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Saraswata Niketanam

2026-05-08T00:29:10Z

EddieFrine: Put Up A Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox library
| native_name = Saraswata Niketanam
| native_name_lang =
| name = Saraswata Niketanam Library
| logo = 
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| country = India
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| established = 1918
| ref_legal_mandate = Societies Registration Act, 1920
| location = Vetapalem, Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates =
| branch_of =
| num_branches =
| items_collected =
| collection_size = 1 lakh
| criteria =
| legal_deposit =
| req_to_access =
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| director =
| num_employees = 10
| website =
| references =
| embed =
| module =
}}
[[File:Vetapalem Library.jpg|thumb|Saraswata Niketanam, Vetapalem]]
'''Saraswata Niketanam Library''' is located in [[Vetapalem]], [[Chirala mandal]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is one of the oldest libraries in India,{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} and has on display a rare collection of [[Palm leaf manuscripts]] and paper written in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] and a few other languages indigenous to India. The collection comprises well over 90,000 volumes, with a majority of these on display. The library has a complete catalogue of holdings, which is being made available online. Some rare holdings can be viewed on site by prior arrangement.<ref>See official website of the library, under External links, for details of holdings and access.</ref>

== History ==
It is one of the foremost research oriented libraries of Andhra Pradesh. This library, founded by late V.V. Shreshti in 1918 and later on "[[Pantulu Garu]]" (Adusumalli Srinivasa Rao) anchored the library, had the rare privilege and good fortune of its foundation stone being laid by The Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, in 1929. In 1935, then president Babu Rajendra Prasad visited the library. The buildings were opened by Seth Jamnalal Bajaj and Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu. It has been the fountain of inspiration to the youth during the freedom struggle.

The Saraswata Niketanam library was started with the following objectives:
To promote and propagate Literature, Morality, Character, Patriotism, Humanity, Philanthropy, Devotion etc., in all possible ways by establishing and maintaining Stationary as well as Travelling Libraries equipped with all-sided books on Sanskrit; Telugu and English literatures (both ancient and modern); by organizing Reading Rooms furnished with newspapers and magazines; by starting and maintaining Free Schools for the poor; by reading out books and papers to the illiterate; by delivering open air lectures and magic lantern lectures; and by educating and enlightening the people at large in all the ways and means conducive to the country's cause.

Since 1918 the Saraswata Niketanam Library has been a privately run non-profit organization.

Initially named '''Hindu Yuvajana Sangham''', since it was backed by the youth in the freedom movement, it gained popularity very quickly and became a major meeting place during freedom struggle.

The library enjoyed the patronage of persons like [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham]], [[Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao]], [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]] and Pathuri Nagabhushanam. It had the reputation of quenching the literary thirst of people from foreign origin as well.

== Efforts ==

Rajupalepu Venkata Seshagiri Rao was the last secretary of the library under the committee. K.V.D. Mallikarjuna Rao is the president.
[[File:Nanna-talapatra.jpg|thumb|Secretary R.V.Seshagiri Rao displaying the palm leaf manuscripts.]]

== Some of the rare books and manuscripts==
*Books from the 12th century
*The 100 volumes of [[Gandhi]]’s words
*Writings on revolutionary [[Alluri Sitaramaraju]] at the IIC
*Silver coated stylus for writing on palm leaves
*Gandhis original broken stick
*Independence day edition of news paper 1947
*Palm leaf manuscripts
*20,000+ rare books. Of them, 1,800 books were published prior to 1900, around 18,115 books by 1943 and 25,000 books up to 1950.

==Collection==
As of 2013 the library is having approximately 90,000 books, including 60000 of [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 20,974 of [[English language|English]], 1,011 of [[Hindi]], 302 [[Urdu]] books, 1687 other books, 121 palm leaf manuscripts and 20 unpublished manuscripts.

After the [[Sri Gowthami Regional Library|Gowthami Grandhalayam]] in Andhra Pradesh, the biggest in the region is Saraswata Niketanam Library.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Libraries in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1918 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1918]]
[[Category:Education in Bapatla district]]

Debaloy Bhattacharya

2026-05-06T20:09:12Z

EddieFrine: Added The Info First Draft

{{Short description|Indian Bengali director, screenwriter and editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Debaloy Bhattacharya
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 7th May 1976
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Mekhala Bhattacharya
| children = Kabir Bhattacharya
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|[[Screenwriter]]|[[Editor]]|Actor}}
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Debaloy Bhattacharya''' ({{lang|bn|দেবালয় ভট্টাচার্য}}) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, editor and actor predominantly associated with [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film industry]]. He is best known for directing the films ''[[Dracula Sir]]'' (2020) and ''[[Shri Swapankumarer Badami Hyenar Kobole]]'' (2024), and the web series ''[[Montu Pilot]]'' and ''[[Indubala Bhaater Hotel]]''.

Bhattacharya debuted as an editor with the film ''Shoonya'' (2006) and also served as a screenwriter in a few films. He made his directorial debut with ''Roga Howar Sohoj Upay'' (2015). ''Holy Faak'' (2017) marked his directorial web series debut.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bidaay-byomkesh-debaloy-bhattacharya-reveals-why-he-decided-to-introduce-an-aged-byomkesh/articleshow/65021630.cms|title='Bidaay Byomkesh': Debaloy Bhattacharya reveals why he decided to introduce an aged Byomkesh|website=The Times of India|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhattacharya started his career in the [[Indian film industry]] as an editor, debuting with ''Shoonya'' (2006). He again worked as an editor in ''[[033]]'' (2009), which marked his debut as a screenwriter in a feature film. He has written the screenplay, story, and dialogues for several [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]] including ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]'' (2014), ''[[Golpo Holeo Shotti]]'' (2014) and ''Roga Howar Sohoj Upay'' (2015). The latter marked his debut as a director. He made his web series debut in 2017, directing ''Holy Faak'' on [[Hoichoi]]. In the same year, he directed the first season of ''[[Dupur Thakurpo]]''.

In 2018, he directed ''[[Bidaay Byomkesh]]'', a Bengali drama starring Abir Chatterjee in the titular role. He has also directed the critically acclaimed ''[[Biday Byomkesh]]'' (2018) and ''[[Dracula Sir]]'' (2020). In 2020, he directed the first season of ''[[Montu Pilot]]'' and has directed all of its following seasons — Season 2 (2022) and Season 3 (2026). In 2023, he directed the highly acclaimed web series ''[[Indubala Bhaater Hotel]]'' streamed on Hoichoi. ''[[P.I. Meena]]'' (2023) marked his directorial debut in Hindi OTT. In 2024, he directed ''[[Shri Swapankumarer Badami Hyenar Kobole]]'', the first project of [[Hoichoi|Hoichoi Studios]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of films
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Writer
! Editor
! Actor
! Notes
! {{Refh}}
|-
| 2006
| ''Shoonya''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{No}}
| Debut film
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[033]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Fresh takes : Simply Kolkata |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080128-fresh-takes-735155-2008-01-16 |first1=Swagata |last1=Sen |date= 16 January 2008 |access-date=2014-02-19}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Michael (2011 Indian film)|Michael]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Hindi film debut; Co-written with [[Ribhu Dasgupta]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/93286811-interview-film-maker-ribhu-dasgupta-michael-hindi-2011-directorial-debut-premiering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924025111/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/93286811-interview-film-maker-ribhu-dasgupta-michael-hindi-2011-directorial-debut-premiering |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 September 2011 |title=Interview: Film-Maker Ribhu Dasgupta on ''Michael'' (Hindi, 2011) - Directorial Debut Premiering in TIFF 2011 |access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Nightie gets naughty |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120831/jsp/entertainment/story_15916294.jsp#.UqkzgNIW1n4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051452/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120831/jsp/entertainment/story_15916294.jsp#.UqkzgNIW1n4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=12 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Golpo Holeo Shotti]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |title=Golpo Holeo Shotti (Bengali) / Good and scary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/golpo-holeo-shotti-bengali-good-and-scary/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 July 2014 |access-date=24 April 2025 |archive-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518045356/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/golpo-holeo-shotti-bengali-good-and-scary/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''Roga Howar Sohoj Upay''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Marked his debut as a director
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/debaloy-bhattacharya-mocks-our-obsession-with-weight-loss/story-s9BCAFJtGQldRFYUT0oNAN.html|title=Debaloy Bhattacharya mocks our obsession with weight loss|date=26 June 2015|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Cinemawala]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/the-film-is-dead-long-live-the-film/article7974351.ece|title=The film is dead, long live the film|newspaper=[[the Hindu]]| last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|date=11 December 2015 |accessdate=8 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Teen Cup Chaa''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| Web film released on [[Hoichoi]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Teen Cup Chaa |url=https://www.hoichoi.tv/films/title/teen-cup-chaa?viewport=desktop&cc=IN |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Bidaay Byomkesh]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Bhaskar |title=Biday Byomkesh movie review: Interesting premise falls flat with lazy, confused writing in second half |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/biday-byomkesh-movie-review-interesting-premise-falls-flat-with-lazy-confused-writing-in-second-half-4890761.html |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=4 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Dracula Sir]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-dracula-sir-1.1219392 |title=ভাবনার শিহরণে আটকে ড্রাকুলা |trans-title=Dracula stuck in a shiver of thought |first=Madhumanti Pait |last=Chowdhury |date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104100655/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-dracula-sir-1.1219392 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Shri Swapankumarer Badami Hyenar Kobole]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Shri Swapankumarer Badami Hyenar Kobole: Abir Chatterjee as Swapan Kumar's sleuth is a lot of fun |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shri-swapankumarer-badami-hyenar-kobole-abir-chatterjee-as-swapan-kumars-sleuth-is-a-lot-of-fun/cid/1993555 |work=The Telegraph |date=13 January 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of web series
! Year
! Series
! Director
! Writer
! Platform
! Notes
! {{Refh}}
|-
| 2017
| ''Holy Faak''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| rowspan="11"|[[Hoichoi]]
| Directorial web series debut
| <ref name="dc">{{cite news |title=Hoichoi announces 100+ hours of original content with more than 30 originals |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/210918/hoichoi-announces-100-hours-of-original-content-with-more-than-30-ori.html |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=21 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dupur Thakurpo]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dupur Thakurpo Seasons 1 to 3 Review: A naughty comedy that starts with a bang but ends with a whimper |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/dupur-thakurpo/amp_webseriesshow/76438392.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183658/https://m.timesofindia.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/dupur-thakurpo/amp_webseriesshow/76438392.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Charitraheen''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| <ref name="toi">{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Debolina |title=Charitraheen Season 1 & 2 Review: Too Many Subplots With An Overdose Of Sexual Violence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/charitraheen/webseriesshow/76385414.cms |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=Times of India |date=17 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Holy Faak 2''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Season 2
| <ref name="dc"></ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Bou Keno Psycho''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Shreya |title=Bengali content finds pan-India audience with growth of Hoichoi, a regional language OTT player |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bengali-content-finds-pan-india-audience-with-growth-of-hoichoi-a-regional-language-ott-player-5231051.html |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=21 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Charitraheen 2''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Season 2
| <ref name="toi"></ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''Pabitra Puppies''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Pabitra Puppies Season 1 Review : Plot lost in a maze of news headlines and moral calls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/pabitra-puppies/seasonreview/76355788.cms |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=Times of India |date=31 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''Charitraheen 3''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Season 3
| <ref name="toi"></ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Montu Pilot]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/montu-pilot-points-out-the-discrimination-faced-by-the-sex-workers-of-sonagachi-and-how-it-is-turning-out-to-be-an-eye-opener-for-the-audience/articleshow/72768334.cms|title=সোনাগাছি এবং মন্টু পাইলট, অনুভূতির হইচই!|last=|first=|date=2019-12-16|website=India Times|language=bn|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Montu Pilot#Season 2 (2022)|Montu Pilot 2]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Season 2
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Solanki-Mithila: কেন ‘মন্টু পাইলট ২’ থেকে মুখ ফেরালেন শোলাঙ্কি ? তাঁর জায়গাতেই কি এসেছেন মিথিলা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-solanki-roy-refused-montu-pilot-2-how-mithila-has-been-chosen-dgtl/cid/1323024 |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=11 January 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Indubala Bhaater Hotel]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Subhashree Ganguly shines in Hoichoi’s Indubala Bhaater Hotel as a refugee homemaker who starts a business |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-shines-in-hoichois-indubala-bhaater-hotel-as-a-refugee-homemaker-who-starts-a-business/cid/1925937 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[P I Meena]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| Marked his Hindi directorial web series debut
| <ref>{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |title=PI Meena' review: A tedious series that even the good cast can't liven up |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/pi-meena-review-a-tedious-series-that-even-the-good-cast-cant-liven-up/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |work=[[Daily Guardian (Iloilo)|The Daily Guardian]] |date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107090851/https://thedailyguardian.com/pi-meena-review-a-tedious-series-that-even-the-good-cast-cant-liven-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Montu Pilot#Season 3 (2026)|Montu Pilot 3]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Hoichoi
| Season 3
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Gorkyr Maa]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{unknown}}
| [[Fridaay]]
| Season 1
|
<ref>{{cite news |title=অতীতের হাত ধরে গল্প বুনছে ভবিষ্যৎ! সত্যিই ফিরছে ভ্রমর? মন্টু পাইলট ৩-এর ঝলকে কোন ইঙ্গিত |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/montu-pilot-3-trailer-out-starring-sourav-das-parno-mittrah-solanki-roy-311159#google_vignette |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=1 March 2026 |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=2404627|name=Debaloy Bhattacharya}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Debaloy}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad

2026-04-26T16:52:56Z

EddieFrine: created new info!

{{Short description|Indian engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 21 February 1928
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 29 April 2013
| death_place = [[Hyderabad, India]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Chemical engineer, bureaucrat, Industrialist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Atomic energy
| spouse = Pendyala Ananthalakshmi
| domesticpartner =
| children = Four sons
| parents = [[Nutakki Ramaseshaiah]] Punnamma
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Petrotech Lifetime Achievement Award
}}
'''Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad''' (1928-2013) was an Indian chemical engineer, bureaucrat and a former chairman of the [[Oil and Natural Gas Commission]] (ONGC).<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad ">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wix1JNIYKaA | title=Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad | publisher=[[YouTube]] video | date=21 September 2013 | accessdate=24 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Naukri Hai">{{cite web | url=http://naukrihai.com/current-affairs_description.php?id=143 | title=Naukri Hai | publisher=Naukri Hai | date=2015 | accessdate=24 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040906/http://naukrihai.com/current-affairs_description.php?id=143 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is credited with the design of the first Magnesium Plant in India in 1994<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " /> and was involved with the commissioning of Apsara research reactor,<ref name="NTI">{{cite web | url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/818/ | title=NTI | publisher=NTI | date=2015 | accessdate=25 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419042039/http://www.nti.org/facilities/818/ | archive-date=19 April 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Colours of India">{{cite web | url=http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/science-and-technology/india-first-nuclear-reactor.html | title=Colours of India | publisher=Colours of India | date=2015 | accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> the first Indian atomic reactor.<ref name="Only for Narra">{{cite web | url=http://only4narra.blogspot.in/2011/01/well-known-scientist-in-india.html | title=Only for Narra | publisher=Only for Narra | date=2015 | accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him in 1960, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his services to the nation.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | accessdate=11 November 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad was born on 21 February 1928 in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking family at [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] to Punnamma and [[Nutakki Ramaseshaiah]], a former Member of Parliament and Minister of Health at the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " /> He did his early education at [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvatipuram]], Intermediate in S.K.C.G College Parlakhemundi and [[Visakhapatanam]] and obtained his graduate degree in mechanical engineering with honours from [[Madras University]] in 1947.<ref name="Only for Narra" /> Moving to [[Purdue University]], he obtained a master's degree (MS) in chemical engineering.<ref name="Purdue University">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ84AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Nuthakki+Bhanu+Prasad%22 | title=Purdue University | publisher=Purdue University | date=2010 | accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> This was followed by advanced research at [[Case Institute of Technology]] (1953) and returned to India the same year to join Aluminium Company of Canada, Montreal at its Kolkata subsidiary to work for a year.<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " />

In 1954, he joined the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] as the Head of Reactor Group and worked there till 1961.<ref name="India, a reference annual">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8NFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Nuthakki+Bhanu+Prasad%22 | title=India, a reference annual | publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting | date=1960 | accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> During this period, he also served as the project manager of [[CIRUS reactor]] from 1958 to 1961 when he retired from DAE service.<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " /> From 1962 to 1974, he was associated with various private sector companies such as AFM, SEL, OXEECO, PIPL in the capacities of a director or managing director. In 1974, he was appointed the chairman of the [[Oil and Natural Gas Commission]], a position he held till 1978.<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " /> From 1978 to 1980, he served as a government secretary in the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], followed by a stint at the [[World Bank]] as a consultant based in [[Washington DC]] till 1992.<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " /> Simultaneously, he held the post of the chairman of [[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation]] from 1986 to 1988 and later, served as a member of its board of governors.<ref name="IPE">{{cite web | url=http://www.ipeindia.org/main/uploads/IPE/Annual%20Reports/46Annual%20Report.pdf | title=IPE | publisher=IPE | date=2015 | accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> He also served as a board member of [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]] (1965–79) and [[Indian Overseas Bank]] (1969-78).<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " />

Bhanu Prasad was married to Pendyala Ananthalakshmi and the couple had four sons.<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " /> He died on 29 April 2013 in [[Hyderabad]] at the age of 85.<ref name="Naukri Hai" />

==Legacy and honours==
Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad was associated with three major Indian ventures such as the first nuclear reactor in Trombay, the development of [[Bombay High]] oil fields and the first Indian magnesium plant.<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " /><ref name="Naukri Hai" /><ref name="Only for Narra" /> He is a recipient of [[Honoris Causa]] degrees of Doctor of Science from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]] (1975) and Doctor of Philosophy from [[Andhra University]] (1978). He was an elected member of the Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences, a founder member of the Hyderabad Management Association and a former president of the Federation of Andhra Pradesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FAPCI) and the [[Institute of Public Enterprise]].<ref name="Padma Shri Nuthakki Bhanu Prasad " /><ref name="Only for Narra" /> In 1960, the [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Naukri Hai" /><ref name="Only for Narra" /><ref name="Politics CSRC">{{cite web | url=http://politicscsrc.page.tl/GREAT-PEOPLES-FROM--A-.-P.htm | title=Politics CSRC | publisher=Politics CSRC | date=2015 | accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> He received the Petrotech Lifetime Achievement Award in 2003.<ref name="Petrotech">{{cite web | url=http://www.petrotechsociety.org/?page_id=86 | title=Petrotech | publisher=Petrotech | date=2015 | accessdate=27 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523223550/http://www.petrotechsociety.org/?page_id=86 | archive-date=23 May 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Nuclear power in India]]
* [[Oil and Natural Gas Commission]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Nuthaki Bhanu}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Krannert School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Scientists from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:World Bank people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Kumarapuram, Alappuzha

2026-04-24T05:50:34Z

EddieFrine:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kumarapuram
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9|17|0|N|76|26|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| settlement_type = Village
| governing_body = Kumarapuram Grama Panchayath
| area_total_km2 = 13.75
| population_total = 27850
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Haripad]]
| image_skyline = Kumarapuram.jpeg
| image_caption = Kumarapuram Panchayath Junction
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Kerala|District]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Nearest Town
| blank1_name_sec2 = Legislative assembly constituency
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alappuzha]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest City
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Haripad]]
| registration_plate = KL-29 (KAYAMKULAM SRTO)
| official_name = Kumarapuram
| native_name = കുമാരപുരം
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 0479
| postal_code = 690548
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
}}
'''Kumarapuram''' is a village in [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] District of [[Kerala]] State of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumarapuram {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/en/kumarapuram/|access-date=2021-12-23|language=en-US}}</ref> This place is mentioned in the famous Malayalam [[CBI (film series)]] and is the setting of [[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]. The famous Ananthapuram Palace also situated here.

== Places to visit ==

=== Ananthapuram Palace ===
Ananthapuram palace is one of the historical palace in Kumarapuram.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-05|title=Anandhapuram Palace - Famous Place in Haripad, Alappuzha|url=https://www.haripad.in/about-haripad/famous-places/anandhapuram-palace/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Haripad, Alappuzha|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Educational Institutions ==

=== KKKVM Higher Secondary School ===
Kerala Kalidasa Kerala Varma Memorial Higher Secondary School was established in 1960 as LP School. This school got High School status in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|title=schoolist|url=http://dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=04|access-date=2021-12-23|website=dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Government Technical High School ===
Government Technical High School was established in 1985 and it is managed by the Directorate of Technical Education, Kerala. It is located at south of Kavarattu Sree Mahadeva Temple. The school consists of Grades from 8 to 10.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technical High Schools|url=http://www.dtekerala.gov.in/index.php/en/home/institutions-programmes/technical-high-schools|access-date=2021-12-23|website=www.dtekerala.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Government U P School Erickavu ===
(Pazhayachira School)
Govt UPS Erickavu was established in 1957 and it is managed by the Department of Education. It is located in Rural area. The school consists of Grades from 1 to 7.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Alappuzha district]]

Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet

2026-04-20T18:49:20Z

EddieFrine: Put Up A Pg

{{short description|British colonial administrator (1807–1886)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Charles Trevelyan
| honorific_suffix = [[Baronet|Bt]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath|KCB]]
| image = Charles Edward Trevelyan.jpg
| caption = Trevelyan in the 1840s
| birth_date = {{birth_date|1807|4|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Taunton]], [[Somerset]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1886|6|19|1807|4|2|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| alma_mater = [[Charterhouse School]]
| children = 1 [[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet]]
| parents = {{plainlist|
* [[Trevelyan baronets|Venerable George Trevelyan]]
* Harriet Trevelyan
}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage |Hannah More Macaulay |23 December 1834 |5 August 1873 |end=d}}
* {{marriage |Eleanor Anne Campbell | 14 October 1875}}
}}
| occupation = [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Civil servant]], [[British Empire|colonial administrator]]
}}

'''Sir Charles Edward Trevelyan, 1st Baronet''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCB}} (2 April 1807 – 19 June 1886) was an [[English people|English]] civil servant and [[British Empire|colonial]] administrator. As a young man, he worked with the colonial government in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], India. He returned to Britain and took up the post of Assistant Secretary to the [[HM Treasury|Treasury]]. During this time he was responsible for facilitating the government's response to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine in Ireland]]. In the late 1850s and 1860s, he served there in senior-level appointments. Trevelyan was instrumental in the process of [[Northcote–Trevelyan Report|reforming the British Civil Service]] in the 1850s.

Today Trevelyan is mostly remembered for his reluctance to disburse direct government food and monetary aid to the Irish during the famine due to his strong belief in ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economics.<ref>''A History of Britain'', Simon Schama, 2001</ref> Trevelyan's defenders say that larger factors than his own acts and beliefs were more central to the problem of the famine and its high mortality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mann|first=Charles|title=1493: How Europe's Discovery of the Americas Revolutionized Trade, Ecology and Life on Earth|date=2012|publisher=Granta Books|isbn=978-1847082459}}</ref>

==Origins==
Descended from an ancient family of [[Cornwall]], he was born in [[Taunton]], [[Somerset]], a son of the Venerable [[George Trevelyan (priest)|George Trevelyan]], then a Cornish clergyman,{{sfn|Balfour|1986|p= 441}} later [[Archdeacon of Taunton]], the 3rd son of [[Sir John Trevelyan, 4th Baronet|Sir John Trevelyan]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|Bt|MP}} of [[Nettlecombe Court]] in Somerset. His mother was Harriet Neave, a daughter of [[Sir Richard Neave, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Neave]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|Bt}}, Governor of the Bank of England.

Much of the wealth of the family derived from the holding of slaves in Grenada.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/08/23/britains-idyllic-country-houses-reveal-a-darker-history|title = Britain's Idyllic Country Houses Reveal a Darker History| magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date = 13 August 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
He was educated at [[Blundell's School]] in Devon, at [[Charterhouse School]] and then the [[East India Company College]] at Haileybury in Hertfordshire. R.A.C. Balfour stated that "his early life was influenced by his parents' membership of the [[Clapham Sect]] – a group of sophisticated families noted for their severity of principle as much as for their fervent evangelism."{{sfn |Balfour|1986|p=441}} Trevelyan was a student of the economist [[Thomas Malthus]] while at Haileybury. His rigid adherence to Malthusian population theory during the Irish famine is often attributed to this formative tutelage.<ref>Laura Trevelyan, ''A Very British Family: The Trevelyans and their World''. I.B. Taurus, 2006, p. 25</ref>

==Career==
[[File:John Lawrence's Executive Council 1864.jpg|thumb|Charles Trevelyan, sitting second from left, with [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], Viceroy of India and other council members. c. 1864]]

In 1826, as a young man, Trevelyan joined the [[East India Company]] as a writer (clerk) and was posted to the Bengal Civil Service at [[Delhi]], India.{{sfn|Balfour|1986|p=441}} There, he achieved rapid promotion.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} He occupied several important and influential positions in various parts of India, but his priggish and often indiscreet behaviour endeared him to few of his colleagues and involved him in almost continual controversy.
{{sfn|Balfour|1986|p=441}}

On return to Britain in 1840 he was appointed as assistant secretary to [[HM Treasury]], and served to 1859, during both the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish famine]] (1845{{en dash}}1852) and the [[Highland Potato Famine]] (1846{{en dash}}1857) in Scotland. In Ireland, he administered [[famine relief]], whilst in Scotland he was closely associated with the work of the Central Board for Highland Relief. His inaction and personal negative attitude towards the [[Irish people]] are widely believed to have slowed relief for the famine.<ref name=CWS>{{cite book|last=Woodham-Smith|first=Cecil|title=The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849|date=1991|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0140145151}}</ref> In discussing policy for the Highland Potato Famine on 20 September 1846, Trevelyan wrote: "The people cannot, ''under any circumstances'', be allowed to starve." The italics appear in the original document.<ref name="Devine 1988">{{cite book |last1=Devine |first1=Tom |last2=Orr |first2=Willie |title=The great Highland famine: hunger, emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the nineteenth century |date=1988 |publisher=Donald |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0859762014}}</ref>{{rp|245}} This repeats language used in April of the same year in respect of Ireland:<blockquote>Our measures must proceed with as little disturbance as possible of the ordinary course of private trade, which must ever be the chief resource for the subsistence of the people, but, ''coûte que coûte'' (at any cost), the people must not, ''under any circumstances'', be allowed to starve.<ref>{{cite news |first=Austin |last=Bourke |title=Apologia for a dead civil servant|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=5–6 May 1977}}</ref></blockquote> In Ireland a million people starved to death, as the Irish watched with increasing fury as boatloads of homegrown oats and grain departed on schedule from their shores for shipment to England. Food riots erupted in ports such as Youghal, near Cork, where people tried unsuccessfully to confiscate a boatload of oats. At Dungarvan, in County Waterford, British troops were pelted with stones as they shot into the crowd, killing at least two people and wounding several others. British naval escorts were then provided for the riverboats.

In contrast, in the Scottish Highlands and Islands, whilst there was great hardship, the large death rate seen in Ireland did not occur. Extensive relief efforts from outside the Highlands were effective in limiting deaths due to famine. The overall problem of Highland communities that could not generate enough food or income with which to feed themselves was ultimately solved by emigration.{{r|Devine 1988|p=4}}

He was cofounder in 1851, with [[John McNeill (diplomat)|Sir John McNeill]], of the [[Highland and Island Emigration Society]] which during the second phase of the [[Highland Clearances]] supported an exodus of nearly 5,000 people to Australia between 1851 and 1858.<ref>{{cite book|last=Devine|first=T.M.|title=To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland's Global Diaspora, 1750-2010|date=2012|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0141015644}}</ref>

Trevelyan was [[Governor of Madras]] from 1859 to 1860, and Indian Finance Minister from 1862 to 1865. A reformer of the civil service, he is widely regarded as the founder of the modern [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Civil Service]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==Marriages and issue==
He married twice:
* Firstly on 23 December 1834, in India, to Hannah More Macaulay (d. 5 August 1873), daughter of [[Zachary Macaulay]] and [[Selina Mills]], sister of [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]], then a member of the supreme council of India and one of his closest friends. By his first wife he had one son and heir:
** Margaret Jean Trevelyan (1835 - 1906), married [[Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford|Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knotsford]].
** [[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet|Sir George Otto Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet]] (1838–1928), the statesman.
** Alice Frances Trevelyan (1843-1902) married William Stratford Dugdale (1828-1882), son of [[William Stratford Dugdale]]. Their son was [[Dugdale baronets|Sir William Francis Stratford Dugdale, 1st Bt]].
* Secondly on 14 October 1875 he married Eleanor Anne Campbell, a daughter of Walter Campbell of Islay in Scotland.

==Biography==
===India===
He entered the [[East India Company]]'s [[Bengal]] civil service as a writer in 1826, having displayed from an early age a great proficiency in Asian languages and dialects. On 4 January 1827, Trevelyan was appointed assistant to Sir [[Charles Theophilus Metcalfe]], the commissioner at [[Delhi]], where, during a residence of four years, he was entrusted with the conduct of several important missions. For some time he acted as guardian to the youthful [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Madhu Singh]], the [[Raja]]h of [[Bhurtpore]]. He also worked to improve the condition of the native population.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McRae |first= Malcolm|year=1962|title=Sir Charles Trevelyan's Indian Letters, 1859–1865 |journal=The English Historical Review|publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=77 |issue=305 |pages=706–712 |jstor=559670|doi=10.1093/ehr/lxxvii.cccv.706}}</ref> He abolished the transit duties by which the internal trade of India had long been fettered. For these and other services, he received the special thanks of the governor-general in council. Before leaving Delhi, he donated personal funds for construction of a broad street through a new suburb, then in course of erection, which thenceforth became known as Trevelyanpur.

In 1831, he moved to Calcutta, and became deputy secretary to the government in the political department. Trevelyan was especially zealous in the cause of education, and in 1835, largely owing to his persistence, government was led to decide in favour of the promulgation of European literature and science among the Indians. An account of the efforts of government, entitled ''On the Education of the People of India,'' was published by Trevelyan in 1838. In April 1836, he was nominated secretary to the Sudder board of revenue, an office he had held until his return in January 1838.

===Role in the Irish Famine===
On 21 January 1840, he entered on the duties of assistant secretary to [[Her Majesty's Treasury]] in London, and discharged the functions of that office for nineteen years. In Ireland, he administered the relief works of 1845–47, when upwards of 734,000 men were employed by the government during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]]. Altogether, about a million people in Ireland are reliably estimated to have died of starvation and epidemic disease between 1846 and 1851, and some two million emigrated in a period of a little more than a decade (1845–55). On 27 April 1848, Trevelyan was appointed as a [[Order of the Bath|KCB]] in reward of his services.

The Great Famine in Ireland began as a catastrophe of extraordinary magnitude, but its effects were severely worsened by the actions and inactions of the Whig government, headed by [[Lord John Russell]] in the crucial years from 1846 to 1852. Many members of the British upper and middle classes believed that the famine was a divine judgment—an act of Providence{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} although these views also existed in the Irish Catholic Church. A leading exponent of the providentialist perspective was Trevelyan, who was chiefly responsible for administering Irish relief policy throughout the famine years. In his book ''The Irish Crisis'', published in 1848, Trevelyan later described the famine as "a direct stroke of an all-wise and all-merciful Providence", one which laid bare "the deep and inveterate root of social evil", that evil being Ireland's rural economic system of exploitative landlords and peasants overly dependent on the potato. The famine, he declared, was "the sharp but effectual remedy by which the cure is likely to be effected... God grant that the generation to which this great opportunity has been offered may rightly perform its part and we may not relax our efforts until Ireland fully participates in the social health and physical prosperity of Great Britain." This mentality of Trevelyan's was influential in persuading the government to do nothing to restrain mass evictions.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Historians disagree concerning Trevelyan's responsibility for famine relief policy in Ireland, and what exactly was his role in it. Karen Sonnelitter discusses the subject in her [[edited collection]] of primary sources, ''The Great Irish Famine: A History in Documents''.<ref name="Sonnelitter2018">{{cite book |last1=Sonnelitter |first1=Karen |title=The Great Irish Famine: A History in Documents: (From the Broadview Sources Series) |year=2018 |publisher=Broadview Press |isbn=978-1-77048-688-1 |pages=11–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWN2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |quote="Numerous popular articles and histories have quoted Trevelyan as saying, "the judgement of God sent the calamity to teach the Irish a lesson, that calamity must not be too much mitigated." According to Robin Haines, this phrase, which Trevelyan never actually wrote, is the result of a misinterpretation by historian Jennifer Hart in her 1960 article, "Sir Charles Trevelyan at the Treasury." Haines argues that Trevelyan's most contemptuous words were for Irish landlords, and he was known at the time for his empathy towards Irish Catholics.}}</ref>

During the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], specifically 1846, the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]–Liberal Government held power in Britain, with Trevelyan acting as treasurer.{{Sfn | Murchadha | 2011 | p = 50}} In this position Trevelyan had considerable influence over the parliament's decisions, especially the plans for the relief effort in Ireland.{{Sfn | Murchadha | 2011 | p = 50}} Along with the Whig government, he believed Ireland needed to correct itself and that a ''[[laissez-faire]]'' attitude was the best solution. Though the efforts made by Trevelyan did not produce any permanent remedy to the situation, he believed that if the British Government gave Ireland all that was necessary to survive, the Irish people would come to rely on the British government instead of fixing their problems.<ref name= "ReferenceA">{{Citation |last=Murchadha|first=Ciarán Ó|title=The Great Famine: Ireland's Agony 1845–1852|date=2011|publisher= Hambledon Continuum|isbn= 978-1-84725217-3|page=54}}</ref>

In the summer of 1846, Trevelyan ordered the Peelite Relief Programmes, which had been operating since the early years of the famine, to be shut down. This was done on 21 July 1846 by [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Sir Charles Wood]].{{Sfn | Murchadha | 2011 | p = 51}} Trevelyan believed that if the relief continued while a new food crisis was unfolding, the poor would become permanently conditioned to having the state take care of them.{{Sfn | Murchadha | 2011 | p = 51}}

After the end of the Peelite Relief Programs, the Whig–Liberal government instituted the Labour Rate Act, which provided aid only to the most severely affected areas of the famine.<ref name= "ReferenceA"/> This Labour Act took time to be implemented, as was Trevelyan's intention, allowing the British government to spend the bare minimum to feed those starving from the famine. He was nicknamed as "linchpin of relief operations".{{Sfn | Murchadha | 2011 | p = 50}} Trevelyan believed that labourers should have seen this as a happy event to take advantage of what he called "breathing-time" to harvest their own crops and carry out wage-producing harvest work for large farmers.<ref name= "ReferenceA" /> But the return of the blight had deprived labourers of any crops to harvest and farmers of agricultural work to hire labourers for.<ref name= "ReferenceA" />

Trevelyan expressed his views in letters that year to [[Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon|Lord Monteagle of Brandon]] and in an article in ''[[The Times]]''. But in 1846, more than ninety percent of the potato crop had been destroyed.{{Sfn | Murchadha | 2011 | p = 48}} The large crops of oats and grain were not affected, and if those crops had been distributed to the Irish people rather than exported, mass starvation could have been avoided.<ref name="BBC 2001">{{cite web | title=History – British History in depth: The Irish Famine | website=BBC | date= 1 January 2001 | url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/famine_01.shtml | access-date= 18 September 2019}}</ref>

Trevelyan said in his 9 October 1846 letter to Lord Monteagle that "the government establishments are strained to the utmost to alleviate this great calamity and avert this danger" as was within their power so to do.<ref name= "Lord Monteagle 1846 p. 51">"Letter of Trevelyan to Lord Monteagle," (9 October 1846) in Kissane (ed.), p. 51</ref> Trevelyan praised the government and denounced the Irish gentry in his letter, blaming them for the famine.<ref name= "Lord Monteagle 1846 p. 51" /> He believed that the landlords had a responsibility to feed the labourers and increase land productivity.<ref name= "Lord Monteagle 1846 p. 51"/> ''[[The Times]]'' agreed with Trevelyan, faulting the gentry for not instructing their proprietors to improve their estates and not planting crops other than the potato.<ref>''Times'' newspaper (22 September 1846), in Gray, pp. 154-55</ref> In his letter to Lord Monteagle, Trevelyan identified the gentry with the "defective part of the national character" and chastised them for expecting the government to fix everything, "as if they have themselves no part to perform in this great crisis."<ref name="Lord Monteagle 1846 p. 51" /> By blaming the famine on the gentry, Trevelyan justified the actions—or inaction—of the British Government. These same gentry were of course raising the crops of oats and grains as well as meat that were exported under armed guard to England.

===Highland Potato Famine===

The potato blight spread to the Western Highlands of Scotland a year after its occurrence in Ireland resulting in the [[Highland Potato Famine]]. Overcrowded Highland crofting communities were highly reliant on the productivity of the potato for subsistence, so famine was inevitable in those parts of the Highlands. In contrast to Ireland, there was no large increase in mortality as external relief efforts were arranged by external agencies. The government put pressure on landowners to support their destitute tenants, which many landlords already saw as their responsibility. The few that tried to avoid doing this were brought into line by suggestions that the government might provide relief direct to their tenants and reclaim the costs from the landowner.{{r|Devine 1995|p=87-93}} In 1851, in response to that crisis, Trevelyan and [[John McNeill (diplomat)|Sir John McNeill]] founded the [[Highland and Island Emigration Society]]. From 1851 until its termination in 1858, the society sponsored the emigration of around 5,000 Scots to Australia and thus increasing the devastation of the Clearances.<ref>{{cite journal|volume=49|last=MacMillan|first= David|year=1963|title=Sir Charles Trevelyan and the Highland and Island Emigration Society, 1849-1859|journal= Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society}}</ref> This existed alongside other assisted emigration paid for by the landlords of those travelling (estimated at nearly 11,000 people), where tenants had sufficient funds, voluntary emigration, and the work of the [[Colonial Land and Emigration Commission]].<ref name="Devine 2018">{{cite book |last1=Devine |first1=Tom |title=The Scottish clearances: a history of the dispossessed, 1600-1900 |date=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-0241304105}}</ref>{{rp|320}} Trevelyan likewise supported Irish emigration, saying "We must not complain of what we really want to obtain".<ref>{{cite book |title=Transatlantic History |date=2006 |publisher=University of Texas |page=106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=John |first1=O'Beirne Ranelagh |title=A Short History of Ireland |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=131}}</ref>

===Civil Service Reform===
In 1853, Trevelyan proposed the organisation of a new system for hiring of people in the government civil service. The [[Northcote–Trevelyan Report]], signed by himself and [[Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh|Sir Stafford Northcote]] in November 1853, entitled ''The Organisation of the Permanent Civil Service'', laid the foundation for securing the admission of qualified and educated persons into positions that had been dominated by members of aristocratic and influential families who benefitted by personal networks. It was intended to be a merit system.

===Return to India===
In 1858, [[George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] resigned the governorship of the presidency of [[Madras]], and Trevelyan was offered the appointment. Having maintained his knowledge of oriental affairs by close attention to all subjects affecting the interest of India, he entered upon his duties as governor of Madras in the spring of 1859. He soon became popular in the presidency. It is claimed that due to his conduct in office, the natives became reconciled to the government.{{citation needed|date= January 2019}} An assessment was carried out, a police system organised in every part, and, contrary to the traditions of the [[East India Company]], land was sold in [[fee simple]] to any one who wished to purchase. These and other reforms introduced or developed by Trevelyan won the gratitude and esteem of the Madras population.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

All went well until February 1860. Towards the close of 1859, [[James Wilson (businessman)|James Wilson]] had been appointed financial member of the legislative council of India. At the beginning of the new year, he proposed a plan of retrenchment and taxation by which he hoped to improve the financial position of the British administration: his plan was introduced at [[Calcutta]], the seat of government, on 18 February, and transmitted to Madras. On 4 March, an open telegram was sent to Calcutta implying an adverse opinion of this proposal by the governor and council of Madras. On 9 March, a letter was sent to Madras stating the central government's objection to the transmission of such a message in an open telegram at a time when native feeling could not be considered stable. At the same time, the representative of the Madras government in the legislative council of India was prohibited from following the instructions of his superiors to lay their views upon the table and to advocate on their behalf. On 21 March, the government sent another telegram to Madras declaring the bill would be introduced and referred to a committee which was due to report in five weeks. On 26 March, opinions among Trevelyan and his council were recorded and, on his authority, the document found its way into the papers.

On arrival of this intelligence in Britain, the Governor of Madras was at once recalled. This decision occasioned much discussion both in and out of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. Defending the recall of Trevelyan, [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Palmerston]], in his place in Parliament, said:
{{Blockquote | Undoubtedly it conveys a strong censure on one act of Sir Charles Trevelyan's public conduct, yet Sir Charles Trevelyan has merits too inherent in his character, to be clouded and overshadowed by this simple act, and I trust in his future career he may be useful to the public service and do honour to himself.}}

[[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Sir Charles Wood]], the [[President of the Board of Control]], said:
{{Blockquote | A more honest, zealous, upright, and independent servant could not be. He was a loss to India, but there would be danger if he were allowed to remain, after having adopted a course so subversive of all authority, so fearfully tending to endanger our rule, and so likely to provoke the people to insurrection against the central and responsible authority.<ref>''Hansard'', 11 May 1860, cols. 1130–61; Statement of Sir C. E. Trevelyan of the Circumstances connected with his Recall from India, 1860.</ref>}}

In 1862, Trevelyan returned to India as finance minister. His tenure of office was marked by important administrative reforms and by extensive measures for the development of [[natural resource]]s in India by means of public works. In 1862, Colonel [[Douglas Hamilton]] was given a [[roving commission]] by Trevelyan to conduct surveys and make drawings for the Government of all the [[hill station|hill plateaus]] in Southern India which were likely to suit as Sanitaria, or quarters for European troops.

On his return home in 1865, Trevelyan became engaged in discussions of the question of army purchase, on which he had given evidence before the royal commission in 1857. Later he was associated with a variety of social questions, such as charities, [[pauperism]], and the like, and in the treatment of these. He was a staunch [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]], and gave his support to the Liberal cause in [[Northumberland]], while residing at [[Wallington Hall]] in that county. Trevelyan died at 67 Eaton Square, London, on 19 June 1886, aged 79.

==Legacy and honours==

Trevelyan was appointed [[Order of the Bath|KCB]] on 27 April 1848. Three decades later on 2 March 1874, he was created the first [[Trevelyan baronets|Trevelyan baronet of Wallington]], when his cousin [[Walter Calverley Trevelyan]], 6th Baronet of Nettlecombe, died at [[Wallington Hall|Wallington]] on 23 March 1879, childless after two marriages, and his north-country property was bequethed to Charles. A biographer from the family notes that Walter had changed his will in 1852, having been impressed by Charles' son. The young George Otto Trevelyan had visited Walter and his wife and received hints of the secret will. The modest social position of the family was suddenly elevated to one of wealth and property, recorded as an important event in the history of the baronetcy.<ref name= lauratrevelyn>{{cite book|last= Trevelyan |first=Laura|title=b A Very British Family: The Trevelyans and Their World|date= 2012|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn= 978-1-78076287-6}}</ref>

The changed will came as a surprise to [[Trevelyan baronets|Alfred Trevelyan]], who was advised at the end of a lengthy letter that detailed the evils of alcohol. He issued a costly and unsuccessful challenge for the title and estate.

The Trevelyan (Charles Edward) Archive, which includes Trevelyan's papers covering 25 years of his personal life and career, is held at [[Newcastle University Library]] Special Collections and Archives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/collections/collection_details.php?id=138|title=Trevelyan (Charles Edward) Archive|access-date=12 July 2019|publisher=[[Newcastle University Library]]}}</ref>

It has been said that:
<blockquote>Trevelyan's most enduring mark on history may be the [[anti-Irish sentiment|anti-Irish racial sentiment]] he expressed during his term in the critical position of administrating relief for the millions of Irish peasants suffering under the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|potato blight]] as Assistant Secretary to HM Treasury (1840–1859) under the [[Whig (British political party)|Whig]] administration of [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord Russell]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Charles Edward Trevelyan|url=http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Charles_Edward_Trevelyan|work=Multitext Project in Irish History|publisher=University College Cork|access-date=21 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518171122/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Charles_Edward_Trevelyan|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref></blockquote>

In February 2023, one of Trevelyan's descendants, [[Laura Trevelyan]], stunned to discover Charles Edward's father Rev. George Trevelyan was a slaveholder, announced a plan to travel to the Caribbean and apologize for the family's ownership of 1,004 enslaved Africans. The Trevelyan family plans to pay reparations to Grenada's people. Members of the family decided to sign a letter of apology for enslaving captive Africans on six sugar plantations in Grenada. The Trevelyan family received compensation from the British government in 1835 for the abolition of slavery a year earlier.<ref>The Guardian, 13 February 2023, "'My forefathers did something horribly wrong': British slave owners' family to apologise and pay reparations"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/04/british-slave-owners-family-apologise-reparations-trevelyans]</ref>

==Publications==
In addition to works mentioned, Trevelyan wrote the following:
* ''The Application of the Roman Alphabet to all the Oriental Languages,'' 1834; 3rd ed. 1858.
* ''A Report upon the Inland Customs and Town Duties of the Bengal Presidency,'' 1834.
* ''The Irish Crisis,'' 1848; 2nd ed. 1880.
* ''The Army Purchase Question and Report and Evidence of the Royal Commission considered,'' 1858.
* ''The Purchase System in the British Army,'' 1867; 2nd ed. 1867.
* ''The British Army in 1868,'' 1868; 4th ed. 1868.
* ''A Standing or a Popular Army,'' 1869.
* ''Three Letters on the Devonshire Labourer,'' 1869.
* ''From Pesth to Brindisi, being Notes of a Tour,'' 1871; 2nd ed. 1876.
* ''The Compromise offered by Canada in reference to the reprinting of English Books,'' 1872.
* ''Christianity and Hinduism contrasted,'' 1882.

Trevelyan's letters to the ''Times,'' with the signature of ''Indophilus,'' were collected with ''Additional Notes'' in 1857; 3rd edit. 1858. Several of his addresses, letters, and speeches were also published.

In conjunction with his cousin, Sir [[Walter Calverley Trevelyan]], he edited the ''Trevelyan Papers'' ([[Camden Society]] 1856, 1862, 1872).<ref name= DNB00>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Trevelyan, Walter Calverley}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
* [[Anthony Trollope]] admitted that Trevelyan was the model for Sir Gregory Hardlines in his novel ''[[The Three Clerks]]'' (1858).<ref>{{cite web|title=Hardlines, Sir Gregory.|url=http://www.anthonytrollope.com/books/booksearch/character_index/h/hardlines_sir_gregory_/|publisher=The Trollope Society|access-date=21 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423052311/http://www.anthonytrollope.com/books/booksearch/character_index/h/hardlines_sir_gregory_/|archive-date=23 April 2014}}</ref>
* [[Charles Dickens]] likely based the nepotistic aristocrat ''Tite Barnacle'', a character in his novel ''[[Little Dorrit]],'' on Trevelyan.<ref>Lauren M. E. Goodlad, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CDn9CdS2DqUC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121 Victorian Literature and the Victorian State], JHU Press, 2013, p. 121</ref> Barnacle controls the "Circumlocution Office", where everything goes round in circles, and nothing ever gets done.
* The Irish-American rock band [[Black 47 (band)|Black 47]], in their song of the same name from their 1992 album ''Fire of Freedom'', refer to Trevelyan, as well as Queen Victoria and Lord Russell, as being among those responsible for the famine.
* Trevelyan is referred to in the modern Irish folk song "[[The Fields of Athenry]]" by [[Pete St. John]], about the Great Irish Famine: "Michael, they have taken you away / because you stole Trevelyan's corn / so the young might see the morn / now a prison ship lies waiting in the bay."<ref>{{cite web|title=Dropkick Murphys Lyrics|url=http://www.plyrics.com/lyrics/dropkickmurphys/fieldsofathenry.html|access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> Because of Trevelyan's policies, the Irish consider him one of the most detested figures in their history, along with [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|Oliver Cromwell]], who conquered the country in the 17th century.

==References==
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/trevelyan_charles.shtml ''BBC History'' profile]
* [http://www.irelandforvisitors.com/articles/black_47.htm Article on the Irish famine], Ireland for Visitors
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140518171122/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Charles_Edward_Trevelyan "Charles Edward Trevelyan"], ''Cork Multitext Project''
* ''Chambers Biographical Dictionary'', 1990, {{ISBN|0-550-16040-X}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/opinion/sunday/paul-ryans-irish-amnesia.html?ref=todayspaper&_r=0 "Paul Ryan's Irish Amnesia] ... For his role in the famine, Trevelyan was knighted. The Irish remember him differently ..." ''Timothy Egan, NYTimes SundayReview, 15 March 2014''
* {{cite journal |volume=LVII 1990–1992|last=Balfour |first=Roderick A.C. |date=5 November 1986 |title=The Highland and Island Emigration Society, 1852-1858 |journal=Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness |pages=429–566 |url=https://archive.org/details/tgsi-vol-57-1990-92}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodham-Smith|first=Cecil|url=https://archive.org/details/greathungerirela00wood_0/mode/2up|url-access=registration|title=The Great Hunger - Ireland 1845-49|date=1962|publisher=Old Town Books|location=London|isbn=9780880293853}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

;Attribution
* {{DNB|wstitle=Trevelyan, Charles Edward|ref=none}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=49004}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23376561 BBC: The ancient Chinese exam that inspired modern job recruitment]

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Trevelyan baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Wallington)'''
| years = 1874–1886
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet|George Otto Trevelyan]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Great Hunger}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevelyan, Charles}}
[[Category:1807 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom|Trevelyan, Charles Edward, 1st Baronet]]
[[Category:English people of Cornish descent]]
[[Category:Civil servants in HM Treasury]]
[[Category:British East India Company civil servants]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Great Famine (Ireland)]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:People educated at Blundell's School]]
[[Category:People from Taunton]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:Trevelyan family|Charles]]

Sports in Bihar

2026-04-18T14:07:55Z

EddieFrine: Put Up New Post

{{short description|Sports in the Indian state of Bihar}}

'''Sports in Bihar''' are administered by state bodies, associations, and local organisations. In recent years, the [[Government of Bihar]] has expanded infrastructure and training programmes to support athlete development and sporting activities.<ref name="TOIinfra">{{cite news |title=Sports in Bihar: Little infra but high spirit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sports-in-bihar-little-infra-but-high-spirit/articleshow/104290281.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2025-04-27 |title=Bihar’s new bounce |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/bihars-new-bounce/article69495682.ece |access-date=2025-08-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Governing bodies ==
The main governing organisation is the '''[[Bihar State Sports Authority]] (BSSA)''', established in 2023 under the [[Government of Bihar]]. It manages sports infrastructure, training programmes, and athlete welfare. BSSA conducts the ''Bihar Khel Pratibha Khoj'' talent hunt across schools and prepares athletes for future international events.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM unveils trophy, mascot for Men’s Hockey Asia Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-unveils-trophy-mascot-for-mens-hockey-asia-cup/articleshow/123347920.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

[[Bihar Cricket Association|Bihar Cricket Association (BCA)]] – Governing body for [[cricket]] in Bihar, affiliated to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)]].

Other State Associations – [[Bihar Football Association|Football]], [[Athletics Federation of India|Athletics]], [[Hockey India|Hockey]], [[Volleyball Federation of India|Volleyball]], [[Rugby Football Association of Bihar|Rugby]], [[Bihar State Kabaddi Association|Kabaddi]] and [[Karate India Organisation|Karate]] are managed by their respective state federations affiliated to national bodies.

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Samrat Chaudhary and Nitish Kumar at inauguration of Rajgir cricket stadium.jpg|thumb|Deputy Chief Minister Samrat Choudhary and CM Nitish Kumar inaugurating Rajgir cricket stadium in Nalanda district of Bihar.]]
* '''[[Patliputra Sports Complex]]''' (Patna) – Major multi-sport venue with a 20,000-seat outdoor stadium and a 3,500-seat indoor arena. It hosted the 2012 Women’s World Cup Kabaddi and Pro Kabaddi League matches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renovated multipurpose hall at Patliputra Sports Complex Pro Kabaddi League venue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/renovated-multipurpose-hall-at-patliputra-sports-complex-pro-kabaddi-league-venue/articleshow/106225464.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

* '''[[Rajgir Sports Complex]]''' – Inaugurated in 2024, spread over 90 acres with a cricket stadium, sports university, hospital, and training centres.<ref>{{cite news |title=Once known for caste wars, Bihar now hogs limelight for sports battles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/once-known-for-caste-wars-bihar-now-hogs-limelight-for-sports-battles/articleshow/120872445.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

* '''[[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]]''' (Patna) – Being redeveloped into a 40,000+ capacity cricket stadium with international facilities.

* Over 8,000 village playgrounds and more than 250 block-level stadiums are being developed to strengthen grassroots sports.<ref name="TOIinfra" />

== Major sports ==
Cricket is the most popular sport, with the '''[[Bihar cricket team]]''' competing in Indian domestic tournaments. Athletics, archery, [[Bihar State Kabaddi Association|kabaddi]] and martial arts (especially karate) have strong grassroots participation. [[Hockey Association of Bihar|Hockey]], [[Bihar Football Association|football]], swimming, and [[Rugby Football Association of Bihar|rugby]] are also gaining prominence.

== Major events hosted ==
* '''[[2025 Khelo India Youth Games]]''', held across Patna, Rajgir, Gaya, Bhagalpur and Begusarai, featured 8,500 athletes in 28 sports.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi lauds Bihar’s sports push as Khelo India Youth Games draws big crowds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/pm-narendra-modi-lauds-bihars-sports-push-as-khelo-india-youth-games-draws-big-crowds/articleshow/120952674.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 March 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
* '''[[2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup]]''' was hosted at Rajgir Sports Complex, marking the first time Bihar staged an international hockey tournament.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM unveils trophy, mascot for Men’s Hockey Asia Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-unveils-trophy-mascot-for-mens-hockey-asia-cup/articleshow/123347920.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
* Bihar also hosted its first [[Asia Rugby Championship|Asia-level rugby]] event in Rajgir.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rugby India match: Rajgir will create history again |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/nalanda/rugby-india-match-rajgir-will-create-history-again-asian-competition-held-in-bihar/articleshow/123076490.cms |work=Navbharat Times |date=20 April 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

== Notable athletes ==
* '''[[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]],''' youngest-ever player in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL youngest ever player Vaibhav Suryavanshi |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ipl-youngest-ever-player-vaibhav-suryavanshi-t7s7kgtdf |work=The Times |date=7 April 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
* '''[[Shreyasi Singh]],''' Commonwealth Games gold medallist shooter, advocates for greater women’s participation in sports.<ref>{{cite news |title=Participation of women in sports in Bihar is a sign of the progress of state: Shreyasi Singh |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/participation-of-women-in-sports-in-bihar-is-a-sign-of-the-progress-of-state-shooter-shreyasi-singh/articleshow/121382700.cms |work=Navbharat Times |date=15 March 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
* [[Md Zabir Ansari|'''Md Zabir Ansari''']], Karate player.
* '''[[Pramod Bhagat]]''' , Paralympic gold medalist and para-badminton player
* '''[[Kavita Roy]]''',Former Indian women's ODI cricketer

== See also ==
* [[Bihar State Sports Authority]]
* [[Patliputra Sports Complex]]
* [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]]
* [[2025 Khelo India Youth Games]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sport in India by state or union territory]]

Zahida Khan (Indian politician)

2026-04-14T02:04:46Z

EddieFrine: Put Up Data

{{Short description|Indian Politician from Indian National Congress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Zahida Khan
| image = Zahida Khan Kaman.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|3|8|df=y}}
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| office = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister of State for Education]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| 1blankname = [[Third Gehlot ministry|Additional Ministries and Departments]]
| 1namedata = * Science & Technology (Independent Charge)
* Printing & Stationery (Independent Charge)
* Arts
* Literature
* Culture & ASI
| term_start = 27 December 2018
| term_end = 3 December 2023
| successor = [[Madan Dilawar]]
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Kaman (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kaman]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2018
| term_end1 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Jagat Singh (politician)|Jagat Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Nauksham Chaudhary]]
| constituency2 = [[Kaman (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kaman]]
| term_start2 = 8 December 2008
| term_end2 = 8 December 2013
| predecessor2 = Madan Mohan Singhal
| successor2 = [[Jagat Singh (politician)|Jagat Singh]]
| occupation =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Jalees Khan
| parents = [[Tayyab Husain]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| sibling =
| website =
| honorific_prefix = [[Chaudhrani]]
}}

'''Chaudhrani Zahida Khan''' ({{née}} '''Hussain'''; born 8 March 1968) is an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]], who formerly served as the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister of State for Education of]] [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/rajendra-gudda-zahida-khan-sworn-in-as-ministers-of-state-in-rajasthan-government20211121165901/|title=Rajendra Gudda, Zahida Khan sworn in as ministers of state in Rajasthan government|website=ANI News|access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=1 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201002717/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/rajendra-gudda-zahida-khan-sworn-in-as-ministers-of-state-in-rajasthan-government20211121165901/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/zahida-khan.html|title=Zahida Khan About family, political life, awards won, history|website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3871|title=Zahida Khan(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KAMAN(BHARATPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref> She is a former [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kaman Assembly constituency]]. She was initially elected in 2008 and then re-elected in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/MemberContacts.aspx|title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|website=rajassembly.nic.in}}</ref> She was also appointed the [[General Secretary]] of [[All India Mahila Congress]] in October 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaman Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Kaman, Rajasthan |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/kaman.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born to [[Tayyab Husain]] on 8 March 1968. She has two brothers, [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]] and [[Fazal Hussain (Indian politician)|Fazal Hussain]]. Her father served as Cabinet Minister and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the three states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Haryana]]. He also served as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon]] and [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]] in [[Haryana]]. Her father was also a previous Legislative Assembly seat holder from the [[Kaman Assembly constituency|Kaman constituency]] in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-10-08 |title=Veteran Congress leader Tayyab passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/veteran-congress-leader-tayyab-passes-away/articleshow/3571692.cms |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personal ==
She is married to Jalees Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जोधपुर |first=करनपुरी |date=2023-10-20 |title=मंत्री जाहिदा खान का जोरदार विरोध, कांमा में पति की कार पर चढ़े ग्रामीण, पथराव भी किया |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-election-zahida-khan-protest-in-bharatpur-stones-pelted-at-her-husband-car-ann-2519188 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Anti-incumbency protests 2023 ===
In the lead-up to the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Assembly Elections of 2023]], incidents involving Khan garnered attention. One such incident occurred in Bharatpur, where Jalees Khan, Zahida Khan's husband and a minority leader from AICC, alongside Nadeem Javed, visited to gather public feedback. However, their visit was met with strong opposition from villagers in the Pahari police station area of Deeg district.

The villagers, particularly from Pahari village Tilakpuri, vehemently protested against Jalees Khan's car. Stones were thrown at the vehicle, indicating the intensity of their displeasure. Similar dissent was observed in Kaman, Deeg district, where locals protested against Zahida Khan, expressing dissatisfaction with her tenure as Minister of State in the Rajasthan Government. During these protests, Jalees Khan faced the brunt of public anger, necessitating a swift evacuation from the site due to escalating tensions. The situation grew volatile as people chased the car, chanting slogans against Zahida Khan's husband and pelting stones at the vehicle, causing damage to the rear glass.

Further controversies emerged when Congress party observer Nadeem Javed visited Kaman. Hundreds of villagers gathered, conducting a rally against Minister Zahida Khan, asserting their disapproval of her candidacy. Some voiced concerns over alleged nepotism, citing their reluctance to vote for her in the upcoming elections.

Additionally, discontent brewed amongst Kaman residents in Delhi when news surfaced of Minister Zahida Khan attending a Congress High Command meeting. Residents gathered at the AICC office, brandishing placards and demanding that Zahida Khan not be nominated for the upcoming elections, citing their grievances against her.

These incidents highlight the dissatisfaction and opposition Zahida Khan faced from various quarters, leading to public protests and calls against her candidacy in the Rajasthan Assembly Elections of 2023. Khan still received the Indian National Congress ticket and contested the 2023 Legislative assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress Workers Protest At Party HQ After Tickets Given To Rajasthan Minister Zahida Khan |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/congress-workers-protest-at-party-hq-after-tickets-given-to-rajasthan-minister-zahida-khan-2675302.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2023-10-14 |title=WATCH: Rajasthan Cong Workers Protest Against Fielding Zahida Khan Over 'Corruption' Charges |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/rajasthan-election-2023-congress-workers-protest-minister-zahida-khan-corruption-aicc-hq-video-1635907 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 December 2023, she faced defeat to [[Nauksham Chaudhary]], the candidate representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], securing a third-place position subsequent to Mukhtyar Ahmed, an independent candidate. Her electoral setback has been attributed to the opposition generated by protests and anti-incumbency sentiments directed towards her candidacy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-05 |title=Unsuccessful in Hry, Nauksham wins in Raj |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/nauksham-chaudhary-bjp-candidate-from-haryana-wins-assembly-elections-in-rajasthan/articleshow/105741540.cms |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Facebook|ZahidaKhanINC|Zahida Khan Kaman}}
*{{Instagram | zahidakhanINC | Zahida Khan}}
*{{Telegram | ZahidaKhanINC | Zahida Khan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Zahida}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Meo people]]

Angad Bir Singh

2026-04-13T06:24:16Z

EddieFrine: Adding A Bio!

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Angad Bir Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|6|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| height =
| position = Forward
| currentclub = CAG
| clubs1 = Hockey Chandigarh
| years1 =
| clubs2 = CAG
| years2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2022–2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 21
| nationalgoals1 = 7
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 2
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023 Salalah]]|}}
}}
'''Angad Bir Singh''' (born 8 June 2002)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angad Bir Singh - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/players/angad-bir-singh-profile-10928 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> is an Indian hockey player from [[Chandigarh]]. He plays for the [[India men's national field hockey team|India men’s national field hockey team]] as a forward. He is registered with the [[Comptroller & Auditor General of India]], and plays for Hockey Chandigarh in the domestic tournaments. He played for [[Kalinga Lancers|Vedanta Kalinga Lancers]] in the [[Hockey India League]] 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angad Bir Singh - Hockey India League - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindialeague.com/players/angad-bir-singh-profile-10928 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=hockeyindialeague.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is born and brought up in Chandigarh. He is the son of Arvinder Pal Singh. He has two sisters, the elder Brahmjot and twin Upneet, and all three used to play hockey during their childhood. Their house is close to the Sector 42 stadium, where the family watched many hockey games together, but he was rejected admission at the Chandigarh Hockey Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-10 |title=Rejected for not being ‘good enough’, Angad Bir Singh emerges as Indian hockey’s next big hope |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/angad-bir-singh-emerges-as-next-big-hope-in-indian-hockey-8656019/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He learnt his basics from his first coach, Alpinder Singh and was spotted and mentored by former India star [[Deepak Thakur]], who got him a guest player seat at the [[Indian Oil Corporation]] team.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hard work, persistence: Hockey star Angads success mantra |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/hard-work-persistence-hockey-star-angads-success-mantra-541124/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He did his schooling at [[Ryan International Group of Institutions|Ryan International School]], Sector 49 and later did his graduation in computer applications at GGDSD College in Sector 32, Chandigarh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=20-year-old star striker does city proud |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/20-year-old-star-striker-does-city-proud-516111/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In October 2022, Singh was part of the Indian team that won the [[2022 Sultan of Johor Cup]], at Johor Bahru, Malaysia.<ref name=":0" /> He was part of the Indian team that won the FIH Junior Asia Cup at [[Muscat]], Oman, where he scored the first goal in the final match.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=भारतीय हॉकी के दो नए जादूगर, जिनके इशारे पर नाचते रहे पाकिस्तानी, अंत में टेक दिए घुटने |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/news/who-is-angad-bir-singh-and-araijeet-singh-hundal-new-sensation-of-indian-hockey/articleshow/100699268.cms |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> He was selected for the senior India team for the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 [[FIH Pro League|FIH Hockey Pro Leagues]] and made his senior debut against Ireland at Bhubaneswar in March 2025.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Singh Angad Bir {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/others/men/2023-sultan-of-johor-cup-1616/player/singh-angad-bir-27381 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Tejasvi |date=2025-03-06 |title=Angad Bir Singh: dream debut in FIH Pro League 2025 |url=https://www.newindian.in/angad-bir-singh-dream-debut-in-fih-pro-league-2025/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=NewIndian.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dream debut, golden ambitions: Angad Bir Singh’s rise to hockey stardom |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/dream-debut-golden-ambitions-angad-bir-singhs-rise-to-hockey-stardom/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2023, he played the 2023 Four Nations Junior Men's Invitational Tournament at [[Düsseldorf]]. Later, he played the [[2023 Sultan of Johor Cup]] for the second year, but India could get only a bronze.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://hockeyindia.org/players/angad-bir-singh-profile-10928 Angad Bir Singh] at [[Hockey India]]
* [https://www.fih.hockey/events/others/men/2023-sultan-of-johor-cup-1616/player/singh-angad-bir-27381 Angad Bir Singh] at [[International Hockey Federation]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Angad Bir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Hockey India League players]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1967)

2026-04-11T20:36:54Z

EddieFrine: created a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician based in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Kumar Mishra
| image =
| native_name = Pappu Bhartaul
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|06|30}}
| birth_place = Bhartaul village, [[Bareilly district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| constituency = [[Bithari Chainpur Assembly constituency|Bithari Chainpur]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 2022
| predecessor = [[Virendra Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Virendra Singh]]
| successor = [[Dr. Raghavendra Sharma|Raghvendra Sharma]]
| spouse = Sunita Mishra
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Open Schooling]]
| father = Bhojadatt Mishra
| mother =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajesh Kumar Mishra''', also known as '''Pappu Bhartaul''' (born 30 June 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajesh Kumar Mishra |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/rajesh-kumar-mishra/ |website=Ourneta.com}}</ref> He has been an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] twice{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He represented [[Bithari Chainpur Assembly constituency|Bithari Chainpur]] seat of [[Bareilly district]] as an MLA from 2017 to 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pappu Bhartaul, UP's ex-fin min dropped from BJP list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/pappu-bhartaul-ups-ex-fin-min-dropped-from-bjp-list/articleshow/88922435.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=January 16, 2022}}</ref>

== Posts held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2017 || 2022|| Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=21911 Rajesh Kumar Mishra Urf Pappu Bhartaul on UP Vidhan Sabha]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Rajesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Third Medhi ministry

2026-04-11T11:37:37Z

EddieFrine: Put Up Details

{{Short description|1957 cabinet in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| date_formed = 22 April 1957
| date_dissolved = 27 December 1957
| government_head = [[Bishnuram Medhi]]
| state_head = [[Fazl Ali]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| opposition_party = [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
| political_parties = *'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| predecessor = [[Second Medhi ministry|Medhi II]]
| successor = [[First Chaliha ministry|Chaliha I]]
| image = Bishnuram Medhi.jpg
| election = [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
}}

The '''Third Medhi ministry''' was the Cabinet of Assam headed by [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Bishnuram Medhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medhi ministry |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref> The Ministry lasted from 22 April 1957<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Asian_Recorder/H7fa6FJCEVkC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=march%201957%20assam%20cabinet%20medhi |title=Asian Recorder |date=1957 |publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press |language=en}}</ref> to 27 December 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091830/http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=assamassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

== History ==
On 22 April, the new cabinet was sworn in at Raj Bhavan in Shillong. It originally consisted of nine ministers (including Medhi) and seven deputy ministers.<ref name=":0" /> The four newcomers to the cabinet were Debeswar Sarma, K. P. Tripathi, Moinul Huq Chaudhury, and Chatra Singh Teron.<ref name=":0" />

Medhi appointed Usha Barthakur, marking the first time a woman served in an Assam ministry since 23 March 1957. However, Barthakur would leave office following Medhi's resignation on 27 December 1957.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=V. Venkata |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Century_of_Government_and_Politics_in/wm9DAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=bishnuram%20medhi%2022%20April%201957 |title=A Century of Government and Politics in North East India, 1874-1980: Assam |last2=Hazarika |first2=Niru |date=1983 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref>

== Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolios
!Constituency
!Party
|-
|[[Bishnuram Medhi]]
Chief Minister
|
* General administration<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Keesing_s_Contemporary_Archives/olN5AAzI_ZcC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=bishnuram%20medhi%20april%2022%20doveswar%20sarmah |title=Keesing's Contemporary Archives |date=1957 |publisher=Keesing's Limited |language=en}}</ref>
* Appointments
* Tribal areas
* Social Welfare
* Community Projects
|[[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Debeswar Sarmah]]
|
* Finance<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Keesing_s_Contemporary_Archives/olN5AAzI_ZcC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%C2%A0Mr.%20Doveswar%20Sarmah%20Finance%20and |title=Keesing's Contemporary Archives |date=1957 |publisher=Keesing's Limited |language=en}}</ref>
* Supply
|[[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Motiram Bora
|
* Home<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Civic_Affairs/x_wmAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Siddhinath%20Sarmah%20-%20Public%20Works |title=Civic Affairs |date=1957 |publisher=P.C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press |language=en}}</ref>
* Education
|[[Laharighat Assembly constituency|Laharighat]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Siddhinath Sarmah
|
* Public Works
* Transport
* Rural development
* Local self-government
|[[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Tripathy|K. P. Tripathi]]
|
* Labour and labour welfare<ref name=":0" />
* Development and planning
* Major industries
* Electricity
* Cottage industries
* Sericulture
* Weaving
|[[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Hareswar Das
|
* Revenue
* Relief and rehabilitation
* Settlement of Town lands
|North Salmara
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Rupnath Brahma]]
|
* Forests<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Current_Events/PQcQA88jdGMC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Rupnath%20Brahma%20(%20Forests%20,%20Public%20Health%20,%20Medical%20,%20Judicial |title=Current Events |date=1957 |language=en}}</ref>
* Medical and public health
* Judicial
* Legislative
* Printing and stationery
|[[Kokrajhar West Assembly constituency|Kokrajar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Moinul Hoque Choudhury|Moinul Huq Chaudhury]]
|
* Food and agriculture
* Veterinary
* Pisciculture
* Cooperation department
|[[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar East]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Chatra Singh Teron
|
* Excise
* Prohibition
* Jail
* Registration
* Stamps
* Tribal Welfare
* Development of Backward Areas
|Mikir Hills West
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Deputy Ministers'''
|-
|[[Purnananda Chetia]]
|
* Local self-governance
* Education
|[[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mohikanta Das
|
* Community projects
* Veterinary
* Livestock
|[[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Indreswar Khaund
|
* Cooperative
* Cottage industries
* Sericulture
* Weaving
* Transport
|Bogdung
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Usha Barthakur
|
* Social Welfare
* Rural development
* Maternity
* Child welfare
|[[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Girindra Nath Gogoi]]
|
* Revenue
* Relief
* Rehabilitation
|[[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ghanashyam Das
|
* Medical<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Verinder |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_India_and_Her_States_No/qDtuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=purnananda%20chetia%20Local%20self-governance%20Mohikanta%20Das |title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: North-East India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura |last2=Arora |first2=Ranjana |date=1996 |publisher=Deep & Deep |isbn=978-81-7100-730-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* Public Health
* Forest
|North Salmara
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mahendra Nath Hazarika
|
* Khadi and village industries board
* Cottage industries
|[[Nagaon–Batadraba Assembly constituency|Nowgong]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1957]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 in Indian politics]]

Mahayoddha Rama

2026-04-05T06:53:52Z

EddieFrine: Starting info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahayoddha Rama
| image = Mahayoddha Rama.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| director = Rohit Vaid
| writer =
| producer =
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]|[[Jimmy Shergill]]|[[Mouni Roy]]|[[Gulshan Grover]]}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|11|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mahayoddha Rama''''' is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language animated film directed by Rohit Vaid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ravana-is-portrayed-as-a-dictator-who-shuts-down-074447624.html|title=Ravana Is Portrayed As A Dictator Who Shuts Down Dissent. Even From His Own Heads|website=www.yahoo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/021116/lord-rama-will-now-be-seen-in-a-3d-animated-avatar.html|title=Lord Rama will now be seen in a 3D animated avatar!|date=2 November 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2016/naagin-mouni-roy-voicing-sita-mouni-excited-fim-mahayoddha-rama-246231.html|title=Naagin Actress Mouni Roy Excited About The Film Mahayoddha Rama!|date=3 November 2016|website=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/mouni-roy-is-back-to-mythology-with-mahayoddha-rama-825684/|title=Mouni Roy is back to mythology with Mahayoddha Rama|date=2 November 2016|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Animated Film]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/interviews/national-award-win-is-unbelievable-rohit-vaid-1491573314.html|title=National Award win is unbelievable: Rohit Vaid|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=7 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/35_64th_NFA_2016_Catalogue.pdf|title=64th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref> ''Mahayoddha Rama'' narrates the story of [[Ramayana]] from [[Ravana|Ravan]]'s perspective.<ref name=toi/>

== Voice cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] as [[Rama]]<ref name=ht>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=6879ee94-8d4d-4224-ba67-889fbdb768f8&ParentID=7d666bf8-2a37-4a6d-8f6a-296492cdd87c&&Headline=EMRamayana%2fEM+returns |title= ''Ramayana'' returns |access-date= 6 October 2008 |last= Reddy |first= Sujata |date= 4 August 2008 |work= [[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date= 16 September 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080916194110/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=6879ee94-8d4d-4224-ba67-889fbdb768f8&ParentID=7d666bf8-2a37-4a6d-8f6a-296492cdd87c&&Headline=EMRamayana%2FEM+returns |url-status= dead }}</ref>
*[[Jimmy Shergill]] as [[Lakshmana|Laxman]]
*[[Mouni Roy]] as [[Sita]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mouni-roy-lends-voice-to-a-character-in-a-mythological-movie/articleshow/55224512.cms|title=Mouni Roy lends voice to a character in a Mythological movie|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 November 2016|accessdate=18 June 2022}}</ref>
*[[Lillete Dubey]] as [[Kaikeyi]]
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as [[Hanuman]]}}
[[Gulshan Grover]], [[Gaurav Gera]], [[Kiku Sharda]], [[Roshan Abbas]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] and [[Ameen Sayani]] all voice a head of the ten-headed [[Ravana|Ravan]].

==Production ==
The film was made in 2008.<ref name=toi/> [[Sameera Reddy]] was initially considered to play Sita.<ref name=ht/>

==Soundtrack==
Music by [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]. Lyrics by [[Javed Akhtar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/mahayodha-rama-318258 | title=Mahayodha Rama }}</ref>

==Reception ==
Arnab Banerjee of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film a negative review and wrote that "What is also unbearable, at times, is the earsplitting background score: so loud it sounds that as a reflex action, you wish you could close your eyes to diminish the assault".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/051116/mahayoddha-rama-movie-review-mythology-gone-wrong.html|title=Mahayoddha Rama movie review: Mythology gone wrong|first=Arnab|last=Banerjee|date=5 November 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Kunal Guha of ''Mumbai Mirror'' said that "For those who’ve watched the televised version in the '80s on Doordarshan, this would hardly be nostalgic. If anything, it will ruin your childhood memories forever."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/mahayoddha-rama-review-dont-look-for-nostalgia-here/articleshow/55248575.cms|title='Mahayoddha Rama' review: Don't look for nostalgia here|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> Reza Noorani of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "The movie is purely for kids, because it doesn’t offer much in the way of narrating Ramayana differently to grown-ups. Considering it was made eight years ago, the animation is good. However, in 2016, it leaves you wanting for more".<ref name=toi>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mahayoddha-rama/movie-review/55222347.cms|title=Mahayoddha Rama Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Mahayoddha Rama by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said that "The animation of this movie is eye-catching but it is drowned by sheer noise".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mahayoddha-rama-movie-review-star-rating-3736859/|title=Mahayoddha Rama movie review: It is the same old story|date=4 November 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian animated films]]
[[Category:Best Animated Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

Gurdev Singh Gill (physician)

2026-03-23T03:27:56Z

EddieFrine: Added New Biography And Citations - done

{{Short description|Indian-born Canadian physician (1931–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gurdev Singh Gill
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OBC|size=100%}}
| image =
| caption = Gill in 1990
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1931|11|28}}
| birth_place = Kharoudi, [[Punjab Province, British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2023|12|17|1931|11|28}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| occupation = Physician
| honours = {{ubl|[[Order of British Columbia]] (1990)|[[Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal]] (2012)}}
}}

'''Gurdev Singh Gill''' {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OBC}} (28 November 1931 – 17 December 2023) was an Indian-born Canadian physician, community leader, and activist. He was recognized as Canada's first medical doctor of Indian origin. As a community advocate, he furthered many issues relevant to the Indo-Canadian community.

Gill received the [[Order of British Columbia]] in 1990, and the [[Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal]] in 2012, in recognition of his services.

== Early life ==

Gurdev Singh Gill was born on 28 November 1931 in Kharoudi, a village in the state of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]], to Gurbachan and Dilbag Singh Gill. He had three siblings. Gill came to North America in 1949, first landing in [[Pasadena, California]] where his grandfather was, and later traveling to Seattle in a train. He then went to [[Duncan, British Columbia|Duncan]] on [[Vancouver Island]] where his father lived, by ferry.<ref name="holliday-ctv">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gurdev Singh Gill, Canada's 1st Indo-Canadian physician, dead at 92 |url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/dr-gurdev-singh-gill-canada-s-1st-indo-canadian-physician-dead-at-92-1.6700275 |date=24 December 2023 |last=Holliday |first=Ian |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=[[CTV News]] |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225230014/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/dr-gurdev-singh-gill-canada-s-1st-indo-canadian-physician-dead-at-92-1.6700275 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gurdev Singh Gill |url=https://vancouversunandprovince.remembering.ca/obituary/dr-gurdev-gill-1089206689/ |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=[[Vancouver Sun]] |via=Remembering.ca}}</ref> He first worked in a paper mill. After completing grade 12, he enrolled in the [[University of British Columbia]]'s medical school. There, he co-founded the East India Student Association and also served as the group's first secretary. In 1957, he became the first [[Indo-Canadians|Indo-Canadian]] to graduate from the school.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Career ==
Gill started his own practice in [[New Westminster, British Columbia]], after graduating from UBC's medical school. In doing so, became the first [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] and Indian to practice medicine in Canada.<ref name=":1" /> In a career spanning over forty years, he also served as a staff member at many hospitals in the region including St. Mary's, [[Royal Columbian Hospital]], and the Queen's Park Care Center.<ref name=":2" />

Gill was also the founder of the East Indian Welfare Society, where he advocated on issues of the Indo-Canadian community, including support for various family reunification efforts and the recognition of foreign educational credentials. He also served as the president of the [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver|Khalsa Diwan Society]] in Vancouver and led the fundraising efforts for relocating the society's [[Gurdwara]] from [[Kitsilano]] to its new location in Ross Street in [[Vancouver]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=Gurdev Gill, first Indo-Canadian doctor in Canada, member of the Order of B.C., dies at 92 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-gurdev-gill-first-indo-canadian-doctor-in-canada-member-of-the-order/ |last=Bula |first=Frances |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-30 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230185717/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-gurdev-gill-first-indo-canadian-doctor-in-canada-member-of-the-order/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a founding member of the Indo-Canadian Friendship Society which led village improvement projects in Punjab, [[India]], including set up of waste water treatment plants, enabling access to safe drinking water, and providing local schools with computers.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Grochowski |first=Sarah |date=23 December 2023 |title=Obituary: 'Beacon of hope' Dr. Gurdev Singh Gill left a rich legacy for his family and community |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/obituary-dr-gurdev-singh-gill-left-a-rich-legacy |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228001508/https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/obituary-dr-gurdev-singh-gill-left-a-rich-legacy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ball |first=David P. |title=Canada's first South Asian physician, Dr. Gurdev Singh Gill, dies at 92 |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canada-first-south-asian-doctor-gurdev-singh-gill-dies-1.7069083 |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226222116/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canada-first-south-asian-doctor-gurdev-singh-gill-dies-1.7069083 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="holliday-ctv"/>

Gill's received the [[Order of British Columbia]] in 1990 in its inaugural year, making him the first Indo-Canadian to receive this honour.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Members of the Order of British Columbia: F–H |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/celebrating-british-columbia/honours-and-awards/order-of-bc/members/f-h |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=[[Government of British Columbia]] |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223181109/https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/celebrating-british-columbia/honours-and-awards/order-of-bc/members/f-h |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Some of the other recipients of that inaugural year included musician [[Bryan Adams]] and businessman [[Jim Pattison]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sacda.ca/Detail/objects/18445 |title=B.C. honors 23 for pursuit of excellence |date=22 June 1990 |last=Baldrey |first=Keith |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |via=South Asian Canadian Digital Archive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227063800/https://sacda.ca/Detail/objects/18445 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> He received the [[Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurdev Gill |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/126-267375 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Office of the Governor General of Canada |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226224916/https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/126-267375 |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, he also received UBC's Global Citizenship Alumni Achievement Award in 2013, and the UBC MAA Wallace Wilson Leadership Award in 2018.<ref name="holliday-ctv"/>

== Personal life and death ==
Gill married Narinder Kaur in 1958. The couple had two children. He later married Jasinder Kaur after his first wife's death. He had four grandchildren and one great-grandson.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Gurdev Singh Gill fonds |url=https://sacda.ca/Detail/collections/817 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=South Asian Canadian Digital Archive |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226223756/https://sacda.ca/Detail/collections/817 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gill died in Chandigarh, India, on 17 December 2023, at the age of 92.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Gill, Gurdev}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian medical doctors]]
[[Category:University of British Columbia alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of British Columbia]]

Adi Andhra

2026-03-19T21:20:28Z

EddieFrine: /* References */Removed grandparent category of Category:Scheduled Castes of Andhra Pradesh Category:Scheduled Castes of Telangana

{{Short description|Caste in South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name=Adi-Andhra
|religions={{Hlist|[[Hinduism]]|[[Christianity]]}}
|ethnicity=[[Telugu people|Telugus]]
|languages=[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|populated_states=[[Andhra Pradesh]]{{*}}[[Telangana]]{{*}}[[Karnataka]]
|population=
}}
'''Adi-Andhra''' is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] caste found in the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], primarily in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region. They are categorised as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=K |first=Srinivasulu |date=September 2002 |title=Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh:Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/100516/wp179.pdf |journal=Overseas Development Institute, London |pages=vi, 57}}</ref>

''Adi-Andhra'' literally means 'the original people of Andhra'.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=Dag-Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roLoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Adi-Andhra&pg=PA104 |title=Dynamics of Caste and Law: Dalits, Oppression and Constitutional Democracy in India: Dalits, Oppression and Constitutional Democracy in India |date=2020-02-27 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-48987-4 |pages=103–104 |language=en}}</ref> The Adi-Andhra group is a composite caste that consists of about 60% of [[Mala (caste)|Malas]] and 40% of [[Madiga|Madigas]], who belong to the second and third generation of educated scheduled castes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Jammanna |first1=Akepogu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOa2DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 |title=Dalits' Struggle for Social Justice in Andhra Pradesh (1956-2008): From Relays to Vacuum Tubes |last2=Sudhakar |first2=Pasala |date=2016-12-14 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-4496-3 |pages=222 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Adi+Andhra+composite |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |pages=20–21 |language=en |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh}}</ref> Many Adi-Andhras are engaged in modern occupations created by western education.<ref name=":0" /> A small section of Adi-Andhra also lives in [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxMwAQAAIAAJ&dq=Adi-Andhra&pg=PA143 |title=Karnataka |last2=Halbar |first2=B. G. |date=2003 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1 |pages=143–150 |language=en}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Adi-Andhra constituted 9% of the total Scheduled Caste (SC) population of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|United Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /> As per the 1981 census, Adi-Andhras had the highest literacy rate among the [[Dalit]] castes of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Jammanna |first1=Akepogu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOa2DQAAQBAJ&dq=Adi-Andhra&pg=PA213 |title=Dalits' Struggle for Social Justice in Andhra Pradesh (1956-2008): From Relays to Vacuum Tubes |last2=Sudhakar |first2=Pasala |date=2016-12-14 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-4496-3 |pages=213, 246 |language=en}}</ref> They are the most advanced group in terms of education and employment among the SCs in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":5" />

== History ==
[[Bhagya Reddy Varma]] (originally Madari Bhagaiah), a [[Mala (caste)|Mala]] from [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad state]], was a pioneer of the Adi-Hindu movement in Andhra.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Kshīrasāgara |first=Rāmacandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&dq=Adi-Andhra&pg=PA72 |title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956 |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-43-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=179–180 }} In November 1917, he was invited to preside over the 'First Andhra Panchama Mahajana Sabha' at [[Vijayawada]]. It was convened by Guduru Ramachandra Rao, a [[Brahmin]] social reformer from Krishna district.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Gundimeda |first=Sambaiah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjjbCgAAQBAJ |title=Dalit Politics in Contemporary India |date=2015-10-14 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-38105-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=159}} In his presidential address, Bhagya Reddy remarked that the [[Depressed classes|Depressed Classes]] were the original inhabitants of India and ought to be called Adi-Hindu, instead of Panchama. Consequently, the conference adopted the name of Adi-Andhra Mahajana Sabha.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=179–180 }}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=161}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCwpXZlKqL0C&dq=Adi-Andhra&pg=PA36 |title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction of an Indian Identity |date=2006 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-250-2895-6 |pages=36–37 |language=en |author-link=Gail Omvedt}}</ref> It was very active in Andhra and met in several conferences.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallampalli |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_N-AgAAQBAJ&dq=Adi-Andhra&pg=PA167 |title=Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India, 1863-1937: Contending with Marginality |date=2004-07-31 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-35025-4 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref>

After the first Adi Andhra conference, the Adi identity gained popularity among Dalits.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=163}} The government accepted the nomenclature of Adi-Andhra vide order No. 617 on 25 March 1922.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkatswamy |first=P. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PAUEAAAQBAJ&dq=Adi-Andhra&pg=PA45 |title=Our Struggle for Emancipation: The Dalit Movement in Hyderabad State, 1906-1953 |date=2020-02-02 |publisher=Hyderabad Book Trust |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=71–72}} Some of the educated Dalits and those who were part of the Adi movements adopted Adi identity, leaving behind their traditional caste names.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=163}} By the 1931 census, nearly a third of Malas and Madigas of [[Madras Presidency]] had given their identity as Adi-Andhra.<ref name=":4" />

== See also ==

* [[List of Scheduled Castes in Andhra Pradesh & Telangana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Filmfare Awards

2026-03-15T23:31:14Z

EddieFrine: improved article

{{short description|Annual film awards in India}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Awards
| previous_awards =
| previous_date =
| current_awards = 70th Filmfare Awards
| current_date = {{start date|2025|10|11|df=yes}}
| next_awards =
| next_date =
| image = Filmfare trophy.png
| alt = The Black Lady statuette
| caption =
| awarded_for = Excellence in [[Hindi cinema]]
| presenter = [[Filmfare]]
| country = [[India]]
| year = {{Start date and age|1954|3|21}}
| network = [[Doordarshan]] (1987–1999) [[Sony Entertainment Television]] (2000–2017) [[Colors TV]] (2018–2023) [[Zee TV]] (2024—present)
| website = {{URL|http://www.filmfare.com/|Filmfare}}
}}

The '''Filmfare Awards''' are annual awards in India that honour artistic and technical excellence in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="Mishra 9">Al{{citation|first=Vijay|last=Mishra|title=Bollywood Cinema: A Critical Genealogy|page=9|publisher=[[Victoria University of Wellington]]|url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/slc/asi/publications/17-bollywood.pdf|access-date=24 February 2011|archive-date=29 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929121230/http://www.victoria.ac.nz/slc/asi/publications/17-bollywood.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The ceremony is one of the most notable film events in India.<ref name="Mehta 2005 135–154 145">{{citation|first=Monika|last=Mehta|title=Globalizing Bombay Cinema: Reproducing the Indian State and Family|journal=Cultural Dynamics|year=2005|volume=17|pages=135–154 [145]|doi=10.1177/0921374005058583|issue=2|s2cid=143950404}}</ref> Filmfare Awards were first introduced by ''[[Filmfare]]'' of [[The Times Group|''The Times Group'']] in 1954, the same year as the [[National Film Awards]].<ref name="Boltin 52–5">{{citation|last=Boltin|first=Kylie|title=Saathiya: South Asian Cinema Otherwise Known as 'Bollywood'|journal=[[Metro (magazine)|Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine]]|issue=136|date=Autumn 2003|issn=0312-2654|pages=52–5}}</ref> They were called the Clare Awards, or The Clares, after [[Clare Mendonça]], the editor of ''[[The Times of India]]''.

From 2001, a recorded and edited version of the awards ceremony was televised on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|SET]] a week or two after the ceremony has been held. Since [[63rd Filmfare Awards|2018]], the ceremony has been televised on [[Colors TV|Colors]]. Until 2023, the function was held in Mumbai except for year 2020 when the 65th Filmfare Awards event was held on 16 February 2020 at Sarusajai Stadium, [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/stage-set-65th-filmfare-night-023403416.html|title=Stage set for 65th Filmfare night in Guwahati|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901094402/https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr|url-status=live}}</ref> Until the mid-1990s, Filmfare Awards were the preeminent and most-recognised awards in Hindi film industry until several other awards sprouted up in Mumbai. This has resulted in poor viewership since the 2000s.<ref name="Mishra 9" /><ref name="Mehta 2005 135–154 145" /><ref name="Boltin 52–5" /><ref>{{cite web |url = http://spicezee.zeenews.com/articles/story80738.htm |title = Filmfare Awards have lost their gleam over the years |access-date = 8 March 2011 |quote = The Filmfare is equivalent to the Oscars for India. |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110816141312/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/articles/story80738.htm |archive-date = 16 August 2011 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

In addition to the flagship event, Filmfare also has variants for regional Indian film industries, such as [[Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]]; [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]] for [[Marathi cinema]]; [[Filmfare Awards Bangla]] for [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]] for [[Punjabi cinema]]; [[Filmfare OTT Awards]] for [[over-the-top media service|over-the-top content]], [[Filmfare Short Film Awards]] for [[short film]]s; and Filmfare Glamour & Style Awards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-marathi-nominations-2016/articleshow/55576778.cms|title=Filmfare Marathi: Nominations are out|website=The Times of India|date=23 November 2016|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901094330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-marathi-nominations-2016/articleshow/55576778.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
===Beginnings {{anchor|The Introduction}} ===

The Filmfare awards were introduced in 1954. '''The Clares''' was the original name of the award ceremony, named after ''The Times of India'' critic '''Clare Mendonca'''. Readers of ''[[Filmfare]]'' were polled to decide the winners, and over 20,000 readers spread throughout India participated in the polls; [[trophy|trophies]] were given to winners of the popular vote. In the first awards function, held on 21 March 1954 at the [[Metro BIG Cinemas|Metro Theatre]] of [[Mumbai]], only five awards were presented: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director.]]
[[File:Gamal Abdel Nasser at the Filmfare Awards (02).jpg|thumb|Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] at the Filmfare Awards during his visit to India, March 1960.]]
''[[Do Bigha Zameen]]'' was the first movie to win the award for Best Film. The first winners for the other four categories were: [[Bimal Roy]] for his direction of ''Do Bigha Zameen'', [[Dilip Kumar]] for his performance in ''[[Daag (1952 film)|Daag]]'', [[Meena Kumari]] for her performance in ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'', and [[Naushad Ali]] for his music in ''Baiju Bawra''. The Filmfare Awards also introduced the [[Filmfare Short Film Awards|Short Film]] Category in 2017, with [[Vidya Balan]] and [[Gauri Shinde]] on the jury.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-to-introduce-short-film-category-this-year-vidya-balan-gauri-shinde-on-jury-3159026.html |title='Filmfare Awards to introduce Short Film category this year; Vidya Balan, Gauri Shinde on the jury' – First Post |publisher=firstpost.com |date=16 December 2016 |access-date=6 April 2017 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901094332/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-to-introduce-short-film-category-this-year-vidya-balan-gauri-shinde-on-jury-3159026.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The People's Choice Award for Best Short Film was presented to ''Khamakha''. Short films like ''Chutney'', ''Matitali Kusti'' and ''Taandav'' won awards as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2017/winners |title='WINNERS OF THE FILMFARE AWARDS 2017' – Film fare |publisher=filmfare.com |access-date=19 January 2017 |archive-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523103427/http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2017/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hollywood star [[Gregory Peck]] was invited to be the guest of honour at the first ever awards on 21 March 1954 at the Metro theatre, Mumbai but could not make it to the function since his flight from Colombo got delayed. However, Peck did attend the banquet that followed the award night at Wellington Club (Gymkhana), Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/I-behaved-like-Gregory-Peck-to-impress-Suraiya/articleshow/22778.cms |title='I behaved like Gregory Peck to impress Suraiya' – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=14 June 2003 |access-date=30 September 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225233756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/I-behaved-like-Gregory-Peck-to-impress-Suraiya/articleshow/22778.cms%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="liveindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.liveindia.com/news/Filmfare_Awards_facts.html |title=Filmfare Awards Facts |publisher=Liveindia.com |access-date=30 September 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225233814/http://www.liveindia.com/news/Filmfare_Awards_facts.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Postponement in 1986 and 1987 ===
The winners for the year 1985 were announced in 1986 and the event was scheduled to be held at the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in December 1986. The ''Bombay Film Industry'' as it was known then, went on strike in 1986 because of its many contentious issues with the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. As a result, the ceremony was pushed to the next year. The winners of 1985 were awarded on 28 January 1987. For security reasons, the Filmfare was not awarded for 1986 and 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hamaraforums.com/index.php?showtopic=3477&st=30 |title=50 years of Filmfare awards |publisher=Hamara Forums |access-date=30 September 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225233807/http://www.hamaraforums.com/index.php?showtopic=3477&st=30%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Red carpet {{anchor|The Red Carpet}} ===
The [[Red carpet|red carpet]] is a segment that takes place before the beginning of the actual ceremony. This is when actors, actresses, producers, directors, singers, composers, and others that have contributed to Indian cinema are introduced.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kritika Ajmani |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-amitabh-bachchan-salman-khan-priyanka-chopra-sizzle-on-the-red-carpet-view-pics/#!1/amitabh-priyanka-salman/ |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013: Amitabh Bachchan, Salman Khan, Priyanka Chopra sizzle on the red carpet. View pics! – Bollywood News & Gossip, Movie Reviews, Trailers & Videos at |publisher=Bollywoodlife.com |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225233759/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-amitabh-bachchan-salman-khan-priyanka-chopra-sizzle-on-the-red-carpet-view-pics/#!1/amitabh-priyanka-salman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hosts question the celebrities about upcoming performances and who they think deserves to take the Black Lady home.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.thenational.ae/arts-culture/scene-heard/tonight-at-7-30pm-weblog-live-well-not-really-about-the-Filmfare-awards |title=Tonight at 7.30pm: we live blog (well, not really) about the Filmfare Awards | The National |publisher=Blogs.thenational.ae |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 }}{{dead link|date=January 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Trophy==
The [[statuette]], depicting a woman whose arms are upraised in a dance number with her fingers touching, is commonly referred to as "The Black Lady" (or "The Lady in Black"). Originally designed by N.G. Pansare under the supervision of ''[[Times of India]]''{{'}}s art director Walter Langhammer, it is generally made of bronze, its height is 46.5 cm and it weighs around 5 kg.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pinto, Jerry |journal=Filmfare |date=April 1997 |title=Tangy titbits from the Filmfare past |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/apr97/fact1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980705041114/http://www.filmfare.com/site/apr97/fact1.htm |archive-date=5 July 1998 |access-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> To celebrate the 25th year of the awards, the statues were made in [[silver]] and to celebrate the 50th year the statues were made in [[gold]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=A golden glow for Filmfare|date=28 January 2005|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/28/stories/2005012811310500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302190604/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/28/stories/2005012811310500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2005|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|access-date=26 January 2011}}</ref> The Filmfare trophy has been manufactured by The Award Gallery since 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theawardgallery.com/filmfare-p-446.html|title=Times of India Film Awards 2013, TOIFA 2013, Toifa|website=theawardgallery.com|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901094422/https://theawardgallery.com/filmfare-p-446.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Until 2012, there had only been a few changes made to the trophy. But as of 2014, a huge change was made to give the trophy a 3-D look.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} There were two reasons given for this change. First, that the organisers believe that it was necessary to match the many advances in technology in today's world, which will advance a lot more in the coming years as well. This was also an attempt to match the theme of the 2013 set of awards at Filmfare in Mumbai: a hundred years leap into the future.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-to-be-held-on-January-24/articleshow/28488771.cms |title=Filmfare Awards to be held on January 24 - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=7 January 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225233822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-to-be-held-on-January-24/articleshow/28488771.cms%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Categories ==
=== Current categories ===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]: since 1954
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]: since 1954
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]: since 1954
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]: since 1954
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]: since 1955
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]: since 1955
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]: since 1989
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]: since 1989
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]: since 2010
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]: since 1954
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]: since 1959
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]: since 1959
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]: since 1959

===Discontinued categories===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]] (1967–2007)
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]] (1992–2007)

== Critics' awards ==
===Current awards===
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film Critics]]: since 1971
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor Critics]]: since 1998
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress Critics]]: since 1998

===Discontinued awards===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]] (1967–1997)
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance]] (1991–1997)

== Technical awards ==
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]: since 1955
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]: since 1969
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]: since 1959
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]: since 1993
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]: since 1956
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]: since 1998
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]: since 1954
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]: since 1956
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]: since 1989
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound|Best Sound Design]]: since 1955
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]: since 2007
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]: since 1995

== Special categories ==
===Current special categories===
* [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement]]: since 1991
* [[Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent|RD Burman Award for New Music Talent]]: since 1995
* [[Filmfare Special Award|Special Performance Award]]: since 1971

===Discontinued special categories===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Scene of the Year|Best Scene of the Year]] (1998–2012)
* [[Filmfare Power Award|Power Award]] (2003–2007)

==Other editions==
===Filmfare OTT Awards===
{{main|Filmfare OTT Awards}}

In 2020, Filmfare started ''[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]'' for the best in web series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2020-paatal-lok-off-to-a-great-start-list-of-winners-2340941|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Big Night For Paatal Lok And The Family Man. Complete List Of Winners|website=NDTV.com|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220223820/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2020-paatal-lok-off-to-a-great-start-list-of-winners-2340941|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filmfare Awards Punjabi===
{{main|Filmfare Awards Punjabi}}

Filmfare Awards for Punjabi-language film industry.

===Filmfare Awards Marathi===
{{main|Filmfare Awards Marathi}}

Filmfare Awards for Marathi-language film industry.

===Filmfare Awards Bangla===
{{main|Filmfare Awards Bangla}}

Filmfare Awards for Bengali-language film industry.

===Filmfare Awards South===
{{main|Filmfare Awards South}}

Filmfare Awards for South Indian film industries.

===Filmfare Awards East===
{{main|Filmfare Awards East}}

Filmfare Awards for East Indian film industries. Defunct and rebranded as [[Filmfare Awards Bangla]].

===Filmfare Awards Bangla===
{{main|Filmfare Awards Bangla}}

Filmfare Awards for Bengali cinema.

===Filmfare Short Film Awards===
{{main|Filmfare Short Film Awards}}

Filmfare Awards for short films.

==Records==
{{main|List of Filmfare Award records}}

==See also==
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]
* [[List of Filmfare Award records]]
* [[Filmfare]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.filmfare.com/ Filmfare Awards]
* [https://filmfaremiddleeast.com/ Filmfare Middle East]
* [http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf List of Filmfare Award Winners and Nominations, 1953–2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |date=12 June 2009 }}

{{Filmfare Awards}}
{{Television Awards in India}}
{{The Times Group}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards| ]]
[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Hindi film awards]]
[[Category:Events of The Times Group]]
[[Category:Film industry in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Bombay State]]

Kirti Jain

2026-03-14T20:57:11Z

EddieFrine: Creating new data...

{{Short description|Indian theatre director (born 1949)}}
{{Indian name|Kirti|Jain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kirti Jain
| birth_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|12|11}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| father = [[Nemi Chandra Jain]]
| mother = [[Rekha Jain]]
| spouse =
| relatives =
| family =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2011)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Theatre director]], Professor
| years_active =
}}
'''Kirti Jain''' is a theatre director from [[Prayagraj]], India. She is a former director of [[National School of Drama]]. She received many awards and honors including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Direction in 2011.

==Biography==
Kirti Jain was born on 11 December 1949 in [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to [[Nemi Chandra Jain|Nema Chandra Jain]], a playwright and writer, and [[Rekha Jain]], a children's playwright.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=Kirti Jain |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=1814&at=2 |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |date=14 February 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214005322/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=1814&at=2 | archive-date=14 February 2021 }}</ref>

She completed her M.A. in English literature from [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kirti Jain {{!}} Women's Theatre Practice in India {{!}} Center for South Asia |url=https://southasia.stanford.edu/events/kirti-jain-womens-theatre-practice-india |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=southasia.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> She then completed her Diploma in Theatre with specialization in direction from the [[National School of Drama]] (1969–1972).<ref name=":0" /> She also studied [[Kathak]] dance under [[Maya Rao]] at the [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]], Delhi.<ref name="SNA" />

==Career==
Kirti Jain started her career as a producer at [[Doordarshan]], Delhi in 1972.<ref name="SNA" />

Kirti Jain is a trustee of the Natarang Pratishthan, a theatre archives and documentation centre based in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="thekashmirtalk">{{cite news |title=Kirti Jain reveals limitless possibilities theatre in Natrang's International Theatre Talk Show |url=https://www.thekashmirtalk.com/kirti-jain-reveals-limitless-possibilities-theatre-in-natrangs-international-theatre-talk-show |work=www.thekashmirtalk.com |language=en}}</ref> She was a member of the editorial board of ''Studies in Theatre and Performance'', a theatre journal published by the [[University of Exeter]], England, and has contributed essays to the Companion to the Indian Theatre and the Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance, published by [[Oxford University Press]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 240 |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/01/27/d501271402120.htm |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=archive.thedailystar.net}}</ref>

===At National School of Drama===
Kirti was appointed as an associate professor of Indian Theatre History at the [[National School of Drama]] in 1977, later becoming a professor of Modern Indian drama and serving as its director from 1988 to 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-03-10 |title=Creative bites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Creative-bites/article16554580.ece |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> During this period, she started the National School of Drama's Theatre in Education (TIE) programme to promote children's theatre, Documentation and Publishing programmes, and also established the National School of Drama's Regional Research Centre in Bangalore.<ref name="thekashmirtalk"/> She also initiated the National School of Drama's collaboration with theatre departments in foreign universities, particularly those in the UK, Poland and Germany.<ref name="SNA" />

==Works==
Her feminist play ''Aur Kitne Tukde'', based on [[Urvashi Butalia]]'s ''The Other Side of Silence'', which is set during the [[Partition of India]], addresses gender-based violence and patriarchy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2016-12-29 |title=Painful stories of Partition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/View-from-the-other-side/article16958616.ece |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''Tinka Tinka'', a play based on the Gujarat earthquake, was prepared by her with students from NSD, ''Kaun Thagwa Nagaria Lootal Ho'' by her is based on a Hindi story by [[Kashinath Singh]].<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Theatre director Kirti Jain revisits a classic story about a Bengali middle-class housewife to comment on present-day patriarchy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/subarnalata-play-kirti-jain-wed-thought-it-would-get-better-for-women-5803664/ |work=The Indian Express |date=28 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She directed [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''[[Hayavadana]]'' with students from [[Dartington College of Arts]] in England.<ref name="The Indian Express"/> Based on the novel of the same name by [[Ashapurna Devi]], ''Subarnalatha'', which tells the story of a woman who struggles against patriarchy and seeks a place of her own throughout her life, was adapted for a play by Geetanjali Sri in 1999 and directed by Kirti Jain.<ref name="The Indian Express"/> ''Baghdad Burning'' (2007), another political drama she directed is based on [[2003 invasion of Iraq|US invasion of Iraq]].<ref name=":0" /> The play ''Kaun Thagwa Nagaria Lootal Ho'' directed by her is based on [[globalization]] and [[market economy]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Hamara Shahar Us Baras'' which discuss the impact of communal politics is a stage adaptation of Geetanjali Shree's novel with same title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bajeli |first=Diwan Singh |date=2019-07-04 |title=Old story, novel treatment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/old-story-novel-treatment/article28282388.ece |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She had also directed [[Mohan Rakesh]]'s ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'', ''Lehron Ke Rajhans'', and [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]]'s ''Holi''.<ref name="The Indian Express"/>

She is the editor of the book Badal Sircar: Search for a Language of Theatre ({{ISBN|978-9383098965}}, Niyogi Books).<ref name=":1" />

==Awards and honors==
In 2010, for her overall contributions in the field of theatre, Kirti received the B. V. Karanth Smrirti Puraskar.<ref name=":0" /> She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Direction in 2011.<ref name="The Indian Express"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Kirti}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National School of Drama]]

Pattinapakkam

2026-03-12T14:37:53Z

EddieFrine: created a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pattinapakkam
| image = Pattinapakkam poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = Jayadev
| producer = Rohit Roy Mulamoottil
| writer = Jayadev
| starring = [[Kalaiyarasan]] [[Anaswara Kumar]]
| music = [[Ishaan Dev]]
| cinematography = Raana
| editing = Athul Vijay
| studio = Mulamoottil Productions
| distributor = Sony Pictures Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|11|23}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Pattinapakkam''''' ({{translation|Starvation}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by Jayadev.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2016 |title=Pattinapakkam is a thriller subject |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/05/pattinapakkam--is-a-thriller-subject-1545952.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207131330/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/05/pattinapakkam--is-a-thriller-subject-1545952.html |archive-date=7 December 2016 |access-date=6 December 2016 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film stars [[Kalaiyarasan]] and [[Anaswara Kumar]] in the leading roles, with [[Chaya Singh]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Yog Japee]], [[John Vijay]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], and [[Charle]] in supporting roles. Featuring music composed by [[Ishaan Dev]], the film which began production in 2015 which was met with a couple of unexpected delays, finally managed to release in theatres on 23 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2018 |title=CHENNAI BOX OFFICE |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pattinapakkam/pattinapakkam-box-office-dec-02.html |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> by [[Sony Pictures|Sony Pictures India]]. The film is the remake of Malayalam movie ''[[Ee Adutha Kalathu]]''

== Synopsis ==
At the busy city of Chennai, Vetri is from a poor family. He is a graduate in electrical engineering but does not wish to take up a regular job, believing that it will not help him make big money in a short time. He becomes a target of powerful people, including the newly appointed city police commissioner DC Sathyaseelan and the local loan shark Samuthiram, when his plans go terribly wrong. His actions, which were supposed to go unnoticed, affects others like Sheeba Thomas, James Thomas, and many others in ways unimaginable. What follows is an unfortunate chain of events in the city.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kalaiyarasan]] as Vetri
*[[Anaswara Kumar]] as Mithra
*[[Chaya Singh]] as Sheeba Thomas
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as James Thomas
*[[Yog Japee]] as DC Sathyaseelan
*[[John Vijay]] as Samuthiram
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Thee Thangavel
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Minister
*[[Charle]] as Bhai
*[[Rosin Jolly]] as Malini
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Psychologist
*[[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Nithya, servant
*[[Swaminathan]] as Iyer, house owner
*Rajesh Ranga as Velraj
*Aditi Ravi as Priya
*Dilsha as Paravi
*Arputhan Vijay as Vijay
*Kiran as Gopi
*Rekha Suresh as Meenakshi
}}

== Production ==
Jayadev aka Jaiiddev, the brother of actress [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]], began scripting for the film in mid-2013 and met industry professionals in both Chennai and Kerala to develop his script. After spending over a year meeting potential actors and producers, Jayadev met [[Kalaiyarasan]] in Chennai during August 2014 to discuss the film and after hearing the concept and storyline, Kalaiyarasan showed interest to work in the project. Rohit Roy Mulamoottil agreed to produce the film and pre-production began in May 2015, with the team fixing the filming dates for August 2015.

[[Anaswara Kumar]] was signed on to play the lead female role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Pattinapakkam Movie Launch Photos – Silverscreen.in |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/media/pattinapakkam-movie-launch-photos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115020919/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/media/pattinapakkam-movie-launch-photos/ |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2016 |title=Kabali star Kalaiyarasan Anuswara Kumar Chaya Singh in new film Pattinapakkam – Tamil Movies News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/kabali-star-kalaiyarasan-anuswara-kumar-chaya-singh-in-new-film-pattinapakkam-tamil-news-150436.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115132909/http://www.indiaglitz.com/kabali-star-kalaiyarasan-anuswara-kumar-chaya-singh-in-new-film-pattinapakkam-tamil-news-150436.html |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=6 December 2016 |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Speaking about her role, Anaswara revealed that she would portray a college student who hails from a middle-class background, who is extremely protective of Vetri (played by Kalaiyarasan)".<ref name="comeback">{{Cite news |last=Janani |first=K |date=1 December 2016 |title=A comeback for Anaswara Rai |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/301116/a-comeback-for-anaswara-rai.html |access-date=30 November 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |location=Chennai}}</ref> [[Chaya Singh]] revealed that she would be portraying a Bollywood actress, while Kalaiyarasan would play her mother's carer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaya Singh to play a B-town actress |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chaya-Singh-to-play-a-B-town-actress/articleshow/50991023.cms |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

However the film later was delayed twice, firstly as a result of Kalaiyarasan signing on to appear in ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' and then as a result of the [[2015 South Indian floods]]. Principal photography began on 15 December 2015 and after a schedule break, the second schedule started in February and the production was wrapped up in March 2016. The film was shot entirely in and around the city of Chennai. Editing was done by Athul Vijay and post production works were later completed by August 2016, with sound mixing completed at Prasad Studios by Audiographer Krishnamoorthy and grading was done at Prism and Pixels by Nandhakumar.

== Music ==
The songs and BGM are composed by [[Ishaan Dev]] and Lyrics by Murugan Manthiram & Velmurugan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattinapakkam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Ishaan Dev, Pranav Das & Shrijith Menon |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/pattinapakkam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1182386584 |via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
*"Chennai Enga Ooru" – Ishaan Dev
*"Anbe Endhan" – Adheef, Akhila Anand
*"Adra Dolakku" – [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Jassie Gift]]
*"Neramthaan Vandhathe" – [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]

== Critical reception ==
The film received negative reviews from critics. ''Cinema Express'' wrote "The film tries to be a lot of things at the same time. It starts off as a murder mystery and quickly slips into the family-drama genre, while trying hard to be a comedy intermittently. This lack of clarity in the writing and the sloppy execution makes Pattinapakkam a hard film to sit through."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattinapakkam Review: A sluggish, wannabe crime-thriller, that lacks the thrill |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/nov/23/pattinapakkam-review-8905.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> ''Times of India'' wrote "With hardly any convincing sequence, the whole set up looks staged and amateurish to the core. We do not sympathise with any of the characters which seem to suffer on screen and there is no curiosity factor throughout the movie."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattinapakkam Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Pattinapakkam by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pattinapakkam/movie-review/66769781.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8208116}}

[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 thriller films]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vembanad

2026-03-04T12:42:31Z

EddieFrine: slightly added page based on references after review

{{Short description|Lake in Kerala, India}}
{{For|the 1990 film|Vembanad (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Moresources|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Vembanad Lake
| native_name = {{native name|ml|വേമ്പനാട്ട് കായല്‍}}
| image = Kumarkom.jpg
| caption = Vembanad Lake
| alt = Houseboat idling on Vembanad Lake
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Vembanad Lake
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location =
| coords = {{coord|9|51|N|76|21|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| inflow = [[Achenkovil]], [[Manimala River|Manimala]], [[Meenachil]], [[Muvattupuzha River|Muvattupuzha]], [[Pamba River|Pamba]], [[Periyar River|Periyar]]
| outflow = several canals
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length = {{cvt|96.5|km}}
| width = {{cvt|14|km}}
| area = {{cvt|2033|km2}}
| depth =
| max-depth = {{cvt|12|m}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{cvt|0|m}}
| islands = [[Pathiramanal]], [[Perumbalam]], [[Pallippuram, Alappuzha|Pallippuram]], [[Kumbalangi]]
| cities = [[Kottayam]], [[Alappuzha|Alleppey]], [[Kochi|Cochin]], [[Cherthala]]
| extra = {{Designation list
|embed = yes
|designation1 = Ramsar
|designation1_offname = Vembanad-Kol Wetland
|designation1_date = 19 August 2002
}}
| date-flooded = 1341 (likely)
}}
'''Vembanad''' ({{IPA|ml|ʋeːmbɐnaːɖə̆|lang}}) is the longest lake in India,<ref>Ayub, Akber (ed), ''Kerala: Maps & More'', 2006 edition 2007 reprint, p. 48, Stark World Publishing, Bangalore, {{ISBN|81-902505-2-3 }}</ref> and the largest in the state of [[Kerala]]. The lake has an area of {{Convert|2,033|km2}} and a maximum length of {{Convert|96.5|km|4=0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iahs.info/hyderabad/CD-Hyderabad/kishore/pdf/3807_Gopakumar_Analysis%20of%20the%20Bathymetry%20and.pdf |title=Vembanad - Kol Wetland |publisher=R. Gopakumar and Kaoru Takara, Centre for Water Resources Development and management, Kozhikode |access-date=2011-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210857/http://iahs.info/hyderabad/CD-Hyderabad/kishore/pdf/3807_Gopakumar_Analysis%20of%20the%20Bathymetry%20and.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Spanning three districts in the state of Kerala, it is known as '''Vembanad Lake''' in [[Kottayam]], [[Vaikom]], [[Changanassery]], '''Punnamada Lake''' in [[Alappuzha]], [[Punnapra|Punnappra]], [[Kuttanadu]] and '''Kochi Lake''' in [[Kochi]]. Several groups of small islands including [[Vypin]], [[Mulavukad]], [[Maradu]], [[Udayamperoor]], [[Vallarpadam]], and [[Willingdon Island]] are located in the Kochi Lake portion. [[Port of Cochin|Kochi Port]] is built around [[Willingdon Island]] and [[Vallarpadam]] island.

[[Kuttanad]], also known as ''The Rice Bowl of Kerala'', has the [[List of extreme points of India#Altitudes|lowest altitude in India]], and is also one of the few places in the world where cultivation takes place below sea level.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Boat Ferries Lone Passenger To Help Her Take Exam |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/coronavirus-lockdown4-kerala-government-boat-ferries-lone-passenger-sandra-babu-to-help-her-take-exam-2238752 |last=Press Trust of India |date=1 June 2020 |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=NDTV |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116093316/https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/coronavirus-lockdown4-kerala-government-boat-ferries-lone-passenger-sandra-babu-to-help-her-take-exam-2238752 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/13/stories/2003071300600200.htm |title=Thirst below sea level |last=Suchitra |first=M |date=13 August 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101804/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/thirst-below-sea-level/article28523147.ece |archive-date=22 September 2019 }}</ref> Kuttanad lies on the southern portion of Vembanad. The [[Nehru Trophy Boat Race]] is conducted in a portion of the lake. High levels of pollution have been noticed at certain hotspots of the Vembanad backwaters. The [[Government of India]] has identified the Vembanad wetland under the National Wetlands Conservation Programme.

==Geography and hydrography==
[[File:Location of Vembanad Lake Kerala.png|thumb|left|100px|Location in Kerala]]
The Vembanad lake is {{Convert|96.5|km|4=0|abbr=on}} long, making it the longest lake in India. The Vembanad wetland system covers an area of over {{Convert|2,033.02|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://iahs.info/hyderabad/CD-Hyderabad/kishore/pdf/3807_Gopakumar_Analysis%20of%20the%20Bathymetry%20and.pdf| title = Vembanad - Kol Wetland| publisher = R. Gopakumar and Kaoru Takara, Centre for Water Resources Development and management, Kozhikode| access-date = 2011-02-07| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210857/http://iahs.info/hyderabad/CD-Hyderabad/kishore/pdf/3807_Gopakumar_Analysis%20of%20the%20Bathymetry%20and.pdf| archive-date = 2011-07-21| url-status=dead| df = }}</ref> thereby making it the largest wetland system in India. Of this, an area of {{Convert|398.12|km2|abbr=on}} is located below the mean sea level (MSL) and a total of {{Convert|763.23|km2|abbr=on}} area is located below {{Convert|1|m}} MSL. The lake is bordered by [[Alappuzha District|Alappuzha]], [[Kottayam]], and [[Ernakulam]] districts. It is situated at sea level, and is separated from the [[Laccadive Sea]] by a narrow [[barrier island]]. Canals link the lake to other coastal lakes in the north and south. The lake surrounds the islands of [[Pathiramanal]], [[Perumbalam]] and [[Pallippuram, Alappuzha|Pallippuram]]. The Vembanad Lake is approximately {{Convert|14|km|abbr=on}} wide at its widest point.

The lake is a part of the Vembanad-Kol wetland system which extends from Alappuzha in the south to Azheekkode in the north, making it by far India's longest lake at just over {{Convert|96.5|km|4=0|abbr=on}} in length. The lake is fed by 10 rivers flowing into it including the six major rivers of central Kerala namely the [[Achenkovil]], [[Manimala River]], [[Meenachil River]], [[Muvattupuzha River]], [[Pamba River]] and [[Periyar River]]. The total area drained by the lake is {{Convert|15770|km2|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/water/Ramsar%20cites.pdf |title=Ramsar Sites In Kerala |publisher=ENVIS Centre, Kerala |access-date=7 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171629/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/water/Ramsar%20cites.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which accounts for 40% of the area of Kerala. Its annual [[surface runoff]] of {{Convert|21,900|mm|abbr=on}} accounts for almost 30% of the total surface water resource of the state.

The most popular location on the shores of the lake is the Kumarakom Tourist Village situated on the east coast of the lake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kumarakom |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=41 |access-date=21 June 2012 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231211/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=41 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary]] is located on the northern fringes of Kumarakom village. The Vembanad Wetland system was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands in 2002. It is the largest of the three Ramsar Sites in the state of Kerala. Vembanad Lake has been heavily reclaimed over the course of the past century with the water spread area reducing from {{Convert|290.85|km2|abbr=on}} in 1917 to {{Convert|227|km2|abbr=on}} in 1971 and {{Convert|213.28|km2|abbr=on}} in 1990. In the same period almost {{Convert|63.62|km2|abbr=on}} of erstwhile water spread were reclaimed primarily for the formation of polders and to enlarge the extent of the Wellington island of Cochin port. The lake faces a major ecological crisis and has reduced to 37 percent of its original area, as a result of land reclamation.

A unique characteristic of the lake is the {{convert|1252|m}}-long [[Thanneermukkom Bund|Thanneermukkom salt water barrier]] constructed as a part of the Kuttanad Development Scheme to prevent tidal action and intrusion of salt water into the Kuttanad low-lands. It is the largest mud regulator in India and essentially divides the lake into two parts – one with perennial brackish water and the other with fresh water from rivers draining into the lake. This barrier has helped farmers in Kuttanad by freeing the area of salinity and allowing them an additional crop in the dry season.

The Thanneermukkom barrier is located at one of the narrower parts of the Vembanad Lake. Only two-thirds of the original number of gates are opened in July to release flood flow. These gates remain closed until mid-November. The main drawback of the structure has been the loss of opportunity for fish and prawns to migrate upstream, and also an increase in weed growth in the upstream, severely restricting the natural flushing of pollutants. The Thanneermukkom bund has created ecological problems, primarily, the rampant propagation of the [[water hyacinth]] in fresh water.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

==Tourism==
[[File:Kumarakom.jpg|thumb|left|House Boat in Vembanadu Lake]]The lake has become a major tourist attraction. A generally safe destination, this place had just one incident of tourist harassment in 2004 as reported in ''The Times of India''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Boat driver held for misbehaving with tourist |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-07-26/bangalore/27160422_1_boat-tourist-vembanad-lake |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131025212807/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-07-26/bangalore/27160422_1_boat-tourist-vembanad-lake |archive-date=25 October 2013 }}</ref>

=== Houseboats ===
Vembanad Lake is at the heart of [[Kerala Backwaters]] tourism with hundreds of houseboats ([[kettuvallam]]s in [[Malayalam]]) plied on it and numerous resorts on its banks.

=== Bird sanctuary ===
The [[Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary]] is located on the east coast of the lake.

=== Boat races ===
During the months of August and September, the rivers in and near Kottayam turn into activity and attraction centers due to these boat races,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vembanad Lake |publisher=Kottayam District, Government of Kerala |url=https://kottayam.nic.in/en/tourist-place/vembanad-lake/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122065547/https://kottayam.nic.in/en/tourist-place/vembanad-lake/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a Kerala Tradition. Snake boat races - the lakes and rivers come alive during Onam with this water sport. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VEMBANAD LAKE {{!}} Kottayam District, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kottayam.nic.in/en/tourist-place/vembanad-lake/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122065547/https://kottayam.nic.in/en/tourist-place/vembanad-lake/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Lake islands ===
The lake has a small island called [[Pathiramanal]], which can be accessed only via a boat. Other major attraction is the island of [[Kakkathuruth]].

==Inland transport==
The Vembanad Wetland system has formed an intricate network of [[Estuary|estuaries]], lagoons and canals which spans over {{Convert|196|km|4=0|abbr=on}} in the north–south and {{Convert|29|km|4=0|abbr=on}} in the east–west directions. Almost all villages in these areas can be accessed via water transport. The major rivers of Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Pamba and Achencovil rivers, are all navigable up to distances of about {{Convert|30|km|4=0|abbr=on}} upstream in the tidal reach. The Kottappuram–Kollam segment of the west coast canal system has a major chunk passing through the Vembanad Lake and spans a total of {{Convert|209|km|4=0|abbr=on}}. It has been declared as a National Waterway.

==Ecological importance==
[[File:Vembanad Lake at Kumarakom.jpg|thumb|Vembanad Lake at [[Kumarakom]]]]
Vembanad Kol Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the [[Ramsar Convention]] for the conservation and sustainable utilization of [[wetland]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf |title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance |access-date=7 January 2008 |publisher=The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102104335/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf  |archive-date=2 January 2008 }}</ref> It is home to more than 20,000 waterfowls – the third largest such population in India. It is also an ideal habitat for shrimp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/vembanad___kol_wetland_.cfm |title=Vembanad - Kol Wetland |date=24 May 2006 |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217224244/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/vembanad___kol_wetland_.cfm |archive-date=17 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Alappuzha district]]
* [[Kottayam district]]
* [[Pathanamthitta district]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[Ashtamudi Lake]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Vembanad Lake}}

{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Lakes of Kerala]]
[[Category:Lagoons of India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Periyar (river)]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ernakulam district]]

Andamaina Manasulo

2026-03-03T18:01:47Z

EddieFrine: Adding New Stub!

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Andamaina Manasulo
| image = Andamaina Manasulo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| writer = [[Kulasekhar]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = R. P. Patnaik
| story = R. P. Patnaik
| based_on = 
| producer = S. V. Babu
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Rajiv
*[[Remya Nambeesan]]
*[[Archanna Guptaa]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Santosh Rai Pathaje
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| studio = SV Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|2|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
''''' Andamaina Manasulo''''' ({{Translation|In a beautiful mind}}) is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[R. P. Patnaik]] and starring Rajiv, [[Remya Nambeesan]], and [[Archanna Guptaa]].

The title of the film is based on a song of the same name from ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/19-years-of-jayam-nithiins-debut-film-is-a-good-dose-of-nostalgia-7358116/|title=19 Years of Jayam: The journey of this movie will always be the most unforgettable memory, says Nithiin|date=14 June 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|last=Kumar|first=Gabbeta Ranjith|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123041154/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/19-years-of-jayam-nithiins-debut-film-is-a-good-dose-of-nostalgia-7358116/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Rajiv as Tushar
*[[Remya Nambeesan|Remya]] as Sandhya
*[[Archanna Guptaa|Archana Gupta]] as Bindu
*[[Vadde Naveen]] as Sandhya's husband
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Tushar's friend
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Tushar's professor
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Benarjee]] as Bindu's father
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Bindu's mother
*[[R. Narayana Murthy]] (special appearance)
*[[R. P. Patnaik]] (special appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Music composer [[R. P. Patnaik]] made his directorial debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rp-patnaik-turns-director/articleshow/2353098.cms|title=RP Patnaik turns director|date=10 September 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123041150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rp-patnaik-turns-director/articleshow/2353098.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He initially was to direct a film titled ''Avunantu Kadantu'' but the film did not enter frutition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-andamainamanasulo.html|title=Movie launch - Andamaina Manasulo...|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=7 September 2007|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123041151/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-andamainamanasulo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sindhu Menon]] was to be in the film but eventually did not feature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sindhu-protests/articleshow/2365901.cms|title=Sindhu protests|date=14 September 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123094943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sindhu-protests/articleshow/2365901.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Newcomers Rajiv and [[Archanna Guptaa]] made their debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/best-foot-forward/article4948575.ece|title=Best foot forward|last=Anand|first=Shilpa Nair|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 July 2013|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123041151/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/best-foot-forward/article4948575.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/small-town-to-fame-archana/articleshow/3779952.cms|title=Small town to fame: Archana|date=2 December 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123041152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/small-town-to-fame-archana/articleshow/3779952.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Remya Nambeesan]] made her Telugu debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/547885/a-rising-talent.html|title=A rising talent|last=Aravind|first=C. V.|date=22 May 2016|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123041150/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/547885/a-rising-talent.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Andamaina Manasulo - Raj, Koti, Devi Sri Prasad, M. M. Keeravani, R.P. Patnaik, Vandemataram Srinivas, Chakri, Sri, Ramana Gogula - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/andamaina-manasulo/aQKR1knS1iI_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=25 January 2024 |date=25 December 2007}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Andamaina Manasulo
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2008
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:23
| language = Telugu
| label = Vel Records
| producer =
| chronology = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| prev_title = [[Swagatam]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Broker (2010 film)|Broker]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|yZFW10VUEtg|Andamaina Manasulo – Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ammayi Navvindi
| length1 = 3:38
| all_lyrics = [[Kulasekhar]]
| extra1 = Raj, [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[R. P. Patnaik]], [[Vandemataram Srinivas]], [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], [[Sri (composer)|Sri]], [[Ramana Gogula]]
| title2 = Andala Chandamama
| length2 = 5:53
| extra2 = R. P. Patnaik, [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| title3 = Anu Yuddham
| length3 = 4:48
| extra3 = [[Chinmayi Sripaada]], Pranavi Acharya
| title4 = Paapakemo Muddhe Vaddu
| length4 = 4:16
| extra4 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| title5 = Nuvve Nuvve
| length5 = 4:04
| extra5 = [[Mamta Mohandas]], Ravi Varma
| title6 = Ready Ready Ready
| length6 = 3:41
| extra6 = R. P. Patnaik
| title7 = AndhalaChandama (Bit)
| length7 = 2:03
| extra7 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| total_length = 28:23
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' opined that "Unfortunately, the movie looks like a documentary. It lacks a tight script and fails to hold your attention for most of the second half".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/andamaina-manasulo-falls-flat/articleshow/22217784.cms|title=Andamaina Manasulo: Falls flat|date=14 February 2009|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123041154/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/andamaina-manasulo-falls-flat/articleshow/22217784.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards of 2008]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://events.fullhyderabad.com/nandi-awards-function-2008/2010-march/tickets-dates-videos-reviews-40673-1.html|title=Nandi Awards Function 2008|date=16 March 2010|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123042654/https://events.fullhyderabad.com/nandi-awards-function-2008/2010-march/tickets-dates-videos-reviews-40673-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]] - [[R. P. Patnaik]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rp-patnaiks-birthday-tracing-the-magical-journey-of-the-popular-music-director/articleshow/68321122.cms|title=RP Patnaik's birthday: Tracing the magical journey of the popular music director|date=8 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123213944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rp-patnaiks-birthday-tracing-the-magical-journey-of-the-popular-music-director/articleshow/68321122.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2008 films]]

[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. P. Patnaik]]

Jasper (film)

2026-03-03T02:40:05Z

EddieFrine: Creating a article...

{{Short description|2022 Tamil language drama film}}
{{No plot|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jasper
| image = Jasper (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Yuvaraj D
| producer = Manikandan C
| writer = Yuvaraj D
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vivek Rajgopal]]
*[[Aishwarya Dutta]]
*Lavanya
}}
| music = Kumaran Sivamani
| cinematography = S.manikanda Raja
| editing = Abhilash Balachandran
| studio = Viswaroopi Film Corporation
| distributor =
| runtime = 139 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|12|23}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Jasper''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[gangster film]] directed by Yuvaraj D, and starring [[Vivek Rajgopal]], [[Aishwarya Dutta]] and Lavanya. It was released on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2022 |title=Jasper |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/jasper/articleshow/96246650.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227163940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/jasper/articleshow/96246650.cms |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Vivek Rajgopal]] as Jasper
*[[Aishwarya Dutta]] as Seema
*Lavanya as Vineesha
*Raj Kalesh as Pastor Edward

==Soundtrack==
The film's background score was composed by Kumaran, son of noted percussionist [[Drums Sivamani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2022 |title='Jasper', gangster movie with tender love of young couple delivers emotional content |url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/jasper-gangster-movie-with-tender-love-of-young-couple-delivers-emotional-content/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227160153/https://navjeevanexpress.com/jasper-gangster-movie-with-tender-love-of-young-couple-delivers-emotional-content/ |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Navjeevanexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilmi |first=Filmi |date=20 December 2022 |title=A hitman is the theme of the movie Jasper. |url=https://www.cineblues.com/regional-news/a-hitman-theme-movie-jasper |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328062549/https://www.cineblues.com/regional-news/a-hitman-theme-movie-jasper |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Cineblues}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தனுஷ்யா |date=2022-12-20 |title=Jasper Movie: இசையமைப்பாளராகும் ட்ரம்ஸ் சிவமணியின் மகன்.. ஹாலிவுட் பாணியில் உருவாகும் ஜாஸ்பர்..! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/hit-man-is-theme-of-movie-jasper-yuvaraj-directorial-tamil-cinema-latest-news-91740 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228101733/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/hit-man-is-theme-of-movie-jasper-yuvaraj-directorial-tamil-cinema-latest-news-91740 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film was released on 23 December 2022 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Maalaimalar]]'' gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜாஸ்பர் விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/jasper-25047 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227160152/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/jasper-25047 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' noted that the director should have taken further care of his work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2022 |title=ஜாஸ்பர் : சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/jasper-cinema-review-865133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227154053/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/jasper-cinema-review-865133 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> Critic Malini Mannath noted it was "a fairly interesting watch, ''Jasper'' could be an ideal fare for those satiated with the formulaic scenario and wish to view something different."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=25 December 2022 |title=Review- Jasper |url=https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2022/12/25/review-jasper/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227160152/https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2022/12/25/review-jasper/ |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Malini Mannath}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|16141834}}

[[Category:2020s gangster films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1952–53 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-22T13:47:05Z

EddieFrine:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1952–53 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate =
| todate =
| champions = [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
| count = 4
| participants = 20
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Bhausaheb Nimbalkar]] (Holkar) (474)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1952/53 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1952-53/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Montu Banerjee]] (Bengal) (26)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1952/53 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1952-53/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1951–52
| previous_tournament = 1951–52 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1953–54
| next_tournament = 1953–54 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1952–53 Ranji Trophy''' was the 19th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] won the title defeating [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in the final.

==Highlights==
* [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]], as Travancore-Cochin, made its first appearance

==Zonal Matches==
=== South Zone ===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|8 Nov 1952 – Trivandrum|[[Travancore-Cochin cricket team|Travancore-Cochin]]|86 & 86|'''[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]'''|'''220'''
|5 Dec 1952 – Madras|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]] (T)'''|161|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|80/1

|27 Dec 1952 – Bangalore|'''[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]'''|'''299 & 211/1'''|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]|291 & 218
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

'''(T)''' – Advanced to next round by spin of coin.

=== North Zone ===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|15 Nov 1952 – Jullundur|[[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]]|274 & 293/8d|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''393 & 177/3'''
|||||

|25 Dec 1952 – New Delhi|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|94 & 453/7|'''[[Services cricket team|Services]]'''|'''567'''

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

=== West Zone ===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|21 Nov 1952 – Baroda|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|246 & 277/3|'''[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]'''|'''364 & 451/4d'''
|||||
|||||

|14 Feb 1953 – Rajkot|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]|91 & 93|'''[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]'''|'''273'''
|18 Dec 1952 – Sholapur|'''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''|'''167 & 271'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|112 & 307

|28 Feb 1953 – Ahmedbad|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|202 & 234|'''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''|'''260 & 178/2'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

===East Zone===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|6 Dec 1952 – Cuttack|'''[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]'''|'''303'''|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]|74 & 90
|3 Jan 1953 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''323 & 354/5d'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|235 & 140/7

|17 Jan 1953 – Cuttack|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]|126 & 258|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''301 & 85/3'''
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===Central Zone===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|6 Dec 1952 – Ratlam|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''285 & 11/0'''|[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]|148 & 143
|19 Dec 1952 – Nagpur|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]|350 & 167|'''[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]'''|'''274 & 285'''

|17 Jan 1953 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''464'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|85 & 53
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

==Inter-Zonal Knockout matches==
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|13 Feb 1953 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''191 & 356'''|[[Services cricket team|Services]]|107 & 183
|||||
|||||
|||||

|26 Feb 1953 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''358 & 110'''|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|198 & 166
|12 Mar 1953 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''469 & 235/3'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|331 & 369

|20 Mar 1953 – Calcutta|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|479 & 320/5d|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''496 & 177/9'''

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 20–24 March 1953
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (H)
| team2 = [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''479 (198.4 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Punya Datta|P. B. Datta]] 141
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Hiralal Gaekwad]] 4/128
| score-team2-inns1 = '''496 (171.1 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Bhausaheb Nimbalkar|B. B. Nimbalkar]] 219
| wickets-team2-inns1 = S. K. Shome 4/195
| score-team1-inns2 = '''320 for 5 decl (44.5 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Benjamin Frank]] 62
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Arjun Naidu]] 2/73
| score-team2-inns2 = '''177/9 (105 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mushtaq Ali]] 46
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[S. K. Girdhari]] 3/17
| result = Holkar won on first innings lead
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
| umpires = [[Santosh Ganguli]] and [[M. G. Vijayasarathi]]
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20552.html Scorecard]
| toss = Bengal won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1952-53.html CricketArchive]
*[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1952-53/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/ ESPNcricinfo]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1952-53 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1952 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1953 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1952–53]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Alice Garg

2026-02-18T19:09:24Z

EddieFrine: enhance structure per standard format and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=March 2013}}
'''Alice Garg''' (born 1942) is an educator and activist. She is the founder secretary of the ''Bal Rashmi Society'',<ref name=brs>{{cite web|title=Bal Rashmi Society|url=http://www.balrashmi.org/index.html|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123102011/https://balrashmi.org/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=DTE>{{cite web|title=How Israel|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/32142}}</ref> a non-profit NGO. She established the ''Alice Garg National Seashells Museum'' in [[Jaipur]].<ref name=museum>{{cite web|title=Alice Garg National Seashell Museum|url=http://aliceseashellmuseum.org/|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522145835/http://aliceseashellmuseum.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also campaigns for the abolition of [[Sati (practice)]] and female [[foeticide]]. In 1997 she won the Special Social Lifetime Achievement Award under the [[Godfrey Phillips Bravery National Awards]].<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Real life heroes honoured, some posthumously|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/24/stories/2007082457230300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418193351/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/24/stories/2007082457230300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2012 | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 August 2007}}</ref>

==Bal Rashmi Society==
Alice started the Bal Rashmi Society after resigning from her teaching job on 14 November 1972 with [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 4000. The Society was concerned with "Relief, Welfare and Development of children, women and family at large who are poor, neglected, deprived and downtrodden and living in difficult circumstances and community development".<ref name=brs2>{{cite web|title=Bal Rashmi Society|url=http://www.balrashmi.org/achivements.html|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320082459/https://www.balrashmi.org/achivements.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The society presently houses 183 destitute and underprivileged children from oppressed [[caste]]s and has over 1640 children enrolled in its schools. The society has a presence in over 138 villages. It runs a large number of government programs in the slums of Jaipur and other villages, funded by both the [[Government of Rajasthan]] and the [[Government of India]].

===In the news===
Alice campaigned against those involved in the alleged rape of a woman by 15 people including the then [[Deputy Superintendent]] of Police at the J.C. Bose hospital in Jaipur in 1997. The campaign criticised the state government and raised its voice against the failure of the police to arrest the suspects.<ref name=Amnesty1>{{cite web|title=Amnesty International, International Secretariat|url=http://www2.amnesty.se/uaonnet.nsf/dfab8d7f58eec102c1257011006466e1/e5ee3abeec819151c125667f00277bc6?OpenDocument|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053506/http://www2.amnesty.se/uaonnet.nsf/dfab8d7f58eec102c1257011006466e1/e5ee3abeec819151c125667f00277bc6?OpenDocument|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Three of the society's members, Abdul Sattar, Sita Ram and Satya Narain were arrested and, according to [[National Human Rights Commission of India|NHRC]] reports, subjected to mistreatment in prison. Alice went into hiding in order to avoid arrest.<ref name=Amnesty2>{{cite web|title=Amnesty International, International Secretariat|url=http://www2.amnesty.se/uaonnet.nsf/dfab8d7f58eec102c1257011006466e1/3669057bd8eb7fd2c125668a00430850?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418062504/http://www2.amnesty.se/uaonnet.nsf/dfab8d7f58eec102c1257011006466e1/3669057bd8eb7fd2c125668a00430850?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-18}}</ref>

The Society was accused of rape, murder and embezzlement but was subsequently cleared of all charges. In Mrs. Garg's words, "We were booked for four rape cases, one murder and one threat and three misuse of funds. Fifteen of us were booked, and I was booked in all the nine cases. But I’m very happy to tell you that in the reinvestigation they did not get anything out of it and they have put out a final report in favor of us. But, you see, four people were there in prison for 17 months. My colleagues. And one fellow died — a young boy, leaving two daughters and one baby in the womb — out of shock".<ref name=diva>{{cite web|title=Interview with Adventure Divas|url=http://www.adventuredivas.com/divas/india/alice-garg|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-date=27 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827051824/http://www.adventuredivas.com/divas/india/alice-garg/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Alice Garg National Museum==
The Alice Garg National Museum is a private museum owned by the ''Rustomjee Memorial Foundation'' and is located in [[Malviya Nagar (Jaipur)]]. It was set up by physicist K.B. Garg in his wife's name when their personal seashell collection became too large to be kept at home.<ref name=RxPG>{{cite web|title=This seashell display is no mirage|url=http://www.rxpgnews.com/india/This-seashell-display-is-no-mirage_16400.shtml}}</ref> It is the only museum dedicated entirely to seashells in India and has a collection of over 3000 sea shells.<ref name="museum"/>

==Awards and recognition==
* [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]], 2003.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=State withdrawing from welfarism|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-11-05/mumbai/27202730_1_private-sector-uplift-and-welfare-jamnalal-bajaj-awards |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035957/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-11-05/mumbai/27202730_1_private-sector-uplift-and-welfare-jamnalal-bajaj-awards |url-status=dead |work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-04-11 }}</ref>
* Special Social Lifetime Achievement Award under the Godfrey Phillips Bravery National Awards, 2007.<ref name="hindu1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jamnalal Bajaj Award winners}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Alice}}
[[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Women educators from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educators from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Activists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]

Pradip Kurbah

2026-02-18T13:53:07Z

EddieFrine: created stub!

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
'''Pradip Kurbah''' is an Indian film director. He has received three [[National Film Awards]],<ref name="frontlinethemorepersonal">{{cite news |last1=Nongmaithem |first1=Herojit |title=The more personal and rooted a story is, the more universal it becomes: Pradip Kurbah |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/pradip-kurbah-khasi-cinema-interview/article70391818.ece |access-date=2 February 2026 |work=Frontline Magazine |date=13 December 2025}}</ref> and his 2025 film ''[[The Elysian Field]]'' won the Best Film and Best Director awards at the [[47th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="thecurbfuturetense">{{cite news |last1=Nehru |first1=Virat |title=Pradip Kurbah: Future, Tense |url=https://www.thecurb.com.au/pradip-kurbah-the-elysian-field/ |access-date=2 February 2026 |work=The Curb |date=16 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurbah, Pradip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Kalpathy

2026-02-13T04:16:17Z

EddieFrine: Creating a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalpathy
| other_name =
കൽപ്പാത്തി
| nickname =
Half Benaras
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = Kalpathy Palakkad.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A view of one of the streets in Kalpathy
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|49|N|76|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Palakkad]] Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 678 003
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0491
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-09
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| Phone =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Parliament constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Assembly constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Palakkad Assembly constituency|Palakkad]]
| official_name = Kalpathy
}}
'''Kalpathy''' or '''Kalpathi''' is a residential area in [[Palakkad]] city, [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: KALPATHI, PALAKKAD, KERALA, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/KERALA/PALAKKAD/K/KALPATHI |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref> It is famous for the [[Viswanatha Swamy Temple, Palakkad|Viswanatha Swamy Temple]], which is located along the banks of the Kalpathy river, one of the tributaries of the [[Bharathapuzha]]. It is also famous for the [[Kalpathi Ratholsavam|Kalpathy Radholsavam]], which is an annual car festival taking place in the month of Thulam (November).<ref>{{cite web | title=Kerala HC Judge Calls on Brahmins to 'Agitate' Against Caste-Based Reservations | url=https://thewire.in/caste/kerala-high-court-judge-chitambaresh-brahmin-caste-based-reservations }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Why the century-old Ezhava rebellion in Kalpathy remains a forgotten footnote in Kerala history | date=29 November 2023 | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/ezhava-rebellion-in-kalpathy-a-forgotten-footnote-in-kerala-history/ }}</ref>
[[File:Three chariots.jpg|thumb|Three chariots of Lord Shiva, Ganesha & Kartikeya in the Kalpathy Ratholsavam]]
Kalpathy is an [[agraharam]], or traditional village. It is the first heritage village in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=kareemadathil |first=nadeesh |date=2014-11-16 |title=Kalpathy heritage village on bad days |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141116/nation-current-affairs/article/kalpathy-heritage-village-bad-days |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> This [[Tamils|Tamil]] migrant [[brahmin]] village is more popular as the hub of Carnatic music in Kerala rather than for the legacy and tradition passed down through the generations for the past 600 years.

Kalpathy consists of five smaller villages, which are Old Kalpathy, New Kalpathy, Chathapuram, Govindarajapuram and Manthakkara. The similarity of the [[Viswanatha Swamy Temple, Palakkad|Viswanatha Swamy Temple]] to the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Varanasi Kashi Viswanatha temple]] on the banks of [[Ganges]] is responsible for the moniker ''Kasiyil paathi Kalpathy'' (''Half Kashi'' or ''Half Benaras'') and the term ''Dakshina Kashi'' (Southern Kashi) associated with this temple.

The beauty of the architecture here - each [[brahmin]] quarter sharing walls and adjoined with the next one forming a linear pattern, the streets that wake up to the Venkatesha Suprabhatham, [[Vedic chant|Vedic mantra]] recitals and Shiva Sthothram (hymns) - all musical, the rice flour [[kolam]] (artful drawing deemed religious and ritualistic) in the front courtyard of each quarter, [[Idli]], [[Sambar (dish)|Sambar]] and ghee rich sweets and savouries announcing the glory of [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil food]] culture, and the magnificent [[Kalpathi Ratholsavam|Ratholsavam]] (Chariot Festival) celebrated with fervour; All of these constitute the stamp of life in Kalpathy.The rolling of heavily decorated majestic temple chariots through the village streets of Kalpathy is the major attraction of the car festival.

[[Viswanatha Swamy Temple, Palakkad|Sree Viswanathaswamy temple]] is the main centre of the festival while the three satellite temples in the village of new Kalpathy, old Kalpathy and Chathapuram also take part in it.These were all passed on through the generations of lives in the Agraharam without losing the original charm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalpathy Agraharam and Kalpathy Ratholsavam {{!}} Heritage & Cultural Zone {{!}} Palakkad District {{!}} Malabar Districts in Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2021-11-14 |title=Scale-down |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/religious-fervour-marks-kalpathy-chariot-fest/article37490731.ece |access-date=2022-09-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State govt gives nod for Kalpathy 'Ratholsavam' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/11/12/kerala-government-gives-approval-kalpathy-ratholsavam.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> Kalpathy and its neighbourhoods have witnessed large settlements of people in colonies and apartments, making it one of the major residential areas of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalpathi Heritage Village {{!}} Kalpathi Rathotsavam {{!}} Tourist Places in Palakkad |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2021/kalpathi-heritage-village/1133 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>

Kalpathy also has its very own sports event, called the [[Kalpathy Sports Fest]] which is conducted annually, it started on October-November 2024.

[[File:Kalpathy 01.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Kalpathy]]
[[File:Kalpathy 02.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of a street in Kalpathy]]
[[File:Kalpathy Street 2.jpg|thumb|Chathapuram Street of Kalpathy]]
[[File:Kalpathy Street.jpg|thumb|Manthakkara street of Kalpathy]]
[[File: Govindarajapuram.jpg|thumb|Govindarajapuram street in Kalpathy]]

==Temples==
*Sree Visalakshi Sametha Sree [[Viswanatha Swamy Temple, Palakkad|Viswanatha Swamy Temple]]
*Sree Lakshmi Narayana Perumal Temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple finder - Sri Lakshmi Narayana Swamy Temple, Kerala, Palakkad |url=https://www.templefinder.in/details/47911/sri-lakshmi-narayana-swamy-temple-palakkad-kerala |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.templefinder.in}}</ref>
*Sree Prasanna Mahaganapathy Temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us – Chathapuram Sri Prasanna Maha Ganapathy Temple |url=http://chathapuramtemple.in/wp/contact-us/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Manthakkara Sree Maha Ganapathy<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-15 |title=Festival fervour grips Kalpathy |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/festival-fervour-grips-kalpathy/article25509912.ece |access-date=2022-09-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*Sri Varadaraja Perumal Temple{{cn|date=February 2026}}
*Vaidhyanathapuram Krishna Temple<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Vaidhyanathapuram Krishna Temple, Palakkad, Kerala, India |url=https://indiasthan.com/place/kerala/75287/vaidhyanathapuram-krishna-temple |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=indiasthan.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Kalpathy.jpg|thumb|Viswanatha Swamy Temple Entrance]]
[[File:Lakshmi Narayana Perumal temple.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi Narayana Perumal temple, Old Kalpathy]]
[[File:Chathapuram Prasanna Mahaganapathy.jpg|thumb|Chathapuram Prasanna Mahaganapathy temple]]
[[File:Manthakkara Mahaganapathy.jpg|thumb|Manthakkara Mahaganapathy temple]]
[[File:Manthakkara Mahaganapathy temple.jpg|thumb|Poster of the Manthakkara Mahaganapathy temple]]
[[File:Lakshmi Narayana Perumal alangaram.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi Narayana Perumal alangaram, Old Kalpathy]]
[[File:Muruga temple, Viswanatha Swamy temple.jpg|thumb|Muruga temple within the premises of Viswanatha Swamy temple]]
[[File:Viswanatha Swamy temple.jpg|thumb|Viswanatha Swamy temple, New Kalpathy]]

==Location==
Kalpathy is located about 3 km from the center of the city. City service buses are there to connect Kalpathy with other parts. The nearest major railway station is [[Palakkad Junction railway station]] and the nearest airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]].

==History==
Kalpathy agraharam (the Tamil brahmin settled village next to the temple) was at the centre of a historical controversy in 1924. The famous [[Kalpathi Ratholsavam|Kalpathy Radholsavam]] passed through the main street of the agraharam which was a government funded and maintained road. In early 1920s, the road was not open to the so called lower castes ("awarnas"). The members of the Ezhava community were denied the use of the roads through this Brahmin village and the right to worship in the village temple. To counter this heinous practice, the members of the Ezhava community in Palakkad organized a rebellion by walking thru the public road and towards the temple. Despite the then British Presidency of Madras, under which Palakkad and Kalpathy fell, issuing an order permitting Ezhavas to enter Kalpathy, the conservative Brahmins of the village resisted the attempt. Many an Ezhava was roughed up by the Brahmins for attempting to enter the village.

A group of Ezhavas were "converted" into Arya Samaj. Subsequently, several groups of Ezhavas under various community leaders attempted to walk thru the public road. They were also forcibly denied entry by the residents of the Agraharam. A young man who was severely beaten up later converted to Christianity and took the name John Kittu and went on to become an independent MLA during the first elections to Kerala state assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why the century-old Ezhava rebellion in Kalpathy remains a forgotten footnote in Kerala history |date=29 November 2023 |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/ezhava-rebellion-in-kalpathy-a-forgotten-footnote-in-kerala-history/}}</ref>

===Recent history ===
In 2019, a sitting Kerala high court judge Justice V Chitambaresh hailing from Kalpathy agraraham, questioned the need for caste based reservation. He called Brahmins as twice-born endowed with good deeds of past births, having "characteristics like clean habits, vegetarian, a lover of Carnatic music and all good qualities rolled into one... is never communal, he is always considerate, he is an ahimsavadi (non-violent person)"<ref>{{cite web | title=The Ezhava Uprising in Kalpathy | date=18 August 2019 | url=https://kochipost.com/?p=12298 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala HC Judge Calls on Brahmins to 'Agitate' Against Caste-Based Reservations |url=https://thewire.in/caste/kerala-high-court-judge-chitambaresh-brahmin-caste-based-reservations/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Palakkad]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Palakkad]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Palakkad district]]

Elanco

2026-02-13T03:25:55Z

EddieFrine: enhanced intro also and updated info to improve readability

{{short description|American livestock and pet healthcare company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Elanco Animal Health Incorporated
| logo = Elanco.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|ELAN}}|[[S&P 400]] component}}
| founder =
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Lawrence E. Kurzius (Chairman)<ref name="BoardUpdate">{{cite press release |title=Elanco Animal Health Announces Board of Directors Leadership Update |url=https://investors.elanco.com/investors/press-releases/press-release-details/2024/Elanco-Animal-Health-Announces-Board-of-Directors-Leadership-Update/default.aspx |publisher=Elanco Investor Relations |date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref>
* Jeff Simmons (President and CEO)
}}
| industry = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical (animal)]]
| products = [[Medication|Pharmaceutical drugs (animal)]]
| hq_location = [[Indianapolis]], Indiana, U.S.
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|4.765 billion|link=yes}} (2021)<ref name=AnnualR2021>{{cite web|url=https://s1.q4cdn.com/466533431/files/doc_financials/2021/ar/Elanco-2021-Annual-Report.pdf|title=2021 Annual Report|work=Elanco|date=December 31, 2021|access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} US$–0.567 billion (2021)<ref name=AnnualR2021 />
| net_income = {{increase}} US$–0.472 billion (2021)<ref name=AnnualR2021 />
| assets = {{nowrap|{{decrease}} US$16.483 billion (2021)<ref name=AnnualR2021 />}}
| equity = {{decrease}} US$7.538 billion (2021)<ref name=AnnualR2021 />
| num_employees = 10,200 (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/company/elanco-animal-health/|title = Elanco Animal Health Company Profile}}</ref>
| founded =
| website = {{URL|elanco.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Elanco Animal Health Incorporated''' is an American [[pharmaceutical]] company which produces [[medicine]]s and [[vaccinations]] for [[pets]] and [[livestock]]. Until 2019, the company was a [[subsidiary]] of [[Eli Lilly and Company]], before being divested. It is the third-largest animal health company in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elanco Moving Global HQ to Indy |url=https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/42996955/elanco-moving-global-hq-to-indy |website=insideindianabusiness.com}}</ref>

==History==
The company traces its roots back to 1953 when Eli Lilly introduced their first antibiotic aimed at veterinary usage, with the new plant and animal sciences research being combined into Lilly's Agro-industrial division led by George Barnes.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} In the 1960s, the Agro-Industrial division was reorganised launching Elanco Products, short for the parent company name, Eli Lilly and Company.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Our History | url=https://www.elanco.com/en-ca/about-us/our-history | website=elanco.com}}</ref>

In the 1980s, research moved away from plant sciences and focused on animal health and food quality. In the 1990s, another reorganisation led to the company being renamed Elanco Animal Health, focusing solely on animal health.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

In 2007, the business acquired Ivy Animal Health and launched its companion animal business. In 2008, Elanco partnered with Heifer International. In 2009, the business launched its data analytics business, Elanco Knowledge Solutions.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

In 2010, the business acquired the European rights to a portfolio of Pfizer Animal Health treatments and an Irish manufacturing site.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} In 2011, Elanco expanded its footprint in Europe, acquiring [[Johnson & Johnson|Janssen Animal Health]]. In 2012, the business acquired ChemGen Corp.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elanco.com/news/press-releases/elanco-acquires-chemgen-leading-enzyme-company |title=Elanco Animal Health Announces Lilly's Agreement to Acquire ChemGen Corp. |website=www.elanco.com |date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717134417/https://www.elanco.com/news/press-releases/elanco-acquires-chemgen-leading-enzyme-company |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020 }}</ref> In 2014, the business acquired Lohmann SE and Lohmann Animal Health for an undisclosed sum and [[Novartis|Novartis Animal Health]] for $5.4 billion. In 2016, Elanco expanded its US-based business, acquiring vaccines from [[Boehringer Ingelheim|Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica]] for $885 million.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

In 2013, Elanco made a $100M investment in China Animal Healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.feedstuffs.com/story-elanco-invests-in-china-animal-healthcare-52-97134|title=Elanco invests in China Animal Healthcare|website=www.feedstuffs.com|date=12 April 2013 }}</ref>

In 2018, Lilly announced plans to separate its Elanco Animal Health unit from the rest of the business via an [[initial public offering]] on the [[New York Stock Exchange]], with the stock-ticker ''ELAN''. In 2019, the divestiture was completed and Elanco launched on the New York Stock Exchange. In the same year, the US FDA approved [[rabacfosadine]], a first-in-class treatment for canine lymphoma. The business continued to expand is US-business, acquiring Aratana Therapeutics, and its first-in-class treatment for canine osteoarthritis. Elanco also announced it would acquire the developer of vaccines for bacterial disease prevention in food-animals, Prevtec Microbia, Inc. In the same year, the business announced it would acquire Bayer's animal health business for $7.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-m-a-elanco-animal-competition-b-idUKKCN24F2NJ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714231906/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-m-a-elanco-animal-competition-b-idUKKCN24F2NJ|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2020|title=Elanco to divest brands, forgo Canadian rights for Bayer's unit deal|newspaper=Reuters|date=14 July 2020|via=uk.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-animal-health-m-a-elanco-animal-idUKKCN24G2AD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717140054/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-bayer-animal-health-m-a-elanco-animal-idUKKCN24G2AD|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2020|title=Elanco Animal Health wins approval to buy Bayer unit|newspaper=Reuters|date=15 July 2020|via=uk.reuters.com}}</ref>

On December 3, 2020, Elanco announced plans to build a new global headquarters in Indianapolis at the site of the former GM stamping plant, which is located across the White River from the downtown area. The business plans to break ground on the new headquarters in the first half of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burris|first=Alexandria|title=Former GM stamping plant will be home to Elanco Animal Health headquarters|url=https://www.indystar.com/story/money/2020/12/04/gm-stamping-plant-site-become-home-elanco-animal-health-hq/3821748001/|access-date=2020-12-05|website=The Indianapolis Star|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2022|reason=Date passed}}

In August 2021, Elanco announced it had closed its acquisition of Kindred Biosciences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2021 |title=Elanco Closes Acquisition of Kindred Biosciences |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/elanco-closes-acquisition-of-kindred-biosciences/?s=79 |website=biospace.com}}</ref>

Elanco's flea and tick collar, branded "Seresto", which was developed by Bayer Animal Health and acquired by Elanco in 2020, has been linked to more than 98,000 incidents of poisoning by pesticide, including more than 2,000 pet deaths, according to a 2022 report by a subcommittee of the House Committee on Oversight and Reform. The collars are not registered for sale in Canada.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lawmakers say this flea collar should be recalled after 2,500 pet deaths | website=FOX13 News | date=June 16, 2022 | url=https://www.q13fox.com/news/seresto-flea-tick-collar-pet-deaths-recall-epa | access-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Novak | first=Matt | title=Seresto Flea Collars Might Be Banned After Lawmakers Grill CEO | website=Gizmodo | date=June 16, 2022 | url=https://gizmodo.com/seresto-flea-collars-might-be-banned-after-lawmakers-gr-1849069454 | access-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref>

In April 2022, Elanco officially broke ground on its new 40-acre global headquarters in Indianapolis. The campus, located at the former GM stamping plant site, is designed to serve as a central hub for the "Animal Health Clinic" innovation district.<ref name="HQGroundbreak">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Alex |title=Elanco breaks ground on new HQ at former GM stamping plant |url=https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/elanco-breaks-ground-on-new-hq-at-former-gm-stamping-plant |work=Inside Indiana Business |date=2022-04-27 |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref>

On July 13, 2023, following a multi-year review, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] announced that they were unable to determine whether Seresto was the cause of reported animal deaths. The EPA limited the collar's registration to five years instead of the normal fifteen years registration, as other pesticides normally receive. Elanco and the EPA also agreed to develop a program designed to enhance data collection for adverse event reports and continued annual enhanced reporting of Seresto adverse event data.<ref>{{cite news |last= Hettinger |first= Johnathan |date= July 14, 2023 |title= EPA rules popular Seresto flea collar stays on the market, adds more reporting requirements |url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/07/14/epa-leaves-seresto-flea-collar-on-market-after-studying-pet-effects/70414721007/ |publisher= [[USA Today]] |access-date= August 8, 2023 }}</ref>

In February 2024, Elanco announced a strategic shift to focus on its high-value pet health and livestock sustainability initiatives by selling its aquaculture business to Merck Animal Health for approximately $1.3 billion in cash. The divestiture, which included the company's aqua portfolio and related manufacturing sites, was completed later that year.<ref name="AquaSale">{{cite news |title=Merck to buy Elanco's aqua business for $1.3 billion |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/merck-buy-elancos-aqua-business-13-billion-2024-02-05/ |work=Reuters |date=2024-02-05 |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref>

==Products==

Elanco's portfolio includes several "blockbuster" products—brands that generate more than $100 million in annual revenue. These core products span both the pet health and farm animal segments.Key blockbuster brands include:

* Seresto: A long-acting flea and tick collar for dogs and cats, acquired through the Bayer Animal Health merger.
* Credelio (lotilaner): An oral parasiticide for dogs and cats that provides protection against ticks and fleas.
* Interceptor Plus: A monthly chewable tablet that prevents heartworm disease and treats common intestinal parasites.
* Galliprant: A first-in-class piprant for the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.
* Rumensin: A cattle feed ingredient that improves feed efficiency and prevents coccidiosis.<ref name="FY2024Results">{{cite web |title=Elanco Animal Health Incorporated 2024 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |url=https://investors.elanco.com/financials/sec-filings/default.aspx |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |date=2025-02-20 |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref>

In 2024, Elanco launched what it termed its "next generation" of potential blockbusters, including Zenrelia, a once-daily oral tablet for canine dermatology, and Credelio Quattro, a broad-spectrum parasiticide designed to protect against ticks, fleas, heartworm, and tapeworms. The company also received FDA approval for Bovaer, a methane-reducing feed ingredient for dairy cattle, which is positioned as a cornerstone of its livestock sustainability portfolio.<ref name="BovaerFDA">{{cite press release |title=Elanco Announces FDA Approval of Bovaer, the First-in-Class Methane-Reducing Feed Ingredient for the U.S. Dairy Industry |url=https://www.elanco.com/en-us/news/elanco-announces-fda-approval-of-bovaer-the-first-in-class-methane-reducing-feed-ingredient-for-the-us-dairy-industry |publisher=Elanco Animal Health |date=2024-05-29 |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref>

==Acquisitions==
{{hidden begin|border=1px #aaa solid|title=Elanco Acquisitions|ta1=center}}
{{Tree list}}
*Elanco Products Company (Established 1954 as a division of Eli Lilly and Company)
**[[Dow AgroSciences|DowElanco]] (Established 1989 as joint venture with [[Dow Chemical]], Sold stake 1999 to Dow)
***Ivy Animal Health<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lilly.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=9042&item=12328 | title=Eli Lilly and Company Announces Acquisition of Ivy Animal Health | publisher=[[PRNewswire]] | date=25 May 2007}}</ref> (Acq 2007)
**[[Pfizer|Pfizer Animal Health]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lilly.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=9042&item=6125 | title=Lilly to Acquire European Rights to Pfizer Animal Health Assets | publisher=[[PRNewswire]] | date=8 March 2010}}</ref> (Acq 2010)
**[[Janssen Pharmaceutica|Janssen Pharmaceutica Animal Health]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lilly.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=9042&item=30256 | title=Lilly Makes an Irrevocable Offer to Acquire Janssen Animal Health | publisher=[[PRNewswire]] | date=14 March 2011}}</ref> (Acq 2011)
**ChemGen Corp<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lilly.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=9042&item=111145 | title=Elanco Animal Health Announces Lilly's Agreement to Acquire ChemGen Corp. | publisher=[[PRNewswire]] | date=24 January 2012}}</ref> (Acq 2012)
**Lohmann SE<ref>{{cite web| url=http://lilly.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=9042&item=137283| title=Elanco Announces Agreement to Acquire Lohmann Animal Health| publisher=[[PRNewswire]]| date=24 February 2014| access-date=17 July 2020| archive-date=28 June 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628120456/http://lilly.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=9042| url-status=dead}}</ref> (Acq 2014)
***Lohmann Animal Health (Acq 2014)
**[[Novartis|Novartis Animal Health]] (Acq 2014)
**[[Bayer|Bayer Animal Health]] (Acq 2019)
**Kindred Biosciences (Acq 2021)
{{Tree list/end}}
{{hidden end}}

==Sustainability and social responsibility==
Elanco operates under a corporate social responsibility framework known as "Healthy Purpose." The initiative outlines several 2030 goals, including a commitment to help farmers reduce their environmental footprint and improving food security for 100 million people in emerging markets. The company has pledged to achieve "Net Zero" operations by 2030.<ref name="ESGReport2024">{{cite web |title=2024 Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Report |url=https://www.elanco.com/en-us/sustainability/reporting-and-indices |publisher=Elanco Animal Health |year=2024 |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.elanco.com}}
{{Finance links
| name = Elanco Animal Health Incorporated
| symbol = ELAN
| reuters = ELAN.N
| sec_cik = 1739104
| yahoo = ELAN
| google = ELAN:NYSE
}}

{{S&P 400 companies}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Veterinary medicine companies]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Health care companies based in Indiana]]
[[Category:Companies based in Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Companies in the S&P 400]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2018 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Eli Lilly and Company]]
[[Category:Veterinary medicine in the United States]]
[[Category:Corporate spin-offs]]

Wasiullah Fatehpuri

2026-02-10T21:34:19Z

EddieFrine: Put Up A Post

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and Sufi (c. 1895–1967)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Wasiullah Fatehpuri
| image = Wasiullah Fatehpuri.jpeg
| caption = Fatehpuri seated among disciples
| birth_date = {{circa|1895}}
| birth_place = [[Tal Naraja, Fatehpur]], [[Azamgarh district]] (now [[Mau district]]), [[North-Western Provinces]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1967|11|25|1895}}
| death_place = At sea (en route from [[Bombay]] to [[Mecca]])
| resting_place = [[Sea burial|Burial at sea]]
| death_cause = [[Cerebral haemorrhage]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination= [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Chishti]]
| creed = [[Deobandi]]
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| teacher = [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]
| occupation = Islamic scholar, Sufi, teacher, writer
| known_for = Deobandi scholarship and Sufi training
}}
'''Wasiullah Fatehpuri''' ({{circa}} 1895–1967), also known as '''Shah Wasiullah''',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Shah+Wasiullah |title=Triveni: Essays on the Cultural Heritage of Allahabad |date=1996 |publisher=Society of Pilgrimage Studies |isbn=978-81-900520-2-3 |page=37 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jafri |first1=Saiyid Zaheer Husain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21DYAAAAMAAJ&q=Shah+Wasiullah |title=The Islamic Path: Sufism, Society, and Politics in India |last2=Reifeld |first2=Helmut |date=2006 |publisher=Rainbow Publishers |isbn=978-81-86962-85-5 |page=351 |language=en}}</ref> '''Wasiullah Azmi''' and '''Wasiullah Illahabadi''', was an Indian Islamic scholar, Sufi, teacher, and writer. He was an authorised disciple of [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] in [[Sufism]] and was associated with the [[Deobandi]] scholarly tradition.

== Early life and education ==
Wasiullah Fatehpuri was born in {{circa}} 1895 (1312 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]]){{Sfn|Jami|1995a|pp=65–66}} in [[Tal Naraja, Fatehpur]], [[Azamgarh district]] (now [[Mau district]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Azami |first=Habibur Rahman|author-link=Habibur Rahman Azami (scholar, born 1941)|chapter=Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri|chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tazkira-e-ulama-e-azamgadh-habeeburrahman-aazmi-ebooks#408 |title=Tadhikra Ulama-e-Azamgarh |trans-title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Scholars of Azamgarh|publisher=Markaz-e-Dawat-o-Tahqīq|edition=2nd|year=2012 |location=Deoband |page=407|language=ur}}</ref>

He received his early and elementary education, including [[Hifz|memorisation of the Qur'an]], in his native place. Thereafter, he pursued further studies in [[Kanpur]] at Madrasa Ashraful Uloom and Madrasa Jamiul Uloom, where he studied introductory Persian and Arabic texts.{{Sfn|Azami|2012|p=408}}{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|p=78}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizwi |first=Syed Mehboob |translator= Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi |chapter=Maulana Shah Vasi Allah A'zami|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/learnislampdfenglishbookhistoryofthedarululoomdeobandvolumetwo1981/page/n103/mode/1up |title=[[History of Darul Uloom Deoband]] |publisher=Idara-e Ihtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |year=1981 |volume=2 |location=UP, India |pages=91–93 |language=en |oclc=20222197|author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi}}</ref>

In 1328 AH, he enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], beginning his studies with texts such as ''[[Al-Quduri|Mukhtasr al-Quduri]]'' and ''[[Ibn al-Hajib|al-Kafiya]]''.{{Sfn|Azami|2012|p=408}}{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|p=79}} He completed his education there in 1335 AH (1917 CE).{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|pp=79–80}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khalili Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|chapter=Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri summa Ilahabadi|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2/page/n721/mode/1up |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jami' Wa Mukhtasar Tareekh|trans-title=A Comprehensive and Concise History of Darul Uloom Deoband|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy |edition=2nd|date=October 2020 |location=India |page=722|language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref>

His teachers at the Deoband seminary included [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri]], [[Ibrahim Balyawi]], [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]], [[Ghulam Rasool Hazarvi]], and [[Azizur Rahman Usmani]].{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|p=80}}

His fellow students included [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]] and [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]].{{Sfn|Azami|2012|p=408}}{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|p=98}}

== Spiritual life ==
During his student years at Deoband, Fatehpuri entered into a spiritual pledge ([[bay'ah]]) at a young age with [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]. Shortly thereafter, Deobandi was imprisoned in Malta, following which Fatehpuri developed a close spiritual association with [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and subsequently pledged allegiance to him. This led to his regular visits to the khanqah at [[Thana Bhawan]].{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|pp=75–76}}

After completing his formal education, he stayed at Thana Bhawan with Thanvi for the purpose of further intellectual and spiritual training.{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|p=99}} Following his graduation, he devoted himself fully to the khanqah at Thana Bhawan and completed his spiritual training under Thanwi. He was later granted permission for bay'ah and khilafah by Thanwi.{{Sfn|Azami|2012|p=410}}

== Career ==
During his stay at Thana Bhawan, Fatehpuri also taught at the madrasa attached to the khanqah. While residing in [[Phulpur, Azamgarh]] with Shah Abdul Ghani Phulpuri, he likewise engaged in regular teaching activities.{{Sfn|Azami|2012|pp=410–411}} Beginning in 1342 AH, he served for approximately five years as a teacher at Ihyaul Uloom, [[Mubarakpur, Azamgarh|Mubarakpur]].{{Sfn|Azami|2012|p=410}}{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|p=171}}

He then spent two years residing with his spiritual mentor at Thana Bhawan.{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|p=174}} After his marriage, he settled in his native town of Fatehpur. In [[Safar]] 1345 AH, he returned to Ihyaul Uloom, Mubarakpur, where he remained until [[Rajab]] of the same year.{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|pp=175–176}}

Following his period in Mubarakpur, he stayed for some time in [[Kanpur]], where he was also involved in teaching. He later returned to Thana Bhawan with his mentor, who assigned him responsibilities of teaching at Madrasa Imdadul Uloom, Thana Bhawan, and serving as the imam of the khanqah mosque.{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|pp=179–181}}

In 1351 AH, he returned permanently to his native region and became engaged in teaching, training, and community guidance.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=128}} Initially, his activities remained limited to his hometown and surrounding areas.{{Sfn|Jami|1995a|pp=263}} He continued teaching there, and among his students was his son-in-law Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi.{{Sfn|Azami|2012|pp=410–411}}

Due to local political and social tensions, Fatehpuri left his hometown in 1375 AH (1956) and relocated to [[Gorakhpur]],{{Sfn|Azami|2012|pp=412–413}}{{Sfn|Jami|1995b|pp=137, 140}} where he remained until November 1957.{{Sfn|Jami|1995b|p=152}} In 1377 AH (1957), he chose to settle in [[Allahabad]] instead of Gorakhpur.{{Sfn|Azami|2012|pp=416–417}}{{Sfn|Jami|1995b|p=263}} There, he established a khanqah and continued work related to spiritual instruction in accordance with the methods of his mentors.{{Sfn|ar-Raḥmān|1976|p=661}} He also founded a madrasa known as Madrasa Wasiyatul Uloom.{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|p=105}}

In 1961, he returned temporarily to Fatehpur,{{Sfn|Jami|1995b|p=353, 387}}{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=87–88}} after which he went back to Allahabad.{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=105–106}} In February 1965, he stayed in [[Aligarh]] for one week.{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=190, 194}} Later that year, he spent approximately one month in Lucknow for medical treatment{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=228–229}} and subsequently remained in [[Bombay]] (Mumbai) for two to three months.{{Sfn|Jami|1997a|p=414, 417}}{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=161–162, 229–230}} Until his death, he continued to travel periodically from Allahabad to Bombay, where he also engaged in spiritual guidance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ar-Raḥmān |first=Fuyūz̤ |url= |title=Mashahīr 'Ulamā-e-Deoband |publisher=Maktaba Aziziyya|year=1976 |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=Urdu Bazar, [[Lahore]] |page=661 |language=ur |chapter=Maulana Shah Wasiullah Azmi |chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mashaheer-ulama-e-deoband-qari-fuyuzur-rahman-ebooks#675}}</ref>{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=9–11}}

His notable authorised disciples in [[Sufism]] include Muhammad Mubeen Allahabadi, [[Ibrahim Balyawi]], Zahoorul Hasan Thanwi, Muhammad Ishaq Sandelvi, Muhammad Hanif Jaunpuri, [[Nizamuddin Azami]], Abdul Halim Faizabadi, Salahuddin Allahabadi, Hakim Masood Ajmeri, [[Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi]], and Irshad Ahmad Faizabadi.{{Sfn|Azami|2012|p=419}}{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=448–450}}

== Literary works ==
Fatehpuri authored more than fifty works of varying length.{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=452–464}} His writings, including treatises and letters, were later compiled and published under the title ''Majmū'a-yi Ta'līfāt-i Muṣliḥ al-Ummah'',{{Sfn|Khalili Qasmi|2020|p=723}} issued in four volumes and comprising forty-eight works.{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=452–463}}

In addition to this collected edition, several of his works were published separately. Notable titles include:{{Sfn|ar-Raḥmān|1976|p=661}}{{Sfn|Azami|2012|p=419}}
* ''al-Ifādāt al-Waṣiyyah''
* ''Waṣiyyat al-Akhlāq''
* ''Waṣiyyat al-Iḥsān''
* ''Waṣiyyat al-Sālikīn''
* ''Taṣawwuf wa Nisbat al-Ṣūfiyyah''
* ''Ta'līm wa Tarbiyat-i Awlād''
* ''al-Tadhkīr bi’l-Qur'ān''
* ''ʿIlm kī Ḍarūrat''
* ''Tawqīr al-'Ulamā''
* ''Taḥdhīr al-'Ulamā''
* ''Dībācha-yi Ma'rifat''
* ''Gulistān-i Ma'rifat''

== Death ==
In the later years of his life, on 11 [[Shaban]] 1387 AH, he departed from Bombay aboard the [[Bombay Steam Navigation Company#Ships|S.S. Mozaffari]] along with his disciples for the [[Hajj|pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]]. During the journey, on 22 Shaban 1387 AH, he suffered a severe hypertensive episode resulting in a [[cerebral haemorrhage]], which led to his death while at sea.{{Sfn|Azami|2012|pp=418–419}}{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|pp=360–361}} He died on 25 November 1967 at the age of 75.<ref name="Burhan">{{Cite magazine |date=December 1967 |editor-last=Akbarabadi |editor-first=Saeed Ahmad |editor-link=Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi |title=Nazarāt |trans-title=Reflections |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/burhan-shumara-number-006-saeed-ahmad-akbarabadi-magazines-51#3 |journal=Monthly Burhan |language=ur |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Nadwatul Musannifeen]] |volume=59 |issue=6 |page=322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |publisher=[[Faculty of Theology, Aligarh Muslim University|Faculty of Sunni Theology, AMU]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364028 |access-date=17 January 2026 |archive-date=18 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018122843/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live|page=239|chapter=Maulana Shah Wasiullah Azami}}</ref>

Permission had been granted by the Saudi authorities for his burial at [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]]; however, due to the non-receipt of the necessary telegram, funeral rites were performed aboard the ship and his body was consigned to the sea, traditionally identified in contemporary accounts as the [[Red Sea]].{{Sfn|Azami|2012|pp=418–419}}{{Sfn|Jami|1997b|p=362}}<ref name="Shabbir">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Shabbir Ahmad |url= |title=Fatawa Qāsmia |publisher=Ashrafi Book Depot |year=2015 |edition=1st |location=Deoband |page=338 |language=ur |chapter=Maulana Shah Wasiullah|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/Fatawa-Qasmia/Fatawa-Qasmia-Vol-01/page/n338/mode/1up}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last=Jami |first=Abdur Rahman |url=https://archive.org/details/halat-e-muslih-ul-ummah-vol.-1 |title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah (Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami) ke ḥālāt-e-zindagī) |publisher=Dairat-ul-Ishā'at |year=1995a |edition=First |volume=1 |location=[[Allahabad]] |language=ur |trans-title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah: A Biographical Study of Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jami |first=Abdur Rahman |url=https://archive.org/details/halat-e-muslih-ul-ummah-vol.-2 |title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah (Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami) ke ḥālāt-e-zindagī) |publisher=Dairat-ul-Ishā'at |year=1995b |edition=First |volume=2 |location=[[Allahabad]] |language=ur |trans-title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah: A Biographical Study of Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jami |first=Abdur Rahman |url=https://archive.org/details/halat-e-muslih-ul-ummah-vol.-3 |title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah (Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami) ke ḥālāt-e-zindagī) |publisher=Dairat-ul-Ishā'at |year=1997a |edition=First |volume=3 |location=[[Allahabad]] |language=ur |trans-title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah: A Biographical Study of Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jami |first=Abdur Rahman |url=https://archive.org/details/halat-e-muslih-ul-ummah-vol.-4 |title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah (Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami) ke ḥālāt-e-zindagī) |publisher=Dairat-ul-Ishā'at |year=1997b |edition=First |volume=4 |location=[[Allahabad]] |language=ur |trans-title=Ḥālāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah: A Biographical Study of Maulana Shah Wasiullah Fatehpuri (Azami)}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Azami |first=I'jaz Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hayat-e-musleh-ul-ummat-ejaz-ahmad-azmi-ebooks |title=Ḥayāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah |publisher=Dairat-ul-Ishā'at |year=1984 |edition=First |location=Allahabad |language=ur |trans-title=The Biography of Maulana Shah Wasiullah}}
** {{Cite book |last=Azami |first=I'jaz Ahmad |url=https://archive.org/details/BestUrduBooks16/HAYAT-E-MUSLIKH-UL-UMMAT/mode/1up |title=Ḥayāt-e-Muṣliḥ-ul-Ummah |publisher=Maulana Liyaqat Ali Qasmi|date=August 2007 |edition=First |location=[[Bhendi Bazaar]], Mumbai |language=ur |trans-title=The Biography of Maulana Shah Wasiullah}}
* {{Cite book |last=Buk̲h̲ārī |first=Muḥammad Akbar Shāh |url=https://archive.org/details/karwan-e-Thanwi |title=Karwan-e Thanwi: 192 disciples of Hazrat Maulana Ashraf Tahanawi |date=December 1997 |publisher=Idaratul Ma'arif |location=[[Karachi]], Pakistan |language=ur|pages=141–143}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sa'īd |first=Aḥmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/bazm-e-ashraf-ke-charagh-ahmad-saeed-ebooks#57 |title=Bazm-i Ashraf ke Chirāg̲h |date=25 May 1975 |publisher=Maktabah Iḥyāul Uloom al-Sharqīyah |location=[[Lahore]], Pakistan|language=ur |pages=57–59}}
* {{Cite journal |date=December 1967 |editor-last=Nomani |editor-first=Manzoor |editor-link=Manzoor Nomani |title=Nigāh-e-Awwalīñ: Waqa'at al-Wāqi'ah |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/al-furqan-lucknow-shumara-number-008-ateequr-rahman-sambhali-mohammad-manzoor-nomani-magazines-1 |journal=Monthly Al-Furqān |language=ur |location=Kutchery Road, [[Lucknow]] |publisher=Daftar e Al-Furqān|volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=2–12}}
* {{Cite journal |date=December 1967 |editor-last=Nadwi |editor-first=Moinuddin Ahmad |editor-link=Moinuddin Ahmad Nadwi|title=Shadharāt |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maarif-shumara-number-006-shah-moinuddin-ahmad-nadvi-magazines-2 |journal=[[Ma'arif]] |language=ur |location=[[Azamgarh]] |publisher=[[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]] |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=402–403}}
* {{Cite book |last=Allahabadi |first=Qamaruzzaman |author-link=Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tazkira-e-muslih-ul-ummat-part-001-qamar-uz-zaman-ebooks |title=Tazkira-i Muslih-ul-Ummah (az wilādat tā wafāt)|trans-title=Memoir of Muslih-ul-Ummah: From Birth to Demise|year=1984 |volume=1|publisher=Dairatul Ma'arif|location=[[Allahabad]] |language=ur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatehpuri, Wasiullah}}
[[Category:1890s births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mau district]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]][[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]

Jyoti Thakur

2026-02-08T13:36:53Z

EddieFrine: Creating details...

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Jyoti Thakur
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| residence =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| country =
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| event =
| pb =
| club =
| coach =
| alma_mater =
| retired =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Kabaddi]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Kabaddi at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|Women's team]]}}
}}

'''Jyoti Thakur''' is an Indian [[kabaddi]] player.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Games 2023: Pawan Sehrawat, Naveen Kumar headline Indian men's kabaddi team - full squad|publisher=olympics.com|date=25 August 2023|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-national-kabaddi-team-asian-games-2023-squad-list|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> She was part of the team that won the gold medal in the [[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Women|2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/KAB/AG2022-_KAB_C73_KABWTEAM7-------------FNL-000100--.pdf|title=Asian Games Results|publisher=Asian Games, Hangzhou 2022|date=2 October 2023|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007203730/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/KAB/AG2022-_KAB_C73_KABWTEAM7-------------FNL-000100--.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India vs Chinese Taipei, Kabaddi Highlights, Asian Games 2023: IND Women beat TPE to win gold; 100th medal secured |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-chinese-taipei-live-score-kabaddi-final-asian-games-2023-ind-vs-tpe-match-updates-highlights-hangzhou-2022/article67391669.ece|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-kabaddi-bio-stub}}

2012 Maharashtra panchayat elections

2026-02-06T12:07:38Z

EddieFrine: Adding A Pg

{{Short description|Zilla Parishad elections in India}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_date = 21 March 2012
| election_name = 2012 Maharashtra Zilla Parishad Elections
| country = India
| type = legislative
| previous_election = 2007
| seats_for_election = Total 1639 Seats spread over 27 Zilla Parishads
| party1 = Nationalist Congress Party
| alliance1 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| seats1 = 526
| leader1 = [[R.R. Patil]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=R. R. Patil.jpg |bSize=185 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=10 |oLeft=43 |Location=center}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| leader2 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| seats2 = 459
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader4 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| party4 = Shiv Sena
| alliance4 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| seats4 = 256
| seats5 = 198
| party5 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader5 = [[Gopinath Munde]]
| alliance5 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
}}
Elections for over 27 Zilla Parishads in [[Maharashtra]], India, were held on 21 March 2012.

The main contenders were the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]] consisting of [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]] on one side and the opposition [[National Democratic Alliance]] consisting of [[Shiv Sena]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on the other side.<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=2017-02-23 |title=जिल्हा परिषद निवडणुकीचे सर्व निकाल! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/maharashtra-zilla-parishad-panchayat-samiti-elections-2017-live-news-and-updates-366774 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

The Incumbent [[United Progressive Alliance]] won in plurality by winning 985 seats out of 1639 spread over 27 Zilla Parishads in [[Maharashtra]], the Opposition whereas won about 454 Seats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results Dates Candidate List Opinion/Exit Poll Latest News, Political Consulting Survey Election Campaign Management Company India |url=https://infoelections.com/infoelection/maharashtra/244-live-updates-zila-parishad-election-result-2012.html |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=infoelections.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Alliance
!Seats
!Alliance Seats
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="2" |[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|{{Composition bar|526|1639|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Composition bar|985|1639|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Composition bar|459|1639|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena]]
| rowspan="2" |[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|{{Composition bar|256|1639|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Composition bar|454|1639|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{Composition bar|198|1639|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|}

== Zilla Parishad Results ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sr.no
!ZP
!Seats
![[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
![[BJP]]
|-
|1
|THANE
|66
|'''26'''
|01
|15
|11
|-
|2
|RAIGAD
|62
|'''20'''
|07
|14
|01
|-
|3
|RATNAGIRI
|57
|19
|03
|'''25'''
|07
|-
|4
|SINDHUDURG
|50
|10
|'''33'''
|04
|03
|-
|5
|NASHIK
|73
|'''27'''
|14
|17
|04
|-
|6
|JALGAON
|69
|16
|'''31'''
|06
|01
|-
|7
|AHMEDNAGAR
|68
|'''20'''
|10
|15
|23
|-
|8
|PUNE
|75
|'''32'''
|28
|06
|06
|-
|9
|SANGLI
|75
|'''42'''
|11
|12
|03
|-
|10
|SATARA
|62
|'''33'''
|23
|00
|00
|-
|11
|SOLAPUR
|67
|'''39'''
|21
|00
|00
|-
|12
|KOLHAPUR
|68
|'''33'''
|18
|00
|00
|-
|13
|AURANGABAD
|60
|10
|16
|'''17'''
|06
|-
|14
|JALNA
|55
|'''16'''
|03
|15
|15
|-
|15
|PARBHANI
|52
|'''25'''
|08
|11
|02
|-
|16
|HINGOLI
|50
|10
|09
|'''27'''
|00
|-
|17
|BEED
|59
|'''29'''
|01
|02
|20
|-
|18
|NANDED
|63
|18
|'''25'''
|09
|04
|-
|19
|OSMANABAD
|54
|20
|20
|12
|02
|-
|20
|LATUR
|58
|09
|'''35'''
|05
|08
|-
|21
|AMRAVATI
|59
|07
|'''25'''
|07
|09
|-
|22
|BULDHANA
|59
|13
|'''22'''
|11
|04
|-
|23
|YAVATMAL
|62
|21
|'''23'''
|12
|04
|-
|24
|NAGPUR
|59
|07
|'''19'''
|08
|22
|-
|25
|WARDHA
|51
|08
|17
|01
|17
|-
|26
|CHANDRAPUR
|57
|07
|'''21'''
|02
|18
|-
|27
|GADCHIROLI
|49
|09
|'''15'''
|02
|08
|-
!
!
!1639
!526
!459
!256
!198
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Elections in Maharashtra]]

Ichamati district

2026-02-05T18:17:56Z

EddieFrine: Creating place...

{{Short description|Proposed district in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ichamati
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|Proposed District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a =
| photo2a =
| photo2b =
| photo3a =
| photo3b =
| photo4a =
| size = 300
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_map = 
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Ichamati district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|23.07|N|88.82|E|display=title,inline|type:adm2nd_region:IN-WB}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bangaon]]
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]
| leader_name = [[Bangaon subdivision|Bangaon Sadar]]
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name1 = [[Bagdah (community development block)|Bagdah]], [[Bangaon (community development block)|Bangaon]], [[Gaighata (community development block)|Gaighata]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bagdah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagdah]], [[Bangaon Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangaon Uttar]], [[Bangaon Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangaon Dakshin]], [[Gaighata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaighata]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 838.17
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,063,028
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 173,592
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 79.44 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 949 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://bongaonpolice.wb.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Ichamati district''' is a proposed district to be created in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. The district would be carved out from the existing [[North 24 Parganas district]]. The district headquarters would be [[Bangaon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=নতুন জেলা ইছামতী, নদীর হাল ফিরবে তো? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/ichamati-may-become-new-district-of-west-bengal-decided-by-mamata-banerjee/cid/1360237 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=নতুন জেলা ইছামতি, পুরনো বনগাঁর নাম নিয়ে দ্বিধাবিভক্ত এলাকাবাসী! |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/north-24-parganas/mixed-reaction-in-bangaon-town-about-new-district-and-the-name-869485.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=News18 |language=bn}}</ref>

==History==
In May 2019, the [[Government of West Bengal]] announced its intention to create the district in the near future. Under this proposal, Ichamati district will be created from three [[Community Development Block|community development blocks]] namely [[Bagdah (community development block)|Bagdah]], [[Bangaon (community development block)|Bangaon]] and [[Gaighata (community development block)|Gaighata]] in [[North 24 Parganas district]]. In August 2022, the cabinet of West Bengal gave "in-principle approval" to the district's formation.<ref>{{cite web |title=রাজ্যে ২৩ জেলা বেড়ে হবে ৩০! নতুন সাত জেলা ছ’মাসের মধ্যে, ঘোষণা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/mamata-banerjee-announces-seven-new-districts-will-be-formed-in-west-bengal-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1360091 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=রাজ্যে নতুন ৭ জেলা, এক নজরে কোন কোন জেলা ভাগ হল |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/mamata-banerjee-announced-7-new-districts-west-bengal-know-name-these-districts-sbm-430955-2022-08-01 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=রাজ্যে ৭ নতুন জেলার ঘোষণা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/mamata-banerjee-chief-minister-announces-7-new-district-names-in-west-bengal/articleshow/93268507.cms |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=EiSamay |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=২৩ থেকে বেড়ে পশ্চিমবঙ্গে জেলার সংখ্যা হল ৩০! কোন জেলা ভেঙে কোন জেলা তৈরি হল? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/news-districts-in-west-bengal-check-full-list-as-mamata-banerjee-announces-7-new-districts-to-take-it-to-30-31659350249500.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal To Get 7 New Districts, Announces Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-to-get-7-new-districts-announces-mamata-banerjee-3213052 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal to have 7 new districts in six months for better administration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-to-have-7-new-districts-in-six-months-for-better-administration/articleshow/93286162.cms |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: 7 new districts in West Bengal — how and why are districts created or abolished in India? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-7-new-districts-west-bengal-districts-created-abolished-8064221/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal to get 7 new districts, announces CM Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/west-bengal-to-get-7-new-districts-announces-cm-mamata-banerjee-11659346022057.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref>
==Demographic==
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Ichamati district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|13.73}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.64}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Districts of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ichamati District}}
[[Category:Proposed districts of West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

Kushinagar Superfast Express

2026-01-10T17:43:22Z

EddieFrine:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{One source|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kushinagar Superfast Express
|image =
|caption =
| type = [[Superfast trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1972|05|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]] (LTT)
| stops = 43
| end = {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur}} (GKP)
| distance = {{convert|1680|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hours 25 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC first, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22537 / 22538
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average with halts.
| map = [[File:Kushinagar Express (Mumbai - Gorakhpur) route map.png|250px|Kushinagar Express (Mumbai – Gorakhpur) route map]]
| map_state =
}}
The 22537 / 22538 '''Kushinagar Superfast Express''' is an [[Indian Railways]] train running between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] ([[Mumbai]]) and [[Gorakhpur]]. It is numbered as 22538/22537. The train is named after the town of [[Kushinagar]], an important Buddhist pilgrim centre near Gorakhpur.

The train takes nearly 30 hours to complete the distance of 1693 km.

== Route & halts ==
*'''[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]'''
*{{stnlnk|Thane}}
*{{stnlnk|Nasik Road}}
*{{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Chalisgaon Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Burhanpur}}
*{{stnlnk|Khandwa}}
*{{stnlnk|Harda}}
*{{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Rani Kamalapati}}
*{{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Vidisha}}
*{{stnlnk|Bina Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Lalitpur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Babina}}
*{{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction||Virangana Laxmibai}}
*{{stnlnk|Ait}}
*{{stnlnk|Orai}}
*{{stnlnk|Pokhrayan}}
*{{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
*{{stnlnk|Unnao Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Aishbagh||Lucknow Aishbagh}}
*{{stnlnk|Gonda Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Mankapur Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Maskanwa}}
*{{stnlnk|Babhnan}}
*{{stnlnk|Basti}}
*{{stnlnk|Khalilabad}}
*'''{{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}'''.

==Traction==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]]<ref name="prod_dlw">{{cite web|title=Brief History of DLW|url=http://www.dlw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|publisher=Ministry of Railways, Government of India|access-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402102647/http://www.dlw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702 |archive-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> electric locomotive on its entire journey.

== Coach composition ==
The 22538/22537 Kushinagar Express presently has 1 AC First Class, 3 AC 2 tier, 9 AC 3 tier, 4 Sleeper Class, 2 General Unreserved coaches, 1 EOG, 1 AC pantry car & 1 SLR coach.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 22

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||GS||GS||S4||S3||S2||S1||PC||B9||B8||B7||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||H1||A3||A2||A1||EOG
|}
As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

== See also ==
*[[Indian Railways]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/11015-kushinagar-exp 11015 Kushinagar Express]
*[https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/11016-kushinagar-exp 11016 Kushinagar Express]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/970 Kushinagar Express Time-Table]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Kerala Maritime Institute

2025-12-08T23:02:18Z

EddieFrine: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Kerala Maritime Institute, Neendakara, Kollam
| image = Entrance of Kerala Maritime Institute uc at Neendakara, Nov 2016.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Entrance of Kerala Maritime Institute
| latin_name =
| motto =
| founder = [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] (''ex-[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]]'')
| established = 4 May 2010
| mission =
| focus =
| president =
| chairman = Adv.V.J. Mathew
| head_label =
| head =
| faculty =
| adjunct_faculty =
| staff =
| key_people = K. R. Vinothu ''Chief Operating Officer''
Mariapron ''Campus Manager''
| budget =
| endowment =
| debt =
| num_members =
| subsidiaries =
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
| non-profit_slogan =
| former_name =
| location = [[Neendakara]]
| city = [[Kollam]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|8.937346|N|76.542189|E|display=title,inline}}
| address =Neendakara Port, Kollam-691582
| website = [http://www.keralaports.gov.in/ Keralaports.gov.in]
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kerala Maritime Institute''' is an institute for maritime education in the state established by the [[Government of Kerala]] at [[Neendakara]] in [[Kollam]] city, [[India]]. The institute was created by the Port Department of Kerala state to give training for students in Kerala. The campus is located on 10 acres of land attached to the Neendakara Port. More than 5,000 students have been trained at Neendakara maritime institute under the Boat Crew training programme. The institute has played a major role in reducing the number of state-wide inland navigation accidents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/maritime-institute-to-come-up-at-neendakara/article289620.ece |title=Maritime institute to come up at Neendakara |work=The Hindu|date=23 May 2009 |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> The headquarters of the institute is at Neendakara.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/may/08/steps-begun-to-set-up-maritime-university-475431.html | title=Steps begun to set up Maritime university | date=8 May 2013 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref>

The institute was inaugurated on 4 May 2010, by [[V. S. Achuthanandan]], former [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article348421.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301222407/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article348421.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2016 |title=Rs 24.8 crore sanctioned for Maritime Institute |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>

==History==
The idea for starting Government owned maritime institutes in [[Kerala]] state was first conceived by [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] lead [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Maritime-institute-to-come-up-at-Neendakara/article16602184.ece |title=Maritime institute to come up at Neendakara |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 May 2009 |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> The then Port Minister of the state [[M. Vijayakumar]] announced the project on 23 May 2009. [[N.K. Premachandran]], Water Resource Minister, took the initiatives for setting-up the institute at [[Neendakara]] port complex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article348421.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301222407/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article348421.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2016 |title=Rs 24.8 crore sanctioned for Maritime Institute |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>

In March 2012, the [[Oommen Chandy]] lead Government sanctioned Rs. 24.8 [[crore]] for the construction of a new campus at Neendakara. The courses are certified by the [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)]]. The institute has also secured approval from the [[Directorate General of Shipping]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/kerala-to-set-up-maritime-institutes/article4714907.ece |title=Kerala to set up maritime institutes |date=14 May 2013 |publisher=Business Line |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> On 21 February 2016, [[K. Babu]], Minister for Fisheries, Ports and Excise of Kerala, inaugurated the new campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-Maritime-Institute-Inaugurated/2016/02/22/article3289896.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223102351/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Kerala-Maritime-Institute-Inaugurated/2016/02/22/article3289896.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2016 |title=Kerala Maritime Institute Inaugurated |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=22 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>

==Facilities==
* Academic block
* Hostels for students and staffs
* Library
* Canteen
* Parade ground
* Swimming pool
* Auditorium<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralaports.gov.in/notification.html |title=Notification - Kerala Ports |publisher=Keralaports.gov.in |access-date=21 February 2016 |archive-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816070034/http://www.keralaports.gov.in/notification.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Education|India}}
* [[Kollam]]
* [[Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala]]
* [[Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction]]
* [[Kerala State Institute of Design]]
* [[Neendakara]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Maritime colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:Education in Kollam]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kollam]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Kerala]]

Manipur women's football team

2025-12-07T14:58:32Z

EddieFrine: slightly update article based on references and added references

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Manipur football team}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Manipur
| image = All Manipur Football Association.png
|image_size = 250px
| fullname = Manipur women's football team
| nickname =
| ground = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| capacity = 30,000
| owner = [[All Manipur Football Association]]
| FIFA Trigramme =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Nongmeikapam Itocha Singh
| captain =
| Most caps =
| Top scorer =
| First game =
| Largest win =
| Largest loss =
| league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
| season = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
| position = Champions
| current =
| kit_alt1 =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFF00
| body1 = FFFF00
| rightarm1 = FFFF00
| shorts1 = FFFF00
| socks1 = FFFF00
| kit_alt2 =
| pattern_la2 = _shoulder_stripes_white_stripes
| pattern_b2 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra2 = _shoulder_stripes_white_stripes
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = DC143C
| body2 = DC143C
| rightarm2 = DC143C
| shorts2 = DC143C
| socks2 = DC143C
}}

The '''Manipur women's football team''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] team representing [[Manipur]] in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/497|title=All Manipur Football Association }}</ref> They have appeared in the Women's National Championship finals 26 times, and have been the most successful state team by winning the championship for a record 23 times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women's National Football Championship: Manipur beats Railways, claims 21st title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/womens-national-football-championship-manipur-beats-railways-claims-21st-title/article37916443.ece |website=Sportstar |last1=Ajith Kumar |first1=PK |date=9 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-womchamp.html|title=India – List of Women Champions |publisher=Rsssf.com |date=2009-12-21|access-date=2010-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Senior National Women's Football Championship: Manipur Survive Penalty Shootout To Win Title |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/senior-national-womens-football-championship-manipur-survive-penalty-shootout-to-win-title-2644746 |publisher=NDTV |date=9 December 2021 }}</ref>

==Honours==
===State (senior)===
*'''[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] (Senior Women's NFC)'''
** Winners (24): 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, [[2013–14 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2013–14]], 2016–17, [[2018–19 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2018–19]], [[2019–20 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2019–20]], [[2021–22 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2021–22]], [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2024–25]], [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
** Runners-up (4): 1991–92, 1996–97, [[2015–16 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2015–16]], [[2017–18 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2017–18]]

*'''[[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]]'''
** Gold medal (5): 1999, 2001, 2002, [[2015 National Games of India|2015]], [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]
** Silver medal (3): [[2007 National Games of India|2007]], [[2011 National Games of India|2011]], [[2023 National Games of India|2023]]

===State (youth)===
* '''[[Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
** Winners (12): 2002–03, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2023–24, 2024–25, 2025–26
** Runners-up (2): 2001–02, 2018–19

* '''[[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
** Winners (6): 2003–04, 2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2018–19, 2024–25
** Runners-up (2): 2006–07, 2017–18

===Others===
*'''Pem Dorjee Memorial Cup'''
** Winners: 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa women lose in Pem Dorjee Cup final|url=http://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=MjEyNQ==|website=Orisports|date=15 October 2009|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}
{{Football in Manipur}}

[[Category:Football in Manipur]]
[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Hindol Sengupta

2025-11-26T18:19:50Z

EddieFrine: Creating a details

{{Promotional|date=November 2025}}
{{Notability|date=November 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian historian and journalist (born 1979)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
'''Hindol Sengupta''' (born 1979 in [[Jamshedpur]]) is an Indian historian, academic, and journalist. Sengupta lives in [[New Delhi|Delhi]] and is professor of international relations at O. P. Jindal Global University. He has been Vice President, Invest India, the national investment promotion agency of the government of India, and Editor-at-Large at ''[[Fortune India 500|Fortune India]]'' where he writes a weekly column.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/polemicist|title=polemicist|website=www.fortuneindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref> He is also a columnist for ''Aspen Italia and [[The New Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aspeniaonline.it/author/hindol-sengupta/|title=Hindol Sengupta|website=Aspenia Online|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref>

== Education ==
He was educated in South Asian history and politics at [[Worcester College, Oxford]], as a [[Chevening Scholar]], in business and finance as a Knight-Bagehot Fellow at [[Columbia University]], and in journalism and film-making at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://journalism.columbia.edu/system/files/content/knight-bagehot_final_4.21.17.pdf |title=Knight-Bagehot Fellows 2017-2018 Announced |date=April 21, 2017 |place=New York |publisher=[[Columbia Journalism School]]}}</ref>

== Work ==
In 2019, his book ''The Man Who Saved India'' won the prize for best work of non-fiction at the Valley of Words literary festival in India. In 2018, he became the only Indian to win the Wilbur Award given by the Religion Communicators Council of America for his book ''Being Hindu''. In 2015, his book ''Recasting India'' was shortlisted for the Hayek Prize given by the [[Manhattan Institute]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/indian-author-shortlisted-for-hayek-prize/article6853523.ece|title=Indian author shortlisted for Hayek Prize|date=2015-02-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-06|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was also awarded the PSF Award in 2015 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/pinnamaneni-foundation-award-for-hariprasad-chaurasia-and-hindol/article7978380.ece|title=Pinnamaneni foundation award for Hariprasad Chaurasia and Hindol|date=2015-12-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> for his contribution to writing. His books have been reviewed in multiple media outlets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/we-are-all-part-of-the-great-indian-dream-says-hindol-sengupta/article7999238.ece|title=We are all part of the Great Indian Dream, says Hindol Sengupta|last=Varma|first=P. Sujatha|date=2015-12-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kalra|first=Gaurav|date=2017|title=Hindol Sengupta, The Modern Monk: What Vivekananda means to us today|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=578990|journal=Romanian Journal of Indian Studies|language=English|issue=1|pages=110–115|issn=2601-064X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs/being-hindu-book-review-hindu-ising-history/224283/|title=Being Hindu book review: 'Hindu'-ising history|date=2016-03-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/in-search-of-hinduism-116052401034_1.html|title=In search of Hinduism|last=Saran|first=Kranti|date=2016-05-24|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kitaab.org/2016/06/09/challenging-the-prejudices-in-hindol-senguptas-being-hindu/|title=Challenging the Prejudices in Hindol Sengupta's Being Hindu|last=Anjum|first=Zafar|date=2016-06-09|website=kitaab|language=en|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vivekananda-wanted-hindu-reformation-first-book-review-117073100259_1.html|title=Vivekananda wanted Hindu reformation first (Book Review)|last=IANS|date=2017-07-31|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/170917/book-review-the-sacred-sword-the-legend-of-guru-gobind-singh.html|title=Book Review 'The Sacred Sword: The Legend Of Guru Gobind Singh'|last=Kaur|first=Kulbir|date=2017-09-17|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-recasting-india-by-hindol-sengupta-1423785570|title=Slumdog Millionaires|last=Carter|first=Maxwell|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=12 February 2015|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/recasting-india-by-hindol-sengupta-review/article7313059.ece|title=Celebrating quiet enterprise|last=Banerjee|first=Suparna|date=2015-06-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/entrepreneur-cult-not-save-india|title=Why the cult of the entrepreneur will not save India|last=Khandelwal|first=Akshat|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/business-books-quarterly/2015/04/18/ready-steady-go|title=Ready, steady, go|date=2015-04-18|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2019-11-06|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

In 2017, he was selected as a Young Global Leader by the [[World Economic Forum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/five-indians-join-world-economic-forums-young-global-leaders-community/articleshow/57668392.cms|title=Five Indians join World Economic Forum's Young Global Leaders community - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-10-27}}</ref> He is a co-founder of the Whypoll Trust which garnered media attention after mapping places in Delhi that were dangerous for women, and following up with releasing an emergency smartphone-[[Android app|app]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/asia/09iht-letter09.html?_r=0|title=The New York Times|last=Roy|first=Nilanjana S.|date=8 November 2011}}</ref>

Hindol Sengupta’s tenth book ''Sing, Dance and Pray'' was released on May 14, 2022. This is the authorized biography of Srila Prabhupada, Founder-Acharya of ISKCON.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/books-ideas/the-bookworm-monks- |title=The bookworm monks |publisher=Governance Now |date= |accessdate=2022-08-05}}</ref>

''Sing, Dance and Pray'' was published by Penguin Random House India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/sing-dance-and-pray/ |title=Sing, Dance and Pray - Penguin Random House India |publisher=Penguin.co.in |date= |accessdate=2022-08-05}}</ref>

The (then) Vice President of India Venkaiah Naidu appreciated the book and said “Dr. Hindol Sengupta has captured all the important aspects in this book that will be a fitting tribute to Srila Prabhupada on his 125th birth anniversary.” <ref>{{cite news |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/vice-president-launches-iskcon-book-sing-dance-and-pray/ |title=Vice President launches ISKCON book 'Sing, Dance and Pray' |date=July 25, 2022 |work=The Daily Guardian}}</ref>

Sudha Murty, author and philanthropist, said that after reading the book, she truly understood Prabhupada’s vision, and who this person really was. She added, “the book is more successful because it brings in a ‘logically convincing’ point of view to prove why Prabhupada is so influential.” <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/jul/12/a-monks-life-2475407.html |title=A Monk's Life |author=Madhumita Rajgopal |date=12 July 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Books==
===Non-fiction===
*''Indian Fashion'', Pearson Education, 2005, 255 p. Foreword by [[Ritu Kumar]].
*''Rampup: The Business of Indian Fashion'', Pearson Power, 2009, 233 p. Forewords by [[JJ Valaya]], Tina and [[Tarun Tahiliani]].
*''The Liberals'', HarperCollins, 2012, 311 p.
*''100 Things To Know and Before You Vote'', HarperCollins, 2014, 242 p.
*''Recasting India: How Entrepreneurship is Revolutionizing the World's Largest Democracy'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 249 p.
*''Being Hindu: Old Faith, New World and You'', Penguin Books, 2015, 192 p.
*''The Modern Monk'', Penguin Books, 2016, 304 p.
*''The Man who Saved India: [[Sardar Patel]] and His Idea of India'', Penguin Books, 2018, 437 p.
*''Sing, Dance and Pray'', Penguin Books, 2022, 275 p.
*''Soul and Sword: The History of Political Hinduism'', Rowman and Littlefield, Penguin Books, 2023, 202 p.
*''Life, Death and the Ashtavakra Gita'', with Bibek Debroy, Grin Books, 2024, p. 215
*''Sing, Dance and Lead'', Penguin Books, 2025, p. 232

===Fiction===
*''The Sacred Sword: The Legend of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]'', Gurgaon : Penguin Books, 2017, 231 p.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Hindol}}
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]

Kaushalya Skill University

2025-11-16T21:50:32Z

EddieFrine: Creating entry...

{{Short description|Public state skill university in Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Kaushalya The Skill University (KSU)
| native_name =
| image = Kaushalya Skill University logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| other_name = KSU
| motto =
| motto_lang = कौशल के साथ शिक्षा
| mottoeng = Education with Skill
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| established = {{start date and age|2021}}
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| president = Raj Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| dean =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|2|42.32|N|72|32|16.17|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Multiple sites
| campus_size = {{Convert|20|acre}}
| logo =
| website = {{URL|https://kaushalyaskilluniversity.ac.in/}}
| head_label = Director General
| head = Dr. S. P. Singh
}}'''Kaushalya The Skill University (KSU)''' is a public state [[Skill University (India)|skill university]] located in [[Ahemdabad]], [[Gujarat]]. It was set up by the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-07 |title=Admission portal launched: Drone instructor programme begins at skill varsity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/admission-portal-launched-drone-instructor-programme-begins-at-skill-varsity-7956276/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
It was established in 2021 via a legislative act of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat Assembly]], to impart skills training. It was founded through Gujarat Assembly Act in October 2021,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Acts of Gujarat Legislature and Ordinances promulgated and Regulations made by the Governor | url=https://kaushalyaskilluniversity.ac.in/pdf/KSU-Act-English.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016114450/https://kaushalyaskilluniversity.ac.in/pdf/KSU-Act-English.pdf | archive-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> to provide "Education with Skill" with the principles of [[National Education Policy 2020]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-17 |title=Nokia partners TSSC to establish 5G skill development CoE in Gujarat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/nokia-partners-tssc-to-establish-5g-skill-development-coe-in-gujarat/articleshow/101829532.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was set up to develop to provide Education with Skill to equip individuals with the expertise needed to become Skill Smart.<ref>{{Cite web | title=‘Remain vigilant against build-up of risks’ | url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/sharpening-skills-forging-futures-exploring-kaushalya-the-skill-university/81862261.html | access-date=2025-11-16 | website=ahmedabadmirror.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title='Focus on creating workforce for new-age industry' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/focus-on-creating-workforce-for-new-age-industry/articleshow/101527874.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Universities in Gujarat}}

[[Category:2021 establishments in Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-university-stub}}

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Costume Design

2025-11-03T05:41:26Z

EddieFrine: Starting a data.

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Costume Design
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best costume design in a Marathi film
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1984
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INR Convert|100000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| most_awards =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 39
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Baliram Patil Minakshi Korgaonkar
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = Manasi Attarde
| website =
}}

The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Costume Design''' is an award, begun in 1984, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to an actor for best performance in a [[Marathi cinema]]. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. They are announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]].

==Winners ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="18%" | Recipient(s)
! width="48%" | Film
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1984'''
|Baliram Patil
| rowspan="2" |''Mahananda''
|<ref name="gadima">{{Cite web |last=Madgulkar |first=Sumitr |title=Marathi Songs {{!}} G D Madgulkar {{!}} Gadima {{!}} ग. दि. माडगूळकर {{!}} गदिमा {{!}} मराठी गाणी {{!}} Gani {{!}} Geete {{!}} GeetRamayan |url=https://www.gadima.com/ |website=www.gadima.com}}</ref>
|-
|Minakshi Korgaonkar
|<ref name="marathi">{{Cite web |date=4 July 2019 |title=मिरासदार, द. मा. |url=https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/30150/ |website=मराठी विश्वकोश प्रथमावृत्ती |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref name="Marathi"/>
|-
|'''1985'''
|Shyam Kamble
|''[[Dhum Dhadaka]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Marathi">{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatsrushticha Samagra Itihas |publisher=[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)]] |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''1986'''
|Digamber Jadhav
|''Aaj Zale Mukt Mee''
|
|-
|'''1987'''
|Ratnakar Lingnurkar
|''Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon''
|<ref name="marathi"/>
|-
| '''1988'''
|Deepak Joshi
|''Pandharichi Vaari''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gatha">{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1989'''
|[[Smita Talwalkar]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kalat Nakalat]]''
|-
|Nita Nardekar
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1990'''
|Pradnya
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich]]''
|-
|Anil Khanna
|-
| '''1991'''
|Anita Berde
|''Ek Full Chaar Half''
|-
| '''1992'''
|Shripad Pai
|''Aapli Mansa''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="indiarocking">{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf |url=http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422184005/http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| '''1993'''
|Ganpat Jadhav
|''Sai Baba''
|-
|'''1994'''
|Avadhoot Sane
|''Yadnya''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1995'''
|Anita Berde
| rowspan="2" |''Jamla Ho Jamla''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Jaya Ganga, Mirch Masala, Party, Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-02.htm |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|Prakash Nimkar
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1996'''
| colspan="2" |Not Awarded
|
|-
| '''1997'''
|Mahadev Shinde
|''Soon Ladki Sasarchi''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gatha"/>
|-
| '''1998'''
|Sham Kane
|''Andhala Sakshidar''
|-
| '''1999'''
|Sanyogita Bhave
|''[[Gharabaher]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2000'''
|Deepa Manjrekar
| rowspan="2" |''[[Astitva]]''
|-
|Shefali Gupta
|-
|'''2001'''
|Mrunal Khade
|''Ek Hoti Vadi''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-06.htm |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2002'''
|Nerle Guruji
|''Ovaalni''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Bulletin: May 3rd |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm}}</ref>
|-
| '''2003'''
|Jayoo Patwardhan
|''[[Anahat (film)|Anahat]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shwaas aims for an oscar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2004'''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]]
|''Baadha''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subodh Bhave (सुबोध भावे) - Marathi Actor, Director and Producer |url=https://subodhbhave.com/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=subodhbhave.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''2005'''
| colspan="2" |Not Awarded
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="Gatha"/>
|-
| '''2006'''
|Poornima Oak
|''Kshan''
|-
| '''2007'''
|Geeta Godbole
|''Jagad Janani Shri Mahalakshmi''
|-
|'''2008'''
|Neha Nupura
|''[[Jogwa]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='जोगवा'साठी उपेंद्र लिमयेला राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/5492381.cms |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''2009'''
|Sudhir Salvi
|''Agnidivya''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gatha"/>
|-
|'''2010'''
|[[Snigdha Akolkar]]
|''Mani Mangalsutra''
|-
| '''2011'''
|Poornima Oak
|''[[Rajmata Jijau]]''
|-
| '''2012'''
|Poornima Oak
|''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaksparsh Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2013'''
|[[Harshada Khanvilkar]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Duniyadari]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 51st Maharashtra State Film Awards |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/slide/imgid/40284194.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Promita Jadhav
|
|-
|'''2014'''
|Bhausaheb Shinde
|''[[Khwada]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2015 |title=Maharashtra government announces annual film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-government-announces-annual-film-awards/article7147328.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2015'''
|[[Nachiket Barve]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=53rd Maharashtra State Film Awards 2016: Full Nominations List - Marathi Cineyug |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603120402/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-date=3 June 2016 |website=marathicineyug.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
|Poornima Oak
|-
| '''2016'''
|Poornima Oak
|''[[Rukhmabai|Dr. Rukhmabai Raut]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=State Award winning film Bandookya release date out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/state-award-winning-film-bandookya-release-date-out/articleshow/59367741.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| '''2017'''
|Prakash Nimkar
|''Ziprya''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=55th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Distribution Celebrated - Latest Photos {{!}} दिमाखात पार पडला ५५ वा महाराष्ट्र मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा - Watch Galleryimages Photos at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1671617/55th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-distribution-celebrated/ |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''2018'''
|Chaitrali Gupte
|''Ek Sangaychay''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=22 June 2019 |title=56th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Winners |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/awards/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners.php |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|'''2019'''
|[[Vikram Phadnis]]
|''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Pimple Saudagar resident receives best debut director award in 57th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Ceremony - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pimple-saudagar-resident-receives-best-debut-director-award-in-57th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-ceremony/ |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|'''2020'''
|Sachin Lovalekar
|''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''2021'''
|Shafaq Khan
| rowspan="3" |''Ye Re Ye Re Pavsa''
|-
|Rohita More
|-
|Nilesh Bhumre
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2022'''
|Saurabh Kapde
| rowspan="2" |''Tath Kana''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=६० व्या व ६१ व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पारितोषिकांचे, तसेच चित्रपती व्ही.शांताराम व स्व.राज कपूर पुरस्कारांचे वितरण |url=https://mahasamvad.in/174491/ |website=Mahasamvad}}</ref>
|-
|Sumedh Jadhav
|-
|'''2023'''
|Manasi Attarde
|''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|}

==Multiple wins ==

Individuals with two or more Best Sound designer Awards:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Wins
! scope="col" | Recipients
|-
| 5
| {{cslist|Poornima Oak}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Costume Design]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1962]]

Umesh Jadhav

2025-10-04T05:14:35Z

EddieFrine: Put Up New Article

{{Short description|Indian choreographer and dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 23 November<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choreographer Umesh Jadhav birthday celebration |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/choreographer-umesh-jadhav-birthday-celebration-126134477.html}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| children = 1<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-08 |title=सारा अन् आलियाला मागे टाकतीये 'ही' मराठमोळी स्टारकिड; वडील आहेत प्रसिद्ध नृत्यदिग्दर्शक |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/marathi-cinema/famous-marathi-choreographer-umesh-jadhav-daughter-photo-viral-on-social-media-a-a734/ |access-date= |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Choreographer]], [[Dancer]]
| spouse = Sonal Jadhav
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Umesh Jadhav''' is an Indian choreographer known for his work in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] cinema. Active since the mid-1990s, he has choreographed songs across a wide range of films and received several accolades, including seven [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] and two [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]].

==Early life and career==
Jadhav began his career in the film industry as an assistant choreographer on the Hindi film ''[[Shastra (1996 film)|Shastra]]'' (1996). In the following years, he worked as an assistant on productions such as ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' (1999) and ''[[Khoobsurat (1999 film)|Khoobsurat]]'' (1999). His first independent project as a choreographer came with the Hindi film ''[[Encounter: The Killing]]'' (2002).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=television/choreographer-umesh-jadhav-says-experience-choreography-marathi-industry-much-different-bollywood |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/choreographer-umesh-jadhav-says-experience-choreography-marathi-industry-much-different-bollywood/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.lokmat.com |date=22 December 2016 }}</ref>

He later moved into [[Marathi cinema]], where he became known for his choreography in films such as ''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]'' (2004), ''[[Duniyadari]]'' (2013), ''[[Aayna Ka Bayna]]'' (2012), and ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]'' (2014). Alongside his work in Marathi films, Jadhav has also continued choreographing for Hindi films, including ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]'' (2007), ''[[Total Siyapaa]]'' (2014), and ''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]'' (2017).<ref name=":0" />

His style incorporates a mix of traditional Indian and contemporary dance forms. Jadhav has stated in interviews that he seeks to adapt international influences, such as Broadway stage performances, into his choreography for Indian cinema.

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Notes
|-
|1996
|''[[Shastra (1996 film)|Shastra]]''
| rowspan="11" |Hindi
| rowspan="7" |Assistant choreographer
|-
|1997
|''[[Dhaal]]''
|-
|1998
|''[[Zor (film)|Zor]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
|''[[Silsila Hai Pyar Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
|-
|''[[Khoobsurat (1999 film)|Khoobsurat]]''
|-
|2000
|''[[Khauff]]''
|-
|2001
|''[[Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya]]''
|Choreographer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Maseeha]]''
|
|-
|''[[Encounter: The Killing]]''
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]''
|Marathi
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Choreography]]
|-
|''Chot''
|Hindi
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad]]''
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Choreography]]
|-
|2006
|''Chashme Baddoor''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
|''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]''
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|''Ghat: The Hill Station''
|
|-
|''[[Zabardast (2007 film)|Zabardast]]''
|Marathi
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Choreography]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Ami Shubhash Bolchi]]''
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Huppa Huiyya''
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Aayna Ka Bayna]]''
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Total Siyapaa]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]]''
| rowspan="12" |Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=STAFF |first=EDITORIAL |date=2014-08-05 |title=This festive season witness the musical dhamaka Pyaar Vali Love Story |url=https://marathistars.com/news/this-festive-season-witness-the-musical-dhamaka/ |access-date= |website=MarathiStars |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
|
|-
|''[[Urfi (film)|Urfi]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Vitthala Shappath]]''
|
|-
|''Dhamak''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Umesh gets paid in full |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/dhamak-umesh-jadhav-rajendra-bandiwadekar-meghna-naidu-mumait-khan/articleshow/33560781.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Mulshi Pattern]]''
|
|-
|''Lagna Mubarak''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salvi |first=Abhay |date=2017-08-21 |title=Once More Laav Song: The Latest Dance Anthem in Marathi! |url=https://marathistars.com/videos/once-more-laav-song-the-latest-dance-anthem-in-marathi/ |access-date= |website=MarathiStars |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Menaka Urvashi''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|
|-
|''Dil Dimag Aur Batti''
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Chowk (film)|Chowk]]''
|
|-
|2024
|''Hashtag Tadev Lagnam''
|
|}

== Awards and recognitions ==

=== [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Nominated work
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2002
|''Aadharstambh''
|"Ya Re Ya"
| rowspan="9" |[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date= |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]''
|"Aai Bhavani Tuzya Krupene"
|{{Won}}
|-
|2005
|''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad|Jatra]]''
|"[[Kombadi Palali]]"
|{{Won}}
|-
|2006
|''Chashme Baddoor''
|"Aala Holichya Khelala Rang"
|{{Won}}
|-
|2007
|''[[Zabardast (2007 film)|Zabardast]]''
|"Aaicha Gho"
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Urfi (film)|Urfi]]''
|"Dhanak Dhanak"
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2017
|''Ziprya''
|"Alibaba"
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-27 |title='भोंगा'ने पटकावला उत्कृष्ट चित्रपट पुरस्कार |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/maharashtra/56th-maharashtra-state-film-awards/95297/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Menaka Urvashi''
|"Bhalya Pahate"
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|"Ashtami"
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |date=2025-08-06 |title=राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; हिंदी, मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील कलाकारांचा सन्मान; पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/maharashtra-state-film-awards-diamond-jubilee-held-in-mumbai-see-all-winners-list-kajol-bhimrao-panchale-anupam-kher-mukta-barve-bollywood-news-1375148 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Nominated work
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]]''
|"Aali Lahar Kela Kahar"
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – Marathi|Best Choreography]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Urfi (film)|Urfi]]''
|"Dhanak Dhanak"
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |title=Filmfare Marathi Awards 2016 winners list: Sachin Pilgaonkar, Shankar Mahadevan, Neena Kulkarni and others sweep honours |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-marathi-awards-2016-winners-list-sachin-pilgaonkar-shankar-mahadevan-neena-kulkarni-705900 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127055407/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-marathi-awards-2016-winners-list-sachin-pilgaonkar-shankar-mahadevan-neena-kulkarni-705900 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2025-09-06 |work=IBTimes India |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Guru (2016 film)|Guru]]''
|"Filmy Filmy"
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-award-marathi-2017_-24704.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|"Ashtami"
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022/nominations |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|"Phullwanti"
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2025: Mahesh Manjrekar Wins Best Actor; Vaidehi Parashurami, Prajaktta Mali Share Best Actress |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/filmfare-awards-marathi-2025-mahesh-manjrekar-wins-best-actor-vaidehi-parashurami-prajaktta-mali-share-best-actress-article-152259979 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Nominated work
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2007
|''[[Zabardast (2007 film)|Zabardast]]''
|"Aaicha Gho"
| rowspan="8" |Best Choreographer
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|''Huppa Huiyya''
|"Kuni Lanka Jalali"
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6u1WYlwFCQ |title=Zee Gaurav Awards 2011 March 13 '11 Part - 5 |date=2011-03-14 |last=Zee Marathi |access-date=2025-09-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Aayna Ka Bayna]]''
|"Aayna Ka Bayna"
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Urfi (film)|Urfi]]''
|"Dhanak Dhanak"
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Marathi Cinema's Global Reach at Zee Chitra Gaurav 2016 - ZEE Entertainment Corporate Website |url=https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/celebrating-marathi-cinemas-global-reach-at-zee-chitra-gaurav-2016/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828130926/https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/celebrating-marathi-cinemas-global-reach-at-zee-chitra-gaurav-2016/ |archive-date=28 August 2025 |access-date= |website=www.zee.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Guru (2016 film)|Guru]]''
|"Filmy Filmy"
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2019
|''Menaka Urvashi''
|"Bhalya Pahate"
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-04-03 |title=Zee Marathi Gaurav Awards: झी मराठी गौरव पुरस्कारात यांनी मारली बाजी... वाचा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/zee-marathi-gaurav-awards-2019-winners/ |access-date= |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|"Ashtami"
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023: 'अशोक सराफ म्हणजे...', झी चित्रगौरव पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात मराठी कलाकार Emotional, मामांच्याही डोळ्यात पाणी {{!}} Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023 comedy king veteran actor ashok saraf received jeevan gaurav puraskar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-comedy-king-veteran-actor-ashok-saraf-received-jeevan-gaurav-puraskar/700026 |access-date= |website=zeenews.india.com |date=23 March 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|"Phullwanti"
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title='झी चित्र गौरव' पुरस्कारांमध्ये 'या' सिनेमाने मारली बाजी! सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेता व अभिनेत्री ठरले...; वाचा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-chitra-gaurav-2025-winners-list-best-movie-is-paani-and-mahesh-manjrekar-won-best-actor-award-read-full-list-sva-00-4938781/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1300079}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Umesh}}
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Agra Bear Rescue Facility

2025-10-01T03:05:41Z

EddieFrine: Adding Entry!

{{short description|Sloth bear rescue centre in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Coord|27|14|9|N|77|51|7|E|display=title}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox zoo
| name = Agra Bear Rescue Facility
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| image = {{Photomontage |border=0 |size=275 |spacing=2 |color=none | photo1a = Amitabh Bear.jpg}}
| image_width =
| image_caption = A rescued bear at Agra Bear Rescue Facility: He was named Amitabh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-12|title=Bear Of The Month: Amitabh!|url=https://wildlifesos.org/animals/bear-of-the-month-amitabh/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Wildlife SOS|language=en-US}}</ref>
| slogan =
| date_opened = 1999
| date_closed =
| location = inside the [[Keetham Lake|Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]], also known as Keetham Lake
| coordinates = {{coord|27|14|9|N|77|51|7|E}}
| area =
| floorspace =
| num_animals = Over 170 sloth bears<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Agra Bear Rescue Facility|url=https://wildlifesos.org/locations/agra-bear-rescue-facility/|access-date=5 October 2020|website=wildlifesos.org}}</ref>
| num_species =
| largest_tank_vol =
| total_tank_vol =
| annual_visitors =
| members =
| exhibits = [[Sloth bear]]
| owner = [[Wildlife SOS]]
| director =
| management = [[Wildlife SOS]], Uttar Pradesh Forest Department, [[International Animal Rescue]], One Voice, [[Free the Bears Fund|Free The Bears]] and others.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
| publictransit =
| website = {{official|https://wildlifesos.org/locations/agra-bear-rescue-facility/}}
| module = 
}}
The '''Agra Bear Rescue Facility''' is a [[Sloth bear]] rescue facility dedicated to rehabilitating previously enslaved '[[dancing bear]]s'. Established in 1999 by [[Wildlife SOS]] in collaboration with the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department and others, the facility is located in an eight-hectare site inside the [[Keetham Lake|Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]](also known as Keetham Lake), 17 km west of Agra.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Keetham Lake|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/agra/keetham-lake.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> It is one of the four facilities in India operated by Wildlife SOS for this purpose, and helped in the eradication of the 'dancing bear' practice in India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dancing Bears in India -- Final Curtain|work=PRWeb|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/dancing_bears/final_curtain/prweb3366964.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222041114/http://www.prweb.com/releases/Dancing_Bears/Final_Curtain/prweb3366964.htm|archive-date=22 December 2009|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref> It currently houses over 170 sloth bears as well as other wildlife. Agra Bear Rescue Facility also does advanced research, disease management and provides specialised [[veterinary care]] as well as [[geriatric care]] for sloth bears. The facility is available for tours by small groups of people.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Shefali Apte|url=http://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetguidetoindia_202003_300_K|title=Lonely Planet Guide To India}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bears|url=https://wildlifesos.org/our-work/bear/|access-date=5 October 2020|website=wildlifesos.org}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== History and Overview ==
[[File:Indian_Sloth_Bear.jpg|thumb|The [[Sloth bear|Sloth Bear]].]]
[[File:Alludeen_dancing_the_bear.jpg|left|thumb|A dancing bear and its Kalandar Master.]]
The [[sloth bear]] (''Melurus ursinus'') is a medium-sized [[Omnivore|omnivorous]] species of bear found in the Indian subcontinent, predominantly India, with a small population in Nepal and Bhutan, and a sub-species in Sri Lanka. It is listed as '''vulnerable''' on the [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red list]].<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Dharaiya, N. |author2=Bargali, H.S. |author3=Sharp, T. |date=2020 |title=''Melursus ursinus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T13143A166519315 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13143A166519315.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

For over 400 years, the Sloth Bear had been a target for human exploitation. A [[nomadic tribe]] known as the Kalandars began keeping [[Dancing bear|'dancing' sloth bears]] which entertained Mughal emperors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2007-12-17|title=The Dancing Bears of India: Moving Toward Freedom|url=https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/the-dancing-bears-of-india-moving-toward-freedom|access-date=2020-10-05|website=Saving Earth {{!}} Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Over the centuries, the 'dancing' bear trade transitioned to become cheap roadside entertainment for villagers and tourists who paid to watch the bears.<ref name=":2" />

The practice of enslaving bears for use as 'dancing' bears has been illegal in India under the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act 1972]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=THE INDIAN WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972|url=http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html|access-date=2017-05-03|website=envfor.nic.in}}</ref> However this rule was not well enforced, and as a result hundreds of bears remained enslaved. The bears were poached from the forests as cubs, their mothers often killed, and sold in illegal markets to Kalandars, who have used the dancing bears as a source of income for centuries. With no [[anaesthesia]], a metal rod would be inserted through their muzzle so that a rope or nose ring can be attached and they spent much of their lives in pain chained to a stake or in a cage. Their canine teeth were crudely knocked out, and the bears were beaten into submission to teach them to perform.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

In 1996, [[Wildlife SOS|Wildlife SOS's]] research indicated that there were more than 1200 'dancing' bears scattered throughout India. In collaboration with the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department, [[International Animal Rescue]], One Voice, [[Free the Bears Fund|Free The Bears]], and others, Wildlife SOS established the Agra Bear Rescue Facility to rehabilitate bears.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Bear rehabilitation process ==
On arrival to the facility, the rescued bears undergo a 90-day quarantine to prevent spread of any infectious disease to any other bear. Other immediate procedures include a complete health checkup where bears are treated for any diseases, wounds and parasites. The bear receives vaccination for many diseases like [[Rabies in animals|Rabies]], [[Leptospirosis]] and [[infectious canine hepatitis]]. Once the quarantine period ends, the bears are encouraged to go into large socialisation enclosures with other bears where the behaviour and personality of each bear is monitored by Wildlife SOS staff.

After this process, the bear is matched to a group based on its personality, and then moved to a larger free-range area. The facility has full-time wildlife [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary doctors]] and bear keepers. The bear hospital features a laboratory, along with [[X-ray]], [[Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology|Ultrasound]], Dental suite, [[Operating theater|Operation theatre]] and other equipments. The facility also includes a special cub weaning area which is dedicated to [[Foster care of animals|foster]] rescued baby bears.<ref name=":3" />

Because the bears have been captive most of their lives, its unlikely they can ever be released into the wild, but the goal of Wildlife SOS is to eradicate the practice of dancing bears which has been illegal in India since 1972 but still enslaves bears, and thus stop the poaching of cubs. An important part of this is finding an alternative source of income for the Kalandar tribespeople and educating them about the cruelty of their former profession. A number of young Kalandar men are even employed at the facility helping care for the bears.<ref name=":1" />

== Tours ==
The facility is available for tours, with a payment of entry fee to the Forest Department in order to access the facility, when last checked.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agra Bear Rescue Facility {{!}} Agra, India Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/agra/attractions/agra-bear-rescue-facility/a/poi-sig/1558945/356509|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Lonely Planet|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]
[[Category:Bear sanctuaries]]
[[Category:Agra]]
[[Category:Agra district]]
[[Category:Agra division]]

Thomé Lopes

2025-09-20T14:26:42Z

EddieFrine:

{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}

'''Thomé Lopes''' (sometimes modernized as '''Tomé Lopes''') was a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[captain's clerk|scrivener]], writer of an eyewitness account of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|second journey]] of [[Vasco da Gama]] to India (1502–1503).

Thomé Lopes's background is obscure. All that is known is that he was a native of [[Porto]], [[Portugal]].

In early 1502, Thomé Lopes was hired as a ''escrivão'' ([[captain's clerk]]) aboard an unnamed ship owned and outfitted by Ruy Mendes de Brito <ref>Lopes (Port: p.161)</ref> (a gentleman of the royal chamber of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]]<ref>Lopes (Port: p.173)</ref>) and captained by an Italian, [[Giovanni Buonagratia]] (João de Buonagracia) of [[Florence]].<ref>Lopes (Ital.: p.147, Port: p.174)</ref> This ship was part of a Portuguese squadron of five ships, under the overall command of [[Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)|Estêvão da Gama]] (cousin of Vasco da Gama). This squadron set out from [[Lisbon]] on 1 April 1502, intending to catch up and join the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Portuguese India Armada]] of admiral [[Vasco da Gama]], which had left a few months earlier (February 1502). According to Lopes, their squadron caught up with the main armada on 21 August 1502 at [[Anjediva Island]], off the [[Malabar Coast]] of India.<ref>Lopes (Port: p.171)</ref>

Among the most memorable passages in Lopes's account, is a detailed description of the notorious [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)#Massacre of the pilgrim ship|massacre of the Muslim pilgrim ships]] (3 October 1502, a day "that I remember every day of my life"<ref>"che in tutti i di di mia vita mi ricordero" (Lopes, Ital: p.147) "de que me lembrarei toda a minha vida" (Lopes, Port: p.177)</ref>) on the orders of [[Vasco da Gama]]. Later Portuguese chroniclers have dealt uneasily with this act of cruelty, but Lopes's vivid and often heart-breaking narrative leaves little unmentioned.

Another famous episode reported by Lopes is the execution by [[impaling]] of three Muslims in [[Cochin]], on the orders of the Trimumpara Raja, the Hindu [[Kingdom of Cochin|prince of Cochin]], for the sacrilege of selling a cow for beef to the crew of a Portuguese ship in harbor. It is notable that it was admiral [[Vasco da Gama]] himself (not usually known for his cultural sensitivity) who arrested the three men and handed them over to the Cochinese authorities for justice, and forbade any further purchases of cows by Portuguese sailors.<ref>Lopes (Port: p.195-96.)</ref>

Lopes and the armada left India in February 1503, beginning its return journey back to Portugal. Lopes reports how his ship was nearly sunk in a collision with another off [[Mozambique Island]].<ref>Lopes (Port:p.211-12)</ref> Somewhere around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in July, Lopes reports an encounter with two of the ships of the outgoing [[5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)|5th Armada]] of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]].<ref>Lopes (Ital: p.156); Lopes (Port: p.214)</ref>

On 30 July 1503 Thomé Lopes's ship, accompanied by two others, came across and landed on the South Atlantic island of [[Saint Helena]]. Lopes refers to it as an unknown island,<ref>In 1550 Italian, "Et adi 30 detto vedemmo una isola non discoperta anchora" (Ital: p.156) in 1812 Portuguese, "Aos trinta houvemos vista de huma ilha ainda não descoberta" (Port: p.214)</ref> and gives its position relative to [[Ascension Island]] (which he refers to by that name<ref>In 1550 Italian, "guarda si con l'isole della ascensione maestro & scilocco, & sono 200 leghe di traversa dall'una, all altra." (Ital: p.156); in 1812 Portuguese, "com a Ilha da Ascenção tambem de Noroeste a Sueste, e distão duzentas legoas" (Port: p.215)</ref>). It is commonly accepted that Ascension Island was first discovered in May 1501 on the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|outward journey]] of [[João da Nova]], and some writers<ref>e.g. Livermore (2004: p.628)</ref> have questioned how Lopes could have known about that island as he left Lisbon before Nova's fleet returned. A clue is given in Lopes's own account, where he describes how, in August 1502, they picked up letters in [[Malindi]] left by the returning João da Nova.<ref>in 1550 Italian "pui ci dettono altre lettere che Giovan da nuova li mandava da Quilloa, ilquale se retornava in Portogallo" (Ital: p.146); in 1812 Portuguese "Deo-nos, alem disso, outras cartas que João da Nova tinha deixado escritas em Quiloa, quando voltou para Portugal" (Port: p.168)</ref> These letters might have described Nova's discovery of Ascension Island on the outward journey (although not, of course, Nova's own discovery of Saint Helena on his return in May 1502). The only quibble remains with Lopes's use of the name "Ascension" island, as it is commonly thought Nova originally named it ''Conceição'' (Conception island), and it was only renamed "Ascension" later (May 1503) by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]. One possible explanation is that Lopes's account might not have been written immediately in 1502, but a little later after his arrival in Portugal, after the name of Ascension Island had already been settled upon.<ref>However, if written after his return using prior information, this raises the query (e.g. Livermore, 2004: p.628) as to why Lopes did not ''also'' refer to Saint Helena by name? One possible explanation is simply that Lopes didn't know it - that Nova's discovery of Saint Helena was largely kept secret by the [[Casa da India]]. But this is speculation.</ref> But the most probable explanation is simply that the name (and maybe even the locational information) was reported to Thomé Lopes precisely by the two 5th Armada ships that, as already mentioned, Lopes had just encountered near the Cape of Good Hope (the two would have been coming precisely from Albuquerque's (re-)discovery of Ascension Island).

The original Portuguese version of Thomé Lopes's account has been lost, but an Italian translation was published in 1550 in Venice, in a collection of travelogues collected by [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]]. A translation back to Portuguese was commissioned and published in 1812.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Thomé Lopes's account is one of several eyewitness account of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Portuguese India Armada]] of 1502–03. It is widely regarded as reliable, and frequently resorted to by historians to correct the accounts by later 16th-century chroniclers ([[João de Barros]], [[Gaspar Correia]], etc.){{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== See also ==
* [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
* [Thomé Lopes (Ital.)] "Navigatione verso l'Indie orientali scritta per Thomé Lopez, scrivano de una nave Portoghesa", first pub. in Italian in Venice (1550), by [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]], ed., ''Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo.''.[https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA1-PA143-IA1 online]
* [Thomé Lopes (Port.)] "Navegação as Indias Orientaes, escrita em Portuguez por Thomé Lopes, traduzida da lingua Portugueza para a Italiana, e novamente do Italiano para o Portuguez", trans. 1812 into Portuguese, by Academia Real das Sciencias in ''Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas: que vivem nos dominios portuguezes, ou lhes são visinhas'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&pg=PA159 Vol. 2, Pt. 5]
* Livermore, H. (2004) "Santa Helena, a Forgotten Portuguese Discovery", in ''Estudos em Homenagem a Luis Antonio de Oliveira Ramos'', Porto, p. 623-31.
* Subrahmanyam, S. (1997) ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lopes, Thome}}
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Portuguese Renaissance writers]]
[[Category:Portuguese travel writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Porto]]
[[Category:15th-century births]]
[[Category:16th-century deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Portuguese people]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese people]]

North Delhi Municipal Corporation

2025-09-04T19:37:14Z

EddieFrine:

{{short description|Governing civic body of North Delhi}}
{{Distinguish|North Delhi district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = North Delhi Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
|established = 2012
|disbanded=2022
|preceded_by = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
|succeeded_by= [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| seats = 104
| term_length = 5 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2017 Delhi Municipal Corporation election|23 April 2017]]
| website = {{URL|https://mcdonline.nic.in/ndmcportal/}}
|logo=North Delhi Municipal Corporation logo.jpg
}}

[[File:Delhi Municipalities North.svg|thumb|North Delhi Municipal Corporation within the NCT]]

'''North Delhi Municipal Corporation''' ('''NDMC''') was one of the municipal corporations in Delhi, India that was established after the former [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] was trifurcated in 2012. The NDMC had jurisdiction over an area spanning {{cvt|605|km2}}, which was further divided into six zones: Rohini, Civil Lines, Karol Bagh, City-SP, Keshav Puram and Narela. Comprising 104 Wards, it catered to a population of almost 6,200,000 (6.2 million) in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web|title=North Delhi Municipal Corporation|url=https://mcdonline.nic.in/ndmcportal/}}</ref>

Before its dissolution in May 2022, it was one of five local bodies in the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]], alongside the [[East Delhi Municipal Corporation]], [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]], [[New Delhi Municipal Council]], and the [[Delhi Cantonment|Delhi Cantonment Board]].

On 22 May 2022, the three former municipal corporations—North Delhi, South Delhi, and East Delhi—were reunified into the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation of Delhi |url=https://mcdonline.nic.in/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=mcdonline.nic.in}}</ref>

==2017 Election==
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
! Symbol
! Seats won
! '''Seats +/−'''
!Vote %
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| 64
| {{increase}}5
|35.63
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
| 21
| {{increase}}21
|27.88
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| 16
| {{decrease}}13
|20.73
|-
| bgcolor={{Party color|Others}} |
|Others
|
| 3
| {{decrease}}13
|15.76
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
!104
! -
!100
|-
|}

== 2012 Election ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+North Delhi Municipal Corporation
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Symbol
!Wards won
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| 59
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50px]]
| 29
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
| 7
|-
|{{Party name with color no link|Others}}
|
| 9
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
!104
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Delhi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Delhi]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Delhi]]

Ibadat Khana

2025-09-03T01:20:29Z

EddieFrine:

{{short description|Meeting house built in 1575 by Mughal Emperor Akbar for interfaith dialogue}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{religious text primary|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Ibādat Khāna
| native_name = House of Worship
| native_name_lang =
| religious_affiliation =
| image = Jesuits at Akbar's court.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = [[Akbar the Great]] holds a religious assembly in the Ibādat Khāna; the two men dressed in black are the [[Jesuit]] missionaries [[Rodolfo Acquaviva]] and [[Francisco Henriques]]. Illustration to the [[Akbarnama]] by [[Nar Singh]], c. 1605.
| tradition = [[Din-i Ilahi]]
| region = Fatehpur Sikri
| country = [[Mughal Empire]]
| founded_by = [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]]
| established = c. 1575
}}

The '''Ibādat Khāna''' (House of Worship) was a meeting house built in 1575 CE by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]] (r. 1556–1605) at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] to gather spiritual/religious leaders of different religious grounds (and beliefs) so as to conduct a discussion and debates on the teachings of the respective religious leaders (if any).<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=171}}</ref>

In his eagerness to learn about different religions, Akbar built a hall of prayer at Fatehpur Sikri in 1575 known as the Ibadat Khana. At this place, he invited selected mystics, intellectuals and theologians, and held discussions on religious and spiritual themes. He invited scholars belonging to various religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and even atheists. He conducted religious debates with these people. They visited Ibadat Khana in the past and discussed their religious belief (and faiths) with Akbar. The result of these discussions at the Hall of Prayer led them to the conclusion that all religions lead to the same goal.

==Historical background==
Akbar built the Ibādat Khāna as a debating house.{{Clarify|date=March 2015}} He encouraged [[Hinduism|Hindus]], [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] and even [[Cārvāka|atheists]] to participate. Religious leaders and philosophers from around this diverse empire, as well as those passing through, were invited to Akbar's Thursday evening discussions. Akbar's spiritual inclinations were roused to a large extent by the example of [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani|Sulaiman Karrani]], a past ruler of Bengal, who was said to spend nights in the company of over a hundred ratiocinating spiritual men. Akbar also wanted to sharpen his theological grasp because he had been told of the imminent arrival to his court of Mirza Sulaiman of Badakshan, a [[Sufism|Sufi]] with a predilection for spiritual debates.<ref name="House of worship">{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Vincent A.|title=Akbar's "House of Worship", or Ibadat-Khana|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=49|issue=4|pages=715–722|publisher=JSTOR|jstor=25209315|year=1917|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00050814|s2cid=159864148 }}</ref>

===Faith of the Divine===
By the late 1580s CE, Akbar began an attempt to reconcile the differences of all religions by creating a new faith, the [[Din-i-Ilahi]] ("Faith of the Divine"), which incorporated both [[pantheism|pantheistic]] versions of Islamic [[Sufism]] (most notably [[Ibn Arabi]]'s doctrine of ''[[Sufi metaphysics|Wahdat al-Wujud]]'' or Unity of Existence) and ''[[Bhakti]]'' or devotional movements of Hinduism. Even some elements of [[Christianity]] (like crosses), [[Zoroastrianism]] (fire ceremonies) and [[Jainism]] were amalgamated in the new religion. Akbar was greatly influenced by the teachings of Jain [[Acharya]]s [[Hir Vijay Suri]] and [[Jin Chandra Suri]] and gave up non-[[vegetarian]] food because of their influence. He declared ''Amari'' or non-killing of animals on the holy days of Jains like [[Paryushan]] and [[Mahavir Jayanti]]. He rolled back the [[Jizya]] tax from Jain pilgrimage places like Palitana.

This faith, however, was not for the masses. In fact, the only "converts" to this new religion were the upper nobility of Akbar's court. Historians have so far been able to identify only 18 members of this new religion, including his closest minister Birbal.

[[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]]'s poem ''Akbar’s Dream'' lauds the Ibādat Khāna, ascribing tolerance and humanity to his "Divine Faith", while implicitly criticising the intolerance of 19th century British Christianity.<ref>[http://www.telelib.com/words/authors/T/TennysonAlfred/verse/deathofoenone/akbarsdreamnotes.html Notes to Akbar’s Dream], from The Death of Œnone, and Other Poems by Alfred Tennyson (1892).</ref>
[[File:Rodolfo Acquaviva diskutiert mit dem Großmogul.jpg|thumb|A painting depicting the scenes of the Ibādat Khāna.]]

==Discovery of Ibadat Khana==
Different archaeologists and historians had different thoughts on the location of Ibadat Khana. Saeed Ahmed Mararavi, followed by Athar Abbas Rizvi and Vincent Flynn suggested that the mound between Jama Masjid and Jodha Bai's Mahal is the site of Ibadat Khana. However, they had no tangible proof to support their argument. In early 1980s, [[K. K. Muhammed]] working under Prof. R. C. Gaur of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] excavated the mound and found the steps, platforms and boundary wall, which matched the painting of Ibadat Khana from Akbar's period.

==See also==
* [[Akbar the Great]]
* [[Dabestan-e Mazaheb]]
* [[Din-i-Ilahi]]
* [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
* [[Taj Mahal]]
* [[Jama Masjid]]
* [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]]
* [[Jodha Bai Mahal]]
* [[Naubat Khana]]

==Further reading==
* Akbar's "House of Worship", or 'Ibadat-Khana. Vincent A. Smith, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for 1927, pages 715-722.
*{{cite book|last= Rezavi|first=Dr. Syed Ali Nadeem|title=Religious Disputation and Imperial Ideology: The Purpose and Location of Akbar's Ibadatkhana|url=https://archive.org/stream/ReligiousDisputationAndImperialIdeologyThePurposeAndLocationOf/Ibadatkhana#page/n0/mode/2up|year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications}}
* The Din-I-Ilahi Or The Religion Of Akbar. Makhan Lal Roy Choudhury. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (Edition: 1997) {{ISBN|81-215-0777-4}}
* Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Moghul Emperors in Medieval India. Walter J. Fischel. Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 18. (1948–1949), pp. 137–177.
*Akbar's Personality Traits and World Outlook: A Critical Reappraisal. Iqtidar Alam Khan. Social Scientist, Vol. 20, No. 9/10. (Sep. - Oct., 1992), pp. 16–30.
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_12.html Muslim Civilization in India]. [[S. M. Ikram]] (edited by [[Ainslie T. Embree]]). New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Ibādat Khāna}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra district]]
[[Category:Culture of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]
[[Category:16th-century Islam]]
[[Category:Fatehpur Sikri]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]

Agama (Hinduism)

2025-09-02T12:45:56Z

EddieFrine: minor edit

{{short description|Collection of Hindu religious texts}}
{{other uses of|Agama}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
The '''Agamas''' ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|sa|आगम}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|āgama}}) are a collection of several [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantric]] literature and [[religious text|scriptures]] of [[Hindu]] schools.<ref name=Grimes/><ref name=juliuslipner27>[[Julius Lipner]] (2004), Hinduism: the way of the banyan, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-21527-7}}, pages 27–28</ref> The term literally means tradition or "that which has come down", and the Agama texts describe cosmology, epistemology, philosophical doctrines, precepts on meditation and practices, four kinds of yoga, mantras, temple construction, deity worship and ways to attain sixfold desires.<ref name=Grimes/><ref>Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue, Rodopi, {{ISBN|978-90-420-1510-4}}, pages 54–56</ref> These canonical texts are in [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="Grimes" /> and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>Indira Peterson (1992), Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0784-6}}, pages 11–18</ref><ref>A Datta (1987), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|978-0-8364-2283-2}}, page 95</ref>

The three main branches of Agama texts are [[Shaivism|Shaiva]], [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] and [[Shaktism|Shakta]].<ref name=Grimes/> The Agamic traditions are sometimes called [[Tantrism]],<ref>Wojciech Maria Zalewski (2012), The Crucible of Religion: Culture, Civilization, and Affirmation of Life, Wipf and Stock Publishers, {{ISBN|978-1-61097-828-6}}, page 128</ref> although the term "Tantra" is usually used specifically to refer to Shakta Agamas.<ref name=Banerji/><ref name=dhavamony>Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, {{ISBN|978-88-7652-818-7}}, pages 31–34 with footnotes</ref> The Agama literature is voluminous, and includes 28 Shaiva Agamas, 64 Shakta Agamas (also called Tantras), and 108 Vaishnava Agamas (also called [[Pancharatra]] Samhitas), and numerous Upa-Agamas.<ref name=klaus49>Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-7082-4}}, pages 49–50</ref>

The origin and chronology of Agamas is unclear. Some are Vedic and others non-Vedic.<ref>PT Raju (2009), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0983-3}}, page 45; Quote: '''The word Agama means 'coming down', and the literature is that of traditions, which are mixtures of the Vedic with some non-Vedic ones, which were later assimilated to the Vedic'''.</ref> Agama traditions include [[Yoga]] and Self Realization{{Clarify|date=October 2024}} concepts, some include [[Kundalini Yoga]],<ref name=SinghLP>Singh, L. P. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1pz28mw2zywC&pg=PA64 Tantra, Its Mystic and Scientific Basis], Concept Publishing Company. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-640-4}}</ref> asceticism, and philosophies ranging from ''Dvaita'' ([[Theistic dualism|dualism]]) to ''Advaita'' ([[monism]]).<ref name=jeanfil68/><ref name=richdavis167/> Some suggest that these are post-Vedic texts, others as pre-Vedic compositions dating back to over 1100 BCE.<ref>Guy Beck (1993), Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound, University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|978-0-87249-855-6}}, pages 151–152</ref><ref name=Tripath>Tripath, S.M. (2001). Psycho-Religious Studies Of Man, Mind And Nature. Global Vision Publishing House. {{ISBN|978-81-87746-04-1}}</ref><ref name=Darbu>Drabu, V. N. (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vEKkuLQUza8C&pg=PA31 Śaivāgamas: A Study in the Socio-economic Ideas and Institutions of Kashmir (200 B.C. to A.D. 700)], Indus Publishing Company. {{ISBN|978-81-85182-38-4}}. LCCN lc90905805</ref> Epigraphical and archaeological evidence suggests that Agama texts were in existence by about middle of the 1st millennium CE, in the [[Pallava dynasty]] era.<ref name=richdavis12>Richard Davis (2014), Worshiping Śiva in Medieval India: Ritual in an Oscillating Universe, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-60308-7}}, pages 12–13</ref><ref name=schomerus8/>

Scholars note that some passages in the [[Hindu]] Agama texts appear to repudiate the authority of the [[Veda]]s, while other passages assert that their precepts reveal the true spirit of the Vedas.<ref name=juliuslipner27/><ref>For examples of Vaishnavism Agama text verses praising Vedas and philosophy therein, see Sanjukta Gupta (2013), Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1735-7}}, pages xxiii-xxiv, 96, 158–159, 219, 340, 353 with footnotes, Quote: "'''In order not to dislocate the laws of [[dharma]] and to maintain the family, to govern the world without disturbance, to establish norms and to gratify me and Vishnu, the God of gods, the wise should not violate the Vedic laws even in thought''' – The Secret Method of Self-Surrender, Lakshmi Tantra, Pāñcarātra Agama".</ref><ref>For examples in Shaivism literature, see T Isaac Tambyah (1984), Psalms of a Saiva Saint, Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|978-81-206-0025-6}}, pages xxii-xxvi</ref> The Agamas literary genre may also be found in [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇic]] traditions (i.e. [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Buddhist]], [[Jain Agamas (Digambara)|Jains]], etc).<ref>Helen Baroni (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-2240-6}}, page 3</ref><ref name=Rajmani>Tigunait, Rajmani (1998), [https://books.google.com/books?id=-XnnFl6ZFHwC&pg=PA26 Śakti, the Power in Tantra: A Scholarly Approach], Himalayan Institute Press. {{ISBN|978-0-89389-154-1}}. LCCN 98070188</ref> [[Balinese Hinduism|Bali Hindu tradition]] is officially called ''Agama Hindu Dharma'' in [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Indonesia]].<ref>June McDaniel (2010), Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam, Nova Religio, Vol. 14, No. 1, pages 93–111</ref>

==Etymology==
''Āgama'' ([[Sanskrit]] आगम) is derived from the verb root गम् (gam) meaning ''"to go"'' and the preposition आ (ā) meaning ''"toward"'' and refers to scriptures as "that which has come down".<ref name=Grimes>Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3068-2}}. LCCN 96012383. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5p0ev3nJEC pages 16–17]</ref>

Agama literally means "tradition",<ref name=Grimes/> and refers to precepts and doctrines that have come down as tradition.<ref name=dhavamony/> Agama, states Dhavamony, is also a "generic name of religious texts which are at the basis of Hinduism".<ref name=dhavamony/> Other terms used for these texts can include saṃhitā (“collection”), sūtra (“aphorism”), or tantra ("system"), with the term "tantra" utilized more frequently for Shakta agamas, than for Shaiva or Vaishnava agamas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padoux |first=André |title=The Hindu Tantric world: an overview |date=2017 |publisher=The University of Chicago press |isbn=978-0-226-42393-7 |location=Chicago (Ill.) London |pages=29}}</ref><ref name="dhavamony" />

==Significance==
[[File:Bronze figure of Kashmiri in Meditation by Malvina Hoffman Wellcome M0005215.jpg|thumb|Developing physical and mental discipline with [[Yoga]] is one of four recommendations in Agama texts.<ref name=jeanfil68/> Above a Yoga posture statue from [[Kashmir]], a center of monistic Agama texts.]]
Agamas are structured dialogically, often as conversations between Śiva and Śakti.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Timalsina |first=S. |date=2014-05-01 |title=The Dialogical Manifestation of Reality in Āgamas |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jhs/hiu006 |journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=6–24 |doi=10.1093/jhs/hiu006 |issn=1756-4255|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This dialogical format between divinities contrasts with the monologue of [[revelation]] from a single divine being to a recipient at a single place and time. This format is significant as it instead portrays spiritual insight as always ongoing, an eternal and dynamic conversation which seekers can enter into with the right cultivation of awareness.<ref name=":5" /> Agamas, states Rajeshwari Ghose, teach a system of spirituality involving ritual worship and ethical personal conduct through the precepts of a particular deity.<ref name=Ghose/> The means of worship in the Agamic religions differs from the Vedic form. While the Vedic form of [[yajna]] requires no icons and shrines, the Agamic religions are based on icons with [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] as a means of worship.<ref name="Ghose">Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996). The Tyāgarāja Cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. {{ISBN|81-208-1391-X}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ORwNmkDswqwC&dq=agamic&pg=PA141]</ref> Symbols, icons and temples are a necessary part of the Agamic practice, while non-theistic paths are alternative means of Vedic practice.<ref name=Ghose/> Action and will drive Agama precepts, while knowledge is salvation in Vedic precepts.<ref name=Ghose/> This, however, does not necessarily mean that Agamas and Vedas are opposed, according to medieval-era Hindu theologians. [[Tirumular]], for example, explained their link as follows: "the Vedas are the path, and the Agamas are the horse".<ref name=Ghose/><ref>Thomas Manninezhath (1993), Harmony of Religions: Vedānta Siddhānta Samarasam of Tāyumānavar, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1001-3}}, page 135</ref>

Each Agama consists of four parts:<ref name=jeanfil68>Jean Filliozat (1991), Religion, Philosophy, Yoga: A Selection of Articles, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0718-1}}, pages 68–69</ref><ref name=Ghose/>
* Jnana pada, also called Vidya pada<ref name=jeanfil68/> – consists of doctrine, the philosophical and spiritual knowledge, knowledge of reality and liberation.
* Yoga pada – precepts on yoga, the physical and mental discipline.
* Kriya pada – consists of rules for rituals, construction of temples ([[Hindu temple|Mandir]]); design principles for sculpting, carving, and consecration of idols of deities for worship in temples;<ref name=bharnekrusche/> for different forms of initiations or diksha. This code is analogous to those in [[Puranas]] and in the Buddhist text of ''Sadhanamala''.<ref name=jeanfil68/>
* Charya pada – lays down rules of conduct, of worship ([[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]), observances of religious rites, rituals, festivals and prayaschittas.

The Agamas state three requirements for a place of [[pilgrimage]]: Sthala, [[Tirtha and Kshetra|Tirtha]], and [[Murti]]. Sthala refers to the place of the temple, Tīrtha is the temple tank, and Murti refers to the image of god (usually an icon of a deity).{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

Elaborate rules are laid out in the Agamas for Silpa (the art of [[sculpture]]) describing the quality requirements of the places where temples are to be built, the kind of images to be installed, the materials from which they are to be made, their dimensions, proportions, air circulation, lighting in the temple complex, etc.<ref name=bharnekrusche/> The Manasara and Silpasara are some of the works dealing with these rules. The rituals followed in worship services each day at the temple also follow rules laid out in the Agamas.

==Philosophy==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 160
| width2 = 108
| footer = Temple design (Shore temple) and iconography such as the ''[[Nataraja]]'' (Dancing Shiva) are described in the Agama texts.<ref name=bharnekrusche>V Bharne and K Krusche (2012), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-4438-4137-5}}, pages 37–42</ref><ref>Archana Verma (2012), Temple Imagery from Early Mediaeval Peninsular India, Ashgate Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-4094-3029-2}}, pages 150–159, 59–62</ref>
| image1 = Shore Temple 01.jpg
| image2 = WLANL - MicheleLovesArt - Tropenmuseum - Shiva Nataraja (6274-1).jpg
}}
The Agama texts of Hinduism present a diverse range of philosophies, ranging from [[theistic dualism]] to absolute [[monism]].<ref name=richdavis167/><ref>DS Sharma (1990), The Philosophy of Sadhana, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-0347-1}}, pages 9–14</ref> This diversity of views was acknowledged in Chapter{{nbsp}}36 of [[Tantraloka]] by the 10th-century scholar [[Abhinavagupta]].<ref name=richdavis167>Richard Davis (2014), Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-60308-7}}, page 167 note 21, Quote (page 13): "Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important."</ref> In Shaivism alone, there are ten dualistic ([[dvaita]]) Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism ([[bhedabheda]]) Agama texts, and sixty-four monism ([[advaita]]) Agama texts.<ref>Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0595-8}}, pages 43–44</ref> The Bhairava Shastras are monistic, while Shiva Shastras are dualistic.<ref>JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0407-4}}, pages 252, 259</ref><ref>Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-43878-0}}, pages 162–167</ref>

A similar breadth of diverse views is present in Vaishnava Agamas as well. The Agama texts of Shaiva and Vaishnava schools are premised on existence of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, self) and the existence of an Ultimate Reality ([[Brahman]] – called [[Shiva]] in Shaivism, and [[Vishnu]] in Vaishnavism).<ref name=ganeshtagare/> The texts differ in the relation between the two. Some assert the dualistic philosophy of the individual soul and Ultimate Reality being different, while others state a Oneness between the two.<ref name=ganeshtagare/> Kashmir Shaiva Agamas posit absolute oneness, that is God (Shiva) is within man, God is within every being, God is present everywhere in the world including all non-living beings, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and God. The parallel group among Vaishnavas are the Shuddhadvaitins (pure Advaitins).<ref name=ganeshtagare>Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1892-7}}, pages 16–19</ref>

Scholars from both schools have written treatises ranging from dualism to monism. For example, Shivagrayogin has emphasized the non-difference or unity of being (between the Atman and Shivam), which is realized through stages which include rituals, conduct, personal discipline and the insight of spiritual knowledge.<ref name=jsoni/> This bears a striking similarity, states Soni, to Shankara, Madhva and Ramanujan Vedantic discussions.<ref name=jsoni>Jayandra Soni (1990), Philosophical Anthropology in Śaiva Siddhānta, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0632-8}}, pages 178–181, 209–214</ref>

===Relation to the Vedas and Upanishads===
{{main article|Vedas|Upanishads}}
The Vedas and Upanishads are common scriptures of [[Hinduism]], states Dhavamony, while the Agamas are sacred texts of specific sects of Hinduism.<ref name=dhavamony/> The surviving Vedic literature can be traced to the 1st millennium BCE and earlier, while the surviving Agamas can be traced to 1st millennium of the common era.<ref name=dhavamony/> The Vedic literature, in Shaivism, is primary and general, while Agamas are special treatise. In terms of philosophy and spiritual precepts, no Agama that goes against the Vedic literature, states Dhavamony, will be acceptable to the Shaivas.<ref name=dhavamony/> Similarly, the Vaishnavas treat the Vedas along with the [[Bhagavad Gita]] as the main scripture, and the Samhitas (Agamas) as exegetical and exposition of the philosophy and spiritual precepts therein.<ref name=dhavamony/> The Shaktas have a similar reverence for the Vedic literature and view the Tantras (Agamas) as the fifth Veda.<ref name=dhavamony/>

The heritage of the Agamas, states Krishna Shivaraman, was the "Vedic piety maturing in the monism of the Upanishads presenting the ultimate spiritual reality as Brahman and the way to realizing as portrayed in the Gita".<ref>Krishna Sivaraman (2008), Hindu Spirituality Vedas Through Vedanta, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1254-3}}, page 263</ref>

{{Blockquote|
The Veda is the cow, the true Agama its milk.
|Umapati|Translated by David Smith<ref name=davidsmith116>David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-48234-9}}, page 116</ref>}}

==Texts==

===Shaiva and Shakta Agamas===
There are multiple frameworks for organizing the agamas. One of which, building on distinctions introduced by Abhinavagupta, places the Shaiva and Shakta agamas on a continuum from those that are dualistic, Śiva-centered, and non-transgressive to those that are non-dualistic, Śakti-centered, and transgressive.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions |vauthors=Sanderson A |date=1991 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-98545-8 |chapter=The World’s Religions: The Religions of Asia}}</ref> In this framework, the Śaiva Siddhānta agamas (which can be subdivided into 10 Śaiva and 18 Rudra āgamas, arranged into a common list of 28 āgamas below) feature on the dualistic, Śiva-centered, and non-transgressive side. In the middle falls the 64 Bhairava agamas (which can be subdivided into the Amṛteśvara and Mantrapīṭha). And, on the most non-dualistic, Śakti-centered, and transgressive side are the Vidyapīṭha tantras (including the Yāmalas, Trika, and Kālīkula). In this way, the Shakta Agamas are inextricably related to the Shaiva Agamas, with their respective focus on Shakti with Shiva in Shakta Tantra and on Shiva in Shaiva texts.<ref name="erndl31" /> DasGupta states that the Shiva and Shakti are "two aspects of the same truth – static and dynamic, transcendent and immanent, male and female", and neither is real without the other, Shiva's dynamic power is Shakti and she has no existence without him, she is the highest truth and he the manifested essence.<ref name="erndl31" /> 
{{div col|rules=yes|gap=2em|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}
# Kamikam
# Yogajam
# Chintyam
# Karanam
# Ajitham
# Deeptham
# Sukskmam
# Sahasram
# Ashuman
# Suprabedham
# Vijayam
# Nishwasam
# Swayambhuvam
# Analam
# Veeram
# Rouravam
# Makutam
# Vimalam
# Chandragnanam
# Bimbam
# Prodgeetham
# Lalitham
# Sidham
# Santhanam
# Sarvoktham
# Parameshwaram
# Kiranam
# Vathulam
{{div col end}}
{{wide image|A copy of the tantric work Nihsvasatattvasamhita Wellcome L0031385.jpg|700px|Parts of the Nihsvasatattvasamhita manuscript from [[Nepal]], reproduced in 1912 from a palm-leaf original, linking Shaiva Agama to esoteric Tantra.<ref>Teun Goudriaan (1981), Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02091-6}}, page 36</ref>}}

====Shaiva Siddhanta====
The Shaiva Agamas led to the [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] philosophy in Tamil-speaking regions of South India. Of the 28 agamas, the Pārameśa, Niśvāsa, Svāyambhuva[sūtrasaṅgraha], Raurava[sūtrasaṅgraha], Kiraṇa, and Par[ākhya]/Saurabheya all have surviving copies that are demonstrably pre-twelfth century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Goodall |first=Dominic |title=Parākhyatantram: the Parākhyatantra: a scripture of the Śaiva Siddhānta |date=2004 |publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry [u.a.] |isbn=978-2-85539-642-2 |series=Collection Indologie |location=Pondichéry |pages=xxiii-xxv}}</ref> Many of these agamas have been translated and published by the Himalayan Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agamas |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/site/search/media_type/book/tags/agama |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=www.himalayanacademy.com}}</ref> The Shaiva Siddhanta also relies on four agamas that do not figure into this canonical list of 28 (the Kālottara, Mataṅga-pārameśvara, Mṛgendra, and Sarvajñānottara) along with two pratiṣṭhā-tantras (Mayasaṅgraha and Mohacūḍottara).<ref name=":1" /> The writings of [[Tirumular]] and the lineage of [[Siddhar]]s, such as those compiled in the [[Tirumurai]], also play a crucial textual role in this tradition. In the Siddhanta, āgamās are seen as the twofold wisdom of Śiva, consisting of mantra and realization, that liberates the individual selves from the threefold bondage of mala, māyā, and karma.<ref name=":5" />

====Kashmir Shaivism====
The [[Kashmir Shaivism]] lineage draws freely upon the 10 Saiva, 18 Rudra, and 64 Bhairava agamas, seeing them as a progression from dualistic, partially non-dualistic, and non-dualistic, while also integrating the Śakta tantras. Of the Bhairava agamas, two agamas stand out in their importance: the Netra Tantra of the Amṛteśvara set of agamas and the Svacchanda Tantra of the Mantrapīṭha set of agamas.<ref name=":0" /> Both were commented upon freely by Kashmiri Shaiva exegetes, like Kṣemarāja and continue to have practical importance to this day.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |title=The Śaiva Exegesis of Kashmir |vauthors=Sanderson A |date=2007 |publisher=Institut français d’Indologie / École française d’Extrême-Orient |veditors=Goodall D, Padoux A |pages=231–442 |chapter=Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d’Hélène Brunner / Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner}}</ref> From the Shakta tantras, Kashmir Shaivism draws primarily on Trika texts, primarily Mālinīvijayottara, as well as the Siddhayogeśvarīmata, Tantrasadbhāva, Parātrīśikā, and [[Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra|Vijñāna Bhairava]].<ref name=":2" /> Abhinavgupta and Kṣemarāja regard āgamas non-dualistically, as the self-revealing act of Śiva, who assumes the roles of preceptor and disciple, and reveals Tantra according to the interests of different subjects. The āgamas are thereby further equated with [[prakāśa]]-[[vimarśa]], the capacity of consciousness to reflect back upon itself through its own expressions.<ref name=":5" /> The literature of Kashmir Shaivism is divided under three categories: Agama shastra, Spanda shastra, and [[Pratyabhijna]] shastra.<ref name="Sharma">Sharma, D.S. (1983). The Philosophy of Sādhanā: With Special Reference to the Trika Philosophy of Kashmir. State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-0347-1}}. LCCN lc89027739 [https://books.google.com/books?id=hT16Fzg-f7AC]</ref> In addition to these agamas, Kashmir Shaivism further relies on exegetical work developing [[Vasugupta]]'s (850 AD) influential Shiva Sutras that inaugurated the spanda tradition<ref name="Singh">Singh, J. (1979). Śiva Sūtras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity : Text of the Sūtras and the Commentary Vimarśinī of Kṣemarāja Translated Into English with Introduction, Notes, Running Exposition, Glossary and Index. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. {{ISBN|978-81-208-0407-4}}. LCCN lc79903550. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j4SOIISR9PUC]</ref><ref name=Sharma/> and [[Somananda|Somananda's]] (875–925 CE) ''Śivadṛṣṭi'', which set the stage for the pratyabhijñā tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Somānanda |title=The ubiquitous Śiva: Somānanda's Śivadṛṣṭi and his tantric interlocutors |last2=Utpaladeva |last3=Nemec |first3=John |last4=Somānanda |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979545-1 |series=AAR Religion in translation |location=New York, NY Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandit |first=B. N. |title=History of Kashmir Saivism |date=1990 |publisher=Utpal Publications |isbn=978-81-85217-01-7 |edition= |location=Srinagar}}</ref> These texts are both said to be revealed under spiritual circumstances. For instance, [[Bhatta Kallata|Kallata]] in Spanda-vritti and Kshemaraja in his commentary Vimarshini state Shiva revealed the secret doctrines to Vasugupta while Bhaskara in his Varttika says a Siddha revealed the doctrines to Vasugupta in a dream.<ref name=Singh/>

==== Shakta Agamas ====
[[File:God marriage AS.jpg|thumb|160px|The Shakta Agamas deploy Shiva and Shakti, and a unified view as the foundation for spiritual knowledge.]]
The Shakta Agamas are commonly known as Tantras,<ref name=dhavamony/><ref name=klaus49/> and they are imbued with reverence for the feminine, representing goddess as the focus and treating the female as equal and essential part of the cosmic existence.<ref name=erndl31>Rita Sherma (2000), Editors: Alf Hiltebeitel and Kathleen M Erndl, Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses, New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-3619-7}}, pages 31–49</ref> The feminine ''Shakti'' (literally, energy and power) concept is found in the Vedic literature, but it flowers into extensive textual details only in the Shakta Agamas. These texts emphasize the feminine as the creative aspect of a male divinity, cosmogonic power and all pervasive divine essence. The theosophy, states Rita Sherma, presents the masculine and feminine principle in a "state of primordial, transcendent, blissful unity".<ref name=erndl31/> The feminine is the will, the knowing and the activity, she is not only the matrix of creation, she is creation. Unified with the male principle, in these Hindu sect's Tantra texts, the female is the Absolute.<ref name=erndl31/>

The Shakta Agamas or Shakta tantras are 64 in number.<ref name="klaus49" /> [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha]] has compiled 64 agamas in a single volume named ''[[Brihat Tantrasara]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarkalankar |first=Chandrakumar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.338822 |title=Brihat Tantrasar |date=1932}}</ref> Some of the older Tantra texts in this genre are called ''Yamalas'', which literally denotes, states Teun Goudriaan, the "primeval blissful state of non-duality of Shiva and Shakti, the ultimate goal for the Tantric Sadhaka".<ref>Teun Goudriaan (1981), Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02091-6}}, pages 39–40</ref>

The Shakta tantras, each of which emphasize a different goddess, developed into several transmissions (āmnāyas), which, in turn, are connected symbolically with one of the four, five, or six directional faces of Shiva, depending on the text being consulted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padoux |first=André |title=The Hindu Tantric world: an overview |date=2017 |publisher=The University of Chicago press |isbn=978-0-226-42393-7 |location=Chicago (Ill.) London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyczkowski |first=Mark S. G. |title=The canon of the Śaivāgama and the Kubjikā Tantras of the western Kaula tradition |date=1988 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-491-3 |series=The SUNY series in the Shaiva traditions of Kashmir |location=Albany, N.Y}}</ref> When counted in four directions, these transmissions include the Pūrvāmnāya (Eastern transmission) featuring the [[Trika]] goddesses of Parā, Parāparā and Aparā, the Uttarāmnāya (Northern transmission) featuring the [[Kali|Kālikā]] Krama, the Paścimāmnāya (Western transmission) featuring the humpbacked goddess [[Kubjika|Kubjikā]] and her consort Navātman, and the Dakṣiṇāmnāya (Southern transmission) featuring the goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Tripurasundarī]] and [[Shri Vidya|Sri Vidya]]. In Nepal, these transmissions have not only been preserved among the [[Newar people#Religion|Newar]] tantric community, but as early as the 12th century, these transmissions were arranged into a sequence of practice within the [[Sarvamnaya tantra|Sarvāmnāya]] tradition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Our Tradition |url=https://www.vimarshafoundation.org/tradition |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Vimarsha Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lidke J |date=2004 |title=The transmission of all powers: Sarvāmnāya Śākta Tantra and the semiotics of power in Nepāla-maṇḍala |journal=The Pacific World |volume=6 |pages=257–291}}</ref> In the [[Sarvamnaya tantra|Sarvāmnāya tradition]], initiates are sequentially initiated into each of the transmissions, where they learn to integrate each goddess with all the others, to understand and experience Shakti holistically.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

===Vaishnava Agamas===
{{main article|Pancharatra}}
The Vaishnava Agamas are found into two main schools{{snd}}[[Pancharatra]] and [[Vaikhanasas]]. While Vaikhanasa Agamas were transmitted from Vikhanasa Rishi to his disciples Brighu, Marichi, Atri and Kashyapa, the Pancharatra Agamas are classified into three: ''Divya'' (from Vishnu), ''Munibhaashita'' (from Muni, sages), and ''Aaptamanujaprokta'' (from sayings of trustworthy men).<ref name=Grimes/>

====Vaikhanasa Agama====
{{main article|Vaikhanasa}}
Maharishi Vikhanasa is considered to have guided in the compilation of a set of Agamas named Vaikhānasa Agama. Sage Vikhanasa is conceptualized as a mind-born creation, i.e., ''Maanaseeka Utbhavar'' of Lord Narayana.<ref name="VikhanasaIntro">SrI Ramakrishna Deekshitulu and SrImAn VaradAccAri SaThakOpan Swami. SrI VaikhAnasa Bhagavad SAstram [http://www.srihayagrivan.org/ebooks/031_sva_v1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915022446/http://www.srihayagrivan.org/ebooks/031_sva_v1.pdf|date=2012-09-15}}</ref> Originally Vikhanasa passed on the knowledge to nine disciples in the first manvantara -- [[Atri]], [[Bhrigu]], [[Marichi]], [[Kashyapa]], [[Vasishta]], [[Pulaha]], [[Pulasthya]], Krathu and [[Angiras (sage)|Angiras]]. However, only those of Bhrigu, Marichi, Kashyapa and Atri are extant today. The four rishis are said to have received the cult and knowledge of Vishnu from the first Vikhanasa, i.e., the older Brahma in the Svayambhuva Manvanthara. Thus, the four sages [[Atri]], [[Bhrigu]], [[Marichi]], [[Kashyapa]], are considered the propagators of vaikhānasa śāstra. A composition of Sage Vikhanasa's disciple Marichi, namely, Ananda-Samhita states Vikhanasa prepared the Vaikhanasa Sutra according to a branch of Yajurveda and was Brahma himself.<ref name=VikhanasaIntro/>

The extant texts of Vaikhānasa Agama number 28 in total and are known from the texts ''Vimānārcakakalpa'' and ''Ānanda saṃhitā'', both composed by Marīci, which enumerate them. They are:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vaikhanasa.com/publications.html |title=Vaikhanasa Agama Books |access-date=2012-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319052614/http://www.vaikhanasa.com/publications.html |archive-date=2011-03-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Venkatadriagaram Varadachari (1982). Agamas and South Indian Vaisnavism. Prof M Rangacharya Memorial Trust.</ref>

The 13 Adhikaras authored by Bhrigu are ''khilatantra, purātantra, vāsādhikāra, citrādhikāra, mānādhikāra, kriyādhikāra, arcanādhikāra, yajnādhikāra, varṇādhikāra, prakīrnṇādhikāra, pratigrṛhyādhikāra, niruktādhikāra'' and ''khilādhikāra.'' However, ''ānanda saṃhitā'' attributes ten works to Bhrigu, namely ''khila, khilādhikāra, purādhikāra, vāsādhikāraṇa, arcanādhikaraṇa, mānādhikaraṇa, kriyādhikāra, niruktādhikāra, prakīrnṇādhikāra'' and ''yajnādhikāra.''{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

The eight Saṃhitās authored by Marīci are ''Jaya saṃhitā, Ananda saṃhitā, Saṃjnāna saṃhitā, Vīra saṃhitā, Vijaya saṃhitā, Vijita saṃhitā, Vimala saṃhitā'' and ''Jnāna saṃhitā''. However, ''ānanda saṃhitā'' attributes the following works to Marīci: ''jaya saṃhitā, ānanda saṃhitā, saṃjnāna saṃhitā, vīra saṃhitā, vijaya saṃhitā, vijita saṃhitā, vimala saṃhitā'' and ''kalpa saṃhitā''.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

The three Kandas authored by Kashyapa are ''Satyakāṇḍa, Tarkakāṇḍa, Jnānakāṇḍa.'' However, ''Ananda Saṃhitā'' attributes the ''satyakāṇḍa, karmakāṇḍa'' and ''jnānakāṇḍa'' to Kashyapa.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

The four tantras authored by Atri are ''Pūrvatantra, Atreyatantra, Viṣṇutantra'' and ''Uttaratantra.''{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} However, ''Ananda Saṃhitā'' attributes the ''pūrvatantra, viṣṇutantra, uttaratantra'' and ''mahātantra'' to Atri.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

====Pancharatra Agama====
{{Main|Pañcaratra}}
Like the Vaikhanasa Agama, the Pancharatra Agama, the Viswanatha Agama is centered around the worship of Lord Vishnu. While the Vaikhansa deals primarily with Vaidhi Bhakti, the Pancharatra Agama teaches both vaidhi and Raganuga bhakti.<ref>Awakened India, Volume 112, Year 2007, p.88, Prabuddha Bharata Office.</ref>

===Soura Agamas===
The Soura or Saura Agamas comprise one of the six popular agama-based religions of Shaiva, Vaishnava, Shakta, Ganapatya, Kaumara and Soura. The Saura Tantras are dedicated to the sun (Surya) and Soura Agamas are in use in temples of Sun worship.

===Ganapatya Agamas===
The Paramanada Tantra mentions the number of sectarian tantras as 6,000 for Vaishnava, 10,000 for Shaiva, 100,000 for Shakta, 1,000 for Ganapatya, 2,000 for Saura, 7,000 for Bhairava, and 2,000 for Yaksha-bhutadi-sadhana.<ref name="Banerji">Banerji, S. C. (2007). ''A Companion to Tantra''. Abhinav Publications. {{ISBN|81-7017-402-3}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=pmpwLdmvcggC&dq=ganapatya+agama&pg=PA177]</ref>

==History and chronology==
{{POV section|date=September 2024}}
The chronology and history of Agama texts is unclear.<ref name=schomerus8/> The surviving Agama texts were likely composed in the 1st millennium CE, likely existed by the 5th century CE.<ref name=schomerus8/> However, scholars such as Ramanan refer to the archaic prosody and linguistic evidence to assert that the beginning of the Agama literature goes back to about 5th century BCE, in the decades after the death of Buddha.<ref name=dhavamony/><ref name=schomerus8>Hilko Wiardo Schomerus and Humphrey Palmer (2000), Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1569-8}}, pages 7–10</ref><ref name="RDeC">{{cite book|title=Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism|last=DeCaroli|first=Robert|year=2004|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], US| isbn=978-0-19-516838-9}}</ref>

Temple and archaeological inscriptions, as well as textual evidence, suggest that the Agama texts were in existence by the 7th century in the [[Pallava dynasty]] era.<ref name=richdavis12/> However, Richard Davis notes that the ancient Agamas "are not necessarily the Agamas that survive in modern times". The texts have gone through revision over time.<ref name=richdavis12/>

==See also==
* [[Āgama (Buddhism)]]
* [[Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)]]
* [[Jain Agamas (Digambara)]]
* [[Sacred geometry]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | author=Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami | title=Dancing with Shiva, Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism | orig-year=1979 | url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/resources/books/dws/ | access-date=2006-04-04 | edition=Sixth | date=November 2003 | publisher=Himalayan Academy | location=Kapaa, HI | isbn=0-945497-96-2 | page=755 | chapter=Glossary | chapter-url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/resources/books/dws/dws_r9_glossary-A-F.html | archive-date=2006-03-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322234223/http://www.himalayanacademy.com/resources/books/dws/ | url-status=dead }}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Shaivism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agama (Hinduism)}}
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Agamas]]

Oka Laila Kosam (soundtrack)

2025-08-16T01:30:14Z

EddieFrine: created a entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Oka Laila Kosam
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anup Rubens]]
| cover = Oka Laila Kosam album cover.jpg
|border=yes
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 31 July 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:22
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Anup Rubens]]
| prev_title = [[Manam (soundtrack)|Manam]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Temper (soundtrack)|Temper]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|qJ_d0mE2BGk|Official Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Oka Laila Kosam
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Ee Chinni Life Needhe
| single1date = 1 August 2014
| single2 = O Meri Janejana
| single2date = 5 August 2014
| single3 = Oka Laila Kosam Remix
| single3date = 7 August 2014
}}
}}

'''''Oka Laila Kosam''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Anup Rubens]] for the 2014 Telugu-language [[romantic comedy]] film [[Oka Laila Kosam|of the same name]] starring [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] in lead roles, directed by Vijay Kumar Konda. The film marks Rubens' second collaboration with Vijay aKumar Konda after ''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]'' (2013) and third collaboration with Chaitanya after ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' (2014) and ''[[Autonagar Surya]]'' (2014). The album consists of six songs with [[Vanamali]], Phani Chandra, [[Sri Mani]], [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], and [[Anantha Sriram]] penning the lyrics. The soundtrack album released digitally on
31 July 2014 on the [[Aditya Music]] label. The album received positive reviews from critics.

== Development ==
[[Anup Rubens]] was signed to compose music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2014 |title=Oka Laila Kosam's talkie part wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/oka-laila-kosams-talkie-part-wrapped-up/articleshow/35387613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/oka-laila-kosams-talkie-part-wrapped-up/articleshow/35387613.cms |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref> The film marks Rubens' second collaboration with Vijay aKumar Konda after ''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]'' (2013) and third collaboration with Chaitanya after ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' (2014) and ''[[Autonagar Surya]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2014 |title=All eyes on Oka Laila Kosam's audio |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/all-eyes-on-oka-laila-kosams-audio/articleshow/40009848.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/all-eyes-on-oka-laila-kosams-audio/articleshow/40009848.cms |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |via=}}</ref> [[Vanamali]], Phani Chandra, [[Sri Mani]], [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], and [[Anantha Sriram]] penned the lyrics of the songs.

Vijay revealed that the soundtrack would feature a remixed version of the song "Oka Laila Kosam" from the film ''[[Ramudu Kadu Krishnudu]]'' (1983) after which this film is titled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2014 |title=ANR's song for Naga Chaitanya |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140808/entertainment-tollywood/article/anr%E2%80%99s-song-naga-chaitanya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070840/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140808/entertainment-tollywood/article/anr%E2%80%99s-song-naga-chaitanya |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> "The director suggested we remix it as it would be suitable for the situation. We convinced Anup Rubens (music composer) and he did it. Then the film was also named 'Oka Laila Kosam' as it was apt and blended well," Chaitanya added.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/southern-cinema-popular-dialogues-songs-inspire-film-titles-114110200188_1.html |title=Southern cinema: Popular dialogues, songs inspire film titles |access-date=2024-04-10 |archive-date=2024-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070839/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/southern-cinema-popular-dialogues-songs-inspire-film-titles-114110200188_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was reported in mid-August 2014 that the film's soundtrack is scheduled for a release on 15 August 2014 with one of the songs being launched at Hyderabad and two songs being launched at PVP Mall in [[Vijayawada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Oka-laila-kosam-songs-to-be-launched-at-pvp-mall-telugu-news-111897|title='Oka Laila Kosam' songs to be launched at PVP mall - Telugu News|date=August 12, 2014|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=April 10, 2024|archive-date=April 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070912/https://www.indiaglitz.com/oka-laila-kosam-songs-to-be-launched-at-pvp-mall-telugu-news-111897|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was purchased by [[Aditya Music]].

== Composition ==
The first song "Ee Chinni Life Needhe" was recorded by [[Alphons Joseph]] and Rubens with lyrics written by [[Vanamali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXbuqbsMwiE|title="Oka Laila Kosam" Telugu Movie - Freedom Full Song | Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2024-04-10|archive-date=2024-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070948/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=iXbuqbsMwiE|url-status=live}}</ref> The next track "O Cheli Nuvve Na Cheli" was sung by [[Adnan Sami]] and [[Ramya Behara]] and penned by Phani Chandra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJYXIgFJ_fM|title=O Cheli Nuvve Na Cheli Full Video Song || Oka Laila Kosam Movie || Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2024-04-10|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422073927/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJYXIgFJ_fM|url-status=live}}</ref> The track "O Meri Jane Jana" was sung by [[Javed Ali]] and [[Sweekar Agasthi]] with lyrics by [[Sri Mani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ekgiZ2UWU|title=O Meri Jane Jana Full Video Song || Oka Laila Kosam Movie || Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2024-04-10|archive-date=2024-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070952/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=-7ekgiZ2UWU|url-status=live}}</ref>

The song "Oka Laila Kosam" was sung by [[S. P. Charan]] and Divya with lyrics written by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDri70xaptM|title=Oka Laila Kosam Title Song With Lyrics - Oka Laila Kosam Songs - Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2024-04-10|archive-date=2024-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070949/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=QDri70xaptM|url-status=live}}</ref> The track "Teluse Nuvvu Ravani" written by [[Anantha Sriram]] was sung by [[Ankit Tiwari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLIoMjjNADE|title=Teluse Nuvvu Ravani video Song || Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde || Oka Laila Kosam|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2024-04-10|archive-date=2024-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070953/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=HLIoMjjNADE|url-status=live}}</ref> The track "Rubens Club Mix (Mash up)" was performed by Anup Rubens himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cs4MQFMd6zs|title=Rubens Club Mix (Mashup) || Oka Laila Kosam || Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2024-04-10|archive-date=2024-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410070951/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cs4MQFMd6zs|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
On 7 August 2014, it was reported that film's film single is scheduled to release on 15 August 2014 at [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2014 |title=Oka Laila Kosam audio on Aug 15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/oka-laila-kosam-audio-on-aug-15/articleshow/39816375.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630142537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/oka-laila-kosam-audio-on-aug-15/articleshow/39816375.cms |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |via=}}</ref> The first single titled "Freedom (Ee Chinni Life)" was released on 15 August, on the occasion of [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]. was released between 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm in [[Maa Music]] and between 7:00 pm to 8:00 pm in [[Red FM 93.5]] by Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde and Vijay Kumar Konda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Freedom-song-from-oka-laila-kosam-to-be-released-tomorrow-telugu-news-112044|title='Freedom' song from 'Oka Laila Kosam' to be released tomorrow - Telugu News|date=August 14, 2014|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=April 10, 2024|archive-date=April 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071023/https://www.indiaglitz.com/Freedom-song-from-oka-laila-kosam-to-be-released-tomorrow-telugu-news-112044|url-status=live}}</ref>

The songs "O Meri Jane Jana" and "Oka Laila Kosam" were released at PVP Mall in [[Vijayawada]] on 17 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2014 |title=Oka Laila Kosam promotions in Vijayawada's PVP mall |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/oka-laila-kosam-promotions-in-vijayawadas-pvp-mall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071050/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/oka-laila-kosam-promotions-in-vijayawadas-pvp-mall.html |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2014-august/18953/oka-laila-kosam-audio-release-at-pvp-mall-vijayawada|title='Oka Laila Kosam' audio release at PVP Mall, Vijayawada|date=August 17, 2014|website=Ragalahari|access-date=April 10, 2024|archive-date=April 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410090350/https://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2014-august/18953/oka-laila-kosam-audio-release-at-pvp-mall-vijayawada|url-status=live}}</ref> Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde, Vijay Kumar Konda and Anoop Rubens was present at the songs launch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Oka-laila-kosam-songs-released-in-vijayawada-amid-huge-crowd-telugu-news-112185|title='Oka Laila Kosam' songs released in Vijayawada amid huge crowd - Telugu News|date=August 18, 2014|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=April 10, 2024|archive-date=April 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071046/https://www.indiaglitz.com/oka-laila-kosam-songs-released-in-vijayawada-amid-huge-crowd-telugu-news-112185|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the event ended on an ugly note as people were seen pushing each other while hooting and cheering for casts who tried to get closer to then and the situation soon got out of hand as a mini stampede ensued in the mall. The incident forced the police to resort to lathi charge to bring the crowd under control.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2017 |title=Stampede at Oka Laila Kosam song launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Stampede-at-Oka-Laila-Kosam-song-launch/articleshow/40365137.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102141914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/stampede-at-oka-laila-kosam-song-launch/articleshow/40365137.cms |archive-date=November 2, 2022 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |via=}}</ref>

The rest of the songs "O Cheli Nuvve Na Cheli", "Teluse Nuvvu Ravani", and "Rubens Club Mix (Mash up)" was released on 22 August 2014 at an event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/oka-laila-kosams-audio-on-aug-22nd.html|title=Oka Laila Kosam's audio on Aug 22nd | Latest Telugu cinema news | Movie reviews | OTT Updates, OTT|date=August 20, 2014|access-date=April 10, 2024|archive-date=April 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071114/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/oka-laila-kosams-audio-on-aug-22nd.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The songs were released digitally on 23 August by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJ_d0mE2BGk|title=Oka Laila Kosam (ఒక లైలా కోసం) Telugu Movie || Full Songs Jukebox || Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2024-04-10|archive-date=2023-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331210926/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJ_d0mE2BGk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtkuK8qG3SE|title=Oka Laila Kosam Full Songs With Lyrics - JukeBox - Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde - Aditya Music Telugu|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2024-04-10|archive-date=2024-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtkuK8qG3SE|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The album received positive reviews from critics.

Reviewing the soundtrack, a critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "On the whole, the album looks good with a blend of melodies and fast paced numbers."<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2017 |title=Music review: Oka Laila Kosam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Music/Music-review-Oka-Laila-Kosam/articleshow/41342600.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-oka-laila-kosam/articleshow/41342600.cms |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |via=}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain]]'' wrote "Anup Rubens has given classy background music. Songs are alright."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=2014-10-17 |title=Oka Laila Kosam review |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/okalailakosam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118043130/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/okalailakosam.html |archive-date=2024-01-18 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=[[Idlebrain]]}}</ref>

Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' write "Good background score is a pre-requisite for any good film and Anoop Rubens’ music compliments the tone of the movie".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=October 17, 2014 |title=Movie review 'Oka Laila Kosam': A feel good film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141017/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-oka-laila-kosam-feel-good-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071248/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141017/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-oka-laila-kosam-feel-good-film |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

The platinum disc function was held on 3 September 2014, at the [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad]], which coincides with the 100th day celebrations of ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/remembering-anr-on-his-birth-anniversary-telugu-news-114599 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923014943/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Remembering-Anr-On-His-Birth-Anniversary-telugu-news-114599 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2014 |title=Remembering ANR on his birth anniversary |website=IndiaGlitz |date=20 September 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Manam-100-days-celebrations-a-grand-affair/articleshow/43162496.cms |title=Manam 100 days celebrations, a grand affair |newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 September 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208054008/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Manam-100-days-celebrations-a-grand-affair/articleshow/43162496.cms |archive-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> The audio success meet was held on 13 October 2014, on Pooja Hegde's birthday at Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2014 |title=Oka Laila Kosam success meet held |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/oka-laila-kosam-success-meet-held/articleshow/44803457.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410072641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/oka-laila-kosam-success-meet-held/articleshow/44803457.cms |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |via=}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 21:22
| title1 = Ee Chinni Life Needhe
| length1 = 04:10
| lyrics1 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra1 = [[Anup Rubens]], [[Alphons Joseph]]
| title2 = O Cheli Nuvve Na Cheli
| length2 = 04:04
| lyrics2 = Phani Chandra
| extra2 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Ramya Behara]]
| title3 = O Meri Jane Jana
| length3 = 04:00
| lyrics3 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra3 = [[Javed Ali]]
| title4 = Oka Laila Kosam Remix
| length4 = 04:11
| lyrics4 = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| extra4 = [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| title5 = Teluse Nuvvu Ravani
| length5 = 03:41
| lyrics5 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]
| extra5 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| title6 = Rubens Club Mix
| note6 = Mashup
| length6 = 01:14
| lyrics6 = –
| extra6 = Anup Rubens
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3399462/soundtrack ''Oka Laila Kosam'' (soundtrack)] at [[IMDb]]

{{Authority control}}
{{Anup Rubens}}
[[Category:2014 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Anoop Rubens albums]]
[[Category:Aditya Music soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]

Rani no Hajiro

2025-08-07T00:47:03Z

EddieFrine: small changes

{{Short description|Tomb complex near Manek Chowk, Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name =Rani no Hajiro
| infobox_width =
| image =File:Tombs of Queens of Ahmed Shah (Rani Ka Ghar).jpg
| caption =Tombs of Queens of Ahmed Shah I
| image_size =
| alt =
| map_type =India Ahmedabad##India Gujarat
| map_size =300px
| map_caption =Location in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| location =Manek Chowk, [[Ahmedabad]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0237592|72.5890972|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite =
| region =
| state =[[Gujarat]]
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =
| cercle =
| municipality =[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| consecration_year =
| status =
| functional_status =Active
| heritage_designation = [[Monument of National Importance]] ASI Monument No. N-GJ-8
| leadership =
| website =
| architecture =yes
| architect =
| architecture_type =Mosque and tomb
| architecture_style =[[Indo-Islamic architecture]]
| founded_by =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = c. 1440
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
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}}
'''Rani no Hajiro''', also known as '''Mughalai Bibi's Tomb''' or '''Tombs of Ahmed Shah's Queens''', is a tomb complex near [[Manek Chowk (Ahmedabad)|Manek Chowk]], [[Ahmedabad]], India.

==History and architecture ==
[[File:Rani no Hajiro Tomb of Queens of Ahmed Shah I Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|Tombs of Queens of Ahmed Shah I in 1866|thumb]]
''Rani no Hajiro'' is located near Manek Chowk on east of the [[Ahmed Shah's Tomb]]. The enclosure is high above the ground entered by a lofty gateway and the courtyard surrounded by a trellised cloister. The walls of cloister are fitted with carved stone screens. The square open enclosure of 36.58 meters side is probably built in 1445. The courtyard contains eight marble tombs of queens of [[Ahmed Shah I]] and other [[Gujarat Sultanate]] rulers. They are elaborately carved and inlaid with work of [[mother-of-pearl]] and metal.

The principal tomb belongs to Mughalai Bibi, the wife of Muhammad Shah II and mother of [[Mahmud Begada]]. It is richly carved in white marble, and girt with a Persian inscription in minute relief. An adjacent tomb in black marble, once inlaid with mother-of-pearl, belongs to Mirki or Murki Bibi, the wife of [[Shah e Alam]], the sister of queen and the daughter of Jam of [[Sindh]]. These tombs are covered with rich [[brocade]] works, the textile style developed during reign of Ahmed Shah I. The intricate stone tracery and carving is an amalgamation of Hindu, Jain, and Islamic architectural styles. Some Muslim families live inside complex which take care of the tombs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad|year=1879|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354|publisher=Government Central Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354/page/n278 272]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002220u00044000.html|title=Ahmedabad: Two marble tombs of the Queens of Ahmed Shah|publisher=British Library|accessdate=31 December 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005950/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002220u00044000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="igg">{{cite book | title=India Guide Gujarat | publisher=India Guide Publications | year=2007 | pages=93–94 | isbn= 9780978951702 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&dq=manek+chowk+ahmedabad&pg=PA93 | editor=Desai, Anjali H.}}</ref>
[[File:Siesta in Rani no hajiro (2140992778).jpg|Siesta in Rani no Hajiro|thumb]]

==Market==
The area surrounding the complex is now a market for women's clothing, jewellery and accessories. Best Traditional [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] clothes are also sold there. Many types of mouth fresheners, ''Mukhwas'', stalls are nearby.<ref name="igg" />

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow="5">
Image:Rani no Hajiro, Ahamdabad.jpg|Cloister
Image:Stone latticework at Rani-no-hajiro, picture 1.jpg|Lattice work in stone window
Image:Raja no Hajiro.jpg|Lattice work
Image:Stone latticework at Rani-no-hajiro, picture 2.jpg|Lattice work in windows
Image:Queens Residence Tomb carving.JPG|Details of the tomb
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Ahmed Shah's Tomb]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}
* This article includes public domain text from {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad|year=1879|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354|publisher=Government Central Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354/page/n278 272]}}

{{Ahmedabad topics|status=collapsed}}

[[Category:Tombs in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Gujarat Sultanate]]

Sabang (community development block)

2025-07-22T06:21:39Z

EddieFrine: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sabang
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sabang in Paschim Medinipur (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.176|N|87.601|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 305.00
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 17
| population_total = 270,492
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721144 (Sabang) 721161 (Mohar) 721467 (Dasagram)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03228
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 86.84%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Sabang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabang]]
| website = {{URL|sabangblock.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sabang''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Kharagpur subdivision]] of [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==

Sabang is a monotonous rice plain with numerous waterways and tidal creeks intersecting it. The tidal creeks are lined with embankments to prevent flooding of the fields. Much of the area is water-logged in the rainy season resulting in loss of crops. In Sabang CD block 100% of the cultivated area has highly productive [[alluvium|alluvial]] soil.<ref name="geography">{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = pages 4-5 (About Paschim Medinipur), page 26 (Predominant Soil), pages 265- 268 (Identification of Flood prone areas, Names of drought prone blocks) | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017 | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Sabang is located at {{coord|22.176|N|87.601|E|format=dms|}}.

Sabang CD block is bounded by [[Pingla (community development block)|Pingla]] CD block in the north, [[Moyna (community development block)|Moyna]] CD block, in Purba Medinipur district, in the east, [[Patashpur I]] CD block, in Purba Medinipur district, in the south and [[Narayangarh (community development block)|Narayangarh]] CD block in the west.

It is located 45 km from [[Midnapore]], the district headquarters.

Sabang CD block has an area of 305.00 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 13 [[gram panchayat]]s, 200 gram sansads (village councils), 232 [[mouza]]s and 226 inhabited villages. [[Sabang, Paschim Medinipur#Police station|Sabang]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 September 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Sabang.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1918_PART_A_DCHB_PASCHIM%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Paschim Medinipur | work= Map of Paschim Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Sabang block/ panchayat samiti are: Balpai, Bhemua, Bishnupur, Bural, Chaulkuri, Danrra, Dasagram, Debhog, Mohar, Narayanbarh, Nawgaon, Sabang and Sartta.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Paschim Medinipur - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Sabang CD block had a total population of 270,492, all of which were rural. There were 138,924 (51%) males and 131,568 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 31,689. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 36,064 (13.33%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 16,818 (6.22%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Sabang block had a population of 238,686, out of which 122,778 were males and 115,908 females. Sabang block registered a population growth of 14.84 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, (erstwhile) Medinipur District | access-date = 22 July 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205819/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm|archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.45 per cent.<ref name="Census Commission of India">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Sabang CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Sabang (13,224), [[Dubrajpur, Paschim Medinipur|Dubrajpur]] (4,578), Dasha Gram (5,232), [[Adasimla]] (4,622), Bural (5,145), Mohar (6,995), Nimkimohar (5,055) and Bishnupur (8,678).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Sabang CD block included (2011 census figures in brackets): Narayanbar (2,450), Sartla (1,856), Danrra (2,924), Debhog (2,508), Balpai (2,867), [[Bhemwa]] (3,967), Chaaulkuri (3,519), [[Shrirampur, Paschim Medinipur|Shrirampur]] (933), [[Kerur, Paschim Medinipur|Kerur]] (1,642), [[Tilantapara]] (1,593) and [[Kolanda, Paschim Medinipur|Kolanda]] (1520).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Sabang CD block was 207,370 (86.84% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 114,304 (93.16% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 93,066 (80.15% of the female population over 6 years). The gender gap in literacy rates was 13.01%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Paschim Medinipur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Sabang CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|6.12}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.17}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 253,471 and formed 93.71% of the population in Sabang CD block. Muslims numbered 16,546 and formed 6.12% of the population. Others numbered 475 and formed 0.17% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 July 2016}}</ref> Christian and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 94.46% and Muslims 5.31% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Sabang CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 95.26 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 2.77 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 1.04 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.93 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 95.26% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 2.77% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 1.04% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==BPL families==
In Sabang CD block 37.37% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=bpl>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Page 177 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017 | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the District [[Human Development Report]] of Paschim Medinipur: The 29 CD blocks of the district were classified into four categories based on the poverty ratio. Nayagram, Binpur II and Jamboni CD blocks have very high poverty levels (above 60%). Kharagpur I, Kharagpur II, Sankrail, Garhbeta II, Pingla and Mohanpur CD blocks have high levels of poverty (50-60%), Jhargram, Midnapore Sadar, Dantan I, Gopiballavpur II, Binpur I, Dantan II, Keshiari, Chandrakona I, Gopiballavpur I, Chandrakona II, Narayangarh, Keshpur, Ghatal, Sabang, Garhbeta I, Salboni, Debra and Garhbeta III CD blocks have moderate levels of poverty (25-50%) and Daspur II and Daspur I CD blocks have low levels of poverty (below 25%).<ref name=bpl/>

==Economy==
===Infrastructure===
225 or 97% of mouzas in Sabang CD block were electrified by 31 March 2014.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur | work = Tables 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date= 14 September 2020}}</ref>

225 mouzas in Sabang CD block had drinking water facilities in 2013–14. There were 148 fertiliser depots, 105 seed stores and 54 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Sabang CD block'''
|value1 = 4.68
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 19.36
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 4.01
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 25.67
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 46.28
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Sabang CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 4.68%, patta (document) holders 19.36%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.01%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 25.67% and agricultural labourers 46.28%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2005-06 the nett cropped area in Sabang CD block was 21,083 hectares out of the total geographical area of 30,075 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 20,526 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Paschim Medinipur | work = Table 2.4, Page 28 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017 | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The extension of irrigation has played a role in growth of the predominant agricultural economy.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = Chapter V: Economic Livelihoods, pages 129-131 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017 | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Sabang CD block was 17,000 hectares, out of which 3,000 hectares were irrigated by tank water, 1,120 hectares by deep tubewells, 10,060 hectares by shallow tubewells, 320 hectares by river lift irrigation and 2,500 hectares by other methods.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Sabang CD block produced 30,519 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 15,912 hectares, 16,306 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 7,259 hectares, 86,159 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 22,354 hectares, 8,084 tonnes of jute from 467 hectares and 105 tonnes of potatoes from 5 hectares. It also produced oilseeds. The production of both Boro paddy and Aus paddy were the highest amongst all the CD Blocks in the district.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Sabang CD block had offices of 14 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Sabang CD block has 9 ferry services and 7 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Sabang CD block had 230 primary schools with 18,365 students, 15 middle schools with 796 students, 31 high schools with 14,413 students and 17 higher secondary schools with 19,567 students. Sabang CD block had 1 general college with 1,475 students and 461 institutions for special and non-formal education with 15,888 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[United Nations Development Programme]] considers the combined primary and secondary enrolment ratio as the simple indicator of educational achievement of the children in the school going age. The infrastructure available is important. In Sabang CD block out of the total 230 primary schools in 2008–2009, 44 had pucca buildings, 119 partially pucca, 2 kucha and 65 multiple type.<ref name=humandev2>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Page: 60 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 31 July 2016 | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Sabang Sajani Kanta Mahavidyalaya]] at [[Lutunia]] was established in 1970 and is affiliated to [[Vidyasagar University]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and science.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sabangcollege.com/collegehome.aspx | title = Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya | publisher = Sabang Sajanikanta Mahavidyalaya | access-date = 28 October 2016 | archive-date = 3 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161203061057/http://www.sabangcollege.com/collegehome.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SabangSajanikantaMahavidyalaya/Sabang_Sajanikanta_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Sabang Sajanikanta Mahaviyalaya | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 28 October 2016 | archive-date = 29 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161029043610/http://www.collegeadmission.in/SabangSajanikantaMahavidyalaya/Sabang_Sajanikanta_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
The Sabang CD block has a number of heritage temples, in danger of being lost for ever.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Pancha Ratna Lakshmi Janardan temple of Jana family at Shrirampur under Paschim Mednipur district in West Bengal 03.jpg|'''[[Shrirampur, Paschim Medinipur|Shrirampur]]''' : The Lakshmi Janardana temple, with rich terracotta carvings, built in 1870, now in ruinous state
File:Baikuntha Nath Deul temple at Kerur under Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 03.jpg|'''[[Kerur, Paschim Medinipur|Kerur]]''': The Baikuntha Nath deul may collapse any day
File:Nabaratna Sitaram temple of Bhattacharya at Bhemua under Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 04.jpg|'''[[Bhemwa]]''': The Sitaram temple, with rich terracotta relief
File:Navaratna Laxmi Janardan temple at Dubrajpur In Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal 05.jpg|'''[[Dubrajpur, Paschim Medinipur|Dubrajpur]]''': The Laxmi Janardan temple, built in 1811, with rich terracotta decoration, now in a ruinous condition
File:Ek Ratna Rudreshwara temple at Adasimla inder Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 01.jpg|'''[[Adasimla]]''': The Rudreshwara temple
File:Pancha Ratna Shyama Sundara temple at Kolanda under Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 01.jpg|'''[[Kolanda, Paschim Medinipur|Kolanda]]''': The Shyama Sundar temple, all five pinnacles (''ratnas'') have fallen
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Sabang CD block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centres and 1 private nursing home with total 78 beds and 10 doctors. It had 36 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 7,298 patients were treated indoor and 182,238 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Sabang Rural Hospital, with 40 beds at [[Sabang, Paschim Medinipur|Sabang]], is the major government medical facility in the Sabang CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at: Mohor (with 10 beds), Kharika (with 10 beds) and Uchitpur (with 4 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 September 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 September 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Paschim Medinipur district]]

Manoj Patel

2025-06-10T16:14:00Z

EddieFrine:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Depalpur Assembly constituency|Depalpur]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = [[Nirbhay Singh Patel]] (father)
}}
'''Manoj Nirbhay Singh Patel''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a three time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2003 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2003.pdf |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=ECI}}</ref> [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]], and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Depalpur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Depalpur assembly election results 2023: Depalpur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/depalpur-assembly-result-12203 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Depalpur, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/depalpur-constituency-s12aed2008a203/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandan, Mukesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

T. V. Kochubava

2025-05-27T00:49:29Z

EddieFrine: Put Up A Entry

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = T. V. Kochubava
| image = T. V. Kochubava.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1955|11|28}}
| birth_place = [[Kattoor, Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|11|25|1955|11|28}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], Kerala
| occupation = Novelist, writer
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Vridhasadanam''|''Jalamalika''|''Perumkaliyattam''|''Soochikkuzhayil Oru Yacob''|''Upajanmam''}}
| spouse = Zeenath
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = {{ubl|Veeravu (father)|Beevathu (mother)}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|1989 Ankanam Award|1989 SBT Award|1995 [[Cherukad Award]]|1996 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]]|1997 Thoppil Ravi Award|1997 V. P. Sivakumar Keli Award}}
}}
'''T. V. Kochubava''' (1955–1999) was an Indian writer of [[Malayalam literature]], known for his novels and short stories. He published twenty three books covering the genres of novels, short stories, translations and plays and was a recipient of a number of awards including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] in 1996, besides several other honours.

==Biography==
Kochubava was born on 28 November 1955 at [[Kattoor, Thrissur|Kattoor village]] in [[Thrissur district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Veeravu, a coir merchant and his wife, Beevathu, in a family with limited financial resources.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/TVKochubawa/Html/Kochubawagraph.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-03-24 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> After early schooling at St. George's Convent UP School, [[Karanchira]] and Pompei St. Mary's High Secondary School, Kattoor, he graduated from [[Sree Narayana College, Nattika]] before moving to [[Sharjah]] to work at a private company for the next two decades.<ref name="Malayalam novelist remembered">{{Cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/malayalam-novelist-remembered |title=Malayalam novelist remembered |last=Our RAK Correspondent |first=Williams George |website=Khaleej Times |access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> On his return to India, he joined ''Gulf Voice'' as its editor and settled in Kozhikode.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Kochubava was married to Zeenath and the couple had a son and a daughter.<ref name="Malayalam author dead">{{Cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov26/nation.htm |title=Malayalam author dead |newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | agency=PTI | date=26 November 1999 | access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> He died on 25 November 1999, at the age of 43, of a heart attack.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Legacy and honours ==
He authored 23 books, including a play, novels and short story anthologies.<ref name="Literary dissection of a friendship">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/critic-balachandran-vadakkedathu-book-on-writer-tv-kochubava-literary-dissection-of-a-friendship/article6458922.ece |title=Literary dissection of a friendship |last=Santhosh |first=K. |date=2014-09-30 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> ''Vridhasadanam'', the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] winning novel, short story anthologies such as ''Eppozhethumo Entho'' and ''Prarthanakalode Nilkkunnu'' and ''Checkuthan Arrestil'', a play, feature among his notable works.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/TVKochubawa/Html/Kochubawabooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-03-25 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> He also wrote one screenplay, ''Balloon'', which won the first prize in the screenplay competition conducted by ''Nana Film Weekly'' in 1981.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> It was adapted into a movie the next year under the same name, in which [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] made his acting debut.<ref name="Balloon (1982)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1302 |title=Balloon (1982) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> ''Jalamalika'', his short story anthology, is a prescribed text for BA Malayalam course at [[Pondicherry University]].<ref name="SYLLABUS FOR B.Com, B.A. / B.Sc.. FOUNDATION COURSE AND B.A.MALAYALAM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/sites/default/files/downloads/ba_malayalam.pdf |title=SYLLABUS FOR B.Com, B.A. / B.Sc.. FOUNDATION COURSE AND B.A.MALAYALAM |date=2019-03-25 |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF PONDICHERRY U.G. BOARD (MALAYALAM) |page=14 |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref>

Kochubava received the Ankanam Award in 1989 for his anthology, ''Soochikkuzhayil Oru Yacob'', the book also received the [[State Bank of Travancore]] Literary Award the next year.<ref name="Malayalam novelist remembered" /> He received one more award in 1995, the [[Cherukad Award]] for his novel, ''Vridhasadanam'';<ref name="Cherukad Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/cherukad-award/581 |title=Cherukad Award |date=2019-03-24 |website=keralaculture.org |access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] also picked the book for their [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel|annual award for novel]] in 1996.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel |date=2019-03-25 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> He received two more award in 1997, the Thoppil Ravi Award for his novel, ''Upajanmam'' and the V. P. Sivakumar Keli Award for the anthology, ''Jalamalika''.<ref name="Malayalam novelist remembered" />

''T. V. Kochubava Literary Award'' is an eponymous award instituted in his memory, for recognising excellence in Malayalam literature; the recipients include [[Akbar Kakkattil]],<ref name="Litterateur Akbar Kakkattil no more">{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/litterateur-akbar-kakkattil-no-more-english-news-1.870996 |title=Litterateur Akbar Kakkattil no more |website=Mathrubhumi |date=17 February 2016 |language=en |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> [[Sandeep Pampally]]<ref name="Sandeep Pampally">{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/pampally |title=Sandeep Pampally |website=Issuu |language=en |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> and [[K. Rekha]].<ref name="ടി വി കൊച്ചുബാവ പുരസ്‌കാരം കെ രേഖയ്ക്കു സമ്മാനിച്ചു">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kairalinewsonline.com/tag/t-v-kochubava-award |title=ടി വി കൊച്ചുബാവ പുരസ്‌കാരം കെ രേഖയ്ക്കു സമ്മാനിച്ചു |website=www.kairalinewsonline.com |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> Balachandran Vadakkedath, a writer friend of Kochubava, published a book, ''Janmasradham'', in 2014, which features his biography as well as a critical study of his works.<ref name="Literary dissection of a friendship" /> Vadakkedath also published another book on Kochubava, under the title, ''Kochubhava Kathayum Kaalavum''.<ref name="Kochubhava Kathayum Kaalavum">{{Cite book |title=Kochubhava Kathayum Kaalavum |date=2019-03-25 |isbn=978-8184233537 |last1=Vadakkedath |first1=Balachandran |publisher=Green Books Publisher }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Novels ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=328454&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Soochikkuzhayil oru yakkob |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1986 |publisher=Prabatham Book House |location=Trivandram}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22040&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Jaathakam |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1989 |location=Kozhikode, Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22042&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Perunkaliyaattam |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1996 |location=Kottayam, DCB}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83625&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Virunnu mesayilekku nilavilikalode |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1996 |publisher=D C |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=195978&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Vruddhasadanam |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1996 |publisher=D C books |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22044&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Upajanmam |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1997 |location=Kozhikode, [[Mulberry Publications|Mulberry]]}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=84103&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Theranjeduttha laghu Novelukal |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=2000 |publisher=Current Books |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=233228&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=T V Kochubavayude novellakal |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=2012 |publisher=D C Books |location=Kottayam}}
{{div col end}}

=== Short stories ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78710&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Onnangane Onningane |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1982 |publisher=Samsaram publication |location=Irinjalakkuda}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22848&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Kalikalkkum pookkalkkum |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1990}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22846&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Irachiyum kunthirikkavum |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1992 |location=Kollam, Imprint}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22852&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Prachannam |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1992 |location=Kottayam, DCB}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22850&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Kinarukal |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1993 |location=Kasaragode, Kalakshethram}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=326763&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Praarthanakalote nilkkunnu |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1994 |publisher=D. C. Books |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22039&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Grihapaadham |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1994 |location=Kozhikode, Aksharam publications}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22849&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Katha |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1995 |location=Kottayam, Current}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22854&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Snaanam |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1996 |location=Kozhikode, Poorna}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=22845&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Avathaarika bhoopadangalkku |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1997 |location=Kottayam, DCB}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/TVKochubawa/Html/Kochubawabooks.htm |title=Jalamalika |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1997 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83881&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Eppozhethumo entho ? |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1999 |publisher=Current Books |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=326788&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Kathayum jeevithavum onnayi theerunnathineppatti |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1999 |publisher=D. C. Books |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=29626&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Villanmaar samsaarikkumpol |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=1999 |isbn=9788126400584 |location=Kottayam, D C Books}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=84213&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Bhoomishasthram |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=2002 |publisher=D. C. Books |isbn=9788126405459 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85850&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Kochubavayute kochu kathakal |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=2006 |publisher=Poorna |isbn=9788130003610 |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=37376&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Vrddhapuraanam: kathakal |last=Kochubava |first=T. V |date=2006 |isbn=9788184230192 |location=Thrissur, Green Books}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=232669&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Veedippol nishabdhamanu |last=Kochubava |first=T. V. |date=2013 |publisher=Lead Books |location=Kozhikode}}
{{div col end}}

=== Translations ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=307262&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520t%2520v%2520kochubava |title=Pravanchakante udyanam |last1=Gibran |first1=Kahlil |last2=Kochubava (translator) |first2=T. V. |last3=Vincent (translator) |first3=K. V. |date=1996 |publisher=[[Mulberry Publications]] |location=Kozhikode}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |title=Kochubhava Kathayum Kaalavum |last=[[Balachandran Vadakkedath]] |publisher=Green Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-8184233537}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://keralabookstore.com/book/janmasradham-kochubhavayute-aakhyanavum-bhavanyum/4859/ |title=Janmasradham - Kochubhavayute Aakhyanavum Bhavanyum |last=[[Balachandran Vadakkedath]] |publisher=Green Books |year=2014 |language=en}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm0462530}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/TVKochubawa/Html/Kochubawa.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahtya Akademi |date=2019-03-24 |website=Kerala Sahtya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-24}}
* [http://malayalamvaarika.com/2013/march/08/essay5.pdf An article on Kochubava's novel ''Virunnumeshayilekku Nilavilikalode''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143737/http://malayalamvaarika.com/2013/march/08/essay5.pdf |date=13 April 2014 }}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochubava, T. V.}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]

Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury (Jamaat-e-Islami politician)

2025-02-28T16:08:23Z

EddieFrine: page updated

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury
|office = Member of Parliament
|term_start =
|term_end =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]]
}}

'''Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury''' (died 6 April 2013) was a politician of the [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] and the former Member of Parliament from [[Nilphamari-3]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Alliance tickets for JP will be a big blow for Jamaat|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/08/31/d608310701110.htm|work=The Daily Star|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uttorbangla.com/7508 |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযোদ্ধা সাবেক এমপি আলহাজ্ব মিজানুর রহমান চৌধুরী আর নেই |date=2013 |website=উত্তরবাংলা ডটকম |language=bn |access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Chowdhury was elected to Parliament in 1996 from [[Nilphamari-3]] as a candidate of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. He was reelected in 2001 from [[Nilphamari-3]].<ref name="kk">{{Cite web|title=All Election Result|url=http://www.votebd.org/candidates/showCandidatesResult|publisher=votebd.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051912/http://www.votebd.org/candidates/showCandidatesResult|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> His constituency, [[Jaldhaka Upazila]], is a stronghold of Jamaat-e-Islami. In 2008, he was expelled from Jamaat-e-Islami,<ref>{{cite news|title=Indoor politics fail to activate BNP, Jamaat men in Nilphamari as key leaders held or hiding|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-37321|work=The Daily Star|date=20 May 2008|language=en|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref> on charges of stealing of government corrugated iron sheets in court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wife alleges Jamaat discrimination|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-36455.html|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Chowdhury forced [[Jaldhaka College]] Principal Md Rahmat Ullah to resign an appointed Mozaharul Islam, a member of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. The decision was protested by the student body of the college. Md. Rahmat Ullah was reinstated as principal by the Nilphamari Additional District and Sessions Judge's Court on 26 May 2009. During his term as Member of Parliament Chowdhury had replaced more than hundred teachers and administrators in educational institutions in his constituency with politicians of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rahmat Ullah back as Jaldhaka College principal|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-89917|work=The Daily Star|date=26 May 2009|language=en|access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Mizanur Rahman}}
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politicians]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Nilphamari District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]

{{Rangpur-politician-stub}}

National Highway 731K (India)

2025-02-27T18:23:06Z

EddieFrine: Starting stub.

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 731K
| marker_image =
| length_km = 109
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Shahjahanpur]]
| terminus_b = [[Khatima]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 31
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 731 
| next_route = 9 
| states = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 731K''', commonly referred to as '''NH 731K''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/183660.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> NH-731K runs in the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

== Route ==
NH731K connects [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Bisalpur, Pilibhit|Bisalpur]], [[Barkhera]], [[Pilibhit]], Neoria Husainpur, [[Majhola]], Chanda, Mundeli and [[Khatima]] in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/189103.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification and route substituitions|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|731|country=IND}} Terminal near Shahjahanpur.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|730B|country=IND}} near Bisalpur
: {{jct|NH|730|country=IND}} near Pilibhit.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|9|country=IND}} Terminal at Khatima.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11646724 NH 731K on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH31 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:National highways in Uttarakhand]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

సాక్షి (newspaper)

2024-07-30T17:08:30Z

EddieFrine: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sakshi (newspaper)]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from alternative language|te|en}}
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}}

Chavand, Gujarat

2024-07-08T18:48:52Z

EddieFrine: enhanced section and updated info per sources

{{About|the village in Gujarat|other places called Chavand|Chavand (disambiguation){{!}}Chavand}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chavand
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.8098529|N|71.39728149999989|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 365 435
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02791
| registration_plate = GJ-14
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chavand''' is a village in [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi]] taluka in [[Amreli district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is situated to the north of [[Amreli]]. The main road linking [[Rajkot]] and [[Bhavnagar]] and [[Amreli]] passes through Chavand.

==History==

During the British period, it was originally under [[Babra, Gujarat|Babra village]], was acquired by the [[Gaekwad]] during the government of the peninsula by Vithalrav Devaji.<ref name="bg">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar (Public Domain text)|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=403–404}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The population according to the census of 1872 was 1280.<ref name="bg"/>

==Schools in and around Chavand==
* Chavand Pay School And C R C Center
* Kankiya Maheta High School Chavand
* Hirana Bal Bhavan School
* Shree Vandaliya Prathamik School

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[File:PD-icon.svg|10px]] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]: {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=403–404}}

[[Category:Villages in Amreli district]]

{{Amreli-geo-stub}}

Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground

2024-01-15T06:57:13Z

EddieFrine:

{{short description|Cricket ground}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground
| nickname =
| country = India
| image =
| location = [[Porvorim]], [[India]]
| establishment = 2008 (first recorded match)
| seating_capacity =
| end1 =
| end2 =
| club1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| year1 = 2010
| date = 29 October
| year = 2011
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/486994.html Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground Ground profile
}}

The '''Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground''', formerly known as the '''District Institute of Education and Training Ground''', is a [[cricket]] ground in [[Porvorim]], [[Goa]], [[India]]. The first recorded match held on the ground came in November 2008 when Goa Under-16s played Kerala Under-16s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/6166_misc.html|title=Other matches played on Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground, Porvorim|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref> Two [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches have been played at the ground, the first of which came in the [[Ranji Trophy 2010–11|2011-11 Ranji Trophy]]. The first saw [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] play [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]], while the second saw [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] as the visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/6166_f.html|title=First-class Matches played on Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref> The Goa Cricket Academy is based at the ground.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/486994.html Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/6166.html Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground] at CricketArchive

{{coord|15|31|26.64|N|73|49|47.27|E|type:landmark_scale:2000_region:NL|display=title}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Goa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Porvorim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2008]]

{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}