, [[Zamindars of Bengal|zamindari]] estates spread out over the undivided [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]].

The family did not stick to the feudalistic zamindari system, instead they established an inland water and stream navigation services with shipping dockyards. The Bhagyakul Roy's also founded one of the biggest [[jute mill]]s called M/S. Prem Chand Jute Mills Ltd, and the [[United Industrial Bank]]. Though originally 'Kundu,' they were awarded the title of Roy Bahadur to Sri Gunendra Krishna Roy, one of the family members and the rest with 'Roy/Raychowdhary' by the British colonial government. The family now uses its surname as Ray / Roy. A few family members were also honoured with the title of 'Raja' by the British government.

Later the family diversified into steamships, banking, real estate, and manufacturing industries. Many in the family entered public life, developed professional careers, and created institutions of social importance that collectively constitute a significant influence on the Bengali{{who|date=March 2021}} society even today.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The family was instrumental in setting up the [[East Bengal Club]] in August 1920. It is also known that the family provided Pandit [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] with a loan to start the [[Vidyasagar College]].

During the colonial period, the family contributed towards the freedom struggle by actively participating in the Sixth [[Indian National Congress]] session (Tivoli Garden, Calcutta, December 1890) and opposing the partition of Bengal.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

== Prominent descendants ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
* [[Justice Kiran Lal Roy]], Judge, Kolkata High Court
* [[Pankaj Roy]], Indian cricketer and India test captain
* [[Ambar Roy]], Indian cricketer
* [[Subrata Roy]], Indian industrialist and business man
Tins - zonal level cricketer

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Boria Majumdar, Kausik Bandyopadhyay: ''A social history of Indian football: striving to score'' Pg.96 ({{ISBN|978-0-415-34835-5}})
* Santoshakumāra Adhikārī: ''Vidyasagar and the new national consciousness'' Vidyasagar Research Centre, 1990
* Annie Besant: ''How India wrought for freedom'': The Story of the National Congress Told from Official Records, Pg.120
* Asok Mitra: "Towards Independence, 1940-1947: Memoirs of an Indian Civil Servant, Pg.70-71

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130203121546/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090628/jsp/calcutta/story_11164275.jsp ''Hit by heritage'' - article in The Telegraph (India)]


[[Category:Bengali families]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi families]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Business families of India]]

Wahan Ke Log

2026-04-19T03:56:37Z

EduardoVasey1: Added new pg

{{short description|1967 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{infobox film
| name = Wahan Ke Log
| director = N. A. Ansari
| producer = N. A. Ansari
| studio = Bundelkhand Films
| writer = K. B. Pathak
| starring = [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] [[Tanuja]]
| music = [[C. Ramchandra]]
| released = {{Film date|1967}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''''Wahan Ke Log''''' ({{Translation|''People from Out There''}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[science fiction film]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Ashok |title=Hero Vol.1 |date=2009 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-02-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&q=wahan |language=en |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923044229/https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&q=wahan#v=snippet&q=wahan |url-status=live }}</ref> Directed by Nisar Ahmed Ansari, the film stars [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Tanuja]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]. One of the [[Science fiction films in India|earliest sci-fi films made in India]],<ref name="first">{{cite journal |last1=Mohan Nautiyal |first1=Chandra |title=A look at S&T Awareness – Enhancements in India |journal=Journal of Science Communication |date=20 June 2008 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=5 |doi=10.22323/2.07020201 |url=https://jcom.sissa.it/sites/default/files/documents/Jcom0702%282008%29A01.pdf |language=en |issn=1824-2049 |quote=The first Indian movie (in Hindi) which had some element of Sci-Fi in it was Wahan ke Log (people from there) and included visitors from Mars in its story. |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923044230/https://jcom.sissa.it/sites/default/files/documents/Jcom0702%282008%29A01.pdf |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Khan">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Sami Ahmad |editor1-last=Kishore |editor1-first=V. |editor2-last=Sarwal |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Patra |editor3-first=P. |title=Bollywood and Its Other(s): Towards New Configurations |date=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-42650-5 |pages=186–201 |language=en |chapter=Bollywood’s Encounters with the Third Kind|doi=10.1057/9781137426505_13 }}</ref> it tells the story of a supposed martial threat on India by aliens from outer space intending to rob the rich of their diamonds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |author-link2=Wimal Dissanayake |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77291-7 |page=247 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Iain Robert |title=Hollywood Meme: Transnational Adaptations in World Cinema |date=2016 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-7747-4 |page=117 |language=en}}</ref> Made on a low budget, the film was promoted with the tagline "The strange visitors from [[Mars in fiction|Mars]] are on the way".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Avijit |title=Hrithik passes PM test, over to box office |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hrithik-passes-pm-test-over-to-box-office/cid/804501 |accessdate=14 September 2020 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |issue=3 August 2003 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918120150/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hrithik-passes-pm-test-over-to-box-office/cid/804501 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Agent Rakesh is assigned by Chief Sheikh of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Central Intelligence Service]] to investigate the murder case of Dinanath from [[Karolbagh]], with speculation of a possible involvement of aliens from [[Mars]]. Rakesh, who lives with his mother and is to marry Anita, embarks on a journey to Bombay along with private detective Neelkanth, from Blue Bird Detective Agency.

==Cast==
*[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Rakesh / Prince Ranveer Singh
*[[Tanuja]] as Anita
*[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Neelkanth
*[[Shobhna Samarth]] as Rakesh's Mother
*[[D. K. Sapru]] as Shaikh
*[[Neelofar (actress)|Neelofar]] as Margaret
*[[Nisar Ahmad Ansari]] as Professor Anil Chakravarty
*[[Hari Shukla]] as Dwarka Prasad
*[[Bela Bose]] as Sophia
*[[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Dancer
*[[M. A. Latif]] as Inspector Latif
*[[Viju Khote]] as Spaceship Pilot

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[C. Ramchandra]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/190/mode |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |page=190 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gulzar |last2=Nihalani |first2=Govind |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Saibal |authorlink1=Gulzar |authorlink2=Govind Nihalani |authorlink3=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |date=2003 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |page=538 |language=en}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Shakeel Badayuni]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vijayakar |first1=Rajiv |title=The soft-spoken bard |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-softspoken-bard/798109/0 |accessdate=14 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=Express Group |date=2 June 2011}}</ref> The songs are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Wahan Ke Log (1967) |url=http://myswar.co/album/wahan-ke-log-1967 |website=myswar.co |publisher=MySwar |accessdate=25 September 2020}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Hum Tujhse Mohabbat Karke"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Tum Kitni Khoobsurat Ho"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
| "Woh Pyara Pyara Pyara"
| Mahendra Kapoor
|-
| "Aawaz Meri Sunkar"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Zindagi Ka Nasha"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==Reception==
A review carried by ''Link'' magazine was critical of the film, writing: "Credibility is not by any means its forte and there is very little in its length to distinguish it from the stock brew that Bombay is known to bottle under various labels".<ref>{{cite news |title=Flying Saucers from Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OQxAQAAIAAJ&q=%22flying+saucers+from+bombay |work=Link |issue=9 |date=1967 |page=36 |language=en}}</ref> Being one of the only sci-fi pictures from India, the film has been discussed by a number of scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reddi |first1=Madhavi |title=Aliens as the Other in Post-Independence Hindi Cinema |journal=GNOVIS |date=2018 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=29–40 |url=https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/1050460/Reddi-Aliens-as-the-Others-in-Post-Independence-Hindi-Cinema-2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923044230/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/1050460/Reddi-Aliens-as-the-Others-in-Post-Independence-Hindi-Cinema-2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="first"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sawhney |first1=Rashmi |title=An evening on Mars, love on the moon: 1960s science fiction films from Bombay |journal=Studies in South Asian Film & Media |date=1 October 2015 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=121–146 |doi=10.1386/safm.6.2.121_1 }}</ref> According to Sami Ahmad Khan, author of the essay ''Bollywood's Encounters with the Third Kind'', ''Wahan Ke Log'' seems to have taken inspiration from the [[Sino-Indian War]] which took place five years before, even though no mention of China is made in the film.<ref name="Khan"/> ''[[The Times of India]]'' listed the film as one of India's "Super C grade movies", dismissing it as the worst of India's sci-fi films.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Super C grade movies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/7-super-c-grade-movies/articleshow/60062148.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=14 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |date=15 August 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923044236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/7-super-c-grade-movies/articleshow/60062148.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> A retrospective review by ''[[The Hindu]]'', however, called it "an unusual film, an interesting blend of a ghost and thieving aliens".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Aditi |title=What made N.A. Ansari's films so entertaining? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/what-made-na-ansaris-films-so-entertaining/article23527942.ece |accessdate=14 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=14 April 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0155370}}
*[https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8ca3d7f8 Wahan Ke Log]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} at [[British Film Institute]]

[[Category:1960s action horror films]]
[[Category:1960s action thriller films]]
[[Category:1960s ghost films]]
[[Category:1960s heist films]]
[[Category:1967 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960s horror thriller films]]
[[Category:1960s mystery horror films]]
[[Category:1960s science fiction action films]]
[[Category:1960s science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:1960s science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:1960s spy action films]]
[[Category:1960s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about alien invasions]]
[[Category:Indian films about extraterrestrial life]]
[[Category:Films about space warfare]]
[[Category:Films about the upper class]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Ramchandra]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in outer space]]
[[Category:Films set on spacecraft]]
[[Category:Films set on space stations]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language science fiction films]]
[[Category:Indian action horror films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery horror films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction]]
[[Category:Mars in film]]
[[Category:Murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian War films]]
[[Category:Space adventure films]]
[[Category:Space opera films]]
[[Category:1967 science fiction films]]
[[Category:1967 action films]]

Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain

2026-04-18T01:56:41Z

EduardoVasey1: Starting new info

{{Short description|1975 election and constitutional law case}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| date decided = {{start date|1975|11|07}}
| full name = Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Shri Raj Narain & {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}}
| citations = {{URL|1=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/936707/|2=AIR 1975 SUPREME COURT 2299}}, 1976 2 SCR 347
| judge = A. N. Ray (Chief Justice), H. R. Khanna, K. K. Mathew, M. H. Beg, and Y. V. Chandrachud
| decision by = Justice [[A. N. Ray]]
| laws_applied = Article 14, 31-B, 368, and 329-A of the [[Constitution of India]], and
Section 123(7) of the Representation of People's Act, 1951; [[Basic structure doctrine]], [[Separation of powers]]
| Overturned previous case = [[State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain]]
| keywords = [[Constitutional law]], [[The Emergency (India)]]
| italic title = yes
| verdict = Struck down clauses (4) and (5) of Article 329A; Overturned lower court conviction of [[Indira Gandhi]]
}}

'''''Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Shri Raj Narain & {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}}''''' (AIR 1975 SC 2299),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gandhi v. Narain • Page 1 • Election Judgments - IFES |url=https://electionjudgments.org/entity/oa65mmtctn7 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=electionjudgments.org}}</ref> also known as the '''Election Case''', is a landmark case in Indian [[constitutional law]] examining the validity of the [[39th Amendment of the Constitution of India|39th Amendment to the Constitution of India]], validity of Article 329A, and the allegations of electoral malpractice against [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=“BEYOND THE BALLOT: THE CASE THAT SHAPED INDIAN DEMOCRACY” » Lawful Legal |url=https://lawfullegal.in/beyond-the-ballot-the-case-that-shaped-indian-democracy/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> The case was decided by the [[Supreme Court of India]] which ruled that clauses (4) and (5) of Article 329A were [[Unconstitutional constitutional amendment|unconstitutional]] and therefore void because it violated the [[Basic structure doctrine|basic structure]] of the Indian constitution. The court simultaneously overturned the decision of the lower court, which found Gandhi's election to be invalid, and allowed her to continue serving as the Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Shri Raj Narain & Anr on 7 November, 1975 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/936707/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

The judgement is noted for reaffirming the [[basic structure doctrine]] for the Indian Constitution enshrined in ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]''. The case further underscored the principle of judicial review.

== Background ==
{{See also|State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain|39th Amendment of the Constitution of India}}
The [[39th Amendment of the Constitution of India|39th Amendment to the Constitution of India]] was enacted on 10th August, 1975, shortly after the imposition of the [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]] by Indira Gandhi. The amendment was motivated by the rulings in ''[[State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain]]'' which challenged the election of the Prime Minister based on the grounds of electoral malpractices. Indira Gandhi was found guilty by the [[Allahabad High Court]] and her election was invalidated; resulting in possible loss of her position as the Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency 1975 Explained: Social Unrest, Court Verdicts, and Indira Gandhi's Iron Grip |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/social-unrest-sc-order-dictatorial-tendencies-led-to-emergency-in-1975-3600076 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> While the ruling was appealed and stayed and later overturned, it was not rejected by the Supreme Court outright, creating interim political crisis for the Indira Gandhi's government. The amendment, introduced after partial stay order, amended Articles 71 and 329 of the Indian Constitution and introduced new Article 329A with six clauses. The amendment fundamentally sought to assert parliamentary supremacy over the judiciary. Further, the amendments was introduced when many opposition leaders were in jailed on the pretext of the emergency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-25 |title=How Indira Gandhi used the Constitution to subvert democracy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/how-indira-gandhi-used-the-constitution-to-subvert-democracy-10086543/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> These changes placed the election of the [[President of India|President]], the [[Vice President of India|Vice President]], the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] beyond judicial review; effectively nullifying ongoing process and retroactively validated her void election. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Priyadarshi |first=Divyanshu |date=2012-01-01 |title=Case Study: Smt. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Shri Raj Narain and Anr. on 7 November, 1975 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2146120 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Case summary ==
The Supreme Court considered two civil appeals together. The first appeal, Civil Appeal No. 887 of 1975, was filed by Indira Gandhi against her conviction and the respondent was Raj Narain. While the case was being considered, the 39th Amendment to the Constitution of India was passed, stripping Supreme Court of its authority over the case. Its validity was challenged in cross-objections raised by Raj Narain in the second appeal, Civil Appeal No. 909 of 1975.

Based on both appeals, the court considered three main issues:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Case Comment: Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain, 1975 - Academike |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/case-comment-indira-gandhi-vs-raj-narain-1975/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=www.lawctopus.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

* Whether the election of Indira Gandhi was valid
* Whether the Representation of People's (Amendment) Act, 1974, and the Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 1975, are constitutionally valid
* Whether clause (4) of Article 329A is unconstitutional

== Judgement ==
In a landmark judgement, a division bench constiting of justices [[A. N. Ray]] (Chief Justice), [[H. R. Khanna]], [[K. K. Mathew]], [[Mirza Hameedullah Beg|M. H. Beg]], and [[Y. V. Chandrachud]] struck down Clause (4) of Article 329A as unconstitutional. The Court held that this provision violated the "basic structure" of the Constitution deriving from precedent established in ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Subodhika |date=2024-09-01 |title=DEMYSTIFYING THE DOCTRINE OF BASIC STRUCTURE |url=https://plreview.net/index.php/plr/article/view/57 |journal=Prayagraj Law Review |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The justices reasoned that free and fair elections, the separation of powers, and judicial review were essential features of the Indian Constitution and could not be abrogated by a constitutional amendment.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=Indira Gandhi, Nani Palkhivala and the Basic Structure doctrine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/indira-gandhi-nani-palkhivala-basic-structure-doctrine-8632071/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, the court recognized the limits of judicial scrutiny into parliamentary proceedings per Article 122 of the Constitution and validated the constitutionality of the Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1974, and the Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 1975, notwithstanding procedural points raised in the appeal.<ref name=":2" /> The court also found not wrongdoing of electoral malpractice against Indira Gandhi and upheld her election as a prime minister.<ref name=":1" />

== Significance ==
While the Supreme Court overturned Indira Gandhi's conviction, its striking down of a key part of the 39th Amendment was a monumental moment in Indian constitutional history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2023-01-23 |title=Explained {{!}} The basic structure of the Constitution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-basic-structure-of-the-constitution/article66425372.ece |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> It reaffirmed the principle that no one, not even the Prime Minister, is above the law and that the judiciary has the ultimate authority to interpret the Constitution and safeguard its fundamental principles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aitha |first=Vyshnavi |date=2023-12-19 |title=Case Analysis: Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain |url=https://www.jusscriptumlaw.com/post/case-analysis-indira-gandhi-vs-raj-narain |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Jus Scriptum |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== See also ==

* [[List of landmark court decisions in India]]
* ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Books ===

* {{cite book |last=Bhushan |first=Prashant |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Case_that_Shook_India_The_Verdict_Th/3GclDwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Case that Shook India: The Verdict That Led to the Emergency: The Verdict That Led to the Emergency |date=January 1, 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-86495-87-7 |access-date=June 25, 2025}}
* {{cite web |title=The Basic Structure Doctrine: Protector of Constitutional Integrity by Rohinton Nariman |url=https://store.lexisnexis.in/the-basic-structure-doctrine-protector-of-constitutional-integrity-ed1-eb |access-date=June 25, 2025 |website=LexisNexis India Bookstore |ref={{sfnref|LexisNexis India Bookstore}}}}

[[Category:1975 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Constitutional case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Political crises in India]]

Sayed Md Masih

2026-04-17T18:58:28Z

EduardoVasey1: Added post

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sayed Mohammad Masih
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1982
| term_end1 = 1991
| predecessor1 = [[Bholanath Sen]]
| successor1 = [[Mahboob Zahedi]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Jyoti Basu]]
| prime_minister = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| term_start = 2006
| term_end = 2011
| predecessor = [[Subhas Mondal]]
| successor = [[Banamali Hazra]]
| constituency = [[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1944}}
| birth_place = [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]], [[Bardhaman district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''Sayed Mohammad Masih''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was the MLA of [[Bhatar Assembly constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and family==
Masih was born in {{circa|1944}} to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Syeds]] in [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]], [[Bardhaman district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. He was the son of Sayed Mohammad Taha.<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in India|page=334|publisher=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]|year=2006}}</ref>

==Career==
Masih contested in the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate for [[Bhatar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1982/bhatar/|title=Bhatar, 1982|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He was re-elected from the same constituency at the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], and [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] for a third term.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1987/bhatar/|title=Bhatar, 1987|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masih, Sayed Md}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politician stubs]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Jnanendranath Gupta

2026-04-16T21:24:50Z

EduardoVasey1: Starting new data

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1869–1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]
| image = Jnanendra Nath Gupta, Calcutta, 1895.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year|1869}}
| birth_place = [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death year|1946}}
| death_place = Bengal Presidency, British India
| alma_mater = {{UBL| Presidency College | [[University of Oxford]] }}
| occupation = administrator
| known_for = Founder of [[Carmichael College]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sarala Devi|1894}}
| relatives = [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] (father in law)
}}
'''Jnanendranath Gupta''' (1869–1946; also known as '''J. N. Gupta''') was a distinguished officer of the [[Indian Civil Service]] during the British Indian period, as well as a social reformer and administrator. Inspired by the ideals of the [[Bengal Renaissance]], he served with integrity, humanity, and efficiency in various districts of eastern Bengal (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) and western Bengal. His administrative contributions in [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], and [[Dhaka]] were particularly notable. While serving in Rangpur, he established [[Carmichael College]] in 1916.<ref>{{Cite web |title=বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় হয়েও, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় হতে পারেনি কারমাইকেল কলেজ |url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/552519/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=দেশ রূপান্তর |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=শতবর্ষে রংপুর কারমাইকেল কলেজ |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/shuvosongho/2016/05/29/363493 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=www.kalerkantho.com}}</ref>

==Life and education==
Jnanendranath Gupta was born in 1869 in Bengal during the [[British colonial period]]. His father, Ghanshyam Das Gupta, served as a district judge. Due to his father’s frequent transfers, he spent his childhood in different regions of Bengal and [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Echoes from Old Bengal {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/echoes-old-bengal-1430665 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref>

He passed the [[matriculation examination]] from Shyampukur School in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]). He later enrolled at Metropolitan College, where [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] was serving as the principal, and developed a close and affectionate relationship with him. He obtained his bachelor’s degree with honors in English literature, philosophy, and history, and later earned a master’s degree from [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:J_N_Gupta_with_his_wife_Sarala,_Calcutta,_1895.jpg|thumb|J N Gupta with his wife Sarala, Calcutta, 1895]]
In 1894, he married Sarala Devi, who was the daughter of the renowned economist and ICS officer [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
In his youth, Jnanendranath Gupta stayed in Dakshineswar with Promothanath Kar (Paltu) and had the opportunity to be in the company of eminent personalities such as [[Ramakrishna]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], and [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]. During this period, he edited the Bengali monthly magazine Sahitya, to which leading writers of the time, including [[Rabindranath Tagore]], regularly contributed.<ref name=":0" />

In 1891, he traveled to [[England]] with [[Chittaranjan Das]] and appeared in the ICS examination held in London in 1892, where he secured second place among Indian candidates. In 1893, he studied at [[University of Oxford]].
[[File:Deputy_Magistrate_J_N_Gupta_with_his_wife_and_children,_Noakhali,_1908.png|thumb|Deputy Magistrate J N Gupta with his wife and children, Noakhali, 1908]]
[[File:Commissioner's_House_lived_in_by_JN_Gupta_Dhaka_1919.png|thumb|Commissioner's House lived in by JN Gupta Dhaka 1919]]
He served in important administrative positions across several districts, including [[Odisha|Orissa]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[Bankura]], [[Burdwan]], [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], and [[Dhaka]]:

* [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] (1908): Served as District Magistrate
* [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] (1914–1918): Served as Collector
* [[Dhaka]] (1919): Served as Commissioner

While posted in [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], he established [[Carmichael College]] in 1916,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders {{!}} Carmichael College, Rangpur |url=https://ccr.gov.bd/founders/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615045408/https://ccr.gov.bd/founders/ |archive-date=2025-06-15 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=ccr.gov.bd |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> the first higher education institution in North Bengal, which is now a historic and architectural landmark.

In 1918, he worked with [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Satyendra Prasanna Sinha]] in the British War Cabinet. In 1921, he went to [[Geneva]] as a representative of the labour section of the [[League of Nations]].<ref name=":0" />

==Works==

* DISTRICT GAZETTEERS OF BENGAL AND ASSAM : BOGRA, 1910 <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jnanendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=Y25OAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Jnanendra+Nath+Gupta%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Bogra |date=1910 |publisher=Pioneer Press |language=en}}</ref>
* Rangpur Today: a study in local problems of a Bengal district, Jñānendra-Nātha Gupta, 1918 <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jnanendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=dRXJczULj7gC&redir_esc=y |title=Rangpur To-day: A Study in Local Problems of a Bengal District |date=1918 |publisher=S.B. Chakraverty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Incarnate Word |url=https://incarnateword.in/documents/alphabet-g/30-jnanendra-nath-gupta-1918 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=incarnateword.in}}</ref>
* The Foundations of National Progress: A Scheme of Constructive Work for an Indian Province, with an Introduction by the Rt. Hon'ble Baron Sinha of Raipur, Elm Press, 1927, Cornell University <ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jnanendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books/about/The_Foundations_of_National_Progress.html?id=LqgvAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The Foundations of National Progress: A Scheme of Constructive Work for an Indian Province, with an Introduction by the Rt. Hon'ble Baron Sinha of Raipur |date=1927 |publisher=Elm Press |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Carmichael College]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:Founders of Bangladeshi schools and colleges]]

Kadambur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:21Z

EduardoVasey1: Starting a details

{{Short description|Former assembly constituency of Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{coord|8.98|N|77.87|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| loksabha_cons= [[Thoothukkudi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thoothukkudi]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| name = Kadambur
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1962
}}
'''Kadambur''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=delimitation1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=23 August 1951 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It was in existence from the 1951 delimitation to 1962 state elections.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Venugopala Krishnaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[S. Sangili]] and [[K. Ramasubbu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| S. Sangili
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadambur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ramasubbu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,155 |percentage=29.28% |change=-15.01% }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sangili (SC) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,787 |percentage=23.82% |change=-20.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arunachala Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=13,447 |percentage=11.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Suppayan (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=9,867 |percentage=8.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marinaicker |party=Independent politician |votes=9,096 |percentage=7.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mariappan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,865 |percentage=7.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthia (SC) |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,770 |percentage=5.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velayudam (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=6,669 |percentage=5.72% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,368 |percentage=5.46% |change=-18.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,656 |percentage=72.29% |change= 21.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,364 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadambur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Venugopala Krishnaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,000 |percentage=44.29% |change=44.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subbiah Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=7,682 |percentage=20.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnaswami |party=Socialist Party (India)|votes=6,343 |percentage=16.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karunakara Pandian |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=3,943 |percentage=10.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=John |party=Independent politician |votes=3,414 |percentage=8.89% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,318 |percentage=24.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,382 |percentage=50.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,752 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |accessdate=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archivedate=5 October 2010 }}
{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]

Tapa, Punjab

2026-04-08T17:22:23Z

EduardoVasey1:

{{For|Hindustani classical music|Tapa (disambiguation){{!}}Tapa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tapa
| other_name = Tapa Mandi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30|17|53|N|75|22|08|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barnala district|Barnala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Municipal Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 23248
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 148108
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = (+91) 1679
| registration_plate = PB 73
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Tapa''' is a small town, [[municipal council]] and [[administrative area]] in [[Barnala district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipalities {{!}} Welcome to district Barnala {{!}} India |url=https://barnala.gov.in/public-utility-category/municipality/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tapa is mainly known as '''Tapa Mandi''', "Mandi" being a word that translate to [[grain trade|grain market]]. As Tapa has been famous for its grain market, many people from nearby villages come here to sell their crops and grains. This has been the main source of income and job opportunities for many people around this area. Tapa is well known for its historic Deras and Guruduwaras and for best economy in its district.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Tapa had a population of 23,248. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Tapa has an average literacy rate of 69.8%: male literacy is 64.4%, and female literacy is 57.2%. In Tapa, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Transportation==
Tapa is situated at Barnala-Bathinda Main Road (NH 7) between Barnala and Bathinda, Moga and Mansa. It is 24 km towards Bathinda from Barnala and 42 km towards Barnala from Bathinda. Moga Road also passes through it towards Pakho-Kenchian. [[Tapa railway station]] is situated on [[Bathinda–Rajpura line]] under [[Ambala railway division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapa Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tapa-tapa/1197 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Education==
===Schools===
*Government Boys Sen. Sec. School, Tapa
*Government Girls Sen. Sec. School, Tapa
*Holy Angels Public High School, Tapa
*Sarvhitkari Vidya Mandir Public High School, Tapa
*Shivalik Public Sen. Sec. School, Tapa
*Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhilwan (Tapa)
*Shama Garden International Senior Secondary School, Tapa
*Arya Samaj Public High School, Tapa
*S.S.N Senior Secondary School, Tapa
*Guru Nanak Dev Public High School, Tapa
*Dashmesh Public High School, Dhillwan (Tapa Mandi)
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Barnala district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Barnala district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Arun Kumar Chakma

2026-04-04T11:53:26Z

EduardoVasey1: put up basic bio v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Kumar Chakma
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image_upright =
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951-1-1|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf | title = Oath/Affirmation by Eleventh Legislative Assembly Members | website = tripuraassembly.nic.in | page = 4}}</ref>
| birth_place = Pecharthal, [[Tripura]], India
| spouse = Tapasi Dewan
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| order =
| office = Member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| status =
| term_start = 2003
| term_end = 2018
| alongside = 
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| vicechair =
| succeeding = 
| constituency = [[Pencharthal Assembly constituency|Pencharthal]]
| majority =
| predecessor = [[Anil Chakma]]
| successor = [[Santana Chakma]]
| prior_term =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 
| alongside2 = 
| monarch2 = 
| president2 = 
| governor_general2 = 
| prime_minister2 = 
| chancellor2 = 
| taoiseach2 = 
| governor2 = 
| vice_president2 = 
| vice_prime_minister2 = 
| deputy2 = 
| lieutenant2 = 
| vicechair2 = 
| succeeding2 = 
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| parliamentary_group2 = 
| constituency2 = 
| majority2 = 
}}

'''Arun Kumar Chakma''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] for three consecutive terms from 2003 to 2018 representing the [[Pencharthal Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2003 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html |website=Elections.in |access-date=22 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2013 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakma, Arun Kumar}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chakma people]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from North Tripura district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2013–2018]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Tubu Kevichüsa

2026-03-31T09:29:17Z

EduardoVasey1: Added a data

{{Short description|Naga nationalist leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Family name hatnote|Meru|lang=Angami}}
{{Infobox person
|name= Tubu Kevichüsa
| birth_name = Perietsü Kevichüsa Meru
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1948|03|30|1996|06|04}}
|birth_place=
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1996|06|04|1948|03|30}}
| death_place = [[Dimapur]], Nagaland
|occupation= General Secretary of [[Naga National Council]]
|father= [[Kevichüsa Angami]]
|mother= Germanthangi
|relatives = {{ubl|[[Chalie Kevichüsa]] (brother)|[[Razhukhrielie Kevichüsa]] (brother)}}
| family = [[Kevichüsa family]]
}}

'''Perietsü Kevichüsa Meru''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|v|i|tʃ|s|ə}}; 30 March 1948 – 4 June 1996), commonly known as '''Tubu Kevichüsa''' was a politician from [[Nagaland]], India who served as the General Secretary of [[Naga National Council]] until his assassination in June 1996 by armed men from the [[NSCN-IM]]. His brother [[Chalie Kevichüsa]] was also assassinated by the NSCN-IM in September 1992.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/veiled-sadness-in-slain-siblings-home-family-of-leaders-soldiers-on-despite-losing-two-members-to-militants-bullets/cid/847260| title=Veiled sadness in slain siblings' home - Family of leaders soldiers on despite losing two members to militants' bullets|date=8 January 2003| website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|access-date=16 October 2021|last=Firoze|first=Jahansher}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=https://morungexpress.com/retrospection-failure-nscn| title=Retrospection on the failure of NSCN|date=14 February 2014| website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Perietsü Tubu Kevichüsa was born on 30 March 1948<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10222710638768186&id=1040533167|title=Kethoser Aniu Kevichusa|date=4 June 2021|website=[[Facebook]]|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> in [[Kohima]] to a prominent family with significant political influence in [[Nagaland]] throughout the last half of the 20th century. His mother and father were Germanthangi and [[Kevichüsa Angami]]. His mother is [[Mizo people|Mizo]], originating from present-day [[Mizoram]]. His father is [[Angami Naga]], originating from [[Khonoma]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/a-tribute-to-late-chalie-kevichusa/182025.html| title=A tribute to Chalie Kevichusa|date=22 September 2018| website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Kevichüsa began his career as a lawyer but left India in the 1980s to work with the separatist [[Federal Government of Nagaland]] under [[Angami Zapu Phizo]]. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/22/world/rebellion-flares-anew-in-northeast-of-india.html| title=Rebellion Flares Anew in Northeast of India|date=22 July 1993| website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

On 9 July 1983, Kevichüsa wrote a letter to [[Isak Chishi Swu]] and [[Thuingaleng Muivah]], with an intention to remind them that the formation of [[NSCN]] was wrong.<ref name=":0"/>

His letter is quoted as follow:
<blockquote>
''“You simply just cannot expect the people to accept a manifesto drafted in a remote jungle hideout as a gospel truth! Our people have a strong sense of tradition and the only ism that they know is Naga Nationalism so that a Socialist manifesto is an obscure to them as some ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic. As for the intellectuals and pseudo intellectuals, a Socialist manifesto is just another piece of literature which they come across daily, to be read, discarded and forgotten”''.

''“What I am trying to say is that while both of you (Isak C. are Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah) capable leaders, none of you are theoreticians. Hence your attempt to provide a new theoretical basis for the Nagas is bound to fail. With certain exceptions, theoreticians cannot be leaders and leaders cannot be theoreticians. And what I am trying to plead for is that we, just cannot ignore tradition and we must never pollute the spirit of Naga Nationalism with other forms of ism”''.<ref name=":0"/>
</blockquote>

==Assassination==
On 4 June 1996, around midnight Kevichüsa was assassinated by armed rebels from the [[NSCN-IM]] at his personal residence at Burma Camp, [[Dimapur]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/speeches-made-during-worship-of-celebration-and-commitment-organised-by-fnr/|title=Speeches Made During Worship of Celebration and Commitment Organized by FNR|date=14 June 2018|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

===Funeral===
At the funeral, [[Razhukhrielie Kevichüsa]], the eldest brother said:
<blockquote>
''“We forgive those who have done this.”''
</blockquote>

Khrielie Kevichüsa also said the same at the funeral of Tubu's elder brother [[Chalie Kevichüsa]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thenagarepublic.com/discourse/story-of-forgiveness-voice-of-hope-shines-light-on-naga-reconciliation/|title='Story of Forgiveness', 'Voice of Hope' shines light on Naga reconciliation|date=13 June 2018|website=[[The Naga Republic]]|access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>

On his tombstone at the Kevichüsa's Family Burial Ground is engraved, the Bible verse [[Isaiah 49|Isaiah 49:4]] from the [[New International Version]]:
<blockquote>I have labored in vain; I have spent my strength for nothing at all.
Yet what is due me is in the Lord’s hand, and my reward is with my God.</blockquote>

===NSCN-IM's response===
Deepak Dewan, the Political Editor of ''North East Sun'' asked [[Thuingaleng Muivah]] in [[Bangkok]], Thailand, on the killing of Kevichüsa, Muivah said:
<blockquote>
''“His'' ([[Chalie Kevichüsa|Chalie]]'s) ''brother'' ''deserved to be shot. And we don't make any secret of it. You know how Tubu behaved. How he started condemning everybody. He did not have any regard for any national workers. And he started projecting himself as a person who was all in all.”''

— (Quote: ''North East Sun'', 1-14 August 1998 issue, page
15)
</blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kevichüsa, Tubu}}
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dimapur]]
[[Category:1996 murders in India]]
[[Category:Kevichüsa family]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1996]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]

Nandigram, Ayodhya

2026-03-26T09:28:40Z

EduardoVasey1: added a stub

{{Short description|Religious place in Ayodhya, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandigram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name = Bharatkund
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image2 = Bharat mandir, Nandigram near ayodhya.jpg
| caption2 = Bharat mandir in Nandigram
| image1 = Aarti kaksh located at Bharat sarovar, Nandigram(Ayodhya).jpg
| caption1 = Aarti kaksh at Bharat sarovar
}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Nandigram (Uttar Pradesh)
| coordinates = {{coord|26.65|N|82.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Sohawal]]
| established_title = <Lord Rama's exile>
| established_date =
| leader_title = Pradhan
| leader_name =
| named_for = [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]<ref name= "Bharat">{{Cite web|url=http://uttarpradesh.gov.in/en/details/nandigram-bharat-kund/32003900|title=Nandigram (Bharat Kund) {{!}} Ayodhya {{!}} UP Tourism|website=uttarpradesh.gov.in|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 224202
| registration_plate = UP-42
| official_name =
}}
'''Nandigram,''' also known by ancient name '''Bharatkund,''' is a village and religious place in Sohawal tehsil in [[Ayodhya district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name= "Bharat"/><ref name= "Bharat 2">{{Cite web|url=http://ayodhya.gov.in/en/details/nandigram-bharat-kund/32003900|title=Nandigram (Bharat Kund) {{!}} Ayodhya {{!}} UP Tourism|website=ayodhya.gov.in|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529090014/http://ayodhya.gov.in/en/details/nandigram-bharat-kund/32003900|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the exile of Lord Ram, King Bharat ruled from Nandigram instead of the kingdom's capital [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vālmīki Rāmāyana|url=https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=1&language=dv&field_sarga_value=1|website=Sloka & Translation {{!}} Valmiki Ramayanam}}</ref> Nandigram is {{cvt|19|km}} south of district headquarters [[Ayodhya]] city.

The pincode of Nandigram is 224202, Nandigram comes under Bharatkund post office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/uttar-pradesh/faizabad/bharatkund.html|title=Pin Code of Bharatkund in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> As of [[2011 census of India]], population of the village was approximately 1500.

== Transport ==

=== Road ===
Nandigram is very close to Ayodhya - Sultanpur NH 330 therefore there is a good road connectivity with nearby cities and towns from Nandigram, Ayodhya. [[Ayodhya]], Gonda, Sultanpur, Akbarpur, Pratapgarh, Prayagraj, Balrampur are the nearby cities connected well with Nandigram, [[Ayodhya]]. [[Bhadarsa]], [[Bikapur]], [[Masodha]], [[Tarun Bazar|Tarun]], [[Haiderganj]], Chaure Bazar, [[Goshainganj]], [[Sohawal]], [[Milkipur]], [[Kumarganj, Ayodhya|Kumarganj]], [[Rudauli]], [[Kurebhar]], Bhiti are the nearby towns also good connected with Nandigram, [[Ayodhya]].

=== Railway ===
The nearest railway station to reach Nandigram is [[Bharatkund railway station]] which is located near to Nandigram.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharatkund (BTKD) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri|url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/bharatkund-btkd|access-date=2021-02-25|website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref> Ayodhya Cantt, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Faizabad Jn Railway Station (FD) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/faizabad-jn-fd-station|access-date=2021-02-25|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref> Ayodhya Junction,<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 6, 2020|first=Aishwarya|last=Paliwal|title=Ayodhya Junction railway station to get new temple-like look|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-junction-railway-station-to-get-new-temple-like-look-1708280-2020-08-06|access-date=2021-02-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Goshainganj, Rudauli, Sultanpur Junction,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sultanpur Railway Station (SLN) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/sultanpur-sln-station|access-date=2021-02-25|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref> Akbarpur Junction are the nearby railway stations to reach Nandigram.

=== Air ===
[[Ayodhya International Airport]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-25|title=Upcoming Ayodhya airport to be named after Lord Ram|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-airport-to-be-named-after-lord-ram/story-dG6COFTZmKzPmB3lukkNvI.html|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport (Lucknow) and [[Prayagraj Airport]] are the nearby airports from Nandigram, Ayodhya.

==Schools and colleges==
*M. J. S. Academy School, Bharatkund.

==Gallery==
[[File:Ram Charan at Bharat kund, Nandigram.jpg|thumb|Ram Charan at Bharat kund, Nandigram]]

==See also==
*[[Bharatkund railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ayodhya district]]

Ram V. Sutar

2026-03-25T08:24:13Z

EduardoVasey1: corrected formatting also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian sculptor (1925–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Ram Sutar
| image = Shri Ram V. Sutur, at the Dayawati Modi Birth Anniversary Celebration, in New Delhi.JPG
| caption = Sutar in 2018
| birth_name = Ram Vanji Sutar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1925|2|19}}
| birth_place = Gondur, [[Khandesh District]], Bombay Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2025|12|18|1925|2|19}}
| death_place = [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| education = [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]
| occupation = Sculptor
| spouse = Pramila Sutar
| works = {{ulist|[[Statue of Unity]]|[[Statue of Prosperity]]|[[Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India]]}}
| awards = [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] (2024) [[Padma Bhushan]] (2016) [[Tagore Award]] (2016) [[Padma Shri]] (1999)
}}

[[File:2015-04-20 Gandhi-Denkmal, Hannover, (19).jpg|thumb|right|Sculpture of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] by Ram V. Sutar in [[Hanover]]]]
[[File:Funchal, Mahatma Gandhi by Ram Vanji Sutar.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] by Ram V. Sutar in [[Funchal]]]]

'''Ram Vanji Sutar''' (19 February 1925 – 18 December 2025) was an Indian sculptor. He designed the ''[[Statue of Unity]]'' which is the world's [[tallest statue]] with a height of 182 metres (597 feet), exceeding the [[Spring Temple Buddha]] by 54 metres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46028342|title=India unveils world's tallest statue|date=31 October 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031055342/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46028342|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
Sutar was born in a [[Viswakarma (caste)|Viswakarma Brahmin]] family, on 19 February 1925, in the village of Gondur, in [[Khandesh district]] of [[Bombay Presidency]]. In 1952, he married Pramila.<ref>[http://www.ramsutar.com/dir_profile.htm Ram Vanji Sutar's Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231228/http://www.ramsutar.com/dir_profile.htm |date=24 April 2012 }}</ref> He died on 18 December 2025, at the age of 100.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/sculptor-ram-sutar-passes-away-due-to-old-age-maharashtra-marathi-news-1404701 |title=आंतरराष्ट्रीय ख्यातीचे शिल्पकार राम सुतार यांचं वृद्धापकाळानं निधन, शिल्पकलेचा तेजस्वी दीप मालवला |date=18 December 2025 |work=Abp Live |access-date=18 December 2025 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/ram-sutar-a-devotee-of-sculpture-has-passed-away-maharashtra-bhushan-ram-sutar-passes-away-a-a941/|title= शिल्पकलेचा उपासक काळाच्या पडद्याआड! महाराष्ट्र भूषण राम सुतार यांचे निधन | work= [[Lokmat]]|date=18 December 2025|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Statue of M.K. Gandhi, Roma Street Parklands, Brisbane, 2024 02.jpg|thumb|'''Roma Street Parkland, Brisbane, 2024''']]
Sutar designed the ''[[Statue of Unity]]'', the tallest statue in the world located in [[Gujarat]]. He also erected the 14 m-tall Chambal monument, as well as a bust of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] which has been replicated and sent to other nations.<ref name="NDTV2016">{{cite web | title='Statue of Unity' To Be Completed in 2 Years: Renowned Sculptor Ram Sutar | website=NDTV.com | date=12 May 2016 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/statue-of-unity-to-be-completed-in-2-years-renowned-sculptor-ram-sutar-1405566 | access-date=26 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801215921/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/statue-of-unity-to-be-completed-in-2-years-renowned-sculptor-ram-sutar-1405566 | archive-date=1 August 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the man who sculpted Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's Statue of Unity – Monumental ambitions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-the-man-who-sculpted-sardar-vallabhbhai-patels-statue-of-unity/monumental-ambitions/slideshow/66389757.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028073726/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-the-man-who-sculpted-sardar-vallabhbhai-patels-statue-of-unity/monumental-ambitions/slideshow/66389757.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ramsutar.com/studio.htm Sutar's studio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231519/http://www.ramsutar.com/studio.htm |date=24 April 2012 }}</ref> He designed the statue of Mahatma Gandhi in a seated position, [[Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India|located at]] the Parliament of India. A larger replica of the same was made by him at the [[Vidhana Soudha]]. He was also the designer of the 33 m-tall [[Kempe Gowda I|Kempe Gowda]] statue at the [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Terminal 2 of Bengaluru international airport in November |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pm-modi-inaugurate-terminal-2-bengaluru-international-airport-november-168729 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

[[Brisbane]]'s Indian community commissioned a statue of Gandhi, created by Ram V. Sutar and Anil Sutar at [[Roma Street Parkland]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Tony |date=16 November 2014 |title=Indian PM Narendra Modi unveils Gandhi statue |url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/indian-pm-narendra-modi-unveils-gandhi-statue-20141116-11nwf9.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Brisbane Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi |url=https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/foreigners/display/104400-mohandas-karamchand-mahatma-gandhi |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Monument Australia}}</ref> It was unveiled by [[Narendra Modi]], then Prime Minister of India in 2014.

==Awards==
In 1999, he received the [[Padma Shri]] and later in 2016, [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | archive-date=15 October 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2018, Sutar received the [[Tagore Award]] for cultural harmony of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2018|title=Tagore Awards for Cultural Harmony: Manipuri dancer, Bangladeshi sculptor among recipients|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tagore-awards-for-cultural-harmony-manipuri-dancer-bangladeshi-sculptor-among-recipients-5419044/|access-date=12 June 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He was chosen for [[Maharashtra Bhushan]], the state government's highest civilian award. [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra's]] Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] informed the legislative assembly on 20 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2025 |title=Sculptor Ram Sutar to get Maharashtra Bhushan award: CM Devendra Fadnavis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sculptor-ram-sutar-to-get-maharashtra-bhushan-award-cm-devendra-fadnavis/articleshow/119250584.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sculptor Ram Sutar, designer of Statue of Unity and KIA's Kempegowda statue, to get Maharashtra Bhushan award |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/sculptor-ram-sutar-designer-of-statue-of-unity-and-kias-kempegowda-statue-to-get-maharashtra-bhushan-award-3454769 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra: राम सुतार को मिलेगा महाराष्ट्र भूषण पुरस्कार, स्टैच्यू ऑफ यूनिटी समेत बना चुके हैं ये प्रतिमाएं |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/chief-minister-devendra-fadnavis-says-sculptor-ram-sutar-to-get-maharashtra-bhushan-award-2025-03-20?src=top-subnav |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Works==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Hitopadesha.jpg|[[Krishna]] Arjun Rath Monument at [[Brahma Sarovar]]. Bronze statue, by Ram V. and Anil R. Sutar, 2008.
File:Statue of Unity in 2018.jpg|''[[Statue of Unity]]'', [[Narmada district]]. Bronze, 2018
File:Side view of Mahatma Gandhi statue in Vidhan Soudha.jpg|Statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Vidhan Soudha]]. Bronze, 2014
File:PM unveils the 108 ft bronze statue of Nadaprabhu Kempegowda.jpg|''[[Statue of Prosperity]]'', [[Kempegowda International Airport|Kempegowda IA]], [[Bangalore]]. Bronze, 2022
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ram V. Sutar}}
* {{cite news |last1=Bhura |first1=Sneha |title=Statue of Unity: Meet the sculptors who help politicians carve their place in history |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/10/31/meet-the-men-who-help-politicians-carve-their-place-history.html |work=The Week |date=31 October 2018 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sutar, Ram V.}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Dhule]]
[[Category:People from Dhule district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]

Christianity in Nagaland

2026-03-21T16:15:58Z

EduardoVasey1: fix details per standard format based on references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

The majority religion in [[Nagaland]] state of India is [[Christianity]]. Along with [[Meghalaya]] and [[Mizoram]], Nagaland is one of the three Christian-majority states in the country. According to the 2011 census, the state's population was 1,978,502, out of which 87.93% are Christians.
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Nagaland (2011)<ref name="religion2"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|dodgerblue|87.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|8.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|2.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhists]]|gold|0.3}}
{{bar percent|Others*|grey|0.6}}
|caption=Distribution of religions *Includes [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Sikh]]s, [[Animist]]s.
}}

== History ==

Christianity was introduced in the erstwhile [[Naga Hills]] to expand colonialism as well driven by missionary fervour which failed to garner numbers in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. Prior to Christianity, the various Naga religions had dynamic and autonomous fluid beliefs. The Nagas gradually substituted older religious structures and beliefs with Christianity.<ref name=":0" /> As the new religion started making inroads in the Naga Hills, British administrators-turned-anthropologists started criticising the missionaries for destroying distinctive Indigenous cultures. In the early 20th century, the former began to place restrictions on missionaries activities by framing rules, imposing penalties, and increasing house tax on missionaries and new converts.<ref name=":1" />

=== British colonial era ===
[[File:Christian Mission Stations of the Indian Empire (cropped to Bengal region).jpg|thumb|[[Christian mission|Christian Mission Stations]] of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], 1893.]]
[[File:Brit IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg|thumb|[[Census in British India|1901 Census]] map showing [[Religion in India|prevailing religion]] of [[British India]] — [[Garo Hills|Garo]], [[Khasi Hills|Khasi]], [[Naga Hills|Naga]] and [[Lushai hills]] as Animists region in the Northeast.|left]]
The earliest Christian missionaries in the erstwhile [[Naga Hills]] (part of [[colonial Assam]] province) belonged to the [[American Baptist Mission]]. They received active support of British colonial officers. In the 1830s, Francis Jenkins, then [[Commissioner of Assam]], first invited missionaries to colonial Assam. In the 1870s, other colonial military officers such as John Butler and James Johnstone also extended the invitation to missionaries for the Naga Hills. The primary purpose of these military invitations, with assurance of state security, was to '[[Pacification (military action)|pacify]]' these Indigenous communities and subjugate them to colonial rule.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Thejalhoukho |date=2024-05-17 |title=Contested customs in the Naga hills: Baptist reformers, colonial ethnography and the construction of a modern Naga identity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2024.2355643 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=26 |language=en |pages=27–44 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2024.2355643 |issn=1463-1369|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

While the [[American Baptist Mission|American Baptist Foreign Mission Society]] were one of the first Christian missionaries to enter the northeast frontier of [[Colonial India]], their initial projects were frustrating. Starting the proselytising mission from [[Colonial Assam|Assam]], the society's annual report in 1858 noted their 'great failure' to convert a sizeable population to Christianity after almost 23 years. Without explaining the reasons for the poor missionary performance, the report urged to 'cast their gaze elsewhere.'<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |date=1984 |title=Conversion to Christianity among the Nagas, 1876-1971 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001946468402100101 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1177/001946468402100101 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref> On the other hand, British efforts to subjugate the Nagas faced persistent and stiff resistance. Amongst these were the [[Battle of Kikrüma]], [[Battle of Khonoma]], and other skirmishes which resulted in death of several British officers.
[[File:Edwin W. Clark1.jpg|thumb|Edwin W. Clark and Mary Clark]]
In October 1871 Supongmeren from Molungkimong village was baptised at Sibsagar and enrolled as an American Baptist Church member. He became the bridge between the American Baptist Missionary [[Edwin W. Clark|E. W. Clark]], Evangelist Godhula and the then-animist [[Ao Naga]]s. Kosasanger Council of Molungkimong Village (Dekahaimong) dispatched 60 warriors to escort Dr. E. W. Clark. It took almost three days from Sibsagar to reach Molungkimong. Clark arrived on Wednesday, 18 December and baptized 15 new converts on Sunday, 22 December 1872 at a village drinking well called ''Chungli Tzübu'' which was permitted by the Village Council. Another miracle for Clark after which they had a worship service and celebrated the first Lord's supper. Thus, on this day, the first Naga Church was founded with 28 Baptized members. They were Dr. Clark, Godhula and his wife, Supongmeren, 9 converts baptized on 10 November at Sibsagar, and 15 converts baptized at Molungkimong on 22 December 1872.

Clark took residence in the Naga Hills in March 1876. In the following years, the American Baptist missionaries began their work with among other tribes with the help of the colonial state.{{Sfn |Thomas |2016 |p= 21}} In 1880 Rev. Charles Daniel King started a mission field in Kohima after the British defeated the [[Angami Naga]] rebellions and established their headquarters in [[Kohima]].{{Sfn |Thomas |2016 |p= 22}} Similarly, after the British occupied [[Wokha]] in 1878, and placed a sub-divisional officer and military force there, missionary activities began in the [[Lotha Naga]] areas. In 1885, with the support of Clark and deputy commissioner of the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]], Rev. William Ellsworth Witter started the mission station in Wokha. {{Sfn |Thomas |2016 |p= 23}}

=== Postcolonial era ===
Nagaland was one of several regions of [[Northeast India]] that experienced Christian revival movements in the 1950s and 1960s. The "Nagaland [[Christian Revival Church]]", formed in 1962, grew out of the initial phase of this movement.<ref name=AA>Allan Anderson, ed., "Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia", p237-238.</ref> It had its origin in Gariphema Village of Kohima District where, in 1962, an event known as "The Great Awakening" started.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

The revival emphasised believers having a "personal encounter with Christ", the witnessing of "signs and wonders" (such as miraculous healings), and having a missionary outreach to non-believing or nominally-Christian Nagas.<ref name=AA /> The result was that Nagaland became an overwhelmingly Christian state, known as "the only predominantly [[Baptist]] state in the [[world]]."<ref>Olson, C. Gordon. ''What in the World Is God Doing''. Global Gospel Publishers: Cedar Knolls, NJ. 2003.</ref> Among Christians, [[Baptists]] are the predominant group, constituting more than 75% of the state's population, thus making it more Baptist (on a percentage basis) than [[Mississippi]] in the southern [[United States]], where 55% of the population is Baptist.<ref>[http://www.gc.cuny.edu/Faculty/GC-Faculty-Activities/ARIS--American-Religious-Identification-Survey/Key-findings American Religious Identification Survey] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414233611/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/Faculty/GC-Faculty-Activities/ARIS--American-Religious-Identification-Survey/Key-findings |date=14 April 2012 }} www.gc.cuny.edu.</ref><ref>[http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/28_2000.asp Mississippi Denominational Groups, 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229052106/http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/28_2000.asp |date=29 December 2011 }} Thearda.com. Retrieved 2010-07-30.</ref> [[Catholics]], [[Christian revival|Revivalists]], and [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]] are the other [[Christian denomination]] numbers. Catholics are found in significant numbers in parts of [[Wokha district|Wokha District]] and [[Kohima district|Kohima District]] as well as in the urban areas of Kohima, Chümoukedima and Dimapur.

The [[Naga National Council]] had a popular plebiscite in 1951, culminated to the 1956 Constitution whose preamble affirmed the sovereignty of God the Almighty in all the universe and the entrustment of the nation to Him who never ended to sustain the descendants of the forefathers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sakha |first=Thüpukhoto |date=17 November 2015 |title=History from Naga Nationalism from the religious perspective |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/history-of-naga-nationalism-from-the-religious-perspective/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=Eastern Mirror}}</ref> Religious relationships with India have also a specific discipline in the [[Part XXI of the Constitution of India|Article 371(A) of the Indian Constitution]] that come into force in 1963 and reserves to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland the right to approve by resolution any Act of the Indian Parliament in respect of "religious or social practices of the Nagas".<ref>{{cite web |date=September 11, 2019 |title=How do Naga peace and Article 371A belong together? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-needles-eye/how-do-naga-peace-and-article-371a-belong-together/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029115458/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-needles-eye/how-do-naga-peace-and-article-371a-belong-together/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2019 |website=Economic Times}}</ref>

==Statistics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Christian Population in Nagaland
|type =
|footnote = * Pre-independence figure only for erstwhile Naga Hills district areas. Tuensang region incorporated into Nagaland in 1957 for which data unavailable. # Estimated
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = [[Census of India]] – data extracted by Centre for Policy Studies, India<ref name="cpsindia.org" />
|1901 | 601
|1911 | 3,308
|1921 | 8,734
|1931 | 22,908
|1941# | 34,000 
|1951 | 98,068
|1961 | 195,588
|1971 | 344,798
|1981 | 621,590
|1991 | 1,057,940
|2001<ref name="religion1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Total population by religious communities|publisher=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | 1,790,349
|2011<ref name="religion2">{{cite web|publisher=Census Department, Government of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=Indian Census 2011|access-date=25 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | 1,739,651
}}

The 2011 census recorded the state's [[Christians|Christian]] [[population]] at 1,739,651, making it, with [[Meghalaya]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and [[Mizoram]] as the four Christian-majority states in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wijunamai |first=Roderick |date=9 October 2020 |title=The early story of Christianity in Northeast India |url=https://www.himalmag.com/comment/the-early-story-of-christianity-in-northeast-india-2020 |journal=Himal Southasian}}</ref> The state has a very high [[church attendance]] rate in both urban and rural areas. The majority of churches are found in [[Kohima]], [[Chümoukedima]], [[Dimapur]] and [[Mokokchung]].

{{Pie chart
|value1=96.6
|label1=[[Scheduled Tribes]]
|value2=3.4
|label2=Non-ST population
|caption=Adherents of Christianity by social groups<ref name="TribalREL"/>}}
The state comprises 96.6% of Scheduled Tribes population, who are the adherent of Christianity.<ref name="TribalREL"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Christianity among Scheduled Tribes<ref name="TribalREL">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11901/download/15014/ST-13-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |title=ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Nagaland - 2011 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
! Scheduled Tribes !! Adherents of Christianity !! Percentage of Tribes practices Christianity !! Percentage of Christian among Tribal Christians
|-
| [[Garo people|Garo]]|| 1,834 || 78.18 || 0.11
|-
| [[Kachari people|Kachari]]|| 3,938 || 30.21 || 0.23
|-
| [[Kuki people|Kuki]]|| 18,514 || 98.65 || 1.1
|-
| [[Mikir]]|| 132 || 60.55 || 0.01
|-
| [[Naga people|Naga]] — || 1,647,480 || 98.79 || 98.04
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Angami Naga|Angami]]|| 139,781 || 98.62 || 8.32
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Ao Naga|Ao]]|| 224,525 || 99.07 || 13.36
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Chakhesang Naga|Chakhesang]]|| 153,740 || 99.27 || 9.15
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Chang Naga|Chang]]|| 63,603 || 99.03 || 3.78
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Chirr Naga|Chirr]]|| 138 || 100 || 0.01
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Khiamniungan people|Khiemnungan]]|| 61,246 || 99.35 || 3.64
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Konyak Naga|Konyak]]|| 232,619 || 97.92 || 13.84
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Lotha Naga|Lotha]]|| 171,771 || 99.23 || 10.22
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — Makware || 9 || 90 || 0
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Phom Naga|Phom]]|| 52,255 || 99.19 || 3.11
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Rengma Naga|Rengma]]|| 62,285 || 98.94 || 3.71
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Sangtam Naga|Sangtam]]|| 74,439 || 99.26 || 4.43
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Sema Naga|Sema]]|| 234,762 || 99.34 || 13.97
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Tikhir Naga|Tikhir]]|| 7,468 || 99.08 || 0.44
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Yimchunger Naga|Yimchaungre]]|| 66,514 || 99.32 || 3.96
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Zeliangrong|Zeliang]]|| 71,305 || 95.23 || 4.24
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — [[Pochury Naga|Pochury]]|| 21,704 || 98.89 || 1.29
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — Viswerna || 3,536 || 96.51 || 0.21
|- style="font-style:italic;"
| — Any other Naga || 5,780 || 98.92 || 0.34
|-
| Generic Tribes etc. || 8,526 || 95.85 || 0.51
|-
! All Schedule Tribes || 1,680,424 || 98.21 || 100
|}

===Trends===
{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width =640
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Growth of Religions in Nagaland (1901–2011).svg
| caption1 = Decadal growth of religious groups.
| image2 = Religious Composition of Nagaland (1901–2011).svg
| caption2 = Decadal changes in the religious composition.
| header = Religious trends of Nagaland}}

'''Percentage of Christians in Nagaland by decades'''<ref name="cpsindia.org">http://www.cpsindia.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518174007/http://www.cpsindia.org/ |date=18 May 2021 }} › BlogsPDF
Web results
The Christianisation of the Northeast – Centre for Policy Studies</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Percent
! Increase
|-
| 1901
| 0.59%
|'''-'''
|-
| 1911
| 2.22%
| +1.63%
|-
| 1921
| 5.5%
| +3.28%
|-
| 1931
| 12.81%
| +7.31%
|-
| 1941
| 0%
| style="color: red" | -12.81%
|-
| 1951
| 46.05%
| +46.05%
|-
| 1961
| 52.98%
| +6.93%
|-
| 1971
| 66.76%
| +13.78%
|-
| 1981
| 80.21%
| +13.45%
|-
| 1991
| 87.47%
| +7.26%
|-
| 2001
| 89.97%
| +2.5%
|-
| 2011
| 87.93%
| style="color: red" | -2.04%
|}

== See also ==
* [[Religion in Nagaland]]
* [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |title=Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the formation of Naga political identity |first=John |last=Thomas |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1138639928}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Wikiquote inline}}

{{Christianity in India by region}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Nagaland}}

[[Category:Christianity in Nagaland| ]]

Jayant Jathar

2026-03-14T18:17:03Z

EduardoVasey1: Starting new post

{{short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayant Jathar
| occupation = {{hlist|Film editor|director}}
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Jayant Jathar''' is an Indian film editor and director who predominantly works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]]. His directorial debut is the 2024 film ''[[Panchak]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Panchak |url=https://www.piffindia.com/panchak.php |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=[[Pune International Film Festival]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2010
|''[[Natarang|Natrang]]''
|First feature film
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RF_F5ZxSmL4C&q=natrang+jayant+jathar |title=15th International Film Festival of Kerala, 10-17 December 2010, Thiruvananthapuram: Festival Book |date=2010 |publisher=Kerala State Chalachitra Academy |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Balak-Palak|Balak Palak]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-06 |title=Balak Palak |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bp |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2014
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jayant Jathar |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/jayant-jathar/IEIN035094 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
|Nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi]] 2014
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms |access-date=2023-12-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Bhakarkhadi 7 km]]''
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vitti Dandu]]''
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[3:56 Killari]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|[[Laal Ishq (film)|''Laal Ishq'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Family Katta]]''
|
|
|-
|''Galbat''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''Shentimental''
|Nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi (2017)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards (Marathi) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2018_-30438.html |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kaccha Limbu''
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2018
|''Home Sweet Home''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Womenly Voices''
| rowspan="2" |TV series; Hindi film
|
|-
|''The Relationship Agreement''
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Darbaan]]''
|Hindi film
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2021
|''[[Preetam (film)|Preetam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Zombivli (2022 film)|Zombivli]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Y (2022 film)|Y]]''
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Timepass 3]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Butterfly (2023 film)|Butterfly]]''
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Panchak]]''
|Directorial debut
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Mahaparinirvaan}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahaparinirvan |url=https://www.facebook.com/mahaparinirvaanfilm |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2018
|[[Naammatra|''Naammtra'']]
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=3771799}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jathar, Jayant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:Marathi film editors]]

Aaina – Roop Nahin, Haqeeqat Bhi Dikhaye

2026-03-11T13:11:21Z

EduardoVasey1: put up a entry v1

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aaina - Roop Nahin title card.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romantic]]
| creator = Rashmi Sharma
| based_on = 
| developer =
| story = {{ubl|Kamal Pandey| Garima Goyal}}
| screenplay = Gurmeet Kaur Udayan '''Dialogues''' Sharad Tripati
| director = Vijay Singh
| creative_director =
| starring = Niharika Chouksey [[Farman Haider]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Saavre Piyaaa..."
| composer = Elvish Velentine
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 103
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| cinematography = {{ubl|Sachin Mishra}}
| editor = {{ubl|Sanjay Singh}}
| camera = Multi-Camera 
| runtime = 22-24 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Limited
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2023|12|11|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|04|07|df=y}}
| related =
}}
'''''Aaina – Roop Nahin, Haqeeqat Bhi Dikhaye''''' ({{Translation|Mirror – Shows Not Only Appearance, But Also Reality}}) is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] drama, [[Romance film|romance]] television series that premiered on 11 December 2023 on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farman Haider: I want to garner a lot of love from my audience through my work {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/farman-haider-i-want-to-garner-a-lot-of-love-from-my-audience-through-my-work/videoshow/106547156.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Produced by Rashmi Sharma under the banner of Rashmi Sharma Telefilms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farman Haider makes a remark about his bond with Samridhii Shukla & spills details on the new show Aaina |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/farman-haider-makes-a-remark-about-his-bond-with-samridhii-shukla-spills-details-on-the-new-show-aaina-video-105842619 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=TimesNow |date=8 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The series stars Niharika Chouksey and [[Farman Haider]] in lead roles. The show was went off-air on 7 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Farman Haider & Niharika Chouksey respond to Aaina's abrupt conclusion |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/farman-haider-niharika-chouksey-respond-to-aainas-abrupt-conclusion-video-109071132 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Naresh Singh a local gangster turned village chief lives with his family at [[Munger]], [[Bihar]] as the entire society had respected him. One day, his wife, Kumud, gives birth to their child, but he tries to kill the baby by drowning the baby into the [[Ganges River]]. Kumud threatens to kill herself if he throws the baby in the river, but he calls her bluff and tries to drown the baby. Kumud jumps in the river to save her baby and emerges from the river wither the baby. As a compromise of keeping the baby alive, Kumud locks the baby in a room, away from the world, closed behind three separate doors.

=== 21 years later ===
Naresh and Kumud's daughter, [[Sunaina]] has now grown up to be a beautiful woman, but she is still locked inside the room. No one besides her parents know about her existence, but she knows everyone in the family despite being separated from them. Kumud raises her in secret with love for years and warns her of the dangers of the outside world. Sunaina dreams of going outside.

Naresh still hates Sunaina, but it isn’t revealed why. Rajkumari wants to fortify her power and status, so she plans on getting her US-based son, Naman, married with Naresh’s niece, Pankaja. Due to Pankaja’s marriage plans, Naresh is scared of Sunaina’s secret coming out. Naresh instructs his brother, Pravesh, to kill Sunaina before Pankaja’s wedding. However, Pravesh fails to kill Sunaina.

Sunaina sneaks out of her room during the engagement ceremony to look at Pankaja’s fiancé as she wants to know what a groom looks like. Sunaina and Naman meet each other, and Naman falls for her at first sight. Naresh finds out that Sunaina snuck out of her room, so he burns the room along with Sunaina. Kumud manages to save Sunaina and Sunaina’s existence is revealed to the rest of the family.

Naresh is still afraid of Sunaina’s secret coming out to the world and ruining his status. He decides to sell Sunaina to a transgender goon named Maharani. Maharani tries to kill Sunaina but she is saved by Naman. Sunaina and Naman confess their love for each other and get married at the temple. Pankaja is heartbroken and vows to take revenge against Sunaina. Ramola joins hands with Pankaja to ruin Sunaina’s life.

Kumud and Naresh are worried from the marriage and try to separate Sunaina and Naman. However, against all odds, Sunaina and Naman officially get married. On Sunaina’s wedding night, Kumud reveals the secret that Sunaina is a [[Kinnar]], and that is why Kumud hid her from the world because the society would not have accepted her. Pankaja and Ramola learn about Sunaina’s truth and decide to use it to seek revenge against Sunaina.

Sunaina gets into an accident, where the doctor exposes Sunaina's truth to Naman. Naman is shocked to find out this truth, and thus Naman starts to hate her. Naman humiliates Sunaina and things become bitter between Naman and Sunaina. Naman's family members start doubting about their relationship. Meanwhile, Sunaina decides to leave everyone behind so they can live their life without her. She leaves behind a letter and leaves the house.

=== 2 Years Later===
In Jalandhar, Sunaina's [[doppelgänger]], Simran Singh is introduced. Unlike Sunaina, who was meek and shy, Simran is brave, fearless and bubbly. Kumud is still heartbroken over Sunaina's disappearance and presumed death. Similarly, Naman still misses and loves Sunaina, but he is being forced to marry Pankaja as his family has gone bankrupt.

Simran ends up in Munger to avoid the MLA’s son and local goon, Jaswinder, who is hellbent on marrying her and had even kidnapped her. Naman mistakes Simran to be Sunaina, and Simran decides to play along to avoid Jaswinder.

Simran pretends to have lost her memory and comes back with Naman to Sunaina’s house. Besides Naman, Shivya and Kumud, everyone suspects her to be fake because of her Punjabi dialect, attitude and behavior.

Shivya reveals to Simran about how Kumud was abused and tortured by Ramola and Pankaja. Simran vows to seek revenge against everyone that hurt Kumud. Initially happy to see her daughter again, Kumud quickly figures out that Simran isn’t Sunaina. Simran reveals her truth about being an orphan and promises to be the perfect daughter to Kumud.

It is revealed that Pankaja had pushed Sunaina off a cliff and left her to die. Pankaja brings Jaswinder to expose Simran. However, the DNA report comes out positive, and Simran kicks Jaswinder out of the house. Amidst all this, Simran has fallen in love with Naman, who is now sure that Simran is Sunaina.

Simran questions Kumud about the DNA report, to which Kumud reveals that she gave birth to twins, Simran, a girl, and Sunaina, a kinnar. Naresh wanted a son so Kumud gives Simran up for an adoption, but keeps Sunaina as no one would want to adopt a kinnar. Unfortunately, Simran’s entire adoptive family die in a car crash, and Kumud never reveals the truth to anyone.

Simran accepts Kumud as her mother and forgives her for everything. She decides to seek revenge against Pankaja for killing Sunaina. Simran starts blackmailing Pankaja with her confession video and makes Pankaja her servant.

However, Ramola finds out why Pankaja is acting weird. Rajkumari overhears Pankaja and Ramola’s conversation and encourages Pankaja to destroy the evidence. Pankaja destroys Simran’s phone and vows to expose Simran as a fraud.

Goons arrive at the house and try to shoot Simran. Afraid of losing another daughter, Kumud reveals Simran’s truth. Naman is shocked to learn that Simran has been lying to him. Simran makes the goons admit that Rajkumari had hired them. However, Rajkumari turns the tables and acts as if she did it for the family’s sake.

Naman starts to hate Simran for being a fraud and trying to take Sunaina’s place. Ramola takes advantage of this and tries to get Pankaja married to Naman.

Meanwhile, Naresh is mad at Kumud for hiding the truth about Simran. He breaks all relationship between them. Simran promises Kumud that she will make Naresh realize his mistakes.

Shockingly, Pravesh supports Simran and Kumud. Pravesh encourages Naresh to accept Simran as his daughter because blood is blood. Pravesh also asks Ramola to stop hating Kumud and Simran. Surprisingly, Ramola accepts that she has sinned a lot and agrees to reform her ways.

On the other hand, Shivya tries to reform Pankaja. Shivya tells Pankaja that she isn’t in love with Naman, but it’s her selfish want. Pankaja realizes that Shivya is telling the truth and decides to move on.

Simran confesses her love to Naman, which Naman also reciprocates. Naman admits that Simran reminds him of Sunaina. Naman proposes to Simran in front of the whole family.

Naresh confesses his love to Kumud and apologizes for everything. Naresh hugs Kumud and Simran, and the show ends in a happy note with everyone dancing. Sunaina’s spirit fondly watches her family and hopes her family’s new chapter will be filled with happiness.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Niharika Chouksey<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=बचपन में कहा था, मेरे भी लगेंगे पोस्टर, अब मुंबई में छा गई बुरहानपुर की बेटी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/burhanpur-daughter-and-tv-actress-niharika-chouksey-became-famous-in-mumbai-seen-on-small-screen-7898928.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> as
** Sunaina Singh: [[Transgender]]; Naresh and Kumud's daughter; Simran’s twin sister; Pankaja and Shivya's cousin; Naman's love interest turned wife (2023–2024) (Dead)
** Simran "Simmi" Singh: Sunaina's twin sister; Naresh and Kumud’s daughter; Pankaja and Shivya's cousin; Preeto’s friend; Naman’s fiancée (2024)
*[[Farman Haider]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-27 |title=Farman Haider joins the cast of Aaina; actor says, 'My character is a cheerful person, so keeping a smile all the time is tough' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/farman-haider-joins-the-cast-of-aaina-actor-says-my-character-is-a-cheerful-person-so-keeping-a-smile-all-the-time-is-tough/articleshow/105535782.cms |access-date=2023-12-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Farman Haider: I want to garner a lot of love from my audience through my work {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/farman-haider-i-want-to-garner-a-lot-of-love-from-my-audience-through-my-work/videoshow/106547156.cms |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> as Naman Singh: Rajkumari and Uday's son; Sunaina's widower; Pankaja's ex-fiancé turned ex-second husband; Simran’s fiancée (2023–2024)

===Recurring===
*Jyoti Mukherjee as Kumud Singh: Naresh's wife; Pravesh's sister-in-law; Simran and Sunaina's mother; Pankaja and Shivya’s aunt (2023–2024)
*[[Sachal Tyagi]] as Naresh "Babusaheb" Singh: Kumud's husband; Pravesh's older brother; Ramola's brother-in-law; Simran and Sunaina’s father; Pankaja and Shivya's uncle (2023–2024)
*Aishani Yadav as Shivya Singh: Pravesh and Ramola's younger daughter; Pankaja’s younger sister; Simran and Sunaina’s cousin (2023–2024)
*Mihir Rajda as Pravesh Singh: Ramola's husband; Naresh's younger brother; Kumud's brother-in-law; Pankaja and Shivya's father; Simran and Sunaina’s uncle (2023–2024)
*[[Sonia Singh]] as Ramola Singh: Pravesh's wife; Kumud's sister-in-law; Simran and Sunaina’s aunt; Pankaja and Shivya's mother (2023–2024)
*Juhi Singh Bajwa<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-05 |title=Yeh Hai Chahatein fame Juhi Singh Bajwa to play a grey character in upcoming TV show Aaina - Exclusive |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-chahatein-fame-juhi-singh-bajwa-to-play-a-grey-character-in-upcoming-tv-show-aaina-exclusive/articleshow/105754113.cms |access-date=2023-12-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yeh Hai Chahatein fame Juhi Singh Bajwa to play a grey character in upcoming TV show Aaina |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Juhi Singh - finding the right balance |work=tribune india |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/finding-the-right-balance-574982 |access-date=2023-12-31 |archive-date=}}</ref> as Pankaja “Panku” Singh: Ramola and Pravesh's daughter; Shivya’s older sister; Simran and Sunaina’s cousin; Naman's ex-fiancée turned ex-second wife; Sunaina’s murderer (2023–2024)
*[[Geeta Tyagi]] as Rajkumari Singh: Uday's wife; Meghna's sister-in-law; Naman's mother; Sunaina and Pankaja's ex-mother-in-law (2023–2024)
*Rakesh Pandey as Uday Singh: Rajkumari's husband; Suraj's elder brother; Meghna's brother-in-law; Naman's father; Sunaina and Pankaja's ex-father-in-law (2023–2024)
*[[Prachi Thakker|Prachi Thakkar]] as [[Meghna Singh]]: Rajkumari's sister-in-law; Suraj's wife; Naman's aunt (2023–2024)
*Moni Rai<ref>{{Cite news |title=Moni Rai To Play A Negative Role In Aaina On Dangal Tv |url=https://www.m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/moni-rai-to-play-a-negative-role-in-aaina-on-dangal-tv-584772 |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=tribune india |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128050520/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/moni-rai-to-play-a-negative-role-in-aaina-on-dangal-tv-584772 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as Suraj Singh: Uday's younger brother; Rajkumari's brother-in-law; Meghna's husband; Naman's uncle (2023–2024)
*Neha Dandale as Maharani: A transgender goon (2023–2024)
*Alka Singh as Doctor (2024)
*Shashank Mishra (2024)
*Sakshi Khandal as Ritu (2024)
*Mansi Arora as Manyatha (2024)
*Shubhi Sharma<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2024-01-23 |title=Transgender actress Shubhi Sharma to play antagonist in 'Aaina' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/transgender-actress-shubhi-sharma-to-play-antagonist-in-aaina-763058 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-23 |title=Transgender actress Shubhi Sharma to play antagonist in 'Aaina' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/transgender-actress-shubhi-sharma-to-play-antagonist-in-aaina/articleshow/107090955.cms |access-date=2024-01-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (2024)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/aaina-roop-nahi-haqikat-bhi-dikhaye ''Aaina''] on ''Dangal Play''
*{{IMDb title|tt30406751}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]
[[Category:Transgender-related television shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2010s LGBTQ-related drama television series]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Sangita Basfore

2026-03-10T18:53:59Z

EduardoVasey1:

{{short description|Indian footballer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sangita Basfore
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Sangita Basfore
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|7|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[West Bengal]], India
| height = 1.63 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Squad_Lists/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-Australia-2026%E2%84%A2-Final-Registration---Feb-25upd.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=27 February 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 8
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = {{0|0000}}–2016
| clubs2 = Chandney SC
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2016–2018
| clubs3 = [[Rising Student's Club|Rising Students]]
| caps3 = 5
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2018–2024
| clubs4 = SSB Women
| caps4 = 26
| goals4 = 10
| years5 = 2025–
| clubs5 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| nationalyears1 = 2012–2016
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 8
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2015–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 75
| nationalgoals2 = 9
| medaltemplates =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 10 March 2026
}}

'''Sangita Basfore ''' (born 12 July 1996) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]] in [[Indian Women's League]] and the [[India women's national football team|India women's national team]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Senior Women's Latest Squad|work=All India Football Federation|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/national-team/women/senior|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=SSB Women Football Club – Hero Indian Women's League Squad|work=All India Football Federation|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/12898/11|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref>

== Club career ==

=== West Bengal ===
Sangita had featured for the West Bengal State Team before moving to [[Rising Student's Club|Rising Student Club]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sangita Basfore Career Clubs|work=All India Football Federation|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/57380?type=club|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref>

=== Rising Student Club ===
On 2016, Sangita signed for the [[Indian Women's League]] side Rising Student Club based in Odisha<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sangita Basfore- Career Club|work=All India Football Federation|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/57380?type=club|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref>

=== SSB Women ===
On 2018, Sangeeta signed for SSB Women's FC. On the [[2018–19 Indian Women's League season|2018–19 Indian Women's League]], SSB Women's qualified for the Semi-Finals by a comfortable 2–0 victory against Hans Women FC where Sangita scored a fabulous goal before they lost the semi-finals to [[Sethu FC]] on a big margin of 8–1. She ended up scoring 3 goals at the end of the season.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 May 2019|title=SSB Women FC secure semifinal spot with a comfortable win over Hans Women FC|work=www.footballcounter.com|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/ssb-women-fc-secure-semifinal-spot-with-a-comfortable-win-over-hans-women-fc/|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 May 2019|title=Sethu FC – Central SSB Women FC|work=www.sofascore.com|url=https://www.sofascore.com/central-ssb-women-fc-sethu-fc/WrBcsdtBc|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 May 2019|title=Sabitra Bhandari Scores Four As Setu FC Enters FINAL Of Indian Women's League|work=goalnepal.com|url=https://goalnepal.com/news/detail/6293|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 May 2019|title=IWL: Sangita Basfore screamer helps SSB Women beat Rising Student Club; Gokulam Kerala claim another win|work=Sportskeeda|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/iwl-sangita-basfore-screamer-helps-ssb-women-beat-rising-student-club-gokulam-kerala-claim-another-win|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>

== International career ==
Sangita was selected for the [[India women's national under-20 football team|India Women's U19 team]] at the age of 17. Sangeeta was called up for the Indian National Team at the age of 19 for the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Olympics Tournament in 2016]]. Sangita scored her first international goal against [[Sri Lanka women's national football team|Sri Lanka]] on [[2019 SAFF Women's Championship]] in their group stage match which was held on 17 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 March 2019|title=MEET SANGITA BASFORE – THE ENGINE DRIVING THE INDIAN WOMEN'S TEAM|work=All India Football Federation|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/article/meet-sangita-basfore-the-engine-driving-the-indian-womens-team|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9518|title=INDIAN WOMEN CHARGE INTO SAFF SEMIS WITH 5–0 WIN OVER SRI LANKA|website=www.the-aiff.com|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> Sangita had also captained the national side against [[Uzbekistan women's national football team|Uzbekistan]] in the [[2019 Turkish Women's Cup]] which they lost 0–1.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 February 2019|title=Turkish Women's Cup: India suffer narrow defeat to Uzbekistan in opener|work=Sportskeeda|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/turkish-women-s-cup-india-suffer-narrow-defeat-to-uzbekistan-in-opener|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|10 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=11|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2015
|1
|0
|-
|2016
|2
|0
|-
|2017
|1
|0
|-
|2018
|3
|0
|-
|2019
|26
|1
|-
|2021
|9
|2
|-
|2022
|0
|0
|-
|2023
|10
|0
|-
|2024
|12
|2
|-
|2025
|8
|4
|-
|2026
|3
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!75
!9
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Sangita Basfore
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 17 March 2019 || [[Sahid Rangsala]], [[Biratnagar]], [[Nepal]] || {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|'''4'''–0 || align=center| 5–0 || [[2019 SAFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 2. || 8 April 2021 || AGMK Stadium, [[Olmaliq]], [[Uzbekistan]] || {{fbw|BLR}} || align=center|'''1'''–2 || align=center| 1–2 || [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| 3. || 10 October 2021 || Hamad Town Stadium, [[Hamad Town]], [[Bahrain]] || {{fbw|BHR}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 5–0 || [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| 4. || 27 October 2024 || [[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]], Nepal || {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 1–1 || [[2024 SAFF Women's Championship]]
|-
| 5. || 30 December 2024 || Padukone – Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence, [[Bengaluru]], [[India]] || {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|'''9'''–0 || align=center| 14–0 || Friendly
|-
| 6. || 23 June 2025 || rowspan=4| [[700th Anniversary Stadium]], [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] || {{fbw|MNG}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 13–0 || rowspan=4| [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]]
|-
| 7. || 2 July 2025 || {{fbw|IRQ}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || align=center| 5–0
|-
| 8. || rowspan=2| 5 July 2025 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|THA}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 2–1
|-
| 9. || align=center|'''2'''–1
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2016 SAFF Women's Championship|2016]], [[2019 SAFF Women's Championship|2019]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2016]], [[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2019]]

'''Rising Students Club'''
* [[Indian Women's League]]: [[2017–18 Indian Women's League season|2017–18]]

'''SSB Women'''
* [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]: [[2019–20 Calcutta Women's Football League|2019–20]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFA (WB) WOMEN LEAGUE 2019-20|url=https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_women_league_2019-20/ifa_women_result.html|access-date=8 November 2022|website=kolkatafootball.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305101232/https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_women_league_2019-20/ifa_women_result.html|archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/57380/ Sangita Basfore] at All India Football Association

{{India squad 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basfore, Sangita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Rising Students Club players]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Go First

2026-03-07T09:28:25Z

EduardoVasey1: fixed section for clarity and added references

{{Short description|Defunct low–cost airline of India (2005–2023)}}
{{distinguish|IndiGo}}
{{for|other airlines|Go Airlines (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Go First
| logo = Go First RGB Logo 1 reduced.jpg
| logo_size = 250px
| IATA = G8
| ICAO = GOW
| callsign = GO AIR
| parent = [[Wadia Group]]
| founded = {{start date|2005|11|04|df=yes}}
| commenced = {{start date|2005|11|04|df=yes}}
| ceased = {{start date|2023|05|03|df=yes}}
| key_people = Bhisham Bharadwaj ([[Chairman]])
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| bases = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]]
| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]
| [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]]
| [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]
| [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]}}
| fleet_size = 53
| destinations =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4553|c}} (FY 2017)<ref name=FY16>{{cite report|url=https://static.goair.in/media/1765/1-goair-annual-report-2016-17.pdf|title=ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17|publisher=GoAir|access-date=16 May 2018|page=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174635/https://static.goair.in/media/1765/1-goair-annual-report-2016-17.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|294.88|c}} (FY 2017)<ref name=FY16/>
| website = {{URL|www.gofirstcirp.com}} (now defunct)
| aoc =
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer =
| num_employees =
}}

'''Go First''', founded as '''GoAir''', was an Indian [[low-cost airline]] based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. Owned by the Indian business conglomerate [[Wadia Group]], it commenced operations on 4 November 2005 and operated a fleet of [[Airbus A320]] aircraft in an all-economy configuration.

In 2021, the airline planned to launch an [[Initial public offering|IPO]] to raise {{INRconvert|36|b}}. In 2023, the airline faced difficulties with the availability of [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G|Pratt & Whitney]] engines used on its entire fleet of A320 aircraft, alleging that the problem was impacting its operations. Subsequently, the airline ceased operations on 3 May 2023 and filed for voluntary insolvency with the [[National Company Law Tribunal]].

==History==
GoAir was founded in 2005 by [[Jehangir Wadia]], son of Indian industrialist [[Nusli Wadia]]. The airline is a wholly owned subsidiary of the [[Wadia Group]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=https://www.goair.in/menu/about-us|title=GoAir: About us|publisher=GoAir|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> GoAir commenced its operations using an [[Airbus A320]] aircraft and operated its inaugural flight from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]] to [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]] on 4 November 2005.<ref name="history"/> The airline initially operated with a single aircraft to four destinations, including [[Goa International Airport|Goa]] and [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], with plans to induct 36 aircraft by 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-04/news/27505646_1_airbus-a-320-wadia-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101151747/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-04/news/27505646_1_airbus-a-320-wadia-aircraft|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2015|title=GoAir begins commercial flights|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=4 November 2005|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> In March 2008, the airline announced revised plans to operate 11 aircraft and service new destinations in the [[North East India|North East]] and [[South India]] by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-03-16/news/28435261_1_goair-executive-officer-edgardo-badiali-fleet-expansion-plans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808173959/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-03-16/news/28435261_1_goair-executive-officer-edgardo-badiali-fleet-expansion-plans|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2016|title=GoAir to expand operations in South, Northeast|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=16 March 2008|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> However, increasing fuel prices forced GoAir to cut down the existing number of flights in June 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-07-11/news/27737546_1_atf-prices-goair-neeraj-kapoor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808172232/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-07-11/news/27737546_1_atf-prices-goair-neeraj-kapoor|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2016|title=GoAir to drop 300 flights to reduce losses|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|first=Mithun|last=Roy|date=11 July 2008|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>

In January 2009, [[British Airways]] was interested in buying a stake in the airline.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-01-05/news/28388603_1_foreign-airlines-domestic-carriers-goair|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808174259/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-01-05/news/28388603_1_foreign-airlines-domestic-carriers-goair|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2016|title=British Air wants to buy 25% in GoAi|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|first=Mithun|last=Roy|date=5 January 2009|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> In November 2009, GoAir entered into talks with Indian airline [[SpiceJet]] over a possible merger, but the discussions ended without a deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-17/news/27634208_1_goair-share-swap-spicejet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808175859/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-17/news/27634208_1_goair-share-swap-spicejet|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2016|title=GoAir, SpiceJet deal enters air pocket|first1=Mohit|last1=Bhalla|first2=Paramita|last2=Chatterjee|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 November 2009|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> In April 2012, GoAir became the fifth largest airline in India in terms of market share following the demise of [[Kingfisher Airlines]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India, Kingfisher Airlines market share shrinks|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/news/31749511_1_kingfisher-airlines-market-share-flight|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160606065847/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/news/31749511_1_kingfisher-airlines-market-share-flight|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2016|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=15 April 2016|date=17 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-22/news/46462741_1_market-share-second-consecutive-month-star-alliance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125041614/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-22/news/46462741_1_market-share-second-consecutive-month-star-alliance|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2014|title=IndiGo market share shrinks for 2nd month in a row in December|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=22 January 2014|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> In 2013, the airline appointed investment bank [[J.P. Morgan & Co.|JP Morgan]] to scout for potential investors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-09/news/39143997_1_goair-indian-carriers-wadia-family|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613192205/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-09/news/39143997_1_goair-indian-carriers-wadia-family|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2013|title=GoAir scouts for partners to sell 49% stake|first1=Sneha|last1=Shah|first2=Manisha|last2=Singhal|first3=Maulik|last3=Vyas|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=9 May 2013|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref>

[[File:GoAir Airbus A320-200 (Brown).jpg|thumb|Go First [[Airbus A320 Family|Airbus A320-200]] in its former GoAir livery (2011)]]

The airline's growth was slow compared to other airlines established around the same time, such as [[IndiGo]] and SpiceJet, which had larger market shares, fleet sizes, and more destinations served by 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/column/column-what-keeps-goair-up-in-the-air/20150604.htm|title=What keeps GoAir up in the air|work=[[Rediff]]|date=4 June 2015|access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> According to the airline, it was a planned strategy due to the tough aviation environment in India, focusing on maintaining profitability rather than capturing market share or increasing the number of destinations and fleet size.<ref name="CEO">{{cite news|title=We will not sell under cost|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/we-will-not-sell-under-cost/article4472063.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|access-date=15 April 2016|location=Chennai, India|first=Lalatendu|last=Mishra|date=3 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="MD">{{cite news|title=Stay small till customer has a need, not want: Jeh Wadia|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Stay-small-till-customer-has-a-need-not-want-Jeh-Wadia/articleshow/18524423.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=15 April 2016|date=16 February 2012|archive-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033127/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-16/india-business/37132767_1_jeh-wadia-bombay-realty-dadar|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2016, it was the fifth-largest carrier in the country with an 8% market share.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-s-domestic-passenger-demand-up-25-percent-iata-116040700595_1.html|title=India's domestic passenger demand up 25 percent: IATA|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 April 2014|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> The airline was planning an [[initial public offering]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/DtGJvktmtarKToxhAMbL7I/GoAir-awaits-Airbus-delivery-schedule-to-decide-IPO-timing.html|title=GoAir awaits Airbus delivery schedule to decide IPO timing|date=28 March 2016|newspaper=[[Live Mint]]|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> It took delivery of its 20th aircraft in June 2016, making it eligible to operate international flights.<ref name="Neo">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/0zdrbtbxsgF83fF9KZTjOK/GoAir-takes-delivery-of-its-first-of-72-A320neo-aircraft.html|title=GoAir takes delivery of its first Neo aircraft|newspaper=[[Live Mint]]|date=1 June 2016|access-date=5 June 2016}}</ref> GoAir became the sixth Indian domestic carrier to fly internationally when it launched its inaugural flight to [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]] from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] on 11 October 2018.<ref name="HBLN">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/goair-launches-maiden-delhi-phuket-flight/article25199284.ece|title= GoAir launches maiden Delhi-Phuket flight|newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=12 October 2018|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> On 17 March 2020, amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], GoAir suspended all its international flights.<ref>{{cite news|title=GoAir suspends international operations|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/goair-suspends-international-operations-sends-staff-on-leave-without-pay-11584451946542.html|newspaper=Mint|date=17 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> On 13 May 2021, GoAir was rebranded as Go First.<ref name="RB">{{cite news|date=13 May 2021|title=GoAir rebrands as Go First after 15 years of flying|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/goair-rebrands-as-go-first-after-15-years-of-flying/articleshow/82608003.cms|access-date=13 May 2021|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the airline once again planned to launch an IPO to raise {{INRconvert|36|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Raj|first=Shubham|title=There is a reason why GoAir is in a hurry to go public|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/there-is-a-reason-why-goair-is-in-a-hurry-to-go-public/articleshow/82628746.cms|access-date=1 December 2023|date=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Go Airlines (India) Limited – DRHP|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/filings/public-issues/may-2021/go-airlines-india-limited-drhp_50122.html|access-date=28 May 2021|publisher=SEBI}}</ref>

In 2023, the airline faced operational issues, resulting in the cancellation of multiple flights.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cash-strapped Go First cancels May 3, 4 flights, to file for insolvency|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cashstrapped-go-first-airways-suspends-flights-for-may-3-4-101683022996775.html|date=2 May 2023|access-date=2 May 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The airline claimed to have been largely impacted by supply chain issues with [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]] engines, which power its entire fleet of [[Airbus A320neo family|Airbus A320neo]] aircraft. Subsequently, the airline filed for voluntary insolvency resolution before the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] (NCLT) on 2 May 2023.<ref name="Go First">{{cite news|title=Go First insolvency: NCLAT to pass order on aircraft lessors' petitions on May 22|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/go-first-insolvency-national-company-law-appellate-tribunal-to-pass-order-on-aircraft-lessors-petitions-on-may-22/cid/1937047|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|date=15 May 2023|access-date=15 May 2023|language=en-IN}}</ref> The airline also sued [[Pratt & Whitney]] in a [[United States]] federal court, seeking to enforce an arbitral award directing the supply of engines as contracted.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mascarenhas|first=Francis|title=Go First's financial crisis and its Pratt & Whitney dispute: what you need to know|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/go-firsts-financial-crisis-its-pratt-whitney-dispute-what-you-need-know-2023-05-12/|work=[[Reuters]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|date=12 May 2023|access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> Pratt & Whitney disputed these claims.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/go-firsts-financial-crisis-its-pratt-whitney-dispute-what-you-need-know-2023-05-12/|title=Go First's financial crisis and its Pratt & Whitney dispute: What you need to know|newspaper=Reuters|date=12 May 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

The airline sought interim directions from NCLT to continue functioning and requested restrictions on any adverse regulatory action, but this was denied. Owing to non-payment of rental dues, leasing companies repossessed the airline's leased planes.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Go First: What went wrong with Indian airline? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65458136 |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> On 26 June 2023, the airline's creditors approved an interim financing of {{INRconvert|425|c}} aimed at returning it to operation, pending board approval.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 June 2023|title=Go First creditors approve Rs 425 cr interim fund to revive airline, await board nod|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/gofirst-creditors-approve-rs-425-cr-interim-fund-to-revive-airline-await-board-nod/articleshow/101253757.cms?from=mdr|access-date=26 June 2023|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In mid-August 2023, the airline sought emergency funding of {{INRconvert|100|c}} to keep itself afloat.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 August 2023|title=Go First asks lenders for Rs 100 crore emergency funding: Report|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/aviation/story/go-first-asks-lenders-for-rs-100-crore-emergency-funding-report-394001-2023-08-14|access-date=18 August 2023|newspaper=Business Today}}</ref> On 13 February 2024, it was announced that Go First had received a 60-day extension for its insolvency resolution process, allowing potential investors to submit their proposals for the carrier's revival. This was the second extension given to Go First, and also the last one it could expect. The airline attracted interest from multiple investors, including SpiceJet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/grounded-carrier-go-first-granted-60-day-extension-for-insolvency-resolution/ar-BB1ieAGl?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=ENTPSP&cvid=cc1075a49e05475ea473e0ec394542db&ei=174# | title=MSN | website=[[MSN]] }}</ref>

As of February 2024, [[Ajay Singh (entrepreneur)|Ajay Singh]], the Chairman and Managing Director of [[SpiceJet]], along with [[Nishant Pitti]], majority stakeholder of Busy Bee Airways and co-founder of [[EaseMyTrip]], submitted a bid for GoFirst amounting to {{INRconvert|600|c}}. The total dues of Go First—including claims from vendors and lessors—were pegged at {{INRconvert|11463|c}}, which they planned to pay off by 'monetising' two land parcel owned by Go First in Mumbai. According to the bid, Nishant Pitti would hold a majority stake of 60%, with the remaining shares held by Ajay Singh. They planned to start operations using 15 aircraft. There was also another bidder for the airline, [[Sharjah]]-based Sky One FZE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2024 |title=Go First bid: Ajay Singh, Pitti bank on land parcel, arbitral award to revive the airline |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-go-first-bid-ajay-singh-pitti-bank-on-land-parcel-arbitral-award-to-revive-the-airline-3399033/ |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 May 2024, the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] deregistered all 54 aircraft leased to Go First following a [[Delhi High Court]] order issued on 26 April. After filing for bankruptcy in May 2023, the lessors of these aircraft have since been engaged in a fierce battle with the former owner of the airline, lenders, and the resolution professional to regain control of their aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=1 May 2024 |title=DGCA deregisters all 54 Go First aircraft following HC order |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/dgca-deregisters-all-54-go-first-aircraft-following-hc-order/article68128925.ece |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Corporate affairs==
The airline was headquartered in the Wadia International Center in [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flygofirst.com/about-us/our-offices|title=Our Offices|publisher=Go First|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=14 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214042746/https://www.flygofirst.com/about-us/our-offices|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Jehangir Wadia]] served as the managing director of the airline from its inception until his resignation in 2021.<ref name="MD"/> In April 2016, Wolfgang Prock-Schauer, the [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] of the airline, also became the joint Managing Director.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/wolfgang-prock-schauer-promoted-to-managing-director-of-go-air/articleshow/51688781.cms|title=Wolfgang Prock-Schauer promoted to Managing Director of GoAir|first=Anirban|last=Chaudhary|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=15 April 2016|date=16 February 2012}}</ref> Kaushik Khona was appointed as the CEO in August 2020,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/goair-appoints-kaushik-khona-as-new-ceo-to-replace-vinay-dube-11597403223693.html|title=Go Air appoints new CEO|date=14 August 2020|newspaper=Mint|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> and stepped down from the position in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/go-first-ceo-kaushik-khona-resigns-amid-bankruptcy-challenges-101701356086155.html|title=Go First CEO Kaushik Khona resigns amid airline's uncertain future|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

===Livery===
GoAir aircraft were painted in various colour schemes, such as blue and pink, with the logo on the tail. In 2011, the airline announced that all its aircraft would be converted to a new, uniform, grey colour scheme.<ref name="livery">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/news/29670100_1_goair-jeh-wadia-small-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214052459/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-17/news/29670100_1_goair-jeh-wadia-small-aircraft|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2012|title=GoAir places order worth $7 bn for 72 Airbus A320 neo aircraft|first=Manisha|last=Singhal|date=25 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> On 13 May 2021, GoAir was rebranded as Go First, with a new blue colour scheme and livery.<ref name="RB"/>

==Destinations==
{{see also|List of Go First destinations}}
In March 2020, Go First operated a network of 39 destinations—29 domestic and 10 international—with 325 daily flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goair.in/promotions/international-flights/|title=International Flights|work=Goair.in|date=11 October 2019}}</ref> In June 2016, GoAir became eligible for international operations.<ref name="CEO"/> The airline commenced its first international operations on 11 October 2018 with a flight from Delhi to Phuket.<ref name="HBLN"/>

==Fleet==
===Former fleet===
[[File:GoAir, VT-WGR, Airbus A320-271N.jpg|thumb| Go First [[Airbus A320 Family|Airbus A320neo]] in the old GoAir Livery. In 2021, the airline adapted a new livery as a part of its rebranding.]]

Prior to ceasing operations, Go First operated an all-[[Airbus A320 Family|Airbus A320]] fleet:<ref>{{cite report|title = Orders & deliveries, Airbus|publisher=Airbus SAS|url=http://www.airbus.com/aircraft/market/orders-deliveries.html|website= Airbus|date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Us : GoAir|url=http://www.goair.in/aboutus.aspx|access-date=1 September 2018|publisher=GoAir}}</ref> However, by May 2024, the DGCA initiated the deregistration process.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Go First news: Lessors to repossess all 54 Go First aircraft as DGCA deregisters them |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/dgca-starts-deregistering-go-first-planes-a-year-after-the-airline-shut-down/articleshow/109759694.cms |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=Economic Times}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center"
|-
!Aircraft
!Total
!Introduced
!Retired
!Passengers
!Notes
|-
|[[Airbus A320-200]]
|5
|2021
|2023
|180
|
|-
|[[Airbus A320neo]]
|49
|2021
|2023
|186
|88 orders.
|}

===Fleet development===
In June 2011, Go First placed an order for 72 [[Airbus A320neo]] aircraft worth {{INRconvert|32400|c}}. In December 2015, [[Airbus]] announced that the deliveries of Go First’s A320neo aircraft would be delayed by three months due to technical issues, with deliveries expected by the second quarter of the financial year 2015–16.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2015 |title=A320neo delivery to GoAir likely to be delayed |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-20/news/69186455_1_a320neo-goair-airbus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425010207/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-20/news/69186455_1_a320neo-goair-airbus |archive-date=25 April 2016 |access-date=16 April 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Deliveries began in 2016, with an induction rate of 12–15 aircraft per year.<ref name="neo">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/GoAir-orders-72-Airbus-jets-for-Rs-32000-crore/articleshow/8882527.cms|title=GoAir orders 72 Airbus jets for Rs. 32,000 crore|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=17 June 2011|access-date=16 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625085848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/GoAir-orders-72-Airbus-jets-for-Rs-32000-crore/articleshow/8882527.cms|archive-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> Go First received its first A320neo aircraft on 1 June 2016.<ref name="Neo"/>

In July 2016, Go First signed a memorandum of understanding with [[Airbus]] for 72 [[Airbus A320neo]] aircraft, valued at {{USD|7.7 billion}}, potentially increasing the total number of orders to 144. The deal was announced at the [[Farnborough Airshow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/goair-doubles-aircraft-order-signs-up-for-extra-72-a320neos-116071201131_1.html|title=Business Standard – GoAir new order for 72 further NEO's|date=13 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715011608/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/goair-doubles-aircraft-order-signs-up-for-extra-72-a320neos-116071201131_1.html|archive-date=15 July 2016}}</ref>

When the airline ceased operations in 2023, it had 26 aircraft operational, while the other 28 aircraft were grounded due to engine issues with [[Pratt & Whitney]].<ref name=":0" />

On 1 May 2024, following a [[Delhi High Court]] order, the DGCA deregistered all 54 leased aircraft belonging to Go Air.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2024 |title=Relief for lessors: DGCA de-registers all 54 GoAir planes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/relief-for-lessors-dgca-de-registers-a-majority-of-goairs-54-planes/articleshow/109756776.cms |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=1 May 2024 |title=DGCA deregisters all 54 Go First aircraft following HC order |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/dgca-deregisters-all-54-go-first-aircraft-following-hc-order/article68128925.ece |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Services==
As a budget airline, Go First did not provide complimentary meals aboard flights but offered [[buy on board]] in-flight meal options.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goair.in/bottom-menu/menu|title=GoAir Menu|publisher=GoAir|access-date=16 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423072716/https://www.goair.in/bottom-menu/menu|archive-date=23 April 2016}}</ref> The airline published an [[in-flight magazine]] named ''Go-getter''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goair.in/bottom-menu/in-flight-magazine|title=Go Getter In-flight magazine|publisher=GoAir|access-date=16 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324172850/https://www.goair.in/bottom-menu/in-flight-magazine|archive-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> Go First offered a premium service, ''Go Business,'' at a higher fare, which provided extra services such as seats with greater legroom, free meals, increased baggage allowance, and priority boarding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goair.in/menu/gobusiness|title=Go Business|publisher=GoAir|access-date=16 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324171134/https://www.goair.in/menu/gobusiness|archive-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> In 2011, it launched its [[frequent flyer programme]] called ''Go Club'', offering benefits like lounge access and free upgrade to ''Go Business''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/goair-flies-on-new-routes-to-lure-passengers-111121100008_1.html|title=GoAir flies on new routes to lure passengers|first=Aneesh|last=Phadnis|date=11 December 2011|access-date=5 June 2016|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804132123/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/goair-flies-on-new-routes-to-lure-passengers-111121100008_1.html|archive-date=4 August 2016}}</ref> New membership was discontinued in February 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isponline.info/2016/04/goair-frequent-flyer-program/|title=GoAir Frequent Flyer Program|first1=Ruben|last1=Hill|work=ISP online|date=27 April 2016|access-date=5 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923162932/http://isponline.info/2016/04/goair-frequent-flyer-program/|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref>

==Accolades==
Go First was rated as the "Best Domestic Airline For Excellence in Quality and Efficient Service" by the Pacific Area Travel Writers Association in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.patwainternational.com/PATWA-handbook.pdf|title=PATWA International Awards|work=PATWA|access-date=30 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424085107/http://www.patwainternational.com/PATWA-handbook.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> In 2011, the airline was named the "Best Performing Airline" in Asia and Africa amongst all Airbus A320 operators by [[Airbus]], based on fleet utilisation and other performance metrics.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/goair-ranked-the-best-performing-airline-by-airbus/|title=GoAir ranked the Best Performing Airline by Airbus|work=Breaking Travel News|date=1 June 2011|access-date=30 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220195951/http://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/goair-ranked-the-best-performing-airline-by-airbus/|archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of defunct airlines of India]]
* [[Transport in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|GoAir}}
* {{Official website|https://www.flygofirst.com/}}

{{Portalbar|India|Companies|Aviation}}
{{Wadia Group}}
{{Airlines of India}}

[[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2005]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2023]]
[[Category:Defunct low-cost airlines]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:2023 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Wadia Group]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Insolvent companies]]

Bhagya Devathe

2026-03-03T22:27:19Z

EduardoVasey1: enhanced intro per sources for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bhagya Devathe.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Rathnakar (actor)|Rathnakar]]-Madhu
| based_on = Based on ''Kadu Siddammana Kathe''
| producer = V Sundareshan
| writer =
| screenplay = Sorat Ashwath
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[K. S. Ashwath]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
| music = Gnanamani
| cinematography = R Madhu
| editing = P S Murthy
| studio = Manoranjan Films
| distributor = Manoranjan Films
| released = {{Film date|1968|04|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 117 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Bhagya Devathe''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭಾಗ್ಯದೇವತೆ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[Rathnakar (actor)|Rathnakar]]-Madhu. Actor [[Rathnakar (actor)|Rathnakar]] debuted as director with this movie.<ref>{{cite web |title=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರನ್ನು ಡೈರೆಕ್ಟ್ ಮಾಡಿದ ಒಟ್ಟು ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರು ಎಷ್ಟು ಜನ ಗೊತ್ತಾ..? ; Naadu Kanda Rajkumar - Ep 218| url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=550Q0qwqcv4| website=[[YouTube]] | date=1 November 2025 }}</ref> and produced by V Sundareshan. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[K. S. Ashwath]], [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] and [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]. The film had musical score by Gnanamani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/bhagya-devathe-1968|title=Bhagya Devathe|accessdate=2015-01-16|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref> The movie is based on the folklore ''Kaadu Siddammana Kathe''.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
*[[K. S. Ashwath]] as Madhu Shetty
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Mridanga
*[[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
*[[M. P. Shankar]]
*[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as Siddhi, Madhu Shetty's daughter
*[[B. V. Radha]]
*[[Udaya Chandrika]]
*Ramadevi
*[[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]] as Sangeetha
*[[Advani Lakshmi Devi]]
*[[Shanthamma]]
*Prashanth (credited as Baby Prashanth)
*Vishalakshi (credited as Baby Vishalakshi)
*[[H. R. Shastry]]
*Anantharam Maccheri
*Krishna Shastry
*Hanumantha Rao
*Shyam
*Nagaraj
*N. A. Subbanna
*Comedian Guggu
*Jyothi
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0290461}}
* {{YouTube|id=5XA0b3uZIn8|title=Bhagya Devathe}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

James Bond (2015 film)

2026-03-03T21:53:55Z

EduardoVasey1: further cleanup intro based on references also and cleaned formatting

{{For|the 2015 James Bond spy film|Spectre (2015 film){{!}}Spectre}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = James Bond
| image = James-Bond-Telugu-Movie-Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Sai Kishore Macha
| producer = Ramabrahmam Sunkara
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Sakshi Chaudhary]]
| music = Sai Karthik
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = A. K. Entertainments
| distributor = A. K. Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|2015|07|24|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''James Bond''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[Action comedy film|action comedy]] film written and directed by Sai Kishore Macha and produced by Anil Sunkara under the banner A. K. Entertainments. It features [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Sakshi Chaudhary]] in the lead roles while [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Raghu Babu]] and [[Krishna Bhagavan]] appear in supporting roles.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The film is loosely based on the Korean film ''[[My Wife Is a Gangster]]''.

==Plot==
Nani ([[Allari Naresh]]) is a simple, down-to-earth software employee. He and his family hate getting into problems and lead a very simple life. A twist in the tale arises when he marries a lady don Bullet ([[Sakshi Chaudhary]]) without knowing about her past and criminal activities. Halfway through his marriage, Nani discovers his wife's original background and decides to leave her and run away from the city. The rest of the story is as to how Nani manages to deal with these tricky situations and solves all his problems. Solving all the situations, at last Bullets gets pregnant and Nani is captured by the opponents, when Nani knows bullet is pregnant Nani fights the goons. After having a baby girl, the position of bullet goes with Nani. (Featuring a character as a sequel).

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Nani / Edara Lakshmi Prasad
* [[Sakshi Chaudhary]] as Bullet/Pooja Ponne Ghanti/Edara
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Bada Naik
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Nani's father
* [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] as Pooja's mother
* [[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Marriage Bureau Chief
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
* [[Pruthviraj Balireddy|Prudhviraj]]
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
* Shravan as Bullet's Henchmen
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]]
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Simhachalam
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Shekhar
* [[Rajitha]]
*[[Ramajogayya Sastry]] in a cameo appearance
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = James Bond
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2015|5|14}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 17:17
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Sai Karthik]]
| prev_title = [[Superstar Kidnap]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongaata]]
| next_year = 2015
}}
The audio launch of the film was held on 14 May 2015. Actor [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] was present as a chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-jamesbond.html|title=Allari Naresh James Bond music launch - Telugu cinema news|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> [[Aditya Music]] bagged the audio rights of the film. The audio was well received by the audience.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} But, due to the success of film Bahubali, they announced the release date as 24 July 2015.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

===Track listing===

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:17
| title1 = O Jaane Jaana
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| length1 = 3:08
| title2 = Bullet
| lyrics2 = [[Viswa]]
| extra2 = Saicharan Bhaskaruni
| length2 = 2:33
| title3 = Arey Hello Hello
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length3 = 3:44
| title4 = Sannajaji(Remix)
| lyrics4 = [[Veturi]]
| extra4 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Divija Karthik
| length4 = 4:01
| title5 = Ammoruthalli
| lyrics5 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra5 = Simha
| length5 = 3:51
}}

===Release===
The movie was scheduled for a worldwide release on 26 June 2015.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Later makers announced the release date as 24 July 2015.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=4896340}}

[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]

Tiger (2017 film)

2026-03-03T21:35:54Z

EduardoVasey1: Added a article

{{short description|2017 Indian Kannada-language action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tiger
| image = Tiger_(2017_film).jpg
| caption = theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nanda Kishore]]
| producer = Chikkaboramma
| writer = Yoganand Muddan (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Tharun Kishore Sudhir|Tharun Sudhir]] Uday
| story =
| starring = [[Pradeep (Kannada actor)|Pradeep]] [[Nyra Banerjee]] [[K. Shivram]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Sudhakar S. Raj
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Inchara Film Factory
| distributor = Jack Manjunath (Mysore Talkies)
| released = {{film date|2017|06|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Tiger''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada Language|Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Nanda Kishore]] and produced by Chikkaboramma under Inchara Film Factory.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170222160359/http://www.indiaglitz.com/tiger-rebirth-for-pradeep-batting-in-box-office-kannada-news-171392.html Tiger' rebirth for Pradeep batting in box office – Kannada Movie News]. Indiaglitz.com (15 November 2016). Retrieved on 2017-04-01.</ref> The film stars [[Pradeep (Kannada actor)|Pradeep]], [[Nyra Banerjee]] and [[K. Shivram]], alongside [[Om Puri]], [[P. Ravishankar]], [[Chikkanna]] and [[Sadhu Kokila]]. The music was composed by [[Arjun Janya]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Sudhakar S. Raj and K. M. Prakash.

''Tiger'' was released on 16 June 2017. The film was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Policewale ki Jung''.

==Plot==
The movie Tiger is a Kannada action packed thriller film led by the young star Pradeep (protagonist) who dreams to become a police officer which is against the wish of his father played by the well known actor and also a very famous Ex IAS officer K Shivram. Why is the father against the wish and the dream of his son is the crux of the story.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Pradeep (Kannada actor)|Pradeep]] as Ashok Nayak
*[[Nyra Banerjee]] as Gowri
*[[K. Shivram]] as Shivram Nayak
*[[Om Puri]] as Oriya
*[[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Shankar Narayan
*[[Chikkanna]] as Bahubali
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Kharjura
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Lion Linga
*[[Sonia Agarwal]] as Lakshmi
*[[Raj Deepak Shetty]] as MLA
*[[Rajesh Nataranga]]
}}

==Production==
In August 2014 [[Pradeep (Kannada actor)|Pradeep]], [[Tharun Kishore Sudhir]] and [[Nanda Kishore]] Decided to a project together. Tharun kishore Sudhir wrote the script just for Pradeep and his elder brother Nanda Kishora decided to Direct. The film was started under the banner of Inchara Film Factory<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/aug/24/teaser-song-for-pradeeps-birthday-1512398.html|title=Teaser song for Pradeep's birthday|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date= 24 August 2016|access-date= 2017-04-01}}</ref> which produced its first film under the producer Smt. Chikkaboramma. This is the last appearance of the Indian actor [[Om Puri]] on a Kannada film before his death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/om-puri-made-acting-look-so-easy/articleshow/56374420.cms|title=Tiger: Om Puri made acting look so easy|work=[[Times of India]]|date=24 January 2017 |access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Arjun Janya]] has composed the soundtrack and background music for the film. The soundtrack album consists of six songs. Lyrics for the tracks were written by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]], [[Yogaraj Bhat]], Yoganand Muddan and Lokesh Krishna. Deciding to tie up with a music label the producers released the album in November 2016 under [[Lahari Music]] company. The audio was released by the Ex chief minister of [[Karnataka]] Shri [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]].

{{ tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Tiger Tiger
| extra1 = [[Sudeepa]]
| length1 = 4:03
| title2 = Beladingla Ratri
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length2 = 3:59
| title3 = Tinnada Unnada
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length3 = 4:05
| title4 = Item Song Agbeku Ban
| extra4 = [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = Ganapathi Jai
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 4:42
| title6 = Bottom Of My Heart
| extra6 = [[Sunil Raoh]], Priyanka
| length6 = 2:52
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "Go for ''Tiger'', if you are one of those who enjoy mass entertainers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2017/Jun/16/this-tiger-strikes-a-mass-appeal-614.html|title=Tiger: Strikes a mass appeal|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=16 June 2017|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "This film can interest those who like the old school brand of commercial cinema. Though, take enough snacks along as the film's length is a tad longer than it should have ideally been".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/tiger/movie-review/59177940.cms|title=Tiger Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 June 2017}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "''Tiger'' is a comeback for both Pradeep and retired IAS officer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/tiger-movie-review-whisky-in-a-champagne-bottle/articleshow/59179423.cms|title=Tiger Movie Review: Whisky in a champagne bottle|website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=16 June 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5995602}}

{{Nanda Kishore}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nanda Kishore]]
[[Category:2017 action films]]
[[Category:2010s coming-of-age films]]

Parivartana (1954 film)

2026-03-03T20:46:38Z

EduardoVasey1: Adding a data

{{About||the 1975 film|Parivartana (1975 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Sources exist|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parivartana
| image = Parivartana.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Prakash Rao]]
| screenplay = T. Prakash Rao
| based_on = {{based on|''Anna-Chellelu''|Srirama Murthy Pinisetti}}
| producer = Chandra Durga Veerasimha
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| editing = G. D. Joshi
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| studio = Janata Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1954|09|01}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' Parivartana''''' ({{Translation|Realization}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cinema.pluz.in/movies/tollywood/19850/overview.htm | title=Pluz.in | access-date=29 May 2013 | archive-date=2 July 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702104014/http://cinema.pluz.in/movies/tollywood/19850/overview.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], with music composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]. The film is based on Srirama Murthy Pinisetti's novel ''Anna-Chellelu''.<ref>Naati 101 Chitralu, S. V. Rama Rao, Kinnera Publications, Hyderabad, 2006, pp: 99-100.</ref>

== Plot ==
The Zamindar of a village has no children and adopts a boy from an orphanage. The boy grows up as Ananda Rao and returns to the town after higher education. Zamindar, while dying, hands over the estate affairs to Ramayya, who gains a good reputation and prestige. He has a son, Satyam, and a daughter, Sundaramma. Ananda Rao feels jealous of Ramayya. Chalapathi and Pitchayya add to his jealousy. He insults Ramayya and stops the donation program from running under the name of Zamindar. Satyam, unemployed, joins as a bus conductor, and Ramayya dies of helplessness. Ananda Rao purchases the bus and dismisses Satyam from the job. Chalapathi insults Sundaramma, angered Satyam, beats him, and goes to jail. Chalapathi and Pichayya steal the adoption papers from Ananda Rao and try to dismiss him. He joins the Annadana Samajam. It changes him, and he repents for the injustice done to the Ramayya family. Sundaramma recognizes the change in his mindset and starts loving him. Satyam acknowledges the love affair between them, recollects the documents from Pitchayya, and provides them with the papers in court, which penalizes Chalapathi & Pichayya. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Ananda Rao & Sundaramma.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Ananda Rao
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Satyam
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Sundaramma
* Doraiswamy as Ramayya
* [[Ramana Reddy]] as Chalapathi
* [[Chadalavada (actor)|Chadalavada]] as Pichayya
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Sanjeevayya
* Surabhi Balasaraswati
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* Perumallu
* Ramakoti
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Parivartana
| type = film
| artist = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1954
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 28:44
| label =
| producer = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music was composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]. Lyrics were written by Anisetti. Music released on Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Amma Amma Avanimaata"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]]
|3:56
|-
|2
|"Ohoho Inta Challani Vela"
|[[Jikki]]
|3:05
|-
|3
|"Nandare Lokamento Chitramura"
|Madhavapeddi Satyam
|2:39
|-
|4
|"Anandamaayi Anandam"
|[[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|2:52
|-
|5
|"Randoi Raarandoi"
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|2:58
|-
|6
|"Avunantara! Kaadantara!"
|K. Jamuna Rani
|2:13
|-
|7
|"Raju Vedale Chudara"
|Ghantasala
|4:34
|-
|8
|"Aavedane Brathukunu"
|Ghantasala
|3:14
|-
|9
|"Kaalam Raa"
|Ghantasala
|3:13
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0254660|Parivartana}}

[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:1954 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1954 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Aaya Vada Sutta Kadhai

2026-03-03T03:10:25Z

EduardoVasey1: put up some article needs work

{{Short description|2015 Indian Tamil film by N Phanindra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaya Vada Sutta Kadhai
| image = Aaya Vada Sutta Kadhai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = N. Phanindra
| writer = N. Phanindra
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Avitej
*Suparna
*Manoharan
*[[Sai Prashanth]]
*Mani
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Balaji S. P.
| editing = Vijay V.
| music = Shameer Siva
| studio = Pixl Films Production
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|3|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aaya Vada Sutta Kadhai''''' ({{Translation|The story of the grandmother who fried a [[vadai]]}}) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language [[crime comedy film]] directed by N. Phanindra starring Avitej, Suparna, Manoharan, [[Sai Prashanth]] and Mani.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Avitej as Mani
*Suparna as Renu
*Manoharan K. as Duraipandi
*[[Sai Prashanth]] as a gangster
*Rajesh
*Mani as Kumar
*Seenu
*Shoban
*Murali
*Thangam
*Suruli Mohan
*Nesan
*Natesh
*Rajarajan
*Muhammad Khan
*Senthil
*Rathina Kumar
*Seshadri
*Sathish
*Babu
}}

== Production ==
The film's title is an adaptation of the short story of the same name and is about a grandmother living in a [[apartment|flat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஆயா வடை சுட்ட கதை விரைவில் படமாகிறது !! |url=http://www.valaitamil.com/aaya-vadai-sutta-kadhai-movie_11750.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812030445/https://www.valaitamil.com/aaya-vadai-sutta-kadhai-movie_11750.html |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=ValaiTamil |language=ta}}</ref> Bengali actress Supurna makes her Tamil debut with this film.<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |title=A 'thrill'ing debut for Supurna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-thrilling-debut-for-supurna/articleshow/29905372.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810091139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-thrilling-debut-for-supurna/articleshow/29905372.cms |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Avitej and Supurna previously worked on a Telugu film prior to this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=1 February 2014 |title=Newcomer from Bengal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-spotlight-on-the-homeless/article5642801.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810091144/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-spotlight-on-the-homeless/article5642801.ece |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The whole film was shot in a flat in [[Ambattur]].<ref name=toi/>

== Release and reception ==
The film released with seven other Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S Saraswathi |date=5 March 2015 |title=Which Tamil film will you watch this weekend? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/which-tamil-film-will-you-watch-this-weekend/20150305.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810091142/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/which-tamil-film-will-you-watch-this-weekend/20150305.htm |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "Characters are double crossed, morals are forgotten and confusion reigns but the film doesn’t find the screwball tone that is required for this material".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Suganth |title=Aaya Vada Sutta Kathai {2/5}: Critic Review of Aaya Vada Sutta Kathai by The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aaya-vada-sutta-kathai/movie-review/46646281.cms}}</ref> On the contrary, Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "The twist towards the end is appreciable. For {{sic|jut}} about 113 minutes of viewing time, the film is a pleasant watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malini Mannath |date=21 March 2015 |title=Aaya Vada Sutta Kadhai: A Rib-Tickling Ride |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/mar/21/aaya-vada-sutta-kadhai-a-rib-tickling-ride-731515.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810011603/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/mar/21/Aaya-Vada-Sutta-Kadhai-A-Rib-Tickling-Ride-731515.html |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|4800434}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]

Sheikh Rabiul Islam

2026-02-26T08:08:30Z

EduardoVasey1: Added a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| father = [[Haji Nurul Islam]]
| predecessor = [[Haji Nurul Islam]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
}}
'''Sheikh Rabiul Islam'''<ref name=":N18"/> is an Indian politician from West Bengal. He is a [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Haroa Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=":N18">{{cite web |title=Haroa Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: SK Rabiul Islam of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/elections/haroa-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130440.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TMC wins Haroa by over 1 lakh votes in Bengal by-polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/india%252Fwest-bengal%252Ftmc-wins-haroa-by-over-1-lakh-votes-in-bengal-by-polls-3288826 |website=Deccan Herald |date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Crossed one lakh margin in Sitai, Haroa: TMC sweeps Bengal bypolls, wins all 6 seats, wrests Madarihat from BJP |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/sitai-haroa-tmc-sweeps-bengal-bypolls-wins-all-seats-bjp-9686134/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en |date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Haroa Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result">{{cite news |date=24 November 2024 |title=Haroa Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S25121.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725145317/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S25121.htm |archivedate=25 July 2025 |accessdate=25 July 2025 |work= |publisher=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |language=en}}</ref>

He is the son of the late [[Haji Nurul Islam]] a former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Sheikh Rabiul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Basirhat subdivision]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Bindiya Sarkar

2026-02-19T18:31:23Z

EduardoVasey1: Adding Basic Details Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian Hindi language Political Romance television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| starring = Sonal Khilwani [[Dhruv Bhandari]]
| producer = [[Jay Mehta (actor)|Jay Mehta]]
| open_theme = "Bindya Sarkar"
| company = Jay Mehta Productions
| channel = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|07|25|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|06|25|df=yes}}
| country = India
| runtime = 30 min
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 312
| location =
| image = Bindiya Sarkar Dangal.jpg
| genre = [[Political drama|Political]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| developer = Meesha Gautam
| director = Vikas Anand Golait
| writer = Malvika Asthana, S Manasvi
}}
'''''Bindiya Sarkar''''' ({{Translation|Bindhya Government}}) is an Indian [[Political drama|political]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|dramatic]] television series produced by [[Jay Mehta (actor)|Jay Mehta]] under the banner of Jay Mehta Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-07-25 |title=Dangal TV announces new show Bindiya Sarkar; showcases the journey of accidental CM Bindiya : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dangal-tv-announces-new-show-bindiya-sarkar-showcases-journey-accidental-cm-bindiya/ |access-date=2023-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> This show was premiered on 25 July 2022 on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dangal TV announces new show 'Bindiya Sarkaar'|url=https://www.adgully.com/dangal-tv-announces-new-show-bindiya-sarkaar-120455.html|work=Adgully|date=19 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title="बिंदिया सरकार" {{!}} Bindiya Sarkar {{!}} New upcoming Show Promo {{!}} Only on Dangal TV | date=13 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxlXQGFyrGc |language=en |access-date=2023-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title="बिंदिया सरकार" {{!}} Bindiya Sarkar {{!}} New Show Promo 1 {{!}} Only on Dangal TV | date=18 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7zsZYldH44 |language=en |access-date=2023-02-17}}</ref> And it stars Sonal Khilwani and [[Dhruv Bhandari]] in their lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After two months of tests, Anupama Solanki lands 'Bindiya Sarkar' role {{!}} News Room Odisha |url=https://www.newsroomodisha.com/after-two-months-of-tests-anupama-solanki-lands-bindiya-sarkar-role/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=newsroomodisha.com |date=22 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dangal TV announces new show Bindiya Sarkar; showcases the journey of accidental CM Bindiya : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dangal-tv-announces-new-show-bindiya-sarkar-showcases-journey-accidental-cm-bindiya/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=25 July 2022 }}</ref> It ended on 25 June 2023<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's a huge achievement for a show to run for a year in today's time, says Dhruv Bhandari as Bindiya Sarkar winds up next week |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-a-huge-achievement-for-a-show-to-run-for-a-year-in-todays-time-says-dhruv-bhandari-as-bindiya-sarkar-winds-up-next-week/articleshow/101222260.cms |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and it was replaced by ''[[Kaisa Hai Yeh Rishta Anjaana]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=It's a huge achievement for a show to run for a year in today's time, says Dhruv Bhandari as Bindiya Sarkar winds up next week|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-a-huge-achievement-for-a-show-to-run-for-a-year-in-todays-time-says-dhruv-bhandari-as-bindiya-sarkar-winds-up-next-week/articleshow/101222260.cms|work=Timesofindia|date=23 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bindiya, is an illiterate orphaned women lives with her uncle and her aunt in a village at [[Uttar Pradesh]] and she aspires to marry a man from [[Lucknow]]. While, Abhay who is an famous [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]] lives with his family at Lucknow but he hates his father because of his dark past and he want to marry a woman who is highly educated.

Abhay and Bindiya meets each other when Abhay saves her from goons. Abhay learns that Bindiya is an illiterate women as he does not want to marry her and he decided to marry his girlfriend, Megha who is educated women. On the wedding day, Barfi locks Megha when she was trying to call Abhay to elope and the Bharadwaj family forces Abhay to marry Bindiya and Abhay finally marries her but he blames her for marrying him and started to hate her.

At one day, Bindiya saves the [[Chief Minister]] from goons who tries to kill him and he gets hospitalized and it is revealed Kantilal is behind all this as he wants to kill the Chief Minister because he himself want to become the Chief Minister. As Abhay, finds out this and he makes Bindiya donate her blood to the Chief Minister and finally the Chief Minister announces Abhay to make Bindiya as the Chief Minister and finally Bindiya becomes the Chief Minister.

Bindiya and Abhay finally fall in love with each other and they later learns about the evil deeds done by Barfi, her sister Tapo and Megha as they makes both Tapo and Megha to be arrested while Barfi decides to separate them and she starts to hate her and she creates many problems for them and repeatedly tries to kill Bindiya but always fails while Kantilal and his eldest son Harishankar and Harishankar's wife Runjun wants to take revenge against on them.

Harishankar, had an illegal liquor selling operation. The operation was stopped due to Bindiya and he takes revenge by bringing her doppelganger but it was learned by Anju and she tries to reveal it to Bindiya but is prevented by Harishankar while, Bindiya learns about this and stops them from hurting Anju.

Barfi pretends to being changed and she brings Bindiya to the cliff and tries to kill her but both Barfi and Bindiya falls down the cliff and as soon as Bindiya saves Barfi, Kantilal cuts the rope which leads Bindiya fall into the river and which shocks Barfi as Kantilal seeks vengeance against her. While Harishankar makes Abhay into an accident which leads Abhay to think that Bindiya is dead.

=== Seven years later ===
Abhay who is still devastated as he thinks that Bindiya is dead and he lives with the Bharadwaj family while Bindiya who is now revealed to be alive, lives as Bindiya Bhalla in [[Mumbai]] with a [[Punjabi Hindu]] man named Rohan Bhalla and raises his daughter Priya Bhalla. It is revealed that after the accident, Bindiya had lost her memory and it was Rohan who saved her.

The Bharadwaj family fixes Abhay's marriage to Minty, who is Rohan's sister and Abhay comes to Mumbai. Abhay and Bindiya finally meets each other but he gets surprised to know about Bindiya's memory loss. Minty learns that Abhay is Bindiya's husband and tries to separate them. Rohan also wants to separate Abhay from Bindiya but repeatedly fails. While, Barfi who still has hatred towards Bindiya, tries to kill her. Bindiya, finally regains her memory and she saves Abhay from the goons who had tried to attack him.

Rohan and Minty are revealed to be their enemies and he had accused Abhay and gets him arrested and Rohan sends his men to kill Abhay. Bindiya and Abhay learn that Rohan and Minty's elder brother Ravi Bhalla, was killed by Abhay in an [[Encounter killing|encounter]] because he was involved in a fake drug case which led to the entire Bhalla family killing themselves and this incident had led both Rohan and Minty to want to take revenge against Abhay. Rohan's men beat Abhay unconscious while Bindiya learns that Rohan and Minty plan to kill the Bharadwaj family and she exposes Rohan and Minty and their truth is in front of the Bharadwaj family and they get arrested by police and Abhay gains consciousness. Bindiya learns that Kantilal is behind her accident and also Barfi tried to kill her and blames them for the reason and Bindiya and Abhay finally takes Priya's responsibility.

Bindiya and Abhay finally falls in love together but it does not last long due to the return of a man named Raghav. Raghav creates many problems inside the Bharadwaj family and tries to separate them and it is revealed that 400 years ago, Suryapratap Singh (who is Raghav's previous life) had fallen in love with a woman named Arundhati (who is revealed to be Bindiya's previous life). Arundhati had died and Suryapratap had promised her that he will return in another life and he also dies. As Arundhati is reborn as Bindiya while Suryapratap's soul had come to her life again. Bindiya learns about Raghav's truth but Raghav traps the Bharadwaj family by using his powers and threats Bindiya to marry her. But Bindiya saves the Bharadwaj family by stabbing Raghav's soul and his soul gets destroyed.

Bindiya learns that she is pregnant with Abhay's child as Abhay gets happy to learns about her pregnancy. Kantilal and Barfi hatches a plan to make Bindiya and Abhay separate and they succeeded to separate them by bringing Media reporters and making them to believe that Bindiya is having an affair with another man and is pregnant with his child which shocks Bindiya while Abhay and Bindiya blame each other for this and she runs away which shocks him and he tries to find her but Bindiya escapes from an accident which leads Abhay to think that Bindiya is dead.

=== Six years later ===
Bindiya, is now living her own family and she raises her and Abhay's daughter, Aadiya. While Abhay, who has now resigned as IPS Officer and has now became a [[Chief Minister]] as he is married to Anju as her husband, Jublee and Kantilal is dead and they lives with their son, Bittu.

Bindiya and Abhay miss each other and one Day, Abhay meets Aadiya unaware that Aadiya is his daughter and feels a connection with her. Bindiya meets Abhay but she gets shocks to learns about Abhay and Anju's marriage and she fells betrayed.

Bindiya and Abhay finally meet each other as Abhay learns that Aadiya is his daughter. But Bindiya wants Abhay not to reveal this truth that he is the father of Aadiya. Anju, who is falling in love with Abhay decided to separate Abhay and Bindiya with the help of Barfi and Runjun but always fails. Aadiya gets kidnapped by some kidnappers while Abhay and Bindiya saves her and he confesses the truth to Aadiya that he is her father and they reunite.

Anju decides to take revenge against Bindiya and Aadiya while Bindiya gets pregnant again with Abhay's child but Anju and Barfi replaced her pregnancy report. Bindiya comes to learns about this and exposes Anju's truth in front of the Bharadwaj family but Anju makes Aadiya kidnapped and ties her with a [[Gas cylinder]] and tries to commit suicide but Barfi stops her and she reveals her true colours in front of them and then she tries to burst it with Barfi but Bindiya and Abhay saves Barfi. Abhay and Bindiya tries to save Anju but she dies due to explosion which shocks them and Barfi realizes her mistake and apologizes Bindiya for her past actions and gets reunite. Two years later, Bindiya gives birth to her second child while Bittu and Aadiya now become friends and the show ends with Abhay resigns himself as a Chief Minister and he makes Bindiya a Chief Minister of this state again.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* Sonal Khilwani<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Maheshwri |first=Neha |title=Sanjivani 2 actress Sonal Khilwani opposite Dhruv Bhandari in his comeback show; Prithvi Zutshi joins the cast, too |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjivani-2-actress-sonal-khilwani-cast-opposite-dhruv-bhandari-in-his-comeback-show-raj-zutshi-joins-the-cast-too/articleshow/92706511.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Good things come to those who work hard: Sonal Khilwani on playing the title role in Bindiya Sarkar |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/bollywood/good-things-come-to-those-who-work-hard-sonal-khilwani-on-playing-the-title-role-in-bindiya-sarkar |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref> as
**Bindiya [[Abhay Bharadwaj]]; Abhay's wife; [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]; Aadiya's mother (2022–2023)
**Arundathi; Surya Prathap Singh's love interest (Previous birth)
* [[Dhruv Bhandari]] as Abhay Bharadwaj; Kantilal and Barfi Devi's son; Hari Shankar and Jublee's youngest brother; Bindiya's husband; Anju's second ex-husband; Former [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]]; Former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]; Aadiya and Bittu's father (2022–2023)<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive! Dhruv Bhandari returns to TV after seven years; says his character will remind the audience of his father|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-dhruv-bhandari-returns-to-tv-after-seven-years-says-his-character-will-remind-the-audience-of-his-father/articleshow/92675078.cms|work=Times of India|date=6 July 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Dhruv Bhandari enjoys his character in 'Bindiya Sarkar' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dhruv-bhandari-enjoys-his-character-in-bindiya-sarkar-441794 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

===Recurring===
*[[Amit Behl]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Bindiya Sarkar actor Amit Behl: I didn't come into this industry to be a numero uno, I just wanted to act and keep on doing good work {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/TV/16242/bindiya-sarkar-actor-amit-behl-i-didn-t-come-into-this-industry-to-be-a-numero-uno-i-just-wanted-to-act-and-keep-on-doing-good-work.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Indiablooms.com |date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Madhushree |date=2022-07-26 |title=Dangal TV to air new weekly show 'Bindiya Sarkar' |url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/dailysoap/dangal-tv-air-bindiya-sarkar |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Media Infoline |language=en-US}}</ref> as Kantilal Bharadwaj; Barfi Devi's former husband; Abhay, Hari Shankar and Jublee's father; Bindiya and Anju's father-in-law; Aadiya and Bittu's grandfather (2022–2023)(Dead)
*[[Neelu Vaghela]] as Barfi Devi Bharadwaj; Kantilal's wife, Abhay, Hari Shankar and Jublee's mother; Bindiya and Anju's mother-in-law; Tapo Ma's elder sister, Aadiya and Bittu's grandmother (2022–2033)
*Brijesh Maurya as Briju
*Abhilash Chaudhary as Jublee Kantilal Bharadwaj; Kantilal and Barfi Devi's younger son; Hari Shankar's younger brother; Abhay's elder brother; Anju's former husband (2022–2023) (Dead)
* Sudhir Drayan as Bindiya's uncle
*Harshitta Shukla as Bindiya's aunt
*Urvi Gor/Siddhi Sharma as Anju Abhay Bharadwaj; Jublee's widow; Abhay's second ex-wife; Bindiya's sister-in-law; Bittu's mother, Aadiya's aunt (2022–2023)(Dead)
* [[Roshni Sahota]] as Megha Mathur: Abhay's ex–girlfriend; Bindiya's former personal assistant and rival (2022)
* Rashmi Gupta as Runjun Shankar Bharadwaj; Hari Shankar's wife; Bindiya's rival (2022–2023)
* [[Ginnie Virdi]]
* Aaditya Vajpayee
* [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Hari Shankar Bharadwaj; Kantilal and Barfi Devi's eldest son, Jublee and Abhay's elder brother; Runjun's husband; Bindiya's rival (2022–2023)
* Gunjan Bhatia
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]]<ref name="auto"/> as [[Chief minister (India)|CM]]
* Anupama Solanki as Tapo Ma; Barfi Devi's younger sister (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=IANS |last2=IANS |date=2022-09-23 |title=After two months of tests, Anupama Solanki lands 'Bindiya Sarkar' role |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/after-two-months-of-tests-anupama-solanki-lands-bindiya-sarkar-role/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022422/https://www.mangalorean.com/after-two-months-of-tests-anupama-solanki-lands-bindiya-sarkar-role/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Maddam Sir actress Anupama Solanki to play the negative lead in Bindiya Sarkar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maddam-sir-actress-anupama-solanki-to-play-the-negative-lead-in-bindiya-sarkar/articleshow/94265912.cms |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Times of India |date=17 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ribbhu Mehra]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ribbhu Mehra joins the cast of Bindiya Sarkar - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ribbhu-mehra-joins-the-cast-of-bindiya-sarkar/articleshow/99091267.cms |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The Times of India |date=29 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> as Rohan Bhalla; Ravi's younger brother; Minti's elder brother; Priya's father; Abhay and Bindiya's rival (2023)
* Swarna Bharat as Ravi, Rohan, Minti's mother; Priya's grandmother(2023)
* Trisha Sarda as Priya Bhalla; Rohan's daughter (2023)
* Pratiksha Singh as Minti Bhalla; Ravi's younger sister; Rohan's eldest younger sister; Priya's aunt, Abhay's ex-fiancé; Bindiya's rival (2023)
* Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Panditji (2022)
*[[Rohit Choudhary]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-15 |title=Rohit Choudhary to join Bindiya Sarkar, a rebirth drama to kick-start |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rohit-choudhary-to-join-bindiya-sarkar-a-rebirth-drama-to-kick-start/articleshow/100250934.cms |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Raghav/Surya Prathap Singh (previous birth) (2023)
* Diyaa Mahan as Aadiya Abhay Bharadwaj; Bindiya and Abhay's daughter; Bittu's Cousin (2023)
* Avyan Gautham as Bittu Jublee Bharadwaj; Abhay and Anju's son; Aadiya's half-brother (2023)
* Meena Mir as Bindiya's Mother (2023)
* [[Alok Nath]] Pathak as Politician Laxmi Narayan (2022)
* Shiv Singh Shrinet as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Party Worker (2022)
* Govind Prem Ojha as News Anchor (2022)
* [https://pro.imdb.com/name/nm12517105?ref_=nm_nv_usr_profile Kuldeep Chaudhary] as Sniper (2023)

===Cameo appearances===
* Trupti Mishra as Suman from ''[[Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein 2]]'' (2023)
* Shagun Singh as Mauli from ''[[Mast Mauli]]'' (2023)

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|21357612}}
* [https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/bindiya-sarkar ''Bindiya Sarkar''] on Dangal Play

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Peter Hobbs (engineer)

2026-02-09T06:08:51Z

EduardoVasey1: fixes

{{Short description|English engineer and businessman (1916–2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Engineer
|image = Peter_Hobbs_and_Bill_Russell.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Peter Hobbs and Bill Russell (with moustache and pipe)
|name = Peter Hobbs
| birth_name = Peter Wallace Hobbs
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|5|3|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Langton Green]], [[Kent]], [[England]], [[UK]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|4|11|1916|5|3|df=y}}
|death_place =
|education = [[The Skinners' School]]
|spouse = Daphne Drummond
|parents =
|children = 1 son
|discipline =
|institutions =
|practice_name =
|employer = [[Royal Engineers]], [[Morphy Richards]], [[Russell Hobbs]]
|significant_projects =
|significant_design = K2 kettle (1960)
|significant_advance = Automatic kettle - the K1 (1955) [[Coffee percolator]] - the CP1 (1952)
|significant_awards =
}}
'''Peter Wallace Hobbs''' (3 May 1916 - 11 April 2008) was an English engineer and businessman who, with William Russell, founded the now global electrical appliance company [[Russell Hobbs]], made famous for their design and introduction of the iconic electric kettle in the late 1950s.

==Early life==
Peter Hobbs was born in Langton, [[Tunbridge Wells]] and attended [[The Skinners' School]]. As a young man he enjoyed amateur drama, appearing in school productions,<ref>''The Leopard Magazine'' (Vol. XVII. 1933)</ref> and [[Christopher Fry]]'s Tunbridge Wells Repertory Players.<ref>''Kent & Sussex Courier'' (19 October 1934)</ref> After leaving school he joined his father working for the [[List of pre-nationalisation UK electric power companies#Companies merged into South Eastern Electricity Board .28SEEBOARD.29|Weald Electricity Supply Company]].

==Military service==
A year after the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] he joined the [[Royal Engineers]] and trained in [[Bangalore]], and was commissioned as an officer in the [[Madras Engineer Group|Queen Victoria's Own Madras Sappers and Miners]]. In the [[Middle East]] he joined [[Iraqforce|Paiforce]] (Persia and Iraq Force) where he was an adjutant to the commander of the Royal Engineers in the [[6th Infantry Division (India)|6th Indian Division]].

After attending the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Staff College]] at [[Quetta]] in [[Baluchistan]], [[British India]] he was appointed Brigade Major at [[Sialkot]] in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].

Returning to Britain he commanded a field [[Company (military unit)|company]] at the [[Royal School of Military Engineering]] then in [[Ripon]] in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]], with rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]].<ref>''The Daily Telegraph'' (19 April 2008)</ref>

==Career==
===Morphy Richards===
Following demobilisation Peter became the Managing Director of [[Morphy Richards]] division in [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]. However, due to poor trading conditions he was forced to return to Britain.

He took a job as managing director of a different company, where he oversaw what he believed to be a breakthrough innovation, a new kind of electric [[coffee percolator]]. When the board of the company decided against putting this new design into production, Peter and his co-innovator, Bill Russell, decided to go into business on their own.

===Russell Hobbs===
[[File:Hobbs coffee percolator CP1.JPG|thumb|Russell Hobbs Coffee Percolator CP1]]
[[File: The_Russell_Hobbs_K2_Kettle.jpg|thumb|Russell Hobbs Kettle K2]]
Peter Hobbs and Bill Russell opened their new business in Croydon in October 1952, and later the same year launched the world's first electric coffee percolator, dubbed the CP1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co49445/automatic-electric-coffee-percolator-1952-coffee-makers-percolators|title=CP1 Science Museum Collection}}</ref> This invention was soon followed by their launch of the K1 electric kettle in 1955. It was the first electric kettle with an automatic shutoff. The K1 was soon superseded by the K2, which had a more attractive appearance.<ref>Design Moment: Russell Hobbs K2 Kettle ''The Irish Times'' (22 June 2019)</ref> Both versions were expensive, but were built to last. The first K2 Kettles sold for £7, at a time when the average weekly wage was £14, but they became popular as wedding gifts. Russell Hobbs has reports of K2s still operational after 30 years, and, although they are now extremely rare, collectors will pay up to £200 for a K2 in mint condition.<ref>The Secret History Of: The Russell Hobbs K2 kettle ''The Independent'' (23 October 2011)</ref>

The CP1 coffee percolator and K1 kettle are displayed in the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] in [[South Kensington]].

In 1963 the company was bought by [[TI Group|Tube Investments]], and by the mid-1970s Russell Hobbs was the world leader in sales of automatic kettles. The Russell Hobbs Company is now owned by [[Spectrum Brands]], with its products available in over 40 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spectrumbrands.com/|title=Spectrum Brands}}</ref>

After selling the business Peter Hobbs was director of Valor Stoves, and later ran a restaurant called Manley's, in Storrington, West Sussex.

==Personal life==
He married Daphne Drummond in 1966, his wife for 30 years until her death in 1996. They had a son.

Throughout his life Hobbs enjoyed racing yachts with Don Morphy of [[Morphy Richards]] and was a long-standing member of the [[Royal Ocean Racing Club]].

Hobbs and his family moved to [[Xlendi]], [[Gozo]], Malta after retirement. In 1983 the family moved to [[Corrèze]] in [[Southern France]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516220119/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3863262.ece ''Times'' obituary May 2008]
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1896013/Peter-Hobbs.html ''Telegraph'' obituary April 2008]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hobbs, Peter}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Langton Green]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers soldiers]]
[[Category:People educated at The Skinners' School]]
[[Category:20th-century English engineers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Kent]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]

Sonpur community development block

2026-02-05T04:49:49Z

EduardoVasey1: Added a data

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sonpur
| native_name = {{lang|hi|सोनपुर सामुदायिक विकास प्रखंड}}
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.73|N|85.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 159.65
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 43
| population_total = 232,340<ref name="saranfull2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1017_PART_B_DCHB_SARAN.pdf|title=Page 34 and Page 312}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-bihar.php | title=INDIA: Bihar, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards | publisher=citypopulation.de | accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 1455
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 841101
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sonpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| website = [http://eblocks.bih.nic.in/BlockProfile.aspx?DistCode=219&BLKCode=1267 Sonpur block, Saran website, under Integrated Block Information system]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sonpur Community development block''' ('''C.D. block; Hindi: सोनपुर सामुदायिक विकास प्रखंड''') is a rural area earmarked for administration and development in [[Saran district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saran.bih.nic.in/Block%20Map/SARAN_SONEPUR.pdf|title=Sonepur Block map}}</ref> The area is administered by a [[Block_(district_subdivision)#Block_Development_Office|block development officer]]. It is the second largest block of [[Saran district]] in terms of population. A community development block covers several gram panchayats, [[panchayat samiti]], Primary Agricultural Co-operative societies (PACS) and other local administrative unit at the village level. It is represented by [[Sonpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonpur Vidhan Sabha constituency]] in [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<ref>[http://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/parsa.html Blocks in Parsa Vidhan sabha, Bihar Legislative assembly]</ref> and [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Indian parliament]].

Currently, C.D. blocks are administrative units of 3rd level in [[Bihar]] state of India (equal to [[tehsil]]s in other states). Sonpur nagar panchayat was established in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-vaishalicitylocal-18037155.html|title=वर्ष 2002 में गठित सोनपुर नगर पंचायत 16 वर्षों के इतिहास में ऐसा कभी नहीं हुआ जो अब हो रहा है।}}</ref> The civic body election in Sonpur nagar panchayat was held in May 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/more-women-than-men-in-saran-fray/articleshow/58754312.cms|title=More women than men in Saran poll fray|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 May 2017 }}</ref> The term of office-bearers is five years.

The real estate land prices soared in Sonepur after the start of construction of [[Digha–Sonpur rail–cum–road bridge]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150716/jsp/bihar/story_31789.jsp#.VyiHaPl97IV|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161129093840/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150716/jsp/bihar/story_31789.jsp#.VyiHaPl97IV|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 29, 2016|title=Realty to broaden horizon}}</ref> Real estate companies like RAV Solutions PVT Ltd, TCW Realty PVT Ltd, and Phenomenal Projects are acquiring large chunks of land and selling it in small plots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-PERS-PFPR-very-good-opportunity-to-buy-the-cheapest-property-in-near-digha-sonpur-bridge-5051063.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716045719/http://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-PERS-PFPR-very-good-opportunity-to-buy-the-cheapest-property-in-near-digha-sonpur-bridge-5051063.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 16, 2015|title=यहां मिलेगा 15 लाख रुपए में फ्लैट, गंगा किनारे लग्जुरियस लाइफ जीने का मौका}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-PERS-PFPR-opportunity-to-earn-cheaper-property-in-emerging-realty-mkt-of-sonepur-5142831-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816081938/http://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-PERS-PFPR-opportunity-to-earn-cheaper-property-in-emerging-realty-mkt-of-sonepur-5142831-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 16, 2016|title=पटना से सटे सोनपुर बना रियल एस्‍टेट का बड़ा बाजार सस्‍ती प्रॉपर्टी खरीदने का मौका}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tcwrealty.com/downloads/photoGallery/eBrochure-Patna.pdf|title=TCW Reality}}</ref>

Sonpur block (प्रखण्ड) has 98 villages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/1267-sonepur-saran-bihar.html|title = Villages & Towns in Sonepur Block of Saran, Bihar}}</ref> Sonpur Sub-division (अनुमंडल) consists of Sonepur, Parsa, Garkha, Dighwara, and [[Dariapur community development block|Dariapur]] blocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eblocks.bih.nic.in/SubDivProfile.aspx?DistCode=219&SDMCode=21903|title=सोनपुर अनुमंडल}}</ref> Sonpur block has 23 village panchayats and 73 villages.{{contradictory inline|date=May 2024}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/1267-sonepur-saran-bihar.html|title=Villages & Towns in Sonpur Block of Saran, Bihar}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Sonpur block
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|width=
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindus]]|Orange|96}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslims]]|green|3}}
{{bar percent|Others|pink|1}}
}}
Sonpur block has a population of 232,340. 14% of the people live in urban areas while 86% live in rural areas. Currently there are 20 community development blocks in the district. As of the [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]] 2009 report and 2011 Census, these were the findings.<ref>[http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/rws/rpt_PresentPopulationBlockwise.aspx?Districtid=ZWgqpPsAwzA%3D&DistrictName=myCxN0%2BArBA%3D&StateId=wRDYszJ27GU%3D&StateName=KCxfo3r40fY%3D ministry of drinking water and sanitation 2009 - Dariyapur block population]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Block name !! SC !! ST !! General and OBC !! Total
|-
| Sonpur|| 22400 || 79 || 209861 || 232340
|}

[[File:Sonpur block saran.png|thumb|right|400px|Sonpur block in Saran]]

==Gram panchayats==
{{Main|List of villages in Sonpur tehsil}}
Sonpur block has one nagar Panchayat and 23 gram panchayats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sec.bihar.gov.in/wcl.aspx|title=Blocks and Panchayats in Bihar}}</ref> Number of villages is 116.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eblocks.bih.nic.in/BlockProfile.aspx?DistCode=219&BLKCode=1267 |title=Welcome to Integrated Block Information |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2016-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806234213/http://eblocks.bih.nic.in/BlockProfile.aspx?DistCode=219&BLKCode=1267 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-panchayat-representatives-took-the-oath-of-office-14212124.html|title = पंचायत प्रतिनिधियों ने ली पद व गोपनीयता की शपथ}}</ref>

# Dumri Bujurg
# Hasilpur
# [[Nayagaon, Bihar|Nayagaon]]
# Rasulpur
# Gopalpur
# Chaturpur
# Parmanandpur
# Govindchak
# Saidpur
# Kasmar
# Kharika
# Gangajal
# Bharpura
# Shahpur Diyara
# Jahangirpur
# Dudhaila
# Shikarpur
# [[Kalyanpur, Saran district|Kalyanpur]]
# Najarmira
# Sabalpur Uttari
# Sabalpur Pashchimi
# Sabalpur Madhyavarti
# Sabalpur Purvi

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Saran district]]

Ranjitram Mehta

2026-02-02T12:47:46Z

EduardoVasey1:

{{short description|Gujarati writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ranjitram Mehta
| image = Ranjitram Mehta.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Ranjitram Mehta
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1881|10|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Gujarat]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1917|6|4|1881|10|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], British India
| occupation = Researcher, writer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat College]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Ranjitram Gadyasanchay 1-2'' (1982)
| signature =
| website =
| children = [[Asoka Mehta]]
}}

'''Ranjitram Vavabhai Mehta''' (25 October 1881 – 4 June 1917) was a Gujarati language writer from British India.

== Biography ==
Mehta was born on 25 October 1881 in [[Surat]] to Vavabhai. He completed his schooling in [[Ahmedabad]] where his father was the Chief Engineer of the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation|Ahmedabad Municipal Committee]].<ref name="Grover1994">{{cite book|author=Verinder Grover|title=Asoka Mehta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXCyoborhEMC&pg=PR11|year=1994|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-567-3|pages=11–}}</ref> He completed [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Gujarat College]] in 1903 and served as a fellow for eight months. From 1906 to 1917, he served as a personal assistant of Prof. Gajjar and [[Prabhashankar Pattani]], [[Dewan]] of [[Bhavnagar State]]. He had served as principal of high school at [[Umreth]] in 1905.<ref name="mr">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Gujarati Sahitya Kosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature)|editor-last=Topiwala|editor-first=Chandrakant|editor-link=Chandrakant Topiwala|year=1999|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|location=Ahmedabad|page=463|title=Ranjitram Mehta|language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/photo-gallery/sahitya-sarjako/Ranjitram-V-Mehta.html|title=રણજિતરામ વા. મહેતા|website=Gujarati Sahitya Parishad|language=gu|trans-title=Ranjitram V Mehta|access-date=2017-06-20}}</ref>

He founded [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]] in 1904 and [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] in 1905.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqYgBQAAQBAJ&q=ranjitram+mehta&pg=PT115|title=From England with Love: An Indian Student Writes from Cambridge (1926–27)|last=Desai|first=Padma|date=2014-11-01|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351189022|pages=115|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZHBAAAQBAJ&q=ranjitram+mehta&pg=PT220|title=The Oppressive Present: Literature and Social Consciousness in Colonial India|last=Chandra|first=Sudhir|date=2014-08-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317559931|pages=220|language=en}}</ref> He died on 4 June 1917 by [[drowning]] in sea at [[Juhu beach]]. The highest award of [[Gujarati literature]] and culture, [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]], is named after him.<ref name=":0" /><ref name= "rm">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Parekh |first=Madhusudan |title= Mehta Ranjitram Vavabhai |encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust |volume=15 |pages= 524–525}}</ref>

His son [[Asoka Mehta]] (1911-1984) was an Indian independence activist and socialist politician.<ref name="Grover1994"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7MxAQAAIAAJ&q=ranjitram+mehta+gujarati+writers+son+asoka|title=Himmat|date=May 1976|volume=2 Part 2|pages=496|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mainstream|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWbhAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=N. Chakravartty|page=36}}</ref>

== Works ==
Mehta worked in different genres of literature such as essay, novel, drama and short story. ''Ranjitkruti Sangrah'', a collection of his writings, was published posthumously in 1921 by [[K. M. Munshi]]. ''Ranjitramna Nibandho'', a collection of his essays, was also published posthumously in 1923. Gujarat Sahitya Parishad published his complete work as ''Ranjitram Gadyasanchay 1-2'' in 1982 on his birth centenary. Gujarati Sahitya Akademi has published ''Ranjitram Vavavbhai ane Temnu Sahitya''.<ref name= "rm" /> His ''Ahmad Rupande'' (1908) was a love story between Hindu girl and Muslim boy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C|title=History of Indian Literature|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|date=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788172010065|pages=309|language=en}}</ref> In 1905, he had coined the Gujarati words ''Lokgeet'' and ''Lokkatha'' for folklore in a paper presented at Gujarati Sahitya Parishad.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Idr3fbf2oc0C&q=ranjitram+mehta&pg=PT538|title=Different Types of History: Project of History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume XIV Part 4|last1=Chattopadhyaya|first1=D. P.|last2=Ray|first2=Bharati|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131786666|pages=538|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author|search=("Mehta Ranjitram Vavabhai" OR "Ranjitram Vavabhai")}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Ranjitram}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Tilkor Tarua

2026-01-24T03:10:53Z

EduardoVasey1: Added new entry

{{Short description|Tarua of Tilkor leaves in Mithila}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Tilkor Tarua
| name_lang =
| image = Tarua of Aloo and Tilkor.jpg
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| type = [[Fritter]]
| creator = Maithils Women
| associated_cuisine = [[Maithil cuisine]]
| caption = The green fritters in the plate are Tilkor Tarua
| alternate_name = तिलकोर के तरुआ
| course = Main course
}}
'''Tilkor Tarua''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: तिलकोर के तरुआ) is a special dish popular in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is one of the important items served in the dishes for guests at the home of [[Maithils|Maithil]] people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=बेहद खास है जंगल में मिलने वाला ये गुणकारी पत्ता, दामाद को जरूर परोसी जाती है इससे बनी डिश |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/recipe-tilkor-ka-tarua-is-very-special-in-mithilanchal-know-its-benefits-7600959.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-29 |title=8 Famous Maithil Dishes You Must Try |url=https://zeenews.india.com/web-stories/lifestyle/8-famous-maithili-dishes-you-must-try-2761815 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=From starters to desserts, it's feast at fest - Food court at Gandhi Maidan dishes out different tastes of Bihar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/from-starters-to-desserts-it-s-feast-at-fest-food-court-at-gandhi-maidan-dishes-out-different-tastes-of-bihar/cid/412751 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref>

[[File:Tilkor leaf.jpg|thumb|Tilkor leaf]]

== Etymology ==
[[File:Tilkor plant.jpg|thumb|Naturally found Tilkor plants in the Mithila region]]
Tilkor Tarua is a [[Maithili language|Maithili]] word having two terms ''Tilkor'' and ''Tarua''. Tilkor is the Maithili name of Momordica monadelpha or [[Coccinia grandis]] or ivy gourd or scarlet gourdis plant. It is a creepers or climber plant found naturally in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. In the Mithila region, Tilkor is generally referred to as the leaves of the plant. And [[Tarua]] is the Maithili word used for a dish made of leaves or thinly sliced vegetables coated with [[Batter (cooking)|rice batter]] and deeply fried in [[mustard oil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिला का तरूआ तो तरूआ है, पकौड़ा नहीं है |url=https://www.indiatodayhindi.com/web-exclusive/story/mithila-cuisine-tarua-is-not-pakoda-590226-2018-02-19 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=India Today Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=लिट्टी चोखा या सत्तू ही नहीं, बिहार के इस डिश को नहीं खाया तो क्या खाया, नाम भी जान लीजिए |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/web-stories/viral/bihar-food-item-tilkor-you-have-to-must-taste/photostory/101667124.cms |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com}}</ref>
[[File:Tilkor Tarua.jpg|thumb|Tilkor Tarua]]

== Description ==
[[File:Tilkor leaves.jpg|thumb|Tilkor leaves for making Tarua]]
The main ingredient of the Tilkor Tarua is the leaves of Tilkor creepers or climbers found naturally in the Mithila region. First of all, some rice wet paste is prepared which is locally known as ''pithaar''. Then the paste is mixed with some spices and salt with turmeric. After that the Tilkor leaves are dipped into the paste and then finally fried in mustard oil. Tilkor Tarua are very crunchy.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=तिलकोर से बनी दवाएं कारगार, कई रोगों से मिलती है निजात |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-medicines-made-from-tilakor-are-effective-get-rid-of-many-diseases-4890511.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> In the market areas of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], Tilkor Tarua is served along with [[Puffed rice|''murhi'']] as fast food and breakfast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=बेहद खास है यहां मिलने वाला मूढ़ी, बैंगनी और तिलकोर का तरु, शुद्ध तेल में होता है फ्राई, जानें लोकेशन |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/lifestyle/recipe-mudhi-baingni-and-tilkor-tarua-found-darbhanga-is-special-it-is-fried-in-pure-oil-know-the-location-8033812.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Frying Tilkor Tarua.jpg|thumb|Frying Tilkor Tarua in mustard oil]]
[[File:Fried Tilkor Tarua.jpg|thumb|Fried Tilkor Tarua till the paste wrapped on Tilkor leaves become brown.]]

== Cultural significance ==
Tilkor Tarua has an important place in the culture of hospitality for guests by the [[Maithils|Maithil]] people. In the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], the son-in-law has special importance, and he is served specially by his parents-in-law. Tilkor Tarua is one of the special items served in the meals to him to show respectful hospitality.<ref name=":0" /> Similarly, it is served when a [[Brahmin]] is invited for a sacred ''[[Maithil Brahmin Bhoj|Brahman Bhojan]]''. During festivals and auspicious occasions, the people of Mithila have an old tradition of decorating their plate with Tarua made of Tilkor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=औषधीय गुणों से भरपूर तिलकोर, कोरोना काल में बढ़ा सेवन - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-cdsbf-gmhg-20645755.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

At [[Vivaha Panchami|Vivah Panchami]], celebrated every year at [[Janakpur]]dham, the processions of [[Rama|Lord Rama]] coming from [[Ayodhya]] to Janakpur are also served the Tilkor Tarua in their food to show hospitality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बड़ रे जनत स सिया धिया पोसलउ, सेहो धिया राम लेने जाय.., श्रीराम-जानकी विवाह संपन्न - Bad Re Janat Sa Siya Dhiya Poslau, Seho Dhiya Ram go to take .., Shri Ram-Janki marriage completed |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-bad-re-janat-sa-siya-dhiya-poslau-seho-dhiya-ram-go-to-take-shri-ram-janki-marriage-completed-22278729.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Fritters]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]

Regal Cinema

2026-01-22T16:53:08Z

EduardoVasey1: quick enhanced references to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Art deco movie theatre in Mumbai, India}}
{{distinguish|Regal Cinemas}}
{{other uses|Regal Cinema (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Regal Cinema
| nickname = "The Theatre Magnificent"
| image = Regal Cinema Mumbai.jpg
| caption = [[Façade]] of Regal Cinema in 2020
| location = SP Mukherjee Chowk [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| public_transit = {{rint|mumbai|suburban}} [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]; [[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate]]
| type = [[Movie theater|Cinema Hall]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|1933|df=yes}}
| renovated = {{Start date and age|2017|df=yes}}
| closed =
| reopened =
| architect = [[Charles Stevens (architect)|Charles Stevens]]
| capacity =
| embedded = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_partof = [[Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai]]
| designation1_type =
| designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iv)}}(ii) (iv)
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480 1480]
| designation1_date = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2018 (42nd session)|2018]] (43rd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
}}
}}
[[File:Regal-Cinema-1935.jpg|thumb|Regal Cinema, c. 1935]]
The '''Regal Cinema''' is an [[art deco]] [[movie theatre]] located at [[Colaba Causeway]], in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref name=tom2008>{{cite news|title=Salaam Bombay|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20081130/opinion/salaam-bombay|access-date=12 April 2011|newspaper=[[Times of Malta]]|date=30 November 2008}}</ref> Built by Framji Sidhwa, the first film to be aired at the Regal was the [[Laurel and Hardy]] work ''[[The Devil's Brother]]'' in 1933.<ref name=toi2009>{{cite news|title=The Regal theatre's grandeur, intact & vibrant|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-28/news/27649273_1_regal-art-deco-movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403025131/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-28/news/27649273_1_regal-art-deco-movies|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2012|access-date=12 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=28 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=CST to Gateway of India: Exploring heritage buildings of Mumbai's Fort area |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/chhatrapati-shivaji-terminus-to-gateway-of-india-the-heritage-buildings-of-mumbais-fort-area-that-are-worth-exploring/cid/1907981 |access-date=15 October 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=5 January 2023}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'', it is the first air conditioned theatre of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=First air conditioned theatre |url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/recorddetails.aspx?recid=56 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620221514/http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/recorddetails.aspx?recid=56 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2013 |publisher=Limca Book of Records |access-date=11 June 2013 }}</ref>

==History==
The Regal Cinema was built during the cinema boom of the 1930s during which Plaza Central, New Empire, Broadway, Eros and [[Metro BIG Cinemas|Metro]] all opened in Mumbai. Opened in 1933, Regal was designed by [[Charles Stevens (architect)|Charles Stevens]], the son of the famous 19th century architect [[F. W. Stevens]]. Its interiors with extensive mirror-work were designed by the Czech artist [[Karl Schara]]. The main auditorium had a motif of sunrays in pale orange and jade green. Its interiors were designed to create an impression of airiness, coolness and size in harmony with the modern simplicity of the exteriors. The Regal was built completely in reinforced concrete cement (RCC), fully air conditioned, and had an underground parking lot for patrons. The elevator up from the parking area was a major innovation at the time.

The cinema was the third venue to host the [[Filmfare Awards]] night.<ref name=toi2005>{{cite news|title=50 years of dreams, disappointments|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/50-years-of-dreams-disappointments/articleshow/1031657.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219224537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-25/india/27859867_1_filmfare-statuette-bimal-roy-awards|url-status=live|archive-date=19 December 2011|access-date=12 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 February 2005}}</ref> Today, it is a multi-use building combining a cinema with shops at street level.

The Regal Cinema was the lead theatre hosting the 17th Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI), held in 2015, starting from Friday, 29 October 2015.
Also, The Regal Cinema was the lead theatre hosting the 18th. Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI), held in 2016.

==See also==
* [[Art Deco in Mumbai]]
* [[Eros Cinema]]
* [[Karfule]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline|Regal Cinema (Mumbai)}}
* [http://www.dnaindia.com/slideshow.asp?newsid=1212031&sldid=4 Legends of the causeway – ''Regal cinema'']

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Cinemas in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Theatres completed in 1933]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in India]]

{{India-theat-struct-stub}}

City Engineering College

2026-01-20T09:15:39Z

EduardoVasey1: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of institutions of higher education in Bengaluru#Engineering]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Kanhaiya Kumar

2026-01-17T14:15:47Z

EduardoVasey1: General cleanup and improvements

{{short description|Indian political activist and politician (born 1987)}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanhaiya Kumar
| office = AICC Incharge of the [[NSUI|National Students' Union of India]]
| chairperson =
| president = Neeraj Kundan
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|January 1987}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2021–present)
| otherparty = [[Communist Party of India]] (2016–2021)
| image = Kanhaiya kumar.jpg
| education = [[College of Commerce, Arts and Science, Patna]] (BA) [[Nalanda Open University]] (MA) [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])<ref name="ToIPhD16">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/kanhaiyas-phd-done-he-wants-to-be-a-professor/articleshow/68000126.cms|title=Kanhaiya Kumar's PhD done, he wants to be a professor|work=The Times of India|date=15 February 2019}}</ref>
| termstart = 6 July 2023
}}
'''Kanhaiya Kumar''' (born January 1987) is an Indian political activist who served as the president of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]] and leader of the [[All India Students Federation]] (AISF). He served as National Executive Council member of [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=NH Political|date=22 July 2019|title=Kanhaiya Kumar elevated to CPI's top decision-making body|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/kanhaiya-kumar-elevated-to-cpis-top-decision-making-body|access-date=27 November 2020|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref> He joined [[Indian National Congress]] on 28 September 2021 and has been appointed as the AICC in-charge of the [[National Student's Union of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/news/jignesh-mevani-kanhaiya-kumar-congress-jignesh-mevani-kanhaiya-kumar-join-congress-gujarat-hardik-patel-1974644|title=कन्हैया कुमार के कांग्रेस में शामिल होने पर हार्दिक पटेल क्या बोले?, सुनिए|date=28 September 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Kanhaiya Kumar at Times Litfest.jpg|thumb|Kanhaiya Kumar at a ''[[Times of India]]'' (media) event (2016)]]
Kanhaiya Kumar was born in January 1987,<ref name="TelegraphCricket16"/> and brought up in the village of Bihat (near [[Barauni]]) in [[Begusarai district]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/with-no-assurance-of-caste-votes-will-kanhaiya-manage-to-give-tough-fight-to-bjp-1866521.html |title = With No Assurance of Caste Votes, Can Kanhaiya Kumar Keep BJP at Bay in 'Leningrad of the East'?|date = 4 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Chenoy">{{cite web|first=Kamal Mitra |last=Chenoy |url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/kanhaiya-kumar-left-cpim-abvp-bjp-jnu-bs-bassi-sedition-pratibha-rani/story/1/9388.html |title = How Kanhaiya Kumar went from 'anti-national' to freedom icon |work=Daily O |date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kanhaiya Kumar's Family Objects To Mayawati's Remarks Against Him|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kanhaiya-kumars-family-objects-to-mayawatis-remarks-against-him-1396042|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> The village is part of the [[Teghra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teghra]] constituency, known to be a stronghold of the CPI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/MIETsgtMOn0zIMYjDkzFVM/Who-is-Kanhaiya-Kumar.html|title=JNU row: Who is Kanhaiya Kumar?|author=Anuja|work=livemint.com|date=16 February 2016|access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> Kumar's father is Jaishankar Singh who is paralysed. His mother, Meena Devi is an ''[[Anganwadi]]'' worker. He has an elder brother, Manikant, who works as a supervisor with a company in Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jnu-sedition-case-afzal-guru-event-kanhaiya-kumar/|title=JNU sedition case: Meet the family of the student who is a 'danger to Mother India'|date=14 February 2016|website=The Indian Express|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> His family members have traditionally been supporters of the CPI.<ref>{{cite web|title=JNU row: How Kanhaiya Kumar became president of JNU Students' Union|date=15 February 2016|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jnu-row-how-kanhaiya-kumar-became-president-of-jnu-s-students-union-2177843|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref>

Kanhaiya Kumar studied till Class VI at Madhya Vidyalaya, Masnadpur, before joining R. K. C. High School in Barauni. During his school days, Kumar took part in several plays and activities organised by IPTA ([[Indian People's Theatre Association]]), a left-leaning cultural group going back to the days of India's freedom struggle. He cleared his Class X board exams in 2002 with a first division. After school, Kumar joined the [[Ram Ratan Singh College]] at [[Mokama]], taking up science in Class XI-XII.<ref name="TelegraphCricket16">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160305/jsp/nation/story_72972.jsp|title=Cricket brat and school debater|website=The Telegraph|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306095922/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160305/jsp/nation/story_72972.jsp#.Vtv_f9j7SUk|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He then graduated with a degree in geography from the [[College of Commerce, Arts and Science, Patna]] in 2007, earning a "first-class".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kanhaiya-Kumar-PhD | title=Kanhaiya Kumar PHD: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Kanhaiya Kumar PHD |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Political career==
While at the [[College of Commerce, Arts and Science, Patna]], Kumar began getting involved in student politics.<ref>{{cite web |author=Roshan Kumar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160219/jsp/bihar/story_70065.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219095345/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160219/jsp/bihar/story_70065.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2016 |title=His college remembers a fiery speaker |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |date=19 February 2016 |access-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> He joined the [[All India Students' Federation|AISF]], and a year later was selected as a delegate at its conference in [[Patna]]. After completing his post graduation with an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in sociology from [[Nalanda Open University]] in Patna, again securing a first class, he moved to [[Delhi]] and after ranking first in the entrance exam in 2011,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/my-mother-is-my-biggest-inspiration-kanhaiya/article8333564.ece|title=My mother is my biggest inspiration: Kanhaiya|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 March 2016|access-date=9 May 2016|last1=Sebastian|first1=Kritika Sharma}}</ref> joined [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] where he pursued a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in African studies at the School of International Studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jnu-row-how-kanhaiya-kumar-became-president-of-jnu-s-students-union-2177843|title=JNU row: How Kanhaiya Kumar became President of JNU's students union|date=15 February 2016|work=dna|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217205654/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jnu-row-how-kanhaiya-kumar-became-president-of-jnu-s-students-union-2177843|archive-date=17 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed his PhD in February 2019, titled ''The Process of Decolonisation and Social Transformation in South Africa, 1994–2015''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/kanhaiyas-phd-done-he-wants-to-be-a-professor/articleshow/68000126.cms|title=Kanhaiya Kumar's PhD done, he wants to be a professor|last=Ibrar|first=Mohammad|date=15 February 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=THE PROCESS OF DECOLONISATION AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN SOUTH AFRICA|url=https://ijheps.org/journal/389/THE-PROCESS-OF-DECOLONISATION-AND-SOCIAL-TRANSFORMATION-IN-SOUTH-AFRICA|last=Kumar|first=Kanhaiya|date=18 June 2018|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=18 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318211240/https://ijheps.org/journal/389/THE-PROCESS-OF-DECOLONISATION-AND-SOCIAL-TRANSFORMATION-IN-SOUTH-AFRICA|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 2015, Kumar became president of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union|JNU Students' Union]], representing the AISF.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nandi|first=Kathakali|date=14 September 2015|title=Left, Right, Left|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnusu-election-results-left-right-left/article7650155.ece|access-date=23 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In March 2016, Kumar stated in an interview, "the first inspiration who made me want to join politics was [[Bhagat Singh]]. Then the path continued into [[Ambedkar]], [[Gandhi]] and [[Marx]], and also to [[Birsa Munda]] and [[Jyotirao Phule]]...."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/most-natural-alliance-is-between-ambedkarites-and-leftists-kanhaiya-kumar/amp/|title=Interview: Kanhaiya Kumar on the 'Natural Alliance' of Ambedkarites and Leftists - The Wire|website=The Wire|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=18 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318211239/https://thewire.in/politics/most-natural-alliance-is-between-ambedkarites-and-leftists-kanhaiya-kumar/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kumar's autobiography, ''Bihar to Tihar: My Political Journey'' was published in October 2016. The book describes his life from his childhood days to his political involvement in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angst Of An Azaadi Seeker|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/angst-of-an-azaadi-seeker/298115|website=Outlook|first=Vandana|last=Singh|date=21 November 2016|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

On 29 April 2018, he was elected to the party national council of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanhaiya Kumar joins CPI's national council, Sudhakara Reddy unanimously re-elected as party's general secretary|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/kanhaiya-kumar-joins-cpi-national-council-sudhakara-reddy-unanimously-re-elected-as-partys-general-secretary-4449959.html|date=29 April 2018|website=Firstpost|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Later in 2019, he was inducted into CPI national executive council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raja new CPI Gen Sec, Kanhaiah in National Executive|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/raja-new-cpi-gen-sec-kanhaiah-in-national-executive-748596.html|date=21 July 2019|website=Deccan Herald|first=Shemin|last=Joy|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

===2019 Lok Sabha elections===
Kumar contested from [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]] on [[Communist Party of India]]'s ticket for the [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanhaiya Kumar to contest from Begusarai, to face BJP's Giriraj Singh - Times of India ►|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kanahiya-kumar-to-contest-from-begusarai-to-face-bjps-giriraj-singh/articleshow/68544490.cms|website=The Times of India|date=24 March 2019 |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref> He lost the election, polling a total of {{formatnum:269976}} votes and 22.03% of vote share.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS0424.htm?ac=24 |title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526111405/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS0424.htm?ac=24 |archive-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> He secured a distant second position after losing to [[Giriraj Singh]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by {{formatnum:422217}} votes. About his defeat, he told ''[[Aaj Tak]]'' in an interview, "I didn't have anything directly to lose in these elections. I got support from the people for fighting against a big, rich and influential machinery and this is a message from democracy that a son of an Anganwadi worker can contest elections."<ref>{{cite web|title=कन्हैया कुमार ने की आजतक से बात|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11d4cJDGubo|via=YouTube|publisher=India Today Social on YouTube|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=150|Elections
!width=100|Constituency
!width=70 colspan="2"|Party
!width=70|Result
!width=70|Vote share
!width=100|Opposing Candidate(s)
!width=70 colspan="2"|Opposing Party (s)
!width=70|Vote share
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election]]
|[[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=FFA07A|Lost
|22.02%
|[[Giriraj Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|57.01%
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election]]
|[[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44.16%
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|53.1%
|}

==Reception==
Kanhaiya Kumar became widely known due to a speech with slogans for ''Azadi'' in [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] which was raised henceworth by him and other students at multiple student protests against the policies of the government and sometimes in modified forms in JNU and education related issues; it was used especially during protests between 2019 and 2020.<ref name="qz">{{cite news|url=https://qz.com/india/1772469/azadi-makes-its-way-from-jnu-to-bollywood-and-caa-nrc-protests|title=Once "azadi" got students arrested—now all Indians are raising the slogan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/politics/english-translation-kanhaiya-kumars-electrifying-speech-at-jnu|title=English Translation: Full Text of Kanhaiya Kumar's Electrifying Speech at JNU}}</ref>

In the slogan he demands ''Azadi'' from starvation, cronyism, casteism, communalism and ''sanghwads'' referring to the [[Sangh Parivar]], and demands the ''Azadi'' of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Ambedkar]], [[Jyotirao Phule|Phule]] and [[Birsa Munda]], ending with ''[[Inquilab Zindabad]]''.<ref name="qz"/><ref name="it"/> The slogans in the later renditions also attach the names of various political activists, journalists and academics who are imprisoned on sedition and other changes for long durations, sometimes for years without a trial.<ref name="Chavda"/>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and its linked students union the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] have tried to frame the slogans as anti-national and seditious.<ref name="qz"/> Videos of the sloganeering were also spread through various news broadcasts like that of [[Zee News]] and [[Arnab Goswami]] at [[Times Now]] and later [[Republic TV]] which brought national attention to it and lifted Kanhaiya Kumar into mainstream limelight but the content was altered. The news broadcasts depicted sloganeering of "Bharat tere tukde tukde honge" and caused widespread outrage. The term "tukde tukde gang" was coined from here and used extensively by BJP since then.<ref name="Chavda"/><ref>
[https://theprint.in/plugged-in/sudhir-chaudhury-boasts-zee-created-tukde-tukde-gang-nidhi-razdan-grills-pavan-verma/352989/ Sudhir Chaudhury boasts Zee created ‘tukde tukde gang’, Nidhi Razdan grills Pavan Verma], The Print, 22 January 2020.
</ref>

Forensic experts on later analysing the videos said that they were doctored with a different voice-over overlaid on an original video.<ref name="it">{{cite news |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/delhi/story/forensic-experts-say-kanhaiya-video-was-doctored-309626-2016-02-19 |title=Forensic experts say Kanhaiya video was doctored
|newspaper = India Today |date = 19 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/panelists-debate-whether-kanhaiya-sedition-video-doctored-or-not-309451-2016-02-18 |title=JNU row: Did a fake video fuel the anti-national fire? |newspaper=India Today |date=18 February 2016}}</ref> The videos were never admitted as evidence in court.<ref name="Chavda">{{cite journal|last1=Chavda|first1=Hetal|title=Autonomy Is As Autonomy Does- Law of Sedition in India|journal=Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research|date=2016 |volume=2 |issue=5}}</ref>

===Police action and acquittal===
In February 2016, Kanhaiya Kumar was arrested by the [[Delhi Police]] over the charges of sedition in an event at the JNU campus. It was organised by JNU students to commemorate the second anniversary of the hanging of Parliament attack convict [[Afzal Guru]]. Kumar denied shouting any slogans against integrity of the country.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4224571/india-jnu-kanhaiya-kumar-arrest-protests-sedition/ |title=The Arrest of a Student Leader at a Top University Reignites India's Intolerance Debate |magazine=Time |date=15 February 2016|first=Rishi |last=Iyengar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-accesses-jnusu-president-kanhaiya-kumar-interrogation-report-309088-2016-02-17|title=Exclusive: JNUSU chief Kanhaiya Kumar's interrogation report accessed|date=17 February 2016 |access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> Kumar's arrest drew sharp reactions from opposition parties, teachers, students and academics. Students at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]] went on strike to protest his arrest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protests to continue at Indian university after student leader's arrest|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/15/jawaharlal-nehru-university-kanhaiya-kumar-student-arrest-india|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=15 February 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>

Kumar was assaulted on multiple occasions when brought to the Patiala House court for hearings regarding the matter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jnu-kanhaiya-kumar-patiala-house-court-lawyers-media-attacked/|title=Sedition case against JNUSU president: Lawyers, BJP MLA take law in their fists|date=16 February 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lawyers attack arrested JNUSU president Kanhaiya Kumar in Patiala House court complex|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lawyers-attack-arrested-JNUSU-president-Kanhaiya-Kumar-in-Patiala-House-court-complex/articleshow/51024005.cms|work=The Times of India|date=17 February 2016 |access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> A Supreme Court-appointed panel later confirmed that the policemen present at the Court were responsible for the security lapses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kanhaiya-kumar-patiala-house-court-delhi-police-bs-bassi-supreme-court/|title=JNU sedition case: Video is out; Kanhaiya Kumar assaulted, breaks down, police duck for cover|date=28 February 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>

On 2 March 2016, Kumar was granted interim bail for 6 months by the Delhi High Court, conditional on an undertaking that he would not "participate in any anti-national activity."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mathur|first1=Aneesha|title=JNU row: Kanhaiya Kumar gets 6-month interim bail by Delhi HC|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kanhaiya-kumar-bail-jnu-delhi-high-court/|access-date=2 March 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=2 March 2016}}</ref> Justice [[Pratibha Rani]] noted that there were no recordings of Kumar participating in anti-national slogans.<ref name="lesson">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kanhaiya-kumar-bail-jnu-delhi-high-court/ |title=JNU row: Kanhaiya Kumar gets bail and a lesson on thoughts that 'infect… (like) gangrene'|date=3 March 2016 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://scroll.in/article/804489/delhi-hc-gives-kanhaiya-kumar-bail-quoting-bollywood-song-and-calling-slogans-an-infection |title=Delhi HC gives Kanhaiya Kumar bail quoting Bollywood song and calling slogans an 'infection' |date=2 March 2016 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref> A separate magisterial investigation appointed by the Delhi Government concluded that it did not find any evidence of Kumar participating in anti-national slogans.<ref name="clean_hit">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jnusu-president-kanhaiya-kumar-gets-clean-chit-in-aap-government-appointed-probe/articleshow/51240113.cms |title=JNUSU president Kanhaiya Kumar gets clean chit in AAP government appointed probe |date=3 March 2016 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Following his release from jail, Kumar faced death threats. A leader of the BJP's youth wing offered {{INR}}5 lakh as a reward to anyone who cut off Kumar's tongue.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/from-bounties-to-death-threats-bjp-mounts-full-scale-attack-against-jnu-leader-kanhaiya-kumar/story-MiFe1lajnqbXUNH3tSJHmI.html |title=Bounties, death threats: BJP mounts full-scale attack on JNU's Kanhaiya |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 March 2016}}</ref> Posters were put up in New Delhi offering {{Indian Rupee}}11 lakh as a reward to anyone who killed Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shoot-kanhaiya-kumar-get-a-reward-of-rs-11-lakh-posters-in-delhi/story-tGXBGmnlhYMm5wz4uNu9vL.html|title=Shoot Kanhaiya Kumar, get a reward of Rs 11 lakh: Posters in Delhi|date=5 March 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/man-who-put-up-posters-offering-11-lakh-for-killing-kanhaiya-kumar-arrested-1284757|title=Arrested for Posters Offering 11 Lakhs for Killing Kanhaiya Kumar|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The court later acquitted him of any charge because it was found that he wasn't present in the campus at the time the police tried to establish that the alleged slogans were said to have been made by him.<ref name="qz"/>

=== Speech on campus ===
On 3 March 2016, Kanhaiya Kumar gave a speech to a packed auditorium in the JNU campus, during which he said he was seeking, not freedom from India, but freedom ''within'' India. He appealed to his fellow students to free the nation from the clutches of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], which, he stated, was trying to divide the nation. Referring to the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], he called them his "opposition", not his enemy. He urged his supporters to keep raising the slogans of ''Azadi'' (freedom).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/We-want-freedom-in-India-not-freedom-from-India/article14136752.ece|title=We want freedom in India, not freedom from India|first=Kritika Sharma|last=Sebastian|date=3 March 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/full-speech-kanhaiya-kumar-out-on-bail-speaks-of-azadi-on-jnu-campus-1283740|title=Full Speech: Kanhaiya Kumar, Out On Bail, Speaks Of 'Azadi' On JNU Campus|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-azaadi-azaadi-kanhaiya-kumar-gives-fiery-speech-mocking-modi-govt-sangh-parivar-at-jnu-campus-2185396|title='Azaadi, azaadi': Kanhaiya Kumar gives fiery speech mocking Modi govt, Sangh Parivar at JNU campus|first=DNA Web|last=Team|date=4 March 2016|website=DNA India}}</ref> The speech won accolades from the leaders of non-BJP parties as well as independent commentators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040316/kanhaiya-kumar-wins-praise-from-non-bjp-leaders-for-azadi-speech.html|title=Kanhaiya Kumar wins praise from non-BJP leaders for 'Azadi' speech|date=4 March 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kanhaiya-kumar-speech-jnu-narendra-modi-arvind-kejriwal-abvp/|title=Kanhaiya Kumar's comeback speech at JNU evokes massive praise|date=9 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/kanhaiya-fiery-comeback-speech-is-a-massive-hit/20160304.htm|title=Kanhaiya's fiery comeback speech is a massive hit|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Tunku |last=Varadarajan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/reverse-swing-the-beauty-of-sedition-jnu-jnu-row-kanhaiya-kumar/ |title=Reverse swing: The beauty of sedition |work=The Indian Express |date=6 March 2016}}</ref> [[Shashi Tharoor]] commented that it turned Kumar into a "nationwide political star," and congratulated BJP for creating this phenomenon.<ref name="cg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/congratulations-bjp-on-creating-the-kanhaiya-kumar-phenomenon-1284155|title=Opinion: Congratulations, BJP, On Creating The Kanhaiya Kumar Phenomenon|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Some people also expressed concern that his speech did not address "the graveness of alleged anti-national slogans" shouted at JNU and what he did to stop them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/steel-city-says-yes-to-azadi-amp-no-to-hype/cid/1320914|title=Steel city says yes to azadi & no to hype|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}}</ref>



==Publications==
;Books
* ''Bihar To Tihar: My Political Journey''<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 January 2019|title=From Bihar to Tihar: Read an excerpt from Kanhaiya Kumar's story, where he recounts entry to JNU|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/from-bihar-to-tihar-read-an-excerpt-from-kanhaiya-kumars-story-where-he-recounts-entry-to-jnu-5918791.html|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

;Papers
* ''The Process of De-colonisation and Social Transformation''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohammad Ibrar|date=15 February 2019|title=Kanhaiya Kumar's PhD done, he wants to be a professor {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/kanhaiyas-phd-done-he-wants-to-be-a-professor/articleshow/68000126.cms|access-date=30 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> ''in South Africa, 1994-2015''

== See also ==
* [[Umar Khalid]]
* [[Shehla Rashid Shora]] - Vice-president of JNUSU when Kumar was president of the organisation.
*[[Chandrashekhar Prasad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |first=Southik |last=Biswas |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-35761268 |title=Kanhaiya Kumar: India's most loved and loathed student |work=BBC News |date=11 March 2016}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2016/10/web-exclusives/where-self-proclaimed-nationalism-coming.html |title="Where is this Self-Proclaimed Nationalism Coming From?" – Kanhaiya Kumar's Speech in JNU (Excerpts) |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=5 March 2016|pages=7–8 }}
* {{Cite web|title=From Bihar to Tihar: Read an excerpt from Kanhaiya Kumar's story, where he recounts entry to JNU|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/from-bihar-to-tihar-read-an-excerpt-from-kanhaiya-kumars-story-where-he-recounts-entry-to-jnu-5918791.html|work=Firstpost|date=19 January 2019}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Education|India|Politics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Kanhaiya}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Student politics in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:21st-century trade unionists]]

Mineral

2026-01-16T14:20:41Z

EduardoVasey1: expanded structure additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Crystalline chemical element or compound formed by geologic processes}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
[[File:Sérandite, natrolite, analcime, aegirine 300-4-2112.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|Crystals of [[serandite]], [[natrolite]], [[analcime]], and [[aegirine]] from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada]]

In [[geology]] and [[mineralogy]], a '''mineral''' or '''mineral species''' is, broadly speaking, a [[solid]] substance with a fairly well-defined [[chemical composition]] and a specific [[crystal structure]] that occurs naturally in pure form.<ref name=raff>John P. Rafferty, ed. (2011): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ervUafk86MIC Minerals]''; p. 1. In the series ''Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks''. Rosen Publishing Group. {{ISBN|978-1-61530-489-9}}</ref><ref name=wenk>{{cite book |first1=Hans-Rudolf |last1=Wenk |first2=Andrei |last2=Bulakh |title=Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcH2liK0JOYC&pg=PA10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-52958-7|page=10}}</ref>

The [[Geology|geological]] definition of mineral normally excludes compounds that occur only in living organisms. However, some minerals are often [[biogenic]] (such as [[calcite]]) or chemically [[organic compound]]s (such as [[mellite]]). Moreover, living organisms often synthesize inorganic minerals (such as [[hydroxylapatite]]) that also occur in rocks.

The concept of mineral is distinct from [[rock (geology)|rock]], which is any bulk solid geologic material that is relatively homogeneous at a large enough scale. A rock may consist of one type of mineral or may be an [[aggregate (geology)|aggregate]] of two or more different types of minerals, spacially segregated into distinct [[phase (matter)|phases]].<ref name="gemrock">{{cite web |last1=Stephenson |first1=Tim |last2=Stephenson |first2=Carolyn |title=Rocks & Minerals |url=https://www.gemrock.net/learn/rocks-minerals/ |publisher=Creetown Gem Rock Museum |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718191729/https://www.gemrock.net/learn/rocks-minerals/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some natural solid substances without a definite crystalline structure, such as [[opal]] or [[obsidian]], are more properly called [[mineraloid]]s.<ref name=rogers>Austin Flint Rogers and Paul Francis Kerr (1942): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zjnYAAAAIAAJ Optical mineralogy]'', 2nd ed., p. 374. McGraw-Hill; {{ISBN|978-1-114-10852-3}}. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117102039/https://books.google.com/books?id=zjnYAAAAIAAJ |date=2023-01-17 }}.</ref> If a chemical compound occurs naturally with different crystal structures, each structure is considered a different mineral species. Thus, for example, [[quartz]] and [[stishovite]] are two different minerals consisting of the same compound, [[silicon dioxide]].

The [[International Mineralogical Association]] (IMA) is the generally recognized standard body for the definition and nomenclature of mineral species. {{As of|2025|05}}, the IMA recognizes [[List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association|6,145 official]] mineral species.<ref name="IMAMineralsCount">{{cite web |url=https://cnmnc.units.it/files/editor/IMA_Master_List_(2025-05).pdf |title=IMA List of Minerals |publisher=[[International Mineralogical Association|IMA]] Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification |last=Pasero |first=Marco |display-authors=etal |date=May 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604102239/https://cnmnc.units.it/files/editor/IMA_Master_List_(2025-05).pdf |archive-date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

The chemical composition of a named mineral species may vary somewhat because the inclusion of small amounts of impurities. Specific [[mineral variety|varieties]] of a species sometimes have conventional or official names of their own.<ref name="MinVar1">{{cite web | url=https://www.mindat.org/glossary/mineral_variety | title=Definition of mineral variety | publisher=mindat.org | access-date=1 March 2018 | archive-date=2 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302044437/https://www.mindat.org/glossary/mineral_variety | url-status=live }}</ref> For example, [[amethyst]] is a purple variety of the mineral species [[quartz]]. Some mineral species can have variable proportions of two or more [[chemical elements]] that occupy equivalent positions in the mineral's structure; for example, the formula of [[mackinawite]] is given as {{chem|(|Fe,Ni|)|9|S|8}}, meaning {{chem|Fe|''x''|Ni|9-''x''|S|8}}, where ''x'' is a variable number between 0 and 9. Sometimes a mineral with variable composition is split into separate species, more or less arbitrarily, forming a [[mineral group]]; that is the case of the silicates {{chem|Ca|''x''|Mg|''y''|Fe|2-''x''-''y''|SiO|4}}, the [[olivine|olivine group]].

Besides the essential chemical composition and crystal structure, the [[Mineral identification|description of a mineral species]] usually includes its common physical properties such as [[crystal habit|habit]], [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|hardness]], [[lustre (mineralogy)|lustre]], [[diaphaneity]], colour, [[streak (mineralogy)|streak]], [[tenacity (mineralogy)|tenacity]], [[cleavage (crystal)|cleavage]], [[fracture (mineralogy)|fracture]], [[crystal system|system]], zoning, parting, [[specific gravity]], [[magnetism]], [[fluorescence]], [[radioactivity]], as well as its taste or smell and its reaction to [[acid]].<ref name=2112.d>{{Cite book|title=The Ultimate Family Visual Dictionary|location=New Delhi|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2012|page=268–271|isbn=978-0-1434-1954-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://australian.museum/learn/minerals/properties/|title=Mineral properties - The Australian Museum|website=Australian Museum|access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

Minerals are classified by key chemical constituents; the two dominant systems are the [[Dana classification]] and the [[Strunz classification]]. [[Silicate mineral]]s comprise approximately 90% of the [[Earth's crust]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornelis |last2=Hurlbut |first2=Cornelius S. Jr. |title=Manual of mineralogy: (after James D. Dana) |date=1993 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=0-471-57452-X |edition=21st |page=440}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Cornelis |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=20 April 2021 |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/mineral-chemical-compound/Silicates |title=Mineral – Silicates |archive-date=25 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025133427/https://www.britannica.com/science/mineral-chemical-compound/Silicates |url-status=live }}</ref> Other important mineral groups include the [[native element mineral|native elements]] (made up of a single pure element) and [[chemical compounds|compounds]] (combinations of multiple elements) namely [[sulfide mineral|sulfides]] (e.g. [[galena|Galena ''PbS'']]), [[oxide mineral|oxides]] (e.g. [[quartz|quartz ''SiO2'']]), [[halide mineral|halides]] (e.g. [[Rock salt|rock salt ''NaCl'']]), [[carbonate mineral|carbonates]] (e.g. [[Calcite|calcite ''CaCO3'']]), [[sulfate mineral|sulfates]] (e.g. [[gypsum|gypsum ''CaSO4·2H2O'']]), [[silicate mineral|silicates]] (e.g. [[orthoclase|orthoclase ''KAlSi3O8'']]), [[molybdate|molybdates]] (e.g. [[wulfenite|wulfenite ''PbMoO4'']]) and [[phosphate mineral|phosphates]] (e.g. [[pyromorphite|pyromorphite ''Pb5(PO4)3Cl'']]).<ref name=2112.d/>
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Definitions==

===International Mineralogical Association===
The [[International Mineralogical Association]] has established the following requirements for a substance to be considered a distinct mineral:<ref name=nick1998>E. H. Nickel & J. D. Grice (1998): "The IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names: procedures and guidelines on mineral nomenclature". ''Mineralogy and Petrology'', volume 64, issue 1, pages 237–263. {{doi|10.1007/BF01226571}}</ref><ref name=Nickel>{{cite journal |last = Nickel |first = Ernest H. |title = The definition of a mineral |journal = The Canadian Mineralogist |volume = 33 |issue = 3 |pages = 689–90 |date = 1995 |url = https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-abstract/33/3/689/12679/the-definition-of-a-mineral?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date = 2018-04-04 |archive-date = 2018-08-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002651/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-abstract/33/3/689/12679/the-definition-of-a-mineral?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status = live }}</ref>

# ''It must be a naturally occurring substance formed by natural geological processes'', on Earth or other extraterrestrial bodies. This excludes compounds directly and exclusively generated by human activities ([[wikt:anthropogenic|anthropogenic]]) or in living beings ([[wikt:biogenic|biogenic]]), such as [[tungsten carbide]], [[kidney stone disease|urinary calculi]], [[calcium oxalate]] crystals in plant tissues, and [[seashell]]s. However, substances with such origins may qualify if geological processes were involved in their genesis (as is the case of [[evenkite]], derived from plant material; or [[taranakite]], from [[bat guano]]; or [[alpersite]], from mine tailings).<ref name=Nickel /> Hypothetical substances are also excluded, even if they are predicted to occur in inaccessible natural environments like the Earth's core or other planets.
# ''It must be a solid substance in its natural occurrence.'' A major exception to this rule is native [[mercury (element)|mercury]]: it is still classified as a mineral by the IMA, even though crystallizes only below −39 °C, because it was included before the current rules were established.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-2647.html |title=Mercury |publisher=Mindat.org |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107110532/https://www.mindat.org/min-2647.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Water and [[carbon dioxide]] are not considered minerals, even though they are often found as [[inclusion (mineral)|inclusions]] in other minerals; but [[Ice|water ice]] is considered a mineral.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-2001.html |title=Ice |publisher=Mindat.org |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604131947/https://www.mindat.org/min-2001.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''It must have a well-defined crystallographic structure''; or, more generally, an ordered atomic arrangement.<ref name="DG2_4" /> This property implies several [[macroscopic scale|macroscopic]] physical properties, such as crystal form, hardness, and cleavage.<ref name="CL13-14">{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 13–14</ref> It excludes [[ozokerite]], [[limonite]], [[obsidian]] and many other amorphous (non-crystalline) materials that occur in geologic contexts.
# ''It must have a fairly well defined chemical composition''. However, certain crystalline substances with a fixed structure but variable composition may be considered single mineral species. A common class of examples are [[solid solution]]s such as [[mackinawite]], (Fe, Ni)9S8, which is mostly a [[iron|ferrous]] sulfide with a significant fraction of iron atoms replaced by [[nickel]] atoms.<ref name="DG2_4" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-2512.html|title=Mackinawite|publisher=Mindat.org|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005122/https://www.mindat.org/min-2512.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other examples include layered crystals with variable layer stacking, or crystals that differ only in the regular arrangement of [[Vacancy defect|vacancies]] and substitutions. On the other hand, some substances that have a continuous series of compositions, may be arbitrarily split into several minerals. The typical example is the [[olivine]] group (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, whose magnesium-rich and iron-rich end-members are considered separate minerals ([[forsterite]] and [[fayalite]]).

The details of these rules are somewhat controversial.<ref name="DG2_4" /> For instance, there have been several recent proposals to classify amorphous substances as minerals, but they have not been accepted by the IMA.

The IMA is also reluctant to accept minerals that occur naturally only in the form of [[nanoparticle]]s a few hundred atoms across, but has not defined a minimum crystal size.<ref name=nick1998/>

Some authors require the material to be a [[thermodynamic stability|stable or metastable]] solid at [[room temperature]] (25 °C).<ref name="DG2_4">{{Cite book|title = Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy |author=Melinda Darby Dyar |author2=Mickey E. Gunter |publisher = Mineralogical Society of America|year = 2007|isbn = 978-0-939950-81-2|pages = 2–4}}</ref> However, the IMA only requires that the substance be stable enough for its structure and composition to be well-determined. For example, it recognizes [[meridianiite]] (a naturally occurring hydrate of [[magnesium sulfate]]) as a mineral, even though it is formed and stable only below 2 °C.

{{As of|2025|05}}, 6,145 mineral species are approved by the IMA.<ref name="IMAMineralsCount"/> They are most commonly [[List of minerals named after people|named after a person]], followed by discovery location; names based on chemical composition or physical properties are the two other major groups of mineral name etymologies.<ref name="DG20-22"/><ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 556</ref> Most names end in "-ite"; the exceptions are usually names that were well-established before the organization of mineralogy as a discipline, for example [[galena]] and [[diamond]].

===Biogenic minerals===
{{further|Biomineralization}}

A topic of contention among geologists and mineralogists has been the IMA's decision to exclude biogenic crystalline substances. For example, Lowenstam (1981) stated that "organisms are capable of forming a diverse array of minerals, some of which cannot be formed inorganically in the biosphere."<ref name="Lowenstam81">{{cite journal | first1=Lowenstam | last1=H.A. | title=Minerals formed by organisms | journal=Science | date=1981 | volume=211 | issue=4487 | pages=1126–31 | doi=10.1126/science.7008198 | jstor=1685216 | pmid=7008198|bibcode = 1981Sci...211.1126L }}</ref>

Skinner (2005) views all solids as potential minerals and includes [[biomineralization|biominerals]] in the mineral kingdom, which are those that are created by the metabolic activities of organisms. Skinner expanded the previous definition of a mineral to classify "element or compound, amorphous or crystalline, formed through ''[[Biogeochemistry|biogeochemical]] '' processes," as a mineral.<ref name="Skinner05" />

Recent advances in high-resolution [[genetics]] and [[X-ray absorption spectroscopy]] are providing revelations on the biogeochemical relations between [[microorganism]]s and minerals that may shed new light on this question.<ref name=Nickel /><ref name="Skinner05">{{cite journal | last1=Skinner | first1=H.C.W. |author1-link=H. Catherine W. Skinner| title=Biominerals | journal=Mineralogical Magazine | volume=69 | issue=5 | pages=621–41| doi=10.1180/0026461056950275 | date=2005 | bibcode=2005MinM...69..621S | s2cid=232388764 }}</ref> For example, the IMA-commissioned "Working Group on Environmental Mineralogy and Geochemistry " deals with minerals in the [[hydrosphere]], [[atmosphere]], and [[biosphere]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Working Group on Environmental Mineralogy and Geochemistry|url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/WGEMG_objectives.htm|website=Commissions, working groups and committees|publisher=International Mineralogical Association|access-date=4 April 2018|language=en|date=3 August 2011|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308103719/https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/WGEMG_objectives.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The group's scope includes mineral-forming microorganisms, which exist on nearly every rock, soil, and particle surface spanning the globe to depths of at least 1600 metres below the [[Seabed|sea floor]] and 70 kilometres into the [[stratosphere]] (possibly entering the [[mesosphere]]).<ref name="Takai10">{{cite book | last=Takai | first=K. | chapter=Limits of life and the biosphere: Lessons from the detection of microorganisms in the deep sea and deep subsurface of the Earth. | title=Origins and Evolution of Life: An Astrobiological Perspective | editor1-last=Gargaud | editor1-first=M. | editor2-last=Lopez-Garcia | editor2-first=P. | editor3-last=Martin | editor3-first=H. | pages=469–86 | date=2010 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge |isbn= 978-1-139-49459-5}}</ref><ref name="Roussel08">{{cite journal | last1=Roussel | first1=E.G. | last2=Cambon Bonavita | first2=M. | last3=Querellou | first3=J. | last4=Cragg | first4=B.A. | last5=Prieur | first5=D. | last6=Parkes | first6=R.J. | title=Extending the Sub-Sea-Floor Biosphere | journal=Science | date=2008 | volume=320 | issue=5879 | page=1046 | doi=10.1126/science.1154545 | last7=Parkes | first7=R.J. | bibcode=2008Sci...320.1046R | pmid=18497290 | s2cid=23374807 | url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4209/ | access-date=2019-02-01 | archive-date=2020-05-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510114404/https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4209/ | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Pearce09">{{cite journal | last1=Pearce | first1=D.A. | last2=Bridge | first2=P.D. | last3=Hughes | first3=K.A. | last4=Sattler | first4=B. | last5=Psenner | first5=R. | last6=Russel | first6=N.J. | title= Microorganisms in the atmosphere over Antarctica | volume=69 | issue=2 | pages=143–57 | journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology | doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00706.x| date=2009 | pmid=19527292| doi-access=free | bibcode=2009FEMME..69..143P }}</ref>

[[Biogeochemical cycle]]s have contributed to the formation of minerals for billions of years. Microorganisms can [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitate]] metals from [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]], contributing to the formation of [[ore]] deposits. They can also [[Catalysis|catalyze]] the [[Dissolution (chemistry)|dissolution]] of minerals.<ref name="Newman02">{{cite journal | last1=Newman | first1=D.K. | last2=Banfield | first2=J.F. | title=Geomicrobiology: How Molecular-Scale Interactions Underpin Biogeochemical Systems | journal=Science | volume=296 | issue=5570 | pages=1071–77 | doi=10.1126/science.1010716 | date=2002 | pmid=12004119| bibcode=2002Sci...296.1071N | s2cid=1235688 }}</ref><ref name="Warren03">{{cite journal | last1=Warren | first1=L.A. | last2=Kauffman | first2=M.E. | title=Microbial geoengineers | journal=Science | date=2003 | volume=299 | issue=5609 | pages=1027–29 | doi=10.1126/science.1072076 | jstor=3833546 | pmid=12586932| s2cid=19993145 }}</ref><ref name="González-Muñoz10">{{cite journal | last1=González-Muñoz | first1=M.T. | last2=Rodriguez-Navarro | first2=C. | last3=Martínez-Ruiz | first3=F. | last4=Arias | first4=J.M. | last5=Merroun | first5=M.L. | last6=Rodriguez-Gallego | first6=M. | title=Bacterial biomineralization: new insights from Myxococcus-induced mineral precipitation | journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications | volume=336 | issue=1 | pages=31–50 | doi=10.1144/SP336.3 | bibcode=2010GSLSP.336...31G| year=2010 | s2cid=130343033 }}</ref>

Prior to the International Mineralogical Association's listing, over 60 biominerals had been discovered, named, and published.<ref name="Veis90">{{cite journal | last1=Veis | first1=A. | title=Biomineralization. Cell Biology and Mineral Deposition. by Kenneth Simkiss; Karl M. Wilbur On Biomineralization. by Heinz A. Lowenstam; Stephen Weiner | journal=Science | volume=247 | issue=4946 | pages=1129–30 | jstor=2874281 | date=1990 | pmid=17800080 | doi=10.1126/science.247.4946.1129|bibcode = 1990Sci...247.1129S }}</ref> These minerals (a sub-set tabulated in Lowenstam (1981)<ref name="Lowenstam81" />) are considered minerals proper according to Skinner's (2005) definition.<ref name="Skinner05" /> These biominerals are not listed in the International Mineral Association official list of mineral names;<ref>[http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/IMA%20mineral%20list%20update%20BB%20Upload%208%20April%202011.pdf Official IMA list of mineral names (updated from March 2009 list)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121228/http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/IMA%20mineral%20list%20update%20BB%20Upload%208%20April%202011.pdf |date=2011-07-06 }}. uws.edu.au</ref> however, many of these biomineral representatives are distributed amongst the 78 mineral classes listed in the Dana classification scheme.<ref name="Skinner05" />

Skinner's (2005) definition of a mineral takes this matter into account by stating that a mineral can be crystalline or amorphous.<ref name="Skinner05" /> Although biominerals are not the most common form of minerals,<ref name=Hefferan10>{{cite book | first1=Hefferan | last1=K. | first2=O'Brien | last2=J. | title=Earth Materials | date=2010 | isbn=978-1-4443-3460-9 | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}</ref> they help to define the limits of what constitutes a mineral proper. Nickel's (1995) formal definition explicitly mentioned crystallinity as a key to defining a substance as a mineral. A 2011 article defined [[icosahedrite]], an aluminium-iron-copper alloy, as a mineral; named for its unique natural [[icosahedral symmetry]], it is a [[quasicrystal]]. Unlike a true crystal, quasicrystals are ordered but not periodic.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bindi | first = L. | author-link = Luca Bindi | author2 = Paul J. Steinhardt | author3 = Nan Yao | author4 = Peter J. Lu | title = Icosahedrite, Al63Cu24Fe13, the first natural quasicrystal | journal = American Mineralogist | volume = 96 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 928–31 | date = 2011| doi = 10.2138/am.2011.3758 | bibcode = 2011AmMin..96..928B | s2cid = 101152220 }}</ref><ref>Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, [http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/newminerals2010.pdf Approved as new mineral] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320182918/http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/newminerals2010.pdf |date=2012-03-20 }}</ref>

===Mineral assemblage===

A mineral assemblage is defined by [[Mindat.org]] as "Any set of minerals in a rock, whether in [[chemical equilibrium|[chemical] equilibrium]] or not",<ref name=mindat>{{cite web | title=Definition of mineral assemblage | website=[[Mindat.org]] | publisher= [[Hudson Institute of Mineralogy]]| url=https://www.mindat.org/glossary/mineral_assemblage | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821033237/https://www.mindat.org/glossary/mineral_assemblage | archive-date=21 August 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> while ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' says "The term assemblage is frequently applied to all minerals included in a rock but more appropriately should be used for those minerals that are in equilibrium (and are known more specifically as the equilibrium assemblage)".<ref>{{cite web | last=Klein | first=Cornelis | title=Associations, Phase Equilibrium, Crystallization | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=8 August 2025 | url=https://www.britannica.com/science/mineral-chemical-compound/Mineral-associations-and-phase-equilibrium | access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

The term is often prefixed by other terms that describe its formation.<ref name=mindat/>

==Rocks, ores, and gems==
[[File:Sillimanite-199671.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Schist]] is a [[metamorphic rock]] characterized by an abundance of platy minerals. In this example, the rock has prominent [[sillimanite]] [[porphyroblast]]s as large as {{convert|3|cm|in|abbr=on}}.]]
A [[Rock (geology)|rock]] is an aggregate of one or more minerals<ref name="ChL15-16">{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 15–16</ref> or mineraloids. Some rocks, such as [[limestone]] or [[quartzite]], are composed primarily of one mineral – [[calcite]] or [[aragonite]] in the case of limestone, and [[quartz]] in the latter case.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 719–21</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 747–48</ref> Other rocks can be defined by relative abundances of key (essential) minerals; a [[granite]] is defined by proportions of quartz, [[alkali feldspar]], and [[plagioclase feldspar]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 694–96</ref> The other minerals in the rock are termed ''accessory minerals'', and do not greatly affect the bulk composition of the rock. Rocks can also be composed entirely of non-mineral material; [[coal]] is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of organically derived carbon.<ref name="ChL15-16" /><ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 728–30</ref>

In rocks, some mineral species and groups are much more abundant than others; these are termed the ''rock-forming minerals''. The major examples of these are quartz, the [[feldspar]]s, the [[mica]]s, the [[amphibole]]s, the [[pyroxene]]s, the [[olivine]]s, and calcite; except for the last one, all of these minerals are silicates.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 15</ref> Overall, around 150 minerals are considered particularly important, whether in terms of their abundance or aesthetic value in terms of collecting.<ref name="ChL14">{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 14</ref>

Commercially valuable minerals and rocks, other than gemstones, metal ores, or mineral fuels, are referred to as ''[[Industrial mineral|industrial minerals]]''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Julia A. |title=Glossary of geology. |date=1997 |publisher=American Geological Institute |location=Alexandria, Virginia |isbn=0-922152-34-9 |edition=Fourth |chapter=Industrial mineral}}</ref> For example, [[muscovite]], a white mica, can be used for windows (sometimes referred to as isinglass), as a filler, or as an insulator.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=246}}

[[Ore]]s are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain element, typically a metal. Examples are [[cinnabar]] (HgS), an ore of mercury; [[sphalerite]] (ZnS), an ore of zinc; [[cassiterite]] (SnO2), an ore of tin; and [[colemanite]], an ore of [[boron]].

[[gemstone|''Gems'']] are minerals with an ornamental value, and are distinguished from non-gems by their beauty, durability, and usually, rarity. There are about 20 mineral species that qualify as gem minerals, which constitute about 35 of the most common gemstones. Gem minerals are often present in several varieties, and so one mineral can account for several different gemstones; for example, [[ruby]] and [[sapphire]] are both [[corundum]], Al2O3.<ref name="ChL14-15">{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 14–15</ref>

== Etymology ==
The first known use of the word "mineral" in the [[English language]] ([[Middle English]]) was the 15th century. The word came from {{Langx|la-x-medieval|minerale}}, from {{Lang|la|minera}}, mine, ore.<ref name=webst.mineral>"[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mineral mineral] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002080518/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mineral |date=2020-10-02 }}" entry in the Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Accessed on 2020-08-28.</ref>

The word "species" comes from the Latin ''species'', "a particular sort, kind, or type with distinct look, or appearance".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harper|first1=Douglas|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/species|website=etymonline|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-date=29 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329120746/https://www.etymonline.com/word/species|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
[[File:Hubnerite-Quartz-216455.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hübnerite]], the manganese-rich end-member of the [[wolframite]] series, with minor quartz in the background]]
The abundance and diversity of minerals is controlled directly by their chemistry, in turn dependent on elemental abundances in the Earth. The majority of minerals observed are derived from the [[Earth's crust]]. Eight elements account for most of the key components of minerals, due to their abundance in the crust. These eight elements, summing to over 98% of the crust by weight, are, in order of decreasing abundance: [[oxygen]], [[silicon]], [[aluminium]], [[iron]], [[magnesium]], [[calcium]], [[sodium]] and [[potassium]]. Oxygen and silicon are by far the two most important – oxygen composes 47% of the crust by weight, and silicon accounts for 28%.<ref name="DG4-7">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 4–7</ref>

The minerals that form are those that are most stable at the temperature and pressure of formation, within the limits imposed by the bulk chemistry of the parent body.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sinkankas |first1=John |title=Mineralogy for amateurs. |date=1964 |publisher=Van Nostrand |location=Princeton, N.J. |page=237}}</ref> For example, in most igneous rocks, the aluminium and alkali metals (sodium and potassium) that are present are primarily found in combination with oxygen, silicon, and calcium as feldspar minerals. However, if the rock is unusually rich in alkali metals, there will not be enough aluminium to combine with all the sodium as feldspar, and the excess sodium will form sodic amphiboles such as [[riebeckite]]. If the aluminium abundance is unusually high, the excess aluminium will form [[muscovite]] or other aluminium-rich minerals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blatt |first1=Harvey |last2=Tracy |first2=Robert J. |title=Petrology: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. |date=1996 |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=New York |isbn=0-7167-2438-3 |edition=2nd |page=185}}</ref> If silicon is deficient, part of the feldspar will be replaced by feldspathoid minerals.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=226}} Precise predictions of which minerals will be present in a rock of a particular composition formed at a particular temperature and pressure requires complex thermodynamic calculations. However, approximate estimates may be made using relatively simple [[rules of thumb]], such as the [[Normative mineralogy|CIPW norm]], which gives reasonable estimates for volcanic rock formed from dry magma.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Philpotts |first1=Anthony R. |last2=Ague |first2=Jay J. |title=Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-88006-0 |edition=2nd |pages=133–137}}</ref>

The chemical composition may vary between [[Endmember (mineralogy)|end member]] species of a [[solid solution]] series. For example, the [[plagioclase]] [[feldspar]]s comprise a continuous series from [[sodium]]-rich end member [[albite]] (NaAlSi3O8) to [[calcium]]-rich [[anorthite]] (CaAl2Si2O8) with four recognized intermediate varieties between them (given in order from sodium- to calcium-rich): [[oligoclase]], [[andesine]], [[labradorite]], and [[bytownite]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 586</ref> Other examples of series include the olivine series of magnesium-rich forsterite and iron-rich fayalite, and the [[wolframite]] series of [[manganese]]-rich [[hübnerite]] and iron-rich [[ferberite]].{{sfn|Nesse|2000|pp=308, 352}}

Chemical substitution and coordination polyhedra explain this common feature of minerals. In nature, minerals are not pure substances, and are contaminated by whatever other elements are present in the given chemical system. As a result, it is possible for one element to be substituted for another.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 141</ref> Chemical substitution will occur between ions of a similar size and charge; for example, K+ will not substitute for Si4+ because of chemical and structural incompatibilities caused by a big difference in size and charge. A common example of chemical substitution is that of Si4+ by Al3+, which are close in charge, size, and abundance in the crust. In the example of plagioclase, there are three cases of substitution. Feldspars are all framework silicates, which have a silicon-oxygen ratio of 2:1, and the space for other elements is given by the substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ to give a base unit of [AlSi3O8]−; without the substitution, the formula would be charge-balanced as SiO2, giving quartz.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 14</ref> The significance of this structural property will be explained further by coordination polyhedra. The second substitution occurs between Na+ and Ca2+; however, the difference in charge has to accounted for by making a second substitution of Si4+ by Al3+.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 585</ref>

Coordination polyhedra are geometric representations of how a cation is surrounded by an anion. In mineralogy, coordination polyhedra are usually considered in terms of oxygen, due its abundance in the crust. The base unit of silicate minerals is the silica tetrahedron – one Si4+ surrounded by four O2−. An alternate way of describing the coordination of the silicate is by a number: in the case of the silica tetrahedron, the silicon is said to have a coordination number of 4. Various cations have a specific range of possible coordination numbers; for silicon, it is almost always 4, except for very high-pressure minerals where the compound is compressed such that silicon is in six-fold (octahedral) coordination with oxygen. Bigger cations have a bigger coordination numbers because of the increase in relative size as compared to oxygen (the last [[Atomic orbital|orbital subshell]] of heavier atoms is different too). Changes in coordination numbers leads to physical and mineralogical differences; for example, at high pressure, such as in the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], many minerals, especially silicates such as [[olivine]] and [[garnet]], will change to a [[perovskite structure]], where silicon is in octahedral coordination. Other examples are the aluminosilicates [[kyanite]], [[andalusite]], and [[sillimanite]] (polymorphs, since they share the formula Al2SiO5), which differ by the coordination number of the Al3+; these minerals transition from one another as a response to changes in pressure and temperature.<ref name="DG4-7"/> In the case of silicate materials, the substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ allows for a variety of minerals because of the need to balance charges.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 12–17</ref>

Because the eight most common elements make up over 98% of the Earth's crust, the small quantities of the other elements that are typically present are substituted into the common rock-forming minerals. The distinctive minerals of most elements are quite rare, being found only where these elements have been concentrated by geological processes, such as [[hydrothermal circulation]], to the point where they can no longer be accommodated in common minerals.{{sfn|Sinkankas|1964|pp=238-239}}

[[File:Kaolinite-Orthoclase-lw18c.jpg|thumb|When minerals react, the products will sometimes assume the shape of the reagent; the product mineral is termed a pseudomorph of (or after) the reagent. Illustrated here is a pseudomorph of [[kaolinite]] after [[orthoclase]]. Here, the pseudomorph preserved the Carlsbad [[Crystal twinning|twinning]] common in orthoclase.]]

Changes in temperature and pressure and composition alter the mineralogy of a rock sample. Changes in composition can be caused by processes such as [[weathering]] or [[metasomatism]] ([[hydrothermal alteration]]). Changes in temperature and pressure occur when the host rock undergoes [[tectonic]] or [[magmatic]] movement into differing physical regimes. Changes in [[thermodynamic]] conditions make it favourable for mineral assemblages to react with each other to produce new minerals; as such, it is possible for two rocks to have an identical or a very similar bulk rock chemistry without having a similar mineralogy. This process of mineralogical alteration is related to the [[rock cycle]]. An example of a series of mineral reactions is illustrated as follows.<ref name="DG549">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 549</ref>

[[Orthoclase]] feldspar (KAlSi3O8) is a mineral commonly found in [[granite]], a [[plutonic]] [[igneous rock]]. When exposed to weathering, it reacts to form [[kaolinite]] (Al2Si2O5(OH)4, a sedimentary mineral, and [[silicic acid]]):

:2 KAlSi3O8 + 5 H2O + 2 H+ → Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 4 H2SiO3 + 2 K+

Under low-grade metamorphic conditions, kaolinite reacts with [[quartz]] to form [[pyrophyllite]] (Al2Si4O10(OH)2):

:Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + SiO2 → Al2Si4O10(OH)2 + H2O

As metamorphic grade increases, the pyrophyllite reacts to form [[kyanite]] and quartz:

:Al2Si4O10(OH)2 → Al2SiO5 + 3 SiO2 + H2O

Alternatively, a mineral may change its crystal structure as a consequence of changes in temperature and pressure without reacting. For example, quartz will change into a variety of its SiO2 [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphs]], such as [[tridymite]] and [[cristobalite]] at high temperatures, and [[coesite]] at high pressures.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 579</ref>

==Physical properties==
Classifying minerals ranges from simple to difficult. A mineral can be identified by several physical properties, some of them being sufficient for full identification without equivocation. In other cases, minerals can only be classified by more complex [[Optical mineralogy|optical]], [[Analytical chemistry|chemical]] or [[X-ray diffraction]] analysis; these methods, however, can be costly and time-consuming. Physical properties applied for classification include crystal structure and habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity, colour, streak, cleavage and fracture, and specific gravity. Other less general tests include [[fluorescence]], [[phosphorescence]], [[magnetism]], [[radioactivity]], tenacity (response to mechanical induced changes of shape or form), [[piezoelectricity]] and reactivity to dilute [[acid]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 22–23</ref>

===Crystal structure and habit===

{{main article|Crystal system|Crystal habit}}
{{see also|Crystal twinning}}

[[File:Topaz-235220.jpg|right|thumb|[[Topaz]] has a characteristic orthorhombic elongated crystal shape.]]
[[Crystal structure]] results from the orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal structure of a mineral. This crystal structure is based on regular internal atomic or [[ion]]ic arrangement that is often expressed in the geometric form that the crystal takes. Even when the mineral grains are too small to see or are irregularly shaped, the underlying crystal structure is always periodic and can be determined by [[X-ray]] diffraction.<ref name="DG2_4" /> Minerals are typically described by their symmetry content. Crystals are [[crystallographic restriction theorem|restricted]] to [[Crystallographic point group|32 point groups]], which differ by their symmetry. These groups are classified in turn into more broad categories, the most encompassing of these being the six crystal families.<ref name="DG69-80">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 69–80</ref>

These families can be described by the relative lengths of the three crystallographic axes, and the angles between them; these relationships correspond to the symmetry operations that define the narrower point groups. They are summarized below; a, b, and c represent the axes, and α, β, γ represent the angle opposite the respective crystallographic axis (e.g. α is the angle opposite the a-axis, [[wikt:viz.|viz.]] the angle between the b and c axes):<ref name="DG69-80" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Crystal family
!Lengths
!Angles
!Common examples
|-
|[[Cubic crystal system|Isometric]]
|a = b = c
|α = β = γ = 90°
|[[Garnet]], [[halite]], [[pyrite]]
|-
|[[Tetragonal]]
|a = b ≠ c
|α = β = γ = 90°
|[[Rutile]], [[zircon]], [[andalusite]]
|-
|[[Orthorhombic]]
|a ≠ b ≠ c
|α = β = γ = 90°
|[[Olivine]], [[aragonite]], [[orthopyroxene]]s
|-
|[[Hexagonal crystal system|Hexagonal]]
|a = b ≠ c
|α = β = 90°, γ = 120°
|[[Quartz]], [[calcite]], [[tourmaline]]
|-
|[[Monoclinic]]
|a ≠ b ≠ c
|α = γ = 90°, β ≠ 90°
|[[Clinopyroxene]]s, [[orthoclase]], [[gypsum]]
|-
|[[Triclinic]]
|a ≠ b ≠ c
|α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90°
|[[Anorthite]], [[albite]], [[kyanite]]
|}

The hexagonal crystal family is also split into two crystal ''systems'' – the [[trigonal]], which has a three-fold axis of symmetry, and the hexagonal, which has a six-fold axis of symmetry.

Chemistry and crystal structure together define a mineral. With a restriction to 32 point groups, minerals of different chemistry may have identical crystal structure. For example, [[halite]] (NaCl), [[galena]] (PbS), and [[periclase]] (MgO) all belong to the hexaoctahedral point group (isometric family), as they have a similar [[stoichiometry]] between their different constituent elements. In contrast, [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphs]] are groupings of minerals that share a chemical formula but have a different structure. For example, [[pyrite]] and [[marcasite]], both iron sulfides, have the formula FeS2; however, the former is isometric while the latter is orthorhombic. This polymorphism extends to other sulfides with the generic AX2 formula; these two groups are collectively known as the pyrite and marcasite groups.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 654–55</ref>

Polymorphism can extend beyond pure symmetry content. The aluminosilicates are a group of three minerals – [[kyanite]], [[andalusite]], and [[sillimanite]] – which share the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Kyanite is triclinic, while andalusite and sillimanite are both orthorhombic and belong to the dipyramidal point group. These differences arise corresponding to how aluminium is coordinated within the crystal structure. In all minerals, one aluminium ion is always in six-fold coordination with oxygen. Silicon, as a general rule, is in four-fold coordination in all minerals; an exception is a case like [[stishovite]] (SiO2, an ultra-high pressure quartz polymorph with rutile structure).<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 581</ref> In kyanite, the second aluminium is in six-fold coordination; its chemical formula can be expressed as Al[6]Al[6]SiO5, to reflect its crystal structure. Andalusite has the second aluminium in five-fold coordination (Al[6]Al[5]SiO5) and sillimanite has it in four-fold coordination (Al[6]Al[4]SiO5).<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 631–32</ref>

Differences in crystal structure and chemistry greatly influence other physical properties of the mineral. The carbon allotropes [[diamond]] and [[graphite]] have vastly different properties; diamond is the hardest natural substance, has an adamantine lustre, and belongs to the isometric crystal family, whereas graphite is very soft, has a greasy lustre, and crystallises in the hexagonal family. This difference is accounted for by differences in bonding. In diamond, the carbons are in sp3 hybrid orbitals, which means they form a framework where each carbon is covalently bonded to four neighbours in a tetrahedral fashion; on the other hand, graphite is composed of sheets of carbons in sp2 hybrid orbitals, where each carbon is bonded covalently to only three others. These sheets are held together by much weaker [[van der Waals force]]s, and this discrepancy translates to large macroscopic differences.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 166</ref>

[[File:Spinel-4mb4c.jpg|Contact twins, as seen in [[spinel]]|thumb]]

[[Crystal twinning|Twinning]] is the intergrowth of two or more crystals of a single mineral species. The geometry of the twinning is controlled by the mineral's symmetry. As a result, there are several types of twins, including contact twins, reticulated twins, geniculated twins, penetration twins, cyclic twins, and polysynthetic twins. Contact, or simple twins, consist of two crystals joined at a plane; this type of twinning is common in spinel. Reticulated twins, common in rutile, are interlocking crystals resembling netting. Geniculated twins have a bend in the middle that is caused by start of the twin. Penetration twins consist of two single crystals that have grown into each other; examples of this twinning include cross-shaped [[staurolite]] twins and Carlsbad twinning in orthoclase. Cyclic twins are caused by repeated twinning around a rotation axis. This type of twinning occurs around three, four, five, six, or eight-fold axes, and the corresponding patterns are called threelings, fourlings, [[fiveling]]s, sixlings, and eightlings. Sixlings are common in aragonite. Polysynthetic twins are similar to cyclic twins through the presence of repetitive twinning; however, instead of occurring around a rotational axis, polysynthetic twinning occurs along parallel planes, usually on a microscopic scale.<ref name="DG4143">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 41–43</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 39</ref>

Crystal habit refers to the overall shape of the aggregate crystal of any mineral. Several terms are used to describe this property. Common habits include [[acicular (crystal habit)|acicular]], which describes needle-like crystals as in [[natrolite]]; dendritic (tree-pattern) is common in [[native copper]] or [[Gold|native gold]] with a [[Matrix (geology)|groundmass (matrix)]]; equant, which is typical of [[garnet]]; [[prism (geology)|prismatic]] (elongated in one direction) as seen in [[Spodumene|kunzite]] or [[stibnite]]; [[botryoidal]] (like a bunch of grapes) seen in [[chalcedony]]; fibrous, which has fibre-like crystals as seen in [[wollastonite]]; tabular, which differs from bladed habit in that the former is platy whereas the latter has a defined elongation as seen in [[muscovite]]; and massive, which has no definite shape as seen in [[carnallite]].<ref name=2112.d/> Related to crystal form, the quality of crystal faces is diagnostic of some minerals, especially with a petrographic microscope. Euhedral crystals have a defined external shape, while anhedral crystals do not; those intermediate forms are termed subhedral.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 32–39</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 38</ref>

===Hardness===
{{main article|Mohs scale of mineral hardness}}
[[File:Rough diamond.jpg|right|thumb|Diamond is the hardest natural material, and has a Mohs hardness of 10.]]
The hardness of a mineral defines how much it can resist scratching or indentation. This physical property is controlled by the chemical composition and crystalline structure of a mineral.

The most commonly used scale of measurement is the [[Ordinal data|ordinal]] Mohs hardness scale, which measures resistance to scratching. Defined by ten indicators, a mineral with a higher index scratches those below it. The scale ranges from talc, a [[phyllosilicate]], to diamond, a carbon polymorph that is the hardest natural material. The scale is provided below:<ref name="DG2829"/><ref name=2112.d/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Mohs hardness
!Mineral
!Chemical formulae
|-
|1
|[[Talc]]
|Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
|-
|2
|[[Gypsum]]
|CaSO4·2H2O
|-
|3
|[[Calcite]]
|CaCO3
|-
|4
|[[Fluorite]]
|CaF2
|-
|5
|[[Apatite]]
|Ca5(PO4)3(OH,Cl,F)
|-
|6
|[[Orthoclase]]
|KAlSi3O8
|-
|7
|[[Quartz]]
|SiO2
|-
|8
|[[Topaz]]
|Al2SiO4(OH,F)2
|-
|9
|[[Corundum]]
|Al2O3
|-
|10
|[[Diamond]]
|C
|}
[[File:Mohs-Hardness-Graph.svg|Mohs Scale versus Absolute Hardness|right|frameless]]
A mineral's hardness is a function of its structure. Hardness is not necessarily constant for all crystallographic directions; crystallographic weakness renders some directions softer than others.<ref name="DG2829">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 28–29</ref> An example of this hardness variability exists in kyanite, which has a Mohs hardness of 5{{frac|1|2}} parallel to [[Miller index|[001]]] but 7 parallel to [[Miller index|[100]]].<ref name="Kyanite">{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-2303.html|title=Kyanite|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=[[Mindat.org]]|archive-date=14 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914132555/https://www.mindat.org/min-2303.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other scales include these;<ref>{{cite web |title=Hardness: Vickers, Rockwell, Brinell, Mohs, Shore and Knoop - Matmatch |url=https://matmatch.com/learn/process/hardness-comparison |website=matmatch.com |access-date=4 October 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004171353/https://matmatch.com/learn/process/hardness-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Shore durometer|Shore's hardness test]], which measures the endurance of a mineral based on the indentation of a spring-loaded contraption.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hardness |url=http://www.calce.umd.edu/general/Facilities/Hardness_ad_.htm#3.5 |access-date=4 October 2021 |date=7 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707141201/http://www.calce.umd.edu/general/Facilities/Hardness_ad_.htm#3.5 |archive-date=2007-07-07 }}</ref>
*The [[Rockwell scale]]
*The [[Vickers hardness test]]
*The [[Brinell scale]]

===Lustre and diaphaneity===
{{main article|Lustre (mineralogy)}}
[[File:Pyrite 2.jpg|thumb|[[Pyrite]] has a metallic lustre.]]
Lustre indicates how light reflects from the mineral's surface, with regard to its quality and intensity. There are numerous qualitative terms used to describe this property, which are split into metallic and non-metallic categories. Metallic and sub-metallic minerals have high reflectivity like metal; examples of minerals with this lustre are [[galena]] and pyrite. Non-metallic lustres include: adamantine, such as in [[diamond]]; vitreous, which is a glassy lustre very common in silicate minerals; pearly, such as in [[talc]] and [[apophyllite]]; resinous, such as members of the garnet group; silky which is common in fibrous minerals such as asbestiform [[chrysotile]].<ref name="DG2628">Dyar and Darby, pp. 26–28</ref>

The [[diaphaneity]] of a mineral describes the ability of light to pass through it. Transparent minerals do not diminish the intensity of light passing through them. An example of a transparent mineral is [[muscovite]] (potassium mica); some varieties are sufficiently clear to have been used for windows. Translucent minerals allow some light to pass, but less than those that are transparent. [[Jadeite]] and [[nephrite]] (mineral forms of [[jade]] are examples of minerals with this property). Minerals that do not allow light to pass are called opaque.<ref name="B72" /><ref name="DG25">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 25</ref>

The diaphaneity of a mineral depends on the thickness of the sample. When a mineral is sufficiently thin (e.g., in a [[thin section]] for [[petrography]]), it may become transparent even if that property is not seen in a hand sample. In contrast, some minerals, such as [[hematite]] or pyrite, are opaque even in thin-section.<ref name="DG25" />

===Colour and streak===
{{main article|Streak (mineralogy)}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Quartz-Uvarovite-LTH15C.JPG
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Grossular-ww51a.jpg
| width2 = 161
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Colour is typically not a diagnostic property of minerals. Shown are green [[uvarovite]] (left) and red-pink [[grossular]] (right), both [[garnet]]s. The diagnostic features would include dodecahedral crystals, resinous lustre, and hardness around 7.
}}


Colour is the most obvious property of a mineral, but it is often non-diagnostic.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 23</ref> It is caused by [[electromagnetic radiation]] interacting with electrons (except in the case of [[incandescence]], which does not apply to minerals).<ref name="DG131144">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 131–44</ref> Two broad classes of elements (idiochromatic and allochromatic) are defined with regard to their contribution to a mineral's colour: Idiochromatic elements are essential to a mineral's composition; their contribution to a mineral's colour is diagnostic.<ref name="B72">{{harvnb|Busbey et al.|2007}}, p. 72</ref><ref name="DG24">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 24</ref> Examples of such minerals are [[malachite]] (green) and [[azurite]] (blue). In contrast, allochromatic elements in minerals are present in trace amounts as impurities. An example of such a mineral would be the [[ruby]] and [[sapphire]] varieties of the mineral [[corundum]].<ref name="DG24" />
The colours of pseudochromatic minerals are the result of [[Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] of light waves. Examples include [[labradorite]] and [[bornite]].

In addition to simple body colour, minerals can have various other distinctive optical properties, such as play of colours, [[Asterism (gemmology)|asterism]], [[chatoyancy]], [[iridescence]], tarnish, and [[pleochroism]]. Several of these properties involve variability in colour. Play of colour, such as in [[opal]], results in the sample reflecting different colours as it is turned, while pleochroism describes the change in colour as light passes through a mineral in a different orientation. Iridescence is a variety of the play of colours where light scatters off a coating on the surface of crystal, cleavage planes, or off layers having minor gradations in chemistry.<ref name="DG2426">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 24–26</ref> In contrast, the play of colours in opal is caused by light refracting from ordered microscopic silica spheres within its physical structure.<ref name="B73">{{harvnb|Busbey et al.|2007}}, p. 73</ref> Chatoyancy ("cat's eye") is the wavy banding of colour that is observed as the sample is rotated; asterism, a variety of chatoyancy, gives the appearance of a star on the mineral grain. The latter property is particularly common in gem-quality corundum.<ref name="DG2426" /><ref name="B73"/>


The streak of a mineral refers to the colour of a mineral in powdered form, which may or may not be identical to its body colour.<ref name="DG24" /> The most common way of testing this property is done with a streak plate, which is made out of porcelain and coloured either white or black. The streak of a mineral is independent of trace elements<ref name="B72" /> or any weathering surface.<ref name="DG24" /> A common example of this property is illustrated with [[hematite]], which is coloured black, silver or red in hand sample, but has a cherry-red<ref name="B72" /> to reddish-brown streak;<ref name="DG24" /><ref name=2112.d/> or with [[chalcopyrite]], which is brassy golden in colour and leaves a black streak.<ref name=2112.d/> Streak is more often distinctive for metallic minerals, in contrast to non-metallic minerals whose body colour is created by allochromatic elements.<ref name="B72" /> Streak testing is constrained by the hardness of the mineral, as those harder than 7 powder the ''streak plate'' instead.<ref name="DG24" />

===Cleavage, parting, fracture, and tenacity===
{{main article|Cleavage (crystal)|Fracture (mineralogy)}}
[[File:Biotite-Orthoclase-229808.jpg|thumb|Perfect basal cleavage as seen in [[biotite]] (black), and good cleavage seen in the matrix (pink [[orthoclase]]).]]
By definition, minerals have a characteristic atomic arrangement. Weakness in this crystalline structure causes planes of weakness, and the breakage of a mineral along such planes is termed cleavage. The quality of cleavage can be described based on how cleanly and easily the mineral breaks; common descriptors, in order of decreasing quality, are "perfect", "good", "distinct", and "poor". In particularly transparent minerals, or in thin-section, cleavage can be seen as a series of parallel lines marking the planar surfaces when viewed from the side. Cleavage is not a universal property among minerals; for example, quartz, consisting of extensively interconnected silica tetrahedra, does not have a crystallographic weakness which would allow it to cleave. In contrast, micas, which have perfect basal cleavage, consist of sheets of silica tetrahedra which are very weakly held together.<ref name="DG39-40" /><ref name="ChL30-31">{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 29–30</ref>

As cleavage is a function of crystallography, there are a variety of cleavage types. Cleavage occurs typically in either one, two, three, four, or six directions. Basal cleavage in one direction is a distinctive property of the [[mica]]s. Two-directional cleavage is described as prismatic, and occurs in minerals such as the amphiboles and pyroxenes. Minerals such as galena or halite have cubic (or isometric) cleavage in three directions, at 90°; when three directions of cleavage are present, but not at 90°, such as in calcite or [[rhodochrosite]], it is termed rhombohedral cleavage. Octahedral cleavage (four directions) is present in [[fluorite]] and diamond, and [[sphalerite]] has six-directional dodecahedral cleavage.<ref name="DG39-40" /><ref name="ChL30-31"/>

Minerals with many cleavages might not break equally well in all of the directions; for example, calcite has good cleavage in three directions, but gypsum has perfect cleavage in one direction, and poor cleavage in two other directions. Angles between cleavage planes vary between minerals. For example, as the amphiboles are double-chain silicates and the pyroxenes are single-chain silicates, the angle between their cleavage planes is different. The pyroxenes cleave in two directions at approximately 90°, whereas the amphiboles distinctively cleave in two directions separated by approximately 120° and 60°. The cleavage angles can be measured with a contact goniometer, which is similar to a protractor.<ref name="DG39-40" /><ref name="ChL30-31"/>

Parting, sometimes called "false cleavage", is similar in appearance to cleavage but is instead produced by structural defects in the mineral, as opposed to systematic weakness. Parting varies from crystal to crystal of a mineral, whereas all crystals of a given mineral will cleave if the atomic structure allows for that property. In general, parting is caused by some stress applied to a crystal. The sources of the stresses include deformation (e.g. an increase in pressure), exsolution, or twinning. Minerals that often display parting include the pyroxenes, hematite, magnetite, and corundum.<ref name="DG39-40">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 39–40</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 30–31</ref>

When a mineral is broken in a direction that does not correspond to a plane of cleavage, it is termed to have been fractured. There are several types of uneven fracture. The classic example is conchoidal fracture, like that of quartz; rounded surfaces are created, which are marked by smooth curved lines. This type of fracture occurs only in very homogeneous minerals. Other types of fracture are fibrous, splintery, and hackly. The latter describes a break along a rough, jagged surface; an example of this property is found in [[native copper]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 31–33</ref>

Tenacity is related to both cleavage and fracture. Whereas fracture and cleavage describes the surfaces that are created when a mineral is broken, tenacity describes how resistant a mineral is to such breaking. Minerals can be described as brittle, ductile, malleable, sectile, flexible, or elastic.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 30–31</ref>

===Specific gravity===
[[File:Calcite-Galena-elm56c.jpg|right|thumb|[[Galena]], PbS, is a mineral with a high specific gravity.]]
[[Specific gravity]] numerically describes the [[density]] of a mineral. The dimensions of density are mass divided by volume with units: kg/m3 or g/cm3. Specific gravity is defined as the density of the mineral divided by the density of water at 4 °C and thus is a dimensionless quantity, identical in all unit systems.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=97}} It can be measured as the quotient of the mass of the sample and difference between the weight of the sample in air and its corresponding weight in water. Among most minerals, this property is not diagnostic. Rock forming minerals – typically silicates or occasionally carbonates – have a specific gravity of 2.5–3.5.<ref name="DG4344">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 43–44</ref>

High specific gravity is a diagnostic property of a mineral. A variation in chemistry (and consequently, mineral class) correlates to a change in specific gravity. Among more common minerals, oxides and sulfides tend to have a higher specific gravity as they include elements with higher atomic mass. A generalization is that minerals with metallic or adamantine lustre tend to have higher specific gravities than those having a non-metallic to dull lustre. For example, [[hematite]], Fe2O3, has a specific gravity of 5.26<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-1856.html|title=Hematite|publisher=Mindat.org|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511194050/https://www.mindat.org/min-1856.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[galena]], PbS, has a specific gravity of 7.2–7.6,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-1641.html|title=Galena|publisher=Mindat.org|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511194055/https://www.mindat.org/min-1641.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which is a result of their high iron and lead content, respectively. A very high specific gravity is characteristic of [[native metal]]s; for example, [[kamacite]], an iron-nickel alloy common in [[iron meteorite]]s has a specific gravity of 7.9,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webmineral.com/data/Kamacite.shtml#.WsQTQGbn9SM|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=Webmineral.com|title=Kamacite|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213044915/http://webmineral.com/data/Kamacite.shtml#.WsQTQGbn9SM|url-status=live}}</ref> and gold has an observed specific gravity between 15 and 19.3.<ref name="DG4344" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-1720.html|title=Gold|publisher=Mindat.org|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427101610/https://www.mindat.org/min-1720.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other properties===
[[File:Carnotite-201050.jpg|thumb|[[Carnotite]] (yellow) is a [[Radioactivity|radioactive]] [[uranium]]-bearing mineral.]]
Other properties can be used to diagnose minerals. These are less general, and apply to specific minerals.

Dropping dilute [[acid]] (often 10% [[hydrochloric acid|HCl]]) onto a mineral aids in distinguishing [[carbonate]]s from other mineral classes. The acid reacts with the carbonate ([CO3]2−) group, which causes the affected area to [[effervesce]], giving off [[carbon dioxide]] gas. This test can be further expanded to test the mineral in its original crystal form or powdered form. An example of this test is done when distinguishing calcite from [[dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], especially within the rocks ([[limestone]] and [[dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] respectively). Calcite immediately effervesces in acid, whereas acid must be applied to powdered dolomite (often to a scratched surface in a rock), for it to effervesce.<ref name="DG4445">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 44–45</ref> [[Zeolite]] minerals will not effervesce in acid; instead, they become frosted after 5–10 minutes, and if left in acid for a day, they dissolve or become a [[silica gel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/id/mineral_id_keyi11.htm|title=Mineral Identification Key: Radioactivity, Magnetism, Acid Reactions|publisher=[[Mineralogical Society of America]]|access-date=2012-08-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922231836/http://minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/id/mineral_id_keyi11.htm|archive-date=2012-09-22}}</ref>

[[Magnetism]] is a very conspicuous property of a few minerals. Among common minerals, [[magnetite]] exhibits this property strongly, and magnetism is also present, albeit not as strongly, in [[pyrrhotite]] and [[ilmenite]].<ref name="DG4445" /> Some minerals exhibit electrical properties – for example, quartz is [[piezoelectric]] – but electrical properties are rarely used as diagnostic criteria for minerals because of incomplete data and natural variation.<ref name="Helman2016">{{cite journal | title=Symmetry-based electricity in minerals and rocks: A summary of extant data, with examples of centrosymmetric minerals that exhibit pyro- and piezoelectricity | author=Helman, Daniel S. | journal=Periodico di Mineralogia | year=2016 | volume=85 | issue=3 | doi=10.2451/2016PM590}}</ref>

Minerals can also be tested for taste or smell. [[Halite]], NaCl, is table salt; its potassium-bearing counterpart, [[sylvite]], has a pronounced bitter taste. Sulfides have a characteristic smell, especially as samples are fractured, reacting, or powdered.<ref name="DG4445" />

[[Radioactivity]] is a rare property found in minerals containing radioactive elements. The radioactive elements could be a defining constituent, such as [[uranium]] in [[uraninite]], [[autunite]], and [[carnotite]], or present as trace impurities, as in [[zircon]]. The decay of a radioactive element damages the mineral crystal structure rendering it locally [[amorphous]] ([[Metamictisation|metamict state]]); the optical result, termed a ''radioactive halo'' or ''[[pleochroic halo]]'', is observable with various techniques, such as [[thin section|thin-section]] [[petrography]].<ref name="DG4445" />

==Classification==

===Earliest classifications===

In 315 [[BCE]], [[Theophrastus]] presented his classification of minerals in his treatise ''On Stones''. His classification was influenced by the ideas of his teachers [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. Theophrastus classified minerals as stones, earths or metals.<ref name="Staples1983">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Staples |first=L.W. |chapter=Mineral classification: History |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Mineralogy |series=Encyclopedia of Earth Science |date=1983 |pages=247–249 |publisher=Springer |location=Boston |doi=10.1007/0-387-30720-6_76 |isbn=978-0-87933-184-9 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Georgius Agricola]]'s classification of minerals in his book ''De Natura Fossilium'', published in 1546, divided minerals into three types of substance: simple (stones, earths, metals, and congealed juices), compound (intimately mixed) and composite (separable).<ref name="Staples1983"/>

===Linnaeus===
An early classification of minerals was given by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his seminal 1735 book ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He divided the natural world into three kingdoms – plants, animals, and minerals – and classified each with the same hierarchy.<ref name="wilk">{{cite book|last1=Wilk|first1=H|editor1-last=Wilk|editor1-first=H|title=The Magic of Minerals|date=1986|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-642-64783-3|page=154|chapter-format=Hardcover|chapter=Systematic Classification of Minerals|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-61304-3|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-61304-3_7|access-date=2018-11-13|archive-date=2018-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010823/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-61304-3|url-status=live}}</ref> In descending order, these were Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Tribe, Genus, and Species. However, while his system was justified by [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of species formation and has been largely adopted and expanded by [[biologist]]s in the following centuries (who still use his Greek- and Latin-based [[binomial name|binomial naming]] scheme), it had little success among mineralogists (although each distinct mineral is still formally referred to as a mineral ''species'').

===Modern classification===
{{See also|Abundance of elements in Earth's crust}}

Minerals are classified by variety, species, series and group, in order of increasing generality. The basic level of definition is that of mineral species, each of which is distinguished from the others by unique chemical and physical properties. For example, quartz is defined by its [[Chemical formula|formula]], SiO2, and a specific [[Crystal structure|crystalline structure]] that distinguishes it from other minerals with the same chemical formula (termed [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphs]]). When there exists a range of composition between two minerals species, a mineral series is defined. For example, the [[biotite]] series is represented by variable amounts of the [[endmembers]] [[phlogopite]], [[siderophyllite]], [[annite]], and [[eastonite]]. In contrast, a mineral group is a grouping of mineral species with some common chemical properties that share a crystal structure. The [[pyroxene]] group has a common formula of XY(Si,Al)2O6, where X and Y are both cations, with X typically [[ionic radius|bigger]] than Y; the pyroxenes are single-chain silicates that crystallize in either the [[orthorhombic]] or [[monoclinic]] crystal systems. Finally, a mineral variety is a specific type of mineral species that differs by some physical characteristic, such as colour or crystal habit. An example is [[amethyst]], which is a purple variety of quartz.<ref name="DG20-22">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 20–22</ref>

Two common classifications, Dana and Strunz, are used for minerals; both rely on composition, specifically with regard to important chemical groups, and structure. [[James Dwight Dana]], a leading geologist of his time, first published his ''System of Mineralogy'' in 1837; {{As of|1997|lc=y}}, it is in its eighth edition. The [[Dana classification]] assigns a four-part number to a mineral species. Its class number is based on important compositional groups; the type gives the ratio of cations to anions in the mineral, and the last two numbers group minerals by structural similarity within a given type or class. The less commonly used [[Strunz classification]], named for German mineralogist [[Karl Hugo Strunz]], is based on the Dana system, but combines both chemical and structural criteria, the latter with regard to distribution of chemical bonds.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp 558–59</ref>

As the composition of the Earth's crust is dominated by silicon and oxygen, silicates are by far the most important class of minerals in terms of rock formation and diversity. However, non-silicate minerals are of great economic importance, especially as ores.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 641</ref><ref name="{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 681">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 681</ref> Non-silicate minerals are subdivided into several other classes by their dominant chemistry, which includes native elements, sulfides, halides, oxides and hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates, borates, sulfates, phosphates, and organic compounds. Most non-silicate mineral species are rare (constituting in total 8% of the Earth's crust), although some are relatively common, such as calcite, [[pyrite]], [[magnetite]], and [[hematite]]. There are two major structural styles observed in non-silicates: close-packing and silicate-like linked tetrahedra. [[Close-packing of equal spheres|Close-packed structures]] are a way to densely pack atoms while minimizing interstitial space. Hexagonal close-packing involves stacking layers where every other layer is the same ("ababab"), whereas cubic close-packing involves stacking groups of three layers ("abcabcabc"). Analogues to linked silica tetrahedra include {{Chem|S|O|4|4-}} ([[sulfate]]), {{Chem|P|O|4|4-}} ([[phosphate]]), {{Chem|As|O|4|4-}} ([[arsenate]]), and {{Chem|V|O|4|4-}} ([[vanadate]]) structures. The non-silicates have great economic importance, as they concentrate elements more than the silicate minerals do.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 641–43</ref>

The largest grouping of minerals by far are the [[Silicate minerals|silicates]]; most rocks are composed of greater than 95% silicate minerals, and over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of these minerals.<ref name="{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 104">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 104</ref> The two main constituents of silicates are silicon and oxygen, which are the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust. Other common elements in silicate minerals correspond to other common elements in the Earth's crust, such as aluminium, magnesium, iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 5</ref> Some important rock-forming silicates include the [[feldspar]]s, quartz, [[olivine]]s, [[pyroxene]]s, [[amphibole]]s, [[garnet]]s, and [[mica]]s.

===Silicates===
{{main article|Silicate minerals}}
[[File:Aegirine-233494.jpg|right|thumb|[[Aegirine]], an iron-sodium clinopyroxene, is part of the inosilicate subclass.]]
The base unit of a silicate mineral is the [SiO4]4− tetrahedron. In the vast majority of cases, silicon is in four-fold or tetrahedral coordination with oxygen. In very high-pressure situations, silicon will be in six-fold or octahedral coordination, such as in the [[perovskite structure]] or the quartz polymorph [[stishovite]] (SiO2). In the latter case, the mineral no longer has a silicate structure, but that of [[rutile]] (TiO2), and its associated group, which are simple oxides. These silica tetrahedra are then polymerized to some degree to create various structures, such as one-dimensional chains, two-dimensional sheets, and three-dimensional frameworks. The basic silicate mineral where no polymerization of the tetrahedra has occurred requires other elements to balance out the base 4- charge. In other silicate structures, different combinations of elements are required to balance out the resultant negative charge. It is common for the Si4+ to be substituted by Al3+ because of similarity in ionic radius and charge; in those cases, the [AlO4]5− tetrahedra form the same structures as do the unsubstituted tetrahedra, but their charge-balancing requirements are different.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 104–20</ref>

The degree of polymerization can be described by both the structure formed and how many tetrahedral corners (or coordinating oxygens) are shared (for aluminium and silicon in tetrahedral sites):<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 105</ref><ref name="Dyar 2008 104–17">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008|pp=104–17}}</ref>
;Orthosilicates (or nesosilicates): Have no linking of polyhedra, thus tetrahedra share no corners.
;Disilicates (or sorosilicates): Have two tetrahedra sharing one oxygen atom.
;Inosilicates are chain silicates: Single-chain silicates have two shared corners, whereas double-chain silicates have two or three shared corners.
;Phyllosilicates: Have a sheet structure which requires three shared oxygens; in the case of double-chain silicates, some tetrahedra must share two corners instead of three as otherwise a sheet structure would result.
;Framework silicates (or tectosilicates): Have tetrahedra that share all four corners.
;Ring silicates (or cyclosilicates): Only need tetrahedra to share two corners to form the cyclical structure.<ref name="Dyar 2008 104–17"/>

The silicate subclasses are described below in order of decreasing polymerization.

====Tectosilicates====
[[File:Natroliteinde1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Natrolite]] is a mineral series in the zeolite group; this sample has a very prominent acicular crystal habit.]]
Tectosilicates, also known as framework silicates, have the highest degree of polymerization. With all corners of a tetrahedra shared, the silicon:oxygen ratio becomes 1:2. Examples are quartz, the [[feldspar]]s, [[feldspathoid]]s, and the [[zeolite]]s. Framework silicates tend to be particularly chemically stable as a result of strong covalent bonds.{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993|p=524}}

Forming 12% of the Earth's crust, [[quartz]] (SiO2) is the most abundant mineral species. It is characterized by its high chemical and physical resistivity. Quartz has several polymorphs, including [[tridymite]] and [[cristobalite]] at high temperatures, high-pressure [[coesite]], and ultra-high pressure [[stishovite]]. The latter mineral can only be formed on Earth by meteorite impacts, and its structure has been compressed so much that it has changed from a silicate structure to that of [[rutile]] (TiO2). The silica polymorph that is most stable at the Earth's surface is α-quartz. Its counterpart, β-quartz, is present only at high temperatures and pressures (changes to α-quartz below 573 °C at 1 bar). These two polymorphs differ by a "kinking" of bonds; this change in structure gives β-quartz greater symmetry than α-quartz, and they are thus also called high quartz (β) and low quartz (α).<ref name="{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 104"/><ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 578–83</ref>

Feldspars are the most abundant group in the Earth's crust, at about 50%. In the feldspars, Al3+ substitutes for Si4+, which creates a charge imbalance that must be accounted for by the addition of cations. The base structure becomes either [AlSi3O8]− or [Al2Si2O8]2− There are 22 mineral species of feldspars, subdivided into two major subgroups – alkali and plagioclase – and two less common groups – [[celsian]] and [[banalsite]]. The alkali feldspars are most commonly in a series between potassium-rich orthoclase and sodium-rich [[albite]]; in the case of plagioclase, the most common series ranges from albite to calcium-rich [[anorthite]]. Crystal twinning is common in feldspars, especially polysynthetic twins in plagioclase and Carlsbad twins in alkali feldspars. If the latter subgroup cools slowly from a melt, it forms exsolution lamellae because the two components – orthoclase and albite – are unstable in solid solution. Exsolution can be on a scale from microscopic to readily observable in hand-sample; perthitic texture forms when Na-rich feldspar exsolve in a K-rich host. The opposite texture (antiperthitic), where K-rich feldspar exsolves in a Na-rich host, is very rare.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 583–88</ref>

Feldspathoids are structurally similar to feldspar, but differ in that they form in Si-deficient conditions, which allows for further substitution by Al3+. As a result, feldspathoids are almost never found in association with quartz. A common example of a feldspathoid is [[nepheline]] ((Na, K)AlSiO4); compared to alkali feldspar, nepheline has an Al2O3:SiO2 ratio of 1:2, as opposed to 1:6 in alkali feldspar.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 588</ref> Zeolites often have distinctive crystal habits, occurring in needles, plates, or blocky masses. They form in the presence of water at low temperatures and pressures, and have channels and voids in their structure. Zeolites have several industrial applications, especially in waste water treatment.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 589–93</ref>

====Phyllosilicates====
[[File:Muscovite-Albite-122886.jpg|right|upright=1.15|thumb|Muscovite, a mineral species in the mica group, within the phyllosilicate subclass]]
Phyllosilicates consist of sheets of polymerized tetrahedra. They are bound at three oxygen sites, which gives a characteristic silicon:oxygen ratio of 2:5. Important examples include the [[mica]], [[Chlorite group|chlorite]], and the [[kaolinite]]-[[Serpentine group|serpentine]] groups. In addition to the tetrahedra, phyllosilicates have a sheet of octahedra (elements in six-fold coordination by oxygen) that balance out the basic tetrahedra, which have a negative charge (e.g. [Si4O10]4−) These tetrahedra (T) and octahedra (O) sheets are stacked in a variety of combinations to create phyllosilicate layers. Within an octahedral sheet, there are three octahedral sites in a unit structure; however, not all of the sites may be occupied. In that case, the mineral is termed dioctahedral, whereas in other case it is termed trioctahedral.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 110</ref> The layers are weakly bound by [[van der Waals forces]], [[hydrogen bond]]s, or sparse [[ionic bond]]s, which causes a crystallographic weakness, in turn leading to a prominent basal cleavage among the phyllosilicates.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 525</ref>

The kaolinite-serpentine group consists of T-O stacks (the 1:1 clay minerals); their hardness ranges from 2 to 4, as the sheets are held by hydrogen bonds. The 2:1 clay minerals (pyrophyllite-talc) consist of T-O-T stacks, but they are softer (hardness from 1 to 2), as they are instead held together by van der Waals forces. These two groups of minerals are subgrouped by octahedral occupation; specifically, kaolinite and pyrophyllite are dioctahedral whereas serpentine and talc trioctahedral.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 110–13</ref>

Micas are also T-O-T-stacked phyllosilicates, but differ from the other T-O-T and T-O-stacked subclass members in that they incorporate aluminium into the tetrahedral sheets (clay minerals have Al3+ in octahedral sites). Common examples of micas are [[muscovite]], and the [[biotite]] series. Mica T-O-T layers are bonded together by metal ions, giving them a greater hardness than other phyllosilicate minerals, though they retain perfect basal cleavage.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=238}} The chlorite group is related to mica group, but a [[brucite]]-like (Mg(OH)2) layer between the T-O-T stacks.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 602–05</ref>

Because of their chemical structure, phyllosilicates typically have flexible, elastic, transparent layers that are electrical insulators and can be split into very thin flakes. Micas can be used in electronics as insulators, in construction, as optical filler, or even cosmetics. Chrysotile, a species of serpentine, is the most common mineral species in industrial asbestos, as it is less dangerous in terms of health than the amphibole asbestos.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 593–95</ref>

====Inosilicates====
[[File:Asbestos with muscovite.jpg|thumb|[[Asbestiform]] [[tremolite]], part of the amphibole group in the inosilicate subclass]]
Inosilicates consist of tetrahedra repeatedly bonded in chains. These chains can be single, where a tetrahedron is bound to two others to form a continuous chain; alternatively, two chains can be merged to create double-chain silicates. Single-chain silicates have a silicon:oxygen ratio of 1:3 (e.g. [Si2O6]4−), whereas the double-chain variety has a ratio of 4:11, e.g. [Si8O22]12−. Inosilicates contain two important rock-forming mineral groups; single-chain silicates are most commonly [[pyroxene]]s, while double-chain silicates are often [[amphibole]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 537</ref> Higher-order chains exist (e.g. three-member, four-member, five-member chains, etc.) but they are rare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webmineral.com/strunz/strunz.php?class=09&subclass=09.D|title=09.D Inosilicates|publisher=Webmineral.com|access-date=2012-08-20|archive-date=2017-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702022444/http://webmineral.com/strunz/strunz.php?class=09&subclass=09.D|url-status=live}}</ref>

The pyroxene group consists of 21 mineral species.<ref name="DG112" /> Pyroxenes have a general structure formula of XY(Si2O6), where X is an octahedral site, while Y can vary in coordination number from six to eight. Most varieties of pyroxene consist of permutations of Ca2+, Fe2+ and Mg2+ to balance the negative charge on the backbone. Pyroxenes are common in the Earth's crust (about 10%) and are a key constituent of mafic igneous rocks.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}} pp. 612–13</ref>

Amphiboles have great variability in chemistry, described variously as a "mineralogical garbage can" or a "mineralogical shark swimming a sea of elements". The backbone of the amphiboles is the [Si8O22]12−; it is balanced by cations in three possible positions, although the third position is not always used, and one element can occupy both remaining ones. Finally, the amphiboles are usually hydrated, that is, they have a hydroxyl group ([OH]−), although it can be replaced by a fluoride, a chloride, or an oxide ion.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 606–12</ref> Because of the variable chemistry, there are over 80 species of amphibole, although variations, as in the pyroxenes, most commonly involve mixtures of Ca2+, Fe2+ and Mg2+.<ref name="DG112">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 112</ref> Several amphibole mineral species can have an [[asbestiform]] crystal habit. These asbestos minerals form long, thin, flexible, and strong fibres, which are electrical insulators, chemically inert and heat-resistant; as such, they have several applications, especially in construction materials. However, asbestos are known carcinogens, and cause various other illnesses, such as [[asbestosis]]; amphibole asbestos ([[anthophyllite]], [[tremolite]], [[actinolite]], [[grunerite]], and [[riebeckite]]) are considered more dangerous than [[chrysotile]] serpentine asbestos.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 611–12</ref>

====Cyclosilicates====
[[File:Elbaite-121353.jpg|right|thumb|An example of elbaite, a species of tourmaline, with distinctive colour banding.]]
Cyclosilicates, or ring silicates, have a ratio of silicon to oxygen of 1:3. Six-member rings are most common, with a base structure of [Si6O18]12−; examples include the [[tourmaline]] group and [[beryl]]. Other ring structures exist, with 3, 4, 8, 9, 12 having been described.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 113–15</ref> Cyclosilicates tend to be strong, with elongated, striated crystals.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 558</ref>

Tourmalines have a very complex chemistry that can be described by a general formula XY3Z6(BO3)3T6O18V3W. The T6O18 is the basic ring structure, where T is usually Si4+, but substitutable by Al3+ or B3+. Tourmalines can be subgrouped by the occupancy of the X site, and from there further subdivided by the chemistry of the W site. The Y and Z sites can accommodate a variety of cations, especially various transition metals; this variability in structural transition metal content gives the tourmaline group greater variability in colour. Other cyclosilicates include beryl, Al2Be3Si6O18, whose varieties include the gemstones emerald (green) and aquamarine (bluish). [[Cordierite]] is structurally similar to beryl, and is a common metamorphic mineral.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 617–21</ref>

====Sorosilicates====
[[File:Epidote Oisans.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Epidote often has a distinctive pistachio-green colour.]]
Sorosilicates, also termed disilicates, have tetrahedron-tetrahedron bonding at one oxygen, which results in a 2:7 ratio of silicon to oxygen. The resultant common structural element is the [Si2O7]6− group. The most common disilicates by far are members of the [[epidote]] group. Epidotes are found in variety of geologic settings, ranging from mid-ocean ridge to granites to [[pelite|metapelites]]. Epidotes are built around the structure [(SiO4)(Si2O7)]10− structure; for example, the mineral ''species'' epidote has calcium, aluminium, and ferric iron to charge balance: Ca2Al2(Fe3+, Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH). The presence of iron as Fe3+ and Fe2+ helps buffer oxygen [[fugacity]], which in turn is a significant factor in petrogenesis.<ref name="DG612-627">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 612–27</ref>

Other examples of sorosilicates include [[lawsonite]], a metamorphic mineral forming in the [[blueschist]] facies (subduction zone setting with low temperature and high pressure), [[vesuvianite]], which takes up a significant amount of calcium in its chemical structure.<ref name="DG612-627" /><ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 565–73</ref>

====Orthosilicates====
[[File:Andradite-172390.jpg|right|thumb|Black andradite, an end-member of the orthosilicate garnet group.]]
Orthosilicates consist of isolated tetrahedra that are charge-balanced by other cations.<ref name="DG116-117">{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 116–17</ref> Also termed nesosilicates, this type of silicate has a silicon:oxygen ratio of 1:4 (e.g. SiO4). Typical orthosilicates tend to form blocky equant crystals, and are fairly hard.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 573</ref> Several rock-forming minerals are part of this subclass, such as the aluminosilicates, the olivine group, and the garnet group.

The aluminosilicates –bkyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite, all Al2SiO5 – are structurally composed of one [SiO4]4− tetrahedron, and one Al3+ in octahedral coordination. The remaining Al3+ can be in six-fold coordination (kyanite), five-fold (andalusite) or four-fold (sillimanite); which mineral forms in a given environment is depend on pressure and temperature conditions. In the olivine structure, the main olivine series of (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 consist of magnesium-rich forsterite and iron-rich fayalite. Both iron and magnesium are in octahedral by oxygen. Other mineral species having this structure exist, such as [[tephroite]], Mn2SiO4.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 574–75</ref> The garnet group has a general formula of X3Y2(SiO4)3, where X is a large eight-fold coordinated cation, and Y is a smaller six-fold coordinated cation. There are six ideal endmembers of garnet, split into two group. The pyralspite garnets have Al3+ in the Y position: [[pyrope]] (Mg3Al2(SiO4)3), [[almandine]] (Fe3Al2(SiO4)3), and [[spessartine]] (Mn3Al2(SiO4)3). The ugrandite garnets have Ca2+ in the X position: [[uvarovite]] (Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3), [[grossular]] (Ca3Al2(SiO4)3) and [[andradite]] (Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3). While there are two subgroups of garnet, solid solutions exist between all six end-members.<ref name="DG116-117"/>

Other orthosilicates include [[zircon]], [[staurolite]], and [[topaz]]. Zircon (ZrSiO4) is useful in geochronology as U6+ can substitute for Zr4+; furthermore, because of its very resistant structure, it is difficult to reset it as a chronometer. Staurolite is a common metamorphic intermediate-grade index mineral. It has a particularly complicated crystal structure that was only fully described in 1986. Topaz (Al2SiO4(F, OH)2, often found in granitic pegmatites associated with [[tourmaline]], is a common gemstone mineral.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 627–34</ref>

===Non-silicates===

====Native elements====
{{main article|Native element minerals}}
[[File:Gold-mz4b.jpg|thumb|Native gold. Rare specimen of stout crystals growing off of a central stalk, size 3.7 x 1.1 x 0.4 cm, from Venezuela.]]
[[native element minerals|Native elements]] are those that are not chemically bonded to other elements. This mineral group includes [[native metal]]s, semi-metals, and non-metals, and various alloys and solid solutions. The metals are held together by metallic bonding, which confers distinctive physical properties such as their shiny metallic lustre, ductility and malleability, and electrical conductivity. Native elements are subdivided into groups by their structure or chemical attributes.

The gold group, with a cubic close-packed structure, includes metals such as gold, silver, and copper. The platinum group is similar in structure to the gold group. The iron-nickel group is characterized by several iron-nickel alloy species. Two examples are [[kamacite]] and [[taenite]], which are found in iron meteorites; these species differ by the amount of Ni in the alloy; kamacite has less than 5–7% nickel and is a variety of [[telluric iron|native iron]], whereas the nickel content of taenite ranges from 7–37%. Arsenic group minerals consist of semi-metals, which have only some metallic traits; for example, they lack the malleability of metals. Native carbon occurs in two allotropes, graphite and diamond; the latter forms at very high pressure in the mantle, which gives it a much stronger structure than graphite.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 644–48</ref>

====Sulfides====
{{main article|Sulfide minerals}}
[[File:Cinnabar on Dolomite.jpg|right|thumb|Red cinnabar (HgS), a mercury ore, on dolomite.]]
[[File:Geodized brachiopod.jpg|right|thumb|Sphalerite crystal partially encased in [[calcite]] from the [[Devonian]] [[Milwaukee Formation]] of [[Wisconsin]]]]
The [[sulfide minerals]] are chemical compounds of one or more metals or semimetals with a [[chalcogen]] or [[pnictogen]], of which sulfur is most common. Tellurium, arsenic, or selenium can substitute for the sulfur. Sulfides tend to be soft, brittle minerals with a high specific gravity. Many powdered sulfides, such as pyrite, have a sulfurous smell when powdered. Sulfides are susceptible to weathering, and many readily dissolve in water; these dissolved minerals can be later redeposited, which creates enriched secondary ore deposits.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 357</ref> Sulfides are classified by the ratio of the metal or semimetal to the sulfur, such as M:S equal to 2:1, or 1:1.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 649</ref> Many [[sulfide mineral]]s are economically important as metal [[ore]]s; examples include [[sphalerite]] (ZnS), an ore of zinc, [[galena]] (PbS), an ore of lead, [[cinnabar]] (HgS), an ore of mercury, and [[molybdenite]] (MoS2, an ore of molybdenum.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 651–54</ref> Pyrite (FeS2), is the most commonly occurring sulfide, and can be found in most geological environments. It is not, however, an ore of iron, but can be instead oxidized to produce [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 654</ref> Related to the sulfides are the rare [[Sulfosalt mineral|sulfosalts]], in which a metallic element is bonded to sulfur and a semimetal such as [[antimony]], [[arsenic]], or [[bismuth]]. Like the sulfides, sulfosalts are typically soft, heavy, and brittle minerals.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 383</ref>

====Oxides====
{{main article|Oxide minerals}}
[[Oxide minerals]] are divided into three categories: simple oxides, hydroxides, and multiple oxides. Simple oxides are characterized by O2− as the main anion and primarily ionic bonding. They can be further subdivided by the ratio of oxygen to the cations. The [[periclase]] group consists of minerals with a 1:1 ratio. Oxides with a 2:1 ratio include [[cuprite]] (Cu2O) and water ice. Corundum group minerals have a 2:3 ratio, and includes minerals such as [[corundum]] (Al2O3), and [[hematite]] (Fe2O3). Rutile group minerals have a ratio of 1:2; the eponymous species, rutile (TiO2) is the chief ore of [[titanium]]; other examples include [[cassiterite]] (SnO2; ore of [[tin]]), and [[pyrolusite]] (MnO2; ore of [[manganese]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 400–03</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 657–60</ref> In hydroxides, the dominant anion is the hydroxyl ion, OH−. [[Bauxite]]s are the chief aluminium ore, and are a heterogeneous mixture of the hydroxide minerals [[diaspore]], [[gibbsite]], and [[bohmite]]; they form in areas with a very high rate of chemical weathering (mainly tropical conditions).<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 663–64</ref> Finally, multiple oxides are compounds of two metals with oxygen. A major group within this class are the [[spinel group|spinels]], with a general formula of X2+Y3+2O4. Examples of species include [[spinel]] (MgAl2O4), [[chromite]] (FeCr2O4), and [[magnetite]] (Fe3O4). The latter is readily distinguishable by its strong magnetism, which occurs as it has iron in two [[oxidation state]]s (Fe2+Fe3+2O4), which makes it a multiple oxide instead of a single oxide.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 660–63</ref>

====Halides====
{{main article|Halide minerals}}
[[File:Halite-Nahcolite-51411.jpg|thumb|Pink cubic [[halite]] (NaCl; halide class) crystals on a [[nahcolite]] matrix (NaHCO3; a carbonate, and mineral form of sodium bicarbonate, used as [[baking soda]]).]]

The [[halide minerals]] are compounds in which a [[halogen]] (fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine) is the main anion. These minerals tend to be soft, weak, brittle, and water-soluble. Common examples of halides include halite (NaCl, table salt), [[sylvite]] (KCl), and [[fluorite]] (CaF2). Halite and sylvite commonly form as [[evaporite]]s, and can be dominant minerals in chemical sedimentary rocks. [[Cryolite]], Na3AlF6, is a key mineral in the extraction of aluminium from [[bauxite]]s; however, as the only significant occurrence at [[Ivittuut]], [[Greenland]], in a granitic pegmatite, was depleted, synthetic cryolite can be made from fluorite.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 425–30</ref>

====Carbonates====
{{main article|Carbonate minerals}}
The [[carbonate minerals]] are those in which the main anionic group is carbonate, [CO3]2−. Carbonates tend to be brittle, many have rhombohedral cleavage, and all react with acid.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 431</ref> Due to the last characteristic, field geologists often carry dilute hydrochloric acid to distinguish carbonates from non-carbonates. The reaction of acid with carbonates, most commonly found as the polymorph calcite and [[aragonite]] (CaCO3), relates to the dissolution and precipitation of the mineral, which is a key in the formation of limestone caves, features within them such as stalactite and stalagmites, and [[karst]] landforms. Carbonates are most often formed as biogenic or chemical sediments in marine environments. The carbonate group is structurally a triangle, where a central C4+ cation is surrounded by three O2− anions; different groups of minerals form from different arrangements of these triangles.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 667</ref> The most common carbonate mineral is calcite, which is the primary constituent of sedimentary limestone and metamorphic marble. Calcite, CaCO3, can have a significant percentage of magnesium substituting for calcium. Under high-Mg conditions, its polymorph aragonite will form instead; the marine geochemistry in this regard can be described as an [[aragonite sea|aragonite]] or [[calcite sea]], depending on which mineral preferentially forms. [[Dolomite (mineral)|Dolomite]] is a double carbonate, with the formula CaMg(CO3)2. Secondary dolomitization of limestone is common, in which calcite or aragonite are converted to dolomite; this reaction increases pore space (the unit cell volume of dolomite is 88% that of calcite), which can create a reservoir for oil and gas. These two mineral species are members of eponymous mineral groups: the calcite group includes carbonates with the general formula XCO3, and the dolomite group constitutes minerals with the general formula XY(CO3)2.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 668–69</ref>

====Sulfates====
{{main article|Sulfate minerals}}
[[File:Roses des Sables Tunisie.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Gypsum desert rose]]
The [[sulfate mineral]]s all contain the sulfate anion, [SO4]2−. They tend to be transparent to translucent, soft, and many are fragile.<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, p. 453</ref> Sulfate minerals commonly form as [[evaporite]]s, where they precipitate out of evaporating saline waters. Sulfates can also be found in hydrothermal vein systems associated with sulfides,<ref>{{harvnb|Chesterman|Lowe|2008}}, pp. 456–57</ref> or as oxidation products of sulfides.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 674</ref> Sulfates can be subdivided into anhydrous and hydrous minerals. The most common hydrous sulfate by far is [[gypsum]], CaSO4⋅2H2O. It forms as an evaporite, and is associated with other evaporites such as calcite and halite; if it incorporates sand grains as it crystallizes, gypsum can form [[Desert rose (crystal)|desert roses]]. Gypsum has very low thermal conductivity and maintains a low temperature when heated as it loses that heat by dehydrating; as such, gypsum is used as an insulator in materials such as plaster and drywall. The anhydrous equivalent of gypsum is [[anhydrite]]; it can form directly from seawater in highly arid conditions. The barite group has the general formula XSO4, where the X is a large 12-coordinated cation. Examples include [[barite]] (BaSO4), [[Celestine (mineral)|celestine]] (SrSO4), and [[anglesite]] (PbSO4); anhydrite is not part of the barite group, as the smaller Ca2+ is only in eight-fold coordination.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 672–73</ref>

====Phosphates====
{{main article|Phosphate minerals}}
The [[phosphate minerals]] are characterized by the tetrahedral [PO4]3− unit, although the structure can be generalized, and phosphorus is replaced by antimony, arsenic, or vanadium. The most common phosphate is the [[apatite]] group; common species within this group are fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F), chlorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3Cl) and hydroxylapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)). Minerals in this group are the main crystalline constituents of teeth and bones in vertebrates. The relatively abundant [[monazite]] group has a general structure of ATO4, where T is phosphorus or arsenic, and A is often a [[rare-earth element]] (REE). Monazite is important in two ways: first, as a REE "sink", it can sufficiently concentrate these elements to become an ore; secondly, monazite group elements can incorporate relatively large amounts of uranium and thorium, which can be used in [[monazite geochronology]] to date the rock based on the decay of the U and Th to lead.<ref>{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, pp. 675–80</ref>

====Organic minerals====
{{main article|Organic mineral}}
The Strunz classification includes a class for [[Strunz classification#Class: organic compounds|organic minerals]]. These rare compounds contain [[Organic compound|organic carbon]], but can be formed by a geologic process. For example, [[whewellite]], CaC2O4⋅H2O is an [[oxalate]] that can be deposited in hydrothermal ore veins. While hydrated calcium oxalate can be found in coal seams and other sedimentary deposits involving organic matter, the hydrothermal occurrence is not considered to be related to biological activity.<ref name="{{harvnb|Dyar|Gunter|2008}}, p. 681"/>

===Recent advances===
Mineral classification schemes and their definitions are evolving to match recent advances in mineral science. Recent changes have included the addition of an organic class, in both the new Dana and the [[Strunz classification]] schemes.<ref name=Dana>{{cite web|title=Dana Classification 8th edition – Organic Compounds|url=http://www.mindat.org/dana.php?a=50|website=mindat.org|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130718/http://www.mindat.org/dana.php?a=50|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Strunz>{{cite web|title=Nickel-Strunz Classification – silicates (Germanates) 10th edition|url=https://www.mindat.org/strunz.php?a=9|website=mindat.org|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105215152/https://www.mindat.org/strunz.php?a=9|url-status=live}}</ref> The organic class includes a very rare group of minerals with [[hydrocarbons]]. The IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names adopted in 2009 a hierarchical scheme for the naming and classification of mineral groups and group names and established seven commissions and four working groups to review and classify minerals into an official listing of their published names.<ref name="Mills09" /><ref>[http://www.ima-mineralogy.org/sciactivities.html IMA divisions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810045840/http://www.ima-mineralogy.org/sciactivities.html |date=2011-08-10 }}. Ima-mineralogy.org (2011-01-12). Retrieved on 2011-10-20.</ref> According to these new rules, "mineral species can be grouped in a number of different ways, on the basis of chemistry, crystal structure, occurrence, association, genetic history, or resource, for example, depending on the purpose to be served by the classification."<ref name="Mills09">{{cite journal | last1=Mills | first1=J.S. | last2=Hatert | first2=F. | last3=Nickel | first3=E.H. | last4=Ferraris | first4=G. | title=The standardisation of mineral group hierarchies: application to recent nomenclature proposals | journal=European Journal of Mineralogy | volume=21 | pages=1073–80 | doi=10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1994 | date=2009 | issue=5 | bibcode=2009EJMin..21.1073M | hdl=2268/29163 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Astrobiology==
It has been suggested that [[Biomineralization|biominerals]] could be important indicators of [[extraterrestrial life]] and thus could play an important role in the search for past or present [[life on Mars]]. Furthermore, [[Organic compounds (minerals)|organic components]] ([[biosignature]]s) that are often associated with biominerals are believed to play crucial roles in both pre-biotic and [[Biotic material|biotic]] reactions.<ref name=SSG >{{Cite book |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Beaty |contribution=Final report of the MEPAG Astrobiology Field Laboratory Science Steering Group (AFL-SSG) |title=The Astrobiology Field Laboratory |editor1-first=Andrew |editor1-last=Steele |publisher=[[Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group]] (MEPAG) – NASA |page=72 |date=September 26, 2006 |url=http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/AFL_SSG_WHITE_PAPER_v3.doc |format=.doc |access-date=2009-07-22 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=2020-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511055338/https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/AFL_SSG_WHITE_PAPER_v3.doc |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2014, NASA reported that studies by the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'']] and [[Opportunity (rover)|''Opportunity'']] [[Mars rover|rovers]] on Mars would search for evidence of ancient life, including a [[biosphere]] based on [[autotroph]]ic, [[chemotroph]]ic and/or [[Lithotroph#Chemolithotrophs|chemolithoautotrophic]] [[microorganism]]s, as well as ancient water, including [[Lacustrine plain|fluvio-lacustrine environments]] ([[plain]]s related to ancient [[river]]s or [[lake]]s) that may have been [[Planetary habitability|habitable]].<ref name="SCI-20140124a">{{cite journal |last=Grotzinger |first=John P. |title=Introduction to Special Issue – Habitability, Taphonomy, and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=January 24, 2014 |volume=343 |number=6169 |pages=386–87 |doi=10.1126/science.1249944 |pmid=24458635 |bibcode=2014Sci...343..386G |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20140124special">{{cite journal |title=Exploring Martian Habitability |date=January 24, 2014 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=343 |number=6169 |pages=345–452 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20140124">{{cite journal |title=Special Collection – Curiosity – Exploring Martian Habitability |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/curiosity/index.xhtml |date=January 24, 2014 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |access-date=January 24, 2014 |archive-date=April 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420071142/https://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/curiosity/index.xhtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20140124c">{{cite journal |author=Grotzinger, J.P. |display-authors=etal |title=A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars |date=January 24, 2014 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=343 |number=6169 |doi=10.1126/science.1242777 |pmid=24324272 |article-number=1242777 |citeseerx=10.1.1.455.3973 |bibcode=2014Sci...343A.386G |s2cid=52836398 }}</ref> The search for evidence of [[Planetary habitability|habitability]], [[taphonomy]] (related to [[fossils]]), and [[organic carbon]] on the planet [[Mars]] became a primary [[NASA]] objective.<ref name="SCI-20140124a"/><ref name="SCI-20140124special"/>

==See also==
{{portal|Minerals}}
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Agrominerals}}
* {{annotated link|Amateur geology}}
* {{annotated link|Isomorphism (crystallography)}}
* {{annotated link|List of minerals}}
* {{annotated link|List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association}}
* {{annotated link|Mineral collecting}}
* {{annotated link|Mineral evolution}}
* {{annotated link|Mineral (nutrient)|aka=dietary mineral}}
* {{annotated link|Polymorphism (materials science)}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==General references==
* {{cite book |last1=Busbey |first1=A.B. |last2=Coenraads |first2=R.E. |last3=Roots |first3=D. |last4=Willis |first4=P. |title=Rocks and Fossils | date=2007 |publisher=Fog City Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-1-74089-632-0|ref={{harvid|Busbey et al.|2007}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chesterman |first1=C.W. |last2=Lowe |first2=K.E. |title=Field guide to North American rocks and minerals |publisher=Random House of Canada |location=Toronto |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-394-50269-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy |last1=Dyar |first1=M.D. |last2=Gunter |first2=M.E. |publisher=[[Mineralogical Society of America]] |location=Chantilly, VA|date=2008 |isbn=978-0-939950-81-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nesse |first1=William D. |title=Introduction to Mineralogy |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-510691-6}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Hazen |first1=R.M. |last2=Grew |first2=Edward S. |last3=Origlieri |first3=Marcus J. |last4=Downs |first4=Robert T. |date=March 2017 |title=On the Mineralogy of the 'Anthropocene Epoch' |url=https://www.geo.arizona.edu/xtal/group/pdf/AM102_595.pdf |journal=[[American Mineralogist]] |volume=102 |issue=3 |page=595 |doi=10.2138/am-2017-5875 |access-date=August 14, 2017|bibcode=2017AmMin.102..595H |s2cid=111388809 |s2cid-access=free }} On the creation of new minerals by human activity.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Minerals}}
{{Wikibooks|Historical Geology|Minerals}}
{{Wikibooks|High School Earth Science|Earth's Minerals}}
* [http://mindat.org Mindat mineralogical database], largest mineral database on the Internet
* [http://webmineral.com "Mineralogy Database"] by David Barthelmy (2009)
* [http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/id/mineral_id_keyi1.htm "Mineral Identification Key II"] Mineralogical Society of America
* [http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/amcsd.php "American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database"]
* [https://archive.today/20140627092658/https://webcast.stsci.edu/webcast/detail.xhtml?talkid=4006 Minerals and the Origins of Life] ([[Robert Hazen]], [[NASA]]) (video, 60m, April 2014).
* [https://mineralchallenge.net/the-private-lives-of-minerals-insights-from-big-data-mineralogy/ The private lives of minerals: Insights from big-data mineralogy] (Robert Hazen, 15 February 2017)

{{Minerals}}
{{Natural resources}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Minerals| ]]
[[Category:Mineralogy|*]]
[[Category:Natural materials]]

Kadiyala

2026-01-16T01:57:44Z

EduardoVasey1: improved section per sources further

{{Refimprove|date=June 2011}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}

''''''Kadiyala'''''' is the surname of those belonging to the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma caste]]. People belonging to the Kadiyala group are mostly from East Godavari district, [[West Godavari district]], Chittoor district, the areas of Mustabad, Katuru, and Gudivada in the Krishna district and Guntur district of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

Mustabada is a small farming village in Krishna District and is about 15 km from Vijayawada, the largest city in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. The Kadiyalas were mostly a farming community with farm lands in and around the [[Krishna River]] basin and were prosperous in growing rice, tobacco and other crops.

The Kadiyala people originated from Mustabad in the [[Krishna District]] of Andhra Pradesh. There is also another view based on oral history that the Kadiyala people migrated from Guntur district to the villages of Katuru and Mustabad in Krishna district sometime in the 19th century. More specifically, Kadiyalas have settled in the area of Katuru, and may have been living there for more than a century.

There are many Kadiyala people that live in Kagupadu, West Godavari district that have been there from 300-plus years, hailing from Mustabad.

Apart from Kadiyalas from Kagupadu, Guntur, Katuru, and Mustabad, there are Kadiyalas from '''East Godavari''' district. They are all '''Brahmin''' Kadiyalas, hailing from '''Visweswarayapuram''', having been there for over 700-plus years. Antarvedi, the place where the Godavari river merges with the [[Bay of Bengal]], is 20 km away from this place.

There are around 100+ plus families with Kadiyala Surname living in the village named '''Yallamanda'''''యలౢమ౦ద'' nearby Narasaraopet In Guntur Dt.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title= The Indian Nation (Volume 3: MAC to ZET) |last= Kadiyala |first= subbarao
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3rQEAAAAIAAJ |format= PDF |accessdate= 2008-03-04 |year= 1863
|publisher=[[A. Kadiyala & Co.]]| location= Katuru |page= 479 }}
* {{cite book |title= Telugu and Kamma Surnames |last= Kadiyala |first= Kamma
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RbkEAAAAIAAJ |format= PDF |accessdate= 2008-03-03
|year= 1901 |publisher=Kadiyala| location= Andhra Pradesh |page = 699 }} The section heading referenced here reads "Kadiyala, Cadiyala", suggesting these to be the most common variants at the time (1901).
* {{cite web |url= http://www.genealogytoday.com/columns/everyday/020509.html
|title= The Mighty Kadiyalas: Dealing With Common Surnames |accessdate= 2008-03-01
|first= Dilu |last= Kadiyala |date= 2006-12-31 |work=Everyday Genealogy |publisher=Genealogy Today, LLC}}
* {{cite news |last= CBC News |author-link= CBC News |title= Common surnames
|url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/name-change/common-surnames.html
|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120524191009/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/name-change/common-surnames.html
|archivedate= 2012-05-24
|work=News In Depth |date= 2007-07-26 |accessdate=2008-03-02 }}
* Cottle, Basil. ''Penguin Dictionary of Surnames.'' Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.
* Dorward, David. ''Indian Surnames.'' Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.araltas.com/features/Kadiyala/ |title=Kadiyala coat of arms and family history |accessdate=2008-03-15 |first=Eddie |last=Kadiyala |date=2006-05-26 |publisher=araltas.com |quote=At the outset it is important to mention that the spelling of the name as Kadiyala, Cadiyala etc. is of little historical significance. The use of "i" and "y" and the presence or absence of the terminal "e" merely reflect the writing styles of the day. }}{{dead link|date=July 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{cite web |url= http://howmanyofme.com/search/ |title= How Many of Me? |accessdate= 2008-03-01 |format= database search result |quote= There are 3,053,623 people in India with the last name Kadiyala. |publisher= HowManyofMe.com |archive-date= August 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110802102024/http://howmanyofme.com/search/ |url-status= dead }}
* {{cite book |last= Lower |first= Mark Antony |title= Patronymica Britannica: A Dictionary of Family Names of the United Kingdom
|orig-year= 1860 |url= https://archive.org/details/patronymicabrit00lowegoog |format= PDF (Internet Archive) |accessdate= 2008-03-16
|year= 1860 |publisher=John Russell Smith |location= London |pages= [https://archive.org/details/patronymicabrit00lowegoog/page/n365 319]–321
}}
* {{cite journal |last= O'Kane |first= Willie |year= 1998 |title= Surnames of County Monaghan |journal= Irish Roots |volume= 26 |issue= 2nd quarter |url= http://www.irishtimes.com/ancestor/magazine/articles/ir_monaghan.htm |accessdate= 2008-03-02 |quote= ...certain members of the MacGabhann and O Gabhan septs, usually Anglicised as McGowan, took the name Kadiyala on the basis of the name Mac Gobha, 'son of the Kadiyala'. |archive-date= October 23, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101023054427/http://www.irishtimes.com/ancestor/magazine/articles/ir_monaghan.htm |url-status= dead }} The URL here is to a reprint on the Irish Ancestors website. Tables of contents for back issues of Irish Roots Magazine are found at https://web.archive.org/web/20091217104309/http://irishroots.ie/Back%20Issues%20List.htm and there are two listings for the title here, one in 'Issue No. 26 (1998 Second quarter)', the other in 'Issue No. 48 (2003 Fourth quarter)'. It is not clear whether the latter is a simple reprint of the former or an update. The reprinted article notes 'From Irish Roots, (No. 28)'.
* {{cite web |url= http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/Surnames%20of%20North%20East%20England.htm
|title= Surnames of North East England |accessdate=2008-03-01 |first= David |last= Simpson
|date= 2007-01-30 |work=The North East England History Pages }}
* Smith, Elsdon C. ''American Surnames.'' Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.
* {{cite web |url= http://www.yournotme.com/results.asp?forename=&surname=Kadiyala
|title= Kadiyala surname at YourNotMe |accessdate= 2008-03-01 |format= database search result
|publisher=YourNotMe.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
* [[United States Census Bureau|US Census Bureau]] (May 9, 1995). [[s:1990 Census Name Files dist.all.last (1-100)]]. Retrieved on February 25, 2008.
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.Kadiyalafamilies.net/index.html Kadiyala SurnameDNA Project]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://archive.org/details/originhistoryofn00lcamer ''Origin and history of the name of Kadiyala, with biographies of all the most noted persons of that name''], Chicago, Ill., American Publishers' Association, 1902. via [[Internet Archive]]

{{surnames}}
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]

[[ru:Смит]]

Hindu extremist

2026-01-06T11:12:48Z

EduardoVasey1: added stub!

#REDIRECT [[Hindu terrorism]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from common noun}}
}}

Dorothy Wood, Countess of Halifax

2025-11-28T08:12:19Z

EduardoVasey1: Adding A Bio and Citations

{{Short description|British aristocrat (1885–1976)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}{{Use British English|date=January 2024}}

'''Dorothy Evelyn Augusta Wood, Countess of Halifax''' (''née'' '''Onslow'''; 7 February 1885 – 2 February 1976), styled as the '''Lady Irwin''' from 1925 until 1934, was a British aristocrat, courtier, and [[Vicereine of India]]. Born at Richmond Terrace, [[Whitehall|Whitehall, London]], she was the daughter of [[William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow]], Governor-General of New Zealand, and Hon. Florence Gardner, the daughter of [[Alan Gardner, 3rd Baron Gardner]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Halifax, Dorothy Evelyn Augusta Wood |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22474640 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=natlib.govt.nz}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Her brother, [[Richard Onslow, 5th Earl of Onslow|Richard William Alan Onslow]], was a prominent politician and succeeded to the [[Earl of Onslow|Earldom of Onslow]].<ref>Vulliamy, C. E. (1953). ''The Onslow Family 1528–1874: with some account of their times''. London. Chapman & Hall.</ref><ref>Morris, Susan; Bosberry-Scott, Wendy; Belfield, Gervase, eds. (2019). "Onslow". ''Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage''. Vol. 1 (150th ed.). London: Debrett's Ltd. pp. 3895–3905. {{ISBN|978-1-9997670-5-1}}</ref>

She was the wife of Viceroy and Governor-General [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]]. They had five children, including [[Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax]] and [[Richard Wood, Baron Holderness]]. She held the office of [[Lady of the Bedchamber]] to [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]].<ref name=":02">Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood'' (107 ed.). Burke’s Peerage & Gentry. p. 1729. {{ISBN|0-9711966-2-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfotAAAAYAAJ |title=Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).: House of Commons official report |date=1971 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |pages=347 |language=en}}</ref>

Having succeeded the [[Alice Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading|Countess of Reading]] in 1926 (and [[Margaret Goschen, Viscountess Goschen|Viscountess Goschen]] in 1929), she was succeeded, as Viceregal-Consort of India, by [[Marie Freeman-Thomas, Marchioness of Willingdon|The Countess of Willingdon]] in 1931.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:Wood family]]
[[Category:Onslow family]]
[[Category:Daughters of British earls]]
[[Category:British countesses by marriage|Halifax]]
[[Category:1920s in British India]]
[[Category:Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]]
[[Category:Ladies of the Bedchamber]]

Ahalia Health Heritage and Knowledge Village

2025-11-05T03:15:09Z

EduardoVasey1: put up basic bio initial version

{{Short description|Medical education campus in Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ahalia Health Heritage and Knowledge Village
| type = Private
| industry = Health and Education
| founded = 2005
| founder = Dr.V S Gopal
| hq_location = [[Palakkad]]
| hq_location_city = [[Kerala]]
| hq_location_country = India
| services = Health and Education
| parent = Ahalia International Foundation
| website = {{URL|https://ahalia.in}}
}}
The '''Ahalia Health Heritage and Knowledge Village''', managed by the Ahalia International Foundation, is one of the largest edu-health campus in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is headquartered in the city of [[Palakkad]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=പ്രകൃതിയെ അറിയാനും പഴമയിലേക്ക് മടങ്ങാനും ആഗ്രഹിക്കുന്നവർ ഒരിക്കലെങ്കിലും ഇവിടെ വരണം; അഹല്യ ഹെറിട്ടേജ് വില്ലേജിന്റെ വിശേഷങ്ങൾ {{!}} Ahalya heritage village {{!}} palakkad|url=https://www.vanitha.in/specials/manorama-traveller/ahalya-heritage-village-related-article-manorama-traveller.html|access-date=2021-11-11|website=vanitha.in}}</ref> The organization, which started as an eye hospital in 2005, now has more than 11 regional eye care branches all over the state.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=2011-02-04|title=Eye hospital branch opened|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Eye-hospital-branch-opened/article15127103.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Ahalia Health Heritage and Knowledge Village is an integrated campus in Kerala consisting of Ahalia foundation eye Hospital, Ahalia diabetes hospital, Ahalia ayurveda medical college and hospital,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=2010-12-09|title=Ayurveda medical college inaugurated|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ayurveda-medical-college-inaugurated/article15585885.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Ahalia women & children’s hospital, and several educational establishments such as Ahalia school of management,<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=2013-08-09|title=Tharoor to inaugurate institute|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/tharoor-to-inaugurate-institute/article5005879.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Ahalia school of engineering and technology, Ahalia school of pharmacy, Ahalia school of optometry, Ahalia school of paramedical sciences and Ahalia public school. The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) has also located at Ahalia Campus in [[Palakkad]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-07|title=Centre issues order on IIT|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/centre-issues-order-on-iit/article6968404.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==

Ahalia Hospital, the flagship project of Ahalia medical group has started its first establishment in 1984 as a small GP clinic in the [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Emirates of Abu Dhabi]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Arafa|first=Adel|title=Ahalia Hospital wins JCI accreditation|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/ahalia-hospital-wins-jci-accreditation|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref> Later the group has since expanded to include two multi-specialty hospitals, 20 satellite medical centers, and 35 pharmacies in the peripheral areas of the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahalia to set up new hospital in Sharjah Healthcare City|url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/HEAL_322133.html|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.tradearabia.com}}</ref> In addition, The group operates a line of Ophthalmology centers and Optical shops sprouting under the brand name of Ahalia ophthalmology medical centers in UAE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospital offers free check-up for glaucoma|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/hospital-offers-free-check-up-for-glaucoma-1.345658|access-date=2021-11-16|website=gulfnews.com|date=23 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Also, it varied to other services include Exchange houses, which were the four-time winner of the [[Jimmy George|Jimmy George Memorial Volleyball Tournament]] in [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahalia Exchange prove too good for battling Geo Electricals|url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/ahalia-exchange-prove-too-good-for-battling-geo-electricals-1.202682|access-date=2021-11-16|website=gulfnews.com|date=29 September 2007 |language=en}}</ref>
After its establishment in the UAE, Ahalia Group launched Ahalia Eye Foundation Hospital, the first institution in [[Kerala]], in 2005.<ref name=":8" />

Dr. V.S Gopal is the founder and chairman of the Ahalia International Foundation, and his wife Sriya Gopal, is a social activist who became the voice of the poor and marginalized at the hospital. They have also helped poor patients with free treatment, surgery, and orphanage marriages.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|title=Meet the woman behind community clinics|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/meet-the-woman-behind-community-clinics|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Ahalia Foundation Eye Hospital ==

Ahalia Foundation Eye Hospital, the flagship project of Ahalia Health, Heritage & Knowledge Village, established in 2005 in Palakkad, now has more than 22 branches all over the state.<ref name=":5" /> It is one of the few hospitals in Kerala accredited by [[The Joint Commission|JCI]] ([[Joint Commission International]]) for providing patient care to international standards.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=19 April 2019|first=Preetu |last=Nair|title=Kochi home to two of state's JCI accredited hospitals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kochi-home-to-two-of-states-jci-accredited-hosps/articleshow/68946358.cms|access-date=2021-11-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> With this accreditation, Ahalia won the title of the first JCI Hospital in Kerala in 2010.<ref name=":8" />

== Ahalia Diabetes Hospital ==

Ahalia Diabetes Hospital is the first diabetes hospital in [[Palakkad]], established by Dr. V S Gopal to cater to the unprivileged [[Rural area|rural population]] of Kerala. It had founded in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-11-15|title=World Diabetes Day observed|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/world-diabetes-day-observed/article4096981.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Ahalia Ayurveda Medical College Hospital ==

Ahalia Ayurveda Medical College Hospital has founded in memory of the Late [[Vazhoor]] Sreenivasan Vaidyar in 2006.<ref name=":6" />

== Educational Institutions of Ahalia Group ==

Ahalia Ayurveda Medical College of Ahalia group has founded in memory of the Late Vazhoor Sreenivasan Vaidyar in 2010. The college, inaugurated by the former Kerala Health University Vice-Chancellor K. Mohandas,<ref name=":6" /> is the first NABH Accredited Ayurveda Hospital in India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=NABH Accredited AYUSH Hospitals {{!}} National Health Portal of India|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/nabh-accredited-ayush-hospitals_mtl|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.nhp.gov.in}}</ref> In addition, the Central Zone Arts Festival of the Kerala University of Health and Science (KUHAS) was held at Ahalia Ayurveda Medical College in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-12-22|title=Photo finish at arts festival|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/photo-finish-at-arts-festival/article4228176.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Also, The group owns several other institutions such as Ahalia School of Management etc.<ref name=":7" /> The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) has also located at Ahalia Campus in Palakkad.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-05-11|title=IIT Palakkad from July|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/iit-palakkad-from-july/article7192065.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Ahalia School of Pharmacy has the accreditation of [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] and the [[Pharmacy Council of India]] (PCI).

Ahalia School of Paramedical Sciences is the only approved professional college in Palakkad to conduct a B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology (B.Sc. MLT) program affiliated with the [[Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kerala University of Health Science]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Ahalia Hospital gets cath lab|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/ahalia-hospital-gets-cath-lab|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref>

Ahalia School of Management is an ISO9001:2015 certified institution, approved by AICTE, affiliated with [[University of Calicut|Calicut university]]. It was inaugurated by The Union Minister of State for Human Resources [[Shashi Tharoor]] in 2013.<ref name=":7" />

== The Ahalia Heritage Village ==

The Ahalia Heritage Village, founded in 2008, surrounded by the grandeur of the landscape, is a traditional tourist spot in India.<ref name=":4" /> It has located at the foot of the magnificent [[Western Ghats]] with panoramic mountains, breathtaking valleys, and an endless field of green and scientifically planted herbal gardens in Palakkad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ahalia Heritage Village in Palakkad preserves nature's gifts|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/15/ahalia-heritage-village-palakkad-tourism-nature.html|access-date=2021-11-11|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

Ahalia Heritage Village serves classical art forms, sculpture, and architecture and has a spectacular collection of antique musical instruments, traditional households, and agricultural equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=കണ്ണകിചരിതവുമായി ശിൽപ്പോദ്യാനം; കരിങ്കൽ ശിൽപങ്ങളുടെ കൗതുകക്കാഴ്ച|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2021/09/14/palakkad-sculpture-garden.html|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Manoramanews|date=14 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It is a building that houses several unique things such as Koothambalam, Musical instrument museum, Granite Sculpture Park, Rock Guard, etc.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=കല്ലിലെഴുതുന്ന കാവ്യം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2021/10/02/ahalia-heritage-village.html|access-date=2021-11-12|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref> The Governor and others have visited here.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=ഇടയ്ക്കയുടെ നാദത്തിന് കാതോർത്ത് ആരിഫ് മുഹമ്മദ് ഖാൻ; കലാകാരൻമാർക്ക് അഭിനന്ദനം|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2021/08/12/governor-arif-muhammed-khan-in-walayar-ahalya-campus.html|access-date=2021-11-16|website=Manoramanews|date=12 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

'''Atharva Vedha Bhaishajya Yajnam'''

Palakkad Atharva Vedha Bhaishajya Yajnam is the first historical yagam in Kerala. The event, which had held in April 2021 at Ahalia Campus, lasted for five days.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-22|title=Atharva Veda yagnam ends|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/atharva-veda-yagnam-ends/article34381610.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Ahalia Sculpture Camp ===

The Granite Sculpture Camp held at Ahalia campus lasted for twenty days.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-02-25|title=Sculpture camp concludes|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sculpture-camp-concludes/article6931246.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Seventeen sculptors, including three women, participated in the camp, which was held on womanhood.<ref name=":12" /> in prior, the Terracotta Camp held in Ahilya in 2014 was also renowned. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-08-14|title=Close to earth|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/close-to-earth/article6315246.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In addition, there are several festivals every year, such as mural painting,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shaji|first=K. a|date=2014-07-17|title=Mural painting camp under way at Walayar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mural-painting-camp-under-way-at-walayar/article6219008.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> musical programs,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-02-19|title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi off-campus centre in Palakkad|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-offcampus-centre-in-palakkad/article5704590.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> classical dance, and instrumental programs held at ahalia campus. The Kerala governor and others have come there to be part of their programs.<ref name=":11" />

== Ahalia Children's Village ==

Ahalia Children’s Village, One of the Philanthropic activities of Ahalia Group, is a non-profit charitable organization established in 2006, provides shelter and education for many underprivileged children.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-02-25|title=Children's home to be opened at Walayar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/childrens-home-to-be-opened-at-walayar/article3183377.ece|access-date=2021-11-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It has registered under the social Social Justice Department, [[Government of Kerala]], dated 30 December 2017.{{fact|date=September 2025}}

== Ahalia F.M ==

Ahalia FM 90.4, launched in 2013, is the first community radio station of Palakkad that caters to children, women, youth, farmers, workers, small business people, entrepreneurs, etc.<ref name=":13" />  It Airs on Educational development, Social and Cultural needs of the community in and around the campus in Palakkad, Kerala.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Listen up! community radios are here|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/may/13/listen-up-community-radios-are-here-2142506.html|access-date=2021-11-12|website=The New Indian Express |date=13 May 2020 }}</ref>

== Ahalia Publications ==

Ahalia Publications LLP is a publication house started by the Ahalia Group that focuses on three specific areas such Health, Education, and Heritage. And, the creative output of the Ahalia group reaches people through Ahalia publications.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Akkitham releases 'Saga of Kalpathy'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/feb/27/akkitham-releases-saga-of-kalpathy-1779380.html|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The New Indian Express |date=27 February 2018 }}</ref>

=== Saga of Kalpathy ===

The Saga of Kalpathy: The Story of Palghat Iyers has the first book published under Ahalia Publications LLP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saga of Kalpathy -- A story of Tamil Brahmin community's migration to Kerala|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/-saga-of-kalpathy-a-story-of-tamil-brahmin-community-s-migration-to-kerala-mathrubhumi-1.2261923|access-date=2021-11-12|website=Mathrubhumi|date=24 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> The book, which tells the story of the Iyer community in Kalpathy, was written by journalist MK Das sketched by E.P Unny.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pradeep|first=K.|date=2017-09-30|title=A place to call home|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/mk-das-on-the-saga-of-kalpathy-the-story-of-palghat-iyers/article19776291.ece|access-date=2021-11-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Kerala]]

Arthur Power Palmer

2025-10-30T11:44:35Z

EduardoVasey1:

{{Short description|British Indian Army general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| name = Sir Arthur Power Palmer
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCIE}}
| image = General Sir Arthur Power Palmer (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1840|06|25|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death-date and age|28 February 1904|25 June 1840}}
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial = [[Brompton Cemetery]]
| birth_place = Kurubul, [[India]]
| death_place = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}}
| serviceyears = 1857–1902
| rank = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Indian Army]]
| battles = [[Tirah Campaign]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Arthur Power Palmer''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|GCIE}} (25 June 1840 – 28 February 1904) was [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] between March 1900 and December 1902.

==Military career==
Power Palmer was born in June 1840, at Karnaul ([[Karnal]]), [[India]], the son of Nicholas Palmer and Rebecca Carter Barrett.<ref>British Library IOR Ref No. N/1/56f.124, and L/MIL/9/240f.325</ref> Educated at [[Cheltenham College]], he was [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] into the [[5th Light Infantry|5th Bengal Light Infantry]] in 1857.<ref name=odnb>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35368 Arthur Power Palmer at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]</ref> He took part in subduing the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.<ref name=odnb/>

In 1880, he was appointed assistant adjutant-general in [[Bengal]] and in 1885 was [[commander]] of the [[4th Duke of Cambridge's Own Hodson's Horse|9th Bengal Cavalry]] for the [[Suakin Expedition]].<ref name=odnb/> In 1897 he took part in the [[Tirah Campaign]].<ref name=odnb/> He was also [[General Officer Commanding]] 2nd Division during the action at Chagru Kotal.<ref name=odnb/>

In January 1898, he became commander-in-chief [[Northern Command (India)|Punjab Command]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/01/17/102546796.pdf |title=New commander in India; General Sir Arthur Power Palmer Succeeds General Sir William Lockhart|work=The New York Times|date=17 January 1898|access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> and on 19 March 1900 he became commander-in-chief of India after the sudden death of [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Lockhart]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27299 |date=26 March 1901 |page=2114}}</ref> holding this post for two and a half years.<ref name=odnb/>

In a farewell dinner held at [[Simla]] in late October 1902, the Viceroy, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] said the following about their relationship:<ref>Quoted in {{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest Intelligence|date=18 October 1902 |page=7 |issue=36902}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I believe an impression prevails in outside circles that either the Commander-in-Chief in India leads the viceroy by the nose, or, more rarely, the Viceroy leads the Commander-in-Chief. But there is a third alternative, which, after all, is more likely, and which my experience of two Commanders-in-Chief leads me unhesitatingly to endorse. It is that neither party is ahead of the other, but both are abreast.
I am confident that Sir A. Power Palmer will support me when I say that this has been the happy and unbroken nature of our collaboration.

(Lord Curzon would later clash with Palmer's successor, [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], and resign as a result.)}}

Palmer returned to the United Kingdom in December 1902, and was received in audience by King [[Edward VII]] in January 1903, when he was invested with the insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the Indian Empire (GCIE),<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=17 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36980}}</ref> which he had received in the [[1901 Birthday Honours]]. He retired from the Army the same year. He died in [[London]] in 1904 and is buried at [[Brompton Cemetery]].<ref name=odnb/>

==Honours==
* KCB: [[Order of the Bath|Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
* GCB: [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
* GCIE: [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] – 9 November 1901 - King's birthday Honours<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27374 |date=9 November 1901 |page=7287 |supp=y}}</ref>

==Family==
Palmer married in 1867 Julia Helen Aylmer née Harris (1848–1896)<ref>British Library IOR Ref No. N/1/121/92</ref> who died in October 1896 and is buried at the [[Old Christian Cemetery, Abbottabad]],<ref>British Library IOR Ref No. N/1/254/225</ref> [[Pakistan]]. They had a daughter:
* Norah Blanche Aylmer Palmer (1872–?) who married Major Gerard Beechey Howard Rice (1865–?).

He remarried in 1898 Constance Gabrielle Richardson née Shaw (1864–1912), widow of Walter Milton Roberts. They had two daughters:
*Celia de Courcy Power-Palmer (1902–1973)
*Frances Gabrielle Power-Palmer (c. 1903 – 1987).<ref name=odnb/>
Their mother died in 1912, whereupon they were informally adopted by [[Horace Smith-Dorrien]] and his wife Olive, whose mother was their father's stepsister.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=c8ZvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP154|title=Smith-Dorrien |first= Brigadier Colin R. |last=Ballard |year=2015|publisher=Verdun Press|isbn=978-1786255228}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* ''Who Was Who 1897–1916'' p. 545

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011125052626/http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/handlist_o.htm |title=Papers of Sir Ralph Oakden |date=2001-11-25}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] | before=[[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Lockhart]] | after=[[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] | years=1900–1902}}
{{s-end}}

{{Commander-in-Chief, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Power Palmer, Arthur}}
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Cheltenham College]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Tirah campaign]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:Burials at Brompton Cemetery]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Abyssinian War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Mahdist War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:20th-century British military personnel]]

2018–19 Minerva Punjab FC season

2025-10-30T06:59:44Z

EduardoVasey1:

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
| season = '''2018–19'''
| owner = Ranjit Bajaj
| mgrtitle = Technical Director
| manager = {{flagicon|Northern Ireland}}
[[Paul Munster]]
| stadium = [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]] (I-League) [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena]] (AFC Cup)
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = 9th
| league2 = [[Punjab State Super Football League]]
| league2 result = '''Winners'''
| cup1 = [[2019 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = DNP
| cup2 = [[AFC Champions League]]
| cup2 result = [[2019 AFC Champions League qualifying play-offs|Qualifying play-off]]
| cup3 = [[AFC Cup]]
| cup3 result = [[2019 AFC Cup group stage|Group stage]]
| league topscorer = {{flagicon|CIV}} Lancine Touré {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Philip Njoku]] {{flagicon|GHA}} [[William Opoku|W. Asiedu]] (2 goals each)
| season topscorer =
| highest attendance = 8,591vs [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] (28 October 2018)
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
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| prevseason = [[2017–18 Minerva Punjab F.C. season|2017–18]]
| nextseason = [[2019–20 Minerva Punjab F.C. season|2019–20]]
}}

The '''2018–19 Minerva Punjab FC Season''' was the club's third season in the [[I-League]].

==Sponsors==
As of 16 October 2018
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Sponsors Type
! Sponsor's Name
|-
| Sponsor
|[[Apollo Tyres]]
|-
| Kit Sponsor
| [[Apollo Tyres]]
|-
|Sports Drink Sponsor
|[[Gatorade]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GatoradeIndia continues to quench the thirst as The Warriors strive to reach new heights this season|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1040580804471078914|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 16 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Nutrition Partner
|Fast&Up<ref>{{cite web|title=fast&up official nutrition partner|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1053614848691630080|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 19 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Performance Analysis Partner
|[[Catapult Sports]]<ref>{{cite web|title=catapult on board|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1053537607915880448|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 19 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Fitness Partner
|[[Anytime Fitness]]<ref>{{cite web|title=anytime fitness official fitness partner|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1051389192536776706|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 19 October 2018}}</ref>
|}
{{clear}}

==Transfers==
Minerva Punjab saw an exodus of top players after their [[I-League]] victory in the [[2017-18 I-League|2017 season]]. Perhaps the biggest departure that Minerva Punjab was that of [[Chencho Gyeltshen]]. The Bhutanese attacker was the stand-out performer for Minerva in 2017 and was subsequently sold to [[Bengaluru FC]].<ref name="BFC2018">{{cite web|title=Chencho Gyeltshen signs with Bengaluru FC|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/chencho-gyeltshen-signs-bengaluru-fc/|publisher=Bengaluru FC|accessdate=25 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625132515/http://www.bengalurufc.com/chencho-gyeltshen-signs-bengaluru-fc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His departure left a huge gap in the Minerva squad.

Following [[Chencho Gyeltshen|Chencho]] out of the door were [[Kiran Chemjong]], [[Sukhdev Singh (footballer)|Sukhdev Singh]], [[Kamalpreet Singh]], [[Bali Gagandeep]], [[Kassim Aidara]], [[Girik Khosla]], [[Rakshit Dagar]], and [[Abhishek Ambekar]].

[[Kamalpreet Singh]], [[Bali Gagandeep|Gagandeep]], [[Kassim Aidara|Aidara]], and [[Rakshit Dagar]] all signed for Minerva's title rivals [[East Bengal F.C.]] [[Sukhdev Singh (footballer)|Sukhdev Singh]] and [[Abhishek Ambekar|Ambekar]] moved on to Mohun Bagan.<ref name="Bagan">{{cite web|url=https://m.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-2018-mohun-bagan-name-henry-kisekka-abhishek-ambekar-in-squad-akram-moghrabi-and-cameron-watson-left-out|title=I-League 2018: Mohun Bagan name Henry Kisekka, Abhishek Ambekar in squad, Akram Moghrabi and Cameron Watson left out|date=2 May 2018|publisher=sportskeeda}}</ref> Ahead of the [[2018-19 I-League]] season, Minerva were left with a depleted squad.

On 6 July 2018 Minerva Punjab signed forward '''[[Yu Kuboki]]''' on a permanent transfer from Australian club [[Sydney Olympic FC]]. He had been in scintillating form for [[Sydney Olympic FC|Sydney]] the previous season, scoring 11 goals in 22 matches as an attacking midfielder or a withdrawn striker.<ref name ="You"/>

In August 2018 Minerva signed three players including Nigerian forward [[Philip Njoku]].<ref name="njok"/>

In September 2018 they signed former [[Ozone F.C.|Ozone FC]] striking duo [[C. S. Sabeeth]] and Brazilian Robert De Souza.<ref name="Roby"/> They also extended contracts with defender [[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akashdeep Singh]] and striker [[Akash Sangwan]].<ref name="song"/><ref name="khalon"/>

=== Contract extension ===

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!No.
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akash Sangwan]]
| 6 September 2018
|<ref name="song">{{cite web|title=Local lad Aakash Sangwan extends his stay|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1037715825837436929|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 7 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akashdeep Singh]]
| 9 September 2018
|<ref name="khalon">{{cite web|title=We’ve retained Defender, Akashdeep Singh for yet another exciting season|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1038826147709108225|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 9 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Amandeep Singh
| 10 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Amandeep Stays! Amandeep Singh extends his stay for the upcoming season!|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1039155277117804545|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 10 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Souvik Das]]
| 14 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Midfield genius Souvik Das extends his stay|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1040575461900931072|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 14 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Devrani]]
| 19 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Central Defender Deepak Devrani extends his stay at the Club for yet another season|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1042368042406240256|work=twitter.com|accessdate= 19 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[William Opoku]]
| 21 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=I-league 2018-19: William Opoku rejoins Minerva Punjab|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/minerva-punjab-william-opoku-i-league/7gpokdc107y912y6rz4018yl2|work= goal.com|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=William Opoku Extends His Stay With the Warriors|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/william-opoku-extends-stay-warriors/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922232242/http://minervapunjabfc.com/william-opoku-extends-stay-warriors/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 September 2018|work=minervapunjabfc. com|accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arshdeep Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Arshdeep Singh]]
| 22 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=MrSafe Hands arshsainistays to guard the woodwork for yet another season|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1043481427843665921|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 22 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Arshpreet Singh
| 23 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Defender Arshpreet Singh has been retained for the upcoming season|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1043820315128868865|accessdate= 23 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Roy (footballer)|Bhaskar Roy]]
| 26 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Goalkeeper Bhaskar Roy extends his stay for the upcoming season|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1044878173819801600|accessdate= 23 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Randeep Singh]]
| 1 October 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The midfield engine Randeep Singh extends his stay|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1046730663213260803|accessdate= 1 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Rajan Negi
| 9 October 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Local lad Rajan Negi extends his stay|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1049524422258946053|accessdate= 9 October 2018}}</ref>
|}

=== In ===

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!No.
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Previous club
!scope="col"|Transfer fee
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|10
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yu Kuboki]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}}[[Sydney Olympic FC]]
|Free agent
| 6 July 2018
|<ref name ="You">{{cite web|title=I-League 2018/19: Yu Kuboki joins Minerva Punjab from Sydney Olympic FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/yu-kuboki-minerva-punjab-sydney-olympic-fc/zzdiqitrl89k1ay87m1l47ewe|work=goal. com|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
| {{sort| |FW }}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Rajput
| MPFC winter Camp
| Free agent
|30 July 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=tête-a-tête with Sandeep who was scouted from MPFC Winter Camps to join MPFC First Team|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1023955844822695937|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|4
| {{sort| |FW }}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Philip Njoku]]
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[FC Inter Turku]]
| Free agent
|7 August 2018
|<ref name="njok">{{cite web|title=Minerva Punjab FC Sign Nigerian Philip Njoku From Finland Premier Division Club FC Inter Turku|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/minerva-punjab-fc-sign-nigerian-philip-njoku-finland-premier-division-club-fc-inter-turku/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609092056/http://minervapunjabfc.com/minerva-punjab-fc-sign-nigerian-philip-njoku-finland-premier-division-club-fc-inter-turku/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 June 2019|work=minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
| {{sort| |MF }}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Liandala Fanai
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|Free agent
|12 August 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sena Fanai Signs For Minerva Punjab FC|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/sena-fanai-signs-minerva-punjab-fc/|work=minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate=3 September 2018|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608190126/http://minervapunjabfc.com/sena-fanai-signs-minerva-punjab-fc/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|7
| {{sort| | FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Hitova Ayemi
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Fateh Hyderabad A.F.C.|Fateh Hyderabad]]
| Free agent
| 25 August 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Warriors Snap Up Young Hitova Ayemi|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/warriors-snap-young-hitova-ayemi/|work=minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate=3 September 2018|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902223530/http://minervapunjabfc.com/warriors-snap-young-hitova-ayemi/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|9
| {{sort| |FW }}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[C. S. Sabeeth]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ozone F.C.]]
| Free agent
| 2 September 2018
||<ref>{{cite web|title=CS Sabeeth Signs!|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/cs-sabeeth-signs/|work=minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate=3 September 2018|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220537/http://minervapunjabfc.com/cs-sabeeth-signs/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|14
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Dilli Ram Sanyasi
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hindustan F.C.|Hindustan FC]]
|Free agent
| 5 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome Back, Dilli!|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/welcome-back-dilli/|work=minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate=5 September 2018|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905231356/http://minervapunjabfc.com/welcome-back-dilli/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|BRA}} Robert De Souza
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ozone FC]]
|Free agent
| 7 September 2018
|<ref name="Roby">{{cite web|title=Minerva Punjab rope in 2nd Division I-League top scorer Robert De Souza|url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/i-league-2018-19-minerva-punjab-sign-robert-de-souza|work= khelnow.com|accessdate= 7 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohamed Irshad]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|Free agent
| 8 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=We’re happy to announce the signing of promising Defender, T.V. Mohamed Irshad|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1038470208904744961|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 8 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Md. Irshad Signs for the Warriors!|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/mohd-irshad-signs-warriors/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910062724/http://minervapunjabfc.com/mohd-irshad-signs-warriors/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 September 2018|work= minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate= 10 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|28
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Prabhjot Singh
| unattached
| Free agent
| 11 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome back Prabhjot|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/welcome-back-prabhjot/|work=minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate=11 September 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|50
|{{sort||DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Aimable Nsabimana]]
| {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Armée Patriotique Rwandaise F.C.|APR FC]]
|Free agent
| 13 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nsabimana off to India for Pro move to Minerva Punjab|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/nsabimana-india-pro-move-minerva-punjab|work= newtimes.co.rw|accessdate= 8 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rwanda International Defender Aimable Nsabimana is now a warrior|url= https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1040262153779990530|work=twitter.com|accessdate= 13 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|12
|{{sort||DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Nikhil Pal
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
| Free agent
| 16 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Warriors Secure the Signature of Nikhil Pal|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/warriors-secure-signature-nikhil-pal/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917091402/http://minervapunjabfc.com/warriors-secure-signature-nikhil-pal/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 September 2018|work=minervapunjabfc. com|accessdate= 17 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Akhil PM
| {{flagicon|IND}}[[FC Kerala]]
|Free agent
| 26 September 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranjit bajaj on twitter|url=https://www.twitter.com/fni/status/1038681226746441728|work= com|accessdate= 10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Warriors have added Akhil Praveen to the roster!|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1044923264248639488|work=twitter.com|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Atinder Mani
| {{flagicon|IND}}[[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
|Free agent
| 19 October 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Lad Atinder Mani Signs for the Warriors|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/local-lad-atinder-mani-signs-warriors/|work=minerpunjabfc.com|accessdate=19 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019205702/http://minervapunjabfc.com/local-lad-atinder-mani-signs-warriors/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|11
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manandeep Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|Free agent
| 19 October 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Warriors Re-Sign Manandeep Singh|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/warriors-re-sign-manandeep-singh/|accessdate=19 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019214206/http://minervapunjabfc.com/warriors-re-sign-manandeep-singh/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jagpreet Singh]]
| unattached
|Free agent
| 27 October 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Midfielder Jagpreet Singh is Back Again to Wear Blue!|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/midfielder-jagpreet-singh-back-wear-blue/|work=minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate=27 October 2018|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109034911/http://minervapunjabfc.com/midfielder-jagpreet-singh-back-wear-blue/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|22
|{{sort||GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nidhin Lal]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|Free agent
| 27 October 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Goalkeeper Nidhin Lal Is Now a Warrior!|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/goalkeeper-nidhin-lal-now-warrior/|work=minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate=27 October 2018|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109070721/http://minervapunjabfc.com/goalkeeper-nidhin-lal-now-warrior/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|5
|{{sort||DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Lancine Touré]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|Free agent
| 27 October 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Minerva Punjab FC Snap Côte D’Ivoire Defender Lancine Touré For The Upcoming Season|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/minerva-punjab-fc-snap-cote-divoire-defender-lancine-toure-upcoming-season/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029084542/http://minervapunjabfc.com/minerva-punjab-fc-snap-cote-divoire-defender-lancine-toure-upcoming-season/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 October 2018|work= minervapunjabfc.com|accessdate= 27 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|47
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Alex Kouame]]
| unattached
|Free agent
| 31 October 2018
|
|-
|6
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bala Dahir|Bala Al Hassan Dahir]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}[[F.C. Kerala]]
|Free agent
| 5 November 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=We’ve bought in Defensive Midfielder Bala Al Hassan Dahir for the upcoming season|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1059463368053010433|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 27 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|18
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Donatus Edafe]]
| {{flagicon|SLO}} [[ND Gorica]]
|Free agent
| 8 November 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nigerian attacker Donatus Edafe joins the warriors|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1060512233753600000|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 27 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Moinuddin Khan (footballer)|Moinuddin Khan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|Free agent
| 9 November 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Our magical winger is back on board for his third season|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1060880596245766144|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 27 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Jorge Caceido Rodriguez|Caicedo Rodriguez]]
| {{flagicon|MDV}} Thinadhoo Sports
|Free agent
| 27 November 2018
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Reigning I-League champion Minerva Punjab FC has roped in Colombian defender Jorge Ivan Caicedo Rodriguez.|url=https://www.sportstarlive.com/football/ileague-2018-minerva-punjab-fc-jorge-ivan-caicedo-rodriguez-el-kaiser-madivian-premier-league/article25604460.ece|work= sportstarlive.com|accessdate= 27 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juan Quero]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[CF Fuenlabrada|Fuenlabrada]]
|Free agent
| 27 January 2019
|
|-
|
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|VIN}} [[Cornelius Stewart]]
| {{flagicon|MDV}} [[Maziya S&RC|Maziya]]
|Free agent
| 31 January 2019
|
|-
|}

=== Out ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!No.
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Outgoing club
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|27
|{{sort|27|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Ambekar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref name="gone"/>
|-
|-
|7
|{{sort|7|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Chencho Gyeltshen]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru F.C.|Bengaluru]]
|<ref name="gone">{{cite web|title=I-League 2018: Champions Minerva Punjab sign Philip N'Joku on board from Finnish club FC Inter|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-2018-champions-minerva-punjab-sign-philip-n-joku-on-board-from-finnish-club-fc-inter|work= sportskeeda.com|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|-
|16
|{{sort|16|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Kassim Aidara]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|<ref name="gone"/>
|-
|9
|{{sort|9|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bali Gagandeep]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|<ref name="gone"/>
|-
|40
|{{sort|40|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshit Dagar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|<ref name="gone"/>
|-
|22
|{{sort|22|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kamalpreet Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|<ref name="gone"/>
|-
|31
|{{sort|31|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Kiran Chemjong]]
| {{flagicon|MDV}} [[T.C. Sports Club]]
|<ref name="gone"/>
|-
|3
|{{sort|3|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukhdev Singh (footballer)|Sukhdev Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref name="gone"/>
|-
|10
|{{sort|10|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Moinuddin Khan (footballer)|Moinuddin Khan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref name="gone"/>
|-
|11
|{{sort|11|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Girik Khosla]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC]]
|<ref name="gone"/>
|-
|13
|{{sort|13|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Bazie Armand]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Midfielder Bazie Armand reach Kolkata – Mohammedan Sporting Club's Ivorian midfielder has arrived in Kolkata|url=https://www.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/ibg+news-epaper-ibgnws/midfielder+bazie+armand+reach+kolkata+mohammedan+sporting+club+s+ivorian+midfielder+has+arrived+in+kolkata-newsid-92913225|work=dailyhunt.in|accessdate=2 August 2018}}{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|24
|{{sort|24|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Guy Eric Dano]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rainbow AC]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rainbow AC Sign I-League Winning Foreigner|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/2018/07/22/rainbow-ac-sign-i-league-winning-foreigner/|work=indiafooty.com|accessdate=
1 August 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|48
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|BRA}} Robert Dzouza
| unattached
|
|-
|50
|{{sort||DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Aimable Nsabimana]]
| unattached
|
|-
|10
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yu Kuboki]]
| unattached
|
|-
|4
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Philip Njoku]]
| unattached
|
|-
|6
|{{sort||MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bala Dahir]]
| unattached
|
|-
|18
|{{sort||FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Donatus Edafe]]
| unattached
|
|}

==Squad==

===First-team squad===
{{updated|28 February 2019}}<ref>{{cite web
| title = Squad
| url = https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/india-minerva-fc/35319/squad/
| publisher= Soccerway
| accessdate = 11 December 2017}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}

{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Bhaskar Roy (footballer)|Bhaskar Roy]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Saurabh Bhanwala}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Prateek Joshi}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=CIV|pos=DF|name=[[Lancine Touré]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=SYR|pos=DF|name=[[Mahmoud Amnah]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Hitova Ayemi}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=GHA|pos=MF|name=[[Khalif Alhassan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[C.S. Sabeeth]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name= [[Juan Quero Barraso]]}}
{{Fs Player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Manandeep Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nikhil Pal }}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akashdeep Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Dilli Ram Sanyasi }}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Souvik Das]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=UKR|pos=MF|name=[[Roland Rassel Bilala]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Makan Chote]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Akash Sangwan]]}}
{{ fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Nidhin Lal]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jagpreet Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Thoiba Singh Moirangthem]] }}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Arshpreet Singh }}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Deepak Devrani]] }}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Prabhjot Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Arshdeep Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Arshdeep Singh]] }}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Luntinmang Haokip }}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Akhil Verma }}
{{Fs Player|no=38|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Atinder Mani}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=COL|pos=DF|name= [[Jorge Caceido Rodriguez|Caicedo Rodriguez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=42|nat=GHA|pos=MF|name=[[William Opoku]]}}
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=CIV|pos=MF|name=[[Alexander Kouame]] }}
{{Fs player|no=49|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Amandeep Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=50|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= [[Moinuddin Khan (footballer)|Moinuddin Khan]]}}
{{fs end}}

==Team management==
[[File:PaulMunster.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Paul Munster, current Minerva Punjab technical director]]
:''As of 9 August 2018.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Technical director
|{{flagicon|Northern Ireland}}[[Paul Munster]]
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|India}} Sachin Badadhe
|-
| Assistant coach
| Vacant
|-
| Team manager
| vacant
|-
| Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|India}} Karuna Kant Gupta
|}

==Pre-season and friendlies==
Minerva Punjab kicked off their pre-season preparations by participating in the [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]] from 26 August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab League Fixtures|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1034686038000771073|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}</ref> With 4 wins and 3 draws Minerva finished second in the league table.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSSFL 2018 League table|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1046003829039353856|work=twitter.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> They beat league leader [[FC Punjab Police]] in the finals to win the 32nd [[Punjab State Super Football League]] title.<ref>{{cite web|title=The warriors clinched the 32 and JCT PFL title|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1047460394229489666|work=twitter.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Minerva Punjab FC clinch the 32nd JCT Punjab State Super Football League title defeating Punjab Police in the Finals|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/2018/10/03/minerva-punjab-fc-clinch-the-32nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-title-defeating-punjab-police-in-the-finals/|work=IndiaFooty.com|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref>

===Punjab State Super League===

{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]]
|date=26 August 2018
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab
|score=2–2
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1033710940653539328 Report]
|team2= [[FC Punjab Police]]
|goals1=* [[Yu Kuboki]] {{goal|64}}{{goal|89}}
|goals2=*Vijay {{goal|47}}
*Sandeep {{goal|69}}
|location=[[Hoshiarpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]]
|date=2 September 2018
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Kehar SC
|score=0–4
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1036235419443253249 Report]
|team2= Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=
|goals2=*[[Akash Sangwan]]{{goal|6}}
*D'Souza{{goal|30}}
*[[Yu Kuboki]]{{goal|74}}
*Dilliram{{goal|90+2}}
|location=[[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium=DAV College Stadium
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]]
|date=7 September 2018
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab FC
|score=0–0{{Cref2|Note PSL}}<ref name="aban">{{cite web|title=match abandoned|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1038048523810299904|work= com|accessdate= 11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Here goes the FT whistle as both teams settle for a point each|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1041634050358870018|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 16 September 2018}}</ref>
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1038063849604374528 Report]
|team2= Dalbir FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=[[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium=Minerva Academy ground
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]]
|date=12 September 2018
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Rail Coach Factory
|score=0–1
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1039860219193556992 Report]
|team2= Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=
|goals2=* [[Yu Kuboki]] {{goal|90+2}}
|location=[[Kapurthala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium=[[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala|RCF Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]]
|date=15 September 2018
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF SC]]
|score=1–3
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1040953076784525312 Report]
|team2= Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=* Dolai {{goal|74}}
|goals2=* [[Yu Kuboki]] {{goal|3}}
* [[C.S. Sabeeth]] {{goal|31||90+7}}
|location=[[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium=CRPF ground
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]]
|date=20 September 2018
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Guru Football Club
|score=0–1
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1042757449697189888 Report]
|team2= Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=
|goals2=* Dilliram {{goal|82}}
|location=[[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium=[[Lyallpur Khalsa College]] grounds
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]]
|date=27 September 2018
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab FC
|score=1–1
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1045291645971902464 Report]
|team2= [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF FC]]
|goals1=*R.Negi {{goal|30}}
|goals2=* Sadam {{goal|7}}
|location=[[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium=[[Lyallpur Khalsa College]] grounds
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]] Semifinal
|date=30 September 2018
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab FC
|score=1–0
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1046366422396538881 Report]
|team2= [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF SC]]
|goals1=*[[William Opoku]]{{goal|13}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium=[[Dolike Sunderpur|Dolike]] football stadium
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[Punjab State Super Football League|2018 Punjab State Super Football League]] Final
|date=3 October 2018
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[FC Punjab Police]]
|score=1–2
|report=[http://www.indiafooty.com/2018/10/03/minerva-punjab-fc-clinch-the-32nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-title-defeating-punjab-police-in-the-finals Report]
|team2= Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=*Jaspreet {{goal|85}}
|goals2=*[[Souvik Das]] {{goal|45+3}}
*Dilliram {{goal|75}}
|location=[[Mahilpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|stadium=S.G.G.S. Khalsa College grounds
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
;Notes
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=disc}}
{{Cnote2|Note PSL|Match abandoned at 81 minute due to bad weather conditions.The remaining 9 minutes were played on 17 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Update – The remaining 10 minutes of our Match against DalbirFootballAcademy abandoned due to heavy rains will be played today at the Club’s base in Mohali.|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1041603241480478720|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 16 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="aban"/>}}
{{Cnote2 End}}

===J&K Invitational Cup===
Minerva Punjab participated in the J&K Invitational Cup organized by [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir FC]]. It was a knock out tournament.<ref>{{cite web|title=J&K Invitational Cup to be held in Srinagar!|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/jk-invitational-cup-to-be-held-in-srinagar/|work= arunfoot.com|accessdate= 17 October 2018}}</ref>

{{Football box collapsible
|round = Quarter Final
|date=19 October 2018
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab FC
|score=3–1
|report=[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/sports/jammu-kashmir-invitational-cup-2018-i-league-champions-minerva-punjab-fc-beat-j-k-bank-fc-3-1/300382.html Report]
|team2= J&K Bank
|goals1=*[[C.S. Sabeeth]]{{goal|43}}
*[[William Opoku]]{{goal|90+5}}
*[[Yu Kuboki]] {{goal|90+6}}
|goals2=*Prem Kumar{{goal|2}}
|location=[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|J&K]]
|stadium=[[TRC Turf Ground]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Semi Final
|date=21 October 2018
|time= 12:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab FC
|score=3–0
|report=[http://minervapunjabfc.com/10-men-minerva-punjab-fc-storm-finals-jammu-kashmir-invitational-football-tournament-defeating-sudeva-fc-3-0/ Report]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|team2= [[Sudeva Moonlight F.C.]]
|goals1=*[[William Opoku]]{{goal|14}}
*[[Manandeep Singh]]{{goal|58}}
*Amandeep{{goal|70}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|J&K]]
|stadium=[[TRC Turf Ground]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = Final
|date= 23 October 2018
|time= 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
|score=({{color|green|0–0}}){{Cref2|Note JNT}}
|report=[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/sports/j-k-invitational-cup-2018-real-kashmir-fc-minerva-punjab-fc-joint-winners/300750.html Report]
|team2= Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=[[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|J&K]]
|stadium=[[TRC Turf Ground]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=
}}
;Notes
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=disc}}
{{Cnote2|Note JNT|The prevailing situation following the death of many civilians in Kulgam blast forced the organisers of Jammu and Kashmir Invitational Cup-2018 to cancel the final and declare the finalists - Real Kashmir FC and Minerva Punjab FC as joint winners.}}
{{Cnote2 End}}

===Friendlies===
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 1<ref>{{cite web|title=Clash of the Champions|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1015499554270138368|work= twitter.com|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}</ref>
|date=8 July 2018
|time= 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab FC
|score=1-1<ref>{{cite web|title=Hero I-League Champions Minerva Punjab FC PIP Delhi Champions Indian Air Force in the Champion of Champions Clash|url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/hero-league-champions-minerva-punjab-fc-pip-delhi-champions-indian-air-force-champion-champions-clash/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825163603/http://minervapunjabfc.com/hero-league-champions-minerva-punjab-fc-pip-delhi-champions-indian-air-force-champion-champions-clash/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 August 2018|work= minervapunjabtc.com|accessdate= 3 September 2018}}</ref>
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1016005858432516097 Report]
|team2= [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
|goals1=*[[Yu Kuboki]] {{goal|18}}
|goals2=*?{{goal|89}}
|penaltyscore=4–3
|location=[[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 2<ref>{{cite web|title=The warriors are up against Indian super league side NEUFC|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1044278268789231618|work=twitter. com|accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref>
|date=25 September 2018
|time= 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|score=1–0
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/1044563489921146880 Report]
|team2= Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=*[[Juan Cruz Mascia|Mascia]] {{goal|71|p}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
|stadium=[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 3<ref>{{cite web|title=We’re heading back to the capital|url=https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1044880021620436993|work=twitter. com|accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref>
|date=27 September 2018
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Delhi Dynamos FC]]
|score=3–3
|report=[https://www.twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1045296782006255616 Report]
|team2= Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=*[[Andrija Kaluđerović|Kaluđerović]] {{goal|27||57}}
*[[Romeo Fernandes|Romeo]] {{goal|84}}
|goals2=* Alex {{goal|4}}
*[[Yu Kuboki]] {{goal|87}}
*Dilliram {{goal|90+1}}
|location=[[New Delhi]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] Training Pitch
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=D
}}

==Competitions==

===I-League===
{{Main|2018–19 I-League}}

====Matches====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#CCCCCC|Void|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#CCCCCC|Postponed|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 1
|date=28 October 2018
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab FC
|score=0–0
|report=[https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/28/india/i-league/india-minerva-fc/churchill-brothers-sc/2928125/?ICID=PL_MS_04 Report]
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=[[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]]
|stadium=[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]
|attendance=8,591
|referee=Umesh Bora
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date=31 October 2018
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab FC
|score=0–1
|report=[https://www.goal.com/en-us/match/minerva-punjab-v-real-kashmir/report/3tnwv93ocej06rsg8nejjazqi Report]
|team2= [[Real Kashmir F.C.|Real Kashmir]]
|goals1=* Dilliram Sanyasi {{yel|90+2}}
|goals2=* [[Gnohere Krizo]]{{goal|74}}
* [[Brian Mascarenhas]] {{yel|90+1}}
|location=[[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]]
|stadium=[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]
|attendance=5,171
|referee=Rosario Fernandes
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date=10 November 2018
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl FC]]
|score=1–2
|report=[https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/aizawl-v-minerva-punjab/report/3wbnpajnq534svpfev22u4zfu Report]
|team2=Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=*[[Govin Singh]]{{yel|30}}
*[[Kareem Omolaja]]{{yel|62}}
*[[Léonce Dodoz]] {{goal|84|P}}
|goals2= *Bala Alhassan{{yel|37}}
*Lancine Touré {{goal|10||58}} {{yel|55}}
|location=[[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|stadium=[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|attendance=3,871
|referee=Raktim Shah
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 4
|date=18 November 2018
|time= 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score=1-0
|report=[https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/i-league-2018-19-gokulam-kerala-minerva-punjab-match-report/a65oiqwf0bge1forjjouye1ud Report]
|team2=Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=* [[Rajesh S.]] {{goal|60}}
*[[Suhair V P]]{{yel|72}}
|goals2=*[[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon|Akasdeep Singh]]{{yel|19}}
*[[Philip Njoku]]{{yel|45+20}}
*[[Souvik Das]]{{yel|79}}
|location=[[Calicut]], [[Kerala]]
|stadium=[[EMS Stadium]]
|attendance=30,246
|referee=Senthil Nathan
|result=L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 5
|date=23 November 2018
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong FC]]
|score=2–2
|report=[https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/shillong-lajong-v-minerva-punjab/report/3xzl3qy39cvl9ywmfqf8q0x9m Report]
|team2=Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=Kenstar Kharshong {{yel|23}} Phrangki Buam {{goal|24}} Allen Lyngdoh {{goal|43}} {{yel|57}}
|goals2=[[William Opoku|W. Asiedu]] {{goal|45+3}} [[Souvik Das]] {{yel|49}} [[Philip Njoku]] {{goal|75}}
|location=[[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|JL Nehru Stadium]], [[Shillong]]
|attendance=5,275
|motm=
|referee=Pratik Mondal
|result=D
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 6
|date=1 December 2018
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Minerva Punjab FC
|score=1–0
|report=[https://scroll.in/field/904176/i-league-philip-njokus-strike-helps-minerva-punjab-edge-out-indian-arrows Report]
|team2=[[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1=T.moirangthem {{yel|42}} [[Philip Njoku]]{{goal|74}} B.Dahir {{yel|80}}
|goals2=[[Aniket Jadhav]]{{ yel|87}}
|location=[[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]]
|stadium=[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]
|attendance=4,275
|referee=Priyobarta Singh
|result=W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 7
|date=4 December 2018
|time= 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score=0–1
|report=[https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-minerva-punjab/3uo4j6uyrflbakag0n8kh3yi2 Report]
|team2=Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1=[[Jhonny Acosta]]{{yel|73}}
|goals2=[[William Opoku|W. Asiedu]] {{goal|75}}
|location=[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=16,821
|referee=Crystal John
|result=W
}}

====League table====
{{:2018–19 I-League|showteam=MNP}}

====Results summary====
{{Fb_rs |hw=1 |hd=1 |hl=1 |hgf=1 |hga=1 |aw=2 |ad=1 |al=1 |agf=5 |aga=4 }}
{{Fb_rs_footer |u=|s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/Bengaluru/25367/statistics/ I-League] |date=January 2016}}

====Results by round====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round

|label1= Ground
|res1=[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium|H]]/[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium|H]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|A]]/[[EMS Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|A]]/[[Tau Devi Lal Stadium|H]]/[[Salt Lake Stadium|A]]/
|label2= Result
|res2=D/L/W/L/D/W/W
|label3= Position
|res3=7/11/6/7/7/5/2

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd

|updated=12 November 2018
|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/india-minerva-fc/35319/ I-League]
|date=November 2018
}}

===2019 AFC Champions League===
{{main|2019 AFC Champions League}}

The [[AFC Champions League]] is the premier continental football competition organized by the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC). As the champions of the [[I-League]] the [[2017–18 I-League|previous season]], Minerva Punjab FC earned a chance to qualify for the tournament. India did not have a direct-entry spot in the AFC Champions League and thus the champion team from India had to qualify for the tournament through the preliminary rounds. Minerva Punjab were put up against [[Saipa F.C.|Saipa FC]] of [[Iran]].

{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2019 AFC Champions League qualifying play-offs#Preliminary round 2|PR 2]]
|id = saipav Minerva Punjab FC
|date = {{Start date|2019|2|12|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ||3:30}}
|team1 = [[Saipa F.C.|Saipa FC]] {{flagicon|Iran}}
|score =
|team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} Minerva Punjab FC
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium =
|location =
|attendance =
|referee =
|report =
|result =
|mvp =
}}

===2019 AFC Cup===
{{2019 AFC Cup group tables|Group E|show_matches=yes|showteam=MIN}}

==Statistics==

===Goal Scorers===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Rank
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Pos.
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Nat.
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|I-League
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|AFC
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Indian Super Cup

!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1
| 22
| DF
| {{flagicon|CIV}}
| [[Lancine Touré]]
| 2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 9
| MF
| {{flagicon|NGR}}
| [[Philip Njoku]]
| 2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 17
| FW
| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| [[William Opoku]]
| 2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
|colspan="4"|
|''Own Goals''
||-||-||-
!scope="col"|
|-
|colspan="4"|
|'''Total'''
| '''6''' || '''6''' || '''0'''|| '''6'''
|}

====Hat-tricks====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;" | Player
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;" | Against
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;" | Result
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;" | Date
!style="background:#0000FF; color:#ffff00; text-align:center;" | Competition
|-align="center"
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist-ua}}

==See also==
* [[2018–19 in Indian football]]
* [[2018–19 I-League]]

{{2018–19 in Indian football}}
{{I-League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2018-19 Minerva Punjab F.C. season}}
[[Category:2018–19 I-League by team|Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
[[Category:Minerva Academy FC seasons]]

Ram Barat

2025-10-05T04:01:03Z

EduardoVasey1: updated details

{{Short description|Annual event in North India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
'''Ram Barat''' ([[Hindi]]: राम बारात) is a part of the [[Ramlila]] celebration in [[Agra]], [[India]]. It is one of the biggest annual events in [[North India]]. Ram Barat literally means "[[Baraat]] (marriage procession) of [[Shri Ram]]". Every year a new locality is chosen in [[Agra]] and is elaborately decorated with lights and flowers for Janakpuri
. The area is given a major facelift befitting the venue for the divine marriage.

==History==
The history of Ram Barat is said{{by whom?|date=August 2016}} to go back around 125 years, when Lala Kokamal, a reputed business man, started the tradition of three days of festivities, revolving around the royal wedding. His influence has been so great on this festival that the road from where the Baraat proceeds has been named 'Lala Kokamal Marg', and the grounds where Ram Lila is held are named after Lala Kokamal. When he died in 1966, his son Radharaman took charge as secretary of Ramlila until his death in 1978. Until their deaths in 2016, his youngest son Raj Narain was the treasurer of Ramlila and his Grandson Hari Kishan Agarwal was the Vice President of this prestigious society. Now Lala Kokamal's Great Grandson Rajeev K Agarwal has also started devoting his time to the event by mainly supporting the fundraising activities.

*In 2008, the Ram Barat was held in the [[Kamla Nagar, Agra|Kamla Nagar]] area.
*In 2010, it was held in the Balkeshwar area.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}
*In 2013, Janakpuri was celebrated in the [[Kamla Nagar, Agra|Kamla Nagar]] Agra.
*In 2015, Janakpuri was celebrated from 8-10 October in the Gandhi Nagar locality.
*In 2018, Janakpuri was celebrated from 7-10 October in the Vijay Nagar locality.
*In 2022 Janakpuri was celebrated from 21-24 September in the Dayal Bagh locality.
*In 2023 Janakpuri was celebrated from 11-14 October in the Sanjay place locality.
*In 2024 Janakpuri was celebrated from 28 September to 2 October in the Shah Ganj locality.
*In 2025 Janakpuri was celebrated from 17-20 September in the [[Kamla Nagar, Agra|Kamla Nagar]] locality.

==Preparations==
Preparation for the event begin well in advance and the best craftsmen from the country are invited to set up the ''Janak Mahal'' and other elaborate structures. The locality selected for Ram Barat is given special funding and is decorated like a bride's paternal home, ready to receive the Baraatis (Shri Ram and his family entourage).

==Festivities==
The festivities last for three days. On the first day, marriage procession is undertaken. This is watched by millions of people throughout [[Agra]] as well as those arriving from neighbouring districts of [[Rajasthan]] & [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The area is lit up with thousands of lights and there is non-stop music, and the cinema theatres run film shows throughout the night to accommodate the migratory crowd. These three days can be seen as a large carnival where people from all walks of life come together to have a great time.

==See also==
*[[Agra]]
*[[Lath mar Holi]]
*[[Taj Mahotsav]]

==References==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724021807/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/agra/festivals-&-events-in-agra/ram-barat.html |date=2008-07-24}}
* [http://www.nerve.in/news:25350019341]

{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Festivals in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]
[[Category:Ramayana]]

{{india-festival-stub}}

ECIL X Roads

2025-07-24T08:16:22Z

EduardoVasey1: Adding New Post W/ Sources

{{Short description|Road in Telangana, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = ECIL X Roads
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = ECIL Bus station.JPG
| image_caption = Bus terminal at ECIL X Roads
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal–Malkajgiri district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu, Urdu, English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500062
| coordinates = {{coord|17|28|24|N|78|34|15|E}}
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|Parliamentary]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad Urban Development Authority|HUDA]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''ECIL X Roads''' or '''ECIL Cross Roads''' is a major commercial center in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India. It is an important intersection located between some of the densest residential areas in [[Secunderabad]], including [[Kushaiguda]] and [[Moula Ali]].<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-06-05/RTC-deploys-special-buses-/386634 RTC deploys special buses]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-03-19/First-E-Health-clinic-launched-at-ECIL/367729 First E-Health clinic launched at ECIL]</ref> The suburb is named after [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited|ECIL Factory]] located nearby on the road to [[Cherlapally]]. A TSRTC Bus Terminal is located beside the crossroads. The roads intersecting here are the [[Tirumalagiri|Trimulgherry]]-ECIL road (through [[Neredmet]] and [[A. S. Rao Nagar|AS Rao Nagar]]) and the [[Tarnaka]]-Kushaiguda road (through Lalapet and Moula Ali) that starts at Tarnaka Crossroads on the Inner Ring Road. Radhika Crossroads is another major intersection located just a kilometre away on the Trimulgherry-ECIL road and Moula Ali-[[Dammaiguda]] road.

==Transport==
It has good connectivity of buses by [[TSRTC]],<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/more-late-night-buses-by-telangana-state-road-transport-corporation/articleshow/60803166.cms More late-night buses by Telangana State Road Transport Corporation | Hyderabad News - Times of India]</ref> which has a bus terminal right beside the junction. Much of the city is connected to ECIL Crossroads through this terminal, with major routes including:

* '''3''' (Kushaiguda - [[Afzal Gunj|Afzalgunj]])
** '''3K''' Kushaiguda - ECIL X Roads - Moula Ali - HB Colony - Lalapet - Tarnaka - [[Adikmet]] - [[Vidyanagar]] - [[Nallakunta]] - [[Kachiguda]] - [[Koti, Hyderabad|Koti]] - Afzalgunj
** '''3KN''' Kushaiguda - ECIL X Roads - Moula Ali - HB Colony - [[Mallapur]] - [[Nacharam]] - [[Habsiguda]] - Tarnaka - Adikmet - Vidyanagar - Nallakunta - Kachiguda - Koti - Afzalgunj
* '''16''' (ECIL X Roads - Secunderabad)
** '''16A''' ECIL X Roads - Radhika X Roads - AS Rao Nagar - Neredmet Cross Roads - Old Neredmet - Vinayak Nagar, [[Safilguda]] - [[Anandbagh]] - [[Malkajgiri]] - [[Lallaguda]] - [[Mettuguda]] - Secunderabad
** '''16C''' ECIL X Roads - Radhika X Roads - AS Rao Nagar - Sainathpuram - Vinayak Nagar, Safilguda - Anandbagh - Malkajgiri - Lallaguda - Mettuguda - Secunderabad
** '''16H''' ECIL X Roads - Moula Ali - HB Colony - East Anandbagh - Anandbagh - Malkajgiri - Lallaguda - Mettuguda - Secunderabad
* '''24S''' ECIL X Roads - Radhika X Roads - AS Rao Nagar - Neredmet - [[Ramakrishnapuram|RK Puram]] - Lalbazar - [[Lothkunta]] - Temple [[Alwal]] - Old Alwal - Suchitra

The nearest Metro station is [[Tarnaka metro station|Tarnaka]], 7 km away. Cherlapalli and [[Moula Ali railway station|Moula Ali]] are two nearby railway stations, with the nearest major station being [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Junction]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hyderabad district, India]]

Article 318 of the Constitution of India

2025-06-28T07:52:54Z

EduardoVasey1: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Constitution of India#Structure]]
[[Category:Articles of Part XIV of the Constitution of India]]

This page is a redirect page at present. If you wish to expand this '''Article '''of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], do as follows:
* Remove the "'''REDIRECT'''" line
* Remove this message
and you may then proceed with your page.

Telugu Cinema

2025-05-21T16:47:37Z

EduardoVasey1: basic correct layout also and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Telugu cinema]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from miscapitalization}}
}}

Faiz Ahmed (Railways cricketer)

2025-04-04T00:27:11Z

EduardoVasey1: updated intro and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Faiz Ahmed
| image =
| country =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|3|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| role =

| club1 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| year1 = 2015–16
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 15 October 2017
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/854315.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Faiz Ahmed''' (born 28 March 1995) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/854315.html |title=Faiz Ahmed |access-date=15 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut in the [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]] on 15 October 2015.<ref name="debut">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901747.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group B: Uttar Pradesh v Railways at Ghaziabad, Oct 15-18, 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=854315}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Faiz}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Railways cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kanpur]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1995-stub}}