https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=EdmundWyrick821Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-15T22:27:59ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupal_Patel&diff=531093Rupal Patel2026-05-05T14:44:34Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made New Entry</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian television actress (Born: 1968)}}<br />
{{for|speech scientist|Rupal Patel (scientist)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Rupal Patel<br />
| image = Rupalpatel.jpg<br />
| caption = Patel as Kokila in [[Star Plus]] ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' in 2012<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1968}}<ref name="SidKan">{{cite web|title=Rupal Patel: 'I cried when Devoleena Bhattacharjee replaced Giaa Manek in Saath Nibhana Saathiya!'|via=YouTube|date=3 May 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNcKl_pT61A&si=CXfK8uVjSO0qR6PB|time=6:28|accessdate=24 December 2024}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| education = [[Bombay University]] ([[Bachelors of Commerce|B.Com]])<br/>[[National School of Drama]] ([[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]])<br />
| occupation = [[Actress]]<br />
| spouse = Radhakrishna Dutta<br />
| children = <br />
| yearsactive = 1991–present<br />
| known_for = ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' <br/> ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rupal Patel Dutta'''<ref name="The Times of India" /> is an Indian actress. She is renowned for her character of Kokila Modi in the soap opera ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' (2010–2017), one of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running Indian TV series]].<ref name="mid-day.com">{{Cite web |title=Actress Rupal Patel, The Original Rasode Mein Kaun Tha Questioner: Feel Blessed To Touch People In Such A Way |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/actress-rupal-patel-the-original-rasode-mein-kaun-tha-questioner-feel-blessed-to-touch-people-in-such-a-way/22994334 |access-date= |website=Mid Day|date=17 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2020 |title=Saath Nibhana Saathiya Season 2 to launch in October |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/saath-nibhana-saathiya-season-2-devoleena-gopi-kokilaben-6573434/ |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her other notable roles include playing Meenakshi Rajvansh in ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' and Mithila Modi in ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]''.<br />
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==Early life==<br />
Born in 1967 or 1968 in [[Bombay]], Patel is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] and was trained in acting at the [[National School of Drama]] in [[New Delhi]] apart from having a degree in [[Commerce]].<ref name="SidKan"/><ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Rupal-Patel-is-different-from-reel-life/articleshow/11927151.cms |title=Rupal Patel is different from reel life |last=Das |first=Soumitra |date=18 February 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> She owns a theatre group, Panorama Art Theatres, which is involved in children's plays.<ref name="mid-day.com"/> She is married to actor Radhakrishna Dutta.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=No place for men in TV soaps: Radhakrishna Dutta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/No-place-for-men-in-TV-soaps-Radhakrishna-Dutta/articleshow/19737768.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Acting career==<br />
===Career struggles (1991–2009)===<br />
Patel first decided to test her fate in [[Bollywood]], and debuted there via a minor role in the 1991 film ''[[Antarnaad]]''. She subsequently enacted unnoticed parts in other Bollywood films like ''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]'' (1992), ''Papeeha'' (1993), ''[[Mammo]]'' (1994) and ''[[Samar (1999 film)|Samar]]'' (1999).<ref name="ahmedabadmirror">{{Cite web |title=The 'me' in the Kokilaben meme |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-me-in-the-kokilaben-meme/articleshow/77826516.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212220231/https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-me-in-the-kokilaben-meme/articleshow/77826516.cms |archive-date=12 December 2020 |access-date= |website=[[The Times of India|Ahemdabad Mirror]]}}</ref> Few of these films were directed by [[Shyam Benegal]].<ref name="asianage.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/250719/saath-nibhaana-saathiya-actor-rupal-patel-gets-honour-from-pm-modi-for-special-cause.html |title=Saath Nibhaana Saathiya actor Rupal Patel gets honour from PM Modi for special cause |website=The Asian Age |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=}}</ref><br />
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After her stint in Bollywood, Patel ventured in 2001 into [[Television in India|Hindi television industry]] playing the role of Lakhi in Zarina Mehta's ''[[Shagun]]'' on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rupal Patel gives comedy a shot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupal-patel-gives-comedy-a-shot/articleshow/78675283.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India|date=16 October 2020 }}</ref> She was cast as Aashalata in ''Sau Dada Sasuna'' in 2002, and later featured in few episodes of famous crime thriller show ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref name=":0"/> Her struggles in her acting career continued, and after a massive gap, she essayed Vrinda in [[Cinevistaas Limited]] production ''[[Jaane Kya Baat Hui]]'' on [[Colors TV]] in 2009.<ref name="The Times of India"/><br />
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===Desirable success (2010–present)===<br />
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From 2010 to 2017, Patel gained tremendous popularity and appreciation for her iconic performance in Rashmi Sharma's [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] soap ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' on Star Plus as the strict Kokila Modi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=I am done with my journey of playing Kokila Modi in Saath Nibhaana Saathiya: Rupal Patel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-done-with-my-journey-of-playing-kokila-modi-in-saath-nibhaana-saathiya/articleshow/79034919.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India|date=4 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/i-am-not-quitting-saath-nibhana-saathiya-im-too-happy-playing-kokila-rupal-patel/ |title=I am not quitting Saath Nibhana Saathiya, I'm too happy playing Kokila: Rupal Patel |website=The Indian Express |date=13 February 2017 |access-date=}}</ref><br />
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In January 2019, she signed a cameo appearance in Prateek Sharma's ''[[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]]'' on [[Zee TV]] as Usha/Kubarjra.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/saath-nibhaana-saathiya-actress-rupal-patel-returns-to-tv-with-manmohini/articleshow/67468518.cms |title=saath-nibhaana-saathiya-actress-rupal-patel-returns-to-tv-with-manmohini |website=The Times of India |date=10 January 2019 |access-date=}}</ref> From March 2019 to October 2020, she portrayed the grey character of Meenakshi Rajvansh Kapadia in [[Director's Kut Productions]] television show ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' broadcast on Star Plus.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupal-patel-kokila-modi-and-meenakshi-rajvansh-are-like-twins/articleshow/69395211.cms |title=Rupal Patel Says Kokila Modi and Meenakshi Rajvansh are like Twins |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 May 2019 |access-date=}}</ref><ref name="Right in the act">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/one-to-one/771367.html |title=Right in the act |website=The Tribune |access-date=}}</ref><br />
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In October 2020, Patel reprised her character as Kokila Modi in the second season of ''Saath Nibhaana Saathiya'' entitled ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]'' which replaced ''Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/saath-nibhaana-saathiya-2-maker-confirms-return-of-gopi-bahu-and-kokilaben-2826665.html |title=Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2 Maker Confirms Return of Gopi Bahu and Kokilaben |date=28 August 2020}}</ref> She was seen in 31 episodes of the show, as it was an introductory part.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/saath-nibhana-saathiya-season-2-devoleena-gopi-kokilaben-6573434/ |title=Saath Nibhana Saathiya Season 2 to launch in October |date=28 August 2020}}</ref> She appeared as a guest in ''[[Gangs of Filmistaan]]''.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Rupal Patel will make a guest appearance in the Gangs of Filmistan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rupal-patel-will-make-a-guest-appearance-in-the-gangs-of-filmistan-157472 |access-date= |website=The Tribune}}</ref><br />
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==Other works==<br />
Patel is an ambassador for the [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat India]] project and works for it; she received honour twice from Indian [[Prime minister|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] for her works. One of them, in the form of a letter.<ref name="asianage.com" /><br />
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==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
* ''Mehak'' (1985)<br />
* ''[[Antarnaad]]'' (1991)<br />
* ''[[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda]]'' (1992)<br />
* ''Papeeha'' (1993)<br />
* ''[[Mammo]]'' (1994)<br />
* ''[[Samar (1999 film)|Samar]]'' (1999)<br />
* ''[[Jaago (2004 film)|Jaago]]'' (2004) – Cameo<br />
* ''[[Pehchaan: The Face of Truth]]'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Sambar Salsa]]'' (2007) – Art Director<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1999-2000<br />
| ''[[Gubbare]]''<br />
| Sindhi Lady in episode "Masala Maami"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
| ''[[Shagun]]''<br />
| Lakhi<br />
|<ref name="ahmedabadmirror" /><br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
| ''Sau Dada Sasuna''<br />
| Aashalata Sheth<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
| ''[[Jaane Kya Baat Hui]]''<br />
| Vrinda<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2010–2017<br />
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''<br />
| Kokila Desai Modi<br />
|<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]]''<br />
|Kubarjra/Usha<br />
|Cameo<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|2019–20<br />
|''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''<br />
|Meenakshi Rajvansh Kapadia<br />
|<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Right in the act"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020<br />
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" | Kokila Desai Modi<br />
| Episode 1-31<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gangs of Filmistaan]]''<br />
|Guest<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/><br />
|-<br />
|2021–2022<br />
|''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]''<br />
|Mithila Modi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rupal Patel to begin shooting for Tera Mera Saath Rahe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupal-patel-to-begin-shooting-for-tera-mera-saath-rahe/articleshow/84615134.cms |website=The Times of India|date=21 July 2021 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| ''[[Nath (TV series)|Nath – Rishton Ki Agnipariksha]]''<br />
| Kailashi Devi Pratapsingh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
| ''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]''<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''<br />
| Divya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}<br />
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{{Indian Telly Award Best Supporting Actress}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Rupal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:1968 births]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_Demons_Delhi&diff=536912Speed Demons Delhi2026-05-02T07:31:05Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made New Data</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian auto racing team}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
'''Speed Demons Delhi''' is an [[India|Indian]] motorsport franchise that competes in the [[Indian Racing League]] and the [[F4 Indian Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Indian Racing League drivers, calendar revealed - Introduction {{!}} Autocar India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/2025-indian-racing-league-drivers-calendar-revealed-436189 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref> IRL and F4 championship are organised by Racing Promotions Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Srushti |date=2025-07-06 |title=Kichcha Sudeep launches Bengaluru Racing Team ahead of 2025 Indian Racing Festival |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/car-bike/cars/2025/Jul/06/kichcha-sudeep-launches-bengaluru-racing-team-ahead-of-2025-indian-racing-festival |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Delhi franchise is owned by actor [[Arjun Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalawaade |first=Rohit |date=2025-07-17 |title=2025 Indian Racing League driver line-up revealed |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/2025-indian-racing-league-driver-line-up-587046 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.evoindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The team for Round 4 races at the [[Goa Street Circuit]] is led by Malaysian racer Alister Yoong. [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]] was the Indian driver while [[Sai Sanjay]] is replaced by 2025 MRF Formula 2000 champion [[Ishaan Madesh]]. Australian GT racer [[Caitlin Wood]] was the female driver.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Auto |date=2026-02-13 |title=Things to look forward to at the Indian Racing Festival in Goa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/things-to-look-forward-to-at-the-indian-racing-festival-in-goa-2867668-2026-02-13 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Speed Demons Delhi is one of the six city-based teams along with [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]], [[Goa Aces JA Racing]], [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]], and [[Chennai Turbo Riders]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-25 |title=Bengaluru to debut ‘Kichcha’s Kings’ in IRL 2025 season |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Jul/25/bengaluru-to-debut-kichchas-kings-in-irl-2025-season |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In August 2025, in the Round 1 held at Kari Motor Speedway in Coimbatore, Sai Sanjay logged a victory for Speed Demons in the second race for Driver B.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian racing athlete Sai Sanjay wins for Speed Demons Delhi at Indian Racing Festival 2025 |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/indian-racing-athlete-sai-sanjay-wins-for-speed-demons-delhi-at-indian-racing-festival-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-08-17 |title=Indian Racing Festival 2025, Day 2: Sai Sanjay hands Speed Demons Delhi impressive victory |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/indian-racing-featival-2025-sai-sanjay-speed-demons-delhi-victory-results-updates-news/article69945055.ece |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian auto racing teams]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramadasu_(1964_film)&diff=529076Ramadasu (1964 film)2026-05-02T07:24:10Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made A Stub</p>
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<div>{{Short description|1964 Indian Telugu-language film directed by V. Nagayya}}<br />
{{About|the 1964 Telugu film|historical person|Bhadrachala Ramadasu|the 2006 Telugu film|Sri Ramadasu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Ramadasu<br />
| image = Ramadasu.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| writer = Yadavalli Lakshmi Narayana<br>Malladi Satyanarayana<br>{{small|(dialogues)}}<br />
| screenplay = V. Nagayya<br />
| producer = V. Nagayya<br />
| director = [[V. Nagayya]]<br />
| starring = [[V. Nagayya]]<br>[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]<br>[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]<br>[[Ramana Reddy]]<br>[[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C.S.R]]<br>[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]]<br />
| music = Ashwathama<br>V. Nagayya<br>{{small|(Supervision)}}<br />
| cinematography = K. S. Prasad<br>Jagirdaar<br />
| editing = G. D. Joshi<br />A. S. Tangaveelu<br />
| based_on = Life of ''[[Kancharla Gopanna]]''<br />
| studio = V. N. Films<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246189/ |title=Ramadasu (1964) - IMDb<!-- Bot generated title --> |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209132609/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246189/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1964|12|23}}<br />
| runtime = 180 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ramadasu''''' is a 1964 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[biographical film]], based on the life of [[Kancharla Gopanna]], produced and directed by [[V. Nagayya]]. It stars Nagayya, with <br />
[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]], [[Ramana Reddy]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as well as [[Anjali Devi]] in special appearances, with music composed by Ashwathama. The blockbuster film has garnered the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]], and has garnered several state awards.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ramadasu-movie-awards/15991 |title=National Film Awards (1964)<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=23 March 2014 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212638/http://www.gomolo.com/ramadasu-movie-awards/15991 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film begins at [[Nelakondapalli]], where [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu|Kancherla Gopanna]] lost his father in childhood. Currently, when his mother is ailing, Gopanna walks to Dhammakka, a devout servant who looks after the idols of Rama on the hill at [[Bhadrachalam]]. Soon, he backs, and his mother happily leaves her breath with the blessing of [[Rama]], which shatters Gopanna. During that plight, he encounters [[Kabir|Kabirdas]], whose means of life is Rama's chanting. He enlightens Gopanna about grim reality and asks him to proceed further. Now the tale shifts to [[Golconda]] where [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah|Tanisha]] has strong faith in his true-blue ministers [[Madanna and Akkanna|Madanna & Akkanna]], the maternal uncles of Gopanna. They introduce him to the Empire, and he acquires his credence. Parallelly, there is a frequent call-off for the bridal connections of Madanna's daughter Kamala, as astrologers predict jail access is inevitable for the one that splices her. Despite this, Gopanna knits Kamala, and the couple is blessed with a son, Raghunatha. <br />
<br />
After a while, Gopanna revisits Bhadrachalam on the eve of the Lord's wedding ceremony, where Kabir Das arrives, but vicious Dharmakarta Pratap Giri Panthulu & Tehsildar Allaudin expel him. However, with his idolization, Kabir Das proves his divinity. Plus, Gopanna hinders the illegal acts therein, which envies the knaves. Following this, he conducts ''Annadanam,'' a sacred offering at his home. Tragically, Raghunatha dies while dropping into a well when Kabir retrieves him back with his holy strength. Now, Gopanna faithfully serves his mentor, who proclaims that his devotion is ideal, blesses him with ''Srirama Taraka Mantram,'' and nobilitates him as Ramadasu. Thus, he pledges to sanctify his totality to the Lord by constructing a temple at Bhadrachalam. Besides, Tanisha discerns Gopanna's widespread popularity and delegates him as Bhadrachalam's Tehsildar. Afterward, he awakes spiritually and publicly, collecting assets owed to Tanisha's taxes. He seeks approval from the emperor, which falls short of Dharmakarta & Allaudin's ploy. <br />
<br />
Years roll by, and Ramadasu triumphs in building a sublime temple when the heels tactically forge and accuse him of squandering govt funds. Ergo, Gopanna is apprehended and behind bars in a secluded prison. At which, he sculpts the idols of [[Sita]], Rama & [[Lakshmana]] and orchestrates prayers. Ramadasu calls the Lord with reverence, humility, eagerness, and notwithstanding anger, but in vain. Ultimately, he implores Sita, which stirs [[Lakshmi]], and she pleads [[Vishnu]] to secure him. Then, Vishnu states that Ramadasu was penalized since he caged a parrot for seven days in his past life. Currently, Vishnu takes the form of Rama & [[Shesha|Adiseshu]] as Lakshmana sets foot at Golkonda and vanishes, clearing the debt. Hereupon, Tanisha is under a dichotomy when Kabirdas irradiates him with the fact. Therefore, Tanisha learns the eminence of Ramadasu and the foul play of Dharmakarta & Allaudin and acquits him. At last, Tanisha permanently bestows Bhadrachalam on Ramadasu and his heritage, ''Mutyala Talambralu.'' Finally, the movie ends happily, with Ramadasu dedicating himself to the Lord's prayers.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[V. Nagayya]] as [[Kancharla Gopanna]] / Ramadasu<br />
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Kabir das<br />
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Baadipanthulu<br />
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Ahmak Shah<br />
*[[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C.S.R]] as Dharmakartha Pratap Giri Panthulu<br />
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]] as Priest Seenaiah<br />
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Dharmakarta's acolyte<br />
*[[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]] as Madanna<br />
*A. V. Subba Rao as Akkanna<br />
*Pasala Surya Chandra Rao as [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah|Tanisha]]<br />
*Dr. Sivaramakrishnaiah as Dawood <br />
*Rama Sharma as Young Gopanna<br />
*Sarla Brahmana as Moulvi<br />
*Ramappa Panthulu as Sitarama Sastry<br />
*Tennies Rama Rao as Allaudin<br />
*Lanka Satyam as Abbas<br />
*[[P. Kannamba|Kannamba]] as Kamalamba<br />
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Shyamalamba<br />
*[[Tanguturi Suryakumari]] as Sitara Begam<br />
*Prabhavathi as Chand Bibi<br />
*Rajasri as Young Kamala<br />
*Ratnapapa as Dilaara <br />
*Lakshmi as Sitamba<br />
*Master Nagaraju as Raghunatha<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
===Special appearances===<br />
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Rama]] <br />
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as [[Vishnu]] <br />
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Lakshmana]] <br />
*[[Anjali Devi]] as [[Lakshmi]]<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Ramadasu<br />
| type = film<br />
| artist = Aswadhamma<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 1964<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = Soundtrack<br />
| length =<br />
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]<br />
| producer = Aswadhamma<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Music composed by Aswadhama. Music released on [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. <br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|"Adigo Badradri"<br />
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. B. Srinivas]], [[A. P. Komala]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|"Dandakam"<br />
|V. Nagayya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|"Dhanyudanaithini O Deva"<br />
|V. Nagayya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|"Ee Desamanununduvaru"<br />
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|"Jai Seetharama Raghu Rama"<br />
|V. Nagayya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|"Kahekarona"<br />
|[[Mohammad Rafi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|"Kondanda Rama"<br />
|V. Nagayya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|"Maa Bava Manchivadu"<br />
|[[P. Susheela]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|"Mohanakaara Rama"<br />
|[[Soolamangalam Sisters]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|"Naraharini Nammaka"<br />
|V. Nagayya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|"O Saadhulara"<br />
|[[V. Nagayya]], [[T. G. Kamala Devi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|"Padyams"<br />
|V. Nagayya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|"Padyams"<br />
|V. Nagayya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|"Pahimam Sriramante"<br />
|[[Soolamangalam Sisters]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|"Ram Naam Se Jyaada"<br />
|Mohammad Rafi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|"Ramadasugaru"<br />
|Madhavapeddi Satyam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|"Rama Pahimam"<br />
|Sulamangalam Sisters<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|"Rama Rama Anarada"<br />
|V. Nagayya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|"Rama Rama Yanuarada"<br />
|V. Nagayya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|"Ye Desam"<br />
|Madhavapeddi Satyam<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[National Film Awards]]<br />
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] - 1964<ref name=autogenerated1 /><br />
<br />
==Other==<br />
* VCDs & DVDs on - VOLGA Videos, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1964 films]]<br />
[[Category:1964 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian epic films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]<br />
[[Category:History of India on film]]<br />
[[Category:1960s biographical films]]<br />
[[Category:Supernatural films]]<br />
[[Category:Paranormal films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulabha_K._Kulkarni&diff=538103Sulabha K. Kulkarni2026-05-01T18:44:03Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian physicist}}<br />
{{BLP primary sources|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Sulabha Kashinath Kulkarni<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|6|1}}<br />
| birth_place = Pune, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| citizenship = India<br />
| ethnicity = <br />
| field = [[Nanotechnology]]<br />[[Materials Science]]<br />[[Surface Science]]<br />
| work_institutions = [[IISER Pune|Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Pune]]<br />
| doctoral_advisor = <br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| known_for = [[Nanotechnology]]<br />[[Materials Science]]<br />[[Surface Science]]<br />
| author_abbrev_bot = <br />
| author_abbrev_zoo = <br />
| prizes = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sulabha Kashinath Kulkarni''' (born 1 June 1949) is an Indian physicist, whose research spans the areas of [[Nanotechnology]], [[Materials Science]], and [[Surface Science]]. She is currently a visiting faculty member at [[IISER Pune|Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]], Pune, India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/people/faculty-details/33 |title=Bio|website=www.iiserpune.ac.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Born in 1949, Kulkarni was educated in Pune and earned her [[Bachelor of Science]] (1969), [[Master of Science]] (1971), and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (1976) in Physics from the [[University of Pune]]. From 1976 to 1977, she conducted her post-doctoral research on gas/solid interactions using surface science techniques in the Physics Department (E20) at the [[Technical University of Munich]], Germany.<ref name="insaindia.org">{{cite web |url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P11-1548 |title=INSA |access-date=2013-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404104534/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P11-1548 |archive-date=2014-04-04 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Work and career ==<br />
Kulkarni joined as a faculty member in the Department of Physics at the [[University of Pune]] upon her return to India. She continued to research and teach for 32 years, also introducing a course on Nanotechnology at the post-graduate level. In March 2009, she joined the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]] (IISER) in Pune and continued as a [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] scientist. From 2010 to 2011, she served as Pro Vice Chancellor at the [[Banasthali Vidyapith|Banasthali University]], Rajasthan. She returned to IISER Pune as UGC Professor and is currently a Visiting Faculty at IISER Pune.<ref name=IASFellowProfile>{{cite web|title=Fellow Profile – Kulkarni, Prof. Sulabha Kashinath|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Kulkarni,_Prof._Sulabha_Kashinath|website=Indian Academy of Sciences|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|accessdate=23 January 2016|location=Bangalore}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and honors ==<br />
* Associate editor, ''Journal of Nanophotonics'' (2011–)<ref>spie.org/x90356.xml</ref><br />
* Fellow (FNA), Indian National Science Academy (New Delhi) (2011–)<ref name="insaindia.org"/><br />
* Bharatiya Stree Shakti "Women and Technological Innovation National Award" (2007)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatiyastreeshakti.org/awards.html |title=Awards - Bharatiya Stree Shakti |website=www.bharatiyastreeshakti.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019013741/http://www.bharatiyastreeshakti.org/awards.html |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Associate editor, International Journal of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (2006–)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijnnonline.net/journal/editorial.board|title=International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology - Editorial Board|website=www.ijnnonline.net}}</ref><br />
* Fellow (FASc), Indian Academy of Science (Bangalore) (2004–)<ref name=IASFellowProfile/><br />
* Fellow (FNASc), National Academy of Sciences, India (Allahabad), (2003–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=K |title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Fellows |access-date=2016-10-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315081652/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=K |archive-date=2016-03-15 }}</ref><br />
* Elected President, IPA Pune Chapter (1996–1998)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://physics.unipune.ernet.in/~ipa/list.htm |title=1 |website=physics.unipune.ernet.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212012048/http://physics.unipune.ernet.in/~ipa/list.htm |archive-date=12 December 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* Fellow, Maharashtra Academy of Sciences (1995–)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mahascience.org/files/Fellowship/files/academyMembers.htm#s|title=Maharashtra academy of sciences|website=mahascience.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Sulabha K}}<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:1949 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nanotechnologists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century women physicists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women physicists]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamata_Banerjee&diff=481324Mamata Banerjee2026-04-30T09:59:49Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: further fixed citations to improve readability and added references per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Chief Minister of West Bengal since 2011}}<br />
{{Redirect|Mamata}}<br />
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Mamata Banerjee<br />
| honorific_suffix = <!-- Please do not add honourifics, see [[MOS:HONOURIFICS]] --> <br />
| image = File:Official portrait of Mamata Banerjee.jpg<br />
| caption = Official portrait, 2015<br />
| alt = Official portrait, 2015<br />
| signature = Mamata_Banerjee_Signature.png<br />
| office = Chief Minister of West Bengal<br />
| order = 8th<br />
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''<br />
| suboffice = [[First Banerjee ministry|Mamata I]]<br/> [[Second Banerjee ministry|Mamata II]]<br/> [[Third Banerjee ministry|Mamata III]]<br />
| term_start = {{start date|2011|05|20|df=yes}}<br />
| governor = {{Unbulleted list|[[M. K. Narayanan]]|[[D. Y. Patil]] ''(additional charge)''|[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]|[[La. Ganesan]] ''(additional charge)''|[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]|[[R. N. Ravi]]}}<br />
| predecessor = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional ministries}}<br />
| 1blankname1 = [[Third Banerjee ministry|Ministry and Departments]]<br />
| 1namedata1 = * [[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Home & Hill Affairs]]<br />
* [[Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms (West Bengal)|Personnel & Administrative Reforms]]<br />
* Finance & Excise<br />
* Planning<br />
* Statistics Program Implementation<br />
* [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Health and Family Welfare]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)|Land and Land Reforms]]<br />
* Refugee and Rehabilitation<br />
* [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Information & Cultural Affairs]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Minority Affairs & Madrassah Education (West Bengal)|Minority Affairs & Madrassah Education]]<br />
* Sports & Youth Affairs<br />
| term_start1 = {{start date|2011|05|20|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}<br />
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]<br />
| term_start3 = {{start date|2011|11|16|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end3 = {{start date|2021|05|02|df=yes}}<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Subrata Bakshi]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]<br />
| ooffice3 = <br />
| constituency2 = [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]<br />
| term_start2 = {{start date|2021|10|03|df=yes}}<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]<br />
| office4 = [[All India Trinamool Congress|President of the All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| term_start4 = {{Start date|2001|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end4 = <br />
| predecessor4 = [[Ajit Kumar Panja]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Union Cabinet offices<br />
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed purple;}}{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| office5 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Minister of Railways]]<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]<br />
| prime_minister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
| term_start5 = {{Start date|2009|05|22|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end5 = {{End date|2011|05|19|df=yes}}<br />
| successor5 = [[Dinesh Trivedi]]<br />
| office6 = <br />
| prime_minister6 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br />
| predecessor6 = [[Ram Naik]]<br />
| successor6 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| term_start6 = {{start date|1999|10|13|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end6 = {{end date|2001|03|15|df=yes}}<br />
| office7 = [[Ministry of Coal|Union Minister of Coal]]<br />
| prime_minister7 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee<br />
| term_start7 = 9 January 2004<br />
| term_end7 = 22 May 2004<br />
| predecessor7 = [[Karia Munda]]<br />
| successor7 = [[Shibu Soren]]<br />
| office9 = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Union Minister of Mines]]<br />
| term_start9 = 9 January 2004<br />
| term_end9 = 22 May 2004<br />
| prime_minister9 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee<br />
| predecessor9 = [[Ramesh Bais]] ([[:Category:Union ministers of state of India with independent charge|''MOS (I/C)'']])<br />
| successor9 = Shibu Soren<br />
| office10 = [[Union Council of Ministers#Ranking|Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Education (India)|Human Resource Development]]<br />
| term10 = 21 June 1991 — 17 January 1993<ref name="wbcmo">{{cite web|title=Chief Minister's Office – Government of West Bengal|url=http://wbcmo.gov.in/profile.aspx|website=wbcmo.gov.in|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055638/http://wbcmo.gov.in/profile.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| prime_minister10 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br />
| minister10 = [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]<br />
| subterm10 = 1991—1993<br />
| suboffice10 = Departments in-charge for:{{Bulleted list|<br />
{{small|[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports#History|Youth Affairs and Sports]]}}<br />
|{{small|[[Ministry of Women and Child Development#History|Woman and Child Development]]}}}}<br />
| predecessor10 = [[Bhagey Gobardhan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=tcpd/cabinet_data|url=https://github.com/tcpd/cabinet_data/blob/master/TCPD_Indian_Cabinet_1990_2019.csv|work=GitHub|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925191212/https://github.com/tcpd/cabinet_data/blob/master/TCPD_Indian_Cabinet_1990_2019.csv|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sote103-('C) – Cabinet Secretariat|url=https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104102945/https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| successor10 = {{Unbulleted list| [[Mukul Wasnik]]<br />{{small|(Youth Affairs and Sports)}}|[[Basavarajeshwari]]<br />{{small|(Women and Child Development)}}}}<br />
| office11 = [[Minister without portfolio#India|Union Cabinet Minister (without portfolio)]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Vajpayee reinducts Mamata Banerjee as cabinet minister without portfolio|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|date=22 September 2003|work=India Today|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201194502/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| term_start11 = 8 September 2003<br />
| term_end11 = 8 January 2004<ref name="wbcmo" /><br />
| prime_minister11 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee<br />
| predecessor11 = [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]]<br />
| successor11 = [[Natwar Singh]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}<br />
| office12 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency12 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin, West Bengal]]<br />
| term_start12 = {{start date|1991|06|19|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end12 = {{end date|2011|05|13|df=yes}}<br />
| predecessor12 = [[Biplab Dasgupta]]<br />
| successor12 = [[Subrata Bakshi]]<br />
| constituency13 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur, West Bengal]]<br />
| term_start13 = {{start date|1984||}}<br />
| term_end13 = {{end date|1989||}}<br />
| predecessor13 = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]<br />
| successor13 = [[Malini Bhattacharya]]<br />
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />(since 1998)<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress (R)]] (1975–1978)<br>[[Indian National Congress (I)]] (1978–1998)<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/bioprofilediedresigned.aspx?mpsno=39|title=Mamata Banerjee's Biodata in Lok Sabha's Document|website=loksabha.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525094119/http://164.100.47.132/Lssnew/Members/bioprofilediedresigned.aspx?mpsno=39|archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref>{{efn|name=birth}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Calcutta, West Bengal]], India<br />
| spouse = <br />
| parents = <br />
| relations = [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] (nephew)<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]<br />
| website = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| footnotes = {{Collapsible list<br />
| titlestyle = background-color:#56FF;text-align:center;<br />
| title = Position Held<br />
| bullets = on<br />
| 1970–80: General-Secretary, Mahila Congress (I), West Bengal<br />
| 1978–81: Secretary, District Congress Committee (Indira) [D.C.C. (I)], Calcutta South<br />
| 1984: General-Secretary, All India Youth Congress (I)<br />
| 1985–87: Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes<br />
| 1987–88: Member, National Council, All India Youth Congress (I)<br>Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs<br>Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resource Development<br>Member, Executive Committee, Congress Parliamentary Party [C.P.P. (I)]<br />
| 1989: Member, Executive Committee, Pradesh Congress Committee [P.C.C. (I)], West Bengal<br />
| 1990: President, Youth Congress, West Bengal<br />
| 1993–96: Member, Committee on Home Affairs<br />
| 1995–96: Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs<br>Member, Committee on Public Accounts<br />
| 1996–97: Member, Committee on Home Affairs<br>Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs<br />
| 1998–99: Chairman, Committee on Railways, Member of General Purposes Committee<br>Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs<br />
| 1999: Leader, All India Trinamool Congress Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha<br>Member, General Purposes Committee<br />
| 2001–2003: Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Industries<br />
| 8 September 2003 – 8 January 2004: Union Cabinet Minister (without any portfolio)<br />
| 2004: Member, Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law & Justice<br />
| 5 August 2006: Member, Committee on Home Affairs<br />
| 5 August 2007: Member, Committee on Home Affairs<br />
| 31 May 2009 – 19 July 2011: Leader, All India Trinamool Congress Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha<br />
}}<br />
| nickname = {{ubl|''Didi'' ({{translation|elder sister}})}}<br />
| source = http://wbcmo.gov.in/profile.aspx<br />
| date = 9 October 2011<br />
}}<br />
{{Mamata Banerjee sidebar}}<br />
<br />
'''Mamata Banerjee''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈmɔmot̪aˑ ˈbɔnd̪ːoˌpad̪ːʱae̯|audio=BN-Pronunciation-Mamata Banerjee.oga}}; born 5 January 1955){{efn|name=birth|Original date: 5 October 1959<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata five years younger than official records |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-five-years-younger-than-official-records-571219 |work=NDTV |date=25 January 2012 |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2012 |title=Mamata Banerjee five years younger than official records |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-banerjee-five-years-younger-than-official-records/articleshow/11641228.cms |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916221632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-banerjee-five-years-younger-than-official-records/articleshow/11641228.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 November 2017|title=Mamata is 5 years younger than official age|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/Mamata-is-5-years-younger-than-official-age/article20388885.ece|website=Business Line|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055636/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/Mamata-is-5-years-younger-than-official-age/article20388885.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>}} is an Indian politician and lawyer who is currently serving as the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|chief minister]] of [[West Bengal]] since 20 May 2011; she is the first woman to hold the office. The founder and president of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC or TMC), she previously served as a [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Union Cabinet Minister]] and is also the current leader of the house in West Bengal's Legislative Assembly.<br />
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She founded the AITC in 1998 after separating from the [[Indian National Congress (I)]], and became its second president later in 2001. She often refers to herself as ''Didi'' (meaning, ''elder sister'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]). She made history as the first sitting Chief Minister of India to argue as a lawyer in the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/mamata-banerjee-poem-narendra-modi-demonetisation-decision-abolision-of-500-and-1000-notes-4372074/ |title=Mamata Banerjee's hard-hitting poem targets PM Modi's demonetisation decision, but fails to woo Netizens |date=12 November 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=7 October 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007121246/http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/mamata-banerjee-poem-narendra-modi-demonetisation-decision-abolision-of-500-and-1000-notes-4372074/ |archive-date=7 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Roy|first=Sandip|date=17 October 2014|title=The 1.8 crore question: Is Mamata Banerjee India's most underrated artist?|language=en-US|work=Firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html|url-status=dead|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007124128/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html|archive-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> Banerjee previously served twice as [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]], becoming the first woman to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 March 2020|title=Did You Know? Mamata Banerjee was India's first-ever Sports Minister|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/mamata-banerjee-sports-football/|access-date=9 December 2021|website=The Bridge|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081300/https://thebridge.in/featured/mamata-banerjee-sports-football/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is also the second female [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]], and [[Ministry of Education|Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]] in the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|cabinet]] of the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 |title=Detailed Profile=Km. Mamata Banerjee |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826092154/http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 |archive-date=26 August 2010 }}</ref> She rose to prominence after opposing the erstwhile land acquisition policies for [[industrialisation]] of the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]-led government in West Bengal for [[Special Economic Zones]] at the cost of agriculturalists and farmers at [[Singur]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|last=Yardley|first=Jim|date=14 January 2011|title=The Eye of an Indian Hurricane, Eager to Topple a Political Establishment|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/world/asia/15india.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=14 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113230008/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/world/asia/15india.html|archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> In [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]], Banerjee pulled off a landslide victory for the AITC alliance in West Bengal, defeating the 34-year-old [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13374646 |title=India: Mamata Banerjee routs communists in West Bengal |work=BBC News |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513200342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13374646 |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Achin|first=Kurt|date=11 May 2011|title=India's West Bengal Set to End 34 Years of Communist Rule|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/indias-west-bengal-set-to-end-34-years-of-communist-rule-121723199/167457.html|access-date=9 December 2021|website=VOA|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081256/https://www.voanews.com/a/indias-west-bengal-set-to-end-34-years-of-communist-rule-121723199/167457.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=15 April 2011|title=The woman taking on India's communists|work=[[BBC World News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13077902|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415062931/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13077902|archive-date=15 April 2011}}</ref><br />
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She served as a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]] from 2011 to 2021. She contested the [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]] assembly seat and lost to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s [[Suvendu Adhikari]] in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 state election]],<ref>{{cite news|date=2 May 2021|title=Nandigram election result 2021: Suvendu Adhikari beats Mamata by 1736 votes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-vs-suvendu-all-eyes-on-nandigram-as-counting-underway-in-west-bengal/articleshow/82350838.cms|access-date=7 May 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504030010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-vs-suvendu-all-eyes-on-nandigram-as-counting-underway-in-west-bengal/articleshow/82350838.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=details|For more details see [[2021 Nandigram Legislative Assembly election result controversy|Nandigram Controversy]]}} though her party won a large majority of seats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=Trinamool Congress wins big in Bengal and BJP scores less than half of what it aimed for |work=Business Insider India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/elections/news/mamata-banerjees-fate-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-as-tmc-and-bjp-final-tally/articleshow/82347504.cms |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802144750/https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/elections/news/mamata-banerjees-fate-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-as-tmc-and-bjp-final-tally/articleshow/82347504.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She is the third West Bengal Chief Minister to lose an election from her own constituency, after [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]] in 1967 and [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] in 2011. Mamata challenged the result of the Nandigram Constituency in [[Calcutta High Court]] and the matter is sub judice.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajaram|first=Prema|date=12 August 2021|title=Calcutta HC adjourns Mamata Banerjee's petition against Nandigram election result till November 15|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/calcutta-hc-adjourns-mamata-banerjee-petition-nandigram-election-result-november-15-1840126-2021-08-12|access-date=9 December 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925211012/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/calcutta-hc-adjourns-mamata-banerjee-petition-nandigram-election-result-november-15-1840126-2021-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref> She led her party to a landslide victory in the 2021 West Bengal assembly polls.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/mamata-wins-west-bengal-but-loses-in-nandigram/article34466346.ece |title=Mamata wins West Bengal but loses in Nandigram |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2 May 2021 |website=The Hindu |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081257/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/mamata-wins-west-bengal-but-loses-in-nandigram/article34466346.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pratidin">{{Cite web|last=Paul|first=Paramita|date=3 May 2021|title=মমতা একা নন, বিধায়ক না হয়ে মুখ্যমন্ত্রী হওয়ার নজির অতীতেও রয়েছে এ দেশে|trans-title=Mamata is not alone, there is a precedent in this country to be the Chief Minister without being a MLA|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/wb-assembly-polls-2021-tmc-leader-mamata-banerjee-is-not-the-first-cm-to-lose/|access-date=22 October 2021|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112082803/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/wb-assembly-polls-2021-tmc-leader-mamata-banerjee-is-not-the-first-cm-to-lose/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2024.">{{Cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Monishankar|date=12 May 2021|title=২০২৪ সালে বিজেপি বিরোধী শিবিরের মুখ কি মমতাই?|trans-title=Is Mamata the face of the anti-BJP camp in 2024?|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/editorial/will-mamata-banerjee-be-the-face-against-bjp-in-2024/|access-date=22 October 2021|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081258/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/editorial/will-mamata-banerjee-be-the-face-against-bjp-in-2024/|url-status=live}}</ref> She got elected as member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] again from [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur constituency]] in the bypoll.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=3 October 2021 |title=Mamata Banerjee back in Bengal Assembly with Bhabanipur win |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-banerjee-wins-bhabanipur-bypoll-with-record-margin/article36802508.ece |access-date=11 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111070352/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-banerjee-wins-bhabanipur-bypoll-with-record-margin/article36802508.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Banerjee is one of the two [[List of female chief ministers in India|female]] [[List of current Indian chief ministers|incumbent]] Indian chief ministers.<br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Banerjee was born in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[West Bengal]], to a [[Bengali Brahmins|Bengali Hindu Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bag|first=Kheya|date=2011|title=Red Bengal's Rise and Fall|url=http://newleftreview.org/II/70/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330190401/http://newleftreview.org/II/70/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=16 October 2012|journal=New Left Review|issue=70 |pages=69–98 |article-number=2909 |doi=10.64590/rqo |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Ajit Kumar|date=11 May 2014|title=Political Eclipse of Once Formidable Brahmins|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Political-Eclipse-of-Once-Formidable-Brahmins/2014/05/11/article2217601.ece|url-status=dead|access-date=7 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507060512/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Political-Eclipse-of-Once-Formidable-Brahmins/2014/05/11/article2217601.ece|archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> Her parents were Promileswar Banerjee and Gayetri Devi.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Mamata's 5 years younger|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-whod-have-known-mamatas-5-years-younger/20120125.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307151929/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-whod-have-known-mamatas-5-years-younger/20120125.htm|archive-date=7 March 2012|access-date=29 February 2012|website=Rediff}}</ref> Banerjee's father, Promileswar, died due to lack of medical treatment, when she was 17.<ref name="fire">{{cite news|last=Abdi|first=S.N.M.|date=5 November 2012|title=A Fire-Dweller At The Kiln|newspaper=Outlook India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-fire-dweller-at-the-kiln/282724|url-status=live|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116202427/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-fire-dweller-at-the-kiln/282724|archive-date=16 November 2018}}</ref><br />
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In 1970, Banerjee completed the higher secondary board examination from Deshbandhu Sishu Sikshalay.<ref name="fire" /> She received a bachelor's degree in history from [[Jogamaya Devi College]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jogamayadevicollege.org/history.htm |title=History of the College |publisher=Jogamayadevicollege.org |access-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726210012/http://www.jogamayadevicollege.org/history.htm |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mitra|first=Arnab|date=23 April 2011|title='My focus is always to be with the people'|website=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/archive-news/|url-status=dead|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425225124/http://www.hindustantimes.com/My-focus-is-always-to-be-with-the-people/Article1-688732.aspx|archive-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> Later, she earned her master's degree in [[Islamic history]]<ref>{{cite news|date=27 May 2016|title=15 facts about Mamata Banerjee that you probably don't know|website=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/15-facts-about-mamata-banerjee-that-you-probably-dont-know/education/slideshow/52465489.cms|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626174501/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/15-facts-about-mamata-banerjee-that-you-probably-dont-know/education/slideshow/52465489.cms|archive-date=26 June 2017}}</ref> from the [[University of Calcutta]]. This was followed by a degree in education from [[Shri Shikshayatan College]] and a law degree from [[Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College]], [[Kolkata]].<ref name="biodata">{{cite web|title=Biographical Sketch, Member of Parliament, X Lok Sabha. BANERJEE, KUMARI MAMATA|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok10/mp52.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726145746/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok10/mp52.htm|archive-date=26 July 2010|website=parliamentofindia.nic.in}}</ref><br />
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In 1984, Mamata Banerjee prefixed her name with ‘Dr’, claiming that she had completed her doctorate. After it came to light that the University (University of East Georgia) from which Banerjee had putatively completed her PhD did not exist, she stopped prefixing her name with the ‘Dr’ title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2016 |title=Degree row: After Mamata Banerjee, Jitendra Tomar, it's WB education minister Partha Chatterjee's thesis raises eyebrows |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/degree-row-after-mamata-banerjee-jitendra-tomar-its-wb-education-minister-partha-chatterjees-thesis-raises-eyebrows-1104727/ |website=India.com}}</ref><br />
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Banerjee became involved with politics when she was only 15. While studying at the Jogamaya Devi College, she established Chhatra Parishad Unions, the student wing of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress (I) Party]], defeating the [[All India Democratic Students Organisation]] affiliated with the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]].<ref name="fire" /> She continued in the Congress (I) Party in West Bengal, serving in a variety of positions within the party and in other local political organisations.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 2011|title=Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee biography|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-12|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515051657/https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-12|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Early political career (1984–2011) ==<br />
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=== Political career with Congress (I) ===<br />
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[[File:Mamata Banerjee photographed by Viveka Tirtha (15772151282).jpg|thumb|right|Mamata Banerjee at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centre for Human Excellence and Social Sciences, Rajarhat, New Town, Kolkata]]<br />
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Banerjee began her political career in the [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|Congress (I)]] party as a young woman in the 1970s. In 1975 she gained attention in the [[News media|press media]] when she danced on the car of socialist activist and politician [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] as a protest against him, during the Emergency.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhar|first=Sujoy|date=13 May 2011|title=Mamata's political journey: From a car dance to Chief Ministership|url=https://www.sify.com/news/mamatas-political-journey-from-a-car-dance-to-chief-ministership--news-national-lfnnQ3hibhhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527090140/http://www.sify.com/news/mamatas-political-journey-from-a-car-dance-to-chief-ministership--news-national-lfnnQ3hibhhsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2015|access-date=25 December 2020|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=1 June 2019|title=First, show us some 'Mamata'|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/first-show-us-some-mamata|access-date=25 December 2020|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|archive-date=8 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608013925/https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/first-show-us-some-mamata|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first1=Pradipta|last1=Mukherjee|first2=Jeanette|last2=Rodrigues|date=17 May 2016|title=From jumping on cars to hunger strikes, Mamata shakes up India's status quo|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jvRw4QrDrA8yJ5V84gY3OK/From-jumping-on-cars-to-hunger-strikes-Mamata-Banerjee-shak.html|access-date=26 December 2020|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626192221/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jvRw4QrDrA8yJ5V84gY3OK/From-jumping-on-cars-to-hunger-strikes-Mamata-Banerjee-shak.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She quickly rose in the ranks of the local Congress group and remained the general secretary of [[Mahila Congress]] (Indira), West Bengal, from 1976 to 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.incredible-people.com/mamta-banerjee/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220084704/http://profiles.incredible-people.com/mamta-banerjee/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2006 |title=Mamta Banerjee Profile |work=incredible-people.com }}</ref> In the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]], Banerjee became one of India's youngest parliamentarians ever,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/only-mamata-banerjee-could-defeat-somnath-chatterjee-1312879-2018-08-13 |title=Only Mamata Banerjee could defeat Somnath Chatterjee |website=India Today |author=Prabhash K Dutta |date=13 August 2018 |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224160318/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/only-mamata-banerjee-could-defeat-somnath-chatterjee-1312879-2018-08-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> defeating veteran Communist politician [[Somnath Chatterjee]], to win the [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur parliamentary Constituency]] in West Bengal. She also became the general secretary of the [[Indian Youth Congress]] in 1984. She lost her seat to [[Malini Bhattacharya]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 general elections]] in an anti-Congress wave.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shubham|date=27 April 2016|title=Bengal polls: Mamata Banerjee has lost only 1 election till date|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bengal-polls-2016-mamata-banerjee-election-performance-since-1984-2082091.html|access-date=25 December 2020|website=Oneindia|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055641/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bengal-polls-2016-mamata-banerjee-election-performance-since-1984-2082091.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was re-elected in the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 general elections]], having settled into the [[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South constituency]]. She retained the Kolkata South seat in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996]], [[1998 Indian general election|1998]], [[1999 Indian general election|1999]], [[2004 Indian general election|2004]] and [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]].<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/trinamool-congress-chief-mamata-banerjee-a-profile-133684-2011-05-12 |title=Mamata, the street-fighting politician and Left nemesis |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518043559/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/trinamool-congress-chief-mamata-banerjee-a-profile/1/138015.html |archive-date=18 May 2011 }}</ref><br />
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Banerjee was appointed the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India#Ministers of State|Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Human Resources Development]], [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]], and [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]] in 1991 by [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. As the sports minister, she announced that she would resign and protested in a rally at the [[Brigade Parade Ground]] in Kolkata, against the Government's indifference towards her proposal to improve sports in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata mum on relations with BJP |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030107/nation.htm#1 |date=6 January 2003 |access-date=2 December 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110111304/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030107/nation.htm#1 |archive-date=10 January 2007 }}</ref> She was discharged of her portfolios in 1993. In April 1996, she alleged that Congress (I) was behaving as a stooge of the CPI-M in West Bengal. She said that she was the lone voice of reason and wanted a "clean Congress".<ref>{{cite news |title=Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee biography |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-11 |website=[[India Today]] |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226192616/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mamata-banerjee-biography/1/137953.html |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref><br />
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In December 1992, Banerjee took a physically challenged girl Dipali Basak, who was allegedly raped by CPI(M) cadre Souvagya Basak, to [[Writers' Building]] to the then Chief Minister [[Jyoti Basu]] but was harassed by the police before being arrested and put on detention.<ref name="millenniumpost 2012-07-21">{{cite news |date=21 July 2012 |title=Why Bengal can never forget 21 July |website=millenniumpost.in |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/why-bengal-can-never-forget-21-july-5597 |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601103647/http://www.millenniumpost.in/why-bengal-can-never-forget-21-july-5597 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Subhasish |date=23 March 2016 |title='Political pawns' Didi forgot |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/39-political-pawns-39-didi-forgot/cid/1321396 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph)]] |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> She had sworn she would enter the building again only as chief minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/05/03/bengals-election-result-is-narendra-modis-personal-failure|title=Bengal's election result is Narendra Modi's personal failure|website=Newslaundry.com|date=3 May 2021|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705224957/https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/05/03/bengals-election-result-is-narendra-modis-personal-failure|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The State Youth Congress led by Mamata Banerjee organised a protest march to Writers' Building in Kolkata on 21 July 1993 against the Left Front government. They demanded that voters' ID cards be made the only required document for voting, to put a stop to CPM's "scientific rigging". [[1993 Kolkata firing|Thirteen people were shot and killed by police]] during the protest and many others were injured. Reacting to this incident the then-Chief Minister of West Bengal, Jyoti Basu, said that the "police had done a good job." During the 2014 inquiry, Justice (retired) Sushanta Chatterjee, former Chief Justice of the Orissa High Court, described the police response as "unprovoked and unconstitutional". "The commission has come to the conclusion that the case is even worse than [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]," said Justice Chatterjee.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/1993-kolkata-police-firing-worse-than-jalianwallah-bagh/article10963265.ece |title=Report on Kolkata firing may spark a fresh row |first=Suvojit |last=Bagchi |date=29 December 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727081954/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/1993-kolkata-police-firing-worse-than-jalianwallah-bagh/article10963265.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/looking-back-at-july-21-1993/articleshow/8310909.cms|title=Looking back at July 21, 1993|website=The Times of India|date=14 May 2011|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706003735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/looking-back-at-july-21-1993/articleshow/8310909.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/|title=What had happened on July 21 1993 at Writers' building in West Bengal?|date=29 December 2014|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601142811/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/cid/1266400|title=What happened on July 21, 1993|website=Telegraph India|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613192223/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/cid/1266400|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="millenniumpost 2012-07-21" /><br />
<br />
=== Founding Trinamool Congress ===<br />
[[File:Mamata Banerjee at Bongaon Stadium in 2008 IMG 0276.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mamata Banerjee speaking to the elected members and party workers at Bongaon stadium after the West Bengal panchayat elections.]]<br />
In 1997, due to difference in political views with the then [[West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee]] president [[Somen Mitra|Somendra Nath Mitra]], Banerjee left the Congress (I) Party in West Bengal and became one of the founding members of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], along with [[Mukul Roy]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Chaudhuri|first=Kalyan|date=4 July 2003|title=On the decline|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30217647.ece|access-date=2 January 2021|website=Frontline|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201085145/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30217647.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It quickly became the primary opposition party to the long-standing Left Front government in the state. On 11 December 1998, she controversially held a [[Samajwadi Party]] MP, [[Daroga Prasad Saroj]], by the collar and dragged him out of the well of the Lok Sabha to prevent him from protesting against the [[Women's Reservation Bill]].<ref>{{cite news |title=National Events in December 1998 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/revents/01/19980112.htm |work=The Hindu |location=India |access-date=12 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085700/http://www.hinduonnet.com/revents/01/19980112.htm |archive-date=24 April 2011<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Railway Minister (first tenure), 1999–2000 ====<br />
In 1999, she joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) government and became Railways Minister.<ref name="IndiaToday" /> In 2000, Banerjee presented her first [[Railway Budget of India|Railway Budget]]. In it, she fulfilled many of her promises to her home state West Bengal.<ref name="Tribune_new_2005">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000226/main2.htm#4 |title=New trains for West Bengal |work=The Tribune |location=India |date=26 February 2000 |access-date=12 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043335/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000226/main2.htm#4 |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> She introduced a new biweekly New Delhi-[[Sealdah]] [[Rajdhani Express]] train and four express trains connecting various parts of West Bengal, namely the [[Howrah]]-[[Purulia]] Rupasi Bangla Express, the Sealdah-[[New Jalpaiguri]] [[Padatik Express]], the [[Shalimar, Pakistan|Shalimar]]-[[Adra, Purulia|Adra]] Aranyak Express, the Sealdah-Ajmer Ananya Superfast Express, and Sealdah-Amritsar Akal Takht Superfast Express.<ref name="Tribune_new_2005" /> She also increased the frequency of the [[Pune]]-Howrah [[Azad Hind Express]] and extended at least three express train services. Work on the Digha-Howrah Express service was also hastened during her brief tenure.<ref name="rediff_railways_2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/2000/feb/25rail2.htm |title=Railways to focus on tourism, trans-Asian role, hardselling freight services |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=25 February 2000 |access-date=12 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050128115957/http://www.rediff.com/business/2000/feb/25rail2.htm |archive-date=28 January 2005 }}</ref><br />
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She also focused on developing tourism, enabling the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] section to obtain two additional locomotives and proposing the [[IRCTC|Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited]]. She also commented that India should play a pivotal role in the [[Trans-Asian Railway]] and that rail links between [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]] would be reintroduced. In all, she introduced 19 new trains for the 2000–2001 fiscal year.<ref name="rediff_railways_2005" /><br />
<br />
In 2000, she and [[Ajit Kumar Panja]] resigned to protest the hike in petroleum prices,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1001001/index.htm |title=Petrol Ignites Mamata Resignation |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=24 February 2012 |location=Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127170851/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1001001/index.htm |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}</ref> and then withdrew their resignations without providing any reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001009/nation.htm#1 |title=Mamata's antics invite criticism |work=[[Tribune India]] |date=9 October 2000 |access-date=24 February 2012 |author=Gupta, Subhrangshu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319001624/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001009/nation.htm#1 |archive-date=19 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
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==== 2001 West Bengal election ====<br />
In early 2001, after ''[[Tehelka]]''{{'s}} exposure of [[Operation West End]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Harding|first=Luke|date=21 March 2001|title=Sting on a shoestring|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,460371,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112063745/http://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0%2C3604%2C460371%2C00.html|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> Banerjee walked out of the NDA cabinet and allied with the Congress Party for West Bengal's 2001 elections, to protest the corruption charges levelled by the website against senior ministers of the government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211498 |title=West Bengal: Elections 2001 Countdown |work=Outlook India |date=3 May 2001 |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207055623/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211498 |archive-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Minister of Coal and Mines, January 2004 – May 2004 ====<br />
[[File:Sushree Mamata Banerjee assumes the charge of the Minister for Coal and Mines in New Delhi on January 9, 2004.jpg|thumb|Banerjee assumes the charge of the Minister for Coal and Mines in New Delhi on 9 January 2004|left]]<br />
She returned to the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government in September 2003 as a cabinet minister without any portfolio.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 September 2003|title=Vajpayee reinducts Mamata Banerjee as cabinet minister without portfolio|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|access-date=4 January 2021|work=India Today|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201194502/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with Mamata, her party colleague Sudip Banerjee was also inducted in the Vajpayee ministry.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sahay|first=Tara Shankar|title=Mamata back in Cabinet, cut to size|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab2.htm|access-date=4 January 2021|work=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514110949/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 January 2004 she took charge as Ministry of Coal and Mines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coal portfolio is good enough: Mamata|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab1.htm|access-date=4 January 2021|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201134835/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> During her short term as the minister of coal and mines, the government disallowed the sale of the [[National Aluminium Company]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2004|title=Mamata Tantrums Now Against Nalco Sale|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mamata-tantrums-now-against-nalco-sale/97712/|access-date=31 January 2021|work=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205011114/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mamata-tantrums-now-against-nalco-sale/97712/|url-status=live}}</ref> She held the [[Ministry of Coal|Coal]] and [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]] portfolios till 22 May 2004.<br />
<br />
==== 2004–2006 election setbacks ====<br />
In Indian general election of 2004 her party aligned with the Bharatiya Janata Party. However, the alliance lost the election and she was the only Trinamool Congress member to be elected from a parliamentary seat from West Bengal.<ref name="IndiaToday" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 May 2004|title=Why did the NDA lose West Bengal?|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14mamata.htm|access-date=28 December 2020|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902205412/https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14mamata.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Banerjee suffered further setbacks in 2005 when her party lost control of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] and the sitting mayor [[Subrata Mukherjee]] defected from her party.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2010|title=Subrata Mukherjee joins Trinamool|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/subrata-mukherjee-joins-trinamool/story-WKZAc5mqYelTwHS9AjowiM.html|access-date=5 February 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513054937/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/subrata-mukherjee-joins-trinamool/story-WKZAc5mqYelTwHS9AjowiM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, the Trinamool Congress was defeated in West Bengal's Assembly Elections, losing more than half of its sitting members.<br />
On 4 August 2006, Banerjee hurled her resignation papers at the [[Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha|deputy speaker]] [[Charanjit Singh Atwal]] in [[Lok Sabha]]. She was provoked by [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Speaker]] Somnath Chatterjee's rejection of her adjournment motion on illegal infiltration by [[Bangladeshis]] in West Bengal<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ww.itimes.com/photo/mamata-banerjee-cartoons-512c4fa31fae4|title=Mamata Banerjee cartoons |work=itimes|access-date=7 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807200203/http://ww.itimes.com/photo/mamata-banerjee-cartoons-512c4fa31fae4|archive-date=7 August 2016|date=26 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee biography |date=12 May 2011 |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-11 |access-date=7 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806091810/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mamata-banerjee-biography/1/137953.html |archive-date=6 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Harihar |last=Swarup |title=Profile: The incorrigible Mamata |work=Tribune India |location=Chandigarh |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061224/edit.htm#2 |access-date=7 July 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090736/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061224/edit.htm#2 |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> on the grounds that it was not in the proper format.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata Banerjee's unending tantrums|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/08/stories/2005080804081000.htm|date=8 August 2005|access-date=2 December 2006 |location=Chennai |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320192445/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/08/stories/2005080804081000.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=20 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mamata casts shame at House Paper throw at Speaker|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050805/asp/frontpage/story_5077148.asp|date=4 August 2005|access-date=2 December 2006|location=Calcutta |work=The Telegraph|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822234553/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050805/asp/frontpage/story_5077148.asp|archive-date=22 August 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Singur, Nandigram and other movements ===<br />
On 20 October 2005, she protested against the forceful land acquisition and the atrocities perpetrated against local farmers in the name of the [[industrial development]] policy of the [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] government in West Bengal. Benny Santoso, [[CEO]] of the [[Indonesia]]-based Salim Group, had pledged a large investment in West Bengal, and the [[West Bengal government]] had given him farmland in Howrah, sparking protests. In soaking rain, Banerjee and other Trinamool Congress members stood in front of the Taj Hotel where Santoso had arrived, shut out by the police. Later, she and her supporters followed Santoso's convoy. A planned "black flag" protest was avoided when the government had Santoso arrive three hours ahead of schedule.<ref>{{cite news<br />
|title=Weather plays spoilsport for TMC|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct212005/national18114720051020.asp|date=21 October 2005|access-date=2 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218074247/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct212005/national18114720051020.asp |archive-date=18 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Missing on bandh day: its champions – Mamata stays indoors, Cong scarce|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061010/asp/bengal/story_6851157.asp|date=10 October 2006|access-date=2 December 2006|location=Calcutta|work=The Telegraph|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041000/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061010/asp/bengal/story_6851157.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Singur protest ====<br />
{{Main|Tata Nano Singur controversy}}<br />
<br />
In November 2006, Banerjee was forcibly stopped on her way to [[Singur]] for a rally against a proposed [[Tata Motors]] car project. Banerjee reached the West Bengal assembly and protested at the venue. She addressed a press conference at the assembly and announced a 12-hour shutdown by her party on Friday.<ref name="Trinamool_violence">{{cite news |title=Trinamool unleashes violence in West Bengal|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1856399%2C000900030001.htm |date=30 November 2006 |access-date=2 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1856399%2C000900030001.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> After being arrested by police earlier in that day "for violating prohibitory orders" near Singur, she alleged that the administration had acted "unconstitutionally" by preventing her from entering Singur where the Tata motors proposed to set up a small car factory. She was intercepted at Hooghly and sent back.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-trinamool-congress-legislators-go-on-the-rampage-in-house-1067047|title=Trinamool Congress legislators go on the rampage in House|first=Sumanta Ray|last=Chaudhuri|date=30 November 2006|website=DNA India|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613101934/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-trinamool-congress-legislators-go-on-the-rampage-in-house-1067047|url-status=live}}</ref> After this incident the Trinamool Congress MLAs protested by damaging furniture and microphones and vandalising the West Bengal Legislative Assembly Building.<ref name="Trinamool_violence" /><ref>{{cite news|date=2 December 2006|title=Heritage vandalised in Bengal House|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Heritage-vandalised-in-Bengal-House/articleshow/678018.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-02/india/27828165_1_bengal-house-assembly-building-benches|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> A major strike was called on 14 December 2006. But all in all there was no gain. On 4 December, Banerjee began the historic 26-day hunger strike in Kolkata protesting the forcible acquisition of farmland by the government. The then-President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], who was concerned about her health, spoke to the then-Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to resolve the issue. Kalam also appealed to Banerjee to withdraw her fast as "life is precious". A letter from Manmohan Singh was faxed to [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]], the then-Governor of West Bengal, and then it was immediately delivered to Mamata. After receiving the letter Mamata finally broke her fast at midnight on 29 December.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 December 2006|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mamata-ends-25-day-hunger-strike/story-s7gIzBR4FvivAKFuYozrLM.html|title=Mamata ends 25-day hunger strike|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mamata-ends-25-day-hunger-strike/story-s7gIzBR4FvivAKFuYozrLM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/farmers-agitation-mamata-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-179907|title=Mamata Banerjee dials protesting farmers, assures TMC's support|website=The Tribune|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201106/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/farmers-agitation-mamata-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-179907|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-514753|title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee reminds people of her 26-day hunger strike|website=The Sentinel|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200747/https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-514753|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/mamata-banerjee-remembers-singur-hunger-strike-context-ongoing-farmers-protest-1502938968.html|title=Mamata Banerjee remembers Singur hunger strike in context of ongoing farmers protest|website=The Statesman|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201349/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/mamata-banerjee-remembers-singur-hunger-strike-context-ongoing-farmers-protest-1502938968.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016 the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] declared that the acquisition of 997 acres of land by West Bengal's Left Front government for the Tata Motors plant in Singur was illegal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Yrl5OkSielFvHttnG4AajM/CPM-govts-acquisition-of-land-for-Tata-Motors-in-Singur-ill.html?facet=amp|title=Singur case: Supreme Court declares land acquisition for Tata plant illegal|website=livemint.com|date=1 September 2016|language=en|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202640/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Yrl5OkSielFvHttnG4AajM/CPM-govts-acquisition-of-land-for-Tata-Motors-in-Singur-ill.html?facet=amp|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Nandigram protest ====<br />
{{Main|Nandigram violence}}<br />
<br />
In 2007 a battalion of armed police stormed the rural area of [[Nandigram]] in the district of [[Midnapore East|Purba Medinipur]] with the aim of quashing protests against the West Bengal government's plans to expropriate {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of land for a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) to be developed by the Indonesian-based [[Salim Group]]. At least 14 villagers were shot dead and 70 more were wounded. This led to a large number of intellectuals to protest on the streets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/11/30/nandigram-peoples-struggle-heroic-clark-1196438590.html|title=Nandigram people's struggle "heroic": Clark|work=One India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217023009/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/11/30/nandigram-peoples-struggle-heroic-clark-1196438590.html|archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iacboston.org/india/1207-nandigram-says-no.html|title=Nandigram says 'No!' to Dow's chemical hub|work=International Action Center|author=Kirschbaum, Stevan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706032521/http://www.iacboston.org/india/1207-nandigram-says-no.html|archive-date=6 July 2009|access-date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/246969.html |title=The Great Left Debate: Chomsky to Saddam, Iraq to Nandigram |date=5 December 2007 |work=The Indian Express |location=India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416093108/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/246969.html |archive-date=16 April 2008 }}</ref> CPI(M) cadres allegedly molested and raped 300 women and girls during the Nandigram invasions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Arindam |title=Mamata promises to marry off raped girls of Nandigram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mamata-promises-to-marry-off-raped-girls-of-nandigram/story-umlmKryBUWdkP6re98mV2L.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=26 April 2007 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427095714/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mamata-promises-to-marry-off-raped-girls-of-nandigram/story-umlmKryBUWdkP6re98mV2L.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 December 2007|title=CPI(M) leaders raped mother and daughters in Nandigram: CBI|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/cpim-leaders-raped-mother-and-daughters-in-nandigram-cbi-21735-2007-12-19|work=India Today|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129203547/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/cpim-leaders-raped-mother-and-daughters-in-nandigram-cbi-21735-2007-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Banerjee wrote letters to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Union Home Minister [[Shivraj Patil]] to stop what she called "state-sponsored violence" promoted by CPI(M) in Nandigram.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://sanhati.com/articles/446/| title=You are not what you were – Ashok Mitra after 14th November, 2007| author=Mitra, Ashok| date=15 November 2007| work=Sanhati| access-date=4 November 2021| archive-date=18 December 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218200129/http://sanhati.com/articles/446/| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061207/31650.htm| title='Go back Medha' posters in Kolkata| work=India eNews.com| date=7 December 2006| access-date=23 February 2010| archive-date=11 January 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111170928/http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061207/31650.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> Her political activism during the movement is widely believed to be one of the contributing causes to her landslide victory in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]].<br />
<br />
The CBI report on the incident vindicated CPI(M)'s stand that Buddhadeb did not order the police to open fire. They did so only to disperse the unlawful assembly after every other standard operating procedure had failed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Saibal|title=Nandigram firing: Full text of CBI's Nandigram chargesheet|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nandigram-firing-Full-text-of-CBIs-Nandigram-chargesheet/articleshow/29665581.cms|access-date=17 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201184221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nandigram-firing-Full-text-of-CBIs-Nandigram-chargesheet/articleshow/29665581.cms|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="telegraph140307">{{cite news |title=Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=15 March 2007 |location=Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317192827/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp |archive-date=17 March 2007 }}</ref> But supporting the violence in Nandigram by his own party workers, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya had said earlier "They (the oppositions) have been paid back in the same coin."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/violent-elements-paid-back-in-their-own-coin_407133.html|title='Violent elements paid back in their own coin'|date=13 November 2007|website=Zee News|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613093249/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/violent-elements-paid-back-in-their-own-coin_407133.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/13nandi6.htm|title=Oppn paid back in the same coin, says Bengal CM|website=Rediff.com|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613093249/https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/13nandi6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> There are allegations of involvement of some local TMC leaders in the Nandigram Violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-conducts-massive-roadshow-in-nandigram/article34188262.ece|title=West Bengal Assembly elections &#124; Battle for Nandigram turns personal|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|date=29 March 2021|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 April 2021|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-conducts-massive-roadshow-in-nandigram/article34188262.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2021|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=286426&P=1&nPID=20210330|title=এখানে জিতব, এখান থেকে সরকার গড়ব, নন্দীগ্রামে আত্মবিশ্বাসী মমতা &#124; হুইল চেয়ারেই নন্দীগ্রামের মানুষের দুয়ারে পৌঁছলেন নেত্রী|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614052833/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=286426&P=1&nPID=20210330|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2021|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-and-bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikaris-poll-campaign-at-nandigram-live-update-1e3v|title='চটি–পুলিশকে ওঁরাই ডেকেছে, পুলিশের ড্রেসেই নন্দীগ্রামে গুলি...', ফের বিস্ফোরক মমতা|website=aajkaal.in|language=bn|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614052820/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-and-bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikaris-poll-campaign-at-nandigram-live-update-1e3v|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
[[File:Chief Minister Government of West Bengal (20054618606).jpg|thumb|right|Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal speaking at an event in London.]]<br />
<br />
=== 2009–2011 electoral progress ===<br />
Before the 2009 parliamentary elections she allied with the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) led by Indian National Congress. The alliance won 26 seats. Banerjee joined the central cabinet as the railway minister (second tenure). In the 2010 Municipal Elections in West Bengal, TMC won Kolkata Municipal Corporation by a margin of 62 seats. TMC also won Bidhan Nagar Corporation by a seven-seat margin.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Raj|title=Who is Mamata Banerjee?|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/who-is-mamata-banerjee--5920.html|access-date=24 December 2014|publisher=[[India TV]]|date=20 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109064644/http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/who-is-mamata-banerjee--5920.html|archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Banerjee won a sweeping majority and assumed the position of chief minister of the state of West Bengal. Her party ended the 34-year rule of the Left Front.<br />
<br />
Trinamool Congress performed well in the 2009 parliamentary election, winning 19 seats. Its allies in Congress and SUCI also won six and one seats respectively marking the best performance by any opposition party in West Bengal since the beginning of the Left's regime. Until then, the Congress victory of 16 seats in 1984, was considered their best show in opposition.<br />
<br />
==== Railway Minister (second tenure), 2009–2011 ====<br />
In 2009, Mamata Banerjee became the railway minister for the second time. Her focus was again on West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1137196.ece |title=Mamata gifts new projects to north Bengal |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 January 2011 |access-date=24 February 2012 |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206223959/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1137196.ece |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil administering the oath as Cabinet Minister to Km. Mamata Banerjee, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 22, 2009.jpg|thumb|Banerjee has sworn again as Cabinet Minister at Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi at 2009.]]<br />
<br />
She led [[Indian Railways]] to introduce a number of non-stop ''[[Duronto Express]]'' trains connecting large cities<ref name="Duronto Express">{{cite web |url=http://trak.in/news/mamata-flags-off-sealdah-new-delhi-duronto-express/5901/ |title=mamata-flags-off-sealdah-new-delhi-duronto-express |publisher=Armoks News |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014075956/http://trak.in/news/mamata-flags-off-sealdah-new-delhi-duronto-express/5901/ |archive-date=14 October 2009 }}</ref> as well as a number of other passenger trains,<ref name="Nineteen New Trains">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mamata-banerjee-to-start-19-new-trainsfebruary-7/384573/ |title=Mamata Banerjee to start 19 new trains on 7 February |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=4 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303003438/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mamata-banerjee-to-start-19-new-trainsfebruary-7/384573/ |archive-date=3 March 2012 |date=4 February 2010 |last=Chatterji |first=Saubhadro }}</ref> including women-only trains.<ref name="Women-Only Trains">{{cite web |url=http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/opinion/india-women-only-trains |title=A New Way to Commute: Women-Only Trains in India |work=[[Marie Claire]] |access-date=27 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128121934/http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/opinion/india-women-only-trains |archive-date=28 January 2010 |date=27 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Ladies Special Bandel">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamata-keeps-word-ladies-special-rolls-out-today-metro-link-on-track/491276/ |title=Ladies Special Rolls Out |work=[[Express India]] |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191635/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamata-keeps-word-ladies-special-rolls-out-today-metro-link-on-track/491276/<br />
|archive-date=10 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Ladies Special Mumbai">{{cite web |url=http://bombay-local.blogspot.com/2009/08/new-cst-panvel-ladies-special-trains.html |title=New CST Panvel Ladies Special |work=Bombay-Local |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029141633/http://bombay-local.blogspot.com/2009/08/new-cst-panvel-ladies-special-trains.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }}</ref> The Anantnag-Qadigund segment of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] that had been in the making since 1994<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19981010/28350834.html |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 October 1998 |title=Destination nowhere |first=Arun |last=Sharma |access-date=14 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318223757/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19981010/28350834.html |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}</ref> was inaugurated during her tenure.<ref name="Qazigund">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=53658|work=Press Release, Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=28 October 2009|title=Prime Minister dedicates Anantnag-Quazigund rail line in Kashmir to nation|access-date=2 December 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112063748/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=53658|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> She also declared the {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} long line-1 of the [[Kolkata Metro]] as an independent [[Indian Railways#Railway zones|zone]] of the Indian Railways<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/30/stories/2010123067622400.htm |title=Kolkata Metro gets railway zone status |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 December 2010 |access-date=24 February 2012 |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929030204/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/30/stories/2010123067622400.htm |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> for which she was criticised.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/rail-budget-parliament-uproar-over-kolkata-metro-plan-615 |title=Rail budget: Parliament uproar over Kolkata metro plan |work=[[Asian Age]] |date=25 February 2011 |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324222150/http://www.asianage.com/india/rail-budget-parliament-uproar-over-kolkata-metro-plan-615 |archive-date=24 March 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
She stepped down as [[Railway Minister of India|railway minister]] to become the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|chief minister of West Bengal]]. She commented: "The way I am leaving the railways behind, it will run well. Don't worry, my successor will get all my support."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110518/jsp/nation/story_13996638.jsp |title=Job done, successor only has to monitor |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=24 February 2012 |location=Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127173353/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110518/jsp/nation/story_13996638.jsp |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}</ref> Her nominee from her party, [[Dinesh Trivedi]], succeeded her as railway minister.<br />
<br />
Banerjee's tenure as railway minister was subsequently questioned as most of the big-ticket announcements made by her when she held the post, saw little or no progress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/mamatas-big-rail-plans2011-12-still-stuckperformance-track/467535/|title=Mamata's big rail plans of 2011–12 still stuck on performance track|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707114911/http://business-standard.com/india/news/mamatas-big-rail-plans2011-12-still-stuckperformance-track/467535/|archive-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Reuters reported that "Her two-year record as railway minister has been heavily criticized for running the network into more debt to pay for populist measures such as more passenger trains."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56950620110512|title=Special Report – "Big Sister" Mamata set to evict Left from Kolkata|last=Scrutton|first=Alistair|date=12 May 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=24 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303115523/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56950620110512|archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> The Indian Railways became loss-making during her two-year tenure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2011-railway-why-the-railways-under-mamata-are-incurring-loss/20110128.htm|title=Why Indian Railways is incurring losses under Mamata|date=28 January 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120174002/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2011-railway-why-the-railways-under-mamata-are-incurring-loss/20110128.htm|archive-date=20 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Chief Minister of West Bengal (2011–present) ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Mamata Banerjee with Hillary Clinton.jpg|thumb|left|Then United States secretary of State, [[Hillary Clinton]] during a meeting with West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee at the [[Writers' Building|Writers']], Kolkata on 7 May 2012.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Chief Minister Government of West Bengal (20086289081).jpg|thumb|left|Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal shown at an event in [[London]] on 27 July 2015.]]<br />
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In [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|2011]], the All India Trinamool Congress along with [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUCI]] and the INC won the West Bengal legislative assembly election against the incumbent Left Alliance by securing 227 seats. TMC won 184 seats with the INC winning 42 seats and the SUCI secured one seat. This marked the end of the 34-year long Left Front government.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=10 June 2011 |title=The defeat of the Left Front in West Bengal, India |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/06/10/the-defeat-of-the-left-front-in-west-bengal-india/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=East Asia Forum |language=en |last1=Lahiri-Dutt |first1=Kuntala |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711152314/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/06/10/the-defeat-of-the-left-front-in-west-bengal-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Banerjee was sworn in as chief minister of West Bengal on 20 May 2011.<ref name="BBC20110520">{{cite news |title=Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13465915 |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=BBC News |date=20 May 2011 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201064250/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13465915 |url-status=live }}</ref> As the first female chief minister of West Bengal,<ref name="BBC20110520" /> one of her first decisions was to return 400 acres of land to Singur farmers. "The cabinet has decided to return 400 acres to unwilling farmers in Singur," the chief minister said. "I have instructed the department to prepare the papers for this. If Tata-babu ([[Ratan Tata]]) wants, he can set up his factory on the remaining 600 acres, otherwise we will see how to go about it."<ref name="singur">{{cite news |title=Singur Land Given Back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Singur-land-return-kicks-off-Mamata-power-stint/articleshow/8476024.cms |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108045450/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-21/kolkata/29567996_1_unwilling-farmers-mamata-banerjee-singur |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><br />
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She has also been credited for setting up of the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]].<ref name="Gorkhaland">{{cite news |title=Gorkhaland Autonomous Council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Gorkhaland-pact-Chidambaram-credits-Didi-Gurung-with-deal/articleshow/9277972.cms |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108035912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/kolkata/29790280_1_gjm-roshan-giri-mamata |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><br />
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She began various reforms in the education and health sectors. Some of the reforms in the education sector included the release of teachers' monthly pay on the first of every month<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/04/stories/2011060458730100.htm |location=Chennai |title=College teachers to get salary by the first of every month |date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825183018/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/04/stories/2011060458730100.htm |archive-date=25 August 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/india/154568-mamata-effect-salaries-on-first-of-the-month.html |title=Mamata effect: Salaries on first day of the month |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721070317/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/india/154568-mamata-effect-salaries-on-first-of-the-month.html |archive-date=21 July 2012 }}</ref> and quicker pensions for retiring teachers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quicker pensions for retiring teachers: Mamata |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-03/kolkata/29616471_1_school-teachers-part-time-teachers-teaching-community }}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In the health sector Banerjee promised: "A three-phase developmental system will be taken up to improve the health infrastructure and service."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aalatimes.com/2011/06/13/mamata-banerjee-announces-health-sector-reform/ |title=Mamata Banerjee announced health sector reform |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819080145/http://www.aalatimes.com/2011/06/13/mamata-banerjee-announces-health-sector-reform/ |archive-date=19 August 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> On 30 April 2015, a representative of [[UNICEF]] India congratulated the government for making [[Nadia district|Nadia]] the first Open Defecation Free district in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-declares-nadia-first-opendefecation-free-district-in-india/article7158148.ece|title=Mamata declares Nadia first 'open defecation-free' district in India|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112063746/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-declares-nadia-first-opendefecation-free-district-in-india/article7158148.ece|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> In a statement on 17 October 2012, Banerjee attributed the increasing incidence of rape in the country to "more free interaction between men and women". She said that "Earlier if men and women would hold hands, they would get caught by parents and reprimanded but now everything is so open. It's like an open market with open options." She was criticised in the national media for these statements.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-mamata-banerjee-blames-media-free-interaction-of-men-women-for-rising-cases-of-rape-3928213-.html|title=Mamata blames media, 'free interaction of men-women' for rising cases of rape!|date=17 October 2012|work=Daily Bhaskar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101054330/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-mamata-banerjee-blames-media-free-interaction-of-men-women-for-rising-cases-of-rape-3928213-.html|archive-date=1 January 2013}}</ref><br />
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She was also instrumental in the rollback of the petrol price hikes<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/petrol-price-cut-a-positive-step-mamata-banerjee_742058.html |work=Zee News |title=Petrol price cut a positive step: Mamata Banerjee |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210012614/http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/petrol-price-cut-a-positive-step-mamata-banerjee_742058.html |archive-date=10 December 2013 }}</ref> and the suspension of FDI in the retail sector until a consensus is evolved.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dont-want-govt-to-fall-but-cant-support-fdi-mamata-to-pm/883290/ |work=The Indian Express |title=Dodon't want government to fail, but can't support FDI |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055645/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/dont-want-govt-to-fall-but-cant-support-fdi-mamata-to-pm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a bid to improve the law and enforcement situation in West Bengal, police commissioners were created at [[Howrah Police Commissionerate|Howrah]], [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|Barrackpore]], [[Asansol-Durgapur Police Commissionerate|Durgapur-Asansol]] and [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate|Bidhannagar]]. The total area of Kolkata Municipal Corporation was brought under the control of the [[Kolkata Police]].<br />
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Banerjee had shown a keen interest in making the public aware of the state's history and culture. She named several stations of the Kolkata Metro after freedom fighters,<ref>{{cite news|title=Game of the name|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090726/jsp/calcutta/story_11281380.jsp|access-date=29 February 2012|work=The Telegraph India|location=Calcutta|first=Soumitra|last=Das|date=26 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127175711/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090726/jsp/calcutta/story_11281380.jsp|archive-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> and plans on naming upcoming stations after religious leaders, poets, singers and the like.<ref>{{cite news|title=Didi's metro name game|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110116/jsp/bengal/story_13447860.jsp|access-date=29 February 2012|work=The Telegraph India|location=Calcutta |first=Sanjay|last=Mandal|date=16 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417051853/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110116/jsp/bengal/story_13447860.jsp|archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee has been criticised for starting controversial stipends to imams (Iman Bhatta)<ref name="Gupta">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-muslims-and-paribartan/article8517367.ece|title=Mamata, Muslims and paribartan|last=Gupta|first=Smita|date=25 April 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101140247/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-muslims-and-paribartan/article8517367.ece|archive-date=1 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/mamata-banerjees-appeasement-policies-have-created-real-danger-1721089|title=Opinion: Mamata Banerjee's Appeasement Policies Have Created Real Danger|work=NDTV |access-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103074037/https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/mamata-banerjees-appeasement-policies-have-created-real-danger-1721089|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/there-s-a-method-to-the-west-bengal-madness/story-2kOsMxzXPVVV4nIANYKoNM.html|title=Bengal's people must step in to save the state from communal politics|date=11 July 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072625/http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/there-s-a-method-to-the-west-bengal-madness/story-2kOsMxzXPVVV4nIANYKoNM.html|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> which was ruled unconstitutional by [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/mamatas-allowance-to-imams-unconstitutional-rules-calcutta-hc-1080409.html|title=Mamata's allowance to Imams unconstitutional, rules Calcutta HC|date=3 September 2013|work=Firstpost|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103081032/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/mamatas-allowance-to-imams-unconstitutional-rules-calcutta-hc-1080409.html|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chatterjee">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-dangerous-connivance/article4585420.ece|title=A dangerous connivance|last=Chatterjee|first=Garga|date=6 April 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430083844/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-dangerous-connivance/article4585420.ece|archive-date=30 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV 2013-09-02">{{Cite news |first=Monideepa |last=Banerjie |date=2 September 2013 |title=Calcutta High Court scraps Mamata Banerjee's stipend to imams |publisher=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/calcutta-high-court-scraps-mamata-banerjees-stipend-to-imams-533409 |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072742/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/calcutta-high-court-scraps-mamata-banerjees-stipend-to-imams-533409 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Chief Minister Government of West Bengal (19892837430).jpg|thumb|left|[[Priti Patel]], then Minister of State for Employment in Government of United Kingdom, and former Home Secretary of United Kingdom meeting Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal in London.]]<br />
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On 16 February 2012, [[Bill Gates]], of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], sent a letter to the West Bengal government praising Banerjee and her administration for achieving a full year without any reported cases of polio. The letter said this was not only a milestone for India but also for the whole world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://post.jagran.com/bill-gates-appreciates-mamata-banerjee-for-polio-eradication-1329885022 |title=Bill Gates appreciates Mamata Banerjee for polio eradication |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223041241/http://post.jagran.com/bill-gates-appreciates-mamata-banerjee-for-polio-eradication-1329885022 |archive-date=23 February 2012 |access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref><br />
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In June 2012, she launched a [[Facebook]] page to rally and gather public support for [[A.P.J Abdul Kalam]], her party's choice for the presidential elections.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mamata-launches-facebook-page-seeks-support-for-apj-abdul-kalam-232142 |title=Mamata launches Facebook page – seeks support for APJ Abdul Kalam |date=16 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616082835/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mamata-launches-facebook-page-seeks-support-for-apj-abdul-kalam-232142 |archive-date=16 June 2012 }}</ref> After he refused to stand for the second time, she supported [[Pranab Mukherjee]] for the post, after a long tussle over the issue, commenting she was personally a "great fan" of Mukherjee and wishing that he "grows from strength to strength".<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata didi is a big fan of Pranab Mukherjee |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-03/news/31558997_1_pranab-mukherjee-trinamool-congress-congress-party |work=Economic Times |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226202800/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-03/news/31558997_1_pranab-mukherjee-trinamool-congress-congress-party |archive-date=26 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=R.N. Subrahmanyam|date=3 May 2012|title=Prez polls: Mamata throws surprise on Pranab Mukherjee|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/prez-polls-mamata-throws-surprise-on-pranab-mukherjee/944883/2|access-date=16 October 2012|work=The Indian Express|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055646/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/latest-news/prez-polls-mamata-throws-surprise-on-pranab-mukherjee/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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She is against calling ''bandhs'' (work stoppage) although actively supported them when she was in opposition.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 February 2012|title=Mamata Banerjee admits her calls for bandh were a mistake|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-admits-her-calls-for-bandh-were-a-mistake-469147|work=NDTV|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925205930/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-admits-her-calls-for-bandh-were-a-mistake-469147|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Her tenure was also heavily marred by the [[Saradha Group financial scandal|Saradha Scam]] – financial embezzlement which led to the imprisonment of [[Madan Mitra]] – a former minister in her cabinet, [[Kunal Ghosh]] – a party MP, and rigorous grilling of several party men holding important posts. The Saradha Group financial scandal and the [[Rose Valley financial scandal]] came to light during her tenure and her painting being sold to the firms were being scrutinised by law enforcement agencies. One of her paintings was also sold to Sudipto Sen (central figure in the [[Saradha scam]]) for {{INRConvert|1.8|c|lk=on|year=2018}}, while 20 more of her pictures were seized from other Saradha Group shareholders.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saradha scam: Sale of Mamata Banerjee's painting for Rs 1.8 crore under CBI lens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saradha-scam-Sale-of-Mamata-Banerjees-painting-for-Rs-1-8-crore-under-CBI-lens/articleshow/44807114.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628101631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saradha-scam-Sale-of-Mamata-Banerjees-painting-for-Rs-1-8-crore-under-CBI-lens/articleshow/44807114.cms |archive-date=28 June 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sale of Mamata Banerjee's Paintings Under Scrutiny as CBI Asks For Trinamool Income |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/proceeds-from-mamata-banerjees-paintings-under-scrutiny-as-cbi-asks-for-trinamool-accounts-745419 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080903/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/proceeds-from-mamata-banerjees-paintings-under-scrutiny-as-cbi-asks-for-trinamool-accounts-745419 |archive-date=13 May 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The 1.8 crore question: Is Mamata Banerjee India's most underrated artist? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513014451/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html |archive-date=13 May 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |website=firstpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=From Rs 2 Cr to 9 Cr in 48 Hrs: Mamata Paints Bank Balance Green |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/painter-didi-in-trouble-cbi-quizzes-tmc-on-sale-of-mamatas-paintings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007121103/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/painter-didi-in-trouble-cbi-quizzes-tmc-on-sale-of-mamatas-paintings |archive-date=7 October 2017 |access-date=12 May 2018 |work=The Quint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Madhuparna |date=19 December 2018 |title=CBI seizes Didi's 20 paintings from chit fund firm owners |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cbi-seizes-didis-20-paintings-from-chit-fund-firm-owners/articleshow/67155786.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 October 2019 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> During her tenure she challenged the federal system of India when she ordered the arrest of [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officials, who arrived in Kolkata to investigate the Saradha Group financial scandal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata police 'nab' CBI men, Mamata Banerjee at war with Centre – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cops-nab-cbi-men-mamata-banerjee-at-war-with-centre/articleshow/67824420.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212043850/https://m.timesofindia.com/india/cops-nab-cbi-men-mamata-banerjee-at-war-with-centre/amp_articleshow/67824420.cms |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> But CBI's attempted arrest of Kolkata Police Commissioner was also an attack on federalism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2019 |title=CBI's Attempted Arrest of Kolkata Police Commissioner Was an Attack on Federalism |url=https://thewire.in/politics/cbis-attempted-arrest-of-kolkata-police-commissioner-was-an-attack-on-federalism |website=The Wire}}</ref><br />
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[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Ms. Sheikh Hasina and the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Ms. Mamata Banerjee at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 08, 2017.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Modi, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina and the Chief Minister Banerjee at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on 8 April 2017.]]<br />
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[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind unveiling the Foundation Stone of Savitribai Public Girls Hostel and APJ Abdul Kalam International Visitors Guest House, at the 64th Annual Convocation of IIT Kharagpur, in West Bengal.JPG|thumb|left|President Kovind during a Foundation Stone laying ceremony at the 64th Annual Convocation of IIT Kharagpur, in West Bengal. The Governor of West Bengal, and the Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee are also seen.]]<br />
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In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]], All India Trinamool Congress won with a landslide two-thirds majority under Mamata Banerjee winning 211 seats out of total 293,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections|title=NDTV Live Results|access-date=19 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517184429/http://www.ndtv.com/elections|archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> who has been elected as Chief Minister West Bengal for the second term.<ref>{{cite news|title=TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=21 May 2016|agency=The Financial Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref> All India Trinamool Congress won with an enhanced majority contesting alone and became the first ruling party to win without an ally since 1962 in West Bengal.<br />
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In 2017 [[Kanyashree Prakalpa]], a scheme launched by her government, was ranked the best by the [[United Nations]] among 552 social sector schemes from across 62 countries.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kundu|first=Indrajit|date=7 October 2021|title=UN honours Mamata Banerjee with highest public service award for girl child project Kanyashree|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-un-public-service-award-kanyashree-netherlands-984439-2017-06-23|access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925205929/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-un-public-service-award-kanyashree-netherlands-984439-2017-06-23|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Bengal Global Business Summit - 2022.jpg|thumb|left|'''Banerjee''' giving speech at ''Bengal Global Business Summit - 2022'' in Kolkata on 20 April.]]<br />
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[[File:Mamata Banerjee with UNESCO officers.jpg|thumb| Banerjee with UNESCO officers Érik Falt and Tim Curtis, during a celebration over the enlistment of [[Durga Puja]] as a intangible cultural heritage, on 1 September 2022.]]<br />
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[[File:The Union Minister for Home Affairs and Cooperation, Shri Amit Shah at the 25th Eastern Zonal Council meeting, in Kolkata on December 17, 2022 (3).jpg|thumb|Minister of Home Affairs, [[Amit Shah]] and Mamata Banerjee at the 25th Eastern Zonal Council meeting, in [[Kolkata]] on 17 December 2022.]]<br />
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In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], AITC won with a landslide two-thirds majority. But, Mamata Banerjee who fought from [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]] lost against [[Suvendu Adhikari]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 1,956 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2021|title=Nandigram: After Hours of Confusion, BJP's Suvendu Adhikari Emerges Winner|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari|work=The Wire|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608203828/https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|access-date=2 May 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Election Result 2021 LIVE: Nandigram MLA Election Result & Vote Share|url=https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|work=Oneindia|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627210242/https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee however challenged this outcome and the matter is sub judice.{{efn|name=details}} As her party won 213 seats out of total 292, she was elected as Chief Minister of West Bengal for the third term. Later at Raj Bhawan, she tendered her resignation to [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]].<ref name="Zee News 2021-05-03">{{Cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=West Bengal: CM Mamata Banerjee arrives at Raj Bhavan |website=Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-arrives-at-raj-bhavan-2359539.html |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092208/https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-arrives-at-raj-bhavan-2359539.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She took oath as Chief Minister on 5 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=5 May 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal Chief Minister for third time|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-sworn-in-as-bengal-cm-for-third-time/article34487107.ece|access-date=5 May 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505065018/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-sworn-in-as-bengal-cm-for-third-time/article34487107.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=5 May 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee takes oath as Bengal CM, says violence will be tackled firmly|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-west-bengal-cm-7302681/|access-date=5 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505082127/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-west-bengal-cm-7302681/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her party later won 2 remaining seats and she herself won Bhabanipur by-election by a huge margin of 58,835<ref name=Constituencywise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003142939/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Roundwise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174241/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=partywise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174612/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|url-status=live}}</ref> votes. She was sworn in as MLA on 7 October.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2021|title=বিধায়ক পদে শপথ নিলেন মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, প্রথা ভেঙে শপথ বাক্য পাঠ করালেন রাজ্যপাল|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-mla/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007085122/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-mla/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee, 2 other TMC MLAs take oath of office in presence of governor Jagdeep Dhankhar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/mamata-banerjee-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-of-office-in-presence-of-governor-jagdeep-dhankhar-101633599454467.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010024827/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/mamata-banerjee-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-of-office-in-presence-of-governor-jagdeep-dhankhar-101633599454467.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2021|title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee and 2 other TMC MLAs take oath, BJP legislators skip assembly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-and-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-bjp-legislators-skip-assembly/articleshow/86852464.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008160752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-and-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-bjp-legislators-skip-assembly/articleshow/86852464.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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After winning the election, following her promises she launched the scheme '''Lakshmir Bhandar'''. In this scheme women under the age of 60 were provided the basic financial help, about 500 rupees for general and 1000 rupees to minorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Bengal Govt in Financial Fix After Launch of Flagship 'Lakshmir Bhandar' Scheme |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bengal-govt-in-financial-fix-after-launch-of-flagship-lakshmir-bhandar-scheme-4400186.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710150702/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bengal-govt-in-financial-fix-after-launch-of-flagship-lakshmir-bhandar-scheme-4400186.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The scheme turned out to be a huge success as it became massively popular.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2021 |title=On First Day, 1.23 Million Register for Lakshmi Bhandar Scheme in West Bengal |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/on-first-day-1-23-million-register-for-lakshmi-bhandar-scheme-in-west-bengal-4095743.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710145157/https://www.news18.com/news/india/on-first-day-1-23-million-register-for-lakshmi-bhandar-scheme-in-west-bengal-4095743.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Another scheme was also projected under her leadership, '''Students Credit Card scheme''', to give financial supports in loan to intellectual students who are unable to keep higher studies due to lack of money. The loan limit was up to 10 lakh rupees, under the nominee of government of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ronit Kumar |date=10 July 2022 |title=West Bengal Govt Distributes 'Student Credit Card' Among Beneficiaries To Help Them Pursue Higher Studies |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/west-bengal-government-distributes-student-credit-card-among-students-36456 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710145151/https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/west-bengal-government-distributes-student-credit-card-among-students-36456 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 30 November 2021, she surpassed her immediate predecessor Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee to become the third-longest-serving Chief Minister of West Bengal. If Mamata remains in office at least till 26 October 2025, she would become the second-longest-serving Chief Minister after [[Jyoti Basu]], superseding [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] and if remains in office till 22 September 2025, she would also be become the second-female-longest-serving Chief Minister after [[Sheila Dikshit]], superseding [[J. Jayalalithaa]].<br />
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On 18 August 2025, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee launched the ''Shramashree'' scheme,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2025 |title=Mamata Banerjee: পরিযায়ীদের জন্য শ্রমশ্রী প্রকল্প নবান্নর! মাসে মিলবে ৫০০০ টাকা {{!}} Nabanna Shramshree Scheme |work=India Hood |url=https://indiahood.in/news/west-bengal/nabanna-announcement-shramashree-scheme-for-migrant-workers-ppd-18-08/299797/ |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> a rehabilitation initiative aimed at Bengali-speaking migrant workers returning to West Bengal following alleged harassment in certain other states. Under the scheme, each returning worker receives a one-time travel grant of ₹5,000 and a monthly allowance of ₹5,000 for up to one year or until they secure employment. Beneficiaries are also provided with ''Khadya Sathi'' ration cards for food security, ''Swasthya Sathi'' health insurance, and their children are enrolled in state schools; those without homes are offered accommodation in community kitchens. The scheme further includes skill assessment and training under the ''Utkarsha Bangla'' initiative, with job cards issued through the ''Karmashree'' scheme. A dedicated online portal and mobile app facilitate registration, and once registered, beneficiaries are issued identity cards to access these services. State outreach camps—''[[:bn:দুয়ারে সরকার|Duare Sarkar]]'' and ''Amader Para Amader Samadhan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=দুয়ারে সরকার |url=https://ds.wb.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428024853/https://ds.wb.gov.in/ |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=ds.wb.gov.in}}</ref>''(APAS)''—have been designated as venues for enrolment and awareness campaigns to encourage participation in the scheme until early November 2025.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
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==Issues and protests==<br />
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=== No NRC movement ===<br />
No NRC movement was widespread and widely successful in [[West Bengal]]. The movement was supported and consolidated by [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Due to the popularity of the movement, the BJP was forced to disown and distance from All India NRC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Plans For Pan-India NRC For Now, Government Tells Parliament |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-decision-to-prepare-nrc-on-national-level-government-to-parliament-2172891 |access-date=2020-03-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Amit Shah]] did not refer to NRC in his visit to Kolkata on 1 March, denoting its success.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Daniyal |first1=Shoaib |title=Protest impact: Why did Amit Shah avoid any mention of NRC in Kolkata? |url=https://scroll.in/article/954948/protest-impact-why-did-amit-shah-avoid-any-mention-of-nrc-in-kolkata |access-date=2020-03-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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Mamata Banerjee had argued that NRC in Assam was a 'game plan' to 'divide and rule' Indians accusing the Assam Government and the Center under BJP.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mamata Banerjee on NRC Draft Released in Assam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lASTpfPu22E |access-date=2020-03-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mamata Banerjee slams NRC Final draft |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Az7QgsPg0x0 |access-date=2020-03-06 |language=en}}</ref> That the NRC would make Indians refugees in their own country.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Divide-And-Rule": Mamata Banerjee Slams Assam's Draft Citizens' List |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-slams-assams-draft-list-of-citizens-as-divide-and-rule-policy-says-people-made-refug-1892002 |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 12 September 2019, Mamata Banerjee led a protest rally in Kolkata against NRC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamata Banerjee to hold protest rally against NRC today |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/54481/mamata-banerjee-to-hold-protest-rally-against-nrc-today.html |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=Indiablooms}}</ref> In the rally, she declared that "You can silence Assam but not Bengal".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-12 |title='You can silence Assam but not Bengal,' Mamata Banerjee challenges BJP after leading rally against NRC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/you-can-silence-assam-but-not-bengal-mamata-challenges-bjp-after-leading-rally-against-nrc/story-t6z1BVGMRRSwsUuPR8ka3K.html |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On 26 December 2019, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee led a massive rally against NRC and CAA from Kolkata's Raja Bazar to Mullick Bazar.On that protest attacking the Modi government she said, "I don't know my mother's birth date, birth place, how will you know".<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Manogya Loiwal |date=26 December 2019 |title=I don't know my mother's birth date, birthplace, how will you: Mamata Banerjee at CAA protest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-dont-know-my-mother-birthplace-birth-date-1631688-2019-12-26 |access-date=2020-03-29 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Park Circus ground became the major venue for anti CAA protests in Kolkata<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |date=2020-03-25 |title=Kolkata's anti-CAA protesters leave placards, shoes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kolkatas-anti-caa-protesters-leave-placards-shoes/article31165884.ece |access-date=2020-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> where various personalities, politicians and social activists joined the protest. E.g.:P [[P. Chidambaram|P. Chidamabaram]] joined the anti CAA protests in Kolkata on 18 January 2020.<ref>{{Citation |title=P Chidambaram joins anti-CAA, NRC protest in Kolkata |date=18 January 2020 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/p-chidambaram-joins-anti-caa-nrc-protest-in-kolkata/videoshow/73348823.cms |access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> Singer [[Kabir Suman]], activist [[Umar Khalid]] and [[Yogendra Yadav]] also visited the venue to express their support to the protestors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title='It's do-or-die battle': Women protesters at Kolkata's Park Circus Maidan to continue anti-CAA stir till favourable outcome |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/its-do-or-die-battle-women-protesters-at-kolkatas-park-circus-maidan-to-continue-anti-caa-stir-till-favourable-outcome-7925621.html |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
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Women also actively participated in the anti NRC and anti CAA protest in Kolkata and staged a sit in protest in the park circus maidan on 8 January. One of the protestors said, "I want to ask Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and his ministers what documents they have which prove them Indians."<ref name=":1"/> The anti NRC movement in Kolkata was characterised by placards, posters and slogans targeting the BJP and the centre.<ref name=":02"/> People have also left behind dozens of pair of shoes, scarves and dupattas in the park circus ground as a protest against NRC AND CAA.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
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=== COVID-19 management ===<br />
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal}}<br />
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Banerjee and her government was accused of concealing facts by the opposition parties like CPI(M) and Congress, other critics and many doctors.<ref name="HuffCovid">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/west-bengal-coronavirus-death-toll-mamata-banerjee-tablighi-jamaat_in_5e85646ac5b6f55ebf47d216 |date=2 April 2020 |website=[[HuffPost]] |first=Rohini |last=Chatterji |quote=Confusion prevailed on the death toll from the novel coronavirus in West Bengal with Mamata Banerjee claiming only three people had been confirmed to have died of the coronavirus. However, a state health department official told PTI the death toll was now at 7. |title=Only 3 Dead In West Bengal, Says Mamata; 54 Tablighi Jamaat Attendees Quarantined |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="FBCOVID">{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/coronavirus-outbreak-mamata-banerjee-displays-little-cooperation-even-as-opposition-unites-to-stand-behind-centre-8239541.html |quote=Again, on 2 April, while seven coronavirus deaths in the state were confirmed by its health department, the figure was soon revised to three. |title=Coronavirus Outbreak: Mamata Banerjee displays little cooperation even as Opposition unites to stand behind Centre |website=Firstpost |first=Debobrat |last=Ghose |date=8 April 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=ANI |date=23 April 2020 |title='Gross under-testing, misreporting of Covid data': Non-resident Bengali doctors write to Mamata Banerjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gross-under-testing-misreporting-of-covid-data-non-resident-bengali-doctors-write-to-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/75316682.cms |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Times of India |location=Kolkata |quote=Citing a media report, the doctors said that West Bengal has conducted just 33.7 tests per million, compared to a national average of around 156.9 per million, despite having the capacity to conduct around 1,000 tests a day.}}<br />
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-{{cite news |last=Loiwal |first=Manogya |date=15 April 2020 |title=West Bengal doctors forum hits out at govt, says not enough tests being conducted |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-doctors-forum-hits-out-at-govt-says-not-enough-tests-being-conducted-1667141-2020-04-15 |website=indiatoday.in |location=Kolkata}}</ref> The BJP also accused Mamata of doing "appeasement" and made Covid issues related to communalism and Taglibhi Jamaat in Delhi.<ref name="IndiaTodayCovid">{{cite news |date=8 April 2020 |title=Is hiding Jamaat cases about vote bank: BJP asks Mamata on Bengal coronavirus numbers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/bjp-mamata-banerjee-coronavirus-bengal-tablighi-jamaat-1664619-2020-04-08 |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=India Today |quote=The BJP has accused Mamata Banerjee of indulging in vote bank politics after the West Bengal Chief Minister refused to share update on those who attended the Tablighi Jamaat event in Delhi, identified as a hotspot for the spread of novel coronavirus.}}</ref> She blamed them for raising "false alarm" and "maligning West Bengal’s health department" over COVID-19 deaths in Bengal. Mamata Banerjee also blamed BJP's IT cell for using fake news.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2020 |title='Fake news' to malign health dept: Mamata Banerjee on allegation of foul play over COVID-19 death figures |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/coronavirus/fake-news-to-malign-health-dept-mamata-banerjee-on-allegation-of-foul-play-over-covid-19-death-figures-1502874514.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDubAO1ytww |title=বাম বিজেপীর মিথ্যাচারের পর্দা ফাঁস |date=2 May 2020 |language=bn |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXFvfqlea8 |title=Comrade, আপনাকেই বলছি... &#124; |date=22 April 2020 |language=bn |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2020 |title=Covid 'false alarm': FIR against West Bengal BJP MP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/covid-false-alarm-fir-against-bengal-bjp-mp/articleshow/75190516.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> The government later banned use of cellphones in hospitals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Ajanta |last2=Ghosh |first2=Dwaipayan |last3=Banerjee |first3=Tamaghna |date=23 April 2020 |title=West Bengal: No mobile in coronavirus facilities, says health department |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/no-mobile-in-corona-facilities-health-dept/articleshow/75305469.cms |access-date=23 April 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Kolkata |quote=Union minister Babul Supriyo tweeted on the ban on mobiles in hospitals, questioning its timing. He questioned whether the person who recorded the video had been "booked". Kolkata Police responded it was completely incorrect and a misinformation.}}</ref> Many people were arrested for spreading fake news related to communalism amid the lockdown.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 April 2020 |title=QCrime: 8-Year-Old Raped, Killed; 32 Arrested in WB Over Fake News |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/india-crime-news-06-april-2020 |website=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 April 2020 |title=In Bengal, 32 arrested in 7 days for spreading fake news amid lockdown |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-bengal-32-arrested-in-7-days-for-spreading-fake-news-amid-lockdown/story-kyKfmauGsoUUlqhAuhlixH.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> FIR was lodged against a Bengal BJP MP. The [[National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections]] (NIRBI) lodged complains against the West Bengal Government for not sending enough samples to them for testing.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kundu |first=Indrajit |date=13 April 2020 |title=Mamata govt not sending enough samples for Covid-19 testing, says central lab director |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/central-lab-says-mamata-govt-not-sending-enough-samples-for-covid-19-tests-as-bengal-reports-fewer-cases-1666467-2020-04-13 |access-date=14 April 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |quote=Responding to Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee’s complaints about lack of testing kits in West Bengal, Dutta said ICMR has dispatched 42,500 kits to NICED so far.}}</ref><br />
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=== 2024 RG Kar incident and others ===<br />
{{Main|2024 Kolkata rape and murder}}<br />
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Banerjee was widely<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=16 August 2024 |title=Indian medics step up strike in protest at doctor's rape and murder |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/16/indian-medics-strike-protest-doctor-rape-murder-kolkata |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> criticised for handling of the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder incident|rape and murder]] of a young trainee doctor at [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]] and alleged coverup.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2024 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case: RG Kar senior medics allege evidence tampering as protesting colleagues meet Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-rg-kar-senior-medics-allege-evidence-tampering-as-protesting-colleagues-meet-mamata-banerjee-11726492463973.html |work=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ex-head of India's RG Kar College charged for alleged evidence tampering in rape case |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/ex-head-indias-rg-kar-college-charged-alleged-evidence-tampering-rape-case-2024-09-15/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> She was accused by the family<ref>{{Cite news |agency=ANI |date=18 September 2024 |title=R.G. Kar Medical College victim's father accuses Mamata Banerjee of inaction: 'My daughter would have been alive...' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/my-daughter-would-have-been-alive-rg-kar-medical-college-victims-father-accuses-mamata-banerjee-of-inaction/article68654960.ece |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=ANI |date=11 September 2024 |title=R.G. Kar victim doctor's parents question Bengal CM; Not satisfied with Mamata Banerjee's role in case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/not-satisfied-with-mamata-banerjees-role-in-case-rg-kar-victim-doctors-parents-question-bengal-cm/article68629063.ece |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of trying to protect the now ex-principal Sandip Ghosh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Pranab |date=21 August 2024 |title=The power and peril of Dr Sandip Ghosh: From 'reserved teen' to principal who ran Kolkata college as 'fiefdom' |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/08/21/the-power-and-peril-of-dr-sandip-ghosh-from-reserved-teen-to-principal-who-ran-kolkata-college-as-fiefdom |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sandip Ghosh indulged in 'business of dead bodies', says RG Kar medical college ex-colleague: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-rape-murder-case-rg-kar-ex-employee-accuses-sandip-ghosh-of-selling-unclaimed-bodies-report-101724225179973.html |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref> whose involvement in the incident is being investigated by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. It was followed by widespread protests related to women's rights and doctor's protests in the city of Kolkata, some other cities in India and in Bangladesh.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
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==== Sandeshkhali incident ====<br />
{{main|2024 Sandeshkhali violence}}<br />
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In February 2024, several women in [[Sandeshkhali]] village came forward, first on Republic TV saying that Trinamool Congress local bloc leader and alleged strongmen Sheikh Shahjahan, Uttam Sardar and Shibu Hazra had been sexually assaulting and raping them. Mamata Bannerjee was accused by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leaders for keeping silence on the crime and protecting such criminal politicians and the BJP was accused of trying to turn a land-grab incident into a communal issue against Muslims with accusations of sexual assault by Sheikh Shahjahan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sandeshkhali: BJP says Mamata Banerjee's conscience dead, questions Rahul Gandhi's 'silence' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sandeshkhali-bjp-says-mamata-banerjees-conscience-dead-questions-rahul-gandhis-silence-101708499091890.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 February 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sandeshkhali-bengal-minister-no-woman-complained-assault-partha-bhowmick-sujit-bose-2506693-2024-02-24 |title=Trinamool minister visits Sandeshkhali, claims assault allegations 'fake' |magazine=India Today |date=24 February 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref> He has been on the run, after Enforcement Directorate officers attempted to arrest him on a corruption case, who were [[2024 Sandeshkhali violence|attacked]] by his supporters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sanjay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/ed-conducts-fresh-raids-at-tmc-leader-shahjahan-sheikhs-home-again/article67771376.ece|title=ED searches Sheikh Shahjahan house, asks him to appear on January 29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref> On 29 February 2024, at around 5:30 am (IST), Shahjahan was arrested by the West Bengal police from [[Minakhan]], [[North 24 Parganas]] by them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/sandeshkhali-violence-west-bengal-police-arrests-tmc-leader-sheikh-shahjahan-11709172057783.html|title=Sandeshkhali violence: West Bengal Police arrests TMC leader Sheikh Shahjahan|date=29 February 2024|work=[[Livemint]]}}</ref><br />
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==== 2026 Enforcement Directorate — I-PAC searches ====<br />
In January 2026, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) carried out searches at the offices of the political consultancy Indian Political Action Committee (I-PAC) in [[Kolkata]] and at related locations as part of a money-laundering probe linked to an alleged coal pilferage case. During the operation on 8 January 2026, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee visited the premises, including the residence of I-PAC director Pratik Jain and the company's office, while searches were underway. The ED alleged that Banerjee and members of her party's team removed physical documents and electronic devices from the premises, which the agency described as interference with its investigation; Banerjee and the [[Trinamool Congress]] denied the allegation, saying she was safeguarding party documents and accusing the agency of political motivation. The ED subsequently approached the Calcutta High Court and later the Supreme Court alleging obstruction of its investigation, and Kolkata Police registered FIRs and began separate inquiries related to the incident; the matter is the subject of ongoing litigation and investigation.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Probe agency ED approaches Supreme Court in showdown with Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/probe-agency-ed-complains-to-supreme-court-in-showdown-with-mamata-banerjee-10600365 |newspaper=NDTV |date=10 January 2026 |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=I-PAC raids: ED moves SC over 'interference' from Mamata govt, Bengal files counter-petition caveat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/i-pac-raids-ed-moves-sc-over-alleged-interference-from-mamata-govt-bengal-files-counter-petition-caveat-hc-hearing-pushed-to-jan-14/articleshow/126450932.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2026 |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=ED moves Supreme Court in I-PAC case, alleges interference by Mamata Banerjee-led Bengal govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ed-moves-supreme-court-in-i-pac-case-alleges-interference-by-mamata-banerjee-led-bengal-govt/articleshow/126453569.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 January 2026 |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=ED raids on I-PAC: Kolkata police start recording statements of guards, house help at Pratik Jain's house |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/ed-raids-i-pac-kolkata-police-guards-house-prateek-jain-house-10466280/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2026 |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><br />
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== Personal life and recognitions ==<br />
Throughout her political life, Banerjee has maintained a publicly austere lifestyle, dressing in simple traditional Bengali clothes and avoiding luxuries.<ref name="taat">{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/mamata-saris-the-rage-in-kolkata-this-durga-puja-99919.html|title=Mamata saris the rage in Kolkata this Durga Puja|website=FirstPost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107080747/http://www.firstpost.com/living/mamata-saris-the-rage-in-kolkata-this-durga-puja-99919.html|archive-date=7 January 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="lifestyle">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/diptoshmajumdar/5/61837/mamata-express-you-cant-stop-her-anymore.html|title=Blog article in IBNLive.in.com|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606192506/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/diptoshmajumdar/5/61837/mamata-express-you-cant-stop-her-anymore.html|archive-date=6 June 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=3 June 2010}}</ref> During an interview in April 2019, Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] claimed that despite their political differences, Banerjee sends her own selected ''kurtas'' and sweets to him every year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47114401|title=On Wednesday, Bollywood star Akshay Kumar interviews PM Modi|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409193052/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47114401|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live|quote=West Bengal chief minister and arch rival Mamata Banerjee sends him sweets and kurtas every year}}</ref><br />
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She identifies herself as a [[Hindu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Nusrat's Muslim, I am Hindu but we are exactly alike except she's beautiful and I am not, says Mamata |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-watch-nusrat-s-muslim-i-am-hindu-but-we-are-exactly-alike-except-she-s-beautiful-and-i-am-not-says-mamata-banerje-2748543 |access-date=8 June 2019 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614073906/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-watch-nusrat-s-muslim-i-am-hindu-but-we-are-exactly-alike-except-she-s-beautiful-and-i-am-not-says-mamata-banerje-2748543 |url-status=live }}</ref> Banerjee is a self-taught painter and a poet.<ref>{{cite news|title=The poet and painter in Mamata Banerjee's looks beyond Bengal|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-poet-and-painter-in-mamata-banerjees-looks-beyond-bengal/1075840/0|access-date=2 April 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aitcofficial.org/publications-by-didi/|title=Publications, Poetry and Paintings : All India Trinamool Congress|website=aitcofficial.org|language=en-US|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104004315/http://aitcofficial.org/publications-by-didi/|archive-date=4 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Her 300 paintings were sold for ₹9crore ([[Indian Rupee|₹]]90 million, [[Pound Sterling|£]]990,000 or [[United States Dollar|US$]]1,350,000).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html|title=WTF: Mamata Banerjee Paintings Sold For 9 Crores|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=12 May 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081145/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named her as one of the [[Time 100|100 Most Influential People in the World]].<ref name="Time 100">{{cite magazine|title=Time 100: Mamata Banerjee, Populist|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2111984,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 April 2012|date=18 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419073120/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C2111975_2111976_2111984%2C00.html|archive-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> ''[[Bloomberg Markets]]'' magazine listed her among the [[50 Most Influential (Bloomberg Markets ranking)|50 most influential people in the world of finance]] in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/finance/mamata-banerjee-among-worlds-50-influential-leaders-in-finance_59747.html |title=Mamata Banerjee among world's 50 influential leaders in finance |website=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214095120/http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/finance/mamata-banerjee-among-worlds-50-influential-leaders-in-finance_59747.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |date=6 September 2012 }}</ref> In 2018, she was conferred the Skoch Chief Minister of the Year Award.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mamata-banerjee-is-the-skoch-chief-minister-of-the-year/articleshow/67178399.cms |title=Mamata Banerjee is the Skoch Chief Minister of the Year |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 December 2018 |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206080605/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mamata-banerjee-is-the-skoch-chief-minister-of-the-year/articleshow/67178399.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Banerjee stepped out into the streets of Kolkata during lockdown, caused by the COVID-19 outbreak, to spread awareness among the common people.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2020|title=Didi's lessons on social distancing: Mamata Banerjee takes to Kolkata streets to fight Covid19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/didi-s-lessons-on-social-distancing-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-kolkata-streets-to-fight-covid19/story-oMNOulx2aPn1i2bbpjvwrO.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/didi-s-lessons-on-social-distancing-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-kolkata-streets-to-fight-covid19/story-oMNOulx2aPn1i2bbpjvwrO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2020|title='Keep Shops Open, What Will People Eat?' Mamata Banerjee Takes to The Streets During Lockdown|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/keep-shops-open-what-will-people-eat-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-the-streets-during-lockdown-2554567.html|work=News18|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/keep-shops-open-what-will-people-eat-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-the-streets-during-lockdown-2554567.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2020|title=Mamata Banerjee Hits Kolkata Streets Again, Urges People To Stay Indoors|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-lockdown-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-again-urges-peo-2217243|work=NDTV|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-lockdown-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-again-urges-peo-2217243|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 April 2020|title=Mamata hits the streets, speaks directly to locked-down Kolkata|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/mamata-hits-the-streets-speaks-directly-to-locked-down-kolkata-6376681/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165649/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/mamata-hits-the-streets-speaks-directly-to-locked-down-kolkata-6376681/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 April 2020|title=Mamata Hits Streets of Kolkata to Address Citizens Amid Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-coronavirus-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-talks-directly-to-citizens-to-maintain-lockdown|work=The Quint|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-coronavirus-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-talks-directly-to-citizens-to-maintain-lockdown|url-status=live}}</ref> While appealing for maintaining religious harmony, Banerjee has reiterated the fact on numerous occasions that ''"''Religion is personal, but festivals are universal."<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2019|title=Religion is personal, but festivals are universal says Mamata Banerjee|url=http://www.uniindia.com/religion-is-personal-but-festivals-are-universal-says-mamata-banerjee/east/news/1654080.html|work=United News of India|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023082359/http://www.uniindia.com/religion-is-personal-but-festivals-are-universal-says-mamata-banerjee/east/news/1654080.html|archive-date=23 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2021|title=Faith may be personal but festivals are universal: Mamata Banerjee on Durga puja celebrations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-durga-puja-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-faith-festivals-covid-rules-1850248-2021-09-07|work=India Today|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023000838/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-durga-puja-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-faith-festivals-covid-rules-1850248-2021-09-07|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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She received an Honorary D.Litt in Literature from [[St. Xavier's University, Kolkata|St. Xavier's University]] on 6 February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee conferred honorary doctorate for contributions to literature and art |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2023/Feb/06/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-conferred-honorary-doctorate-for-contributions-to-literature-and-art-33766.html |website=EdexLive}}</ref> and another from [[Calcutta University]] on 12 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=Never gave up despite being hurt all my life, says emotional Mamata after accepting honorary doctorate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/never-gave-up-despite-being-hurt-all-my-life-says-emotional-mamata-after-accepting-honorary-doctorate-1137459-2018-01-11 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=Mamata Banerjee receives D Litt degree, says intolerance is rising in the country |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-to-receive-d-litt-degree-calcutta-hc-to-hear-pil-today-5020036/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> She also received an honorary doctorate from the [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]], a Bhubaneshwar-based deemed university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Odisha varsity to confer doctorate on Mamata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Odisha-varsity-to-confer-doctorate-on-Mamata/articleshow/16443132.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, Mamata Banerjee was invited to attend ''World Meeting for Peace'' in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee invited to attend peace conference in Rome|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-invited-to-attend-peace-conference-at-rome-101628698080852.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 August 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925192744/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-invited-to-attend-peace-conference-at-rome-101628698080852.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mamata Banerjee invited to 'World Meeting for Peace' in Rome along with Pope, Angela Merkel|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-invited-to-world-meeting-for-peace-1839838-2021-08-12|work=India Today|date=12 August 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925192743/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-invited-to-world-meeting-for-peace-1839838-2021-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lack of vaccine acceptance a travel barrier: West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cm-lack-of-vax-acceptance-a-travel-barrier/articleshow/86052006.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 September 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925192739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cm-lack-of-vax-acceptance-a-travel-barrier/articleshow/86052006.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She was the only Indian invited to attend the event. But in September, the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Union Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) denied her permission to attend the peace conference stating that the event was not "commensurate in status for participation by the chief minister of a state".<ref>{{cite news|title=Centre denies permission to Mamata for trip to Rome next month|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-denies-permission-to-mamata-for-trip-to-rome-next-month-101632573497938.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=25 September 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925195844/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-denies-permission-to-mamata-for-trip-to-rome-next-month-101632573497938.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre Denies Mamata Banerjee Permission To Attend Peace Conference in Rome|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-mamata-banerjee-says-centre-denied-her-permission-to-attend-peace-conference-in-rome|work=The Quint|date=25 September 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925195845/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-mamata-banerjee-says-centre-denied-her-permission-to-attend-peace-conference-in-rome|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre Didn't Let Me Go To Rome Peace Meet Out Of "Jealousy": Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-did-not-let-me-to-go-to-rome-global-peace-meet-out-of-jealousy-mamata-2553629|work=NDTV|date=25 September 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925200631/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-did-not-let-me-to-go-to-rome-global-peace-meet-out-of-jealousy-mamata-2553629|url-status=live}}</ref> BJP MP [[Subramanian Swamy]] slammed Modi government on Banerjee's Rome visit cancelation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Modi should permit Mamata to travel to Rome: Subramanian Swamy|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/26/modi-should-permit-mamata-to-travel-to-rome-subramanian-swamy.html|work=The Week|date=26 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927015445/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/26/modi-should-permit-mamata-to-travel-to-rome-subramanian-swamy.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=কোন আইনে মমতাকে রোম যেতে বাধা দেওয়া হল? কেন্দ্রের ভূমিকা নিয়ে প্রশ্ন বিজেপি সাংসদের|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/subramanian-swamy-questions-centres-move-to-stop-mamata-banerjees-italy-tour/|language=bn|work=Sangbad Pratidin|date=26 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926211727/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/subramanian-swamy-questions-centres-move-to-stop-mamata-banerjees-italy-tour/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Subramanian Swamy: 'কোন আইনে Mamata-র রোম সফর বাতিল', কেন্দ্রকে তোপ BJP সাংসদের|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/nation/subramanian-swamy-slams-narendra-modi-govt-on-mamata-banerjees-rome-visit-cancelation_406330.html|language=bn|work=Zee 24 Ghanta|date=26 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926211711/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/nation/subramanian-swamy-slams-narendra-modi-govt-on-mamata-banerjees-rome-visit-cancelation_406330.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Indian Diplomat [[K. P. Fabian]], the reason cited by MEA was unconvincing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Italian organisation that invited Mamata highly prestigious: ex-envoy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/italian-organisation-that-invited-mamata-highly-prestigious-ex-envoy/article36684864.ece|work=The Hindu|date=26 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926180130/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/italian-organisation-that-invited-mamata-highly-prestigious-ex-envoy/article36684864.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, in December, Banerjee was denied permission by the MEA to visit [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Vindictive,' cries TMC as Centre bars Mamata Banerjee from visiting Nepal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vindictive-cries-tmc-as-centre-bars-mamata-banerjee-from-visiting-nepal-101639159824014.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=10 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210181616/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vindictive-cries-tmc-as-centre-bars-mamata-banerjee-from-visiting-nepal-101639159824014.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
TIME magazine published its annual list of 'The 100 Most Influential People of 2021' on 15 September 2021. The list includes Mamata Banerjee among others.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dutt|first=Barkha|date=15 September 2021|title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2021. Mamata Banerjee.|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6096016/mamata-banerjee/|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915212047/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6096016/mamata-banerjee/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 September 2021|title=PM Modi, Mamata Banerjee Among TIME's 100 Most Influential People|website=NDTV|agency=PTI|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-mamata-and-adar-poonawalla-among-time-magazines-100-most-influential-people-of-2021-2542154|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915234109/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-mamata-and-adar-poonawalla-among-time-magazines-100-most-influential-people-of-2021-2542154|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 September 2021|title=বিশ্বের ১০০ প্রভাবশালীর তালিকায় মমতা, তীব্র সমালোচনা মোদির নামে|language=bn|trans-title=Mamata in the list of 100 most influential people in the world, sharp criticism of Modi|newspaper=Bartaman|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=14&nID=319131&P=1&nPID=20210916|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916173559/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=14&nID=319131&P=1&nPID=20210916|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== In popular culture ===<br />
* ''[[Baghini (2019 Film)|Baghini]]'', a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]], inspired by Mamata Banerjee's life, was released on 24 May 2019. It is not a [[Biographical film|biopic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|date=15 April 2019|title='Baghini: Bengal Tigress' is inspired by Mamata Banerjee but is not a biopic, filmmakers say|url=https://scroll.in/reel/919749/baghini-bengal-tigress-is-inspired-by-mamata-banerjee-but-is-not-a-biopic-filmmakers-say|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209051427/https://scroll.in/reel/919749/baghini-bengal-tigress-is-inspired-by-mamata-banerjee-but-is-not-a-biopic-filmmakers-say|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Itengar|first=Shriram|date=15 April 2019|title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415193949/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee|archive-date=15 April 2019|access-date=16 April 2019|publisher=Cinestaan}}</ref><br />
* Former Trinamool Congress MLA Dipak Kumar Ghosh wrote a controversial book on her personal life, ''Mamata Bandopadhyayke Jemon Dekhechi''.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Deepak Ghosh |url=http://archive.org/details/mamatakejemondekhechi |title=মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় কে যেমন দেখেছি - দীপক ঘোষ |date=2013}}</ref> It creates critical response among the Bengali readers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=FIR filed against BJP's Koustav Bagchi: Posting excerpts from late TMC leader's book sparks row on woman's dignity, political decorum in Bengal – Kolkata News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/west-bengal/kolkata/news/koustav-bagchi-complaint-for-posting-dipak-ghosh-against-mamata-banerjee-sparks-controversy-135139838.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref> A [[defamation]] case was also filed against Deepak Ghosh but the case has not been resolved yet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2025 |title=Dipak Ghosh Passed Away: বিতর্ক আর রাজনীতির ঘূর্ণাবর্ত পেরিয়ে প্রয়াত একদা IAS-বিধায়ক দীপক ঘোষ... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/retired-ias-and-controversial-ex-tmc-mla-dipak-ghosh-passed-away_571830.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com |language=bn}}</ref> The controversial book was banned by an interim order of Civil Judge, [[Barasat]] Court on 22 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=মমতাকে নিয়ে লেখা বিতর্কিত বইয়ের প্রচার ও বিক্রিতে আদালতের স্থগিতাদেশ – Barasat Court Imposes Ban on Book About Deepak Ghosh, Controversial Book on Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/barasat-court-imposes-ban-on-book-about-deepak-ghosh-controversial-book-on-mamata-banerjee/tid/167129 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/bn-in/news/national/mamata-banerjee-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%98-%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87-banned-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0/ar-AA1J6R3O |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=msn.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Works in arts and literature ==<br />
[[File:Mamata Banerjee at 43rd International Kolkata Book Fair.jpg|thumb|right|Mamata Banerjee at 43rd [[International Kolkata Book Fair]] with her books in hand]]<br />
<br />
Numerous books written by her have been published so far. In 2022, she was given ''Paschimbanga Akademy Award'' for 'Kabita Bitan' which consists of 946 poems.<ref>{{Cite news |title=সাহিত্য চর্চায় নিরলস সাধনার জন্য বাংলা আকাদেমির বিশেষ পুরস্কার পেলেন মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/mamata-banerjee-chief-minister-of-west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-gets-bangla-academy-award-for-literary-contribution-887048 |access-date=11 May 2022 |work=ABP Ananda |date=9 May 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
She is also a self-taught painter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata Banerjee, chief minister, painter and fighter, faces tough polls |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/writer-painter-fighter-mamata-banerjee-faces-major-political-challenge-121040100095_1.html |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520164813/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/writer-painter-fighter-mamata-banerjee-faces-major-political-challenge-121040100095_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her paintings have also been auctioned several times.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2015 |title=WTF: Mamata Banerjee Paintings Sold For 9 Crores |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=IndiaTimes |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081145/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
She is also a lyricist and her compositions are mostly based on '[[Durga Puja]]' and 'Motherland'. 'Maa Go Tumi Sarbojanin' sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] is one of her most popular songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakashan |first=Priya |date=14 October 2015 |title=Durga Puja 2015: Mamata Banerjee pens Maa Go Tumi Sarbojonin on the auspicious occasion of the Navratri |url=https://www.india.com/viral/durga-puja-2015-mamata-banerjee-pens-maa-go-tumi-sarbojonin-on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-the-navratri-629627/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=India.com |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610060145/https://www.india.com/viral/durga-puja-2015-mamata-banerjee-pens-maa-go-tumi-sarbojonin-on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-the-navratri-629627/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral history ==<br />
{{Main|Electoral history of Mamata Banerjee}}<br />
<br />
===Lok Sabha===<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! <small>Constituency</small><br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
! Votes<br />
! %<br />
! Opponent<br />
! colspan="2"|<small>Opponent Party</small><br />
! <small>Opponent Votes</small><br />
! %<br />
! <small>Result</small><br />
! Margin<br />
! %<br />
|-<br />
! [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
| 576,045<br />
| 57.19<br />
| rowspan="2"|<small>[[Rabin Deb]]</small><br />
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}<br />
| 356,474<br />
| 35.39<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 219,571<br />
| 21.8<br />
|-<br />
! [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| rowspan="5"|[[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]<br />
| 393,561<br />
| 51.1<br />
| 295,132<br />
| 38.3<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 98,429<br />
| 12.8<br />
|-<br />
! [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| 469,103<br />
| 58.26<br />
| <small>Subhankar Chakraborty</small><br />
| 255,095<br />
| 31.68<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 214,008<br />
| 26.58<br />
|-<br />
! [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
| 503,551<br />
| 59.37<br />
| <small>Prasanta Kumar Sur</small><br />
| 279,470<br />
| 32.95<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 224,081<br />
| 26.42<br />
|-<br />
! [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
| 438,252<br />
| 52.5<br />
| <small>Bharati Mukherjee</small><br />
| 334,991<br />
| 40.1<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 103,261<br />
| 12.4<br />
|-<br />
! [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
| 367,896<br />
| 52.46<br />
| <small>[[Biplab Dasgupta]]</small><br />
| 274,233<br />
| 39.1<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 93,663<br />
| 13.36<br />
|-<br />
! [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]<br />
| 410,288<br />
| 46.67<br />
| <small>[[Malini Bhattacharya]]</small><br />
| 441,188<br />
| 50.19<br />
| {{no2|Lost}}<br />
| -30,900<br />
| -3.52<br />
|-<br />
! [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
| 331,618<br />
| 50.87<br />
| <small>[[Somnath Chatterjee]]</small><br />
| 311,958<br />
| 47.85<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 19,660<br />
| 3.02<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections ===<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! <small>Constituency</small><br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
! Votes<br />
! %<br />
! Opponent<br />
! colspan="2"|<small>Opponent Party</small><br />
! <small>Opponent Votes</small><br />
! %<br />
! <small>Result</small><br />
! Margin<br />
! %<br />
|-<br />
![[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur <br/><small>''(by-election)''</small>]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
| 85,263<br />
| 71.9<br />
| <small>Priyanka Tibrewal</small><br />
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
| 26,428<br />
| 22.29<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 58,835<br />
| 49.61<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]]<br />
| 108,808<br />
| 47.64<br />
| <small>[[Suvendu Adhikari]]</small><br />
| 110,764<br />
| 48.49<br />
| {{no2|Lost}}<br />
| -1,956<br />
| -0.85<br />
|-<br />
! [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]<br />
| 65,520<br />
| 47.67<br />
| <small>[[Deepa Dasmunshi]]</small><br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 40,219<br />
| 29.96<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 25,301<br />
| 17.71<br />
|-<br />
! [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur<br/><small>''(by-election)''</small>]]<br />
| 73,635<br />
| 77.46<br />
| <small>[[Nandini Mukherjee]]</small><br />
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| 19,422<br />
| 20.43<br />
| {{yes2|Won}}<br />
| 54,213<br />
| 57.03<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Ma Mati Manush]]<br />
* [[Ambikesh Mahapatra]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
;Books<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=Shutapa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_V5DwAAQBAJ|title=Didi: The Untold Mamata Banerjee|date=2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India|isbn=978-93-5305-360-4|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Monobina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcfjAAAAQBAJ|title=Didi|date=2012|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-93-5116-044-1|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Nielsen|first=Kenneth Bo|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/29645/indias-democracies.pdf?sequence=1#page=101|title=India's Democracies|publisher=Scandinavian University Press (Universitetsforlaget)|year=2016|isbn=978-82-15-02689-3|editor-last=Ruud|editor-first=Arild Engelsen|pages=101–130|chapter=5. Mamata Banerjee. Redefining Female Leadership|editor-last2=Heierstad|editor-first2=Geir}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Mitra|first=Dola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rei6oQEACAAJ|title=Decoding Didi: Making Sense of Mamata Banerjee|date=2014|publisher=Rupa|isbn=978-81-291-3267-3|language=en}}<br />
<br />
;Journals<br />
*{{Cite journal|last=Kariwal|first=Yash|date=January–March 2019|title=Role of Print Media in the Construction of a Political Image of Mamata Banerjee: A Content Analysis of News Coverage in The Telegraph Newspaper|url=http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20543201.pdf|journal=International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews|volume=6|issue=1|issn=2349-5138|eissn=2348-1269}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Subject bar<br />
|commons = yes<br />
|d = yes<br />
|q = yes<br />
|portal1 = Biography<br />
|portal2 = Politics<br />
|portal3 = India<br />
}}<br />
* [https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/meet-the-chief-minister Official website (Chief Minister's office)]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150811034532/http://aitcofficial.org/biography/ Official page on Trinamool Congress Party's website]<br />
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''<br />
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[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roshena_Campbell&diff=530925Roshena Campbell2026-04-21T02:33:09Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made A Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Australian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Deputy [[Lord Mayor of Melbourne]]<br />
| 1blankname = Mayor<br />
| 1namedata = [[Nicholas Reece]]<br />
| term_start = 19 November 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = Nicholas Reece<br />
| office1 = Councillor of the [[City of Melbourne]]<br />
| term_start1 = 24 October 2020<br />
| spouse = [[James Campbell (journalist)|James Campbell]]<br />
| party = [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]<br/>[[Nicholas Reece|Team Nick Reece]] (2024−)<br />
| other_party = <br>[[Sally Capp|Team Sally Capp]] (2020−2024)<br />
| occupation = Barrister, politician<br />
| alma_mater = [[The University of Melbourne]] (LLM)<br>[[Monash University]] (LLB (Hons)/BA)<br />
| children = 4<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Roshena Campbell''' is an Australian barrister and politician who is currently the Deputy [[Lord Mayor of Melbourne]] since 2024 and has served as a member of the [[City of Melbourne]] council since 2020. Campbell unsuccessfully contested the [[Division of Aston]] for the [[Liberal Party of Australia]] in the [[2023 Aston by-election|2023 by-election]]. <br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Campbell's parents migrated from [[India]] to [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]] in the 1970s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Willingham |first=Richard |date=2023-03-31 |title=As Labor battles history and voter apathy in Aston, a Liberal loss would spell disaster |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-01/aston-analysis-by-election-roshena-campbell-mary-doyle/102164378 |access-date=2023-04-08}}</ref> Speaking on her upbringing, Campbell stated that her parents were small business owners who supported the Liberal premiership of [[John Howard]] and the tenure of [[Peter Costello]] as [[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hui |first=Jin |date=2023-03-27 |title=Liberal candidate Roshena Campbell in her own words |url=https://ferntreegully.mailcommunity.com.au/news/2023-03-27/liberal-candidate-roshena-campbell-in-her-own-words/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Ferntree Gully Star Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
At age 17, Campbell moved to [[Melbourne]] by herself.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Aaron |date=2021-11-22 |title=She was a star Liberal candidate. The party passed |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/she-was-a-star-liberal-candidate-the-party-passed-20211122-p59axn |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en}}</ref> She attended the [[Monash University Faculty of Law]], and also the [[University of Melbourne]] where she received a [[Master of Laws|Master of Law]] degree in 2010.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
After graduating from Monash University, Campbell worked for leading commercial law firm [[Corrs Chambers Westgarth]].<ref name="Devers">{{cite web |title=Roshena Campbell |url=https://www.deverslist.com.au/barristers/roshena-campbell |website=Dever's List |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref> She went on to become a commercial and public law barrister in 2016.<ref name=":3" /> Campbell was elected a [[City of Melbourne]] councillor in the [[2020 City of Melbourne election|2020 election]]. She was among the members of the council elected in alliance with [[Sally Capp]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-04 |title=Capp continues at Town Hall |url=https://bicyclenetwork.com.au/newsroom/2020/11/04/capp-continues-at-town-hall/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Bicycle Network |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
As a councillor, Campbell has criticised what she calls "[[Car-free movement|anti-car]] measures". In September 2022, Campbell stood down from her position as deputy chair of the council's transport portfolio after criticising the City of Melbourne's [[bike lane]] rollout. Campbell argued the bike lane rollout was increasing traffic congestion and stunting the CBD’s economic recovery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schout |first=David |date=2022-09-07 |title=Vocal bike lane critic pushed out of transport role |url=https://www.southbanklocalnews.com.au/vocal-bike-lane-critic-pushed-out-of-transport-role |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=South Bank Local News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Campbell has been a vocal opponent of a drug injecting room in the [[City of Melbourne]].<ref name="room">{{cite news |last1=Booker |first1=Chloe |title=After furious debate, Melbourne council votes to support safe-injecting room in CBD |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/after-furious-debate-melbourne-council-votes-to-support-safe-injecting-room-in-cbd-20210525-p57v46.htm |access-date=3 May 2023 |publisher=The Age |date=25 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021 Campbell became a regular contributor to [[The Age]].<ref name="Age">{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/by/roshena-campbell-p4yw9e |website=The Age|title=Roshena Campbell|date=6 February 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, Campbell was the running mate of [[Nicholas Reece]] who was contesting the role of Lord Mayor at the [[2024 Melbourne City Council election]]. They were successful, defeating 10 other party tickets after preferences. <br />
=== 2021 parliamentary selection effort ===<br />
In 2021, the [[Australian Financial Review]] (AFR) reported that Campbell who had been considered a potential Senate preselection candidate instead sought preselection for the [[Division of Casey]] in the [[2022 Australian federal election|2022 federal election]]. The AFR reported that journalist and former Liberal staffer [[James Campbell (journalist)|James Campbell]], the husband of the candidate, supported her pre-selection and became the primary carer of their children during the preselection period.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Massola |first1=James |last2=Sakkal |first2=Paul |date=2021-11-13 |title=Local beats crowded field to replace retiring speaker in Casey |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/local-beats-out-crowded-field-to-replace-retiring-speaker-in-casey-20211112-p598dr.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2023 Aston by-election ===<br />
{{Main|2023 Aston by-election}}<br />
In 2023, Campbell contested the [[Division of Aston]] in a [[2023 Aston by-election|2023 by-election]] following the resignation of Liberal MP [[Alan Tudge]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Karp |first1=Paul |last2=Kolovos |first2=Benita |date=21 February 2023 |title=Aston byelection: barrister Roshena Campbell selected as Liberal candidate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/21/aston-byelection-barrister-roshena-campbell-selected-as-liberal-candidate |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Campbell was selected as the Liberal candidate by the [[Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division)|state party]]'s administration committee, defeating preselection candidates oncologist [[Ranjana Srivastava]] and former Liberal MP [[Cathrine Burnett-Wake]]. During the selection process, Campbell received the support of former MP and [[Treasurer of Australia]] [[Josh Frydenberg]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sakall |first=Paul |date=2023-02-15 |title=Frydenberg chooses candidate to back in Aston byelection |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/frydenberg-chooses-candidate-to-back-in-aston-byelection-20230214-p5ckb0.html |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=[[smh.com.au]] |publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McCubbing |first=Gus |date=2023-02-13 |title=Former state MP seeks preselection in 'new Liberal heartland' |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/former-state-mp-nominates-for-preselection-in-new-liberal-heartland-20230213-p5ck6o |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=[[Australian Financial Review]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment Co.]] |language=en-AU}}</ref><br />
<br />
Had Campbell won, she would have made history as the first woman of Indian descent to serve as a Liberal member of parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smethurst |first=Annika |date=2023-03-03 |title=Roshena Campbell will make history for the Liberal Party, win or lose |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/roshena-campbell-will-make-history-for-the-liberal-party-win-or-lose-20230303-p5cp4j.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref> Campbell ultimately lost the by-election to [[Mary Doyle]], the candidate of the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smethurst |first1=Annika |last2=Galloway |first2=Anthony |last3=Cunningham |first3=Melissa |date=1 April 2023 |title=Labor secures historic upset in Aston, 'worst byelection result in 100 years' for Liberals |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/labor-secures-historic-upset-in-aston-worst-byelection-result-in-100-years-for-liberals-20230401-p5cxak.html |work=[[The Age]]}}</ref> During her concession speech, Campbell stated that "I will always be proud to be a Liberal and I will always be proud to be Australian because we live in the greatest country in the world."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearson |first=Nick |date=2023-04-02 |title=Labor secures historic win in Aston by-election as Liberal candidate concedes defeat |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/aston-byelection-results-federal-politics-news-updates-melbourne-mary-doyle-roshena-campbell/3f232795-ffab-49d5-8940-3a232aa62e86 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=9News}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Campbell is married to [[News Corporation]] political editor [[James Campbell (journalist)|James Campbell]] and is the mother of 4 children.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boecker |first=Brianna |date=2023-03-29 |title=Meet the two women running for a high stakes byelection this weekend |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/politics/meet-the-two-women-running-for-a-high-stakes-by-election-this-weekend/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU}}</ref> Campbell resides in [[Brunswick, Victoria]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Roshena}}<br />
[[Category:Australian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Women local councillors in Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Australian politicians of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Monash University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Australian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Victoria (state) local councillors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Melbourne Law School alumni]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Pal_Verma&diff=528998Ram Pal Verma2026-04-20T09:27:06Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made A Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ram Pal Verma<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|8|2|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place =<br />
| image = <br />
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Balamau Assembly constituency|Balamau]]<br />
| term_start = 2017<br />
| office2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term2 = 1984-1991<br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| office4 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term4 = 2004 - 2012<br />
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] <br /> [[Samajwadi Party]] <br /> [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
| children = <br />
| father = Anganelal<br />
| mother = <br />
| website = <br />
| spouse = Sarojani Verma<br />
| parents = <br />
| profession = Agriculture <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ram Pal Verma''' is an Indian politician and member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]].He is one of the senior leaders of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]].He is currently serving as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Balamau Assembly constituency|Balamau]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rampal Verma: undefined Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/rampal-verma-balamau-candidate-s24a160c02/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is a nine time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Balamau Assembly Seat Result Update: बीजेपी के रामपाल वर्मा भारी मतों से जीते, 9वीं बार जाएंगे विधानसभा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/balamau-assembly-seat-result-live-update-win-lose-rampal-verma-rambali-verma-surendra-kumar-tilak-chandra-rrmb-4051850.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Chunav: हरदोई में फिर परिवारवाद हावी, बीजेपी ने चाचा-भतीजे की जोड़ी पर जताया भरोसा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/bjp-ticket-balamau-mla-rampal-verma-and-his-nephew-sandi-mla-prabhash-kumar/articleshow/89057924.cms |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Varanasi: House collapses due to cylinder blast, one dead - Articles |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/varanasi-house-collapses-due-to-cylinder-blast-one-dead |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Ram Pal Verma was first elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 1985 as an independent candidate. In 1988, he was re-elected to Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party ticket. He again became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in 1996.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=पूर्व मंत्री रामपाल वर्मा बसपा से बाहर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hardoi/former-minister-rampal-verma-from-bsp |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
Verma, on Bahujan Samaj Party ticket won the by-election in 2004. In 2007, he once again was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly and was inducted as Minister of State with independent charge in the government.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Ram Pal Verma was elected from [[Balamau Assembly constituency|Balamau]] constituency in 2017 and 2022 on [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balamau Assembly Seat, Uttar Pradesh Election 2022 – Get Balamau constituency news updates and complete details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/balamau-1636671467 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, he defeated Neelu Satyarthi of [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] by a margin of 22888 votes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In 2022, he defeated Rambali Verma by a margin of more than 26 thousand votes.<ref name=":2" /> Verma was inducted as a member of the panel of pro tem Speaker of Uttar Pradesh assembly in the presence of chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-27 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Newly elected MLAs to take oath on Monday and Tuesday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-newly-elected-mlas-to-take-oath-on-monday-and-tuesday-101648399615210.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Balamau Assembly constituency]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Ram Pal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:1959 births]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1989–1991]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banki_Assembly_constituency&diff=489621Banki Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:17:00Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: creating some details and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Banki, Odisha}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Banki<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| constituency_no = 88<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| division = Central Division<br />
| district = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| mla = [[Devi Ranjan Tripathy]]<br />
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 2,19,513{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Banki''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=88|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419215858/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=88|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Banki (88) District: Cuttack|access-date= 14 April 2014}}</ref> Following 2008 delimitation, [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur Assembly constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
This constituency includes [[Banki, Odisha|Banki]], Banki block, Banki-Dampada block and eight [[Gram panchayat]]s (Narajmarthapur, Ramdaspur, Madhupur, Belagachhia, Dadhapatana, Kunheipada, Mundali and Sribantapur) of Barang block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref><br />
<br />
==Elected members==<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp46.htm|title= 46 - Banki Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |access-date= 19 March 2014}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.31}}<br />
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.44}}<br />
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|58.69}}<br />
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.79}}<br />
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.38}}<br />
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.60}}<br />
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|48.63}}<br />
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.08}}<br />
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.34}}<br />
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|43.14}}<br />
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.69}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date.<br />
<br />
List of members elected from Banki constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17}}</ref><ref name=Candidate>{{cite web |title=Banki Assembly Constituency, Orissa |url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/banki.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited |access-date=18 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Banki Assembly Election Results 2024: Banki Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/banki-constituency-result-18088 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Devi Ranjan Tripathy]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Banki Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/banki-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Pravat Tripathy]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|Debasis Pattnaik<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Pravat Tripathy]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Ghanashyam Sahoo<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Akshaya Kumar Patnaik<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Jogesh Chandra Rout<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
|Gokulanand Praharaj<br />
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|Jogesh Chandra Rout<br />
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br />
|Gokulanand Praharaj<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Jogesh Chandra Rout<br />
|-<br />
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br />
|Gokulanand Praharaj<br />
|{{full party name with color|Socialist Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Devi Ranjan Tripathy]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Tusara Kanta Chakrabarty by a margin of 17,026 votes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Banki}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Devi Ranjan Tripathy]]<br />
|votes = 69,214<br />
|percentage = 41.31<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Tusara Kanta Chakrabarty<br />
|votes = 52,188<br />
|percentage = 31.15<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Debasis Patnaik<br />
|votes = 42,899<br />
|percentage = 25.6<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 885<br />
|percentage = 0.53<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 17,026<br />
|percentage = 10.16<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,67,544<br />
|percentage = 76.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Devi Ranjan Tripathy]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Debasis Patnaik by a margin of 24,118 votes.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Banki<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Devi Ranjan Tripathy]]<br />
|votes = 74,599<br />
|percentage = 46.44<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Debasis Patnaik<br />
|votes = 50,481<br />
|percentage = 31.43<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Subhransu Mohan Padhi<br />
|votes = 32,541<br />
|percentage = 20.26<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 972<br />
|percentage = 0.61<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 24,118<br />
|percentage = 15.01<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,60,635<br />
|percentage = 76.57<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Pravata Kumar Tripathy defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Rabindra Kumar Mallick by a margin of 43,758 votes.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Banki}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Pravata Kumar Tripathy<br />
|votes = 85,809<br />
|percentage = 58.69<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Rabindra Kumar Mallick<br />
|votes = 42,051<br />
|percentage = 28.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Ajaya Kumar Swain<br />
|votes = 8,672<br />
|percentage = 5.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 986<br />
|percentage = 0.68<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 43,758<br />
|percentage = 29.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,46,195<br />
|percentage = 76.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 1,88,489<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Pravata Kumar Tripathy defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Debasis Patnaik by a margin of 23,445 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=23445 |access-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Banki<ref name="election2009">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Pravata Kumar Tripathy<br />
|votes = 70,731<br />
|percentage = 54.79<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Debasis Patnaik|votes=47,286|percentage=36.63|change=''-''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Subhransu Mohan Padhi|votes=8,056|percentage=6.24|change=''-''}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=23,445|percentage=18.16{{efn|%of total valid votes}}|change=''-''}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,29,095|percentage=71.52|change=''-''}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 1,80,508<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = {{down}}0.69{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 72.21%}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{Cuttack district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br />
{{coord|20.378|85.53|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Cuttack district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaleb_Khan&diff=505399Jaleb Khan2026-04-10T00:44:15Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: done.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Jaleb Khan<br />
| office1 = [[MLA (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| office = [[Parliamentary secretary|Chief Parliamentary Secretary]], <br/>[[Government of Haryana]]<br />
| term_start = 27 July 2009<br />
| term_end = 26 July 2014<br />
| 1blankname = [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Ministries and Departments]]<br />
| 1namedata = *Revenue and Disaster Management <br />
*Employment <br />
*Waqf <br />
*Mines and Geology<br />
| 2blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 2namedata = [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2009<br />
| term_end1 = 2014<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|7|15|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hathin]], [[British India]]<br />{{small|(present-day [[Haryana]], [[India]])}}<br />
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|9|18|1942|7|15|df=y}}<br />
| image =<br />
| constituency1 = [[Hathin Assembly constituency|Hathin]]<br />
| 3blankname = Governor<br />
| 3namedata = [[Jagannath Pahadia]]<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] <br/> [[Chaudhary]]<br />
| children = [[Mohammad Israil]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chaudhary Jaleb Khan''' also known as '''Baba Jaleb Khan''' (born 15 July 1942) was an Indian politician who served as a [[Parliamentary secretary|Chief Parliamentary Secretary]] in the [[Government of Haryana]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Hathin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hathin constituency]] once in 2009 and served his complete term till 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaleb Khan (Independent(IND)):Constituency- Hathin(FARIDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ha2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=577 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=सुपुर्दे खाक किए गए पूर्व विधायक जलेब खां - |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/palwal-jaleb-khan-16729114.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hathin Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hathin-haryana-assembly-constituency#2009 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Chaudhary Jaleb Khan was born to Chaudhary Suleiman on 15 July 1942 in the village of Kot/Uttawar in Haryana. Jaleb khan has Two son (Chaudhary Mohd Israil, Mohd Sajid Khan). He was an [[Meo (ethnic group)|Ethnic Meo]] belonging to the [[Meo (ethnic group)#Pals and Gotras|Chhirkalot pal]]. His father was a famous [[Chaudhary]] in the [[Mewat|Mewat region]] of [[Haryana]]. He was not highly literate only being educated till grade 5.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Chaudhary Jaleb Khan contested the [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana Legislative Assembly elections]] in 1996 independent where he earned 10069 votes and came in third position. Then he contested again in 2005 under the [[Indian National Congress]] where he lost by a margin of 8,830 ballots against the [[Independent politician|independent]] candidate, Harsh Kumar. It was in 2009 where he finally defeated Harsh Kumar despite himself being [[Independent politician|independent]] and Harsh Kumar receiving the [[Indian National Congress]] ticket by a margin of 6473 votes garnering a total of 29.59% of the total ballots in the [[Hathin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hathin constituency]] that year. Khan had a successful political career being elected as a [[Parliamentary secretary|Chief Parliamentary Secretary]] in the [[Government of Haryana]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
The people of [[Mewat]] gave Jaleb Khan the honorific title of [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] (meaning father or respected elder) due to his simplistic lifestyle. He was also known for promoting [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] in his region of [[Hathin]], which has the significantly higher Hindu population compared to other areas of the [[Mewat|Mewat region]] of [[Haryana]]. He is also known to be the individual who asked for [[Hathin]] to become a constituent of [[Palwal district]] rather than the [[Nuh district]] (previously Mewat district) of [[Haryana]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Mewat]]<br />
* [[Hathin Assembly constituency|Hathin Assembly Constituency]]<br />
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Jaleb}}<br />
[[Category:1942 births]]<br />
[[Category:2017 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:People from Palwal district]]<br />
[[Category:Meo people]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagwant_Singh_Ju_Deo&diff=490698Bhagwant Singh Ju Deo2026-04-05T23:08:20Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Heir-apparent of Orchha}}<br />
{{infobox royalty<br />
| title = [[Raja Bahadur]]<br />
| name = Bhagwant Singh Ju Deo<br />
| death_date = December 1920<br />
| issue = {{ubl|[[Vir Singh Judeo|Vir Singh Ju Deo]]|Karan Singh Ju Deo|Jayanendra Singh Ju Deo|Mahendra Singh Ju Deo|Saraswati Devi}}<br />
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Orchha_State.svg}} [[Orchha State|Orchha]]<br />
| father = [[Pratap Singh Judeo|Pratap Singh Ju Deo]]<br />
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhagwant Singh Ju Deo''' was son and heir-apparent of [[Pratap Singh Judeo|Pratap Singh Ju Deo]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<br />
== Early life, family, and education ==<br />
He was born as the eldest son of Pratap Singh Ju Deo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=ORCHHA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/o/orchha.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708052038/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/o/orchha.html |archive-date=2017-07-08 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He married thrice.<ref name=":0" /> He married firstly into the [[Panwar]] family of Janharia in [[Datia State|Datia]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rulers_Leading_Families_and_Officials_in/x87FebHL6xcC |title=Rulers, Leading Families and Officials in the States of Central India |date=1928 |publisher=Government of India, Central Publication Branch |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref> Secondly, on 25 December 1897, he married secretly a daughter of the [[Thakur (title)|Thakore]] of [[Wadhwan State|Wadhwan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Central_Indian_Agency/icwkAQAAIAAJ |title=Central Indian Agency |date=1909 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memoranda_on_Native_States_in_India_Toge/Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref> His father disapproved of this marriage, and he consequently had to live outside [[Orchha State|Orchha]].<ref name=":1" /> It was only in December 1902, after he was able to calm his father, that he was permitted to return to the state.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Report_on_the_Political_Administration_o/PNQ_AQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Political Administration of the Territories Within the Central India Agency |date=1903 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref> He married thirdly a daughter of Padam Singh of [[Jubbal State|Jubbal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=JUBBAL |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jubbal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713114125/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jubbal.html |archive-date=2017-07-13 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He had four sons from his second wife: [[Vir Singh Judeo|Vir Singh Ju Deo]], Karan Singh Ju Deo, Jayanendra Singh Ju Deo, and Mahendra Singh Ju Deo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> He also had one daughter named Saraswati Devi.<ref name=":0" /><br />
His daughter married [[Yashodar Singh]], the [[Raja]] of [[Khilchipur State|Khilchipur]], in 1937.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=KHILCHIPUR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/khilchipur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106133433/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/khilchipur.html |archive-date=2018-01-06 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He accompanied his father to the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1903.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stephen Wheeler |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278857 |title=History Of The Delhi Coronation Durbar |pages=127,302}}</ref> He also accompanied his father to attend the Delhi Durbar of 1911.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.02623 |title=The Historical Record of the Imperial Visit to India, 1911 |date=1914 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |year=1914 |location=Albemarle Street, London |pages=80,156,158,298,299,309,335}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Coronation_Durbar_Delhi_1911/4WxBAQAAMAAJ |title=Coronation Durbar, Delhi 1911: Official Directory, with Maps |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> On that occasion, his son Vir served as page to [[George V]], and Karan served as page to [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]].<ref name=":2" />.<br />
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== Death ==<br />
He died in December 1920.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582 |title=Memoranda on the Indian States 1932 |date=1933 |pages=49|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Calcutta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=39}}</ref><br />
== Title ==<br />
* [[Raja Bahadur]] Bhagwant Singh Ju Deo of Orchha<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Collection_of_Treaties_Engagements_and/hGMNAAAAIAAJ |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1933 |publisher=Government of India Central Publication Branch |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref><br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category: Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category: 1920 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from British India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bundelkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Indian royalty]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taragarh_Palace&diff=539672Taragarh Palace2026-04-05T17:09:53Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made New Stub</p>
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<div>{{short description|Palace and Hotel in Palampur}}<br />
{{coord|32.06384|76.61761|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| location_town = [[Palampur, Himachal Pradesh|Palampur]]<br />
| location_country = [[India]]<br />
| completion_date = {{circa|1931}}<br />
| owner = [[Karan Singh]]<br />
| client = [[Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V]]<br />
| website = https://taragarhpalace.com/<br />
}}<br />
'''Taragarh Palace''', situated in [[Palampur, Himachal Pradesh|Palampur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], was formerly known as '''Al-Hilal Palace''' ({{langx|en|The Crescent Palace}}) and served as the summer residence of the [[Amir]] of [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]]. In 1950, it was acquired by the royal family of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], following which it was renamed Taragarh. It now operates as a heritage hotel.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
This palace was constructed in 1931 for [[Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V]], the [[Amir]] of [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeratha |first=Aśoka |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Splendour_of_Himalayan_Art_and_Cultu/IQDkxM0GTw4C |title=The Splendour of Himalayan Art and Culture |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-034-7 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/75_Holidays_in_the_Hills_and_100_Bonus_H/kXtuAAAAMAAJ |title=75 Holidays in the Hills and 100 Bonus Hideaways: North, Northeast, South, West |date=2003 |publisher=Hathway Investments |isbn=978-81-901724-1-7 |pages=170 |language=en}}</ref> It was designed to serve as his summer retreat.<ref name=":0" /> It was here that Sadiq's grandson, [[Nawab Salahuddin Abbasi|Salahuddin Abbasi]], was born on 27 July 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=BAHAWALPUR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bahawalpur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027022520/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bahawalpur.html |archive-date=2017-10-27 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=sGtmAAAAMAAJ |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan |date=1960 |publisher=Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan. |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the [[Partition of India]], the property came under the control of the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]].<ref name=":0" /> Some time after partition, [[Tara Devi of Jammu and Kashmir|Tara Devi]], the [[Maharaja|Maharani]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] approached [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to request permission to acquire a residence in [[Kangra district|Kangra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sugich |first=Michael |url=http://archive.org/details/palacesofindiatr0000sugi |title=Palaces of India : a traveller's companion featuring the palace hotels |publisher=Pavilion |location=London|others=Internet Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-85145-520-1 |pages=80–81}}</ref> In response, [[Nehru]] suggested that she apply to the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] for possession of Al-Hilal.<ref name=":1" /> Accordingly, she approached the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] in 1950 and purchased it from them for the sum of Rs 800,000.<ref name=":1" /> She subsequently renamed it Taragarh after herself.<ref name=":1" /> She continued to reside at the palace until her death in 1967, after which ownership passed to her son, [[Karan Singh]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1971, [[Karan Singh]] converted the property into a heritage hotel.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The palace was built in a European architectural style.<ref name=":1" /> Within its grounds, [[Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V|Sadiq Muhammad Khan V Abbasi]] laid out extensive gardens.<ref name=":1" /> He also built in it a glass pleasure pavilion, a [[mosque]], and a [[swimming pool]].<ref name=":1" /> The glass pleasure pavilion was later converted into a [[mandir]] by [[Tara Devi of Jammu and Kashmir|Tara Devi]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
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The [[mandir]] within the complex remains maintained and continues to serve as a site of worship.<ref name=":1" /> On [[Thursday]] nights, marking the eve of [[Jumu'ah]], a candle is lit inside the [[mosque]] in remembrance of [[Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V|Sadiq Muhammad Khan V Abbasi]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
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==Gallery==<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="175"><br />
File:Taragarh Palace - 01.jpg|alt=<br />
File:Taragarh Palace - 02.jpg|alt=<br />
File:Taragarh Palace - 03.jpg|alt=<br />
File:Taragarh Palace - 04.jpg|alt=<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Palaces]]<br />
[[Category:Hotels]]<br />
[[Category:Palaces in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hotels in India]]<br />
[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Houses completed in 1931]]<br />
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Heritage hotels]]<br />
[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]<br />
[[Category:Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arpit_Shukla&diff=487545Arpit Shukla2026-04-04T16:08:52Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: creating initial stub w/ infobox...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian police officer}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Arpit Shukla<br />
| image = DGP Arpit Shukla in 2026.jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = DGP Arpit Shukla during a Press Conference at Punjab Police Headquarters, Chandigarh in 2026<br />
| preceded = <br />
| office = [[Director General of Police]] of (Law and Order)<br />
| term_start = 27 October 2023<br />
| office1 = Chief Director of [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Bureau of Investigation]] (BoI)<br />
| term_start1 = 14 June 2020<br />
| module = {{Infobox police officer<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| allegiance = {{IND}}<br />
| branch = [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]<br />
| service_years = 1993 — present<br />
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|30px]] [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]]<br />
}}<br />
| awards = {{ubl|[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]<br />
|[[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] [[Indian Police Medal|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]]}}<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|04|24}}<br />
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| alma_mater = ([[Master of Public Administration|MPA]]) [[Delhi University]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Arpit Shukla''' (born 24 April 1966) is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the 1993 batch from the [[Punjab]] cadre. He currently serves as the Special [[Director General of Police]] (Law and Order) in the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Arpit Shukla gets DGP rank |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/arpit-shukla-gets-dgp-rank/articleshow/104742122.cms |website=The Times of India |date=27 October 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has previously held several senior positions including [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]] (Jalandhar), Chief Director of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Bureau of Investigation]] (BoI), and [[Additional director general of police]] (Law and Order). He is a recipient of the [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service and the [[Police Medal for Meritorious Service]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab special DGP chairs high-level meeting to take stock of Amarnath Yatra security |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-special-dgp-chairs-meeting-amarnath-yatra-security-8699119 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=3 July 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Police career==<br />
Shukla joined the Indian Police Service in 1993 under the Punjab cadre. He has served in several districts in various leadership capacities. In 2016, he was appointed [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]], [[Jalandhar]]. He has also served as the [[Senior Superintendent of Police]] (SSP) in [[Firozpur]], [[Patiala]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Gurdaspur]], [[Sangrur]], and [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Arpit Shukla takes charge as Police Commissioner |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/arpit-shukla-takes-charge-as-police-commissioner-215663 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2020, he was appointed Chief Director of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Bureau of Investigation]] (BoI), replacing Prabodh Kumar.<ref>{{cite web |title=4 IPS officers shifted, Arpit Shukla to replace Prabodh Kumar as BoI head |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/4-ips-officers-shifted-arpit-shukla-to-replace-prabodh-kumar-as-boi-head/story-z2tvlonnURcAwXu5aFvfMM.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=14 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=6 आईपीएस का तबादला, एडीजीपी अर्पित शुक्ला बनाए गए बीओआई के डायरेक्टर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chandigarh/news/6-ips-transferred-adgp-arpit-shukla-appointed-boi-director-127410442.html |website=Bhaskar.com}}</ref> In September 2022, he took over as [[Additional director general of police]] (Law and Order) and was promoted to the rank of Special [[Director general of police|DGP]] on 27 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab transfers 21 IPS, 33 PPS officers; 5 ADGP-rank officers get new postings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-transfers-21-ips-33-pps-officers-5-adgp-rank-officers-get-new-postings-8123817 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arpit Shukla is new Punjab ADGP law and order |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/arpit-shukla-is-new-punjab-adgp-law-and-order-101661981200854.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Panchkula News: अर्पित शुक्ला डीजीपी के पद पर पदोन्नत, आदेश जारी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/panchkula/arpit-shukla-promoted-to-the-post-of-dgp-order-issued-pkl-office-news-c-16-1-pkl1058-271145-2023-10-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arpit Shukla gets DGP rank |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/arpit-shukla-gets-dgp-rank/articleshow/104742122.cms |website=The Times of India |date=27 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=गुरदासपुर घटना के बाद हाई अलर्ट पर पंजाब पुलिस, एडीजीपी अर्पित शुक्ला ने की समीक्षा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/video/punjab/amritsar/video-punjab-police-on-high-alert-after-gurdaspur-incident-adgp-arpit-shukla-reviews-situation-2026-02-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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==Notable Operations==<br />
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===Operation Eagle===<br />
Shukla spearheaded Operation Eagle, a series of coordinated raids targeting narcotics hotspots across Punjab. In June 2024, Operation Eagle-IV mobilized over 500 police units and more than 4,000 personnel. It led to 254 arrests, 221 FIRs, and the seizure of heroin, poppy husk, pharmaceutical drugs, and illicit proceeds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab Police conduct statewide operation 'EAGLE-IV' against drug hotspots, arrest 254 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-police-conduct-statewide-operation-eagle-iv-against-drug-hotspots-arrest-254-9407466 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Operation Eagle-4 : Punjab police arrests 254 persons ; 2.6kg heroin, 15.71 lakh drug money recovered |url=https://www.punjabnewsline.com/news/operation-eagle-4-punjab-police-arrests-254-persons-26kg-heroin-1571-lakh-drug-money-recovered-80441?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Punjabnewsline.com}}</ref><br />
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===Investigations as Commissioner of Police, Jalandhar===<br />
During his tenure in [[Jalandhar]] (2015–2017), Shukla supervised several high-profile investigations, including [[2016–17 targeted killings in Punjab, India|the assassination of RSS leader Brig]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sharpshooter Shera who 'killed' RSS' Gagneja held |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/sharpshooter-shera-who-killed-rss-gagneja-held-495931 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CBI team meets top cops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/cbi-team-meets-top-cops/articleshow/57970946.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2 April 2017}}</ref> Jagdish Gagneja, the murder of hawala operator Anil “Billa” Kumar, and a triple murder in Lajpat Nagar. Each of these cases resulted in arrests and significant investigative progress under his leadership.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man held in Jalandhar money changer murder case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/man-held-in-jalandhar-money-changer-murder-case/story-C2i9iXSd1xweSBIHfLBaYI.html |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=4 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Money changer shot in Jalandhar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/crime/money-changer-shot-in-jalandhar-246719 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Crackdown on Goldy Brar’s Network===<br />
In September 2023, Punjab Police under Shukla’s command conducted 1,159 coordinated raids across border districts including [[Amritsar]], [[Ferozepur]], [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]], and [[Moga district|Moga]]. The raids targeted operatives linked to Canada-based gangster [[Goldy Brar]], who is allegedly involved in organized crime and transnational smuggling.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajit |title=Punjab Police launches massive crackdown to 'finish' Goldy Brar gang as Khalistani movement escalates |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/punjab-police-raid-for-goldy-brar-at-locations-taran-taran-after-nia-sukhdool-singh-sukha-killing-canada-shootout-hardeep-singh-nijjar-khalistan-news-2023-09-21-893932 |website=India TV News |language=en |date=21 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=सिद्धू मूसेवाला के पिता को मिली धमकियों पर एडीजीपी ने कहा- गैंगेस्टरों को निष्प्रभावी बनाएंगे |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/punjab/punjab-police-adgp-arpit-shukla-says-on-threats-received-by-sidhu-musewala-s-father-gangsters-will-be-neutralize-2206196 |website=ABP News |language=hi |date=2 September 2022}}</ref><br />
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===Grenade Attack Case===<br />
On 8 April 2025, a grenade attack occurred at the residence of BJP leader [[Manoranjan Kalia]] in [[Jalandhar]]. The case was solved within 12 hours under Shukla’s supervision, with two accused arrested on the same day. Investigators later linked the conspiracy to Lawrence Bishnoi’s gang and a handler based in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lawrence Bishnoi gang, BKI behind grenade attack on BJP leader Kalia's house in Jalandhar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/lawrence-bishnoi-gang-bki-behind-grenade-attack-on-bjp-leader-kalias-house-in-jalandhar |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Arpit Shukla of the Punjab Police resolved the case within 12 hours of the explosion. Two individuals were apprehended on the same day for purportedly launching the grenade from an e-rickshaw. The additional suspects in the case include incarcerated gangster [[Lawrence Bishnoi]] and a handler residing in Pakistan, known as Shahzad Bhatti.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grenade hit on BJP neta's Punjab house; cops claim role of ISI, Bishnoi, nab 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/grenade-hit-on-bjp-netas-punjab-house-cops-claim-role-of-isi-bishnoi-nab-2/articleshow/120106539.cms |website=The Times of India |date=9 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===War Against Drugs===<br />
As of August 2025, [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] had registered nearly 17,000 FIRs and arrested over 24,600 individuals as part of the Yudh Nasheyan De Virudh campaign led by Shukla. The campaign involved daily operations across all districts of Punjab and targeted drug traffickers and distribution networks.<ref>{{cite web |title=War on drugs: 254 held, 221 FIRs filed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-police-operation-eagle-iv-254-arrested-221-firs-filed/articleshow/111179264.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Operation “Waris Punjab De”===<br />
In March 2023, Shukla coordinated the law enforcement response to the activities of the separatist group Waris Punjab De, led by Amritpal Singh. While core operatives were detained, Shukla also directed the release of minors and non-violent detainees, maintaining law and order while avoiding unnecessary escalation.<ref>{{cite web |title=लुधियाना पहुंचे DGP लॉ एंड आर्डर अर्पित शुक्ला: बोले- थ्रेट मिलते हैं, सुरक्षा के पुख्ता प्रबंध, प्लास्टिक डोर बेचने वालों पर होगा एक्शन - Ludhiana News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/punjab/ludhiana/news/punjab-ludhiana-adgp-arpit-shukla-reached-news-ludhiana-adgp-arpit-shukla-checking-operation-daresi-news-update-134337998.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |date=22 January 2025}}</ref> During the Punjab Police's nationwide initiative to apprehend Amritpal and dismantle his extremist network, Shukla supervised law enforcement measures to ensure the maintenance of public order.<ref>{{cite web |title=ADGP Law & Order Arpit Shukla inspects checkpoints in Rupnagar under Operation Eagle {{!}} Rupnagar Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://rupnagar.nic.in/adgp-law-order-arpit-shukla-inspects-checkpoints-in-rupnagar-under-operation-eagle |website=rupnagar.nic.in}}</ref> He significantly embraced a humanitarian stance by mandating the release of numerous incarcerated teenagers who were identified as merely minor participants. During the Waris Punjab De unrest, around 207 individuals were apprehended for breaching the peace.<ref>{{cite web |title=DGP Arpit Shukla के नेतृत्व में पंजाब पुलिस द्वारा चलाया गया ऑपरेशन सील8, राज्यों की सीमाओं पर बढ़ी सुरक्षा |url=https://dainiksaveratimes.com/punjab/ops-seal-viii-operation-seal8-conducted-by-punjab-police-under-the-leadership-of-dgp-arpit-shukla |website=dainiksaveratimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Major Breakthrough for Punjab Police: Two Accused Arrested in Businessman Sanjay Verma Murder Case – Arpit Shukla |url=https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=207165&headline=Major-Breakthrough-for-Punjab-Police:-Two-Accused-Arrested-in-Businessman-Sanjay-Verma-Murder-Case-%E2%80%93-Arpit-Shukla |website=Babushahi.com}}</ref><br />
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==Decorations==<br />
*[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service (2012)<br />
*[[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] [[Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] (2006)<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Arpit}}<br />
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]<br />
[[Category:1966 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Thornhill&diff=516545Mark Thornhill2026-04-04T10:56:57Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: New new entry</p>
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<div>{{Short description|British civil servant (1822–1900)}}<br />
<br />
'''Mark Bensley Thornhill''' (25 April 1822 – 14 March 1900), was the [[British people|British]] [[district magistrate|district magistrate and collector]] of the [[Mathura district|district of Mathura]], Uttar Pradesh, India, at the onset of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<br />
<br />
In early 1857, he was the first to report what he thought was an unusual [[Chapati Movement|movement of chapatis]].<br />
<br />
He wrote ''Indian fairy tales'' (1879) and his memoirs ''The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progress, and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny'' (1884).<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Mark Bensley Thornhill was born on 25 April 1822 in [[Stanmore]], [[Middlesex]], to John and Henriette.<ref name=E&W1822>{{cite book |title= London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms |date=1813–1923 |publisher=St John the Evangelist|location=Great Stanmore |page=47}}</ref><ref name=Th2012>{{cite book |title=The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progress, and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-04470-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ihP7E49bDYC&pg=PP1 |language=en|page=1}}</ref> In 1840 he passed the general examinations at the [[East India Company College|East India College]], Haileybury.<ref name=Parb1840>{{cite book |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia |date=1840 |publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vysYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA287 |page=287|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Danvers1894>{{cite book |last1=Danvers |first1=Frederick Charles |last2=Monier-Williams |first2=Sir Monier |last3=Bayley |first3=Sir Steuart Colvin |last4=Wigram |first4=Percy |last5=Sapte |first5=Brand |title=Memorials of Old Haileybury College |date=1894 |publisher=A. Constable |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwkOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA623 |language=en|chapter=Active services of old Haileyburians during the mutiny|page=623}}</ref> There, he won medals in [[classics]], [[political economics|political economy]], and law.<ref name=Parb1840/><br />
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==Career==<br />
In December 1840, he arrived in India, where he was appointed to the [[Indian Civil Service]].<ref name=EICReg1856>{{cite book |title=East-India Register and Army List |date=1856 |page=382 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5cxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382|publisher=Ramchunder Doss|location=Calcutta}}</ref><ref name=Dewar1922>{{Cite book |last=Dewar |first=Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjxBAQAAIAAJ |title=Bygone Days in India |date=1922 |publisher=John Lane |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> In 1842, he was posted as assistant to the commissioner of [[Allahabad]].<ref name=EICReg1856/> In 1844, he became assistant magistrate to the collector of [[Delhi]].<ref name=Edmond1845>{{cite book |last1=Edmond |first1=E. |title=The Bengal Civil Service Gradation List, 1845-46 |date=1845 |publisher=Thacker |location=Calcutta |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pteAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA5-PA49 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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He was posted as [[district magistrate|district magistrate and collector]] of the [[Mathura district|district of Mathura]] in 1854,<ref name=NWP1854>{{cite news |title=North Western Provinces appointments|work= Friend of India and Statesman|date=27 July 1854|page=474|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002926/18540727/043/0010|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and was in that position at the onset of the [[Indian Rebellion]] in 1857.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Army and Navy Magazine |date=1883 |publisher=W.H. Allen |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA35 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Dalrymple2009>{{cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |title=The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857 |date=17 August 2009 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4088-0688-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYW5J-jQn8QC&pg=PT46 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Padamsee2005>{{cite book |last1=Padamsee |first1=A. |title=Representations of Indian Muslims in British Colonial Discourse |date=2 August 2005 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-51247-4 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zYWDAAAQBAJ&dq=Mark+Thornhill+muslim&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Anderson2007>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Clare |title=The Indian Uprising Of 1857-8: Prisons, Prisoners and Rebellion |date=September 2007 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-387-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r37sSSJm_3oC&pg=PA64|pages=64–65 |language=en}}</ref> Historian [[John William Kaye]] noted that Thornhill had recorded in his memoirs what he thought was an unusual [[Chapati Movement|movement of chapatis]] in early 1857.<ref name=Nayar2017>{{cite book |last1=Nayar |first1=Pramod K. |title=The British Raj: Keywords |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-97242-0 |chapter=Key words|pages=43–44 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DAlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR43 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Ahmad2021>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Aijaz |title=Uprising of 1857: Some Facts about Failure of Indian war of Independence |date=2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |location=New Delhi |page=182 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LohCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |language=en |chapter=10. General uprising or popular perspective}}</ref> The first to report the occurrence, Thornhill also documented that a similar movement of chapatis had occurred just prior to the [[Vellore Mutiny]].<ref name=Kaye1897>{{cite book |last1=Kaye |first1=Sir John William |title=Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857-8 |date=1897 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company |volume=VI|location=New York|pages=85–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRM3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA85 |language=en |chapter=4. The Agra and Rohilkhand Divisions}}</ref><ref name=Smith>{{cite web |last1=Dash |first1=Mike |title=Pass it on: The Secret that Preceded the Indian Rebellion of 1857 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/pass-it-on-the-secret-that-preceded-the-indian-rebellion-of-1857-105066360 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=6 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 1879, he published ''Indian fairy tales''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Library |first1=Boston Public |title=Monthly Bulletin of Books Added to the Public Library of the City of Boston |date=1900 |publisher=The Trustees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggooAAAAYAAJ|language=en|page=200}}</ref> In 1884, he published his memoirs titled ''The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progress, and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny''.<ref name=Bancroft2020>{{cite book |last1=Bancroft |first1=James W. |title=The Devil's Trap: The Victims of the Cawnpore Massacre During the Indian Mutiny |date=2020 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-5267-1803-7 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9twmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Anderson2007/><ref name=Fuerst2020>{{cite book |last1=Fuerst |first1=Ilyse R. Morgenstein |title=Indian Muslim Minorities and the 1857 Rebellion: Religion, Rebels and Jihad |date=23 January 2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-7556-0379-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fpaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Personal and family==<br />
His brother was the secretary to the lieutenant-governor at [[Agra]].<ref name=Mount2015>{{cite book |last1=Mount |first1=Ferdinand |title=The Tears of the Rajas: Mutiny, Money and Marriage in India 1805-1905 |date=2015 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-2947-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdxwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR17-IA11 |language=en |chapter=11. Commemoration|page=17}}</ref><br />
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==Death==<br />
He died on 14 March 1900 in the [[Isle of Wight]].<ref name=E&W1900>{{cite web |title=England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1837-1915 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/8914/images/ONS_D19002AZ-0433?pId=33712571|access-date=5 May 2023 |work=1939 England and Wales Register|date=1900|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations) |date=1858–1995 |publisher=Crown |location=London |page=344}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected publications==<br />
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NC4eVvm_gkC |title=The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progress, and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny |date=1884 |publisher=J. Murray|location=London |language=en}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Indian fairy tales |date=1888 |publisher=Hatchards |location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/indianfairytales00thoriala/mode/2up}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Thomas R. |author-link=Thomas R. Metcalf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByTWCgAAQBAJ |title=Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1970 |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7664-8 |language=en}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Thornhill, Mark}}<br />
[[Category:1822 births]]<br />
[[Category:1900 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century British civil servants]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Middlesex (before 1889)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Stanmore]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthaga_molleri&diff=523150Orthaga molleri2026-03-31T14:21:36Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made New Info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Species of moth}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| taxon = Orthaga molleri<br />
| authority = [[George Hampson|Hampson]], 1896<br />
| synonyms = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Orthaga molleri''''' is a species of [[Pyralidae|snout moth]] in the genus ''[[Orthaga]]''. It is found in [[India]].<ref>{{LepIndex |id=14675 |access-date=May 11, 2018}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q7104357}}<br />
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[[Category:Moths described in 1896]]<br />
[[Category:Epipaschiinae]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by George Hampson]]<br />
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{{Epipaschiinae-stub}}</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruskin_Bond&diff=453140Ruskin Bond2026-03-28T13:47:59Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: expanded content</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian novelist and short story writer (born 1934)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Ruskin Bond<br />
| image = Ruskin Bond in Bangalore, India (Jim Ankan Deka photography).jpg<br />
| caption = Bond in 2012<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1934|05|19}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kasauli]], [[Punjab States Agency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]])<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|poet}}<br />
| language = English<br />
| alma_mater = [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School]]<br />
| notable_works = ''[[The Room on the Roof]]''<br />''[[Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra]]''<br /> ''[[A Flight of Pigeons]]''<br /> ''[[The Blue Umbrella]]''<br />''Granny's Tree Climbing''<br />''[[Angry River]]''<br />
| awards = [[John Llewellyn Rhys Prize]] (1957)<br /> [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1992)<br /> [[Padma Shri]] (1999)<br /> [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] (2012)<br />[[Padma Bhushan]] (2014)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ruskin Bond''' (born 19 May 1934) is an Indian author and poet. His first novel, ''The Room on the Roof'', published in 1956, received the [[John Llewellyn Rhys Prize]]. Bond has authored more than 500 short stories, essays, and novels which include 69 books for children.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=Can't Run Out Of Stories In India": Ruskin Bond Celebrates 88th Birthday|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ruskin-bond-celebrates-88th-birthday-cant-run-out-of-stories-in-india-2988550|newspaper= [[NDTV]] }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1992 for ''[[Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra]]''. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1999 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2014.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awarded | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref><br />
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==Life==<br />
Bond was born on 19 May, 1934<ref name="KhoranaGreenwood2009">{{cite book |author=Khorana |first=Meena G. |title=The life and works of Ruskin Bond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya3H1uOXkmAfe |date=2003 |publisher=Praegar, Greenwood |isbn=9780313311857 |page=1&ndash;10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/at-81-ruskin-bond-s-tryst-with-his-tireless-pen-continues/story-6st8jXIEz5EWadwoBGfWNP.html|title=At 81, Ruskin Bond's tryst with his tireless pen continues|last=Pant|first=Neha|date=19 May 2015|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2015-10-22}}</ref> in [[Kasauli]], [[Punjab States Agency]], [[British India]]. His father, Aubrey Alexander Bond,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-05 |title=The name is Bond, Ruskin Bond |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-name-is-bond-ruskin-bond/story-O2lQNUuCCzWX0Nj8kdcxfN.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> who was British, was born in a military camp in [[Shahjahanpur]], a small town in north India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Ruskin's Daddy bond |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ruskin-39-s-daddy-bond/cid/1432439 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His mother, Edith Clarke,<ref name="auto1"/> was [[Anglo-Indian]].<br />
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His father taught English to the princesses of [[Nawanagar State|Jamnagar palace]], and Bond and his sister Ellen lived there till he was six. Later, his father joined the [[Royal Air Force]] in 1939 and Bond, along with his mother and sister, went to live at his mother's maternal home in [[Dehradun]]. Shortly after that, he was sent to a boarding school in [[Mussoorie]].<br />
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When Bond was eight years old, his mother separated from his father and married a Punjabi [[Hindu]], Hari. His father arranged for Bond to be brought to New Delhi where he was posted. Bond was very close to his father and describes this period (1942–1944) with his father as one of the happiest times of his life. When he was ten, however, his father died of [[malaria]] while posted in [[Calcutta]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A BOND THAT ENDURES |url=https://democraticworld.in/component/k2/item/1035-a-bond-that-endures |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=democraticworld.in}}</ref> and was buried in the Bhowanipore War Cemetery in Calcutta.<ref name="auto" /> At the time, Bond was at his boarding school in [[Shimla]] and when informed about this tragedy by his teacher, he was thoroughly heartbroken. Later, he was raised in Dehradun.<br />
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He attended [[Bishop Cotton School (Shimla)|Bishop Cotton School]] in Shimla, graduating in 1951. There he won several writing competitions, including the Irwin Divinity Prize and the Hailey Literature Prize. He wrote one of his first short stories, "Untouchable", at the age of sixteen in 1951.<br />
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Following high school, he went to his aunt's home in the [[Channel Islands]] in 1951 for better prospects and stayed there for two years. In London when he was seventeen years old, he started writing his first novel, ''[[The Room on the Roof]]'', the semi-autobiographical story of the orphaned Anglo-Indian boy named Rusty. It won the [[John Llewellyn Rhys Prize]], (1957) awarded to a British Commonwealth writer under 30. While searching for a publisher, he worked in a photo studio in London. After getting his novel published, he used the advance money to pay sea passage to return to India and settled in Dehradun.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Prachi Raturi |date=19 May 2014 |title=The name is Bond, Ruskin Bond |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-name-is-bond-ruskin-bond/story-O2lQNUuCCzWX0Nj8kdcxfN.html |access-date=2015-10-21 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
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He worked for a few years freelancing from [[Delhi]] and Dehradun,<ref name="all india">{{cite web |author=Sinha |first=Arpita |date=18 May 2010 |title=The name is Bond, Ruskin Bond |url=http://www.allindianewssite.com/7396/the-name-is-bond-ruskin-bond |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007050639/http://www.allindianewssite.com/7396/the-name-is-bond-ruskin-bond/ |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=3 March 2011}}</ref> sustaining himself financially by writing short stories and poems for newspapers and magazines. About his youth, he said, "Sometimes I got lucky and some [of my works] got selected and I earned a few hundred rupees. Since I was in my 20s and didn't have any responsibilities I was just happy to be doing what I loved doing best."<ref name=":1" /><br />
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In 1963, Bond went to live in Mussoorie, a town in the Himalayan foothills in present day [[Uttarakhand]], because—besides his liking of the place—it was close to the editors and publishers in Delhi. He edited a magazine for four years. In the 1980s, [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] set up in India and approached him to write some books. [[Penguin India]] published two of his novels: ''The Room on the Roof'' and ''Vagrants in the Valley'', which Bond had written in 1956 as a sequel. These two novels were published in one volume in 1993. The following year, Penguin India published a collection of his non-fiction writings, ''The Best of Bond Bond''. Bond's interest in supernatural fiction led him to write popular titles such as ''Ghost Stories from the Raj'', ''A Season of Ghosts'', and ''A Face in the Dark and Other Hauntings''.<br />
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Since then, he has written over five hundred short stories, essays and novels, including ''[[The Blue Umbrella]]'', ''Funny Side Up'', ''[[A Flight of Pigeons]]'' (on which the Hindi film ''Junoon'' is based), and more than 50 books for children. He also published his autobiography in what might be called two installments: ''Scenes from a Writer's Life,'' describing his formative years growing up in Anglo-India, and a further [[autobiography]], ''Lone Fox Dancing''. ''The Lamp is Lit'' is a collection of essays and episodes from his journal.[[File: Ruskin Bond with his sister, Ellen 1938.jpg|thumb|Ruskin Bond with his sister, Ellen. This photograph dates back to 1938.]]<br />
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Since 1963, Bond has lived as a freelance writer in Mussoorie, staying with his adoptive family in [[Landour]], Mussoorie's Ivy Cottage, which has been his home since 1980.<ref name="WALKTALK">{{cite interview |last= Bond |first= Ruskin |subject-link= Ruskin Bond |interviewer=[[Shekhar Gupta]] |title= Walk the Talk with Ruskin Bond|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/walk-the-talk/walk-the-talk-with-ruskin-bond/255948?hp&livevideo-featured|publisher= [[NDTV]] |location= Delhi |date= 24 November 2012|access-date= 18 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhir |first=L. Aruna |date=2018-04-02 |title=The interview that Ruskin Bond called his finest |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/ruskin-bond-writers-literature-writing-himalayas/story/1/23215.html |access-date=2020-01-13 |website=DailyO.in}}</ref> Asked what he likes most about his life, he said, "That I have been able to write for so long. I started at the age of 17 or 18 and I am still writing. If I were not a professional writer who was getting published I would still write."<ref name=":0" /><br />
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His sister Ellen lived in [[Ludhiana]] with their stepsister until she died in 2014. He also has a brother, William, who lives in [[Canada]].<br />
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==Literary career==<br />
Most of Bond's works are influenced by life in the hill stations in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]], where he spent his childhood. ''The Room on the Roof'', was written when he was 17 and published when he was 22. It was partly based on the experiences of him and his friends in his small rented room on the roof in Dehradun. His earlier works were written without being meant for any particular readership.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/how-ruskin-bond-keeps-the-magic-of-boyhood-alive/article30137128.ece|title=How Ruskin Bond keeps the magic of boyhood alive|last=Zachariah|first=Preeti|date=2019-12-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|quote=Though 'Children's Author' is a tag that he is usually associated with, Bond began writing for children only in his forties. "I was always good at writing about children. But I wrote those stories without a reader in mind",}}</ref> The writing of his first [[children's book]], ''[[Angry River]]'', published in 1972, was toned down on a publisher's request for a children's story.<ref name=":0" /> About writing for children, Bond said, "I had a pretty lonely childhood and it helps me to understand a child better."<ref>{{cite web|title = My writings reflect my lonely childhood: Ruskin Bond – Firstpost|url = http://www.firstpost.com/living/my-writings-reflect-my-lonely-childhood-ruskin-bond-1473243.html|website = Firstpost| date=9 April 2014 |access-date = 2015-10-22}}</ref> <br />
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His work reflects his [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] experiences and the changing political, social and cultural aspects of India, having been through colonial, postcolonial and post-independence phases of India.<ref name="KhoranaGreenwood2009" /><br />
<br />
Bond said that while his autobiographical work, ''Rain in the Mountains valley'', was about his years spent in Mussoorie. ''Scenes from a Writer's Life'' described his first 21 years. ''Scenes from a Writer's Life'' focuses on Bond's trip to England, his struggle to find a publisher for his first book ''The Room on the Roof'' and his yearning to come back to India, particularly to [[Doon Valley|Doon]]. "It also tells a lot about my parents", said Bond. "The book ends with the publication of my first novel and my decision to make writing my livelihood", he explained, adding: "Basically, it describes how I became a writer".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Ruskin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_4OxcTFMpwC |title=Scenes from a Writer's Life |date=2017-08-29 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-450-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date = October 2015}}<br />
<br />
Being a writer for over 50 years, Bond experimented with different genres. His early works include [[fiction]], [[short stories]], and [[novella]]s with some being [[Auto-biographical Novella|autobiographical]]; and later he tried out [[non-fiction]], [[Romance novels|romance]]<ref name=":1" /> and [[Children's literature|books for children]]. He said that his favourite writing genres are [[essays]] and short stories.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ramendra |date=10 December 2010 |title=A Landour day with Ruskin Bond |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/article1027118.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108202224/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/article1027118.ece |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=2015-10-20 |website=Business Line |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> <br />
<br />
He considers himself a "visual writer" because for short stories, he first imagines them like a film and then notes them down. For an essay or [[Travelogue (literature)|travelogue]], however, he finds such planning not needed because he feels the unexpected makes them more exciting.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
As for his own reading, Bond named ''[[Just William]]'' by [[Richmal Crompton]], ''[[Billy Bunter]]'' by [[Charles Hamilton (writer)|Charles Hamilton]] and classics such as ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'' and works by [[Charles Dickens]] and [[Mark Twain]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Adaptations ==<br />
The 1978 [[Hindi|Bollywood]] film ''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]'' is based on Bond's novel ''[[A Flight of Pigeons]],'' about an episode during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. It was produced by & features [[Shashi Kapoor]] and directed by [[Shyam Benegal]].<br />
<br />
The Rusty stories have been adapted into a [[Doordarshan]] TV series ''[[Ek Tha Rusty (TV series)|Ek Tha Rusty]]''. Several stories have been incorporated into the Indian school curriculum, including ''The Night Train at Deoli'', ''Time Stops at Shamli'' and ''Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra''.<br />
<br />
In 2005, the Bollywood director [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] made a film based on Bond's popular novel for children, ''[[The Blue Umbrella (2005 film)|The Blue Umbrella]]''. The movie went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]].<br />
<br />
Bond made his maiden big-screen appearance with Vishal Bhardwaj's film ''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]'' in 2011, based on his short story ''Susanna's Seven Husbands''. In the movie, Bond appears as a bishop with [[Priyanka Chopra]] playing the title role.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2011 |title=Ruskin Bond to do a cameo in 'Saat Khoon..' |work=The Times of India |agency=IANS |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ruskin-Bond-to-do-a-cameo-in-Saat-Khoon/articleshow/7347368.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128201930/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ruskin-Bond-to-do-a-cameo-in-Saat-Khoon/articleshow/7347368.cms |archive-date=28 January 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Parchhayee: Ghost Stories by Ruskin Bond]]'', an Indian web series released on [[Zee5]], is based on the ghost stories written by Bond.<br />
<br />
A short film titled ''[[Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan]]'', featuring [[Vikrant Massey]], was later released, which was adapted from Bond’s short story ''The Eyes Have It''.<br />
<br />
== The ''Rusty'' character ==<br />
Rusty is a popular fictional character created by Bond: a 16-year-old orphaned Anglo-Indian boy living in [[Dehradun]] with no real family. Rusty's character offers a teenager's perspective on battling with confusions about life, relationship, happiness and love. He starts living with his guardian John Harrison, who is stern and harsh. Rusty is obliged to follow his guardian's rules and orders and doesn't dare disobey which makes him feel helpless because he knows that if he does, he will get caned. He has no real friends and finds himself very lonely in his guardian's house<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2016/mar/21/room-on-the-roof-ruskin-bond-review|title=Room on the Roof by Ruskin Bond – review|last=Adya@Youngbookreporters|date=2016-03-21|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-05-30|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> in the European part of Dehradun. He wants to embrace Indian culture and lifestyle,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2013 |title=The Room on the Roof by Ruskin Bond |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/the-room-on-the-roof-by-ruskin-bond/article4646130.ece |access-date=2017-05-30}}</ref> and so he makes friends with some Indian boys in the local marketplace, hiding this from Harrison, continuing to go on secret adventures with them. Soon he decides to run away from the captivity of Harrison and go to England.<br />
<br />
The character of Rusty was based on Bond himself as a teenager. His first book, ''[[The Room on the Roof]]'', which he wrote at the age of 17, was a semi-autobiographical story with Rusty being the protagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Tanaya |date=2016-01-03 |title=Ruskin Bond Brings Back Rusty. After More than a Decade. |language=en-US |work=[[The Better India]] |url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/41571/ruskin-bond-new-book/ |access-date=2017-05-30}}</ref> It was based on his friends and the time he spent in a rented room in [[Dehradun]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2016 |title=5 popular books by Ruskin Bond you shouldn't miss : Art and Culture |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/5-popular-books-by-ruskin-bond-324251-2016-05-18 |access-date=2017-05-30 |website=India Today |archive-date=30 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530014652/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/5-popular-books-by-ruskin-bond/1/671163.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of Rusty's initial years are set in Dehradun, a scenic locale in northern India. Bond was deeply attached to Dehra and most of his stories are inspired by the hills and valleys of this region.<br />
<br />
Novels and short stories featuring Rusty include:{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* ''[[The Room on the Roof]]''<br />
* ''Vagrants in the Valley'' (a sequel to ''The Room on the Roof'')<br />
* ''Rusty, the Boy from the Hills'' (collection of short stories)<br />
* ''Rusty Runs Away'' (collection of short stories)<br />
* ''Rusty and the Magic Mountain''<br />
* ''Rusty Goes to London''<br />
* ''Rusty Comes Home'' <br />
* ''The Adventures of Rusty'' (collection of short stories)<br />
* ''Delhi Is Not Far''<br />
* ''Rusty Plays Holi ''<br />
* ''Rusty and the Leopard''{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
===Novels===<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* ''[[The Room on the Roof]]''<br />
* ''Vagrants in the Valley''<br />
* ''Rusty Runs Away''<br />
* ''[[A Flight of Pigeons]]''<br />
* ''[[The Sensualist (Ruskin Bond)|The Sensualist]]''<br />
* ''The Panther's Moon''<br />
* ''Once Upon a Monsoon Time''<br />
* ''Delhi Is Not Far''<br />
* ''[[Angry River]]''<br />
* ''[[The Woman on Platform 8]]''<br />
* ''Strangers in the Night''<br />
* ''All Roads Lead to Ganga''<br />
* ''Tales of Fosterganj''<br />
* ''Maharani''<br />
* ''Leopard on the Mountain''<br />
* ''Grandfather's Private Zoo''<br />
* ''In Grandfather's Garden''<br />
* ''[[The Blue Umbrella]]''<br />
* ''Too Much Trouble''<br />
* ''When the Tiger Was King''<br />
* ''Cherry Tree''<br />
* ''The Great Train Journey''<br />
* ''Children of India''<br />
* ''Owls in the Family''<br />
* ''Dust on the Mountain''<br />
* ''The Adventures of Toto''<br />
* ''He said it with Arsenic''<br />
* ''A Season of Ghosts''<br />
* ''The Song of the Forest''<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
=== Memories ===<br />
*''Landour Days: A Writer's Journal''<br />
*''Scenes from a Writer's Life''<br />
*''With Love from the Hills''<br />
*''Roads to Mussoorie''<br />
*''Looking for the Rainbow''<br />
*''Till the Clouds Roll By''<br />
*''Coming Round the Mountain''<br />
*''A Song of India''<br />
*''All the Roads Lead to Ganga''<br />
*''Lone fox dancing''<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Children's literature}}<br />
* [[Ek Tha Rusty]], a [[Doordarshan]] TV show based on Bond's stories<br />
* [[List of Indian writers]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150421234458/http://readingrainbow.in/interview-ruskin.shtml Interview with Ruskin Bond by Atula Ahuja]<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|English language}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bond, Ruskin}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1934 births]]<br />
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Ghost story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br />
[[Category:John Llewellyn Rhys Prize winners]]<br />
[[Category:Outlook (Indian magazine) people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Dehradun]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kasauli]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Bishop Cotton School Shimla alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=D-Company&diff=456886D-Company2026-03-25T11:26:06Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: quick update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian criminal organization}}<br />
{{redirect|D Company|the films|D Company (2013 film)|and|D Company (2021 film)|the PIRA company based on the Falls Road during The Troubles|Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox criminal organization<br />
| name = D-Company<br />
| caption = <br />
| founded = 1970s<br />
| image = [[File:D-Company logo.png|120px]]<br />
| founder = [[Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.efsas.org/publications/articles-by-efsas/dawood-ibrahim-%E2%80%93-convergence-of-crime-and-terrorism/|title=Dawood Ibrahim – Convergence of Crime and Terrorism|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031113521/https://www.efsas.org/publications/articles-by-efsas/dawood-ibrahim-%E2%80%93-convergence-of-crime-and-terrorism/|url-status=live}}</ref><br>[[Dawood Ibrahim]]<br />
| named_after = Dawood Ibrahim<br />
| founding_location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| years_active = 1970s{{ndash}}present<br />
| territory = [[Asia]], [[Middle East]] and [[North America]]<br />
| leaders = [[Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar]] (deceased)<br>[[Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar]]<br />
| allies = Dubai mafia, Mumbai Underworld<br />
| rivals = <br />
| notable_members = Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar, Dawood Ibrahim, [[Chhota Shakeel]], [[Tiger Memon]], [[Yakub Memon]], [[Abu Salem]], Fazlur Rahman (Fazal Sheikh), Aslam aka (ASK)<br />
| activities = [[Murder]], [[extortion]], [[targeted killing]], [[drug trafficking]], [[terrorism]], multiple bombings,<ref name=Interpol>{{cite web |title=Shaikh, Dawood Hasan |publisher=[[Interpol]] |url=http://www.interpol.int/Wanted-Persons/%28wanted_id%29/1993-14193 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212010010/http://www.interpol.int/Wanted-Persons/(wanted_id)/1993-14193 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref> alleged involvement in [[1993 Bombay bombings]]<br />
}}<br />
'''D-Company''' is a name coined by the [[Indian media]] for the [[organized crime]] syndicate founded and controlled by [[Dawood Ibrahim]], a wanted criminal, [[drug dealer]] and wanted [[terrorist]]. In 2011, Ibrahim, along with his D-Company, was ranked third on the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]].<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2011/06/14/most-wanted-fugitives_slide_4.html "Dawood 4th 'most wanted' criminal on Forbes list"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229024710/https://www.forbes.com/2011/06/14/most-wanted-fugitives_slide_4.html |date=29 December 2019 }}. ''The Times of India''. (29 April 2008). Retrieved 16 April 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
It has been designated as a [[Specially Designated Global Terrorist|Global Terrorist Organization]] under the [[Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List|SDN]] by the [[United States Department of the Treasury]]'s [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]], with addresses in India, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DAWOOD IBRAHIM ORGANIZATION |url=https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=9759 |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909012614/https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=9759 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
[[Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar]]<ref name="auto"/> and Dawood Ibrahim established a criminal syndicate in 1970s India.<ref>{{cite news |title=1993 Mumbai blasts |author=Husain, F. |date=1993-03-12 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/5337210.stm |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=4 January 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402202717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/5337210.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Other prominent members of the gang include [[Chhota Shakeel]], [[Tiger Memon]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/its-official-again-ahead-of-nsa-talks-fresh-photo-passport-copy-of-dawood-confirm-hes-in-pakistan-2403302.html|title=Pak High Commissioner: Dawood Ibrahim is not in Pakistan, does India know where he is?|date=29 October 2015|access-date=24 August 2015|archive-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126135426/http://www.firstpost.com/india/its-official-again-ahead-of-nsa-talks-fresh-photo-passport-copy-of-dawood-confirm-hes-in-pakistan-2403302.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yakub Memon]] (linked), [[Abu Salem]] and Fazlur Rahman (Fazal Sheikh). The organization has a history of rivalry with the [[Mumbai police]] and other underworld dons such as [[Chhota Rajan]], [[Ejaz Lakdawala]], who was arrested in Canada in 2004, and [[Arun Gawli]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In the 1970s, Dawood Ibrahim worked for a local smuggler named Bashu Dada. Bashu Dada was close friends with Dawood's father, who was a policeman. His father wielded immense clout among the gangsters and common people due to his sense of morality and justice, while also being a part of the Crime Branch.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} However, Bashu Dada and Dawood had a falling-out after Bashu Dada insulted the latter's father. In 1976, Dawood – along with seven of his close friends and his elder brother [[Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar]] – attacked Basu Dada with empty soda bottles, a first in the history of gang warfare in Bombay.<br />
<br />
After this incident Bashu Dada's key enforcer Khalid Pehlwan persuaded Dawood to start his smuggling operations, which led to the formation of the D-Company. Dawood and his elder brother Shabir, with the help of Khalid Pehlwan, began their smuggling operations. This ultimately led them to clash with the Pathan gang, the most influential gang in Mumbai at the time. By 1986, D Company had eliminated most of the Pathan gang leadership, emerging as the dominant gang in Mumbai.<br />
<br />
In 1993, D-Company associates were involved in the [[1993 Bombay bombings]]. Few have been jailed for it.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}<br />
<br />
In 1997, D-Company former member Abu Salem and Fazlur Rahman was responsible for the murder of [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]] founder and [[Bollywood music]] producer [[Gulshan Kumar]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Mafia Calls The Shots|journal=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=25 August 1997|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-mafia-calls-the-shots/204098|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084237/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-mafia-calls-the-shots/204098|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, Indian intelligence agencies managed to link Dawood Company with the [[2G spectrum case]], through DB Realty and DB Etisalat (formerly Swan Telecom) promoted by [[Shahid Balwa]]. Later in March, security at CBI headquarters in Delhi was tightened after it had been suggested that D-Company might launch an attack in an attempt to destroy documents relating to the ongoing probe of the 2G spectrum case.<ref>{{cite news |title=2G: Dawood planning to attack CBI HQ? |url=http://www.zeenews.com/news695021.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=23 March 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110183604/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/2g-dawood-planning-to-attack-cbi-hq_695021.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dawood threat to CBI over 2G probe? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/india/29177758_1_swan-telecom-spectrum-scam-2g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405212225/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/india/29177758_1_swan-telecom-spectrum-scam-2g |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 March 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, a US Congressional report alleged that the D-Company was a "5,000-member criminal syndicate operating mostly in Pakistan, India, and the United Arab Emirates," which has a "strategic alliance" with [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] and has "forged relationships with [[Islamist]]s, including [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[al-Qaeda]]." However, the report had no political implications, and was mainly to brief lawmakers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dawood-is-a-terrorist-has-strategic-alliance-with-ISI-says-US/articleshow/5418149.cms|title=Dawood is a terrorist, has 'strategic alliance' with ISI, says US|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003232824/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dawood-is-a-terrorist-has-strategic-alliance-with-ISI-says-US/articleshow/5418149.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dawood was also wire-tapped by Indian investigators who found out he had real estate assets in Dubai under someone else's name.<ref>Arvind Ojha, Divyesh Singh, [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dawood-ibrahim-d-company-business-empire-1208242-2018-04-09 Caught on tape: How underworld don Dawood Ibrahim manages his business empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809015135/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dawood-ibrahim-d-company-business-empire-1208242-2018-04-09 |date=9 August 2022 }}, ''Indiatoday.in'', 9 April 2018 (accessed on 30 July 2019)</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Dr Louise Shelley, Professor at the [[George Mason University]], stated that the D-Company was now mainly based in Pakistan and had diversified its assets.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/dawood-ibrahims-d-company-has-diversified-us-lawmakers-told/articleshow/63425953.cms?from=mdr Dawood Ibrahim's D-company has diversified, US lawmakers told] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623080924/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/dawood-ibrahims-d-company-has-diversified-us-lawmakers-told/articleshow/63425953.cms?from=mdr |date=23 June 2020 }}, ''Indiatimes.com'', 23 March 2018 (accessed on 30 July 2019)</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
At times, Dawood Company has been linked to the [[Bollywood]] film industry, as well as real estate and betting businesses, from which it is said to derive considerable revenue.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} The 2002 film ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' is based loosely on its activities, as well as its sequel (prequel to the storyline) ''[[D (film)|D]]'' (2005), ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' (2007), and ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]'' (2010).<ref name=em>{{cite web |title=Akshay to play dreaded don Dawood? |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/akshay-to-play-dreaded-don-dawood-2011-03-07-1.364805 |date=7 March 2011 |publisher=Emirates247 |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727111500/https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/akshay-to-play-dreaded-don-dawood-2011-03-07-1.364805 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004) chronicles the events orchestrated by the Dawood Company that led up to [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Bombay Blasts]]. The 2013 film ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' and the 2021 film ''[[D Company (2021 film)|D Company]]'' are based on the rise of the D-Company. It also features in [[Salman Rushdie's]] 2018 novel ''The Golden House.''<br />
<br />
== Activity ==<br />
D-Company makes large amounts of money through [[extortion]], [[kidnapping]], [[racketeering]], [[drug trafficking]], [[smuggling]], [[narcotic]]s, and [[contract killing]]s. For example, D-Company took advantage to smuggle gold and silver during Mumbai's economic struggles of the 1980s. According to Materia Islamica, they smuggled approximately 25–30% of India's total gold and silver imports. This created a monopoly that allowed their leader, Dawood Ibrahim, to set his own selling prices throughout India.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Crime}}<br />
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI)<br />
* [[Organised crime in India]]<br />
* [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW)<br />
* [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (TADA)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071022174950/http://flonnet.com/fl2004/stories/20030228003910800.htm Flonnet.com], "'D' Company on the run?" ''FrontLine'' magazine report, volume 20, issue 04, 15–28 February 2003<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141108074338/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1544569,00300001.htm HindustanTimes.com], Godfather III: The Terrorist<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070808222156/http://www.outlookindia.com/dossiersind.asp?id=542 OutlookIndia.com], Indian Mafia, their Ties, Updates and Experts' Opinions<br />
<br />
{{Organised crime in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:D-Company| ]]<br />
[[Category:1970s establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in the 1970s]]<br />
[[Category:Organised crime groups in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organised crime groups in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:1993 Bombay bombings]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in the United Arab Emirates]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirel&diff=522158Nirel2026-03-24T06:43:57Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made A Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Nirel<br />
| image = Nirel poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| director = [[Ranjith Bajpe]]<br />
| producer = Shodhan Prasad<br />
| writer = Ranjith Bajpe (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Karthik Gowda<br />
| story = Karthik Gowda<br />
| starring = Anoop Sagar <br/> [[Varuna Shetty]] <br/> Deepthi Salian<br />
| cinematography = Mani Kookal Nair<br />
| editing = Ashwath Samuel<br />
| music = Abhishek S. N.<br />
| studio = Sandhya Creations<br />Colorbar Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|03|07|ref1=<ref name="T">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Tulu-film-Nirel-shot-in-Dubai-releases-on-Friday/articleshow/31467989.cms|title=Tulu film, Nirel shot in Dubai releases on Friday - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/First-Intl-Tulu-movie-Nirel-screened-to-packed-audience-in-city.html|title=Mangalore Today &#124; Latest main news of mangalore, udupi - Page First-Intl-Tulu-movie-Nirel-screened-to-packed-audience-in-city|website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref>}}<br />
| language = Tulu<br />
| country = India<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Nirel''''' ({{Translation|Shadow}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-language film directed by [[Ranjith Bajpe]] starring Anoop Sagar, [[Varuna Shetty]], and Deepthi Sailan. This will be the first Tulu film produced overseas and shot completely in the [[Gulf region]].<ref name="I"/><br />
<br />
The film is based on the Kannada Script "Nadu Naduve" by Karthik Gowda and later converted to Tulu by [[Ranjith Bajpe]]. Karthik Gowda also wrote the screenplay for the movie, and dialogues written by [[Ranjith Bajpe]]. The people behind ''Nirel'' is a group of four friends, San Poojary, [[Ranjith Bajpe]], Rajneesh Amin and Sachin Padil.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film revolves around 3 main characters, played by Anoop Sagar as Sachin, Varuna as Rashmi & Deepthi as Shweta. Anoop is an engineer by profession but wants to be a film hero by passion. Varuna is an to-day independent girl and works as a banker for one of the banking organizations of [[Dubai]]. Deepthi plays a family friend to Anoop Sagar. The film deals about how the trio are linked, what happens when ambition, passions, likes, dislikes, over reactive nature comes ahead of relationships and other things. Told with a comical touch, the film then divulges to an emotional yet romantic tale.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as himself (special appearance)<br />
* [[Andria D'Souza]] as herself (special appearance)<br />
* Chilly Willy Satish (special appearance)<br />
* Shodhan Prasad (special appearance)<br />
* San Poojary (special appearance)<br />
* Anoop Sagar as Sachin<br />
* [[Varuna Shetty]] as Rashmi <br />
* Deepthi Salian as Shweta<br />
* Sachin Padil<br />
* Deepak Paladka<br />
* Rajendra Pai<br />
* Vidya<br />
* Nindiya Prasad<br />
* Ashok Palan<br />
* Subhash<br />
* Vishwapathi Bhat<br />
* Anand Salian<br />
* Sandhya Prasad<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
A team of 4 young guys, San Poojary,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/gulfnews/Much-awaited-Tulu-film-Nirel-to-be-ready-by-August-end.html|title=Mangalore Today is exclusive perfect news network for Gulf News. Page Much-awaited-Tulu-film-Nirel-to-be-ready-by-August-end|website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref> [[Ranjith Bajpe]], Rajneesh Amin and Sachin Padil came together and planned to produce a youth oriented Tulu movie with fresh concept. They approached Shodhan Prasad and he agreed to produce the movie under Sandhya Creations. Since the crew was busy working, the film was only shot on Fridays.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/coming-out-of-the-shadows/|title=Coming out of the shadows|date=21 February 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was entirely shot abroad, with no scenes — including indoor or studio shots — filmed in [[India]]. [[Principal photography]] took place in Dubai,<ref>{{Cite web |title=First-time Indian filmmakers in UAE hope their movie will help their language survive |url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/first-time-indian-filmmakers-in-uae-hope-their-movie-will-help-their-language-survive |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|location=Abu Dhabi |access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302140005/http://www.thenational.ae/uae/first-time-indian-filmmakers-in-uae-hope-their-movie-will-help-their-language-survive|archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Sharjah]] and [[Ajman]].<ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/nri-forum/46665-shooting-begins-for-shodhan-prasads-nirel|title=Shooting begins for Shodhan Prasad’s 'Nirel'|website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India}}</ref> In May, [[Ramesh Aravind]] acted in a guest role.<ref name=" Nirel Guest Ramesh Aravind">{{cite web|title= Nirel Guest Ramesh Aravind|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/2891-nirel-guest-ramesh-aravind.html|publisher=Chitraloka.com|accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=" Ramesh's cameo in Nirel">{{cite web|title= Ramesh's cameo in Nirel|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-09/news-interviews/39142150_1_tulu-cinema-anoop-actor-director-ramesh-aravind|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606055323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-09/news-interviews/39142150_1_tulu-cinema-anoop-actor-director-ramesh-aravind|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2013|work= [[The Times of India]]|accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
Music composed by Abhishek S. N. and released by [[Muzik247 Tulu]]. One song received 60,000 views upon release.<ref name="I"/><br />
<br />
'''Song list'''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Sr. No<br />
!Song name<br />
!Singers<br />
!Lyrics<br />
|-<br />
|01<br />
|Genduna Saadi Terina<br />
|<nowiki>Pramod Kumar, Shilpa M</nowiki><br />
|[[Loku Kudla]]<br />
|-<br />
|02<br />
|Daane Enna Manass<br />
|Abhishek S. N<br />
|Rajneesh Amin<br />
|-<br />
|03<br />
|Serrnaga Ee Manass<br />
|Akshatha Rao<br />
|Loku Kudla<br />
|-<br />
|04<br />
|Daye Enan Bududu<br />
|<nowiki>Shiv Kumar | Shilpa M</nowiki><br />
|Rajneesh Amin<br />
|-<br />
|05<br />
|Balcony Item<br />
|Akshatha Rao<br />
|Loku Kudla<br />
|-<br />
|06<br />
|Mokeda Singari - Revisited<br />
|Harish Sherigar<br />
|Seetharam Kulal<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film was released on 25 April 2014 in Bahrain and 6 June 2014 in Kuwait.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/gulfnews/-Nirel-Tulu-movie-to-premier-on-Apr-25-in-Bahrain.html|title=Mangalore Today is exclusive perfect news network for Gulf News. Page -Nirel-Tulu-movie-to-premier-on-Apr-25-in-Bahrain|website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=239473|title='Nirel' Tulu movie to release in Kuwait on June 6 and 8|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
'''[[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015|Tulu Cinemotsava Awards 2015]]'''<br />
*Best Film <br />
*Best Supporting Actress - Deepthi Salian<br />
*Best Cameraman - Mani Kookal<br />
*Best Story - Karthik Gowda<br />
<br />
'''[[RED FM Tulu Film Awards]]'''<br />
* Special Award for First International Movie<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.nirelmovie.com}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|3384254|Nirel}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Tulu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Ranjith Bajpe]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazis_and_Thikadars_of_Sikkim&diff=509125Kazis and Thikadars of Sikkim2026-03-19T15:26:45Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: new</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Ruling class in the former Kingdom of Sikkim}}<br />
'''Kazis and Thikadars of Sikkim''', also known as '''Ilakadars''', were the hereditary [[Feudalism|feudal lords]] and the [[ruling class]] in former [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]. They had administrative and judicial powers within their respective land estates. This system existed since the establishment of the [[Chogyal|Namgyal dynasty]] and was further institutionalised under the period of [[British people|British]] influence in Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Risley|first=H. h|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107811|title=Gazetteer Of Sikkim|date=1894}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2005_01_03.pdf|title=Ritual and identity in the diaspora: the Newars in Sikkim| author=Shrestha, Bal Gopal| journal=Bulletin of Tibetology|volume=41|number=1|pages=25–54|year=2005}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[Chogyal of Sikkim|Chogyal]] [[Phuntsog Namgyal]] ({{reign|1642|1670}}) appointed 12 ''Kalons'' or ministers from the [[Bhutia]] community and split his kingdom into 12 ''Dzongs'' or administrative units, which each contained a fort. Individual Dzongs were headed by a ''Dzonga'' drawn from amongst the [[Lepcha people|Lepchas]]. The [[Limbu people|Limbu]] chiefs or the [[Limbu people|Subbas]] were also given full autonomy of their districts under the King.{{sfn|Chemjong|2014|loc=chapter 5, Kirat Kings of Namgyal Dynasty}}<br />
<br />
After contact with the British, the agrarian Sikkimese society witnessed a drastic change in land use and settlement pattern. The British encouraged migration of Nepalese to Sikkim mainly for agriculture and labour. The two Newar trade families of Lachhimidas Pradhan and Chandrabir Maskey from princely estates of Kathmandu were given land as a contract or ‘’thika’’. These new landlords hence came to be known as Newar Thikadars.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.internationaljournalcorner.com/index.php/theijhss/article/viewFile/139173/97708}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://14.139.211.59/bitstream/123456789/1239/10/10_chapter_04.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1867, [[Newar]] trader Lachhimidas Pradhan was the first Nepalese to be given territories in East and South Sikkim by Khangsa Dewan and Phudong Lama by issuing a ''Sanad''(ordinance). Lachhimidas and his brother Chandrabir Pradhan(Kasaju) divided the areas into number of estates to be distributed within the members of the family. During this period another Newar family led by Chandrabir Maskey settled in Sadam, South Sikkim. In the same year an agreement was reached between the two families where Chandrabir Maskey was given the Pendam, Temi, Regu, Pakyong and Chotta Pathing estates. Lachhimidas Pradhan and his family took control of the estate bordering Majitar to Kaleej Khola and Barmick in South Sikkim. His brother Chandrabir Pradhan(Kasaju) was given Rhenock, Mamring, Pache Khani, and Taja along with a joint supervision of Dilding and parts of Pendam. ''Ilakhas'' or estates of Sadam, Pachekhani, Dikling and parts of Pendam were put under joint supervision of both the families.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://14.139.211.59/bitstream/123456789/1239/13/13_appendix.pdf|title= Role of Llu.chimadas Pradhan and his family for the socio- economic development of Sikkim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sikkimproject.org/rhenock-the-forgotten-black-hill/|title=Rhenock: The Forgotten Black Hill — Sikkim Project |date=18 February 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[List of political officers in the Kingdom of Sikkim|British Political Officer to Sikkim]] [[John Claude White]] introduced several administrative changes from 1888 onwards until in 1890, land estates was created with 70 ''Elakhas'' given to various landlord on lease. 36 estates were divided among different landlords of which 21 were Kazis, 6 Bhutias, 8 Lepchas, 10 Nepalese and 1 plainsman. All [[Taksaris of Sikkim]] were made Thikadars.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://14.139.211.59/bitstream/123456789/1239/13/13_appendix.pdf|title= Role of Llu.chimadas Pradhan and his family for the socio- economic development of Sikkim}}</ref> Besides Kazis and Thikadars, [[Lama]]s also held land as Lords<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1446|author=Tran, Hong|title="Chogyal's Sikkim: Tax, Land & Clan Politics" (2012). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1446|journal=Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection|date=2012<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
By the end of nineteenth century lands of Sikkim were leased as gifts to many ''Kazis'' and ''Thikadars'' who in turn leased sub-plots to peasants at high rents. ''Mandals'' (headmen) and ''Karbaris'' (assistants to the mandals) were employed by the Kazis and Thikadars as rent collectors and dispute mediators. Out of Sikkim's 104 revenue estates, 61 were leased to Kazis and thikadars for fixed sums, five were given to monasteries and fifteen retained by the Chogyal for his private use.<ref><br />
{{cite book |title=Area handbook for Nepal (with Sikkim and Bhutan) |author1=George L. Harris |author2=Jackson A Giddens |author3=Thomas E. Lux |author4=Frederica Muhlenberg |author5=Francis Chadwick Rintz |author6=Harvey H. Smith |publisher=Foreign Areas Studies Division, [[The American University]] on behalf of the [[US Army]] |year=1964 |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/areahandbookforn00amer |page=368}}<br />
</ref>{{sfn|Arora|2008|page=4}}<br />
<br />
In 1906, an order from the [[State Council (Sikkim)|State Council]] gave the feudal landlords permanent rights to their respective estates.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
===Structure===<br />
<br />
Sikkim was divided into 90 estates or ''Ilakhas''. Kazis were the Bhutia-Lepcha aristocracy while the Thikadars were the Nepali aristocracy. Each Kazi or Thikadar had several ''Mandals'' under them whose chief role was collection of taxes from people. The Mandals were further assisted by ''Baidar'' or ''Kamdari''. The ruling Kazis and Thikadars were also part of Sikkim's former legislature and governing body, the [[State Council (Sikkim)|State Council]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9789048501243-006/pdf|doi=10.1515/9789048501243-006 |chapter=2. Sikkim: Imperial Stepping-stone to Tibet |title=Their Footprints Remain |year=2008 |pages=85–114 |isbn=9789048501243 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Residence==<br />
Sikkimese feudal landlords resided with their families in a residence known as a ''Dzong'' or a ''Kothi'' (bungalow), which was accompanied with a ''Kuchcheri'' (court) that had jurisdiction over their respective land estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turukkothiheritage.com/pages/about.html|title= Turuk Kothi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Functions==<br />
After [[British people|British]] introduced changes in administration of Sikkim in 1890, the role of Kazis and Thikadars largely replaced ''Dzongpens''(District officers) as main agents of the government at regional level. They could collect taxes in the form of food grains or money under three types of tenancy systems: ''Adiya'', ''Kutiya,'' and ''Mashikotta''. The Sikkimese feudal landlords could also serve as "Forest Officers" to implement laws related to forests and were given a proportion of revenue collected from forest area of his estate.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface|author=Fisher, J.F.|date=1978|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=9783110806496|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8Eq6Obu6oYC&pg=PA216|page=216|access-date=2016-01-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rank within nobility==<br />
<br />
Kazis mostly from [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] and Bhutia communities were influential members of State Council of Sikkim. Thikadars who were granted lease landlordships were mostly from the Nepali [[Newar]]s and enjoyed a position just below the Kazis. Later, Kazis and Thikadars were more or less given equal status as the institution evolved in Sikkim. British granted noble titles like [[Rai (title)|Rai Sahib]] to many Kazis and Thikadars.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LvuOKCIICMEC| title=Sikkim: Society, Polity, Economy, Environment | isbn=9788173870132 | last1=Lama | first1=Mahendra P. | year=1994 | publisher=Indus }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Judicial powers==<br />
Adda Courts of the Kazis, Thikadars and Lamas were given judicial powers in 1909 through a resolution by State Council. These courts could try civil matters up to Rupees 500. The feudal landlords of Sikkim could punish peasants with then prevalent system of forced labour practices such as [[Kalo Bhari]], [[Jharlangi]] and Kurwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction and Background of the High Court of Sikkim |url=https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/project/introduction-and-background-of-the-high-court-of-sikkim/ |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=e-Committee, Supreme Court of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Pranab Kumar |url=https://archive.org/details/aspectofcultural0000bhat/mode/2up |title=Aspect of Cultural History of Sikkim: Studies in Coinage |publisher=K. P. Bagchi |year=1984 |location=Calcutta}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Abolishment==<br />
This system was abolished in 1951 after Land Reform Programme was initiated by the Sikkim government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakane |first=Chie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAaVP8lx1CcC&pg=PA35 |title=A Study of Plural Societies in Sikkim: Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepalee |date=1963 |publisher=Department of the Army |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Arora |first=Vibha |title=Commodities of Empire: Working Paper No.9 |publisher=[[Open University]] |year=2008 }}<br />
* {{Cite book<br />
| last = Bareh<br />
| first = Hamlet<br />
| year = 2001<br />
| title = Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim<br />
| chapter = Introduction<br />
| publisher = Mittal Publications<br />
| isbn = 978-81-7099-794-8<br />
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC<br />
| access-date =19 June 2011<br />
}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Chemjong |first=Iman Singh |author-link=Iman Xin Chemjong |others=Narrator: Amar Nembang |title=Kirat History and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7M9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 |year=2014 |publisher=Kirat Yakthung Chumlung |id=GGKEY:PP03Y9PZZBD |asin=B00JH8W6HQ}}<br />
* {{Cite book | title = Kirat History and Culture: All about south asian Monoglians | last = Chumlung | first = Yakthung | year = 2014 |asin = B00JH8W6HQ}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kingdom of Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Indian landlords]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in India]]<br />
[[Category:Noble titles]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanda_kingdom&diff=493298Chanda kingdom2026-03-17T06:05:28Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Adding New Article...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|One of the main Gond kingdoms}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| common_name = Kingdom of [[Chandrapur|Chanda]]<br />
| conventional_long_name = Gond kingdom of [[Chandrapur]]<br />
| status = Tribal monarchy<br />
| status_text = Tribal monarchy<br />
| era = [[Early modern]]<br />
| year_start = 807 AD<br />
| year_end = 1751<br />
| event_end = Conquest by [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] of [[Nagpur]]<br />
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br />
| capital = [[Sirpur (T)|Sirpur (Telangana)]], [[Chandrapur]]<br />
| religion = <br />
| p1 = Mana dynasty<br />
| s1 = Kingdom of Nagpur<br />
| image_map = <br />
| image_map_caption = <br />
| common_languages = <br />
| today = [[India]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Kingdom of Chanda''' (present day [[Chandrapur]]) was one of the main [[Gondwana (India)|Gond kingdoms]], ruling parts of [[central India]]. In 1751, it was conquered by the [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Maratha ruler of Nagpur]], [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]].<br />
<br />
==Establishment==<br />
According to the local Gond traditions, a hero known as Kol Bhill or Kol Bheel rose among them. He gathered the scattered Gond tribes and formed them into a sort of nation, teaching them the extraction of iron from iron ore and other elements of civilization. He led the Gonds against the [[Mana dynasty|Mana tribe]] of present-day Maharashtra, who had dominated the region for about 200 years. After years of warfare the Manas fell to the Gonds, who replaced them.<ref name="report"/><ref name="gondwana"/><ref name="vidarbha"/><ref name="cultural"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Kol Bhill was followed by Bhim Ballal Singh, who actually founded the Gond house of Chanda. Bhim Ballal Singh was from the Atram clan who subdued the other petty chiefs and established a kingdom by 870 AD. His capital was Sirpur, on the right bank of the [[Wardha River]] (near present-day [[Chandrapur]]) and his chief stronghold was the Mana fortress of Manikgarh, situated in the hills behind Sirpur. The next eight generations of Gond kings ruled from Sirpur until 1242.<ref name="gondwana">{{cite book |last1=Chatterton |first1=Eyre |title=The Story Of Gondwana |date=8 January 2021 |publisher=Read Books |isbn=978-1-5287-6963-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7UTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kingdom+of+chanda&pg=PT65 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="vidarbha">{{cite book |last1=Deogaonkar |first1=Shashishekhar Gopal |title=The Gonds of Vidarbha |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-474-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&dq=Kingdom+of+chandrapur&pg=PA39 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="report">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Charles Bean Lucie |title=(Report on the land revenue of the Chanda district). |date=1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ4IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Krishna+shah+of+Chanda&pg=RA2-PA67 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cultural"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Begbie |first1=L. F. |title=Gazetteer of Chanda District in Central Provinces |date=1986 |publisher=Gian Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1EeAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> During the reign of Babji Ballal Shah, the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' records the kingdom as being fully independent, and it even conquered some territory from nearby sultanates. However, during [[Akbar]]'s rule, Babji Shah began paying tribute after the Mughals incorporated territory to their south into the [[Berar Subah]].<ref name="vidarbha" /><ref name= "gondwana"/><br />
<br />
After Surja Ballal Singh alias Sher Shah, the Gond kings started suffixing the title "Shah" instead of "Singh".<ref name= "report"/><ref name= "gondwana"/> Khandkya Ballal Shah succeeded his father Surja Ballal Singh in 1242. He built the [[Ballarpur Fort|fort of Ballarpur]] and founded the city of [[Chandrapur]], surrounded by several legends. The next 9 generations of Gond kings reigned at [[Chandrapur]]. The [[Gonds of Deogarh|Kingdom of Deogarh]] became enemies of the Chandrapur kings due to an unhappy marriage between their royal families and [[Ajanbahu Jatbasha|a treaty in which the Chanda kings were forced to recognize Deogarh's independence]]. At the time of this marriage, both the kingdoms were extremely prosperous and powerful, being feudatory states of the [[Mughal Empire]] and having strong military forces.<ref name= "gondwana"/><br />
<br />
In [[Aurangzeb]]'s times both the Gond kingdoms of [[Gonds of Deogarh|Deogarh]] and Chanda were included in the [[Berar Subah]].<ref name= "gondwana"/><ref name="andhra">{{cite book |last1=Fürer-Haimendorf |first1=Christoph von |last2=Fürer-Haimendorf |first2=Elizabeth von |title=The Gonds of Andhra Pradesh: Tradition and Change in an Indian Tribe |date=19 December 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-51097-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=681JEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kingdom+of+chanda&pg=PT146 |language=en}}</ref> The kingdom produced great rulers who developed excellent irrigation systems and the first well defined revenue system among the Gond kingdoms.<ref name="gondkingdom">{{cite web |title=The Gond kingdoms |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/the-gond-kingdoms-46701 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Decline==<br />
Kanhoji Bhonsle, a Maratha general and the [[Berar Province|''Sena-Sahib Subah'' of Berar]] invaded [[Chandrapur]] and [[Gonds of Deogarh|Deogarh]] but was unsuccessful in his invasion of the latter. Hence he plundered some ''[[pargana]]s'' mainly west of the [[Wardha River]]. Kanhoji was recalled but disregarded the summons. Hence, [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsle]] was sent to force his return, a task which he completed successfully. In 1730, [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] marched on [[Chandrapur]] but did not invade since he found its ruler Ram Shah to be a saintly and pious person.<ref name="vidarbha"/><br />
<br />
Ram Sah was succeeded by his son Nilkanth Sah (1735-1751), who became notorious as a tyrant given to vices. He put his father's trusted [[dewan]] Mahadajee Vedya to death and interfered in the politics of [[Gonds of Deogarh|Deogarh]].<ref name="report"/><ref name="vidarbha"/> In about 1748, [[Raghunath Singh (diwan)|Raghunath Singh]], the [[Dewan|diwan]] of the King of Deogarh, with the help of Nilkanth Shah, rebelled in 1748 when [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] was busy with [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|expeditions in Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112050248951 and Others |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4b4uPjJJFOkC&q=Raghunath+Singh,+the+Diwan+of+the+Gond |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Bhandara district |date=1979 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1MbAAAAIAAJ&q=Raghunath%20Singh,%20the%20Diwan%20of%20the%20Gond |language=en}}</ref> Raghuji in 1748, seeking respite from the Bengal campaign invaded Deogarh and killed Raghunath Singh.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |date=1979 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Raghunath+Singh,+the+Diwan+of+the+Gond |language=en}}</ref> He then completely took over the administration of Deogarh, making Burhan Shah a state pensionary.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History and culture of the Indian people |date=1977 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaZFAQAAMAAJ&q=Raghunath%20Singh,%20the%20Diwan%20of%20the%20Gond |language=en}}</ref> He next proceeded against Nilkanth Shah of [[Chandrapur|Chanda]] and defeated him. Nilkanth Shah had to sign a treaty with him, dated 1159 Phasali year, i.e., 1749 A.D. This treaty gave twothirds of the kingdom's revenue to the Marathas.<br />
<br />
In 1751, when Nilkanth Shah rebelled against [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji]], he was defeated with ease imprisoned him permanently in the [[Ballarpur Fort]].<ref name="cultural">{{cite web |title=The Gazetteers Department- Chandrapur |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/CHANDRAPUR/his_gonds.html |website=Cultural Maharashtra Government}}</ref> This brought the Gond house of Chandrapur to an end.<ref name="cultural"/><br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite web |title=The Gazetteers Department- Chandrapur |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/CHANDRAPUR/his_gonds.html |website=Cultural Maharashtra Government}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Charles Bean Lucie |title=(Report on the land revenue of the Chanda district). |date=1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ4IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Krishna+shah+of+Chanda&pg=RA2-PA67 |language=en}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Chatterton |first1=Eyre |title=The Story Of Gondwana |date=8 January 2021 |publisher=Read Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-5287-6963-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7UTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kingdom+of+chanda&pg=PT65 |language=en}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1751]]<br />
[[Category:807 establishments]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in the 800s]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1750s disestablishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century disestablishments in India]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanda_Sahib%27s_invasion_of_Travancore&diff=493297Chanda Sahib's invasion of Travancore2026-03-13T22:29:58Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Adding Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1740 military expedition of the Carnatic Sultanate}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Chanda Sahib invasion of Travancore<br />
| place = [[Travancore]]<br />
| date = March 1740<br />
| result = [[Carnatic Sultanate]] victory<br />
| territory = See aftermath section<br />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} [[Carnatic Sultanate]]<br />
| combatants_header = Belligerents<br />
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Former Travancore flag-Martanda Varma.png}} [[Travancore]]<br />
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} [[Chanda Sahib]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Nawab.svg}} Baba Sahib<br />
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Former Travancore flag-Martanda Varma.png}} [[Marthanda Varma]]<br>{{flagicon image|Former Travancore flag-Martanda Varma.png}} [[Ramayyan Dalawa|Ramayya Dalawa]]<br />
| image = 1733 Homann Heirs Map of India - Geographicus - India-homannheirs-1733.jpg<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|8.231200|N|77.506000|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| caption = Map of south India as of 1733<br />
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| map_label = Thovalai<br />
| map_caption = [[Thovalai]], the region captured by Chanda Sahib.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chanda Sahib's invasion of Travancore''' was a military expedition of the [[Carnatic Sultanate]] under [[Chanda Sahib]] against the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] in 1740, in [[South India]]. In the event, the Carnatic Sultanate invaded the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sobhanan |first=B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuO1AAAAIAAJ |title=Rama Varma of Travancore: His Role in the Consolidation of British Power in South India |date=1978 |publisher=Sandhya |pages=6,70 |language=en}}</ref> resulting in the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Carnatic]] forces defeating the [[Travancore]] army led by [[Ramayyan Dalawa]].<ref name="b">{{Cite book |last=Koshy |first=M. O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC&q=chanda+sahib+travancore |title=The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758 |date=1989 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-136-6 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="x">{{Cite book |last=Lannoy |first=Mark de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKjZAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kulasekhara Perumals of Travancore: History and State Formation in Travancore from 1671 to 1758 |date=1997 |publisher=Leiden University |isbn=978-90-73782-92-1 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chanda Sahib occupied Travancore territories such as [[Nagercoil|Nagarcoil]], [[Suchindram]] and [[Kottar]]. [[Marthanda Varma]], the Travancore King, offered presents to [[Dost Ali Khan]], the Nawab of the Carnatic Sultanate. Dost Ali Khan accepted the presents and gave the territories back to Travancore.<ref name="n" /><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Marthanda Varma ruled the Kingdom of Travancore from 1729 to 1758. His reign saw conflicts with the [[Dutch East India Company]]. Meanwhile, the Carnatic Sultanate was under the rule of Nawab Dost Ali Khan, with Chanda Sahib serving as the Nawab's General and also his son-in-law.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C |title=An Advanced History of Modern India |date=2010 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=978-0-230-32885-3 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qdc3NKpQ5jEC |title=By Sweat and Sword: Trade, Diplomacy and War in Kerala Through the Ages |date=2013 |publisher=KK Nair |isbn=978-81-7304-973-6 |pages=211 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 1740, Dost Ali Khan, the Nawab of Arcot, dispatched Chanda Sahib and Baba Sahib to conquer certain territories on behalf of his son, Safdar Ali Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Ajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHt8DwAAQBAJ&q=Travancore+Chanda+sahib |title=The Nawab's Tears |date=2018-11-20 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-5437-0428-0 |language=en}}</ref> Chanda Sahib and Safdar Ali Khan advanced towards Travancore with the Carnatic army, eventually reaching its territories. The Travancore army, already engaged in conflicts with the Dutch in another region, struggled to focus on repelling the Sultanate's invasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=More |first=Leena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlVuAAAAMAAJ |title=English East India Company and the Local Rulers in Kerala: A Case Study of Attingal and Travancore |date=2003 |publisher=Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities |isbn=978-81-88432-04-2 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="b" /><br />
<br />
Chanda Sahib's forces achieved a successful invasion of Travancore's territories, capturing places like [[Nagercoil]], [[Suchindram]], and [[Kottar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raimon |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXebQfDVrzQC |title=Central Archives, Thiruvananthapuram |date=2006 |publisher=Kerala State Archives Department, Government of Kerala |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref> The Travancore forces, led by Ramayyan Dalawa, suffered defeat, and Chanda Sahib's army captured Tovala..<ref name="n">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&q=Travancore+Chanda+sahib |title=Kerala History and its Makers |date=2011-03-04 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=978-81-264-3782-5 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="b" /><ref name="x" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=More |first=Leena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlVuAAAAMAAJ |title=English East India Company and the Local Rulers in Kerala: A Case Study of Attingal and Travancore |date=2003 |publisher=Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities |isbn=978-81-88432-04-2 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
Following the invasion, [[Marthanda Varma]] offered 120,000 gold coins and 6 elephants to [[Dost Ali Khan]], who accepted the presents and gave the territories back to [[Marthanda Varma]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conference |first=South Indian History Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9O1AAAAIAAJ |title=Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference |date=1981 |publisher=The Congress |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Battle of Colachel]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1740]]<br />
[[Category:Carnatic wars]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving Travancore]]<br />
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]<br />
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]<br />
[[Category:1740 in India]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aag_Aur_Daag&diff=463745Aag Aur Daag2026-03-03T23:34:05Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: small reworked section after review additionally after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1970 Indian Hindi film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aag Aur Daag<br />
| image = Aag Aur Daag.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster<br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = A. Salaam<br />
| producer = [[Swaran Singh]] <br />
| writer = Charandas Shokh<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Joy Mukherjee]] and [[Poonam Sinha]]<br />
| music = [[Datta Naik]]<br /> [[S. H. Bihari]] & Noor Devasi (lyrics) <br />
| cinematography = Haren Bhatt<br />
| editing = R.V.Shrikhande<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1971|01|21}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Aag Dur Daag''''' is a 1970 [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by A. Salaam.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=Aag+Aur+Daag+film&pg=PT233|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9}}</ref> The film stars [[Joy Mukherjee]] and [[Madan Puri]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=FilmiClub|title=Aag Aur Daag (1970)|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/aag-aur-daag-1970-hindi-movie|access-date=2022-01-15|website=FilmiClub}}</ref> The film's music is by [[Datta Naik]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aag Aur Daag Movie Review {{!}} Aag Aur Daag Movie Cast|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie-details/aag-aur-daag|access-date=2022-01-15|website=indianfilmhistory.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Bombay-based Young Raja witnesses his parents commit suicide after being cheated and defeated in a game of cards by an unknown male. He grows up under the mentor-ship of Madanlal, who witnessed the cheating incident, with only one motive – to avenge his parents' death, and becomes an expert at cards. En route to Mahabuleshwar, He meets with wealthy Renu, both fall in love, and gets married. Her widowed father gives him full control of his business as well as much money. Raja opens up a gambling den and hopes to attract the unknown gambler. It is this move that will result in bitterness and turn his life upside down.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Joy Mukherjee]] as Raja<br />
* [[Poonam Sinha]] as Renu<br />
* [[I. S. Johar]] as Murli (Taxi Driver)<br />
* [[Madan Puri]] as Madanlal 'Baba'<br />
* [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] as Shyam<br />
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Dancer<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Yeh Pyar Ka Jhagda Hai"<br />
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Tere Is Pyar Ka Shukriya"<br />
| Mohammed Rafi<br />
|-<br />
| "Iski Ho Gayi, Uski Ho Gayi"<br />
| Mohammed Rafi<br />
|-<br />
| "Humse Badhkar Kaun Hoga Aapka Deewana"<br />
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Choli Bheegi, Lat Bheegi"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
| "Kam Nahin Sharab Se"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0177486|Aag Aur Daag}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1970s action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Datta Naik]]<br />
[[Category:1971 drama films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}<br />
{{1970s-action-film-stub}}</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Rukmini&diff=469829Krishna Rukmini2026-03-03T22:15:15Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: adjust lead per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Krishna Rukmini<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[H. R. Bhargava]]<br />
| producer = Smt Suvarna Channanna<br />
| writer = N. T. Jayaram Reddy<br />
| screenplay = H. R. Bhargava<br />
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<br>[[Ramya Krishna]]<br>[[Hema Choudhary]]<br />Devaraj<br>[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]<br />
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram<br />
| editing = K. Balu<br />
| studio = Sri Jayalakshmi Film Productions<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1988|08|31|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Krishna Rukmini''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕೃಷ್ಣ ರುಕ್ಮಿಣಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by [[H. R. Bhargava]] and produced by Smt Suvarna Channanna. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]], [[Hema Choudhary]], [[Devaraj]] and [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Krishna, a travel guide, falls in love with Rukmini, a dancer. However, things take a turn when her family does not approve of their relationship.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<br />
*[[Ramya Krishna]]<br />
*[[Vanitha Vasu]]<br />
*[[Devaraj]]<br />
*[[Hema Choudhary]]<br />
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]<br />
*[[Vijay Kashi]]<br />
*[[Mysore Lokesh]]<br />
*[[Umashree]]<br />
*Gayathri Prabhakar<br />
*Abhinaya<br />
*[[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]]<br />
*[[Sudheer (Kannada Actor)|Sudheer]]<br />
*Phani Ramachandra<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Some of the scenes were shot at Hampi and North Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana |url=https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf |title=Filmi Escapes in Karnataka |publisher=Lonely Planet |pages=53, 56 |chapter=Best of Karnataka |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/krishna-rukmini-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1161400642|work=Apple Music|access-date=22 June 2024|title=Krishna Rukmini (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP}}</ref> The song "Karnatakada Ithihasadalli" attained popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/karnataka-rajyotsava-2022-add-these-5-songs-to-your-playlist-to-hum-kannada-glory-3481525.html|title=Karnataka Rajyotsava 2022: Add these 5 songs to your playlist to hum Kannada glory|work=OneIndia|access-date=22 June 2024|date=1 November 2022}}</ref> It is rated as one of the top 10 Kannada patriotic songs by Filmibeat.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top-10-kannada-patriotic-songs-016883.html |title = ನಟರನ್ನು ಕನ್ನಡದ ಕಣ್ಮಣಿಯಾಗಿಸಿದ ಗೀತೆಗಳಿವು|date = 3 November 2014|access-date=25 June 2024|website=Filmibeat|first=Madhusudhan |last=Hegde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107203926/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top-10-kannada-patriotic-songs-016883.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Songs<br />
| all_lyrics = <br />
| all_music = <br />
| extra_column = Playback<br />
| title1 = Naa Kande Ninna Madhura<br />
| length1 = 4:34<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]<br />
| title2 = Balukaado Bangaari<br />
| length2 = 4:20<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam<br />
| title3 = Naadave Nanninda Dooradeya<br />
| length3 = 4:35<br />
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| title4 = Karnatakada Itihaasadali<br />
| length4 = 4:29<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| title5 = Naada Lola Sri Krishna<br />
| length5 = 5:40<br />
| extra5 = Vani Jairam<br />
| title6 = Cheluvina Chilume<br />
| length6 = 4:41<br />
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1354024}}<br />
<br />
{{H. R. Bhargava}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1988 films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by H. R. Bhargava]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mounam_Sammadham&diff=452318Mounam Sammadham2026-03-03T04:59:54Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Improved wording and formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1990 film by K. Madhu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mounam Sammadham<br />
| image = Mounam Sammadham.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[K. Madhu]]<br />
| producer = [[Kovai Chezhiyan]]<br />Sembian Sivakumar<br />
| screenplay = S. N. Swamy<br />
| story = [[S. N. Swamy]]<br />
| starring = [[Mammootty]]<br />[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| cinematography = Vipin Das<br />
| editing = V. P. Krishnan<br />
| studio = Kay Cee Film Combines<br />
| distributor = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
| released = {{Film date|1990|06|15|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
| gross = <!-- don't add without source --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mounam Sammadham''''' ({{translation|Silence is acquiescence}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal thriller]] film written by S. N. Swamy, directed by [[K. Madhu]] and produced by [[Kovai Chezhiyan]]. The film stars [[Mammootty]] (in his Tamil film debut) and [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]. It revolves around a lawyer representing a wrongfully convicted man.<br />
<br />
The film was released on 15 June 1990, and went on to become a commercial and critical success.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{More plot|date=January 2023}}<br />
The plot revolves around the wrongful conviction of Sundaram, a businessman, and the efforts taken by his lawyer Raja to find the truth.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Mammootty]] as Adv. K.C. Raja [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Bachelor of Laws|B.L.]], [[Barrister#India|Bar-at-law]]<br />
*[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Dr. Hema<br />
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Sundaram<br />
*[[Nagesh]] as Paramasivam<br />
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Balu<br />
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Savitri<br />
*[[Sukumari]] as Sundaram's mother-in-law<br />
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Kalyanam<br />
*Srikanth as Public Prosecutor Chandran<br />
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Adv. J. Shekar<br />
*[[Charle]] as Mani<br />
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Kallupatti Rangan<br />
*Suresh Chakravarthy as Raja's friend<br />
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Sessions Court Judge Srinivasan<br />
*S. R. Veeraraghavan as Madras High Court Sr. Judge<br />
*S. K. Rajavelu as High Court Judge<br />
*[[Sreeja]] as Vijayalakshmi<br />
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Gundan<br />
*[[R. S. Shivaji]] as Alagu Guest House Caretaker<br />
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Munusamy<br />
*[[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Palghat<br />
*[[T. S. Raghavendra]] as Makkal Kural Editor<br />
*[[Ennathe Kannaiah]] as Bank Peon<br />
*[[Peeli Sivam]] as Circle Inspector<br />
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Prostitute Rani<br />
*Nagarajacholan as Muthu<br />
*[[Appa Haja ]]as Natarajan<br />
*Vani as Janaki<br />
*Kokila as Kokila, Shekar's wife<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Mounam Sammadham'' was the first Tamil film of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] actor [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=3 January 2015 |title=KB: Kollywood's Discovery Channel |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501063135/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kb-kollywoods-discovery-channel/article6751541.ece |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> It took inspiration from his own film ''[[Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=Mammootty's pan-Indian appeal proves he's a bonafide star regardless of how Yatra performs |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammoottys-pan-indian-appeal-proves-hes-a-bonafide-star-regardless-of-how-yatra-performs-6042191.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802082928/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammoottys-pan-indian-appeal-proves-hes-a-bonafide-star-regardless-of-how-yatra-performs-6042191.html |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mounam Sammatham Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/mounam-sammatham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213071525/https://mossymart.com/product/mounam-sammatham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Kalyaana Thaen Nilaa" is set in [[Darbari Kanada]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=8 June 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Dynamic Durbarikaanada |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228150931/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=135 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> while "Chik Chik Chaa" is a [[synth-pop]] number.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=9 February 2023 |title=Once Upon A Time In Kollywood: Ilaiyaraaja And The Electro-Synth Pop Revolution In Tamil Film Music |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321004032/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics<br />
|-<br />
| 5 Paisa 10 Paisa || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Chik Chik Chaa" || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Kalyaana Thaen Nilaa" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] K. S. Chithra || [[Pulamaipithan]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Oru Raja Vanthanam" || K. S. Chithra || Gangai Amaran<br />
|}<br />
<br />
;Telugu version<br />
<br />
Lyrics for the dubbed Telugu version ''Lawyer The Great'' were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref name="Lawyer The Great">{{Cite web |title=Lawyer The Great |url=https://indiancine.ma/BHGH/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221216132025/https://indiancine.ma/BHGH/info |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2014 |title=Lawyer The Great |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3iGBrPoFFTASNJwlT6MdQB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230114165745/https://open.spotify.com/album/3iGBrPoFFTASNJwlT6MdQB |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singers<br />
|-<br />
| One Two Three Four || [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Naa Raja Vacchadu" || K. S. Chithra<br />
|-<br />
| "Kalyaana Thaen Nilaa" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the film for the cast performances (particularly Mammootty), Ilaiyaraaja's music, the cinematography and Shivaji's comedy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=22 June 1990 |title=Mounam Sammadham |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900622&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', however, was less positive, saying the film was like an ordinary novel.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி.ஆர்.கே. |date=8 July 1990 |title=மௌனம் சம்மதம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-07-08/page/n41/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230601141640/https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-07-08/page/n41/mode/2up |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=19 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=40–41 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was both a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2018 |title=5 Tamil hits of Mammootty as you await 'Peranbu' |work=[[Onmanorama]] |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/18/mammootty-tamil-hits-peranbu-release.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627211753/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/18/mammootty-tamil-hits-peranbu-release.html |archive-date=27 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{S. N. Swamy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1990 films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s legal thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]<br />
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Madhu]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian legal thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varnolmal_State&diff=543671Varnolmal State2026-02-28T16:38:36Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made A Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Princely state}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox former subdivision<br />
|native_name = <br />
|conventional_long_name =Varnolmal State <br />
|common_name =Varnolmal <br />
|nation = [[British India]]<br />
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]<br />
|era = <br />
|year_start =<br />
|date_start = <br />
|event_start= <br />
|year_end = 1948<br />
|date_end = <br />
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]<br />
|event1 = <br />
|date_event1 = <br />
|p1 =<br />
|s1 = India<br />
|flag_p1 = <br />
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg<br />
|image_flag = <br />
|image_coat = <br />
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg<br />
|image_map_caption = Location of Varnolmal<br />
|stat_area1 =9.065<br />
|stat_year1 =1931<br />
|stat_pop1 =684 <br />
|footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Varnol Mal State''' (or '''Varnolmal''') was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up and then by the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency.</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104,<br />
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,<br />
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The State had a population of 684 and an area of 3.5 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The minor princely state, belonging to the [[Pandu Mehwas]] division of [[Rewa Kantha]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In 1901 it comprised also a second village, covering 3 1/2 square miles, with a combined population of 426, yielding 1,094 Rupees state revenue (1903–4, nearly all from land), paying 65 Rupees tribute, to the Gaekwar [[Baroda State]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_297.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 21, page 291 – at Digital South Asia Library |website=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=2013-02-18 |accessdate=2017-01-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rulers==<br />
<br />
The state was held by several shareholders.<br />
<br />
* Kalubhai Jesanghbai (b. 1876) fl.1922<ref name="archive.org">The Rewakantha directory, p. 122, https://archive.org/details/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu/page/122/mode/2up</ref>-fl. 1927 <ref name="Xiv 1929 p. 166">A Collection Of Treaties and Sanads Vol - Xiv (1929), p. 166, https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1302/page/165/mode/2up</ref><br />
* Fakirbhai Parbatsing (b. 1878) fl. 1922<ref name="archive.org"/>-fl. 1927 <ref name="Xiv 1929 p. 166"/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Varnoli Moti]], neighboring princely state<br />
* [[Varnoli Nani]], neighboring princely state<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{princely states topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}<br />
{{Polisci-stub}}</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-vegetarian_food_in_India&diff=459440Non-vegetarian food in India2026-02-17T22:27:20Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: general improve intro for clarity further and corrected details to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Notability|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{short description|Non-vegetarian food and culture in India}}<br />
[[File:Vittal. Town Kitchen.jpg|thumb|Caterer's ad board in [[Karnataka]], India]]<br />
'''Non-vegetarian''' food (in [[Indian English]] sometimes shortened to '''non-veg food<ref name="Novetzke">{{cite journal|last=Novetzke|first=Christian Lee|date=3 April 2017|title=Non-Veg|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00856401.2017.1295546|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=40|issue=2|pages=366–369|doi=10.1080/00856401.2017.1295546|s2cid=219698309|access-date=25 December 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>''') contains [[meat]] ([[red meat]], [[poultry]], [[seafood]], or the [[flesh]] of any other [[animal]]), and sometimes, [[Egg as food|eggs]]. The term is common in India, but not usual elsewhere. In the generally [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] environment of India, restaurants offering meat and fish usually have a "non-vegetarian" section of their menu, and may include the term (typically as "Veg and Non-veg") in their name-boards and advertising. When describing people, non-vegetarians eat meat and/or eggs, as opposed to [[Lacto vegetarianism|vegetarians]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=non-vegetarian|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/non-vegetarian|access-date=2021-10-16|website=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Dictionary]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVYZAAAAIAAJ&q=non-vegetarian|title=Cohesion|date=1970|publisher=Nehru Institute of National Integration.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnvEu8ss4h8C&pg=PA29|title=Nutrition And Health: The Vegetarian Way|last1=Staff|first1=Institute Of Naturopathy|last2=(Bangalore)|first2=Institute of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences|date=2002-12-01|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120724242|language=en}}</ref> But in India, consumption of [[dairy foods]] is usual for both groups. <br />
<br />
'''Non-vegetarianism'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-25|title=Non-vegetarianism affects the whole humanity|url=https://avenuemail.in/non-vegetarianism-affects-the-whole-humanity/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Avenue Mail|language=en-US}}</ref> is the majority human diet in the world (including India).<ref name="ipsos" /><ref name="indiaspend" /> Non-vegetarians are also called [[omnivore]]s in nutritional science.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vegetarian and plant-based diets in health and disease prevention|date=2017|others=François Mariotti|isbn=978-0-12-803969-4|location=London|pages=52|oclc=988275855}}</ref><br />
<br />
== First known use of the term ==<br />
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word 'vegetarian' might have started to be used irregularly around 1839. The word came into general usage after the formation of the [[Vegetarian Society]] in 1847 at [[Ramsgate]] (UK).<ref>{{Cite web |title=vegetarian {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of vegetarian by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/vegetarian |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Merriam-Webster|Merriam Webster]], the first known usage of the term ''nonvegetarian'' was in 1883.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of NONVEGETARIAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nonvegetarian |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:WELD 1862 in India pg366 (087 Hindoo Butcher).jpg|thumb| An enhanced image of Hindoo Butcher shop in [[Hyderabad, India]] circa 1862]]<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{See also|Cattle slaughter in India}}<br />
Around 91-92%<ref>Due to rounding down, the total is only 98% in the Ipsos Mori results. 2 percentage points are missing. This would give a range from 90-92%.<br />
<br />
The nonvegetarians must be 91% at least, however, since there are only two remaining categories (vegan and vegetarian). They can round up by a maximum of one of the two missing percentage points (e.g. 3.4+5.4=8.8≈9 instead of 3+5=8).</ref> of humans worldwide are non-vegetarian in that they are neither ovo-lacto- vegetarians nor vegans, according to a 2018 survey by [[Ipsos MORI|Ipsos Mori]]. 74% of the world's population "Regularly eat both animal and non-animal products", 14% "Only occasionally eat meat or fish", and 3% "Do not eat meat but do eat fish". Only 3% are vegan, i. e. eat no animal products at all.<ref name="ipsos">{{Cite web|date=August 2018|title=An exploration into diets around the world|url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018-09/an_exploration_into_diets_around_the_world.pdf|website=Ipsos|location=UK|pages=2, 10, 11}}</ref> The dietary categories in the survey do not map directly onto the Indian definitions of vegetarianism and nonvegetarianism. The number of nonvegetarians worldwide under the Indian definition (consumption of other animal products than cows milk, derived products, and honey) lies between 91 and 97%.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=GAIN Report Number: IN2045 : India amends labeling requirements for imported food |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=India%20amends%20labeling%20requirements%20for%20imported%20food_New%20Delhi_India_3-23-2012.pdf |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
75% of Indians are not vegetarian, according to the Indian [[National Family Health Survey]] (NFHS 2005–06).<ref name=":0" /><sup>:56</sup> According to the 2015–16 NFHS survey, the number is 78% for women and 70% for men.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF|url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16: India|publisher=[[International Institute for Population Sciences]]|year=2017|archive-date=2024-02-09|access-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209140647/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs-4Reports/India.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><sup>:303, 337</sup><br />
<br />
''BBC India'' correspondent Soutik Biswas said in April 2018: "New research by US-based anthropologist Balmurli Natrajan and India-based economist Suraj Jacob, points to a heap of evidence that even estimations of 29% vegetarian population are inflated estimations because of "cultural and political pressures". So people under-report eating meat - particularly beef - and over-report eating vegetarian food. Taking all this into account, say the researchers, only about 20% of Indians are actually vegetarian - much lower than common claims and stereotypes suggest".<ref name="bbc">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122 | title=The myth of the Indian vegetarian nation }}</ref> The authors that Biswas referred to measured "cultural and political pressures" with the vote share falling to the Hindu nationalist [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). They argued that [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]] and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]] under-reported their beef-eating because reported beef-eating per state was negatively associated with the number of cows per inhabitant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Natrajan|first1=Balmurli|last2=Jacob|first2=Suraj|title='provincialising' vegetarianism putting Indian food habits in their place|url=https://core.ac.uk/display/196616275|journal=[[CORE (research service)|CORE]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== By gender ===<br />
<br />
Overall, 43% of Indian women and 49% of men consumed fish, chicken or meat weekly, according to the National Family Health Survey, 2015–16.<ref name="indiaspend">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiaspend.com/most-indians-non-vegetarian-men-more-than-women-south-east-most-66469 | title=Most Indians Non Vegetarian; Men More Than Women, South & East Most}}</ref><br />
<br />
More men than women eat non-vegetarian food in India; almost three in ten women do not consume eggs (29%) and chicken, fish or meat (30%) compared to two in ten men who do not consume eggs (20%) and chicken, fish or meat (22%).<ref name="indiaspend" /><br />
<br />
Among women between 15 and 45 years of age, 45% have milk and curd, 45% have pulses or beans and 47% have dark green, leafy vegetables daily while 37% eat eggs and 37% eat fish, chicken or meat weekly. Around half (52%) of them have fruits occasionally.<ref name="indiaspend" /><br />
<br />
=== By education, religion, and caste ===<br />
[[File:Tripti Hotel & Restaurent, New Digha, India.JPG|thumb|A Sea beach Hotel & Restaurant, New [[Digha]] [[West Bengal]], India]]<br />
<br />
Education appears to decide the choice of vegetarian/non-vegetarian foods. Those who have studied up to five years eat the highest amount of eggs and meat; men (54% and 58%) and women (48% and 52%).<ref name="indiaspend" /><br />
<br />
Among religions, Christians consume eggs and meat the most; men 71.5% and 76% and women 65% and 74%, respectively. This is followed by Muslim men (66.5% and 73%) and women (60% and 67%).<ref name="indiaspend" /><ref name=":1" /><sup>:340, 339</sup> Most Hindus avoid beef, which is considered a taboo.<ref name="bbc" /><br />
<br />
The highest consumption of eggs and fish, chicken or meat is among those who said they did not know their caste—men (49% and 52%). This holds true for women as well for eggs; for fish, chicken and meat it is highest in ‘other’ caste.<ref name="indiaspend" /><br />
<br />
=== By state ===<br />
[[File:Extereme tasty Chicken Tandoori dollson restaurant seoni.jpg|thumb| [[Tandoori chicken|Tandoori Chicken]] dish at restaurant in [[Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|Seoni]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India]]<br />
Data on women show that Kerala (93%), Goa (86%) and Assam (80%) have the highest weekly consumers of fish, chicken or meat while Punjab (4%), Rajasthan (6%) and Haryana (8%) rank the lowest.<br />
<br />
Figures for men show that Tripura (95%), Kerala (90%) and Goa (88%) are the highest weekly consumers of fish, chicken or meat while Punjab (10%), Rajasthan (10%) and Haryana (13%) are the lowest.<ref name="indiaspend" /><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{See also|Diet in Hinduism#Dietary rules in Hindu scriptures and texts|History of Indian cuisine|Cattle in religion and mythology}}<br />
<br />
According to archeological finds, [[Indus Valley civilisation#Food|Indus Valley civilisation]] had dominance of meat diet of animals such as cattle, buffalo, goat, pig and chicken.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/indus-valley-civilization-diet-had-dominance-of-meat-finds-study-1748530-2020-12-11|title=Indus Valley civilization diet had dominance of meat, finds study|website=India Today|date=11 December 2020|access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/980808/indus-valley-civilisation-had-meat-heavy-diets-reveals-study|title=Indus Valley civilisation had meat-heavy diets, preference for beef, reveals study|website=Scroll|date=10 December 2020|access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> Remnants of dairy products were also discovered. According to Akshyeta Suryanarayan et al.,{{efn|A large proportion of data however remains ambiguous. Reliable local isotopic references for fats and oils are unavailable, and lipid levels in IVC vessels are quite low.}} available evidence indicates culinary practices to be common over the region; food-constituents were dairy products (in low proportion), ruminant carcass meat, and either non-ruminant adipose fats, plants, or mixtures of these products.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Suryanarayan|first1=Akshyeta|last2=Cubas|first2=Miriam|last3=Craig|first3=Oliver E.|last4=Heron|first4=Carl P.|last5=Vasant S.|first5=Shinde|last6=Singh|first6=Ravindra N.|last7=O'Connell|first7=Tamsin C.|last8=Petrie|first8=Cameron A.|display-authors=4|date=January 2021|title=Lipid residues in pottery from the Indus Civilisation in northwest India|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=125|article-number=105291|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2020.105291|issn=0305-4403|pmc=7829615|pmid=33519031|bibcode=2021JArSc.125j5291S |doi-access=free}}</ref> The dietary pattern remained same throughout the decline.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Cultural and political aspects ==<br />
<br />
The term non-vegetarian has been criticized by the blogger ''The Last Caveman'' as a [[misnomer]] and a casteist [[pejorative]] with origins attributed to the [[caste system in India]].<ref name="dailyo">{{cite news|title='Non-vegetarian' is the biggest casteist scam that has ever been pulled on Indians|agency=dailyO|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/non-veg-food-iit-bombay-vegetarianism-casteism-meat-eaters-india-purity/story/1/21838.html|accessdate=24 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote = '''Vegetarianism and casteism in modern India'''<br /><br />
The term non-vegetarian is a good case in point. It signals the social<br>power of vegetarian classes, including their power to classify foods,<br>to create a 'food hierarchy' wherein vegetarian food is the default and<br>is having a higher status than meat. Thus it is akin to the term<br>'non-whites' coined by 'whites' to capture an incredibly diverse<br>population who they colonised.<br />
|source = —Balmurli Natrajan, [[anthropologist]], and Suraj Jacob, [[economist]], 2018<ref name="Jacob">{{cite journal|last1=Natrajan|first1=Balmurli|last2=Jacob|first2=Suraj|title='Provincialising' Vegetarianism Putting Indian Food Habits in Their Place|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=53|issue=9|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|pages=54–64|year=2018}}</ref><br />
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A 2018 study from ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'' by US-based anthropologist Balmurli Natrajan and India-based economist Suraj Jacob suggests that the percentage of vegetarians is about 20%. Percentages vary by household income and caste.<ref name="bbc"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-19|title=From meat and fish to vegetables: These 9 charts show how India eats|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-meat-and-fish-to-vegetables-these-9-charts-reveal-how-india-eats/story-TuuBXEWSUh8rasldtnongP.html|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The study argues that meat-eating behavior is underreported because consumption of meat, especially beef, is "caught in cultural, political, and group identity struggles in India".<ref name="bbc" /> According to 2015-16 data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), the share of vegetarianism has declined from 2005 to 2006.<ref>{{cite news|last=Srinivas|first=Arjun|date=9 October 2018|title=No, vegetarianism is not growing in India|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/dWUqT4epdPTHNAYuKYVThK/No-vegetarianism-is-not-growing-in-India.html|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> Vegetarianism is less common amongst non-Hindu Indian religious groups such as Muslims and Christians. Vegetarianism is most common amongst Brahmins, Lingayat, Sikhs and Jains in India. Increases in meat consumption in India have been attributed to urbanisation, increasing disposable income, consumerism and cross-cultural influences.<ref>Tani Khara, [https://theconversation.com/the-myth-of-a-vegetarian-india-102768 The myth of a vegetarian India], The Conversation, 11.09.18, recovered 16.10.20</ref><br />
<br />
According to Sameer of ''[[The Siasat Daily]]'' (Hyderabad), for ritual animal [[Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)|qurbani]] i.e. sacrifice on [[Eid al-Adha|Eid-ul-Adha]] celebrants traditionally used to buy sacrificial animals, find butcher and had to find place for slaughtering of sacrificial animals on their own, but as of tradition is changing slowly and celebrants are increasingly opting for Qurbani services accomplish all the necessary tasks in hygienic manner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sameer |date=2022-07-05 |title=Eid-ul-Adha in Hyderabad: Why are people opting for Qurbani services? |url=https://www.siasat.com/eid-ul-adha-in-hyderabad-why-are-people-opting-for-qurbani-services-2363767/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In popular usage ==<br />
[[File:Current FSSAI Veg and Non-veg Labels.svg|thumb|In India, labeling of packaged food products is mandatory to distinguish between ''vegetarian'' (green) products and ''non-vegetarian'' (brown)<ref>{{Citation |last=India |first=Food Safety and Standards Authority of |title=English: Vegetarian symbol (left) consists of a green colour filled circle inside a square with green outline. Non-vegetarian symbol (right) consists of a brown colour filled triangle inside a square with brown outline. |date=2021-09-23 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Current_FSSAI_Veg_and_Non-veg_Labels.png |access-date=2022-11-28}}</ref>]]<br />
[[File:Pandian Hotel in Tondiarpet, Chennai.jpg|thumb|A "High Class Non Veg restaurant" in Tondiarpet, [[Chennai]] (right)]]<br />
<br />
=== Right to information ===<br />
{{See also|Right to Information Act, 2005|Fundamental rights in India}}<br />
<br />
In India, it is mandatory that [[Convenience food|packaged food products]] be marked with [[Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks]], which are green and reddish-brown symbols.<ref name="act">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Food%20Safety%20and%20standards%20(Packaging%20and%20Labelling)%20regulation,%202011.pdf|title=Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. 'Food Safety and standards (Packaging and Labelling) regulations, 2011.'|access-date=2021-10-10|archive-date=2016-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120150649/http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Food%20Safety%20and%20standards%20(Packaging%20and%20Labelling)%20regulation,%202011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20010928/nat8.html|title=''Indian Express''. 'See brown logo on non-veg biscuits.'}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Ahsan|first=Sofi|date=2021-12-16|title=When 'veg' is 'non-veg': what Delhi High Court said|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/veg-non-veg-food-disclosure-7675112/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Ahsan|first=Sofi|date=2021-12-14|title=Delhi High Court orders complete disclosure of veg, non-veg ingredients of food items|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/disclose-ingredients-of-all-food-items-delhi-high-court-7671931/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The symbol was introduced by ''Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labelling) Act of 2006'', and received a mandatory status with its 2011 revision.<ref name="act" /> It defines non-vegetarian food as "any food which contains whole or part of any animal including birds, marine animals, eggs, or products of any animal origin as an ingredient, excluding milk or milk products".<ref name="auto"/> A December 2021 Delhi High court instruction reminds all food business operators “to ensure complete and strict adherence of Regulation 2.2.2(4)”, (“i.e. Declaration regarding Veg or Non veg”.. in whatever amount of percentage, what is sourced from animals, would render the food article as Non-Vegetarian, and need to be declared) and noted that “failure…to adherence…would expose [them] to, inter alia, class action for violation of the fundamental rights of the consumers and might invite punitive damages, apart from prosecution”.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
* For following paragraph derived from judgement of Supreme Court of India Section 52(1)(q) (iv) of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957 allows for the reproduction or publication of-any judgement or order of a court:<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Soaps & Toiletries Makers ... vs Ozair Husain & Ors on 7 March, 2013 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/27775458/ |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Indian Soaps & Toiletries Makers ... vs Ozair Husain & Ors on 7 March 2013, [[Supreme Court of India]] declined plea for mandating medicinal drug companies to provide information on food based vegetarian or non-vegetarian origins. The Supreme Court while accepting the [[Freedom of expression in India|freedom of speech]] and expression would include the right to receive information under Article 19(1)(a) of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] the court considered Government of India's contention that it may not be desirable for the patient or his attendant to know the origin of the ingredients of the drug i.e. whether ‘vegetarian’ or ‘non- vegetarian’. Such option cannot be left on the patient or his attendant if required to save the life or eradicate a disease. In some circumstances the condition of a patient may be such that a drug which is ordinarily not treated as a life saving drug may be essential to save the life. The information about the origin of the ingredients of a drug or cosmetic, if claimed as a matter of right, a vegetarian can also claim information about the origin of a vegetarian ingredient, depending upon his food habit. The court says food habits in India vary from person to person and place to place. Religion too plays a vital role in making such habit. Those who follow ‘[[Jain vegetarianism|Jainism]]’ are vegetarian but many of them do not eat some of the vegetarian food such as potato, carrot, onion, garlic etc. which are grown below the earth. Majority of Indians treat ‘honey’ and ‘lactose’ (milk derived sugar) as vegetarian but scientists treat them as ‘non-vegetarian’ products. Amongst the non-vegetarians a number of persons are ‘[[Lacto-ovo vegetarianism|eggetarian]]’ i.e. those who only take one non-vegetarian product–egg. They do not eat other non-vegetarian food like animal, fish or birds. There are number of persons who treat egg as vegetarian food. Even amongst non-vegetarians, a large number of persons do not take beef or ham/pork because of religious belief. Many of the non-vegetarians do not eat snakes, insects, frog or bird. In individual case, the Government may feel difficulty in specifying the origin of a ‘vegetarian’ or ‘non-vegetarian’ ingredient, if a person wants to know the definite origin of such ‘vegetarian’ or ‘non- vegetarian’ ingredient on the basis of his food habit. It is imperative for the State to ensure the availability of the right to the citizens to receive information. But such information can be given to the extent it is available and possible, without affecting the fundamental right of others. Hence right to information can be limited by reasonable restrictions under the law made for the purpose mentioned in the Article 19(2) of the Constitution (in the case of Medicinal drugs).<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Singhvi Supreme Court of India|first1=G.S.|last2=Mukhopadhaya|first2=Sudhansu Jyoti|date=7 March 2013|title=Indian Soaps & Toiletries Makers ... vs Ozair Husain & Ors on 7 March 2013|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/27775458/|website=indiankanoon.org|publisher=The Supreme Court of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=DAS |first=JATINDRA KUMAR |title=HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND PRACTICE |date=July 2016 |publisher=Prentice Hall India Pvt., Limited |isbn=9788120352728 |location=India |pages=250}}</ref><br />
<br />
* End of paragraph derived from Supreme Court of India judgement<br />
<br />
[[File:PunjabbiPalace.jpg|thumb|A restaurant name plate mentioning 'Veg & Non Veg', [[Andhra Pradesh]], India]]<br />
<br />
=== Display boards ===<br />
* In India, most restaurants serving meat publicly and explicitly display the title 'non-vegetarian restaurant' or 'non-vegetarian hotel' (In India, the term ''hotel'' may colloquially refer to a restaurant or a hotel). This practice is intended to help strict, orthodox vegetarians who may want to avoid eating in such restaurants due to religious and casteist reasons or due to consciousness of the pain and sufferings that are inflicted on animals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCc6A7eJh0wC&pg=PA70|title=Work in India a Guide by Knowledge Must: A Complete Guide Book for Everybody Who Is Interested Working in India|last=Ratheiser|first=Daniel|date=2010-12-01|publisher=Knowledge Must|isbn=9781456354299|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22non-vegetarian+restaurant%22&pg=PT272|title=The Penguin Food Guide to India|last=Brien|first=Charmaine O'|date=2013-12-15|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351185758|language=en}}</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s autobiography mentions an incident regarding his dilemma, as a vegetarian, whether it is appropriate to eat a vegetarian meal in a non-vegetarian restaurant.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC&dq=%22non-vegetarian+restaurant%22&pg=PA110|title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth|last=Gandhi|first=M. K.|date=2009-01-01|publisher=The Floating Press|isbn=9781775414056|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Popular dishes==<br />
===Indian meat dishes=== <br />
*[[Butter chicken]], North Indian dish<br />
*[[Tandoori chicken]], dish from Indian subcontinent<br />
*[[Mutton curry]], dish of Indian subcontinent<br />
*[[Rogan josh]], Kashmiri dish<br />
*[[Machher Jhol]], Bengali dish<br />
*[[Biriyani]], Mughal dish<br />
*[[Hyderabadi marag|Mutton Marag]]<br />
*[[Champarn muttton|Ahuna Mutton]], Bihari dish<br />
<br />
=== Meat dishes originally of non-Indian descent ===<br />
Some meat dishes originally of non-Indian descent, like certain European dishes called “[[Continental food]]”, are generally available on upscale Indian restaurant menu cards, whereas some [[Indian Chinese cuisine|Indian Chinese fusion cuisine]] offers chicken dishes, like [[Chilli chicken|chicken]] with [[Chili pepper|chilli]], garlic, ginger, [[jalfrezi]], [[Lemon chicken|lemon]], [[momo (food)]], varieties can be available in regular restaurants or as street food in big townships across India. [[Kabab]], a middle Eastern dish, is also available in street shops and restaurants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajesh |first=Renu-Richa |title=Flavours Across Our Borders Popular Global Veg & Non Veg Recipes |publisher=Notion Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781638736967 |pages=Introduction}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Egg based dishes ===<br />
* [[Bread omelette]]<ref>{{cite news<br />
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/where-to-get-the-best-bread-omelette-in-chennai/article29091119.ece<br />
|title=Where to get the best bread omelette in Chennai?<br />
|website=[[The Hindu]]<br />
|date=14 August 2019<br />
|last1=S<br />
|first1=Srivatsan<br />
}}</ref><br />
* [[Egg fried rice]]<br />
* [[Egg noodles]]<br />
* [[Curry_puff#India |Egg puffs]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Carnism]], a belief system presented by vegans as underpinning animal consumption<br />
*[[Haram]], a Muslim category of forbidden acts (and opposite of [[halal]]), including [[Haram#Food and intoxicants|haram Food and intoxicants]]. <br />
*[[Omnivores]], animals that can survive from eating plants and meat<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* Tribal People of Central India: Problems and Prospects. India, K.K. Publications, 2022. Chapter 6, 7, 8<br />
* Swami Vivekananda: The Feasting, Fasting Monk. India, Penguin Random House India Private Limited, 2022. (This book seem to have info related to 'non vegetarianism' in religious epics. (Page numbers not visible on Google books)<br />
* Flavours Across Our Borders: Popular Global Veg & Non Veg Recipes. N.p., Notion Press, 2021.<br />
* Animal Laws of India. India, Law & Justice Publishing Company, 2021. Editors: Maneka Gandhi, Ozair Husain, Raj Panjwani<br />
* Hussain, Sadaf. Daastan-e-Dastarkhan: Stories and Recipes from Muslim Kitchens. India, Hachette India, 2019.<br />
* Lahiri, Nayanjot. Time Pieces: A Whistle-stop Tour of Ancient India. India, Hachette India, 2018.<br />
* Donner, Henrike. Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-class Identity in Contemporary India. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2016. Chapter 5<br />
* HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND PRACTICE. India, Prentice Hall India Pvt., Limited, 2016. Page 250<br />
* Callahan Jr., Edward J.. A Comparison of Markers of Iron Status Between Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian Female High School Cross Country Runners: Is Routine, Pre-season Screening Warranted?. United States, Central Washington University, 2015.<br />
* Sen, Colleen Taylor. Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India. United Kingdom, Reaktion Books, 2014.<br />
*<br />
* Stuart, Tristram. The Bloodless Revolution: A Cultural History of Vegetarianism from 1600 to Modern Times. United Kingdom, W.W. Norton & Company, 2008.<br />
* City, Society, and Planning: Society. India, Concept Publishing Company, 2007.<br />
* [[Lizzie Collingham|Collingham, Lizzie]]. Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2007.<br />
* Hussar, Karen M.. Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian Children's Judgments about Eating Meat. United States, Harvard Graduate School of Education, 2006.<br />
* Cultural Geography, Form and Process: Essays in Honour of Prof. A.B. Mukerji. India, Concept Publishing Company, 2004.<br />
* Murray, Shawn, et al. Meat-eating & Human Evolution. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2001.<br />
*Choudhary, Harveen. Non Vegetarian Low Calorie Recipes. India, Snab, 1999.<br />
*The Eastern Anthropologist. India, Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, 1999.<br />
*Mehta, Nina. Adhunic Non Vegetarian. N.p., n.p, 1993.<br />
* The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India. India, The Survey, 1992.<br />
* Dhadave, Mallikarjun Shankerappa, and Thakur, Rudranand. Slum and Social System. India, Archives Publishers, 1987.<br />
* Uberoi, Pritam. Pritam Uberoi's Non Vegetarian Cookery: Recipes from India and Abroad Non Vegetarian Cookery : Recipes from India and Abroad. N.p., Sterling Publishers, 1981.<br />
* Food, Ecology, and Culture: Readings in the Anthropology of Dietary Practices. United Kingdom, Gordon and Breach, 1980.<br />
* Saraswati, Baidyanath, et al. The Sacred Complex of Kashi: A Microcosm of Indian Civilization. India, Concept, 1979. (Page 35)<br />
* Deshpande, C. G.. On Intercaste Marriage: An Empirical Research Work. India, Uma Publication, 1972.<br />
* Caste & Kinship in Central India. ~ Adrian C. Mayer N.p., University of California Press.1966<br />
* Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India. India, Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum, 1962.<br />
* Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. A. United States, University Microfilms, 2007. Page 2310<br />
* The Comprehensive Guide For Da'wah In Mosques (Masjids). N.p., Bassam Bokhowa.<br />
* Adams, Carol J.. Living Among Meat Eaters: The Vegetarian's Survival Handbook. United States, Lantern Books, 2008.<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{wiktionary|nonvegetarian}}<br />
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/india-meat-map-people-relish-non-vegetarian-items-east-south-lead-way-1878313-2021-11-18 India’s meat map: 7 out of 10 people relish non-vegetarian items, East & South lead the way ~ Samrat Sharma, India Today] November 18, 2021.<br />
* [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/veg-non-veg-food-disclosure-7675112/ When ‘veg’ is ‘non-veg’: what Delhi High Court said ~ Sofi Ahsan, Indian Express] December 16, 2021<br />
<br />
{{Diets}} <br />
{{Meat}}<br />
{{Cuisines}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Culinary arts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumii_Je_Amar_Maa&diff=542113Tumii Je Amar Maa2026-02-05T18:19:32Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made Post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Tumiijeamarmaa.webp<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| alt_name = <br />
| genre = {{ubl|[[Romance film|Romance]]|[[Drama]]|[[Family]]}}<br />
| creator = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| developer = <br />
| director = <br />
| creative_director = <br />
| starring = Priya Mondal<br>Suman Dey<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 607<br />
| executive_producer = Shreya Bose<br />
| producer = {{ubl|Snigdha Basu|[[Sani Ghose Ray]]}}<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editor = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 21 min approx<br />
| company = [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]<br />
| network = [[Colors Bangla]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|06|06|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|02|04|df=y}}<br />
| endtheme = <br />
| opentheme = ''Tumii Je Aamar Maa''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Tumii Je Amar Maa''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series which premiered on 6 June 2022 on [[Colors Bangla]] and digital platform [[Voot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumii Je Amar Maa: নতুন সম্পর্কে বাঁধা পড়বে আরোহী, ছোট্ট আরু খুঁজে পাবে তার পছন্দ মতো মাকে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/new-bangla-serial-tumii-je-amar-maa-starring-suman-dey-and-priya-mondal-lead-characters-telecast-time-storyline-soc-381280-2022-06-06 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suman Dey-Priya Mondal starrer 'Tumii Je Amar Maa' to premiere on June 6 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/suman-dey-priya-mondal-starrer-tumii-je-amar-maa-to-premiere-on-june-6/articleshow/91886950.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=30 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The series is produced by Snigdha Basu and [[Sani Ghose Ray]] under the banner of [[Acropoliis Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali Serial Tumi Je Amar Ma : খুঁজে পাওয়া গেল আরোহীর মাকে, সুমনের নতুন নায়িকা প্রিয়া মণ্ডল |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/tv-and-theater/new-bengali-serial-tumi-je-amar-ma-is-starting-form-6-june/wb20220517094053689689033 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=ETV Bharat News|date=17 May 2022 }}</ref> It stars Priya Mondal, Suman Dey and Aradhaya Biswas (Oindrila Saha).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=বাবা হলেন রাসমণির দ্বারিকা অভিনেতা সুমন! আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক 'তুমিই যে আমার মা' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-suman-dey-s-upcoming-bengali-serial-on-colors-bangla-tumii-je-aamar-maa-31651399484871.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Priya Mondal bags the female lead in 'Tumii Je Amar Maa' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-priya-mondal-bags-the-female-lead-in-tumi-e-je-amar-maa/articleshow/91612116.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The show revolves around a single father Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury, a simple girl Arohi and Aniruddha's daughter Arohi 'Aru' Chowdhury.<br />
<br />
Aru desperately searches for her mother. Later, Aru wished that Arohi become her mother but Aniruddha doesn't want to remarry. Aru is kidnapped, but Arohi saves her while Aniruddha starts a police investigation to find Aru and mistakenly believes that Arohi kidnapped his daughter, so Arohi is arrested.<br />
<br />
Later, Arohi is soon to marry Manik but with the help of Aniruddha, Aru kidnaps her to prevent the wedding. Shibani asks Arohi to work in her house, to befriend little Aru but Arohi feels that it's a governess job. Later, she accepts the job.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
*[[Suman Dey (actor)|Suman Dey]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Suman Dey to play a doting dad in 'Tumii Je Amar Maa' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-suman-dey-to-play-a-doting-dad-in-tumii-je-amar-maa/articleshow/91064298.cms |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=The Times of India |date=25 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury – Aarohi and Aaraddha's father and Riddhima's husband (2022–2024)<br />
*[[Priya Mondal]] as Aarohi Chakraborty alias Tiyash Banerjee (memory loss) – Aru's foster mother, Aaraddha's mother (2022–2024)<br />
*[[Oindrila Saha]] as Aarohi Roy Chowdhury aka Aru – Aniruddha and Riddhima's daughter (2023–2024)<br />
**Aradhya Biswas as Young Aarohi 'Aru' Roy Chowdhury – Aniruddha and Riddhima's daughter <br />
*[[Roshni Tanwi Bhattacharya]] as Riddhima Roy Chowdhury – Aru's biological mother and Aniruddha's long-lost wife (2022–2023)<br />
*[[Rahul Dev Bose]] as Mallar Banerjee - a doctor and Tiyash's husband (Aarohi), Aaraddha's foster father<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
*Mallika Majumder as Shibani Roy Chowdhury – Aniruddha's aunt, Aru's grandmother <br />
*Pritha Chatterjee as Srabanti Roy Chowdhury – Aniruddha's aunt, Aru's second grandmother<br />
*[[Subhrajit Dutta]] as Bhaskar Roy Chowdhury – Aniruddha's uncle, Aru's Grandfather<br />
*Sunanda Chakraborty / Shirsha Guhathakurata as Riyanka Roy Chowdhury aka Riya – Srabanti and Bhaskar's daughter<br />
*Ayush Adhikari as Tuban Chakraborty – Arohi’s brother, Aru’s Uncle, Mitali’s Son<br />
*Suchismita Chowdhury as Bidisha Roy Chowdhury – Aniruddha's Stepmother, Aru's grandmother<br />
*Suban Roy as Manik<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*Rajashree Bhowmik as Mrs. Banerjee – Mallar's mother, Tiyash's mother-in-law, Aaraddha's foster paternal grandmother<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.voot.com/shows/tumii-je-amar-maa/166848 '' Tumii Je Amar Maa''] at [[Voot]]<br />
<br />
{{Colors Bangla Shows}}<br />
{{Acropoliis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Colors Bangla original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]<br />
[[Category:Acropoliis films]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrissur_Orthodox_Diocese&diff=541195Thrissur Orthodox Diocese2026-01-31T22:17:40Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made Details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox diocese<br />
|jurisdiction =<br />
|name = Diocese of Thrissur <br />
|image = Malankara Emblem.png<br />
|imagewidth = <br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = '''Catholicate Emblem'''<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|headquarters = Gedseemon Orthodox Bishop's House, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680 651<br />
|coordinates = <br />
|denomination =<br />
|border = Orthodox<br />
|territory = [[Thrissur]]<br />
|metropolitan = H. G. [[Yuhanon Meletius|Yuhanon Mar Meletius]]<br />
|established = 1982<br />
|website = [https://mosc.in/dioceses/diocese-of-kandanad-east/ Thrissur Diocese]<br />
|first_incumbent = <br />
|diocese = Thrissur Diocese<br />
|rite = [[Malankara Rite]]<br />
|bishop = <br />
|parent_church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Thrissur Diocese''' is one of the 32 [[diocese]]s of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] with its headquarters at [[Mannuthy]], [[Kerala]]. As of 2023, the [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of the diocese was [[Yuhanon Meletius]].<ref>{{cite news |title=No affinity or enmity towards any particular party: Orthodox Church |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/no-affinity-or-enmity-towards-any-particular-party-orthodox-church/article66733850.ece |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=13 April 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{unsourced|section|date=February 2024}}<br />
The diocese was formed in 1982 with parishes in [[Thrissur]] and [[Palakkad]] districts. At the time of the formation of the diocese there were 32 parishes and 26 priests. The present diocesan headquarters was completed in 1995.<br />
<br />
==Institutions and mission==<br />
{{unsourced|section|date=February 2024}}<br />
The diocese has one upper primary school in [[Palakkadu]] district and a study center, near [[Thrissur]]. The diocese runs a community development project called "Anveshi, Thrissru" which helps people to help themselves. The diocese has a mission in Burbank, near Los Angeles, CA in USA with 300+ families of Mediterranean origin. For the last several years the diocese has been in continuous struggle to make the unity of the Church a reality.<br />
<br />
==Headquarters==<br />
{{unsourced|section|date=February 2024}}<br />
The headquarters of the diocese is at [[Mannuthy]]. Address: Gedseemon Orthodox Bishop's House, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, INDIA. 680651. Tel. +4872371039. The house was built with help from people of the Church at various parts of the world under the leadership of Metropolitan [[Yuhanon Mar Meletius]]. A small parish worships in the chapel in the diocesan headquarters. Due to lack of space a new plot was purchased adjacent to the headquarters' building and a new chapel is constructed. The chapel is named "St. Mary's Unity Chapel". It symbolizes the Church unity efforts of the diocese.<br />
<br />
==Parish List ==<br />
{{unsourced|section|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* Alaikalkulambu St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Chalishery St.Peters and St.Pauls Orthodox Church<br />
* Cherukunnam St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Chuvanammanu St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Elanadu St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Erukumchira St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Kakkanikkadu St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Kakkanikkadu St.Gregorios Orthodox Church<br />
* Kallampara St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Kannara St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Katilapoovam St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Kairady St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Kodaly St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Kombzha Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church<br />
* Mambra St.Kuriakose Orthodox Church<br />
* Mangalamdam St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Mannuthy St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Marmcode St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Maorotichal St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Nelleppally St.Johns Orthodox Church<br />
* Paithala Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church<br />
* Pazhayannoor Eldho Mar Baselios Orthodox Church<br />
* Pazhayannoor St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Pazhayannoorpadam St.Johns Orthodox Church<br />
* Peechy St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Pulakodu St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Thenidukku St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Thrikanaya St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Valkulambu Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church<br />
* Valkulambu St.Thomas Orthodox Church<br />
* Vattai St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* Vatuly St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Vellikulangara St.Marys Orthodox Church<br />
* DesertLand St.Dinysious Orthodox Church<br />
* DesertLand St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* DesertLand St.Gregorios Orthodox Church<br />
* Kaimoor St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Olavakodu St.Peters Orthodox Church<br />
* Karimba St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Vellapadom St.George Orthodox Church<br />
* Chelakkara St.George Orthodox puthenpali<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Dioceses of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church dioceses]]<br />
[[Category:1982 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox dioceses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=51st_National_Film_Awards&diff=45256151st National Film Awards2026-01-26T19:22:57Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Film awards in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film awards<br />
| number = 51<br />
| award = National Film Awards<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = 51st National Film Awards<br />
| awarded_for = Best of Indian cinema in 2003<br />
| award_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]<br />
| presenting_org = [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]<br/>{{small|([[President of India]])}}<br />
| announced_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|08|14}}<br />
| presented_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|02|02}}<br />
| site = <br />
| host = <br />
| website = [http://dff.nic.in/ dff.nic.in]<br />
| lifetime_achievement = [[Mrinal Sen]]<br />
| best_feature = ''[[Shwaas]]''<br />
| best_non_feature = {{*}}''War and Peace''<br>{{*}}''Kaya Poochhe Maya Se''<br />
| best_book = ''Filmi Jagat Mein Ardhashakti Ka Romanch''<br />
| best_critic = Saibal Chatterjee<br />
| most_wins = {{*}}''[[Bhalo Theko]]''<br>{{*}}''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]''<br> {{*}}''[[Abar Aranye]]'' <br/>{{*}}''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (3)<br />
| last = 50th<br />
| next = 52nd<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''51st [[National Film Awards]]''', presented by the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]], is the organisation set up by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India]] to felicitate the best of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]] released in the year 2003.<ref name="51staward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811105427/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Awards were announced by the committee headed by [[Basu Chatterjee]], [[Bhimsain]] and [[K. N. T. Sastry]] for the feature films, non-feature films and books written on Indian cinema, respectively, on 14 August 2004;<ref name="51stawardfeature">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=3123|title=51st National film Awards (Feature Films)|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-date=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612130851/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=3123|url-status=live}}</ref> whereas award ceremony took place on 3 February 2005 and the awards were given away by then [[President of India]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="51stawardgiven">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=6876|title=President gives away 51st national film awards|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-date=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612125846/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=6876|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
With the 51st National Film Awards, new category for Non-feature Film for [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Narration / Voice Over|Best Narration / Voice Over]] was introduced and awarded with 'Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)'.<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
<br />
Awards were divided into feature films, non-feature films and books written on Indian cinema.<br />
<br />
=== Lifetime Achievement Award ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Image<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awards<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]<br />
|[[File:Mrinal-sen.jpg|75px]]<br />
|[[Mrinal Sen]]<ref name="dadasahebarchive">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|title=Dadasaheb Phalke Award Past Recipients|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718171203/http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|director<br />
|Swarna Kamal, {{INR}} {{formatnum:200000}} and a Shawl<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Feature films ===<br />
<br />
Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 51st National Film Awards, a [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]], ''[[Shwaas]]'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]; whereas three [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]], ''[[Abar Aranye]]'', ''[[Bhalo Theko]]'' and ''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]'', along with a [[Bollywood|Hindi film]], ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' won the maximum number of awards (3). Following were the awards given in each category:<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardfeature"/><br />
<br />
==== Juries ====<br />
<br />
A committee headed by [[Basu Chatterjee]] was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardjuries">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=2790|title=Jury for 51st National Film Awards constituted|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612124119/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=2790|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Jury Members'''<br />
**[[Basu Chatterjee]] (Chairperson){{•}}[[Vijaya Nirmala]]{{•}}N. Krishnakumar (Unni){{•}}[[Sumalatha]]{{•}}[[K. B. Tilak]]{{•}}Shailaja Bajpai{{•}}[[Virendra Saini]]<br />
**Madhu Jain{{•}}[[Rashmi Doraiswamy]]{{•}}Gayatri Chatterjee{{•}}Raj Datt{{•}}[[Makhonmani Mongsaba]]{{•}}Sher Choudhary{{•}}[[Mohan Kumar Kondajji|Mohan Kondajji]]<br />
**Alaya Kumar Mohanty{{•}}[[Jyoti Sarup]]{{•}}[[Nimmala Shankar]]<br />
<br />
==== All India Award ====<br />
<br />
Following were the awards given:<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardfeature"/><br />
<br />
===== Golden Lotus Award =====<br />
<br />
Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardfeature"/><br />
<br />
All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]<br />
|''[[Shwaas]]''<br />
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|Producer: [[Arun Nalawade]]<br/>director: [[Sandeep Sawant]]<br />
|{{INR}} 50,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its sensitive and moving portrayal of the relationship between a grandfather and his grandson when the child is about to lose his vision.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]<br />
|''[[Margam (film)|Margam]]''<br />
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br />
|Producer: [[Rajiv Vijay Raghavan]]<br/>Director: [[Rajiv Vijay Raghavan]]<br />
|{{INR}} 25,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For poignantly capturing the troubled journey of a middle-aged individual re-examining his political past in the light of prevailing socio-political values.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]<br />
|''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''<br />
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|Producer: [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]<br/>Director: [[Rajkumar Hirani]]<br />
|{{INR}} 40,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For dealing with social issues with humor and compassion.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]<br />
|''[[Tora (film)|Tora]]''<br />
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
|Producer: [[Children's Film Society, India|Children's Film Society]]<br/>Director: [[Jahnu Barua]]<br />
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For showing how a child brings down the boundaries and barriers created by adults.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]<br />
|''[[Abar Aranye]]''<br />
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|[[Gautam Ghose]]<br />
|{{INR}} 50,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his complex weaving of human destines across a wide range of socio-political and cinematic histories.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===== Silver Lotus Award =====<br />
<br />
Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardfeature"/><br />
<br />
All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]<br />
|''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]''<br />
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|Producer: Lucky Star Entertainment Ltd<br/>Director: [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]<br />
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For exploring the power of human relationships in overcoming social and religious schisms.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]<br />
|''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]''<br />
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br />
|Producer: [[Aryadan Shoukath|Aryadan Shaukat]]<br/>Director: [[T. V. Chandran]]<br />
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For raising a voice against early marriage and for its advocacy of women's education in a conservative society.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]<br />
|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Producer: [[Rakesh Roshan]]<br/>Director: [[Rakesh Roshan]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its compassionate portrayal of a mentally challenged young man who is able to reach out to the wonders of the universe.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|''[[Gangaajal]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Producer: [[Prakash Jha]]<br/>Director: [[Prakash Jha]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its stark delineation of a wide range of wrongs pervading society, and state.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment / Conservation / Preservation]]<br />
|''Juye Poora Xoon''<br />
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
|Producer: Sanjib Sabhapandit<br/>Director: Sanjib Sabhapandit<br />
|{{INR}} 30,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its representation of large-scale migration and the erosion of a way of life by floods and industrialisation.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
|''[[Pithamagan]]''<br />
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his powerful performance in a difficult and demanding role.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
|''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Meera Jasmine]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her sustained and subtle portrayal of a young girl trapped in an early, polyandrous marriage and her ability to convey her little joys and large sorrows.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|''[[Maqbool]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Pankaj Kapoor]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his riveting yet understated performance as a mafia don.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|''[[Abar Aranye]]''<br />
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|[[Sharmila Tagore]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the grace with which she handles social and personal relationships.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]<br />
|''[[Shwaas]]''<br />
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|[[Ashwin Chitale]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 5,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his haunting performance as a child who realises he is going to lose his eyesight.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|''[[Ente Veedu Appoontem]]''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Kalidas Jayaram|Kalidasan]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his versatility in portraying a range of complex emotions.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
|''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''<br/>{{small|("[[Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)|Kal Ho Naa Ho]]")}}<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Sonu Nigam]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his memorable rendition of the title song that captures the spirit of the film.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
|''Akashitorar Kothare''<br />
|Assamese<br />
|[[Tarali Sarma]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her tuneful rendition of a devotional song without instrumental accompaniment.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]<br />
|''[[Bhalo Theko]]''<br />
|Bengali<br />
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: [[Abhik Mukhopadhyay]]<br />[[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: Rainbow Color Lab<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For enriching the narrative with tranquility and beauty.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
|''[[Abar Aranye]]''<br />
|Bengali<br />
|[[Gautam Ghose]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For weaving together the strands of time creating a resonant dialogue between the past and the present.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]<br />
|''[[Bhalo Theko]]''<br />
|Bengali<br />
|{{*}}Anup Mukhopadhyay<br>{{*}}Deepon Chatterjee<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the innovative use of sound, its quality and timbre.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|''[[Samay: When Time Strikes]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Aarif Sheikh (film editor)|Aarif Sheikh]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its crisp cutting that successfully sustains the tempo of the film's suspense.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]<br />
|''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]''<br />
|Bengali<br />
|Indranil Ghosh<br />
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 5,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his muted recreation of a period and its ambiance.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Sharmishta Roy]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For creating a colourful ambiance which effectively supported the narrative.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]<br />
|''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]''<br />
|Bengali<br />
|{{*}}Bibi Ray<br>{{*}}Sushanto Pal<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For evoking a period in harmony with the spirit of the film's art direction.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]<br />
|''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its wide range of styles and modes, enriching the themes of the film.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]<br />
|''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]''<br/>{{small|("Nenusaitham")}}<br />
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|[[Suddala Ashok Teja]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For relating Sri Sri's poem to contemporary times in order to awaken the masses against social evils.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]<br />
|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|{{*}}Creator Bimmini Special Fx and Design Studios – James Colmer and Lara Denman<br>{{•}}Digital Art Media – Marc Kolbe and Craig Mumma<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its apt incorporation of special effects in its depiction of fantasy.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br />
|''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''<br/>{{small|("Idhar Chala Main Udhar Chala")}}<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Farah Khan]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its seamless weaving of different dance styles, in the best traditions of the musical.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]<br />
|''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Manoj Bajpai]] (Actor)<br />
|{{INR}} 12,500/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his portrayal of the dilemma of a man caught between the dictates of his community and his love for his wife.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|''[[Bhalo Theko]]''<br />
|Bengali<br />
|{{•}}Roopkatha (Producer)<br/>{{•}}[[Goutam Halder]] (director)<br />
|{{INR}} 6,250/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its quiet but masterful foray into the new cinematic idioms.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Mention]]<br />
|''[[Mouni (2003 film)|Mouni]]''<br />
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
|[[H. G. Dattatreya]] (Actor)<br />
|rowspan="4"|Certificate Only<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his tremendous screen presence that makes the film.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Nedumudi Venu]] (Actor)<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his extra ordinary versatility in a range of roles in Malayalam films made in 2003.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Regional Awards ====<br />
<br />
The award is given to best film in the regional languages in India.<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardfeature"/><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]]<br />
|''Akashitarar Kathare''<br />
|Producer: Sangeeta Tamuli<br/>Director: [[Manju Borah]]<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its juxtaposition of a woman's search for her cultural heritage and its loss.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]<br />
|''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]''<br />
|Producer: Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni<br/>Director: [[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its operatic play of passions, breaking social norms and taboos.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]<br />
|''[[Raghu Romeo]]''<br />
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]<br/>Director: [[Rajat Kapoor]]<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a zestful spoof of popular culture where the boundaries of illusion and reality collapse and the common man turns into hero.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]<br />
|''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]''<br />
|Producer: [[Kavitha Lankesh]]<br/>Director: [[Kavitha Lankesh]]<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting the contrasting values of three generations in a light hearted manner.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]<br />
|''[[Saphalam]]''<br />
|Producer: Anil Thomas<br/>Director: Asok R. Nath<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its sensitive portrayal of an old couple in their loneliness and togetherness.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]<br />
|''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]''<br />
|Producer: Aditi Deshpande<br/>Director: [[Gajendra Ahire]]<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its treatment of two women's struggle against male exploitation and domination.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia|Best Feature Film in Odia]]<br />
|''[[Aw Aaakare Aa]]''<br />
|Producer: Subash Das<br/>Director: Subash Das<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a passionate call for reforms in the present education system.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]<br />
|''[[Iyarkai]]''<br />
|Producer: V. R. Kumar<br/>Director: [[S. P. Jananathan]]<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a rich visual portrayal of a love story set against a unique canvas.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]<br />
|''[[Aithe]]''<br />
|Producer: [[Gangaraju Gunnam]]<br/>Director: [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]]<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its portrayal of frustration in the youth, successfully solving it through a positive approach almost making the characters role models.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution'''<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best Feature Film in English]]<br />
|''[[Dance Like A Man]]''<br />
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]<br/>Director: [[Pamela Rooks]]<br />
|{{INR}} 20,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a human drama that engages issues of creativity and gender dynamics.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Non-Feature Films ===<br />
<br />
Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.<br />
<br />
==== Juries ====<br />
<br />
A committee headed by Bhim Sen was appointed to evaluate the non-feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardjuries"/><br />
<br />
* '''Jury Members'''<br />
** Bhim Sen (Chairperson){{•}}Jose Sebastian{{•}}Satyabrata Kalita{{•}}Haimanti Banerjee{{•}}Rajiv Khandagle{{•}}N. S. Shankar{{•}}Anwar Jamal<br />
<br />
==== Golden Lotus Award ====<br />
<br />
Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardnonfeature">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=3555|title=51st National film Awards Non-Feature Film category announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=16 March 2012|archive-date=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612134129/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=3555|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="51stawardnonfeaturedff">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/51nationalfilmawards.htm|title=51st National film Awards (Non-Feature Films)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=16 March 2012|archive-date=13 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213131646/http://www.dff.nic.in/51nationalfilmawards.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Non-Feature Film]]<br />
|''War and Peace''<br />
|English<br />
|Producer: [[Anand Patwardhan]]<br/>Director: Anand Patwardhan<br />
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For setting out to search for the roots of violence manifest in many forms in the current times- from communal forces to nuclear race, Shot in India, Pakistan, Japan and USA, the film achieves a multi-layered understanding of these deep rooted tensions- at the same time recording the aspirations for peace, harmony and secularism, in the backdrop of Gandhian thought.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|''Kaya Poochhe Maya Se''<br />
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|Producer: Arvind Sinha<br/>Director: Arvind Sinha<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a probing, thoughtful, intense, yet a non-judgmental record of the myriad faces of humanity floating around the Howrah Station that lies by the side of the river Ganga. The director with just his keen eye and an unpredictable symmetry of images, gains an inner eye into the mystery called people. It is as though an entire civilisation is reconstructed through images of floating faces, people and sounds.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction|Best Non-Feature Film Direction]]<br />
|''Kaya Poochhe Maya Se''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Arvind Sinha<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the teeming surge of humanity in Howrah station with compassion and warmth.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Silver Lotus Award ====<br />
<br />
Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardnonfeature"/><ref name="51stawardnonfeaturedff"/><br />
<br />
All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director|Best First Non-Feature Film]]<br />
|''An Encounter with a Life Living''<br />
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]] and English<br />
|Producer: Vinu Abraham<br/>Director: Suja<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting the plight of a physically incapacitated Sarasu and her cheerful will to live. The director achieves this bringing out the totality, spiritual richness of a "life lived only in the mind" – through an innovative narrative idiom.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film|Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film]]<br />
|''Aur Ghumantu Thhahar Gaye''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Producer: Leo Arts Communication<br/>Director: Meenakshi Vinay Rai<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For records the life of the nomadic tribe Ghumantu and their peculiar plight of being labelled "habitual offenders". It also records the efforts made at rehabilitating them.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Historical Reconstruction/Compilation Film|Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film]]<br />
|''Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varrier''<br />
|English<br />
|Producer: [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]]<br/>Director: T. Krishnan Unni<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For records the life of a pioneer in Ayurvedic medicine Dr. P.S. Varrier. The film also brings out his many faceted personality along with his contribution to performing arts and literature.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts / Cultural Film]]<br />
|''Picasso Metamorphoses''<br />
|English<br />
|Producer: Y. N. Engineer {{small|for}} [[Films Division of India|Films Division]]<br/>Director: Nandkumar Sadamate<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its rare attempt at interpreting the works of the legendary painter making him accessible even to those uninitiated to his art. The film examines the troubled times that Picasso lived in, his ideals, his relationships and the inevitable symbiosis of his life and work.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Scientific Film|Best Scientific Film]] / [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film|Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film]] (Jointly given)<br />
|''The 18 Elephant – Three Monologues''<br />
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br />
|Producer: Savithri Divakaran<br/>Director: P. Balan<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For using the novel method of elephants narrating their own story (in human voice) to raise a cry against "man centric" concept of development. The film also succeeds in raising bigger issues of ecological balance, and cruelty to animals.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Promotional Film|Best Promotional Film]]<br />
|''Ladakh – The Land Of Mystery''<br />
|English<br />
|Producer: Biyot Projna Tripathy<br/>Director: Biyot Projna Tripathy<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For capturing the shining landscape, the people, their culture, beliefs and way of life in pleasing visuals.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Agriculture Film|Best Agricultural Film]]<br />
|''Seeds Of Life''<br />
|English<br />
|Producer: [[Rajiv Mehrotra]]<br/>Director: Usha Albuquerque<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its focus on "Navadanya" the movement launched to retrieve the traditional wisdom in alternative farming methods. The film's importance emerges in the face of the current globalisation-led agrarian uncertainties.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|Best Film on Social Issues]]<br />
|''Way Back Home''<br />
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|Producer:Rajasri Mukhopadhyay <br/>Director: [[Supriyo Sen]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its recounting of a remarkable journey to a homeland lost for ever, as a result of partition. A family driven out of East Pakistan during partition, undertakes a journey back after fifty years to their "homeland". The journey eventually turns into a story of painful memories, lost relationships and the madness of partition- all achieved through a touching personal narrative.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film]]<br />
|''Fiddlers on the Thatch''<br />
|English<br />
|Producer: [[Rajiv Mehrotra]]<br/>Director: Trisha Das<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''This film is the story of "The Gandhian Ashram School" in Kalimpong but it is also a story of the deprived kids gaining their dignity and hope of a teacher who fed their bodies and spirit – all bound by the common thread of music. The director achieves a poignant blend of visual narrative and music to create a heartwarming tale of "sharing and caring" in this film.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film|Best Exploration / Adventure Film]]<br />
|''Madness in the Desert''<br />
|English<br />
|Producer: [[Aamir Khan]]<br/>Director: Satyajit Bhatkal<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For explores the spirit, the effort and the mammoth ambition behind the making of "Lagaan". The director has rendered this into a gripping and slick tale.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Investigative Film|Best Investigative Film]]<br />
|''A Silent Killer''<br />
|English<br />
|Producer: Dhananjoy Mondal<br/>Director: Dhananjoy Mondal<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''The film is a forceful statement on the disastrous consequences of millions of people drinking water contaminated with "arsenic". In a simple but effective manner, the filmmaker explores and then brings out the enormity of the problem.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]<br />
|''Jeo Aur Jeene Do''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Producer: [[Children's Film Society, India|Children's Film Society]]<br/>Director: B. R. Sarnaik<br/>Animator: Harshad Sayeed Noori<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''In a humorous, colourful but effective way, the film conveys the message of wild life protection. The imaginative use of animation techniques enhances the appeal of the film, especially to children.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|Best Short Fiction Film]]<br />
|''Sati Radhika''<br />
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br />
|Producer: Anjali Das<br/>Director: Anjali Das<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a popular tale relating to the great 14th century reformer Shankara Deva who stood against caste inequality. The tale narrates an allegory wherein Sati Radhika a fisherwoman perform a miraculous feat, which others could not, thus bringing out the noble concept of social equality.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]<br />
|''Kaya Poochhe Maya Se''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: Ranjan Palit<br />[[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: Prasad Film Laboratory<br />
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 5,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a cinematic observation of myriad shades of humanity and breathtaking chiaroscuro of light and shade.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|''The 18 Elephants – 3 Monologues''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Camera operator|Cameraman]]: K. G. Jayan<br />[[Film laboratory|Laboratory Processing]]: Prasad Film Laboratory<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For his camera vision, which is a manifesto of exploring the reality, and transporting it to the surreal, to beyond the manifest.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Audiography|Best Audiography]]<br />
|''Bhaba Paagla''<br />
|Bengali<br />
|Ramesh Birajdar<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For sound design which evokes a vision of a world far, far away from the madding crowd, which oscillates between the silences and nature's pristine sounds.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|''Unni''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Beena Paul]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the way she supports the eerie pace of a story that swings from here to beyond.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]<br />
|''Fiddlers on the Thatch''<br />
|English<br />
|Julius Packiam<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For creating an ambience of music that effectively works also as part of the main narrative.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Narration / Voice Over|Best Narration / Voice Over]]<br />
|''The 18 Elephants – 3 Monologues''<br />
|Malayalam<br />
|[[Balachandran Chullikkadu]]<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For lending feel and depth to the agonies of elephants through his voice.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Non-Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]<br />
|''The Lijjat Sisterhood''<br />
|English<br />
|Kadhambari Chintamani (Director)<br/>Ajit Oommen (director)<br />
|{{INR}} 2,500/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For documenting the inspiring story of hundreds of women workers in the Lijjat papad making, selling and exporting. Through the first person interviews ranging from the oldest to the youngest, it is a vibrant narration of a unique experiment turned famously successful.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|''Ek Aakash''<br />
|Silent<br />
|Sudhakar Reddy (Director)<br />
|{{INR}} 10,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For starting off as a simple rivalry of two kids from different backgrounds – in kite flying, becomes a battle of one-upmanship. Both are led by their ego and aggressive instincts, but eventually reach a point when they need others help.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (Non-Feature Film)|Special Mention]]<br />
|''Mangali – An Exorcision''<br />
|<br />
|Shilpi Dasgupta (Director)<br />
|rowspan="4"|Certificate Only<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For the thoughtful and laudable craft that shaped the film.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|''Water''<br />
|English<br />
|Aseem Bose ([[Cameraman]])<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For enhancing the impact of the film with his eloquent lens, that captures the spirit of the subject of the film.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Best Writing on Cinema ===<br />
<br />
The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.<br />
<br />
==== Juries ====<br />
<br />
A committee headed by [[K. N. T. Sastry]] was appointed to evaluate the writing on Indian cinema. Following were the jury members:<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardjuries"/><br />
<br />
* '''Jury Members'''<br />
** [[K. N. T. Sastry]] (Chairperson){{•}}Kodalli Shivaram{{•}}Aruna Anant Damle<br />
<br />
==== Golden Lotus Award ====<br />
Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardbooks">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=3121|title=51st National film Awards (Books)|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=15 March 2012|archive-date=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612133834/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=3121|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)' and cash prize.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Book<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;"|Cash prize<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]<br />
|''Filmi Jagat Mein Ardhashakti Ka Romanch''<br />
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|Author: [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]]<br/>Publisher: Ramakrishna<br />
|{{INR}} 15,000/- Each<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a unique style of chronicling the flip side of film personality through his own biography. It gives an insight into the history of cinema and film journalism in a refreshingly different style''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film Critic|Best Film Critic]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Saibal Chatterjee<br />
|{{INR}} 15,000/-<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For incisive, bold and realistic criticism of the film industry couched in a refreshing style of writing.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Special Mention ====<br />
<br />
All the award winners are awarded with Certificate of Merit.<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardbooks"/><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Award<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Book<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)<br />
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;"|Cash prize<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Book on Cinema)|Special Mention (Book on Cinema)]]<br />
|''Kathapurush''<br />
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|Author: Deepankar Mukhopadhyay<br />
|rowspan="6"|Certificate Only<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a commendable revelation of the personality of the filmmaker (Mrinal Sen).''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|''Chalanchitra Nirdeshaka''<br />
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
|Author: P. N. Srinivas<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For a unique presentation of the technicalities of film-making and international film personalities.''<br />
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Film Critic)|Special Mention (Film Critic)]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|Vasiraju Prakashan<br />
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"<br />
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For introducing film personalities of parallel cinema in the parched atmosphere of Telugu filmdom.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Awards not given ===<br />
<br />
Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:<ref name="51staward"/><ref name="51stawardfeature"/><ref name="51stawardnonfeature"/><ref name="51stawardnonfeaturedff"/><br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri|Best Feature Film in Manipuri]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film|Best Biographical Film]]<br />
* [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare|Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://dff.nic.in/Archive.aspx National Film Awards Archives]<br />
* [https://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]<br />
<br />
{{National Film Awards}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]<br />
[[Category:2004 Indian film awards]]<br />
[[Category:2005 Indian film awards]]<br />
[[Category:2004 awards in India]]<br />
[[Category:2005 awards in India]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyyar_Ravi&diff=493925Cheyyar Ravi2026-01-19T09:56:36Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Adding New Data...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film and TV director (1962–2017)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|name = Cheyyar Ravi<br />
|image =<br />
|caption = <br />
|birth_date = 1962<br />
|birth_place = Thiruvannamalai dist, Cheyyar, Vadamanappakkam Village<br />
|death_date = {{death date and given age|2017|3|11|54|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/tamil-director-cheyyar-ravi-passes-away.html|title = Tamil Director Cheyyar Ravi passes away|date = 11 March 2017|access-date = 13 March 2017|archive-date = 13 March 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170313220725/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/tamil-director-cheyyar-ravi-passes-away.html|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
|occupation = Film director<br />
|spouse =<br />
|website = <br />
|other_names= <br />
|yearsactive = 1998–2017<br />
|<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Cheyyar Ravi''' (c.1962 – 11 March 2017) was an Indian film and television director, who has directed Tamil and Sinhala films and serials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=286351|title=இயக்குனர் செய்யாறு ரவி மாரடைப்பால் மரணம்|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313220553/http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=286351|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Cheyyar Ravi directed two Tamil films in the 1990s, ''[[Dharma Seelan]]'' (1993) featuring [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and ''[[Harichandra (1998 film)|Harichandra]]'' (1998) with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2017/03/11234108/Film-directorCheyyar-Ravi-The-death-of-a-heart-attack.vpf |title=சினிமா டைரக்டர் செய்யாறு ரவி மாரடைப்பால் மரணம் &#124;&#124; Film director Cheyyar Ravi the death of a heart attack |access-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312203845/http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2017/03/11234108/Film-directorCheyyar-Ravi-The-death-of-a-heart-attack.vpf |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, he began pre-production on an untitled film starring [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] and written by [[Crazy Mohan]], but the film failed to materialise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-09-05/bharath-28-01-09.html|title=Bharath borrows an MGR title&nbsp;— Behindwoods.com&nbsp;— Tamil Movies News&nbsp;— Kadhal Arumugam Enga Veetu Pillai|work=behindwoods.com|accessdate=18 November 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062355/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-09-05/bharath-28-01-09.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported in 2011 that Cheyyar Ravi would direct ''Nanbargal 40 Thirudargalum'' for [[Sivaji Productions]] featuring [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], but again, the film was never made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/12463/kamal-haasan-prabhu-with-40-thieves|title=Kamal Haasan-Prabhu With 40 Thieves&nbsp;— Top10 Cinema|work=top10cinema.com|date=18 August 2011|accessdate=18 November 2015|archive-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118160927/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/12463/kamal-haasan-prabhu-with-40-thieves|url-status=usurped}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has since prioritised work as a director of television serials with most of the series produced by Sathya Jyothi films, making ''Gopuram'' in 2000, ''Panam'' in 2003, ''[[Anandham]]'' from 2003, ''Soruthihudu maneya maaligi'' in 2013 and ''[[Annakodiyum Aindhu Pengalum]]'' featuring [[Shruthi Raj]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150726/entertainment-tvmusic/article/annakodi%E2%80%A6-reaches-100-day-milestone|title=Annakodi... reaches 100 day milestone|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=18 November 2015|archive-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119170149/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150726/entertainment-tvmusic/article/annakodi%E2%80%A6-reaches-100-day-milestone|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/28/stories/2003032800980800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405110505/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/28/stories/2003032800980800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Panam|date=2003-03-28|accessdate=18 November 2015}}</ref> He also sits on the committee for the South Indian Small Screen Producers Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveonwoods.com/newsdetail.php?id=396#.Vkt4N3bhDIU|title=Liveonwoods&nbsp;— Small screen producers' council election results announced!|work=liveonwoods.com|accessdate=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118140835/http://www.liveonwoods.com/newsdetail.php?id=396#.Vkt4N3bhDIU|archive-date=18 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He directed the Sinhalese remake of Malayalam film ''[[Drishyam]]'' titled ''[[Dharmayudhaya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailynews.lk/2016/05/02/features/80342|title=And now in Sinhala|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728161339/http://dailynews.lk/2016/05/02/features/80342|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
He died due to cardiac arrest on 11 March 2017, aged 54, while directing a TV series.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/director-cheyyar-ravi-passes-away-045187.html|title = இயக்குநர் செய்யாறு ரவி மரணம்... அரிச்சந்திரா, தர்மசீலன் படங்களை இயக்கியவர்!|date = 11 March 2017|access-date = 13 March 2017|archive-date = 13 March 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170313190542/http://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/director-cheyyar-ravi-passes-away-045187.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/57158/cinema/Kollywood/Director-Cheyyar-Ravi-passes-away.htm|title=இயக்குநர் செய்யாறு ரவி மரணம் &#124; Director Cheyyar Ravi passes away|date=11 March 2017|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313190939/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/57158/cinema/Kollywood/Director-Cheyyar-Ravi-passes-away.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''[[Dharma Seelan]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''[[Harichandra (1998 film)|Harichandra]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Dharmayudhaya]]'' ||Sinhalese film<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Serial !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2000-02 || ''Gopuram'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''Varam ''||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || ''Panam'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003-09 || ''[[Anandham (TV series)|Anandam]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Annakodiyum Aindhu Pengalum]]'' ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Cheyyar}}<br />
[[Category:1960s births]]<br />
[[Category:2017 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tiruvannamalai district]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil television directors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Refuge_Church,_Elathagiri&diff=523251Our Lady of Refuge Church, Elathagiri2025-12-15T13:50:01Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Infobox church<br />
| name = Adaikala Madha Church<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5511|78.2947|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| fullname = Our Lady Of Refuge Church<br />
| native_name = புனித அடைக்கல மாதா ஆலயம் <br />
| native_name_lang = ta<br />
<br />
| image = Adaikala Madha Church - Elathagiri.jpg<br />
| caption = Side View of the church<br />
<br />
| location = [[Elathagiri]], [[Bargur]], [[Krishnagiri]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
<br />
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]<br />
| religious institute = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]<br />
| cult = [[Catholic devotions]]<br />
| founded date = 1863<br />
| founder = Fr. Welter Dolasbore and Fr. Ormond MEP<br />
<br />
| status = [[Parish church]]<br />
| functional status = Active<br />
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]<br />
| style = [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]]<br />
| groundbreaking = 1904<br />
| completed date = 1922<br />
<br />
| parish = [[Elathagiri]]<br />
| deanery = [[Krishnagiri]]<br />
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]<br />
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]<br />
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]<br />
| district = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]<br />
| archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]<br />
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj<br />
| priest = Rev. Fr. D. Devasagayam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Our Lady of Refuge Church''', known locally as '''Adaikala Madha Church''', is a 100-year-old church located in [[Elathagiri]] village, [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is the first parish church in Krishnagiri district. Every year Paara Koil celebrations are held which are popular throughout the diocese. This church has contributed a lot to the Catholic society by providing people to holy service. As many as twenty-five priests and more than a hundred sisters have been given by Elathagiri parishes.<ref>History of Dharamapuri Diocese - Fr. A. Susairaj</ref> Furthermore, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Bishop of Salem]], [[Sebastianappan Singaroyan|Rev. Singaroyan]], also belongs to this parish.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The Jesuit missionaries preached in [[Kaveripattinam, Krishnagiri|Kaveripatinam]], Agaram-Barur, Maruderi, Uthankarai-Kanampatti, Maliampatti, [[Nellimarathupatti, Dharmapuri|Nellimarathupatti]], Krishnagiri-Vennampalli, Mottur, and Anganamalai, which led to many people converting to the Catholics. After the decline of Tipu Sultan in this region, [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|Paris missionaries]] invited Catholics to settle from the above-mentioned village to [[Elathagiri]]. In 1782, Micheal Nayagam from Melvidhi-Maliampatti, which is near Uthankarai, was the first family to settle in this village according to Rev. Fr. Debian's record.<ref>History of Elathagiri - By Rev. Fr. Leo Debian</ref> In 1784, Thottam Chinnappan family from [[Nellimarathupatti, Dharmapuri|Nellimarathupatti]] settled in this village, according to the book Saruthira Surukkam,<ref>Saruthira Surukkam by salem Diocese</ref> written by Salem diocesan priests. Before 1827, settlements were made from Ennampalli, Mottur, Kollapatti (near Vennampalli), Kaanampatti, and Maliampatti. In the book Saruthira Surukkam, many migrations are mentioned between 1780 and 1830. In 1859, Kovilur, Thirupattur became a parish after separation from Kovilur, Dharmapuri Parish. After that, Chapels in Elathagiri, Krishnagiri, and Krishnakuppam became sub-stations of Kovilur, Thirupattur Parish.<br />
<br />
In 1863, a church was built in the name of [[Our Lady of Laus|Our Lady of Refuge]]. In 1897, Elathagiri-[[Kadagathur, Dharamapuri|Kadagathur]] became a deanery. Famous Pondicherry Missionary Architecture Rev Fr. Welter Dholsburg [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] started the foundation process for this church on 14-11-1900. But the church construction completed on 1922. During the time of Rev. Fr. Urmont [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]], the church tower was raised and completed between 1949 and 1951.<br />
<br />
===Disease in Elathagiri===<br />
<br />
In 1904, [[Cholera]] started spreading across India during the time Elathagiri was also affected. Infected people went to the rock next to the village and started praying; after the prayers, they were cured. A chapel was built on the rock later, which evolved into a church, known as '''Paara Kovil''' by the locals. Every year Paara Koil celebrations are held, which are popular throughout the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|diocese]].<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
An elementary school was founded in 1923 in the old church building as St. Guardian Angel School. In 1947, it was renamed as St. Antony's Middle School, in 1957 it became a high school, and in 1980 it became a higher secondary school.<br />
<br />
Headmaster Rev. Fr. Joseph started a home for boys in the name of Saint Joseph in 1957. Later during the reign of Rev. Fr. Ignatius, a hostel was built in the name of Saint Aloysius.<br />
<br />
==Convents==<br />
On 19 March 1904, [[Franciscan Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary|Pondicherry FIHM]] sisters settled in Elathagiri in a house and began their missionary service. Later, in 1906, a convent building was constructed and they moved into the convent.<br />
<br />
[[Franciscan Missionaries of Mary|FSM sisters]] started their service in Elathagiri in 1953 at the request of Rev. Fr. Joshua, in 1954 they built a hospital and started the service and in 1957 they opened a girl's hostel.<br />
<br />
By 1998, the FSAG Sisters (Franciscan Sisters of St. Aloysius Gonzaga) had established a convent in their neighboring village, Kathanpallam. In 2009, they established Gonzaga Arts and Science College for Women.<br />
<br />
== List Parish Priest ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Served Year!! Parish Priest <br />
|-<br />
| 1901-1928 || Rev. Fr. S. Dominic<br />
|-<br />
| 1928-1930 || Rev. Fr. M. Dominic<br />
|-<br />
| 1930-1932 || Rev. Fr. Martin MEP<br />
|-<br />
| 1932-1934 || Rev. Fr. Buliyard MEP<br />
|-<br />
| 1934-1935 || Rev. Fr. Haro MEP<br />
|-<br />
| 1936-1940 || Rev. Fr. Leo Debini MEP<br />
|-<br />
| 1940-1942 || Rev. Fr. Mersiyar MEP<br />
|-<br />
| 1942-1949 || Rev. Fr. Zecharias<br />
|-<br />
| 1949-1951 || Rev. Fr. Harment<br />
|-<br />
| 1951-1958 || Rev. Fr. Joshua<br />
|-<br />
| 1958-1960 || Rev. Fr. T.S. Joshua<br />
|-<br />
| 1960-1961 || Rev. Fr. M.S. Joseph<br />
|-<br />
| 1961-1962 || Rev. Fr. D. Arul<br />
|-<br />
| 1962-1964 || Rev. Fr. Mathew Godwill<br />
|-<br />
| 1964-1972 || Rev. Fr. Ignatius Kalathil<br />
|-<br />
| 1972-1980 || Rev. Fr. K.P. Suvukin<br />
|-<br />
| 1981-1982 || Rev. Fr. Arul Sundaram<br />
|-<br />
| 1982-1986 || Rev. Fr. A. Sebastian<br />
|-<br />
| 1986-1987 || Rev. Fr. S. Pushpanathan<br />
|-<br />
| 1987-1988 || Rev. Fr. M. Jegaraj<br />
|-<br />
| 1988-1992 || Rev. Fr. D.M. Savarimuthu<br />
|-<br />
| 1992-1994 || Rev. Fr. S. Amalaraj<br />
|-<br />
| 1994-1998 || Rev. Fr. M. Arulsami<br />
|-<br />
| 1998-1999 || Rev. Fr. M. Jegaraj<br />
|-<br />
| 1999-2004 || Rev. Fr. M. Anthonisamy<br />
|-<br />
| 2004-2005 || Rev. Fr. S. Mariya Joseph<br />
|-<br />
| 2005-2008 || Rev. Fr. S. Hendry George<br />
|-<br />
| 2008-2013 || Rev. Fr. A. Susairaj<br />
|-<br />
| 2013-2014 || Rev. Fr. K. Mariya Joseph<br />
|-<br />
| 2014-2017 || Rev. Fr. J. Arokiyasamy<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 - Pre || Rev. Fr. C. Micheal Andrews <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sub Station Church==<br />
<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Sub-Station Church<br />
|width=160 | height=170<br />
|align=center<br />
|footer=source : aultabulta<br />
|File:Holy Family Church - Elathagiri.jpg <br />
|alt1=Holy Family Church - Elathagiri.jpg<br />
|'''Parai Kovil''' - Holy Family Church - Elathagiri<br />
|File:Perianayagi Madha Church, Madha Nagar, Elathagiri.jpg<br />
|alt2=Perianayagi Madha Church, Madha Nagar, Elathagiri<br />
|Perianayagi Madha Church, Madha Nagar, JC Pudur, Elathagiri(under Renovation)<br />
|File:Sagaya Madha Church, Sagayapuram, Elathagiri.jpg<br />
|alt3=Sagaya Madha Church, Sagayapuram, Elathagiri <br />
|Sagaya Madha Church, Sagayapuram, Elathagiri<br />
|File:Infant Jesus Chapel, Kandikuppam Rd, Elathagiri.jpg<br />
|alt4=Infant Jesus Chapel, Kandikuppam Rd, Elathagiri<br />
|Infant Jesus Chapel, Kuzhandaiyesu nagar, Kandikuppam Rd, Elathagiri<br />
|File:Poondi Madha Chapel, Kandikuppam.jpg<br />
|alt5=Poondi Madha Chapel, Rayapanoor<br />
|Poondi Madha Chapel, Rayapanoor<br />
|File:Mother Teresa Chapel, Teresa Nagar, Elathagiri.jpg<br />
|alt6=Mother Teresa Chapel, Teresa Nagar, Elathagiri.jpg<br />
|Mother Teresa Chapel, Annai Teresa Nagar, Elathagiri<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri]]<br />
*[[Vinnarasi Madha Church, Kandikuppam]]<br />
*[[Our Lady of Fatima Church, Krishnagiri]]<br />
*[[St. Antony's Church, Sundampatti]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Churches in Krishnagiri district]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kripa_Shankar_Patel&diff=510745Kripa Shankar Patel2025-12-14T08:45:19Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: new.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian professional wrestler and coach}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| headercolor = <br />
| native_name = कृपाचंद पटेल बिश्नोई<br />
| name = Kripa Shankar Patel Bishnoi<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Commonwealth Games<br />
| native_name_lang = hi<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| fullname = Kripa Shankar Patel<br />
| nickname = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|8|5}}<br />
| birth_place = Indore City, [[Indore district]], Madhya Pradesh, India<br />
| nationality = {{flag|india}}<br />
| height = {{convert|165|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} (2017)<ref name="sm1">{{cite web|title=Kripa Shankar Patel Bishnoi profile – 2017|url=https://www.dangal2017.com/en/athlete/Kripa_Shankar_Patel_Bishnoi|website=dangal2016.com|accessdate=18 August 2017}}{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
| weight = {{convert|55|kg}} (2010)<ref name="sm1"/><br />
| website = <br />
| country = India<br />
| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|55&nbsp;kg&nbsp;freestyle]]<br />
| club = Master Chandgiram Akhara, Delhi<br />
| team = Indian Wrestling Team<br />
| turnedpro = <br />
| coach = Master Chandgi Ram ji & Shivram Patel<br />
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{Flagu|India}} }}<br />
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Freestyle Wrestling]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze| [[1994 Commonwealth Games|1994 Victoria CANADA (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 1994 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 52 kg|52 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2003 Asian Wrestling Championships|2003 New Delhi (FS)]]|55 kg}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship|Commonwealth Championship]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[2003 Commonwealth Championships|2003 Ontario CANADA (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 2003 Commonwealth Championships – Men's freestyle 55 kg|55 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold| [[2005 Commonwealth Championships|2005 Cape Town (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 2005 Commonwealth Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg|55 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold| [[2005 Commonwealth Championships|2005 Cape Town (GR)]]| [[Wrestling at the 2005 Commonwealth Championships – Men's freestyle 55 kg|55 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold| [[2007 Commonwealth Championships|2007 Ontario CANADA (FR)]]| [[Wrestling at the 2007 Commonwealth Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg|55 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[2007 Commonwealth Championships|2007 Ontario CANADA (GR)]]| [[Wrestling at the 2007 Commonwealth Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg|55 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition | World Cadet Championships}}<br />
{{MedalBronze| [[1990 World Cadet Championships|1990 Szombathely, HONGRIE (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 1990 World Cadet Championships – Men's freestyle 47 kg|47 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[1991 World Cadet Championships|1991 Alma, CANADA (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 1990 World Cadet Championships – Men's freestyle 51 kg|51 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition | Asian Cadet Championships}}<br />
{{MedalGold| [[1989 Asian Cadet Championships|1989 New Delhi, INDIA (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 1989 Asian Cadet Championships – Men's freestyle 43 kg|43 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition | South Asian Games}}<br />
{{MedalGold| [[1995 7th South Asian Games|1995 Madras, INDIA (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 1995 7th South Asian Games – Men's freestyle 52 kg|52 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold| [[1999 8th South Asian Games|1999 Kathmandu, NEPAL (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 1999 8th South Asian Games – Men's freestyle 54 kg|54 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold| [[2004 9th South Asian Games|2004 Islamabad, PAKISTAN (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 2004 9th South Asian Games – Men's freestyle 54 kg|54 kg]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[2010 11th South Asian Games|2010 Dhaka, BANGLADESH (FS)]]| [[Wrestling at the 2010 11th South Asian Games – Men's freestyle 60 kg|60 kg]]}}<br />
| show-medals = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kripa Shankar Patel Bishnoi''' (born 5 August 1977) is an Indian professional [[wrestler]] and coach.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Kripa Shankar Patel Bishnoi was born on 5 August 1977, in [[Khandwa]] (district of [[Harsud]] tehsil in Madhya Pradesh). He completed a diploma course in sports coaching at the [[National Institute of Sports|Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports (India)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/film-dangal-wrestling-trainer-teaching-maneuver-to-children-in-khandwa-982735.html |title=Dangal wrestling trainer teaching to children |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=3 May 2017 |website=News18.com }}</ref> He passed the [[United World Wrestling]] International Referee Course with distinction in 2016. Subsequently, Bishnoi was named to United World Wrestling's international panel of referees.<ref name="referee">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/dangal-coach-kripa-shankar-bishnoi-becomes-international-match-referee-1355002.html|title='Dangal' Coach Kripa Shankar Bishnoi Becomes International match Referee|work=News18|access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Interview with wrestler Kripa Shankar Patel Bishnoi – the man who has been training Aamir in wrestling |url=http://www.patrika.com/news/khandwa/interview-with-wrestler-kripa-shankar-patel-bishnoi-is-the-man-who-has-been-training-aamir-in-wrestling-1522196/ |work= patrika.com|year=2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Wrestling career==<br />
He has participated in 53 international wrestling competitions, winning 11 gold, 8 silver, and 5 bronze medals.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<br />
<br />
Mr. Patel represented India in Asian cadet wrestling competition held from 3 to 5 December 1989 and by beating the Iranian wrestler K.D. Mohammad with a great score of 8/1 established his first step in international wrestling scenario and then always remained glittering in the whole world representing India. Bishnoi passed the Level-1 coaching course organised under the aegis of Wrestling Federation of India and United World Wrestling (UWW) in the year 2024. He has also rejoined the coaching panel of Wrestling Federation of India.<br />
<br />
===Commonwealth Games===<br />
Competing in the [[Flyweight]] division, Bishnoi was a [[bronze medal]]ist at the [[1994 Commonwealth Games#Wrestling|15th edition]] of the [[Commonwealth Games]].<br />
<br />
===Commonwealth Wrestling Championship Events===<br />
Bishnoi competed in [[Commonwealth Wrestling Championship]] tournaments, achieving medals in multiple disciplines. He is the only wrestler who made a world record of winning 2 golds in 1 competition but in different categories ([[freestyle wrestling]] and [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<br />
2003 (London, Canada)<br />
:Silver medal – <br />
2005 (Cape Town, South Africa)<br />
:Gold medal – under 55 weight category, Freestyle wrestling<br />
:Gold medal – under 55 weight category, Greco-Roman wrestling<br />
2007 (London, Canada)<br />
:Gold medal – Freestyle wrestling<br />
:Silver medal – [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]<ref name="change">{{cite web |url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/sports/news/kripa-shankar-for-change-in-greco-roman-wrestling-rules-60333.aspx |archive-date=2017-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805220322/http://punjabnewsexpress.com/sports/news/kripa-shankar-for-change-in-greco-roman-wrestling-rules-60333.aspx |title=Kripa Shankar for change in Greco Roman wrestling rules |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=12 May 2017 |website=Punjabi News Express }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Olympic Qualifying Events===<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2018}}<br />
Bishnoi represented India four times in Olympic qualifying tournaments: 2000, Leipzig, Germany, 5th place; 2000, Tokyo, Japan, 10th place; 2000, Minsk, Belarus; 2008, Warsaw, Poland. He also competed at World Cup events in Canada, winning gold in 2003 and 2007. In Canada World Cup Mr. Patel competed with all wrestlers and proved to be a perfectionist in his sport by winning a gold in Canada World Cup (11 to 12 July 2003, Canada).<br />
<br />
===Asian Competitions===<br />
Bishnoi competed in the [[1998 Asian Games]] (Bangkok, Thailand) and [[2002 Asian Games]] (Bussan, South Korea),{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} and in the [[Asian Wrestling Championships]], placing 4th in [[2000 Asian Wrestling Championships|2000]] (Gulin, China), 4th in [[2001 Asian Wrestling Championships|2001]] (Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia), and earning a bronze medal in 2003 Asian Wrestling Championships (New Delhi, India).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/indian-wrestler-kripa-shanker-holds-syrian-wrestler-firos-news-photo/2085016#indian-wrestler-kripa-shanker-holds-syrian-wrestler-firos-refael-picture-id2085016 |title= Indian Wrestler Kripa Shanker holds|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=5 June 2003 |website=gettyimages.co.uk }}</ref> Bishnoi won gold medals at the [[1995 South Asian Games|7th]], [[1999 South Asian Games|8th]], and [[2004 South Asian Games|9th]] editions of the [[South Asian Games]].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<br />
<br />
===Awards===<br />
In 2000, Bishnoi received the ''[[Arjuna Award]]'' in recognition of outstanding National (India) achievement in sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031163329/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |title=List of Arjuna Awardees |work=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports |access-date=March 3, 2023}}</ref> In 1994 he was a recipient of the ''Vikram Award''.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<br />
<br />
===Coaching===<br />
After retiring from wrestling competition, Bishnoi served as coach for Indian female wrestlers at the senior national coaching camp, contributing to a 2016 bronze medal in women's wrestling in [[2016 Summer Olympics]] for India.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Bishnoi is also a referee.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title='Dangal coach' becomes international match referee |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/dangal-coach-becomes-international-match-referee-kripa-shankar-patel-bishnoi-wrestler-4549852/|work=The Indian Express |date=1 March 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bollywood career==<br />
<br />
Bishnoi was recruited to train [[Aamir Khan]], Fatima Sana Shaikh, Sanya Malhotra, and supporting actors for the [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sinha |first=Saloni |date=23 December 2016 |title=The muscle behind Dangal: Kripa Shankar Bishnoi |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2016/dec/23/the-muscle-behind-dangal-kripa-shankar-bishnoi-1552319.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224131841/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2016/dec/23/the-muscle-behind-dangal-kripa-shankar-bishnoi-1552319.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2016 |work= The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film is based on the life of renowned Indian wrestler [[Mahavir Singh Phogat]], who coached his daughters, [[Geeta Phogat]] and [[Babita Kumari]] to gold medals at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]. Working with the actors for over six months prior to filming, Bishnoi focused on wrestling moves and general conditioning.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=6 January 2017 |title=Nine Times 'Sports Heroes' Trained Bollywood Actors for the Big Screen |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/nine-sports-heroes-train-bollywood-actors-big-screen-dangal-sultan-ms-dhoni-sports-news/17495161 |work=mid-day.com }}</ref> The film was 2017's highest-grossing sports film worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Rob|title=How An Indian Drama Became The World's Highest-Grossing Sports Movie of 2017|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/19/how-an-indian-drama-became-the-worlds-highest-grossing-sports-movie-of-2017/|work=[[Forbes]]|date=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=MP: Arjun awardee wrestler trains Aamir Khan for Dangal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/mp-arjun-awardee-wrestler-trains-aamir-khan-for-dangal/story-1ddMNn6hWTd6DHP6O9ijgN.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 July 2016 }}</ref> Following the film's release, Bishnoi defended Khan against allegations that the actor has used steroids during his physical training regime.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Claims that Aamir Khan used steroids are nonsense: Dangal wrestling coach Kripa Shankar Bishnoi |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-trainer-kripa-shankar-bishnoi-slams-steroid-rumours-4416936/ |work=The Indian Express |date=8 December 2016 |access-date= 20 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
In 2017, the Wrestling Federation of India imposed a six-year ban on Bishnoi, following Bishnoi's criticism of the organization.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hussein |first=Sabi |date=14 September 2017 |title=Coach equates WFI with a mule, faces ban |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/coach-equates-wfi-with-a-mule-faces-ban/466942.html |work=The Tribune |location=New Delhi |access-date=20 January 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bishnoi has become an advocate and vocal proponent of changes he has proposed for regulations governed by the (Indian) National and International wrestling federations.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Kripa Shankar for change in Greco Roman wrestling rules |url= https://sportswire4u.blogspot.in/2017/05/kripa-shankar-for-change-in-greco-roman.html|date= 11 May 2017|access-date=20 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chacko |first=Saji |date=27 May 2017 |title=Coach Kripa has valid suggestions |url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/sports/9544-coach-kripa-has-valid-suggestions |work=Sunday Guardian Live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 24 May 2017|title=Former India wrestler Kripa Shankar Bishnoi suggests key changes to world body |url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/former-india-wrestler-kripa-shankar-bishnoi-suggests-key-changes-to-world-body-2008580.html?pfrom=article-next-story |work=Zee News }}</ref><ref name="change" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Kripa Shankar}}<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]<br />
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1998 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2002 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in wrestling]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1994 Commonwealth Games]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in wrestling]]<br />
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jashn-e-Rekhta&diff=463560Jashn-e-Rekhta2025-12-04T03:39:06Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Urdu language literary festival}}<br />
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{{advert|date=June 2020}}}}{{Infobox recurring event|name=Jashn-e-Rekhta|native_name=جشنِ ریختہ|image=Japinder Narula at Jashn-e-Rekhta 2019.jpg|caption=[[Jaspinder Narula]] performing at Jashn-e-Rekhta 2019|status=Active|genre=[[Literary festival]]|frequency=Annual|location=[[Delhi]]|years_active=2015 – present|country=India|organiser=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta Foundation]]|website=https://jashnerekhta.org/}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
'''Jashn-e-Rekhta''' ({{Langx|ur|{{nq|جشنِ ریختہ}}|lit=Celebration of ''[[Rekhta]]''}}, {{Langx|hi|जश्न-ए-रेख़्ता}}) is the world's largest Urdu language literary festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jashn-e-rekhta-2017-here-s-what-to-expect-from-biggest-urdu-festival-in-delhi-1785277|title=Jashn-e-Rekhta Is Back In Delhi With Fourth Season: Here's What To Expect From The 'Biggest Urdu Festival'|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-08-21}} </ref> It is a three-day event held in [[New Delhi]] that celebrates Urdu language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/art/when-the-soul-speaks-in-urdu|title=When the soul speaks in Urdu|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="asianage_090317">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/090317/urdu-festival-jashn-e-rekhta-resonates-with-one-and-all.html|title=Urdu festival Jashn-e-Rekhta resonates with one and all|date=2017-03-09|work=The Asian Age|access-date=2018-08-21}}</ref> This event was the flagship event of [[Rekhta (website)|the Rekhta Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-13 |title=‘A language has to reach people’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/a-language-has-to-reach-people-jashn-e-rekhta-festival-6164259/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The festival showcases [[Urdu poetry]], [[Urdu literature]], [[Qawwali]], [[Islamic calligraphy|and Islamic calligraphy]], with performances such as [[Ghazal]], [[Sufi music]], recitations, panel discussions, debates, conversations on films, and [[calligraphy]] workshops. It also includes shopping and [[food festival|food festivals]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jashnerekhta.org|title=Jashn-e-Rekhta 2017: Celebrating Urdu {{!}} Three-day Urdu festival|website=jashnerekhta.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/The-great-global-culinary-experiment/article17198773.ece|title=The great global culinary experiment|last=Bhanj|first=Jaideep Chandra Deo|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-09|language=en}}</ref> It provides a platform for Urdu lovers<ref name="asianage_090317"/> to share their poetry and stories in various open forums. The slogan<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/understanding-rekhta/article21665319.ece|title=Understanding Rekhta|last=Kumar|first=Kuldeep|date=2017-12-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of the festival is "Celebrating Urdu",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/jashn-e-rekhta-celebrating-a-common-heritage/article21462020.ece|title=Jashn-e-Rekhta: Celebrating a common heritage|last=Kumar|first=Kuldeep|date=2017-12-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and it is attended by a huge number of Urdu enthusiasts, younger people<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/art/when-the-soul-speaks-in-urdu|title=When the Soul speaks in Urdu|last=Vermal Lal|first=Preeti|date=2017-12-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The festival was first held in 2015. It is organised by the [[Rekhta Foundation]], a non-profit organization that is devoted to the preservation and promotion of the Urdu language and culture. <br />
<br />
== Notable participants ==<br />
Jashn-e-Rekhta has seen participation from dozens of Urdu writers and prominent names from the film, music and TV industry from [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and the [[United States]], including: <!-- in alphabetical order by surname, then first name and then middle name --><br />
* [[Soyam Singh]]<br />
* [[Kumar Vishwas]]<br />
* [[Zia Mohyeddin]]<br />
* [[Javed Akhtar]]<br />
* [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]<br />
* [[Muzaffar Ali]]<br />
* [[Tom Alter]]<br />
* [[Shabana Azmi]]<br />
* [[Wasim Barelvi]]<br />
* [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]<br />
* [[Wadali Brothers]]<br />
* [[Prem Chopra]]<br />
* [[Nandita Das]]<br />
* [[Shamsur Rahman Faruqi]]<br />
* [[Ali Akbar Natiq]]<br />
* [[Nida Fazli]]<br />
* [[Gulzar]]<br />
* [[Hans Raj Hans]]<br />
* [[Intizar Hussain]]<br />
* [[Rahat Indori]]<br />
* [[Javed Jaffrey]]<br />
* [[Jasraj|Pandit Jasraj]]<br />
* [[Prasoon Joshi]]<br />
* [[Annu Kapoor]]<br />
* [[Irrfan Khan]]<br />
* [[Rafaqat Ali Khan]]<br />
* [[Amjad Ali Khan|Ustad Amjad Ali Khan]]<br />
* [[Hamid Ali Khan|Ustad Hamid Ali Khan]]<br />
* [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Ustad Rashid Khan]]<br />
* [[Anwar Maqsood]]<br />
* [[Anwar Masood]]<br />
* [[Zia Mohyeddin]]<br />
* [[Shubha Mudgal]]<br />
* [[Gopi Chand Narang]]<br />
* [[Munawwar Rana]]<br />
* [[Shilpa Rao]]<br />
* [[Waheeda Rehman]]<br />
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]<br />
* [[Sharmila Tagore]]<br />
* [[Maithili Thakur]]<br />
* [[Amish Tripathi]]<br />
* [[Harshdeep Kaur]] <br />
* [[Zakir Khan (comedian)|Zakir Khan]]<br />
* [[Kumar Vishwas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jashnerekhta.org/edition-5/|title=Jash-e-Rekhta 2019|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226182703/https://jashnerekhta.org/edition-5/|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* [[Saeed Naqvi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jashn-e-Rekhta 4th Edition : Celebrating Urdu {{!}} Three-day Urdu festival |url=http://jashnerekhta.org/edition-4 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=jashnerekhta.org |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718232322/https://jashnerekhta.org/edition-4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[Manoj Muntashir]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jashn-e-Rekhta 4th Edition : Celebrating Urdu {{!}} Three-day Urdu festival |url=http://jashnerekhta.org/edition-4 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=jashnerekhta.org |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718232322/https://jashnerekhta.org/edition-4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[Mahmood Farooqui]]<br />
* [[Syed Sahil Agha]]<br />
* [[:hi:रहमान_मुसव्विर|Rehman Musawwir]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUIK2KBuGdc |title=Dr. Rehman Musawwir at Shaam-e-Sher |date=2016-10-10 |last=Rekhta |access-date=2024-08-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
* [[Sukhan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Sukhan |url=https://sukhanmehfil.com/about/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=Sukhan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rasia |date=2017-12-10 |title=Jashn-e-Rekhta shows Urdu is not only alive but rocking |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/jashn-e-rekhta-shows-urdu-not-alive-rocking-1276518/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* [[Om Bhutkar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=rasia |date=2017-12-10 |title=Jashn-e-Rekhta shows Urdu is not only alive but rocking |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/jashn-e-rekhta-shows-urdu-not-alive-rocking-1276518/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=42JXJqV0FQo&t=13m20s |title=Varun Grover {{!}} Hota Hai Shab-o-Roz Tamasha Mire Aage {{!}} Jashn-e-Rekhta 4th Edition 2017 |date=2018-03-02 |last=Jashn-e-Rekhta |access-date=2024-11-30 |via=YouTube}}<br />
</ref><br />
*[[Kailash Kher]]<br />
<br />
==Critical views==<br />
Jashn-e-Rekhta received criticism from various corners due to its emphasis on [[Devanagari]] script and [[Roman script]] in expressing the Urdu literature. Rizwan Ahmad argued that "The first few editions did not have the Jashn-e-Rekhta written in Urdu. Recent ones did include the Urdu script, but the schedules were available only in English. The big ‘I LOVE URDU’ cut-out where the youth were seen taking pictures was only in English. Both speak volumes about the targeted audience".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Rizwan |title=As We Celebrate Urdu, Let's Not Ignore the Signs of Its Decline in India |url=https://thewire.in/culture/jashn-e-rekhta-celebrating-urdu |website=The Wire}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta Foundation]]<br />
* [[Sukhan]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
* [https://jashnerekhta.org/ Jashn-e-Rekhta]<br />
*[https://rekhtafoundation.org/ Rekhta Foundation]<br />
<br />
<!-- Categories below --><br />
[[Category:Literary festivals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Delhi]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagwan_Das_KabirPanthi&diff=458855Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi2025-11-20T03:01:29Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Nilokheri Assembly constituency|Nilokheri]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Dharam Pal Gonder]]<br />
| term_start = 8 October 2024<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| office1 = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Nilokheri Assembly constituency|Nilokheri]]<br />
| termstart1 = 2014<br />
| termend1 = 2019<br />
| predecessor1 = Mamu Ram<br />
| successor1 = [[Dharam Pal Gonder]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi''' is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. In the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected MLA from [[Nilokheri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nilokheri]], on a [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] ticket.<ref name="india">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections-2014/haryana-constituency-results|title=Haryana Assembly Election 2014 LIVE Results: Constituency|publisher=Zee News|accessdate=2015-09-14}}</ref><ref name="newsreporter">{{cite web|url=https://www.newsreporter.in/bhagwan-dass-kabir-panthi-of-bjp-wins-the-nilokheri-constituency-haryana-haryana-assembly-election-2014-548787|title=Bhagwan Dass Kabir Panthi of BJP WINS the Nilokheri constituency &#124; Haryana, Haryana Assembly Election 2014 - NewsReporter.in|publisher=newsreporter.in|accessdate=2015-09-14}}</ref><ref>http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/nilokheri{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="empoweringindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=580977&cid=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063827/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/preview.aspx?candid=580977&cid=19|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Empowering India - Making democracy meaningful, Know our Representative & Candidate|publisher=empoweringindia.org|accessdate=2015-09-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/haryana2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=52|title=Bhagwan Das Kabirpanthi (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)): Constituency - NILOKHERI (SC)(KARNAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|publisher=myneta.info|accessdate=2015-10-22}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:KabirPanthi, Bhagwan Das}}<br />
[[Category:People from Rewari district]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erode_turmeric&diff=498636Erode turmeric2025-11-14T18:22:11Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Adding Data...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Type of turmeric}}<br />
{{Infobox geographical indication<br />
| name = Erode Turmeric<br />
| image = Turmeric-Circuma Longa-Erode.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = <br />
| description = [[Turmeric]] cultivated and grown in [[Erode district]]<br />
| type = [[Agriculture]] produce<br />
| area = [[Erode district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| registered = 2018-19<br />
| material = [[Turmeric]]<br />
| official website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Erode Turmeric''' or '''Erodu Manjal''' is a type of [[turmeric]], a [[spices|spice]] category which is grown in the [[Erode]] region of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has been recognized as a [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical indication]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/GI_Application_Register_10-09-2019.pdf|title=Registration Details of Geographical Indications|website=Intellectual Property India, Government of India|access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref> Erode turmeric is known for its high [[curcumin]] (>90%).<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/commodities/with-90-curcumin-erode-turmeric-is-sought-after/article29856426.ece|title= With 90% curcumin, Erode turmeric is sought after'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 November 2019|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Among the two major varieties of turmeric, the Chinna Nadan variety is grown widely. Erode Turmeric occupies more than 70% of the turmeric grown in [[Erode district|Erode]] and [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] districts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/070319/erode-turmeric-gets-gi-tag.html|title=Erode turmeric gets GI tag|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 March 2019}}</ref> As of 2021, the variety is grown in 50,000 acres across [[Tamil Nadu]]. The turmeric is exported to countries like [[Bangladesh]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[United States of America|USA]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/erode/turmeric-turns-gold-due-to-low-arrivals/articleshow/81098369.cms|title=Erode: Turmeric turns gold after low arrivals, high demand|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=19 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are four (three in [[Erode]], one in [[Gobichettipalayam]]) regulated markets for selling erode turmeric in [[Erode district]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/commodities/65-turmeric-sold-at-erode/article32619665.ece|title=Turmeric Sale at Erode Markets|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=16 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geographical indication==<br />
The Erode Turmeric Merchants Association applied for [[Geographical Indication]] recognition of Erode Turmeric through [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The [[Government of India]] recognized it as a Geographical indication officially in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/erode-turmeric-gets-gi-tag-after-an-8-year-process/article26451340.ece|title= Erode turmeric gets GI tag after an 8-year process|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[ETMA Turmeric Market Complex]]<br />
* [[Bhavani Jamakkalam]]<br />
* [[Coimbatore Wet Grinder]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Kongu Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Erode district]]<br />
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Agriculture in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]<br />
[[Category:GI Tagged Turmeric varieties of India]]<br />
[[Category:Turmeric production in India]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shob_Choritro&diff=535194Shob Choritro2025-11-02T14:13:16Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Bengali language Thriller web series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Shob Choritro Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[Thriller film|Thriller]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| director = Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
| producer = Deb Sarkar<br />
| writer = Balaka Ghosh, Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
| starring = {{plainlist| [[Anirban Chakrabarti]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Iman Chakraborty]], Payel Roy, Ankita Majhi, Judhajit Sarkar}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 5<br />
| editor = Koustav Sarkar<br />
| cinematography = Amlan Saha<br />
| runtime = <br />
| network = [[Klikk]]<br />
| music = Sangit Biswas<br />
| company = Milkyway Films<br />
| composer = Sayantan Ghosh<br />
| executive_producer = Piyush Ghosh, Arindam Goswami<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|02|21|df=y}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Shob Choritro''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]] streaming [[web series]] directed by Debasish Sen Sharma.<ref>{{cite web |title=প্রকাশ্যে 'শব চরিত্র'-এর প্রথম মোশন পোস্টার, অন্য চেহারায় ধরা দিলেন অনির্বাণ চক্রবর্তী |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/shob-choritro-motion-poster-the-first-motion-poster-of-shob-choritro-releases-863922 |website=bengali.abplive.com |publisher=[[ABP News]] |language=bn |date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shob Charitra Web Series: উপন্যাসের অক্ষর জুড়ে রহস্যের স্বাক্ষর, ট্রেলারেই বাজিমাত 'শব চরিত্র'-র |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/photo/shob-choritro-starring-anirban-chakraborti-iman-chakraborty-and-others-trailer-launches-thriller-web-series-start-streaming-february-soc-344514-2022-02-15-2 |website=bangla.aajtak.in |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]}}</ref> The series starring [[Anirban Chakrabarti]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Iman Chakraborty]], Payel Roy, Ankita Majhi, and Judhajit Sarkar are in main role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anirban Chakraborti starrer ‘Shob Choritro’ narrates a gripping tale of mystery and suspense - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anirban-chakraborti-starrer-shob-choritro-narrates-a-gripping-tale-of-mystery-and-suspense/articleshow/89940656.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shob Choritro (TV Series) |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-g6f3me/shob-choritro/ |publisher=[[Radio Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anirban Chakraborti starrer ‘Shob Choritro’ narrates a gripping tale of mystery and suspense |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anirban-chakraborti-starrer-shob-choritro-narrates-a-gripping-tale-of-mystery-and-suspense/articleshow/89940656.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2 March 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Abinash Mitra, a writer, is looking for a story, a story from a real person. In a tea stall, he meets K.C. Nag, a mathematics maverick whose life he follows with interest. A tragedy occurs when they become engaged in each other's lives. As a result of Abinash's failure with K.C Nag, he encounters Senjhuti and his boyfriend Anwar. Senjhuti dies one fine night after Abinash starts following her. Abinash Consults a psychiatrist to determine whether he has a superpower. A mythological character may be a good subject for his writing, she suggests. The case is taken up by police inspector Debabrata, who begins to conduct an investigation and he finds some clues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Shob Choritro Online, All Seasons or Episodes, {{!}} Show/Web Series |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/shows/shob-choritro-789824.html |website=digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=আনন্দ |first1=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |title=ছবিতে অনির্বাণ, ইমন, পরাণ, মুক্তি পেল 'শব চরিত্র'-র প্রথম পোস্টার |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/shob-choritro-new-web-series-shob-choritro-poster-out-anirban-iman-shares-pictures-865765 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |date=8 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Anirban Chakrabarti]] as Abinash Mitra<br />
*[[Paran Bandopadhyay]] as K.C Nag<br />
*[[Iman Chakraborty]] as Mrinalini<br />
*Payel Roy as Tulika<br />
*Ankita Majhi<br />
*Judhajit Sarkar<br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
{{Episode table |total_width=70| background=#54E6B5 |overall= |title= |titleR= |director= |directorR= |writer= |writerR= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = KC Nag and Mathematics<br />
|DirectedBy = Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|WrittenBy = Balaka Ghosh, Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|2|21|df=y}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Abinash Mitra is a writer who is in search of a story, a story from a real-life person. He meets a very interesting character K.C. Nag a mathematics maverick in a tea stall and starts following his life. They both get engaged in each other’s life and a tragedy happens.<br />
|LineColor = 54E6B5<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = Death in the lane<br />
|DirectedBy = Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|WrittenBy = Balaka Ghosh, Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|2|21|df=y}}<br />
|ShortSummary = After his failed attempt with K.C. Nag, Abinash comes across the very daring Senjhuti and his boyfriend Anwar. Abinash starts to follow her /them and one fine night Senjhuti dies. Does Abinash have a superpower?<br />
|LineColor = 54E6B5<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = Superpower to kill<br />
|DirectedBy = Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|WrittenBy = Balaka Ghosh, Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|2|21|df=y}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Abinash consults a psychiatrist. She suggests him to write about dead people, may be some mythological character. Meantime police inspector Debabrata takes up the case and starts investigation. He finds some clue.<br />
|LineColor = 54E6B5<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = Mahabharat returns<br />
|DirectedBy = Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|WrittenBy = Balaka Ghosh, Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|2|21|df=y}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Abinash realizes that he has some superpower. He gets convinced when she sees Minalini in his friend’s party and finds resemblance to his character. He gets scared. Is Mrinalini going to die next?<br />
|LineColor = 54E6B5<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = The final mystery<br />
|DirectedBy = Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|WrittenBy = Balaka Ghosh, Debasish Sen Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|2|21|df=y}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Abinash plans to kidnap Mrinalini and keeps him in a safe shelter. Debabrata plans a trap to catch him. Seema, Soma and Tulika becomes pivotal roles in the plan. Will Abinash be able to survive? Or one more death?<br />
|LineColor = 54E6B5<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|18263550}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]<br />
[[Category:Klikk original programming]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siddhi_Vinayak&diff=535674Siddhi Vinayak2025-08-10T19:58:31Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Sidvin TV.jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| genre = [[Romance film|Romantic]]<br>[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]<br>[[Drama]]<br />
| creator = Prashant Bhatt <br>Sanjay Memane<br />
| writer = Renu Watwani <br> Vishal Watwani <br> Salil Sand <br> Agam gaurav<br />
| starring = [[Siddhi Vinayak#Cast|See below]]<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 2<br />
| num_episodes = 317<br />
| producer = Prashant Bhatt<br> Sanjay K. Memane<br />
| director = Santosh Bhatt<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| company = Studio B & M<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|10|26|}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2019|1|18|}}<br />
| related = <br />
| channel = [[ZEE5]]<br>[[&TV]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Siddhi Vinayak''''' is an Indian romantic thriller television series that aired from 26 October 2017 to 18 January 2019 on [[&TV]]. The series is produced by Prashant Bhatt and Sanjay Memane. After a successful run, the show was replaced by ''[[Main Bhi Ardhangini]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neha Saxena returns to TV with Siddhi Vinayak which will take up the Santoshi Maa slot on &TV|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/neha-saxena-returns-to-tv-with-siddhi-vinayak-which-will-take-up-the-santoshi-maa-slot-on-tv/|website=BollywoodLife.com|date=12 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/tv-s-new-show-siddhivinayak-presents-a-passionate-hate-story/article_736ad63e-bd98-11e7-8f14-23c05fbac0a5.html|title=&TV's New Show 'Siddhivinayak' Presents a Passionate Hate Story|last=India-West|first=R. M. VIJAYAKAR, Special to|website=India West|language=en|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Seasons==<br />
The Series Launched in October 2017 on [[&TV]].<br />
Season 1 ran from October 2017 - February 2018 and starred [[Neha Saxena (TV actress)|Neha Saxena]] and [[Nitin Goswami]] as Siddhi and Vinayak, respectively.<br />
<br />
In January 2018 it was announced that SiddhiVinayak (Season 1) will be ending with a leap leading to the start of Season 2.<br />
In February 2018, Season 2 began with [[Farnaz Shetty]] who replaced [[Neha Saxena (TV actress)|Neha Saxena]] as Siddhi and [[Nitin Goswami]] reprised his role as Vinayak.<br />
<br />
Season 1 was a [[Romance film|Romantic]]<br />
[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama]] during its run.<br />
Season 2 was firstly a [[Revenge]] [[Drama]] and in July 2018 the season 2 shifted to a [[Romance film|Romantic]]<br />
[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama]].<br />
<br />
Siddhi Vinayak gained immense popularity after its launch and had been giving great numbers for the channel.<br />
The show was also successful internationally; in the UK, the show became [[&TV|&TV UK]]’s top show during its run.<br />
<br />
The show ended in January 2019 after a successful run.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
''Siddhi Vinayak'' is the story of Siddhi Joshi ([[Neha Saxena (TV actress)|Neha Shakti Arora]]), a junior dancer, and Vinayak "Vin" Kundra ([[Nitin Goswami]]), a superstar actor. Siddhi and Vinayak grew up together but a misunderstanding causes them to separate and they meet again 14 years later. When Siddhi realises Vin is Vinayak, she lashes out at him for causing the accident that left her father paralysed back when they were kids. As Vin tries to apologise to Siddhi, they are attacked and Vin watches helplessly as Siddhi is caught in a fire. Vin thinks Siddhi was killed by his father Shankar.<br />
<br />
=== One year later ===<br />
Siddhi is forced to undergo a plastic surgery and with help from Dr. Pratima assumes the look and identity of Riddhi ([[Farnaz Shetty]]), her dead granddaughter. She gets a job as Vinayak's secretary to take revenge from him thinking he was responsible for the attack on her. In her absence, Vin has become distant from his father and has been taking care of Siddhi's family disguised as an NGO worker called Prateek. Siddhi's family have still been waiting for her.<br />
<br />
Riddhi gradually discovers that Vin has been innocent all along. Meanwhile, Vin's cousin Rajbeer and his wife Prachi (who is also Siddhi's sister) make several plans to kill Vin as does Vin's other brother Manbeer's wife, Gauri. Discovering his innocence, Riddhi saves Vin risking her own life and realises she has fallen in love. She also finds out that while Shankar had paid goons to kidnap Siddhi, someone else had set her on fire and attacked Vin. Vin's family's priest, Guru ji, warns them that his life is in danger and can be saved only if he is married to a woman who will protect him at all costs. Vin's mother Manjari convinces him to agree and his wedding is fixed to a woman named Vaibhavi. However, Riddhi exposes Vaibhavi and her mother Kanta to be frauds. Vin has an accident and to save him Riddhi marries him while he is unconscious with only Shankar, Manjari, Manbeer and Guru ji knowing about the wedding. Manjari is revealed to have been behind all the attacks on Vin and shown to be doing it to control the Kundra property. Vin falls in love with Riddhi not knowing she is Siddhi and is already married to him.<br />
<br />
Shivam Sen comes to Kundra Mansion and convinces everyone that Siddhi is his wife Riddhi and mother of Juhi. Manjari supports Shivam. Vin finally finds out Riddhi is in fact his wife and is Siddhi. He tries to get her back but Siddhi is attacked. Manjari kidnaps Juhi and makes it look like Shivam is responsible. Vin comes to save Manjari and Juhi, but Manjari shoots Shivam and kills him. When police arrive, Vin takes the blame and goes to jail. Siddhi figures out Manjari is the murderer and is trying to kill her. Manjari sends a man named Kabir to kill Vin while he is in jail but Vin is able to escape. Siddhi eventually proves Vin's innocence in court and brings him home.<br />
<br />
While everyone in the Kundra family celebrate Vin's return, a man named Rudra enters the Kundra Mansion stating he is the long lost son of Shankar and Manjari. It is finally revealed that Shankar gave up Rudra after he was born to protect Vin as per a prophecy and that Manjari had been acting against Vin all along because Vin is her stepson while Rudra is her biological son. Rudra falls for Siddhi but marries a woman named Urvashi. At a festival, Siddhi saves Vin from being shot at by Rudra. However, someone shoots Rudra and he dies. Vin misunderstands Siddhi and marries a pregnant Urvashi. Siddhi refuses to leave the Kundra mansion stating that she and Vin are still a married couple. In the end Prachi and Rajbeer join forces with Siddhi to expose Urvashi and Manjari to Vinayak. After a lot of unsuccessful plans from both teams: Manjari's team and Siddhi's team, Siddhi finally exposes Urvashi in front of everyone. Vinayak instantly regrets doubting Siddhi and tries to make it up to her but Siddhi refuses to go back to him. After multiple tries to win Siddhi back, one time during what was supposed to be Siddhi's surprise birthday party by Vinayak. Siddhi runs off after destroying everything prepared by Vin for her birthday. With tears running down her cheeks, Siddhi refuses to listen to Vin who us running after her trying to apologise. Suddenly a truck appears from nowhere and almost hits Siddhi but Vinayak jumps in instead and pushes Siddhi aside to save her. Seeing that selfless act by Vinayak Siddhi softens up and takes him to the hospital. After Vinayak gets discharged from hospital Siddhi goes back to the Kundra mansion as his wife.The show ends as Siddhi and Vinayak getting married.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Nitin Goswami]] as Vinayak "Vin" Kundra (superstar): Shankar and Preeti's son; Rajbeer's cousin; Manjari's step-son;Rudra's half-brother; Siddhi's husband; Urvashi's namesake husband<br />
*[[Neha Saxena (TV actress)|Neha Saxena]] (before plastic surgery) / [[Farnaz Shetty]] (after plastic surgery) as: Siddhi Vinayak Kundra (née Joshi)-a junior dancer: Aniket and Savitra's elder daughter; Prachi's elder sister; Vinayak's wife<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
* [[Roshni Rastogi]] as Urvashi Kundra, an actress: Rudra's widow and unborn child's mother; Vinayak's namesake second wife<br />
* Utkarsha Naik as Manjari Kundra, Vinayak's stepmother; Rudra's biological mother; Shankar's second wife<br />
*[[Shardul Pandit]] as Shivam Sen, Riddhi’s husband and Juhi's father<br />
*Ayesha Vindhara as Juhi Sen, Shivam and Riddhi's daughter<br />
*[[Gaurav S Bajaj]] as Rudra Kundra, Manjari's long-lost son, Vinayak's half-brother; Urvashi's first husband and unborn child's father (deceased)<br />
*[[Manish Khanna]] as Shankar Kundra,Biljee's brother; Vinayak and Rudra's father; Manjri's husband<br />
*[[Lucky Mehta]] as gauri elder daughter-in-law of Shankar kundra<br />
<br />
*Karan Khandelwal as Rajbeer Kundra, Bijlee's son, Vinayak's cousin/brother, Prachi's husband<br />
*Nishi Singh as Bijlee Kundra, Rajbeer's mother<br />
*[[Priyanka Bora]] as Prachi Kundra (née Joshi): Aniket and Savitra's younger daughter; Siddhi's younger sister; Rajbeer's wife<br />
*Prithvi Sankala as Aniket Joshi, Siddhi and Prachi's father<br />
*Anjali Gupta as Savita Joshi, Siddhi and Prachi's mother<br />
*Amar Deep Garg as Guru ji<br />
*Farah Hussain as Zai, Siddhi's friend<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
''[http://www.ozee.com/shows/siddhivinayak Siddhi Vinayak]'' Streaming on OZEE<br />
<br />
{{&TV Programmes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:&TV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbans_Singh_Wasir&diff=502069Harbans Singh Wasir2025-08-09T07:33:17Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: new.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cardiologist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Harbans Singh Wasir<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Harbans Singh Wasir<br />
| birth_date = 13 August 1937<br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| death_date = 23 August 2004<br />
| death_place = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| occupation = Cardiologist<br />
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2000)<br/>[[Padma Shri]]<br/>[[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]<br/>[[Indian Council for Medical Research|ICMR]] Research Award<br />
| restingplace = Dayanand Muktidham Cremation Ground and Electric Crematorium<br />
| restingplacecoordinates = {{Coord|28|35|21|N|77|14|27|E}}<br />
| yearsactive = 1937&ndash;2004<br />
| known for = Preventive cardiology<br />
}}<br />
'''Harbans Singh Wasir''',<ref name="Tribute">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/DR-Prof-Harbans-Singh-Wasir/tributeshow/9674030.cms | title=Tribute | newspaper=Times of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 August 2015}}</ref> was an Indian cardiologist, medical researcher and writer, and the professor and head of the Department of Cardiology at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]], known for his contributions in the fields of [[hypertension]] and [[rheumatic heart disease]]s.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite journal | url=http://www.nmji.in/archives/Volume_18-1_january_february2005/Obituary/Harbans_Singh_Wasir.htm | title=Obituary | author=S. S. Kothari | journal=National Medical Journal of India | date=January 2005 | volume=18 | issue=1 | pages=41 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225170927/http://www.nmji.in/archives/Volume_18-1_january_february2005/Obituary/Harbans_Singh_Wasir.htm | archive-date=2016-02-25 }}</ref> He was a recipient of [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]], the highest Indian award in the medical category. The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1987 and followed it up with the third highest honour of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2000.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
Born on 13 August 1937, Wasir graduated in [[medicine]] from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi]] and continued his studies there to secure MD in medicine in 1965 and DM in cardiology in 1969.<ref name="Obituary" /> His career started at his alma mater itself where he rose in ranks to become the professor and head of the department of cardiology during his thirty years of service there. After [[superannuation]] from service in 1997, he joined Batra Hospital, Delhi and served the institution till his death on 23 August 2004.<ref name="Dr H.S. Wasir passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040825/delhi.htm#12 | title=Dr H.S. Wasir passes away | work=The Tribune | date=24 August 2004 | access-date=21 August 2015 | archive-date=29 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629100723/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040825/delhi.htm#12 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
Wasir served as the honorary physician to four of the [[Presidents of India]]<ref name="Obituary" /> and was a Consultant to the [[World Health Organization]] on Cardiovascular Diseases. He is credited with research on the topic of preventive cardiology and his research findings have been published by way of several books in English and Hindi, such as ''Preventive Cardiology'',<ref name="Preventive Cardiology: An Introduction">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfB_AAAACAAJ | title=Preventive Cardiology: An Introduction | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | author=Harbans Singh Wasir | year=1991 | pages=409 | isbn=9780706961386}}</ref> ''Aging and Heart Care'',<ref name="Aging and Heart Care">{{cite book | title=Aging and Heart Care | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | author=H. S. Wasir | year=1993 | isbn=978-0706965674}}</ref> ''Heart to Heart&nbsp;— A Holistic Approach to Heart Care'', ''Traditional Wisdom in Heart Care'',<ref name="Traditional Wisdom for Heart Care">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5QLPQAACAAJ | title=Traditional Wisdom for Heart Care | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | author=Harbans Singh Wasir | year=1995 | pages=100 | isbn=9780706997392}}</ref> ''Life Styles and Longevity'' and ''Heart Care for Holistic Health''<ref name="Heart Care for Holistic Health">{{cite book | url=http://www.rolibooks.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&category_id=2&product_id=312&Itemid=3 | title=Heart Care for Holistic Health | publisher=Roli Books | author=H.S. Wasir | year=2001 | pages=84 | isbn=9788174361189 | access-date=21 August 2015 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072017/http://www.rolibooks.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&category_id=2&product_id=312&Itemid=3 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and over 400 medical papers.<ref name="Obituary" /><ref name="Thrombolytic therapy in infants and children">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ahjonline.com/article/0002-8703(94)90676-9/abstract | title=Thrombolytic therapy in infants and children |author1=Shyam Sunder Kothari |author2=Sudhir Varma |author3=Harbans Singh Wasir | journal=American Heart Journal |date=March 1994 | volume=127 | issue=3 | pages=651–657 | doi=10.1016/0002-8703(94)90676-9| pmid=8122615 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> He also delivered over 350 lectures<ref name="Heart Care for Holistic Health" /> on cardiology in India and abroad and served as a visiting professor at universities in Sweden, Belgium and Russia.<ref name="Obituary" /> On duty with the World Health Organization, he worked as a consultant at Mauritius, Nepal and Bhutan.<br />
<br />
Harbans Singh Wasir was a recipient of [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] from the [[Medical Council of India]] and two civilian awards from the [[Government of India]], the [[Padma Shri]] in 1987 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2000.<ref name="Obituary" /> He also received the Research Award from the [[Indian Council for Medical Research]] and DSc (honoris causa) in Medical Sciences<ref name="Obituary" /> and was an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm | title=NASI Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2015 | access-date=21 August 2015 | archive-date=28 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528102550/http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was married to Bhupendra Kaur, a gynecologist and the couple had two sons, Harpreet Wasir (Wife- Dr.Kamal Preet Kaur Wasir) and Jasjeet Wasir( Wife - Dr. Vani Wasir), with 3 beautiful grandchildren namely Gitali Wasir, Mehar Wasir and Amanpreet Wasir<br />
.<ref name="Dr H.S. Wasir passes away" /> Both the children are medical doctors.<ref name="Dr H.S. Wasir passes away" /><br />
<br />
==Selected bibliography==<br />
* {{cite journal | title=Thrombolytic therapy in infants and children |author1=Shyam Sunder Kothari |author2=Sudhir Varma |author3=Harbans Singh Wasir | journal=American Heart Journal |date=March 1994 | volume=127 | issue=3 | pages=651–657 | doi=10.1016/0002-8703(94)90676-9|pmid=8122615 }}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Traditional Wisdom for Heart Care | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | author=Harbans Singh Wasir | year=1995 | pages=100 | isbn=9780706997392}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Preventive Cardiology: An Introduction | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | author=Harbans Singh Wasir | year=1991 | pages=409 | isbn=9780706961386}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Aging and Heart Care | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | author=H.S. Wasir | year=1993 | isbn=978-0706965674}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Heart Care for Holistic Health | publisher=Roli Books | author=H.S. Wasir | year=2001 | pages=84 | isbn=9788174361189}}<br />
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wasir, Harbans Singh}}<br />
[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:2004 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakramari&diff=507522Kakramari2025-07-30T00:23:26Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kakramari<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Census Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.5753|N|88.0535|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1.4843<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 9423<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code<br />
| area_code = 03485<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 742303<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Suti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suti]]<br />
| website = {{URL|murshidbad.nic.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kakramari''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Suti II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Jangipur subdivision]] of the [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=400| height=500| zoom=11<br />
| coord={{coord|24|42|0|N|87|59|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Jangipur subdivision, Murshidabad district (including Farakka, Samserganj, Suti II CD blocks)'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility<br/>Abbreviation- TPS: Thermal Power Station<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|48|4|N|87|53|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Srimantapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Srimantapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|47|33|N|87|54|51|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Benia Gram| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Benia Gram]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|48|30|N|87|54|39|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Farakka Barrage |labela3= Township| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Farakka Barrage Township]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|43|21|N|87|56|3|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Arjunpur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Arjunpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|42|49|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Sibnagar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Sibnagar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|41|55|N|87|55|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mamrejpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Mamrejpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|42|16|N|87|56|17|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Pranpara| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Pranpara]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|41|21|N|87|55|41|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mahadeb Nagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Mahadeb Nagar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|40|30|N|87|56|44|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Anup Nagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Anup Nagar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|40|8|N|87|56|47|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jafrabad| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jafrabad, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|39|45|N|87|57|30|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Kankuria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Kankuria]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|34|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Uttar Mahammadpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Uttar Mahammadpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|39|20|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Chachanda| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Chachanda]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|38|35|N|87|58|50|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Dhusaripara| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Dhusaripara]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|0|50|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Serpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Serpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|58|6|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Kohetpur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Kohetpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|38|20|N|87|55|31|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Bhasaipaikar| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Bhasaipaikar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|39|20|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Jaykrishnapur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Jaykrishnapur, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|4|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Basudebpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Basudebpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|1|30|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Jagtaj| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Jagtaj]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|37|34|N|88|1|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Debipur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Debipur, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|1|25|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Aurangabad| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Aurangabad, West Bengal]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|37|50|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Mahendrapur| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Mahendrapur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|37|50|N|88|1|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Hafania| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Hafania]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|38|15|N|87|58|40|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Dafahat| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Dafahat]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|36|15|N|88|2|35|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Paschim Punropara| numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Paschim Punropara]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|34|49|N|88|2|57|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Ichhlampur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Ichhlampur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|35|50|N|88|2|50|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Chakmeghoan| numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Chakmeghoan]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|35|20|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29=Kakramari| numbered29=CT| mark-title29=Kakramari (CT)|shape-color29=black| label-size29=13|label-color29=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|34|52|N|88|2|19|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30=Khanpur| numbered30=CT| mark-title30=[[Khanpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|36|32|N|88|1|40|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31=Khidirpur| numbered31=CT| mark-title31=[[Khidirpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|36|0|N|88|1|9|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Bhabki| numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Bhabki]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|41|0|N|87|57|14|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Dhuliyan| numbered33=M| mark-title33=[[Dhuliyan]] (M) | shape-color33= #800000<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Farakka Barrage| numbered34=F| mark-title34= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color34=#967117<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|46|21|N|87|53|39|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Farakka Super TPS| numbered35=F| mark-title35= [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] (F) |shape-color35=#967117<br />
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|47|25|N|87|54|15|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Farakka| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Farakka]] (R) |shape-color36=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|35|21|N|88|0|33|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37= Mahesail| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Mahesail]] (R) |shape-color37=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|39|44|N|87|58|10|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38= Nimtita| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Nimtita]] (R) |shape-color38=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|2|0|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Suti| numbered39=R| mark-title39= [[Suti]] (R) |shape-color39=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|46|45|N|87|54|37|E}} | label-pos40=right|label40= Nabarun| numbered40=R| mark-title40= [[Nabarun]] (R) |shape-color40=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|56|40|E}} | label41= Ganges River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= 85| label-pos41=right| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none<br />
|mark-coord42={{coord|24|38|20|N|88|3|10|E}} | label42= Padma River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 45| label-pos42=right| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none<br />
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|54|10|E}} | label43= Farakka | labela43 = Feeder Canal| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= 85| label-pos43=right| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none<br />
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|40|53|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos44=left|label44= Tarapur| numbered44=R| mark-title44= [[Tarapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color44=#C40000<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|46|0|N|88|5|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35<br />
|arc-coordB={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|53|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}<br />
<br />
===Location=== <br />
Kakramari is located at {{coord|24.5753|N|88.0535|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
According to the map of Suti II CD block in the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', [[Dafahat]], [[Jagtaj]], [[Debipur, Murshidabad|Debipur]], [[Aurangabad, West Bengal|Aurangabad]], [[Hafania]], [[Mahendrapur]], [[Paschim Punropara]], [[Bhabki]], [[Khidirpur, Murshidabad|Khidirpur]], [[Khanpur, Murshidabad|Khanpur]], [[Ichhlampur]], [[Chakmeghoan]] and Kakramari, form a cluster of census towns.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 195, Map of Suti II CD block| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
Jangipur subdivision is crowded with 52 [[census towns]] and as such it had to be presented in two location maps. One of the maps can be seen alongside. The subdivision is located in the [[Rarh region]] that is spread over the adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is gently undulating.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref> The river [[Ganges]], along with its distributaries, is prominent in both the maps. At the head of the subdivision is the 2,245 m long [[Farakka Barrage]], one of the largest projects of its kind in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fbp.gov.in/ | title = Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = FBP | access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness & lost childhoods, India’s tobacco industry |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}</ref> The subdivision has two large power plants - the 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 1,600 MW [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | title= Power Generation | work= Farakka |publisher= NTPC| access-date = 7 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | title = The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited | work = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project | publisher = WBPDCL | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115439/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to a 2016 report, there are around 1,000,000 (1 million/ ten lakh) workers engaged in the [[beedi]] industry in Jangipur subdivision. 90% are home-based and 70% of the home-based workers are women.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The ‘Poor man’s cigarette’ | work = Gurvinder Singh | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref> As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the [[Ganges]] alone in Murshidabad district. [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|Severe erosion]] occurs along the banks.<ref name="erosion1">{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.</small><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kakramari had a total population of 9,423, of which 4,787 (51%) were males and 4,636 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,950. The total number of literate persons in Kakramari was 3,991 (53.41% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 313988, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 28 June 2021}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', 2011, Kakramari covered an area of 1.4843&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It had 8&nbsp;km roads. The protected water-supply involved hand pump. It had 138 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 2 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 2 primary schools, other school facilities at nearby localities, general degree college at [[Aurangabad, West Bengal|Aurangabad]] 10&nbsp;km away.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 981-987: Statement I: Growth History, Pages 990-993: Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 993-995: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 995-1001 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities; Pages 1 001- 1002: Statement VI: Industry & Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Healthcare ==<br />
Suti II CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10&nbsp;mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50&nbsp;mg/ litre. The maximum concentration in Suti II CD block is 1,852&nbsp;mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Murshidabad District}}<br />
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poonamallee_metro_station&diff=525954Poonamallee metro station2025-07-23T08:30:26Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Redirect page</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)#Stations]]<br />
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{{r to list entry}}</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guruvayur_Keshavan&diff=452372Guruvayur Keshavan2025-07-08T08:04:34Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Revised and enhanced article content</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Historic elephant in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{For|the 1977 film|Guruvayur Kesavan (film)}}<br />
{{Infobox animal<br />
| name = Guruvayur Keshavan<br />
| image = [[File:Guruvayoor_Kesavan_Statue.jpg|300x300px]]<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Guruvayur Keshavan's statue <br />
| species = ''[[Elephas maximus]]'' (Asian Elephant)<br />
| breed = <br />
| gender = Male<br />
| birth_date = {{circa|1912}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kerala]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|12|2|1912}}<br />
| death_place = [[Guruvayur]]<br />
| resting_place = Nilambur, Kerala <br />
| nationality = India<br />
| known = [[Thrissur Pooram]], Thripunithura Valiya Utsavam, Aarattupuzha, Kizhoor Nenmara and other [[Pooram]]s<br />
| predecessor = Guruvayur Valiya Padmanabhan <br />
| successor = [[Guruvayur Padmanabhan]]<br />
| owner = Guruvayur Devaswom<br />
| weight = 7 tons<br />
| height = {{height|m=3.28|precision=0}}<br />
| namedafter = [[Vishnu|Keshavan]]<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gajarajan Guruvayur Keshavan''' ({{circa}}1912—2 December 1976)<ref name=Kesavan>{{Cite web|url=http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/kesavan.html|title=Gajarajan Kesavan|website=Guruvayur Devaswom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310031648/http://guruvayurdevaswom.nic.in/kesavan.html|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121102861000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312023512/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121102861000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-03-12|title='Guruvayur Kesavan' remembered|date=2005-12-11|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref> was a [[temple elephant]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]], perhaps the most famous and celebrated of all temple [[Elephants in Kerala culture|elephants in Kerala]]. He was donated to the [[Guruvayur Temple|Guruvayur temple]] by the royal family of [[Nilambur]] on 4 January 1922.<ref name=Hindu/> <br />
<br />
Standing over 3.28 meters tall, he was one of the tallest elephants that lived in Kerala and was known for his devout behavior. As Keshavan's name and fame increased, the Devaswom board gave him the unique title ''Gajarajan (King of elephants)'' in 1973. Keshavan died on 2 December 1976, which happened to be [[Guruvayur Ekadasi]], considered a very auspicious day.<ref name=Kesavan/><ref name=Hindu/> The anniversary of his death is still mourned in Guruvayur. Many elephants line up before the statue and the chief elephant garlands it. After his death, [[Guruvayur Padmanabhan]] became the successor of Guruvayur Keshavan.<br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
Guruvayur Keshavan was captured from Nilambur forest and taken to the famous Nilambur Royal family as their 12th elephant. According to Guruvayur lore, Valiya Raja of Nilambur once prayed to the Lord to save his family and property from the enemies' attack. He promised to offer one of his many elephants if his wish was fulfilled. When his wish was fulfilled, he offered Keshavan to the temple on 4 January 1922.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why This Kerala Elephant's Death Anniversary is Celebrated|url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/why-this-kerala-elephants-death-anniversary-is-celebrated-706721|access-date=2021-06-27|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> <br />
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Keshavan reportedly bent his front-legs only before those who held the Lord's Thidambu to enable them to climb upon him and all others were to climb by his hind-legs. He was said to have never caused any bodily harm to anyone and had the ability to lift his head a much height as possible for hours while carrying Thidambu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=നിലമ്പൂര് കോവിലകത്തെ കൊച്ചു കേശവന് എങ്ങനെ ഗുരുവായൂര് നടയിലെത്തി|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/kerala/guruvayoor-kesavan|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Janmabhumi|date=29 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
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Legend says Keshavan defeated ''Akhori Govindan'', a famous elephant from outside of Guruvayur in the 1930's Aanayottam. In 1973, Keshavan became the first elephant to get honoured with the unique title "Gajarajan" (Elephant King), by the Guruvayur Devaswom. During the Guruvayur Ekadasi of 1976, Keshavan fell ill and was about to tremble during the deity procession. He was immediately taken to the stable where he fasted for the night and died few days later on 2 December 1976. He fasted for the entire day and dropped down facing the direction of the temple with his trunk raised as a mark of prostration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ഗജരാജൻ ഗുരുവായൂർ കേശവനെ ഓർക്കാതെ പൂർണ്ണമാകുമോ ഓരോ ഗുരുവായൂർ ആനയോട്ടവും !{{!}}Guruvayoor Anayottam 2020|url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2020/03/05/720129-in-memorium-of-gajaraja-guruvayoor-kesavan-on-the-occassion-of-guruvayoor-anayottam-2020.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=East Coast Daily Malayalam|date=5 March 2020 |language=en-US |last1=Parvathi |first1=Anju }}</ref> <br />
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The anniversary of his death is celebrated on the evening of every year's Ekadasi by the elephants of Guruvayur Devaswom lining up before Keshavan's statue and the chief elephant garlanding it, thus paying tribute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guruvayur Ekadasi today- The New Indian Express|url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/nov/19/guruvayur-ekadasi-today-1900045.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627193815/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/nov/19/guruvayur-ekadasi-today-1900045.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2021|access-date=2021-06-27|website=cms.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
The Guruvayur Devaswom erected a life-size statue of Keshavan in its precincts as tribute to the services he rendered to the presiding deity of the temple. His tusks, along with a majestic portrait of the elephant, can be still seen adorning the entrance to the main temple enclosure. Its life is the subject of the 1977 [[Malayalam]] feature film ''[[Guruvayur Kesavan (film)|Guruvayur Kesavan]]'', released the year after his death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guruvayoor Kesavan (1977)|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=792|access-date=2021-01-09|website=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref> The film was directed by [[Bharathan]]. ''Nayarambalam Shivaji'' played Gajarajan Guruvayur Keshavan.<br />
<br />
The story of Gajarajan Guruvayur Keshavan was portrayed in a television serial on [[Surya TV]] (2009—2010), as scripted by Pradeep Sivasankar.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aravind|first=Indulekha|title=Temple elephants: What makes temple elephants so popular in Kerala|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/what-makes-temple-elephants-so-popular-in-kerala/articleshow/69389799.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-01-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Cultural depictions of elephants]]<br />
* [[Elephants in Kerala culture]]<br />
* [[Guruvayur Temple]]<br />
* [[List of individual elephants]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
*[http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/kesavan.shtml Guruvayoor Devaswom webpage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710073501/http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/kesavan.shtml |date=10 July 2006 }}<br />
*{{IMDb title|tt0155734|qid=Q5620573}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guruvayur Keshavan}}<br />
[[Category:1904 animal births]]<br />
[[Category:1976 animal deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Elephants in Indian culture]]<br />
[[Category:Guruvayur]]<br />
[[Category:Elephants in Hinduism]]<br />
[[Category:Elephants in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Individual elephants in India]]<br />
[[Category:Individual Asian elephants]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rentalachenu&diff=464079Rentalachenu2025-05-17T23:16:55Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: expand layout for clarity and improved wording after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in Vedurukuppam mandal in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
<br />
'''Rentalachenu''' is a village in [[Vedurukuppam]] mandal in [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It comes under Thirumallaiah palli panchayat and forms a part of the [[Rayalaseema]] region. It is located {{convert|25|km}} north of the district headquarter [[Chittoor]], {{convert|20|km}} south of [[Tirupati]], {{convert|90|km}} west of [[Chennai]], and {{convert|160|km}} east of [[Bengaluru]].<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
Telugu is the local language. The total population of Rentalachenu is estimated to be 300, with its total area being 200 hectares.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Chittoor district]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankans_in_India&diff=478295Sri Lankans in India2025-03-26T22:05:49Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: added info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Tamil people of Sri Lankan origin}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Sri Lankans in India<br />
| population = ~200,000<ref>{{cite book|title=THE SRI LANKAN TAMIL DIASPORA AFTER THE LTTE|year=201|publisher=International Crisis Group|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/186%20The%20Sri%20Lankan%20Tamil%20Diaspora%20after%20the%20LTTE.ashx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516033156/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/186%20The%20Sri%20Lankan%20Tamil%20Diaspora%20after%20the%20LTTE.ashx|archive-date=2010-05-16}}</ref><br />
| regions = [[Tamil Nadu]]{{·}}[[Kerala]]{{·}}[[Delhi]]{{·}}[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]{{·}}[[Maharashtra]]{{·}}[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]{{·}}[[Karnataka]]{{·}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]{{·}}[[Odisha]]{{·}}[[Chhattisgarh]]{{·}}[[West Bengal]]{{·}}[[Uttar Pradesh]]{{·}}[[Jharkhand]]{{·}}[[Bihar]]{{·}}[[Gujarat]]{{·}}[[Assam]]{{·}}[[Goa]]<br />
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{·}}[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]{{·}}[[English language|English]]<br />
| religions = [[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Roman Catholicism]]{{·}}[[Buddhism]]<br />
| related = [[Sri Lankan people|Sri Lankan]]<br />
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/apr/14lanka.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT: Kerala is new sanctuary for fleeing Lankan Tamils}}</ref>{{·}}<ref name="southasiaanalysis.org">{{cite web |title=Travails of Sri Lankan Refugees |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers29/paper2857.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926232439/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers29/paper2857.html | archive-date=2008-09-26 |url-status=usurped |date=24 September 2008}}</ref>{{·}}<ref name="thaindian.com">{{cite web |title=Close watch on Sri Lankan repatriates in Kerala |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/close-watch-on-sri-lankan-repatriates-in-kerala_100195852.html |date=22 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523162713/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/close-watch-on-sri-lankan-repatriates-in-kerala_100195852.html |archive-date=2009-05-23 }}</ref>{{·}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Conditions in Sri Lankan Tamil refugee camps |url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/International/2006/refugees-srilanka-report.html |date=18 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012084927/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/International/2006/refugees-srilanka-report.html |archive-date=2007-10-12}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sri Lankans in India''' mainly refer to [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil people of Sri Lankan origin]] in India and non resident Sri Lankans. They are partly who migrated to [[India]] and their descendants and mostly refugees from Sri Lanka because of the recently concluded [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]. There is also a small population of [[Sinhalese people]] in India, numbering about 3,500 and mostly located in [[Delhi]] and [[Chennai]]. 57 Sri Lankans have become Indian citizens through [[Indian nationality law|naturalization]] since 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=Amid CAA debate, RTI reveals Pakistanis got bulk of Indian citizenship since 2017|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/as-india-debates-caa-rti-reveals-pakistanis-got-bulk-of-indian-citizenship-since-2017/story-GaSt5u2kUiN4d3kEHIL37K.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> According to records with the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Ministry of Home Affairs]], as on January 1,2021, there were 58,843 Sri Lankan refugees staying in 108 refugee camps in Tamil Nadu and 54 in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/over-58-000-sri-lankan-72-000-tibetan-refugees-living-in-india-mha-122042700434_1.html|title=Over 58,000 Sri Lankan & 72,000 Tibetan refugees living in India: MHA}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early arrivals===<br />
During 19th century and early 20th century some [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] especially from [[Jaffna]] migrated or settled in India for various reasons such as [[education]], employment in the British Indian government, business and other reasons.<br />
<br />
===Sri Lankan refugees===<br />
The Sri Lankan refugees arrived in [[Tamil Nadu]] in four waves. The first wave on 24 July 1983, after [[Black July]], to the 29 July 1987 up until the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]], 134,053 Sri Lankan Tamils arrived in India. The first repatriation took place after the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in 1987 and between 24 December 1987 and 31 August 1989, 25,585 refugees and non-camp Sri Lankan nationals returned to Sri Lanka. The second wave began with the start of [[Eelam War II]] after 25 August 1989, where 122,000 Sri Lankan Tamils came to Tamil Nadu. On 20 January 1992, after the assassination of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] 54,188 refugees were voluntarily repatriated to Sri Lanka, until March 1995. [[Eelam War III]] commenced in April 1995 starting the third wave or refugees. By 12 April 2002, nearly 23,356 refugees had come to Tamil Nadu. The flow of refugees had stopped in 2002 because of the cease fire agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2009/11/focus-on-sri-lankan-tamil-refugees.html|title = Focus on the Sri Lankan Tamil refugees}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
[[File:Sinhalese of India, Mumbai, India, 1897.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Sinhalese man in [[Mumbai]], India, 1897]]<br />
[[File:A Buddhist temple at Sarnath.jpg|thumb|right|Mulagandhakuti Vihara, [[Sri Lanka]]n Buddhist temple at [[Sarnath]]]]<br />
<br />
===Tamil people===<br />
{{Main|Sri Lankan Tamils in India}}<br />
[[Sri Lankan Tamils]] in India number in the hundreds of thousands, mostly in the state of Tamil Nadu, the closest state to Sri Lanka and the easiest to get to. There is also a considerable number in the city of [[Trivandrum]], with around 2,700 refugee families.<ref name="southasiaanalysis.org"/><ref name="thaindian.com"/> There are also a number of Sri Lankan Tamils in the eastern regions of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<br />
<br />
===Sinhalese people===<br />
There are a small number of [[Sinhalese people]] in India, scattered all around the country, but mainly living in and around the [[North India|northern]] and [[South India|southern]] regions. [[Delhi]] has the largest concentration Sinhalese people in north India with 1,100, the states of Tamil Nadu, [[Maharashtra]] have 5,800 and 2,400 respectively. There are an estimated 2,000 families in the city of [[Chennai]], many of them who are employees of the Sri Lankan Deputy High Commission or work for banking companies. Some are also pursuing higher education.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sinhalese-are-shaken-by-violence-but-not-scared-to-live-in-Chennai/articleshow/7375482.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Sinhalese are shaken by violence but not scared to live in Chennai - The Times of India | date=28 January 2011}}</ref> The [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and the state of [[Gujarat]] have 200 each while other states such as [[Andhra Pradesh]], Kerala, [[Karnataka]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] have populations ranging from 60 to 30 people.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[J. P. Chandrababu]]<br />
* [[V. Kanakasabhai]]<br />
* [[Balu Mahendra]]<br />
* [[E. M. V. Naganathan]]<br />
* [[Arumuka Navalar]]<br />
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]]<br />
* [[J. K. Rithesh]]<br />
* [[Donald Rutnam]]<br />
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Tamils of Sri Lanka#India|List of Sri Lankan Tamils in India]]<br />
* [[Sri Lankan Tamil people]]<br />
* [[Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema]]<br />
* [[Tamil diaspora]]<br />
* [[Mandapam Camp]]<br />
* [[India–Sri Lanka relations]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Refugee Studies Centre | title = Srilankan Tamil refugees in India : a journey without end | publisher = Refugee Studies Centre | date = 1996-01-01 | location = INDIA }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Refugee Studies Centre | title = Srilankan Tamil refugees in India | publisher = Refugee Studies Centre |work = Rejiigw |volume= 13 |number= 3 |date=June 1993 | location = INDIA }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/sri-lankan-tamil-refugees-stage-hunger-strike-in-coimbatore_100150230.html Sri Lankan Tamil refugees stage hunger strike]<br />
* [http://www.oferr.org/ OFERR]<br />
* [http://www.ujaen.es/huesped/rae/articulos2007/acharya0907.pdf Sri Lankan refugees]<br />
* [http://sinhaladic.com/ Sinhala Hindi English Dictionary and Sinhala To Hindi Language Translator]<br />
<br />
{{Sri Lankan diaspora}}<br />
{{Immigration to India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lankans In India}}<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]<br />
[[Category:Diasporas in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Sri Lankan descent]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Lankan diaspora in Asia]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devipuram&diff=496504Devipuram2025-01-12T02:59:11Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Adding A Biography...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{original research|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2018}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Mandir<br />
| name = Devipuram<br />
| image = devipuram.jpg<br />
| alt = The Sahasrakshi Meru Temple, a three-story structure built in the shape of a Śrī Meru Yantra; i.e., a three-dimensional projection of the sacred Hindu diagram known as Śrī Cakra)<br />
| caption = Sahasrakshi Meru Temple<br />
| map_type = India Visakhapatnam<br />
| map_caption = Location Visakhapatnam<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17|45|55.32|N|83|4|58.64|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]<br />
| location = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = [[Shakti]] as Sahasrakshi<br />
| festivals= <br />
| architecture = [[Dravidian Architecture|South Indian Architecture]]<br />
| temple_quantity = 4<br />
| monument_quantity= <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| year_completed = 1985-1994<br />
| creator = N. Prahalada Sastry<br />
| website = [http://www.devipuram.com/ devipuram.com]<br />
}}<br />
{{Hinduism}}<br />
'''Devipuram''' is a [[Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] complex located near [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Belonging primarily to the [[Shakta]] school of Hinduism, it is dedicated to the goddess Sahasrakshi (lit., "she who has a infinite eyes", a form of [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita Tripurasundari]] or [[Parvati]]), and her consort Kameshwara (a form of [[Shiva]]).<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Devipuram's primary focus is the Sahasrakshi Meru Temple, a unique three-story structure built in the shape of a Sri Meru [[Yantra]]; i.e., three-dimensional projection of the sacred Hindu diagram known as [[Sri Chakra]], which is central to [[Shri Vidya|Srividya]] [[upasana]] (an ancient and intricate form of [[Tantra|Tantric]] Shakta worship). Measuring {{convert|108|ft|m}} square at its base and rising {{convert|54|ft|m}} high, the temple has become an increasingly popular pilgrimage destination over the past decade. Two other shrines, the [[Kamakhya]] Peetham and Sivalayam, are located on hills adjacent to the main temple.<br />
<br />
The [[sanctum sanctorum]] of the Sahasrakshi Meru Temple is reached by circumambulating inward and upward, past more than 100 life-sized [[murthi]]s of various ''[[shakti]]s'' or ''[[yogini]]s'' (deities expressing essential aspects of the [[Devi]]) who are, in Srividya cosmology, said to inhabit and energize the Sri Chakra. Their exact locations are "mapped" in an elaborate ritual called the ''Navavarana [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]]'' ("Worship of the Nine Enclosures"), which was in turn condensed into a [[mantric]] composition called the ''Sri Devi [[Khadgamala]] [[Stotra]]m'' ("Hymn to the Auspicious Goddess's Garland of Swords"), forming the basis of the temple's layout.<br />
<br />
This temple is unconventional in its practice of allowing devotees to perform puja to the Devi themselves, without regard to [[Indian caste system|caste]], creed or gender.<ref>[http://gurujiamrita.tripod.com/ Sri Amritananda Natha Saraswati (Guruji)].</ref> This may be an emulation of the Kamakhya temple complex in Assam, which has the same open policy for worship. The fact that many of the temple's murthis are portrayed as "sky-clad," or nude, has also, over the years, gained Devipuram considerable attention.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/asian-age-plus/culture-plus/nothing-shameful-about-nudity.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124535/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/asian-age-plus/culture-plus/nothing-shameful-about-nudity.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-05-20|newspaper=Asian Age | title=Nothing shameful about nudity|access-date=2007-09-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Dsc06415.jpg|thumb|left|'''Dr. N. Prahalada Sastry''' (Sri Amritananda Natha Saraswati), founder of Devipuram, in 2007.]]<br />
<br />
Construction of the Sahasrakshi Meru Temple in Devipuram began in 1985, and its completion and consecration (''[[kumbha]]-[[Ritual purification|abhishekam]]'') took place in 1994. In accordance with Hindu tradition, the temple was re-consecrated for its twelfth anniversary in February 2007.<br />
<br />
The founder of Devipuram is Dr. N. Prahalada Sastry (1934-2015), a former university professor and nuclear physicist who left a successful 23-year career with the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] in [[Mumbai]] to begin work on the Devipuram temple in 1983. Now a noted spiritual [[guru]], better known as Sri Amritananda Natha Saraswati (and generally addressed as "Guruji"), Sastry reports that his creation of Devipuram was based on several visions of the [[Adi Parashakti|Divine Mother]], which specified both the design and mission of the temple complex. Each of the many [[murthi]]s within the Sahasrakshi Meru Temple was individually sculpted to Sastry's specifications, physically manifesting his meditative visions of these deities.<br />
<br />
According to Devipuram's official history: "In 1983, during Devi [[Yajna]], Guruji was approached by the brothers of the Putrevu family with a request to build a temple for the Divine Mother. In addition to the {{convert|3|acre|m2}} of land that they had donated, Guruji bought the adjoining {{convert|10|acre|m2}} and it was registered as land for the Devi temple."<ref name="Devipuram History">[http://gurujiamrita.tripod.com/ Devipuram History]</ref> The history continues:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
"Having acquired the land, Guruji was looking for divine guidance, a sign of approval to commence construction of the temple. In the vicinity of the donated land, there was a small hillock where Guruji would often spend time in [[meditation]]. On the slopes of the hillock, he noticed a formation [i.e., a cleft rock forming a natural [[yoni]]] very similar to that of the [[Kamakhya]] Peetam in [[Assam]]. One day while in meditation he experienced himself lying on the ''peetam'' [holy site], while four others performed a [[homa (ritual)|homa]], with flames emanating from his body. And during ''purnahuthi'' [the final round of ritual offerings], he felt a heavy object being placed on his heart. Awakening from his [[Samādhi|meditative state]], Guruji was prompted to dig that site. Unearthed from that very spot, he found a Sri Chakra Maha Meru made of [[panchaloha]]. It was later discovered that a huge yajna had been performed in that area more than 250 years earlier."<ref name="Devipuram History"/><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
Soon afterward, "Guruji had visions of the Devi as a 16-year-old girl. With her blessings, he built the [[Kamakhya]] Peetam on the hillock and a [[Shiva|Siva]] temple on the peak in 1984. Construction of the Sahasrakshi Meru Temple in Devipuram was started in 1985."<ref name="Devipuram History"/> A recent Devipuram publication reflected, "Even a fleeting glance at what has been accomplished around what used to be a no-man's land is enough to astound anyone."<ref>[http://devipuram.com/mailables/souvenir.html Devipuram Kumbha-Abhishekam Souvenir Magazine]</ref><br />
<br />
Subba Rao Kompella and Wijayaharan were among the first people to be initiated by Guruji. Guruji initiated Subba Rao in 1978 while he was still at [[TIFR]] in Bombay and gave deekshanama as Guru Karunamaya. Wijayaharan was initiated by Guruji in 1979 in Zambia and was given deekshanama as Sri Chaitanyananda Natha Saraswathi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowden|first=Michael|title=The Goddess and the Guru: A Spiritual Biography of Sri Amritananda Natha Saraswati|publisher=45th Parallel Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0997946604|location=USA|language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Mission & Activities==<br />
[[File:meru1.jpg|thumb|left|A '''''Sri Meru Yantra''''' produced by Devipuram, based on the original unearthed by Dr. N. Prahalada Sastry at the site of the Sahasrakshi Meru Temple.]]<br />
In addition to providing regular religious services and other spiritual functions, Devipuram produces and distributes spiritual aids (most specifically related to [[Shri Vidya|Srividya]] [[upasana]]), such as high-precision Meru [[yantras]],<ref>[http://www.devipuram.com/mailables/meru.html Devipuram Merus]</ref> animated presentations, audio/video aids and other educational materials for spiritual aspirants.<br />
<br />
Devipuram has also become a hub for spiritual and rural empowerment workshops and seminars. For this purpose, Sastry founded the Sri Vidya Trust, a not-for-profit, non-governmental organization headquartered at Devipuram. Through the trust, Sastry – along with other staff and volunteers at Devipuram – has undertaken a number of developmental initiatives focused on non-formal education, empowerment of women and low-cost housing for the rural poor. A cooperative thrift society, sponsored by the trust and called ''Jagruti'', offers micro-financing services to local villagers. Low-cost, fire-retardant, geodesic dome-houses for pilgrims and other visitors have been erected at Devipuram, using appropriate technologies to demonstrate the viability of such designs in rural India. Devipuram has also conducted many rural empowerment programs in the surrounding countryside, relating to health, hygiene, family planning, literacy, energy generation and energy conservation.<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vi1.org/orgs/orgs.shtml |title=Sri Vidya Trust |access-date=6 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830120524/http://www.vi1.org/orgs/orgs.shtml |archive-date=30 August 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Future plans==<br />
<br />
In furtherance of Sastry's vision, Devipuram has ambitious plans to become a "global resource for goddess worship."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugupeople.com/discussion/multiPageArticle.asp?id=40770&page=1|title=Telugu People, "Devotion: Guru Pournami"|access-date=2007-09-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2005, news reports noted that a spiritual retreat would be developed at Devipuram.<ref>"Devipuram to get a spiritual resort," [https://web.archive.org/web/20070316151751/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/13/stories/2005071304010200.htm The Hindu], 13 July 2005.</ref> In 2010, as part of that development, the Sri Villa guest house was completed, featuring rooms of many sizes, a large cafeteria, an event hall accommodating 200 plus several smaller halls, and air-conditioned suites for families.<ref>"SriVilla is a comfortable, hygienic, and a safe holiday home," [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026142531/http://devipuram.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=108&Itemid=193], 4 October 2010.</ref> In 2013, at age 78, Sastry announced that, upon his departure or passing, "Devi's ''[[Paduka#Veneration|padukas]]'' [symbolic of the goddess] will be in charge of Devipuram, not any human being. There will be no more ''peethadhipatis'' [human spiritual leaders] here; only administrators of the Sri Vidya Trust to look after all matters concerning Devipuram."<ref>Website announcement, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051124235401/http://www.devipuram.com/ Devipuram], 14 March 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
==Social Significance==<br />
<br />
Devipuram has remarkable high female involvement. The participation of women in Devipuram is largely due to the weakening of India's caste and kin communities, which is a result of rapid urbanization. This social shift leads, for some individuals, to a loss of dharma and an introduction of anomie in its place. Devipuram relieves anomie by creating a community which empowers women to thrive within self-determined social roles.<br />
<br />
Explaining his female-focused worship, Guruji said, "In western religions, like Islam or Christianity, the god is a father. However, Hinduism has both a mom and a dad. First comes the mom [in power and authority], then the dad, and then beneath him is the Guru… In the literature and in spirit Hinduism is mother oriented, but in life experiences, it is more commonly father oriented." Guruji felt he had been instructed by the goddess to lead a spiritual revolution by returning Hindu worship to focusing on and learning from the goddess.<br />
<br />
This belief, spread by adherents of Devipuram, that the mother goddess is the preeminent deity within Hindu dogma inspires many women to realize their own autonomy. Through learning about and worshiping Devi, women understand that they can create homes that are mother oriented and that they can be respected as leaders within their social unit. Women find themselves empowered by the new identity Devipuram provides, an identity which they need in their rapidly changing world.<br />
<br />
Indians traditionally define themselves by caste and kin. For generations, these identifiers determined a person's marriage, residence, religion, and diet. This normative social system, argued anthropologists Rudolph and Rudolph, was disrupted when modern technologies like the railroad and telegraph were introduced by British colonials and effectively "[destroyed] village isolation" (1967, p.&nbsp;22). In 1901, only 11.4% of India's population lived in urban centers (Singh, 1978). By 2001, just one hundred years later, 28.5% of the population was living in an urban setting. Today, over 32% of India's population lives in cities (2015, Central Intelligence Agency). Rapid [[urbanization in India]] strained, altered, and in some cases destroyed the social systems of individuals, especially as it broke apart multi-generational households. This breakdown of social solidarity resulted for some individuals in anomie.<br />
<br />
The sociologist [[Emile Durkheim]] theorized that there are two types of social solidarity: mechanical, in which people are united through their uniformity of purpose and activity, and organic, in which unity is formed through social interdependence. The term anomie is derived from a Greek word meaning "without law". Anomie comes into play when society, and the individuals within it, are in a state of transition from mechanical to organic solidarity, generally in response to a large scale social change like urbanization. During this transition, people find themselves lacking social laws to follow. They no longer know to what group or entity they should look to for their social norms. This displacement causes anomie.<br />
<br />
Indian women are especially subject to anomie. Within the multi-generational household women know what their dharma is and how to fulfill it. Dharma is a Hindu term that means duty, or the role a person must fill in life to progress spiritually. A traditional Hindu woman's dharma is to marry and to raise children, preferably sons, within the framework of a multi-generational household. They lose this sure social role, however, when transplanted into a nuclear home. The majority of active participants in Devipuram are urban women with children school-age and above, and with a high economic status that keeps them out of the workforce. While many women who move to an urban setting must go to work to help provide for their family, and thus have resolved or are resolving anomie by engaging in organic solidarity, the women of Devipuram have not entered into that world and so are trapped in the anomie that was created when they left mechanical solidarity behind.<br />
<br />
Most women who live in urban India are raised to function within the multi-generational household, with its own community of women inherent to it. The social norms, roles, and laws that these women are taught while growing up are designed to facilitate their success in this specific environment. However, when removed from this social structure upon entering into an urban, nuclear setting, the woman is abruptly left without a community and social laws. She does not know her own role in this new system. No longer attached to the higher aims of their kinship group, she finds herself in a state of lawlessness without any tools provided to resolve her anomie. Devipuram promises women a new social group, with its own laws and greater-than-self purpose to which they can attach themselves. Thus, it promises them relief from anomie.<br />
<br />
The ultimate symbol worshipped in Devipuram is the Sri Chakra, a yantra which represents the palace of the goddess Devi. The goddess resides in the central chamber of the palace, but many other gods and goddesses also reside in this yantra. Thus, even more than providing a home for Devi and an idol through which Hindus can worship her, this yantra teaches that while there are many aspects of the divine, the gods are ultimately all one entity. Devi is a whole entity, comprising every god and living within every deity. Through their study of the Sri Chakra, devotees learn that they and their peers are, like the gods, all one. They learn that Devi lives in them as well as in everyone around them. A common saying among devotees is "I am Devi, you are Devi", and this belief is central to maintaining the new social system Guruji instigated by way of Devipuram.<br />
<br />
The Sri Chakra is worshiped through the Navavarana ritual. This puja is always done among a large group. Both the set-up and performance of the ritual demand substantial time and effort, so that the Navavarana naturally creates a shared experience for members present. The Navavarana is both a symbol of community and an experience of community-building in its own right. By the unity it both represents and demands through its practice, it inherently promotes inclusion of others, female leadership and ownership of activity, and an element of teaching and serving one another.<br />
<br />
Durkheim argued that anomie is found within an individual's transition from mechanical to organic solidarity, and is escaped when this transition is successfully completed. The women who adhere to Devipuram, however, have found a new escape from anomie through individualistic empowerment, by which women grab hold of the social roles they desire to fill. Guruji altered the religious traditions already in place within Hinduism in order to follow the instructions given him by the Goddess, and in so doing he created a system within which women could become agents to act for themselves. The women of Devipuram are no longer defined by their roles of wife, mother, and daughter-in-law that weigh on them so heavily within a mechanical system, nor are they adopting the role of cogs in a machine that defines so much of organic society. Instead, they have discovered a group that allows them an alternative way to live, gives them opportunities to be leaders in private and in public, and tells them that they have worth as women, independent of the worth of their husbands. In empowering women, Devipuram has allowed Indian women to create new social identities for themselves, even while the majority of the country still marches to a patriarchal drum. As these women worship Devi, and learn of her, they learn a life-altering truth: "I am Devi, you are Devi, we are Devi."<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Devipuram}}<br />
* [http://www.devipuram.com/ Devipuram: Official Site]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826222811/http://www.vi1.org/ vi1: Devipuram & Sri Vidya Trust]<br />
<br />
{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Visakhapatnam district]]<br />
[[Category:Devi temples in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1994 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1994]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Hindu temples]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Araidanga&diff=487218Araidanga2024-12-22T20:26:31Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: creating first pg w/ refs...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Araidanga<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name =<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Populated place<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.117441|N|87.988111|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 732214<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code<br />
| area_code = 03512<br />
| registration_plate = WB<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ratua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratua]]<br />
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Araidanga''' is a populated place, not identified as a separate place in 2011 census, in the [[Ratua II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Chanchal subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=370| height=320| zoom=9<br />
| coord={{coord|25|8|0|N|88|8|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Malda district (including Chanchal subdivision and Old Malda, Habibpur, Bamangola and Gazole CD blocks)'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|23|34|N|87|59|44|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Chanchal | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chanchal]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|57|46|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Aiho| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Aiho]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|56|40|N|88|14|52|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Baksinagar| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Baksinagar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|12|58|N|88|12|4|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bandhail| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bandhail]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|0|2|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Chhatinamor| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Chhatinamor]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|2|46|N|88|9|50|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Jhangra| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jhangra, Malda]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|0|10|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kachu Pukur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Kachu Pukur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|58|59|N|88|14|51|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Kendua| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Kendua, West Bengal]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|12|36|N|88|10|35|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Rangabhita| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Rangabhita]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|58|55|N|88|8|25|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Sahapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Sahapur, Malda]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|1|15|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Malda| numbered11=M| mark-title11=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color11= #800000<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|4|5|N|88|8|31|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Old Malda| numbered12=M| mark-title12=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color12= #800000<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|57|55|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bulbulchandi| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bulbulchandi]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|1|36|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Habibpur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Habibpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|10|50|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hatimari| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Hatimari]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|12|33|N|88|23|37|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Maheshpur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Maheshpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|7|31|N|88|22|3|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pakuahat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Pakuahat]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|54|45|N|88|17|23|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Singhabad| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Singhabad]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|25|7|2|N|87|59|17|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Araidanga| numbered19=R| mark-title19= Araidanga (R) |shape-color19=black| label-size19=13|label-color19=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|19|6|N|87|50|35|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Daulatnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Daulatnagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|25|24|30|N|87|51|59|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Harishchandrapur| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Harishchandrapur]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|25|26|15|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Khanta| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Khanta]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|25|25|12|N|88|4|12|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Kharba| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Kharba]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|25|20|36|N|88|0|54|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Malatipur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Malatipur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|25|19|0|N|87|55|22|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Mashaldaha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Mashaldaha]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|25|27|30|N|87|52|37|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Pipla Kasimpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pipla Kasimpur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|25|8|47|N|88|1|2|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Pukhuria| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Pukhuria]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|55|38|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Ratua| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Ratua]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|16|33|N|88|0|18|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Samsi| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Samsi, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|13|48|N|88|11|21|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Gazole| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Gazole Town]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|25|9|24|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Pandua | mark-title31= [[Pandua, Malda]] (H)| numbered31=H |shape-color31=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|25|2|52|N|88|25|13|E}} | label-pos32=top|label32= Jagjivanpur | mark-title32= [[Jagjivanpur]] (H)| numbered32=H |shape-color32=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|17|30|N|88|4|20|E}}|label33=Mahananda|labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=100| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|46|30|E}}|label34= Ganges River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34=90| label-pos34=top| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|4|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label35= Tangon River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=-60| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none<br />
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|18|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|label36= Punarbhaba |labela36= River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=-75| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|25|6|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35<br />
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|21|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-100| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.35 <br />
|arc-coordC={{coord|24|54|0|N|87|46|0|E}}|arc-textC= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=-130| arc-gapC=5.5| arc-radiusC=0.25}}<br />
<br />
===Location=== <br />
Araidanga is located at {{coord|25.117441|N|87.988111|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
Araidanga is a [[gram panchayat]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Malda district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The area shown in the adjacent map covers two physiographic regions – the ''[[Barind Tract|Barind]]'' in the east and the ''tal'' in the west. The eastern part is comparatively high (up to 40 metres above mean sea level at places) and uneven. The soils of the eastern region are "hard salty clays of a reddish hue and the ground is baked hard as iron." It lies to the east of the [[Mahananda River]]. The area lying to the west of the Mahananda River, the ''tal'', is a flat low land and "is strewn with innumerable marshes, [[Beel|bils]] and [[oxbow lake]]s." The ''tal'' area is prone to flooding by local rivers.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The total area is overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda|work= Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> There are two important historical/ archaeological sites in the area – [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] and [[Jagjivanpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 98: Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importance and Places of Tourist Interest of the District |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Araidanga DBM Academy is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1865. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a playground, a library with 361 books, and 15 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/maldah/19061010202/araidanga-d-b-m-academy.html | title = Araidanga D.B.M Academy | publisher = Schools.org | accessdate = 18 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
Araidanga Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, is the main government medical facility in Ratua II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date =16 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Araidanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Malda District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Malda district]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirlampudi_Layout&diff=454500Kirlampudi Layout2024-06-14T20:29:27Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kirlampudi Layout<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br />
| image_skyline = Vizag beach road.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Road at Kirlampudi Layout <br />
| pushpin_map = India Visakhapatnam<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Visakhapatnam<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.720423|N|83.329709|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 530017<br />
| registration_plate = AP-31<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kirlampudi Layout''' is a neighbourhood of the city of [[Visakhapatnam]], state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/please-spare-beach-road-cry-dwellers/articleshow/58522806.cms|title=Please spare Beach Road, cry dwellers &#124; Visakhapatnam News|website=Times of India|access-date=2017-09-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
==About==<br />
It is one of the important neighbourhoods in [[Visakhapatnam]] and is one of the more affluent areas in the city.<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140923/nation-current-affairs/article/greenary-forte-residents-kirlampudi-layout|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Greenary [sic] is the forte of the residents of Kirlampudi Layout |access-date=2020-09-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
It is well connected with [[Gajuwaka]], [[NAD X Road]], [[Malkapuram]], [[Dwaraka Nagar]] and [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant]].<br />
<br />
;[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] routes:<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Route Number<br />
!Start<br />
!End<br />
!Via<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|Venkojipalem<br />
|Old Head Post Office<br />
|Appughar, Chinnawaltair, Siripuram, Jagadamba Centre, Town Kotharoad<br />
|-<br />
|210<br />
|Ravindra Nagar<br />
|Gantyada HB Colony<br />
|Hanumanthuwaka, Appughar, MVP Colony, Pedawaltair, Siripuram, RK Beach, Jagadamba Centre, Town Kotharoad, Convent, Scindia, Malkapuram, New Gajuwaka, Pedagantyada<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Neighbourhoods of Visakhapatnam}}<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam]]<br />
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{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sub-division_(India)&diff=537699Sub-division (India)2024-05-03T20:44:46Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Created redirect page</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Subdivision in India]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._R._Raghava_Krishna&diff=543115V. R. Raghava Krishna2024-02-17T01:19:34Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: Made A Pg</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
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{{COI|date=July 2017}}{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = V. R. Raghava Krishna<br />
| image = Vr-raghavakrishna.jpg<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| alias = Raghav<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|6|19}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br />
| instrument =<br />
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]<br />
| occupation = Professional Animator and Carnatic Vocalist<br />
| years_active = 1997–present<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''V.R. Raghava Krishna''' (born 1987) is a [[Carnatic music]] vocalist from [[Chennai]], India.<br />
<br />
He performed a recital with a [[Madhuvanti]] [[Tillana]] of Shanmugha Raghavan{{Clarify|date=February 2024}} with swarakshara prayogas{{Clarify|date=February 2024}}.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/in-perfect-harmony/article4378212.ece Proficiency with diverse Ragas]</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2013 at his [[concert]], featured by Nadabrahma Gana Sabha in Vanaprastha, [[Coimbatore]], the graphic presentations revealed how he internalised the inner core and fertilised it by intense saadhakam (the way of learning, practising and mastering Carnatic Music).<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rendered-with-finesse/article5119792.ece Use of graphical presentation for analysis]</ref><br />
<br />
==Other activities==<br />
<br />
Krishna has worked as a professional animator<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/user/itsraghavhere Animations by V.R. Raghava krishna 1]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RN902gNN9xo&list=UUKfUrXreEGh-KO00yWUNjKw&index=1 Animations by V.R. Raghava krishna 2]</ref><ref>[http://vimeo.com/18810814 Animations by V.R. Raghava krishna 3]</ref> and a magician.<ref>[http://vimeo.com/16643253 Magic by V.R. Raghava krishna]</ref> He learnt 3D Animation & Visual Effects from [[Vancouver Film School]], Canada.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6060188/ Raghava Krishna - Imdb]</ref> He worked with the animation department of the video game [[Batman: Arkham Origins]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2842418/?ref_=nm_flmg_anm_1 Raghav Krishna with the batman video game crew]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghava Krishna, V. R.}}<br />
[[Category:1987 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]<br />
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]</div>EdmundWyrick821https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)&diff=459652Battle of Jalalabad (1710)2023-11-02T23:13:15Z<p>EdmundWyrick821: general adjust intro based on references to improve readability</p>
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<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Khanpur Urf Birbhanpur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = Khānpur, Bīrbhānpur<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Salon block map.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Khanpur Urf Birbhanpur (#548) in Salon CD block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.992082|N|81.519271|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 2.465<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1929<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = UP-35<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Khanpur Urf Birbhanpur''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 43&nbsp;km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, Khanpur Urf Birbhanpur has a population of 1,929 people, in 363 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It does not host a permanent market or a periodic [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Khanpur Urf Birbhanpur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 720 people (348 male and 372 female), in 153 households and 120 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cvi-cvii of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 625 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/><br />
<br />
The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Khanpur Urf Birbhanpur as having a population of 1,041 people, in 214 households, and having an area of 252.52 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=218–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Raebareli district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}</div>EdmundWyrick821