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Tushar Ghadigaonkar

2026-05-05T16:28:07Z

EJEBoris894787:

{{Short description|Indian Marathi actor (1992–2025)}}
{{notability|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person|name=Tushar Yashwant Ghadigaonkar|native_name=तुषार घाडीगावकर|native_name_lang=Marathi|birth_date={{Birth date|1992|9|18|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]|death_date={{Death date and given age|2025|6|20|34|df=y}}|death_place=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]|spouse={{marriage|Siddhi|2022|2025}}}}

'''Tushar Yashwant Ghadigaonkar''' (18 September 1992 – 20 June 2025) was an Indian Marathi actor. Ghadigaonkar worked in plays, serials and films. He was known for works like '[[Lavangi Mirchi]]', '[[Mann Kasturi Re]]', 'Bhaubali', '[[Unaad]]', '[[Zombivli]]', '[[Sukhachya Sarini He Man Baware]]' and 'Sangeet Bibat Akhyan'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/marathi-actor-tushar-ghadigaonkar-commits-suicide-took-extreme-step-after-not-getting-work-a-a603/|title=Marathi actor commits suicide, took extreme step after not getting work.|work=Dainik Lokmat|date=21 June 2025 |language=mr|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="मटा1">{{cite web|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/marathi-actor-tushar-ghadigaonkar-ends-life-due-to-mental-stress-film-industry-mourns-death|title=Marathi actor Tushar Ghadigaonkar ends life, stress takes extreme step, shock to film industry|work=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Ghadigaonkar was originally from [[Kankavli]] in Sindhudurg district and worked in the drama department of Ruparel College. His childhood was spent in the Bhandup area of suburban Mumbai. He lived in Hanuman Nagar in Bhandup.<ref name="abpmajha">{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-tv-actor-tushar-ghadigaonkar-ends-his-life-in-mumbai-reason-behind-decision-revealed-1365355|title=Depression, family dispute or something else; Dead body hanging from a fan, why did actor Tushar Ghadigaonkar end his life?|work=ABP Majha|date=21 June 2025 |language=mr|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> After college, he started his acting journey in various mediums such as drama, serials and films.<ref name="livemint">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-was-tushar-ghadigaonkar-marathi-actor-who-featured-in-zombivli-found-hanging-at-his-residence-11750495444891.html|title=Who was Tushar Ghadigaonkar? Marathi actor found hanging at his residence|work=livemint|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

Ghadigaonkar worked in many Marathi serials and films. He worked in the serial '[[Tumchi Mulgi Kay Karte?]]'. '[[Lavangi Mirchi]]' is a serial aired on Zee Marathi channel, in which he worked. '[[Mann Kasturi Re]]' is his film. Apart from this, he recently worked in the serial 'Sakha Majha Pandurang' on Sun Marathi. Ghadigaonkar had directed many serials and short films through Ghanta Naad Productions. He had worked as a director for the music videos and films Achma Morya Re, Sarlela Khoshan, Bhaucha Dhakka, Mazhya Gajanana, Bappa, Khat Aaya Hai.<ref name="News18" />

Ghadigaonkar married his special friend Siddhi on 21 April 2022.<ref name="News18" >{{Cite web|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/tumchi-mulgi-kay-karte-actor-tushar-ghadigaonkar-wedding-photos-viral-sp-695147.html|title='What does your daughter do' fame actor tie the knot with his girlfriend, photos go viral|work=lokmat.news18.com|date=26 April 2022|language=mr|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> On 20 June 2025, when Siddhi had gone out for work, he committed suicide by hanging himself from a fan in the afternoon,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-tv-actor-tushar-ghadigaonkar-ends-his-life-in-mumbai-reason-behind-decision-revealed-1365355|title=नैराश्य, कौटुंबिक वाद की आणखी काही; फॅनला लटकलेला मृतदेह, अभिनेता तुषार घाडीगावकरने आयुष्याचा शेवट का केला?|work=marathi.abplive.com|date=21 June 2025 |language=mr|access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref> apparently due to lack of work opportunities and mental pressure.<ref name="itv">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/tushar-ghadigaonkar-dies-by-suicide-marathi-actor-takes-drastic-step-amid-work-struggles-vitthalrao-reacts-2025-06-21-995630|title=Tushar Ghadigaonkar dies by suicide: Marathi actor takes drastic step amid work struggles, Vitthalrao reacts|work=India TV|date=21 June 2025 |language=English|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="मटा1" />

== Acting list ==
=== Series ===
* [[Tumchi Mulgi Kay Karte?]]
* [[Lavangi Mirchi]]
* [[Sukhachya Sarini He Man Baware]]

=== Films ===
* [[Mann Kasturi Re]]
* Bhaubali
* [[Unaad]]
* [[Zombivli]]
* Malal (Hindi film)

=== Drama ===
* Sangeet Bibat Akhyan

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|12472687}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghadigaonkar, Tushar}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:2025 suicides]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]

Mahesh Limaye

2026-05-04T19:48:31Z

EJEBoris894787:

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahesh Limaye
| image =
| birth_name = Shivkumar Madhukar Limaye
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Cinematography]]
| spouse = Shama Limaye
}}

'''Mahesh Limaye''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] - [[Film director|director]] known for his work in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema]]. He is known for his collaborations with [[Madhur Bhandarkar]], [[Salman Khan]], and [[Pravin Tarde]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahesh Limaye movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/mahesh-limaye-29856|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121011013/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/mahesh-limaye-29856|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mahesh was born in [[Dombivli]], Maharashtra. Right from his young days he always had an inclination towards arts. He got into [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J J School of arts]] and completed his graduation in commercial arts with specialization in photography.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|title=Its all sunshine for Yellow - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/yellow-mahesh-limaye-mrinal-kulkarni-gauri-gadgil-national-awards-upendra-limaye-manoj-joshi-special-jury-award/articleshow/33831502.cms|access-date=2022-01-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Mahesh Limaye {{!}}{{!}} Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art Mumbai|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1ZuB80w4Ck|language=en|access-date=2022-01-25}}</ref> His love for music videos made him take keen interest in cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 Apr 2011|title=Man behind the camera|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/man-behind-the-camera/articleshow/16120669.cms|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Post his graduation from Sir J J School of Arts, Mahesh assisted Raja Sayed, a well known cinematographer. He also got a chance to assist a lot of foreign cinematographers in their advertisement projects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=करिअर कथा : कॅमेऱ्यामागच्या करामती|url=https://www.loksatta.com/career-vrutantta/careervrutant-lekh/cinematographer-mahesh-limaye-1625460/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Loksatta|language=mr}}</ref>

Mahesh shot his first film as an independent cinematographer with director Marlon Rodrigues in 2005 named CU at 9. Bipin Nadkarni, an advertisement director chose Mahesh to shoot his directorial debut [[Uttarayan (film)|''Uttarayan'']]. He shot Bipin's second film [[:mr:एवढसं आभाळ (चित्रपट)|''Aevdhese Aabhal'']] as well. He had a long partnership with [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] with films like ''Traffic Signal'', ''Corporate'', ''Fashion'' and ''Heroine''. He shot 3 films for [[Ravi Jadhav]] namely ''[[Natarang]]'', [[Balgandharva (film)|''Balgandharva'']]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-01|title=Bal Gandharva: A tale of feminine mystique|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/bal-gandharva-a-tale-of-feminine-mystique/story-wTtvIo6EJS31Eg2mGWKeyH.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and [[Balak-Palak|''Balak Palak'']]. Mahesh rose to fame when he shot [[Dabangg|''Dabaang'']] with [[Salman Khan]]. Mahesh shot some portions of ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' and collaborated with [[Prabhu Deva|Prabhudeva]] for [[Dabangg 3|''Dabaangg 3'']]. Mahesh shot Marathi features like ''[[Rege]]'', ''[[Family Katta]]'', ''[[Mulshi Pattern]]''.  He collaborated with Punit Malhotra for Gori Tere Pyaar Mein produced by Dharma Productions.The other films that he has shot include ''[[Freaky Ali]]'', ''Happy Ending'', ''Bhikari'', ''Shentimental''.

In 2014, Mahesh debuted as a director with the Marathi feature film [[Yellow (2014 film)|''Yellow'']].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Mahesh Limaye stunned by response to Yellow|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mahesh-limaye-stunned-by-response-to-yellow-638711|access-date=2022-01-25|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Reporter|date=2018-07-18|title=Director of National Award-Winning Movie Yellow, Mahesh Limaye guides Times & Trends Academy Students|url=https://www.punekarnews.in/director-of-national-award-winning-movie-yellow-mahesh-limaye-guides-times-trends-academy-students/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Punekar News|language=en-US}}</ref> At the [[61st National Film Awards]], the film won the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award]] for feature films and two [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]] awards for the child actors.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2014-04-17|title=Riteish Deshmukh ecstatic as 'Yellow' wins 3 National Awards, B-Town congratulates him|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-ecstatic-as-yellow-wins-3-national-awards-b-town-congratulates-him/|access-date=2022-01-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He also directed two video shorts namely ''Punaragamanayacha''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punaragamanaya Cha on Moviebuff.com|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/punaragamanaya-cha|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref> and ''Aashechi Roshnai''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

He has recently worked on the Marathi feature film ''Sarsenapati Hambirrao Mohite''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarsenapati Hambirrao: Gashmeer Mahajani Reveals His Character As Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj In Pravin Tarde's Next|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/sarsenapati-hambirrao-gashmeer-mahajani-reveals-his-character-as-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-in-pravin-tarde-s-next/60bdfe3dc22b2417f3f92e4b|access-date=2022-01-25|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref>

Mahesh is currently working on his second directorial named ''Jaggu ani Juliet''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Director Mahesh Limaye on his 6-year hiatus: I wanted to make comeback with an interesting story - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/director-mahesh-limaye-on-his-6-year-hiatus-i-wanted-to-make-comeback-with-an-interesting-story/articleshow/80246524.cms|access-date=2022-01-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by Punit Balan and the duo [[Ajay–Atul|Ajay-Atul]] are doing the music for the film.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2004
|''[[Uttarayan (film)|Uttarayan]]''
|rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|-
|2005
|''CU at 9''
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2007
|''Aevdhese Aabhal''
|Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]''
|rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Natarang]]''
|Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Dabangg]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balagandharva]]''
|Marathi
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]''
|rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Dabangg 2]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Balak Palak]]''
|Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein!]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Yellow (2014 film)|Yellow]]''
|rowspan="2" |Marathi
|Directorial debut
|-
|''[[Rege]]''
|
|-
|''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]''
|rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Freaky Ali]]''
|
|-
|''[[Family Katta]]''
|rowspan="4" |Marathi
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2017
|''Shentimental''
|
|-
|''[[Bhikari]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Mulshi Pattern]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Dabangg 3]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2020
|''Punaragamanchya''
|rowspan="4" |Marathi
|rowspan="2" |Short documentary
|-
|''Aashechi Roshnai''
|-
|2021
|''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|Also director
|-
|2022
|''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Heeramandi]]''
|Hindustani
|[[Netflix]] series
|-
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Dharmaveer 2]]''
|
|-
|2026
|{{pending film|[[Ramayana: Part 1 (2026)|Ramayana: Part 1]]}}
|rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|2027
|{{pending film|[[Ramayana: Part 2]]}}
|
|-
|}

== Awards and recognition ==

* Won – National Award for Yellow as Best Film Jury<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />
* [[61st Maharashtra State Film Awards|2025]]: Won – [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|Maharashtra State Film Award]] for [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director II]] for ''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Limaye, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
{{improve categories|date=January 2022}}

1970 Bhola cyclone

2026-05-04T05:22:43Z

EJEBoris894787: Stub

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox weather event
| image = 15B 1970-11-12 0956Z.png
| caption = The cyclone making landfall in East Pakistan on 12 November
| formed = {{Start date|1970|11|8|df=y}}
| dissipated = {{End date|1970|11|13|df=y}}
| name = Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Thirteen
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 100
| pressure = 960
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 130
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 1970
| damages = 86400000
| deaths = 300,000–500,000 total ([[List of the deadliest tropical cyclones|Deadliest tropical cyclone]] on record)
| affected = {{Hlist|[[East Pakistan]]|[[India]]}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

The '''1970 Bhola cyclone''', also known as the '''Great Cyclone of 1970'''<ref name="EHTC2007">{{cite book |last1=Longshore |first1=David |title=Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones |date=2007 |publisher=Facts On File Inc. |isbn=978-0-8160-6295-9 |page=215 |edition=2}}</ref> or simply the '''Bhola Cyclone''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin-Elliott |first=Thia |title=45th Anniversary of the Bhola Cyclone |url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hurricane_blog/45th-anniversary-of-the-bhola-cyclone/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |language=en-US}}</ref> was the deadliest [[tropical cyclone]] on record, as well as one of the [[List of natural disasters by death toll|deadliest humanitarian disasters]] ever recorded. It struck [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) and India's [[West Bengal]] on 12 November 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=World's deadliest tropical cyclone was 50 years ago |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/news/world%E2%80%99s-deadliest-tropical-cyclone-was-50-years-ago |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218172627/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/news/world%E2%80%99s-deadliest-tropical-cyclone-was-50-years-ago |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=public.wmo.int |language=en}}</ref> At least 300,000 people died in the storm, possibly as many as 500,000, primarily as a result of the [[storm surge]] that flooded much of the low-lying islands of the [[Ganges Delta]]. The Bhola cyclone was the sixth and strongest cyclonic storm of the [[1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cyclone |title=Cyclone |website=Banglapedia |access-date=November 13, 2016 |archive-date=January 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131247/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cyclone |url-status=live}}</ref>

The cyclone formed over the central [[Bay of Bengal]] on 8 November and travelled northward, intensifying as it did so. It reached its peak with winds of {{convert|185|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} on 10 November, and made [[landfall]] on the coast of East Pakistan on the following afternoon. The storm surge devastated many of the offshore islands, wiping out villages and destroying crops throughout the region. In the most severely affected [[Upazilas of Bangladesh|upazila]] [[Tazumuddin Upazila|Tazumuddin]], over 45% of the population of 167,000 were killed by the storm.

The Pakistani government, led by [[military junta|junta]] leader General [[Yahya Khan]], was criticized for its delayed handling of relief operations following the storm, both by local political leaders in East Pakistan and by the international media. The poor and discriminatory response from the West Pakistan government led to the increasingly widespread disillusionment from the East Pakistani people, allowing the opposition [[Awami League]] to gain a landslide victory in the province during the [[1970 Pakistani general election|election that took place a month later]] as well as the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] seven months later.

__TOC__
{{Clear}}
== Meteorological history ==
{{Storm path|15B 1970 path.png|colors=new}}
On 1 November, [[Tropical Storm Nora (1970)|Tropical Storm Nora]] developed over the [[South China Sea]], in the West Pacific Ocean. The system lasted for four days before degenerating into a remnant low over the [[Gulf of Thailand]] on 4 November, and subsequently moved west over the [[Malay Peninsula]] the next day.<ref name="ATCR">{{cite web |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr.pdf |title=Western North Pacific Tropical Storms 1969 |author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |work=Annual Typhoon Report 1969 |year=1969 |access-date=March 15, 2012 |author-link=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925080001/https://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AMS">{{cite journal |title=The deadliest tropical cyclone in history? |volume=52 |issue=6 |page=438 |author=Frank, Neil |author2=Husain, S. A. |date=June 1971 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1971)052<0438:TDTCIH>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1971BAMS...52..438F |doi-access=free}}</ref> The remnants of this system contributed to the development of a new [[tropical depression|depression]] in the central [[Bay of Bengal]] on the morning of 8 November. The depression intensified as it moved slowly northward, and the [[India Meteorological Department]] upgraded it to a [[tropical cyclone|cyclonic storm]] the next day. No country in the region had ever [[Tropical cyclone naming|named]] tropical cyclones during this time, so no new identity was given.<ref name="IMD" /> The storm became nearly stationary that evening near {{coord|14.5|N|87|E}}, but began to accelerate toward the north on 10 November.<ref name="IMD">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED281.pdf |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions |work=India Weather Review 1970 |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1970 |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614112938/ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED281.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-14 |url-status=dead |pages=10–11}}</ref>

The storm further intensified into a severe cyclonic storm on 11 November and began to turn towards the northeast as it approached the head of the bay. It developed a clear [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] and reached its peak intensity later that day, with three-minute sustained winds of {{convert|185|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, one-minute sustained winds of {{convert|240|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}},<ref name="Mariners Weather Log January, 1971">{{cite journal|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|last=Schwerdt|first=Richard|title=Worst Cyclone of the Century Batters East Pakistan|journal=Mariners Weather Log|date=January 1971|volume=15|issue=1|page=19|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=msu.31293201280298;orient=0;size=100;seq=21;attachment=0|access-date=May 19, 2016|archive-date=May 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517223918/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=msu.31293201280298;orient=0;size=100;seq=21;attachment=0|url-status=live}}</ref> and a central pressure of 960 [[hPa]]. The cyclone made [[landfall]] on the [[East Pakistan]] coastline during the evening of 12 November, around the same time as the local [[high tide]]. Once over land, the system began to weaken; the storm degraded to a cyclonic storm on 13 November, when it was about {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southeast of [[Agartala]]. The storm then rapidly weakened into a remnant low over southern [[Assam]] that evening.<ref name="IMD"/>

== Preparations ==
There is some question as to how much of the information about the cyclone said to have been received by Indian weather authorities was transmitted to East Pakistan authorities. This is because the Indian and East Pakistani weather services may not have shared information given the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971#Background|Indo-Pakistani friction]] at the time.<ref name="Lowell-Jan">{{cite news |date=January 31, 1971 |title=Many Pakistan flood victims died needlessly |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956402/many_pakistan_flood_victims_died/ |newspaper=[[Lowell Sun]] |page=E3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-date=May 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509003705/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956402/many_pakistan_flood_victims_died/ |url-status=live }} {{Open access}}</ref> A large part of the population was reportedly taken by surprise by the storm.<ref name="NYT-1">{{cite news|title=Cyclone May Be Worst Catastrophe Of The Century|first=Walter|last=Sullivan|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 22, 1970}}</ref> There were indications that East Pakistan's [[storm warning]] system was not used properly.<ref name="NYT-2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/04/archives/east-pakistan-failed-to-use-stormwarning-system.html|title=East Pakistan Failed To Use Storm-Warning System|work=The New York Times|date=December 1, 1970}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]] issued a report calling for "danger preparedness" in the vulnerable coastal regions during the day on 12 November. As the storm neared the coast, a "great danger signal" was broadcast on [[Radio Pakistan]]. Survivors later said that this meant little to them, but that they had recognised a No. 1 warning signal as representing the greatest possible threat.<ref name="Stars-and-Stripes">{{cite news |last=Zeitlin |first=Arnold |date=December 11, 1970 |title=The Day The Cyclone Came To East Pakistan |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-dec-11-1970-4685219/ |newspaper=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |edition=European |location=Darmstadt, Hesse |agency=Associated Press |pages=14–15}}{{open access}}</ref>

Following two previously [[1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#1960 East Pakistan I cyclone|destructive cyclones]] in October 1960, which killed at least 16,000 people in East Pakistan,<ref name="MWR-1961">{{cite web |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/090/mwr-090-03-0083.pdf |title=The tropical cyclone problem in East Pakistan |last=Dunn |first=Gordon |date=November 28, 1961 |access-date=April 15, 2007 |work=Monthly Weather Review |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |archive-date=June 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607004431/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/090/mwr-090-03-0083.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> the Pakistani central government contacted the American government for assistance in developing a system to avert future disasters. Gordon Dunn, the director of the [[National Hurricane Center]] at the time, carried out a detailed study and submitted his report in 1961. However, the central government did not carry out all the recommendations Dunn had listed.<ref name="Lowell-Jan"/>

== Impact ==
[[File:November 1970 Bhola Cyclone.jpg|thumb|The cyclone taken on November 11.]]
[[File:Patuakhali in Bhola Cyclone 1970.jpg|thumb|left|Destruction in [[Patuakhali]] after the cyclone]]
Although the North Indian Ocean is the least active of the [[tropical cyclone basins]], the coast of the Bay of Bengal is particularly vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones. The exact death toll from the Bhola cyclone remains unknown, but at least 300,000 fatalities were associated with the storm,<ref name="wmo">{{cite web |date=November 12, 2020 |title=World: Highest Mortality, Tropical Cyclone |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-mortality-tropical-cyclone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930214557/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-mortality-tropical-cyclone |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |accessdate=February 23, 2022 |work=World Meteorological Organization's World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive |publisher=Arizona State University}}</ref><ref name="AMS" /> possibly as many as 500,000.<ref name="16 deadliest storms">{{cite web |date=September 13, 2017 |title=The 16 deadliest storms of the last century |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/the-16-deadliest-storms-of-the-last-century/slidelist/60486966.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107131218/https://www.businessinsider.in/science/the-16-deadliest-storms-of-the-last-century/slidelist/60486966.cms |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |accessdate=February 23, 2022 |work=Business Insider India}}</ref>

The Bhola cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone on record and also one of the [[List of natural disasters by death toll|deadliest]] [[natural disaster]]s in modern history. A comparable number of people died as a result of the [[1976 Tangshan earthquake]], the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], and the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]], but because of uncertainty in the number of deaths in all four disasters, it may never be known which one was the deadliest.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEYVAgAAQBAJ |title=Disaster Management: International Lessons in Risk Reduction, Response and Recovery |last1=López-Carresi |first1=Alejandro |last2=Fordham |first2=Maureen |last3=Wisner |first3=Ben |last4=Kelman |first4=Ilan |last5=Gaillard |first5=Jc |date=November 12, 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136179778 |page=250 |access-date=May 6, 2016 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112050443/https://books.google.com/books?id=TEYVAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
{{Deadliest tropical cyclones}}
The meteorological station in [[Chittagong]], {{convert|95|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the east of where the storm made landfall, recorded winds of {{convert|144|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} before its [[anemometer]] was blown off at about 2200 UTC on 12 November. A ship anchored in the port in the same area recorded a peak gust of {{convert|222|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} about 45 minutes later.<ref name="AMS"/> As the storm made landfall, it caused a {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}} high [[storm surge]] at the [[Ganges Delta]].<ref name="IWM">{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmbd.org/html/PUBS/publications/P024.PDF|title=Cyclonic Storm Surge Modelling for Design of Coastal Polder|last1=Kabir |first1=M. M.|last2=Saha |first2=B. C.|last3=Hye|first3=J. M. A.|access-date=April 15, 2007|publisher=[[Institute of Water Modelling]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070622000638/http://www.iwmbd.org/html/PUBS/publications/P024.PDF |archive-date = June 22, 2007}}</ref> In the port at Chittagong, the [[storm tide]] peaked at about {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the average sea level, {{convert|1.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} of which was the storm surge.<ref name="AMS"/>

Radio Pakistan reported that there were no survivors on the thirteen islands near Chittagong. A flight over the area showed the devastation was complete throughout the southern half of [[Bhola Island]], and the rice crops of Bhola Island, [[Hatia Island]] and the nearby mainland coastline were destroyed.<ref name="NYT-3">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/17/archives/pakistan-death-toll-55000-may-rise-to-300000-death-toll-in-pakistan.html|title=Pakistan Death Toll 55,000; May Rise to 300,000|agency=Associated Press|work=The New York Times|date=November 16, 1970}}</ref> Several seagoing vessels in the ports of Chittagong and [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]] were reported damaged, and the airports at Chittagong and [[Cox's Bazar]] were under {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} of water for several hours.<ref name="NYT-4">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/15/archives/thousands-of-pakistanis-are-killed-by-tidal-wave-cyclone-in-bay-of.html#:~:text=DACCA%2C%20Pakistan%2C%20Nov.,coastal%20districts%20of%20East%20Pakistan.|title=Thousands of Pakistanis Are Killed by Tidal Wave|work=The New York Times|date=November 14, 1970}}</ref>

Over 3.6 million people were directly affected by the cyclone, and the total damage from the storm was estimated at [[United States dollar|US$]]86.4 million (US$701 million in 2024).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emdat.be/country_profile/index.html |title=Country Profile |website=EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database |publisher=Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters |access-date=April 15, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512113154/http://www.emdat.be/country_profile/index.html |archive-date=May 12, 2016 }}</ref> The survivors claimed that approximately 85% of homes in the area were destroyed or severely damaged, with the greatest destruction occurring along the coast.{{r|SommerAlfred|p=9}} Ninety percent of marine fishermen in the region suffered heavy losses, including the destruction of 9,000 offshore fishing boats. Of the 77,000 onshore fishermen, 46,000 were killed by the cyclone, and 40% of the survivors were affected severely. In total, approximately 65% of the fishing capacity of the coastal region was destroyed by the storm, in a region where about 80% of the protein consumed comes from fish. Agricultural damage was similarly severe with the loss of US$63 million worth of crops and 280,000 cattle.<ref name="AMS"/> Three months after the storm, 75% of the population was receiving food from relief workers, and over 150,000 relied upon aid for half of their food.{{r|SommerAlfred|p=11}}

The Bhola Cyclone would also lead to increased cholera and typhoid cases in the region due to the contamination of the water supply in the storm. Many attempts to send aid to the region were impeded by the prevalent cholera, and as a result, medical aid was delayed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1970-11-18 |title=DISEASE INCREASES IN PAKISTANI AREA SWEPT BY CYCLONE |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/18/archives/disease-increases-in-pakistani-area-swept-by-cyclone-cholera-and.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813213016/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/18/archives/disease-increases-in-pakistani-area-swept-by-cyclone-cholera-and.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== India ===
The cyclone brought widespread rain to the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], with very heavy rain falling in places on 8{{ndash}}9 November. [[Port Blair]] recorded {{convert|130|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain on 8 November, and there were a number of floods on the islands. MV ''Mahajagmitra'', a 5,500-ton [[Cargo ship|freighter]] en route from [[Calcutta]] to Kuwait, was sunk by the storm on 12 November with the loss of all fifty people on board. The ship sent out a [[distress signal]] and reported experiencing hurricane-force winds before it sank.<ref name="IMD"/><ref>{{cite news |date=November 15, 1970 |title=Cyclone Toll Still Rising |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956519/cyclone_toll_still_rising/ |newspaper=[[Florence Morning News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151754/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956519/cyclone_toll_still_rising/ |url-status=live }} {{Open access}}</ref> There was also widespread rain in [[West Bengal]] and southern Assam. The rain caused damage to housing and crops in both Indian states, with the worst damage occurring in the southernmost districts.<ref name="IMD"/>

=== Death toll ===
Two medical relief surveys were carried out by the Pakistan-[[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]] Cholera Research Laboratory: the first in November and the second in February and March. The purpose of the first survey was to establish the immediate medical needs in the affected regions. The second, more detailed, survey was designed as the basis for long-term relief and recovery planning. In the second survey, approximately 1.4% of the area's population was studied.{{r|SommerAlfred|p=6}}

The first survey concluded that the surface water in most of the affected regions had a comparable salt content to that drawn from wells, except in [[Noakhali Sadar Upazila|Sudharam]], where the water was almost undrinkable with a salt content of up to 0.5%. The [[Mortality rate|mortality]] was estimated at 14.2%—equivalent to a death toll of 240,000.{{r|SommerAlfred|p=5}} Cyclone-related [[morbidity]] was generally restricted to minor injuries, but a phenomenon dubbed "cyclone syndrome" was observed. This consisted of severe [[Abrasion (medical)|abrasions]] on the limbs and chest caused by survivors clinging to trees to withstand the storm surge.{{r|SommerAlfred|p=5}} Initially, there were fears of an outbreak of [[cholera]] and [[typhoid fever]] in the weeks following the storm,<ref name="NYT-5">{{cite news |last=Schanberg |first=Sydney |author-link=Sydney Schanberg |date=November 22, 1970 |title=Pakistanis Fear Cholera's Spread |work=The New York Times}}</ref> but the survey found no evidence of an epidemic of cholera, [[smallpox]], or any other disease in the region affected by the storm.{{r|SommerAlfred|p=5}}

The totals from the second survey were likely a considerable underestimate, as several groups were not included— 100,000 migrant workers who were collecting the rice harvest, families who were completely wiped out by the storm, and those who had migrated out of the region in the intervening three months. Excluding these groups reduced the risk of hearsay and exaggeration.{{r|SommerAlfred|p=6}} The survey concluded that the overall death toll was, at minimum, 224,000. The worst effects were felt in [[Tazumuddin Upazila|Tazumuddin]], where the mortality was 46.3%, corresponding to approximately 80,000 deaths in the [[Upazila|thana]] alone. The mean mortality throughout the affected region was 16.5%.{{r|SommerAlfred|p=7}}

The results showed that the highest survival rate was for adult males aged 15–49, while more than half the deaths were children under age 10, who only formed a third of the pre-cyclone population. This suggests that the young, old, and sick were at the highest risk of perishing in the cyclone and its storm surge. In the months after the storm, the mortality of the middle-aged was lower in the cyclone area than in the [[scientific control|control]] region, near [[Dhaka]]. This reflected the storm's toll on the less healthy individuals.{{r|SommerAlfred|p=7-8}}

== Aftermath ==
=== Government response ===
{{Quote box
| align = right
| width = 40%
| quote = There have been mistakes, there have been delays, but by and large I'm very satisfied that everything is being done and will be done.
| source = [[Yahya Khan]]<ref name="NYT-6"/>
}}

The days after the storm struck the coast, three Pakistani [[gunboats]] and a [[hospital ship]] carrying medical personnel and supplies left Chittagong for the islands of [[Hatiya Island|Hatiya]], [[Sandwip]], and [[Kutubdia]].<ref name="NYT-4"/> Teams from the [[Pakistani Army]] reached many of the stricken areas in the two days following the landfall of the cyclone.<ref name="NYT-7">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/16/archives/toll-in-pakistan-is-put-at-16000-expected-to-rise-poor.html |title=Toll In Pakistan Is Put At 16,000, Expected To Rise |work=The New York Times |date=November 15, 1970}}</ref> President Khan visited East Pakistan on the way back from a trip to China. In a press conference in Dhaka, Khan accepted the government had made "slips" and "mistakes" in their relief effort for the cyclone victims of then [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), but he insisted that "everything was done within the limits of the Government." He then returned to Rawalpindi.<ref name="NYT-6">{{Cite news |last=Schanberg |first=Sydney |author-link=Sydney Schanberg |date=1970-11-28 |title=Yahya Condedes 'Slips' in Relief |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/28/archives/yahya-concedes-slips-in-relief-but-he-defends-government-against.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031115729/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/28/archives/yahya-concedes-slips-in-relief-but-he-defends-government-against.html |url-status=live}}</ref> No West Pakistani political leaders visited the East.<ref>{{Cite book |title=1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-674-72864-6 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=32–33 |language=English}}</ref>

In the ten and a half days following the cyclone, one military transport aircraft and three [[crop-dusting]] aircraft were assigned to relief work by the Pakistani central government.<ref name="NYT-9">{{cite news |date=November 22, 1970 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/foreign-relief-spurred.html|title=Foreign Relief Spurred |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The central government said it was unable to transfer military helicopters from [[West Pakistan]] as the Indian government did not grant clearance to cross the intervening Indian territory, a charge the Indian government denied.<ref name="NYT-5"/> By 24 November, the central government had allocated a further US$116 million to finance relief operations in the disaster area.<ref name="NYT-10">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/east-pakistani-leaders-assail-yahya-on-cyclone-relief.html|title=East Pakistani Leaders Assail Yahya on Cyclone Relief|work=The New York Times|agency=Reuters|date=November 23, 1970}}</ref> Khan arrived in Dhaka to take charge of the relief operations on 24 November. The governor of East Pakistan, Vice Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|S. M. Ahsan]], denied charges that the armed forces had not acted quickly enough and said supplies were reaching all parts of the disaster area except for some small pockets.<ref name="NYT-11">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/25/archives/yahya-directing-disaster-relief.html|title=Yahya Directing Disaster Relief |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=United Press International |date=November 24, 1970 |page=9}}</ref>

Khan said there was a lack of understanding of the magnitude of the disaster. He also said that the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]] slated for 7 December would take place on time, although eight or nine of the worst affected districts might experience delays, denying rumours that the election would be postponed.<ref name="NYT-6" />

As the conflict between East and West Pakistan developed in March 1971, the Dhaka offices of the two government organisations directly involved in relief efforts were closed for at least two weeks, first by a [[general strike]] and then by a ban on government work in East Pakistan by the [[Awami League]]. Relief work continued in the field, but the long-term planning was curtailed.<ref name="NYT-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/12/archives/pakistanis-crisis-virtually-halts-rehabilitation-work-in-cyclone.html|last=Durdin |first=Tillman |date=March 11, 1971 |title=Pakistanis Crisis Virtually Halts Rehabilitation Work in Cyclone Region |newspaper=The New York Times |page=2}}</ref>

=== Criticism of government response ===
{{Quote box
| align = right
| quote = We have a large army, but it is left to the [[Royal Marines|British Marines]] to bury our dead.
| source = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<ref>{{cite book |date=1989 |editor1-last=Heitzman |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Worden |editor2-first=Robert |chapter=Emerging Discontent, 1966–70 |chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/16.htm |title=Bangladesh: A Country Study |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/ |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |page=29 |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-date=June 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622211513/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
Political leaders in East Pakistan were deeply critical of the central government's initial response to the disaster. A statement released by eleven East Pakistan politicians ten days after the storm charged the government with "gross neglect, callous indifference and utter indifference". They also accused President Khan of playing down the news coverage.<ref name="NYT-10"/> On November 19, students held a march in Dhaka in protest of the speed of the government response,<ref name="NYT-13">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/19/archives/copter-shortage-balks-cyclone-aid-only-one-now-available-in-east.html |title=Copter Shortage Balks Cyclone Aid |work=The New York Times |date=November 18, 1970}}</ref> and [[Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]] addressed a rally of 50,000 people on 24 November, when he accused the president of inefficiency and demanded his resignation. Khan's political opponents in West Pakistan accused him of bungling the efforts, and some demanded his resignation.<ref name="NYT-11"/> Awami League leader [[Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] described the destruction caused by the cyclone as akin to a "[[Holocaust]]" and condemned the military junta's response as "criminal negligence".<ref>{{Cite book |title=1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-674-72864-6 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=33 |language=English}}</ref>

The [[Pakistan Red Crescent]] began to operate independently of the central government as the result of a dispute that arose after the Red Crescent took possession of twenty rafts donated by the [[British Red Cross]].<ref name=DailyTribune>{{cite news |date=November 23, 1970 |title=Pakistan relief program flounder as toll mounts |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956641/pakistan_relief_program_flounders_as/ |location=Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin |newspaper=The Daily Tribune |agency=Associated Press |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=August 5, 2015 |archive-date=January 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119062731/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956641/pakistan_relief_program_flounders_as/ |url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref> A pesticide company had to wait two days before it received permission for two of its crop dusters, which were already in the country, to carry out supply drops in the affected regions. The central government only deployed a single helicopter to relief operations, with Khan later stating that there was no point in deploying any helicopters from West Pakistan as they were unable to carry supplies.<ref name="Stars-and-Stripes"/>

A reporter for the ''[[Pakistan Observer]]'' spent a week in the worst-hit areas in early January 1971 and saw none of the tents supplied by relief agencies being used to house survivors and commented that the grants for building new houses were insufficient. The ''Observer'' regularly carried front-page stories with headlines like, "No Relief Coordination", while publishing government statements saying, "Relief operations are going smoothly." In January, the coldest period of the year in East Pakistan, the National Relief and Rehabilitation Committee, headed by the editor of ''[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]'', said thousands of survivors from the storm were "passing their days under [the] open sky". A spokesman said families who were made homeless by the cyclone were receiving up to 250 [[Pakistani rupee|rupees]] (US$55 in 1971; {{Inflation|US|55|1971|2018|fmt=eq}}) to rebuild, but that resources were scarce and he feared the survivors would "eat the cash".<ref name="Long-Beach">{{cite news |last=Zeitlin |first=Arnold |date=January 13, 1971 |title=Pakistan Cyclone Relief Still Jumbled and Inadequate |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956692/pakistan_cyclone_relief_still_jumbled/ |newspaper=[[Long Beach Press-Telegram]] |agency=Associated Press |page=P-11 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-date=January 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119085947/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956692/pakistan_cyclone_relief_still_jumbled/ |url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref>

=== Political consequences ===
Due to the poor handling and the destructive aftermath of the Bhola Cyclone, leftist parties in both East and West Pakistan boycotted the 1970 Pakistani general election.<ref>{{Cite book |last=van Schendel |first=Willem |title=A History of Bangladesh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781108684644 |edition=2nd |location=Amsterdam |pages=125 |language=en}}</ref> This allowed the Awami League, headed by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], to win in a landslide victory. The elections for nine national assembly and eighteen provincial assembly seats had to be postponed until January 18 as a result of the storm.<ref name="Story-Pak">{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/general-elections |access-date=April 15, 2007 |title=General Elections 1970 |first=Jin |last=Technologies |website=Story of Pakistan |date=June 1, 2003 |archive-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012008/http://storyofpakistan.com/general-elections/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The central government's handling of the relief efforts helped exacerbate the bitterness felt in East Pakistan, swelling the resistance movement there. Funds only slowly got through, and transport was slow in bringing supplies to the devastated regions. As tensions increased in March 1971, foreign personnel evacuated because of fears of violence.<ref name="NYT-12"/> The situation deteriorated further and evolved into [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|the subsequent genocide]].<ref name="USAID">{{cite web |url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/publications/ofda_cjanalysis_02_21-2005.pdf |title=A Critical Juncture Analysis, 1964–2003 |last=Olson |first=Richard |date=February 21, 2005 |publisher=[[USAID]] |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070414002649/http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/publications/ofda_cjanalysis_02_21-2005.pdf |archive-date=April 14, 2007}}</ref>

=== International response ===
India became one of the first nations to offer aid to Pakistan, despite the generally poor [[Indo-Pakistani relations|relations]] between the two countries, and by the end of November had pledged US$1.3 million (${{Inflation|US|1.3|1970|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) of assistance for the relief efforts.<ref name="NYT-14">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/30/archives/pakistan-storm-relief-a-vast-problem-disaster-in-pakistan-created.html#:~:text=Pakistan%20herself%20has%20allocated%20%2415,clothing%2C%20and%20medicine%20worth%20%245%2C500. |title=Pakistan Storm Relief a Vast Problem |first=Richard |last=Halloran |work=The New York Times |date=November 29, 1970}}</ref> The Pakistani central government refused to allow the Indians to send supplies into East Pakistan by air, forcing them to be transported slowly by road instead.<ref name="NYT-15">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/29/archives/pakistan-people-still-dying-because-of-inadequate-relief-job.html |last=Schanberg |first=Sydney |author-link=Sydney Schanberg |date=November 29, 1970 |title=People Still Dying Because Of Inadequate Relief Job |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The Indian government also said that the Pakistanis refused an offer of military aircraft, helicopters, and boats from West Bengal to assist in the relief operation.<ref name="NYT-16">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/26/archives/pakistan-leader-visits-survivors.html |last=Schanberg |first=Sydney |author-link=Sydney Schanberg |date=November 25, 1970 |title=Pakistan Leader Visits Survivors |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] allocated a $10 million (${{Inflation|US|10|1970|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) grant to provide food and other essential relief to the survivors of the storm, and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan pledged that he would "assist the East Pakistan government in every way feasible."<ref name=DailyRepublic>{{cite news |first=Arnold |last=Zeitlin |date=November 20, 1970 |title=Official Death Toll 148,116 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956747/official_death_toll_148116/ |location=Mitchell, South Dakota |newspaper=The Daily Republic |agency=Associated Press |page=1 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-date=January 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119031853/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2956747/official_death_toll_148116/ |url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref> The U.S. sent a number of blankets, tents and other supplies to East Pakistan. Six helicopters {{ndash}} two at an aid mission in Nepal and four from the U.S. {{ndash}} were also sent.<ref name="NYT-17">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/18/archives/nixon-pledges-10million-aid-for-storm-victims-in-pakistan.html |title=Nixon Pledges $10-Million Aid For Storm Victims in Pakistan |first=James |last=Naughton |work=The New York Times |date=November 17, 1970}}</ref> Some 200,000 tons of wheat were shipped from the U.S. to the stricken region.<ref name="Long-Beach"/> By the end of November, there were 38 helicopters operating in the disaster area, ten of which were British and ten American. The Americans had provided about fifty small boats and the British seventy for supply distribution.<ref name="NYT-14"/>

[[CARE (relief)|CARE]] halted aid shipments to East Pakistan the week after the cyclone hit because of unwillingness to let the Pakistani central government handle distribution.<ref name=DailyTribune/> However, by January 1971, they had reached an agreement to construct 24,000 cement brick houses at a cost of about $1.2 million (${{Inflation|US|1.2|1971|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}).<ref name="Long-Beach"/> American concerns about delays by the central government in determining how the relief should be used meant that US$7.5 million (${{Inflation|US|7.5|1970|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) of relief granted by the [[United States Congress]] had not been handed over in March. Much of the money was [[earmark (politics)|earmarked]] to be spent on constructing cyclone shelters and rebuilding housing.<ref name="NYT-12"/> The American [[Peace Corps]] offered to send volunteers but was rebuffed by the central government.<ref name="NYT-14"/>

A [[Royal Navy]] [[task force]], centred on {{HMS|Intrepid|L11|6}} and {{HMS|Triumph|R16|6}}, left Singapore for the Bay of Bengal to assist with the relief efforts. They carried eight helicopters and eight landing craft, as well as rescue teams and supplies.<ref name=DailyRepublic/> Fifty soldiers and two helicopters were flown in ahead of the ships to survey the disaster area and bring relief work.<ref name="NYT-18">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/21/archives/us-and-british-copters-arrive-to-aid-cyclone-area.html|title=U.S. and British Helicopters Arrive to Aid Cyclone Area|work=The New York Times|agency=Reuters|date=November 20, 1970}}</ref> The task force arrived off the East Pakistan coast on 24 November, and the 650 troops aboard the ships immediately began using [[landing craft]] to deliver supplies to offshore islands.<ref name="NYT-11"/> An appeal by the British [[Disasters Emergency Committee]] raised about £1.5 million (£{{Inflation|GBP|1.5|1970|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation/year|UK}}) for disaster relief in East Pakistan.<ref name="NYT-14"/><ref name="DEC">{{cite web|title=DEC Appeals and Evaluations |url=http://www.dec.org.uk/index.cfm/asset_id,905/index.html |access-date=April 15, 2007 |publisher=Disasters Emergency Committee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407164040/http://www.dec.org.uk/index.cfm/asset_id%2C905/index.html |archive-date=April 7, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref>

The Canadian government pledged [[Canadian dollar|C$]]2 million (C${{Inflation|CA|2|1970|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation/year|CA}}) of assistance. France and [[West Germany]] both sent helicopters and various supplies worth US$1.3 million.<ref name="NYT-14"/><ref name="NYT-18"/> [[Pope Paul VI]] announced that he would visit Dhaka during a visit to the Far East and urged people to pray for the victims of the disaster.<ref name="NYT-19">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/23/archives/pope-to-visit-pakistan.html |title=Pope to Visit Pakistan |work=The New York Times |date=November 22, 1970}}</ref> The Vatican later contributed US$100,000 to the relief efforts.<ref name="NYT-14"/> By the start of 1971, four Soviet helicopters were still operating in the region transporting essential supplies to hard-hit areas. The Soviet aircraft, which had drawn criticism from Bengalis, replaced the British and American helicopters that had operated immediately after the cyclone.<ref name="Long-Beach"/>

The government of Singapore sent a military medical mission to East Pakistan which arrived at Chittagong on 1 December. They were then deployed to [[Sandwip]] where they treated nearly 27,000 people and carried out a smallpox [[vaccination]] effort. The mission returned to Singapore on 22 December, after bringing about $50,000 worth of medical supplies and fifteen tons of food for the victims of the storm.<ref name="MINDEF">{{cite web |url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/birth_of_saf/v03n11_history.html |title=Medical Mission to East Pakistan |author=Choy Choi Kee |date=November 7, 1999 |website=[[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626030809/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/birth_of_saf/v03n11_history.html |archive-date=June 26, 2007 |access-date=April 15, 2007}}</ref> The Japanese cabinet approved a total of US$1.65 million of relief funds in December. The Japanese government had previously drawn criticism for only donating a small amount to relief work.<ref name="NYT-20">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/03/archives/tokyo-increases-aid.html|title=Tokyo Increases Aid|work=The New York Times|date=December 2, 1970}}</ref> The first shipment of Chinese supplies was a planeload of 500,000 doses of cholera vaccine, which was not necessary as the country had adequate stocks.<ref name="NYT-15"/> The Chinese government sent US$1.2 million in cash to Pakistan.<ref name="NYT-14"/> [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] declared that the disaster was also an Iranian one and responded by sending two planeloads of supplies within a few days of the cyclone striking.<ref name="NYT-13"/> Many smaller, poorer Asian nations sent nominal amounts of aid.<ref name="NYT-14"/>

The United Nations donated US$2.1 million in food and cash, while [[UNICEF]] began a drive to raise a further million.<ref name="NYT-14"/> UNICEF helped to re-establish water supplies in the wake of the storm, repairing over 11,000 wells in the months following the storm.<ref name="UNICEF">{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/1946-2006_Sixty_Years_for_Children.pdf#page=12 |title=Sixty Years For Children |format=PDF |author=UNICEF |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413024515/http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/1946-2006_Sixty_Years_for_Children.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2007 |url-status=live |author-link=UNICEF}}</ref> [[UN Secretary-General]] [[U Thant]] made appeals for aid for the victims of the cyclone and the civil war in August, in two separate relief programs. He said only about $4 million had been contributed towards immediate needs, well short of the target of US$29.2 million.<ref name="NYT-21">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/14/archives/thant-again-asks-aid-to-pakistanis-says-cash-is-needed-to-buy-food.html |title=Thant Again Asks Aid To Pakistanis |first=Sam Pope |last=Brewer |work=The New York Times |date=August 13, 1971}}</ref> By the end of November, the [[League of Red Cross Societies]] had collected US$3.5 million to supply aid to the victims of the disaster.<ref name="NYT-14"/>

The [[World Bank]] estimated that it would cost US$185 million to reconstruct the area devastated by the storm. The bank drew up a comprehensive recovery plan for the Pakistani government. The plan included restoring housing, water supplies and infrastructure to their pre-storm state. It was designed to combine with a much larger ongoing flood-control and development program.<ref name="NYT-22">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/03/archives/world-bank-offers-plan-to-reconstruct-east-pakistan.html|title=World Bank Offers Plan to Reconstruct East Pakistan|work=The New York Times|date=December 2, 1970}}</ref> The bank provided US$25 million of credit to help rebuild the East Pakistan economy and to construct protective shelters in the region. This was the first time that the [[International Development Association|IDA]] had provided credit for reconstruction.<ref name="World-Bank">{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/EXTARCHIVES/0,,contentMDK:20485265~pagePK:36726~piPK:437378~theSitePK:29506,00.html |title=Cyclone Protection and Coastal Area Rehabilitation Project |year=2005 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304022742/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/EXTARCHIVES/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20485265~pagePK%3A36726~piPK%3A437378~theSitePK%3A29506%2C00.html |archive-date=March 4, 2007 |access-date=April 15, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the start of December, nearly US$40 million had been raised for the relief efforts by the governments of 41 countries, organizations and private groups.<ref name="NYT-22"/>

==== The Concert for Bangladesh ====
{{main|The Concert for Bangladesh}}

In 1971, ex-[[The Beatles|Beatle]] [[George Harrison]] and musician [[Ravi Shankar]] were inspired to organize [[The Concert for Bangladesh]], in part from the Bhola cyclone, and from the civil war and genocide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beatlesbible.com/1971/08/01/live-concert-for-bangla-desh/ |title=The Beatles Bible – Live: The Concert For Bangla Desh |access-date=May 3, 2016 |date=August 1971 |archive-date=May 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527004918/http://www.beatlesbible.com/1971/08/01/live-concert-for-bangla-desh/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Although it was the first [[benefit concert]] of its type, it was extremely successful in raising money, aid, and awareness for the region's plight.

=== Post-disaster ===
In December 1970, the League of Red Cross Societies drafted a plan for immediate use should a comparable event to the cyclone hit other "disaster prone countries". A Red Cross official stated some of the relief workers sent to East Pakistan were poorly trained, and the organisation would compile a list of specialists. The [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] adopted a proposal to improve its ability to provide aid to disaster-stricken countries.

In 1966, the [[Red Crescent]] had begun to support the development of a cyclone warning system, which developed into a Cyclone Preparedness Programme in 1972, today run by the government of Bangladesh and the [[Bangladesh Red Crescent Society]]. The programme's objectives are to raise public awareness of the risks of cyclones and to provide training to emergency personnel in the coastal regions of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iawe.org/WRDRR_Bangladesh/Preprints/S4CPP.pdf|title=Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) Bangladesh Red Crescent Society|website=iawe.org|access-date=November 13, 2016|archive-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114003313/http://www.iawe.org/WRDRR_Bangladesh/Preprints/S4CPP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the thirty years after the 1970 cyclone, over 200 cyclone shelters were constructed in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. When the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone|next destructive cyclone]] approached the country in 1991, volunteers from the Cyclone Preparedness Programme warned people of the cyclone two to three days before it struck land. Over 350,000 people fled their homes to shelters and other brick structures, while others sought high ground. While the 1991 cyclone killed over 138,000 people, this was significantly less than the 1970 storm, partly because of the warnings sent out by the Cyclone Preparedness Programme. However, the 1991 storm was significantly more destructive, causing {{US$|1.5|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|1.5|1991|r=1}}{{nbsp}}billion in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) compared to the 1970 storm's $86{{nbsp}}million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|86.4|1970|r=2}}{{nbsp}}million in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/2/11-088302/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121203409/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/2/11-088302/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 21, 2013 |title=WHO {{!}} Reduced death rates from cyclones in Bangladesh: what more needs to be done? |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=November 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2008/01/30 |title=Cyclone shelters save lives, but more needed |date=January 30, 2008 |agency=IRIN |access-date=November 13, 2016 |archive-date=November 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114002836/http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2008/01/30 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Footage of the incident appeared in the film ''Days of Fury'' (1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky and hosted by [[Vincent Price]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Days of Fury (1979) on the Internet Archive |year=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/days-of-fury-1979}}</ref>

==In books==
''The Vortex'' by Scott Carney and Jason Miklian focused on how Yayhia Khan's failure to respond to the aftermath of the Bhola cyclone sparked the 1971 Bangladesh war.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/scott-carney-jason-miklians-the-vortex-is-based-on-the-wild-theory-of-a-cyclone-splitting-pak-415091 |title=Scott Carney & Jason Miklian's 'The Vortex' is based on the wild theory of a cyclone splitting Pak |publisher=Tribute India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/just-kill-20000-bengalis-zulfikar-bhuttos-advice-to-yahya-khan-before-1971-war/971594/ |title='Just kill 20,000 Bengalis': Zulfikar Bhutto's advice to Yahya Khan before 1971 war |date=May 27, 2022 |publisher=The Print}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Bangladesh|India|Pakistan}}
* [[List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones]]
* [[List of tropical cyclone records]]
* [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]]
* [[New Moor]]{{Snd}}Landmass that appeared in the aftermath of the cyclone in the [[Bay of Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist
|refs=<ref name="SommerAlfred">{{cite journal |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/library/sommer/pdfs/east_bengal_cyclone_1970.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622000638/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/library/sommer/pdfs/east_bengal_cyclone_1970.pdf |archive-date=June 22, 2007 |title=East Bengal cyclone of November, 1970: Epidemiological approach to disaster assessment |last=Sommer |first=Alfred |author2=Mosley, Wiley |access-date=April 15, 2007 |journal=[[The Lancet]] |date=May 13, 1972 |volume=1 |issue=7759 |pages=1029–1036 |pmid=4112181}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Carney |first1=Scott |first2=Jason |last2=Miklian |year=2022 |title=The Vortex: A True Story of History's Deadliest Storm, an Unspeakable War, and Liberation |location=New York |publisher=Ecco |isbn=978-0062985415 |oclc=1304903239}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://tesla.liketelevision.com/liketelevision/tuner.php?channel=318&format=tv&theme=history On this day – liketelevision] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115143417/http://tesla.liketelevision.com/liketelevision/tuner.php?channel=318&format=tv&theme=history |date=15 November 2020 }}

[[Category:1970 in India|Bhola Cyclone, 1970]]
[[Category:1970 in East Pakistan|Bhola Cyclone, 1970]]
[[Category:1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|Bhola cyclone]]
[[Category:1970 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Environment of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Environment of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Extremely severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:November 1970 in Asia]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 1970|Bhola Cyclone, 1970]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]

Kairana Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-27T08:08:17Z

EJEBoris894787: adding new post - done

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kairana {{Small|UP-2}}
|established = 1962
|electors =17,22,452<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
|reservation =None
|party = [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|20px]] [[Samajwadi Party]]
|mp =[[Iqra Choudhary]]
|alliance =[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|incumbent_image =
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Kairana.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kairana Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Nakur Assembly constituency|Nakur]] [[Gangoh Assembly constituency|Gangoh]] [[Kairana Assembly constituency|Kairana]] [[Thana Bhawan Assembly constituency|Thana Bhawan]] [[Shamli Assembly constituency|Shamli]]
}}
'''[[Kairana]]''' Lok Sabha constituency ({{IPA|hi|kɛːɾaːn̪aː}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Vidhan Sabha Segments ==
Presently, Kairana Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web |title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-2-Kairana
|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/002_PC_Statistics_English.aspx |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|2
|[[Nakur Assembly constituency|Nakur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|[[Mukesh Choudhary (politician)|Mukesh Choudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|7
|[[Gangoh Assembly constituency|Gangoh]]
|[[Kirat Singh (politician)|Kirat Singh]]
|-
|8
|[[Kairana Assembly constituency|Kairana]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Shamli district|Shamli]]
|[[Nahid Hasan]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|9
|[[Thana Bhawan Assembly constituency|Thana Bhawan]]
|[[Ashraf Ali Khan (politician, born 1972)|Ashraf Ali Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|10
|[[Shamli Assembly constituency|Shamli]]
|[[Persann Kumar Chaudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Lok Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Yashpal Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|Ghayoor Ali Khan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|[[Shafquat Jung]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|Chandan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|Gayatri Devi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|Akhtar Hasan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harpal Singh Panwar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Munawwar Hasan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Virendra Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Amir Alam Khan]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Anuradha Choudhary]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Begum Tabassum Hasan|Tabassum Hasan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Hukum Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2018^
|[[Begum Tabassum Hasan|Tabassum Hasan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar (politician)|Pradeep Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Iqra Choudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}
^ by-poll
{{Pie chart
| label1 = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|'''RLD''']] (3 terms)
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (3 terms)
| label3 = [[Samajwadi Party |'''SP''']] (2 terms)
| label4 = [[Indian National Congress |'''INC''']] (2 terms)
| label5 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (2 terms)
| label6 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 terms)
| label7 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''']] (1 terms)
| label8 = [[Janata Party (Secular)|'''JP(S)''']] (1 terms)
| label9 = [[Samyukta Socialist Party|'''SSP''']] (1 terms)
| label10 = [[Independent politician|'''IND''']] (1 terms)
| value1 = 17.64
| value2 = 17.64
| value3 = 11.76
| value4 = 11.76
| value5 = 11.76
| value6 = 5.88
| value7 = 5.88
| value8 = 5.88
| value9 = 5.88
| value10 = 5.88
| color1 = {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| color3 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
| color4 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color5 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| color6 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| color7 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| color8 = {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
| color9 = {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
| color10= {{party color|Independent}}
|caption = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] are Most successful political parties in Kairana (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha elections
}}

== Elections results ==
===2024 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]:[[Kairana]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kairana">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kairana |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S242.htm |access-date=30 September 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930115318/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S242.htm |archive-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Iqra Choudhary]]
|votes =5,30,013
|percentage = 49.90
|change ={{increase}}6.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradeep Choudhary]]
|votes =4,58,897
|percentage = 42.50
|change ={{decrease}}7.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Sripal
|votes =76,200
|percentage = 7.06
|change ={{increase}}7.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Azad Adhikar Sena
|candidate =Om Beer
|votes =1.096
|percentage = 0.10
|change ={{increase}}0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =3,249
|percentage =0.30
|change ={{decrease}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =69,116
|percentage =6.40
|change ={{decrease}}1.80
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,79,806
|percentage =62.69
|change ={{decrease}}4.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kairana]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pradeep Choudhary]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,66,961|percentage=50.43|change={{decrease}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Tabassum Begum|Tabassum Hasan]]|votes=474,801|percentage=42.23|change={{increase}}12.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Harendra Singh Malik]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=69,355|percentage=6.17|change={{increase}}6.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=3,542|percentage=0.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=92,160|percentage=8.20|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,24,047|percentage=67.44|change={{decrease}}5.64}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 bye-election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2018: Kairana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Tabassum Begum|Tabassum Hasan]]
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = 4,81,181
|percentage = 51.26
|change = {{increase}}47.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mriganka Singh
|votes = 4,36,564
|percentage = 46.51
|change = -4.03
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Ravinder Kumar
|votes = 3,553
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Sanjeev
|votes = 2,760
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Inderjeet
|votes = 2,388
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,389
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,618
|percentage = 4.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,38,742
|percentage = 58.20
|change = {{decrease}}15.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 Lok Sabha elections===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kairana]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=23 September 2015 |page=343}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hukum Singh]]
|votes = 5,65,909
|percentage =50.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nahid Hasan]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 3,29,081
|percentage = 29.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanwar Hasan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,60,414
|percentage = 14.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kartar Singh Bhadana]]
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = 42,706
|percentage = 3.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Divakar Kashyap
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 6,562
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,903
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,36,628
|percentage = 21.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,19,324
|percentage = 73.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 Lok Sabha elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Kairana]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Anuradha Choudhary]]
|votes = 5,23,923
|percentage = 64.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shah Nawaz
|votes = 1,81,509
|percentage = 22.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,42,414
|percentage = 41.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,16,726
|percentage = 66.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999 Lok Sabha elections===
* Amir Alam (RLD) : 206,345 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1999-election-results.html|title = 1999 India General (13th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Niranjan Singh Malik (BJP) : 168,073

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=1996 Indian general elections: [[Kairana]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party |candidate=[[Munawwar Hasan]]|votes=1,84,636|percentage=32.75|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate=Udayveer Singh |votes=1,74,614|percentage=30.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yogesh Malik |party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,14,389|percentage=20.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Zilley Haider |party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=71,035|percentage=12.60|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 10,028
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,97,481|percentage=64.99|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Janata Dal
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Shamli district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Saharanpur division topics}}

{{Coord|29.4|77.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarnagar district]]

Vilwanatheswarar temple

2026-04-25T12:33:04Z

EJEBoris894787:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vilwanatheswarar Temple
| image = Thiruvalam (2).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|59|02|N|79|16|0|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
| locale =
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vilwanatheswarar([[Shiva]])
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Vilwanatheswarar Temple''' (also spelled Bilvanathesvara)<ref name=Hultzsch/> is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located in [[Thiruvalam]], a village in [[Vellore district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Shiva is worshipped as Vilwanatheswarar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Vallambigai. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple complex covers around one acre and is entered through a five-tiered gopuram, the main gateway. The temple has a number of shrines, with those of Vilwanatheswarar and his consorts Vallambigai being the most prominent. All the shrines of the temple are enclosed in large concentric rectangular granite walls. The temple has many historic inscriptions from the 8th-century [[Nandivarman II]] era and later.<ref name=Hultzsch>E. Hultzsch (1929), ''South Indian Inscriptions'', Volume 3, Part 1, Archaeological Survey of India, pp. 88–123</ref> The north wall of the temple is notable for one of the earliest inscriptions that mention [[Tevaram]] singers.<ref>E. Hultzsch (1929), ''South Indian Inscriptions'', Volume 3, Part 1, Archaeological Survey of India, p. 93</ref>

Many parts of the temple complex is attributed to the [[Cholas]], while the present masonry structure was built during the [[Madurai Nayak|Nayak]] during the 16th century. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m., and four yearly festivals on its calendar. The Brahmotsavam festival is celebrated during the month of the Magam (February - March) is the most prominent festival.

==Legend==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left| total_width = 400
|width1 = 3264 | height1 = 2448
|width2 = 3264| height2 = 2448
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Thiruvalam (3).jpg
|image2=Thiruvalam (4).jpg
|footer=Stucco images of the temple legend
}}

According to Hindu legend, [[Narada]] handed over a sacred mango to Shiva and wanted him to hand it over to a single person without cutting the fruit. [[Vinayaga]] and [[Muruga]], the sons of Shiva, were fighting for the fruit. Shiva held a competition, stating that whoever circled the world three times would receive the fruit. Muruga immediately started on his peacock mount around the world. Vinayaga, who had a smaller rat mount, circled his parents Shiva and Parvathi three times and sought the fruit. He convinced his parents that for him, his parents were his world and he attained the experience of coming around the world by circumambulating them. Since he is believed to have come around (called ''valam'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) his parents at this place, it came to be known as Thiruvalam, which with time became Thiruvallam. According to another legend, a priest in the temple was troubled by a giant named Kanja as he brought water from the nearby Kanjan mountain every day. He prayed for help, and Shiva sent the bull [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] to guard the priest.<ref name=dinamalar/> As per another legend, Shiva is believed to called ''nee vaa'' meaning come here, on account of which the river came to be known as Neva river. It is also called Ponnai river.<ref name=Saiva4/>

This place is believed to have been a Vilva forest (Vilavanam). There seemed to be a termite hill where a cow used to milk water. The termite hill drained and eventually became a [[Lingam]], around which the current temple is built. As per the inscriptions in the temple, the temple is referred to as Theekali Vallam. In the verses of [[Sambandar]], the place is referred as Thiruvallam, while in the 15th century [[Arunagirinathar]] refers the temple as Thiruvalam and the presiding deity as Thiruvallam Udaiyar.<ref name=Saiva4>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 4 - Thirumurai Thalangal|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|language=ta|location=Chennai, India|year=2013|pages=398–400}}</ref><ref name=Express>{{cite web|title=Nandi guards this ancient temple|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2019/nov/14/nandi-guards-this-ancient-temple-2061409.html|last=Madhavan|first=Chitra|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=14 November 2019|accessdate=3 October 2020}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple has many inscriptions from the [[Chola]] period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8897ridkczoC&q=tirumanikuzhi&pg=PA656|page=656|first=Subodh |last=Kapoor|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|year=2002|isbn=9788177552997}}</ref> The temple has a five-tiered gateway tower facing south and all the shrines of the temple are enclosed in concentric rectangular granite walls. The temple occupies an area of around {{convert|4|acre|ha|abbr=on}}. The central shrine houses the image of Vilwanatheswarar in the form of [[Lingam]] facing east. Unlike other temples, where the [[Nandi Bull|Nandi]] is located axial to and facing the sanctum, in this temple the Nandi faces the opposite direction. The sanctum is structured in the form of a moat. The central shrine is approached through the flagstaff and Mahamandapam, both which are located axial to the gateway. The shrine of Valambigai, the consort of Shiva facing West is located in the Mahamandapam leading to the sanctum. As in other Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu, the shrines of [[Vinayaka]], [[Murugan]], [[Navagraha]], Chandikesa and [[Durga]] are located around the precinct of the main shrine. There is a hall of [[Nataraja]] near the sanctum. The image of Vinayagar is sculpted on a square base and a Padma peeta and sported holding a mango in his trunk. The [[Dvarapala]]s on both sides on the entrance of the sanctum are of architectural importance. One of them is unique and is sported in dance posture with a raised hand. There is a shrine of Pathaleswarar in the first precinct where the shrine of Lingam is located underground.<ref name=Saiva4/><ref name=R/> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|page=17|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Religious importance and festivals==
[[File:Thiruvalam (13).jpg|200px|thumb|Image of shrine of the temple]]
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] [[Sundarar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Thiruvalam|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=243|publisher=Thevaaram.org|year=2011|accessdate=14 March 2016}}</ref> The temple houses the samadhi of Sanakar, the disciple of [[Dakshinamoorthy]] in front of the image of Shiva. The temple is also the place where Sivananda Mouna Guru Swamigal was doing penance.<ref name=dinamalar/> As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The temple is counted as the 242nd in the list of 276 temples.<ref name=dinamalar/>

The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m, and ''Arthajamam'' at 8:00 p.m.. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Vilwanatheswarar, Itcha Sakthi and Parasakthi. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. The ten day Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Masi'' is the most important festivals of the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Vilwanatheswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=119|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=174–5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vilvanatheswarar temple}}

{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Vellore district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

Komal Singh

2026-04-23T16:54:35Z

EJEBoris894787: adding bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = File:Komal Singh in NDA legislative party meeting after Bihar Legislative Assembly elections 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Gaighat Assembly constituency|Gaighat]]
| predecessor = [[Niranjan Roy]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Komal Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Janata Dal (United)]] political party led by [[Nitish Kumar]]. She is a daughter of JDU's member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]], [[Dinesh Prasad Singh]]. She was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gaighat Assembly constituency]] in 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-komal-singh-jdu-candidate-for-gaighat-after-political-maneuvering-40009875.html#google_vignette|title=JDU Candidate Komal Singh: महेश्वर पर भारी पड़े दिनेश, बेटी कोमल को जदयू से टिकट|website= Jagran }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Being a woman, I feel…': What JD(U)'s Komal Singh said after NDA's Bihar win |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/being-a-woman-i-feel-what-jd-u-s-komal-singh-said-after-ndas-bihar-win-101763537980170.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Komal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Geographical distribution of Urdu speakers

2026-04-23T08:36:18Z

EJEBoris894787: adding article

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Urdu-speaking people
| native_name = {{unq|اہلِ زبانِ اردو}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = [[Image:Zaban urdu mualla.png]]
| image_caption = The phrase ''Zuban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla'' or "Language of the Exalted Camp"
| total = [[File:Urdu-speaking world.svg|center|frameless|280x280px]] 68.62 million
| total_year = 2019
| total_source = 
| total_ref = <ref>{{e22|urd|Urdu}}</ref>
| genealogy =
| regions = '''[[India]]''' (diasporic [[Urdu Belt]], a regional belt that consists of [[Hindi-Urdu]] belt states, many speakers live in various cities in [[Deccan Plateau]]) 
'''[[Pakistan]]''' ([[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Urdu-speaking]] in [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] & mainly across [[List of cities in Sindh by population|large cities in Sindh]] and [[List of most populous cities in Pakistan|other large Pakistani cities]]) '''[[Nepal]]''' ([[Terai region]]) '''[[Bangladesh]]''' (diasporic [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Urdu-speaking Bihari]] communities, also known as Stranded Pakistanis, live throughout Bangladesh, particularly in [[Saidpur, Bangladesh|Saidpur]], [[Nilphamari City|Nilphamari]], [[Mohammadpur Thana|Mohammadpur]] and [[Old Dhaka]])
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 50,772,631 (2011)
| ref1 = <ref name="Census">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Census of India 2011: Language|work=Office of the [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=2011|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| pop2 = 22,249,307 (2023)
| ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf | title=Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban, Census-2023 | website=pbs.gov.pk}}
</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop3 = 413,785 (2021)
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop4 = 397,502 (2013)
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/library/data/tables/2008/demo/language-use/2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls?#|title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for United States: 2009-2013}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop6 = 300,000 (2011)
| ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: Urdu-Speaking "Biharis" Seek Recognition, Respect and Rights |url=https://www.iri.org/resources/new-bangladesh-report-reveals-priorities-of-the-bihari-minority/ |date=4 February 2021 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926190315/https://www.iri.org/resources/new-bangladesh-report-reveals-priorities-of-the-bihari-minority/ |archive-date=26 September 2022 |website=International Republican Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Urdu-speaking people in Bangladesh seek land ownership for rehabilitation |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/216340/urdu-speaking-people-in-bangladesh-seek-land-ownership-for-rehabilitation |work=New Age |date=2025-06-20 |access-date=2025-06-21}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Urdu in the UK|United Kingdom]]
| pop7 = 270,000 (2011)
| ref7 = <ref name="CensusUK">{{cite web|title=2011 Census: Quick Statistics|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/STB-2011-census--quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales--march-2011.html#tab-Main-language|access-date=11 April 2015|work=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop8 = 210,815 (2016)
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census, Canada|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1|website=Government of Canada, Statistics Canada| date=8 February 2017 |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop9 = 69,131 (2016)
| ref9 = <ref name="SBS"/>
| languages = [[Urdu]]
| religions = Predominantly [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
Small Minority
[[Hindusim]], [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]]
| related_groups =
| footnotes = {{ubl|{{note|a|a}} The figure for Pakistan includes only first language Urdu-speakers, known as [[urdu speaking (Pakistan)|Urdu speaking]], and not other ethnic groups of Pakistan who may fluently speak Urdu as a first or second language, numbering up to an additional 94 million.<ref name="Nestorović2016">{{cite book|author=Čedomir Nestorović|title=Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXJBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|date=28 May 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-32754-9|pages=142–}}</ref>}}
}}
Native speakers of [[Urdu]] are spread across [[South Asia]].{{refn|group=note|"Urdu" does not broadly refer to the [[Hindustani language]], but merely the literary-[[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] (or [[Style (sociolinguistics)|style]]) of the macrolanguage self-identified as a spoken language predominantly by [[Muslims in South Asia]], hence accounting [[Modern Standard Hindi]] as a separate entity statistically.}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joseph|first=Ammu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdtjAAAAMAAJ&q=Urdudaan|title=Just Between Us: Women Speak about Their Writing|date=2004|publisher=Women's World, India|isbn=978-81-88965-15-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mir|first=Raza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCehAwAAQBAJ&dq=Urdudaans&pg=PT105|title=The Taste of Words: An Introduction to Urdu Poetry|date=15 June 2014|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-725-7|language=en}}</ref> The vast majority of them are Muslims of the [[Hindi Belt|Hindi–Urdu Belt]] of [[northern India]],{{refn|group=note|During early days of [[British India]], North Indian people of many faiths, including Hindus, self-identified as Urdu-speakers prior to the mid-19th century, after which they self-identified as [[Hindi]]-speakers.}}<ref name="Roy2020">{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Arundhati |title=Azadi: Freedom. Fascism. Fiction. |date=1 September 2020 |publisher=Haymarket Books |isbn=978-1-64259-380-8 |language=English |quote=The language known variously as Urdu/Hindi/Hindustani, and in an earlier era, Hindavi, was born on the streets and in the bazaars of North India. Khari Boli, spoken in and around Delhi and what is now western Uttar Pradesh, is the base language of which the Persian lexicon came to be added. Urdu, written in the Persian-Arabic script, was spoken by Hindus and Muslims across North India and the Deccan Plateau. ... The partitioning orf Urdu began in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, after the failed 1857 Ware of Independence (known to the British as the Mutiny), when India ceased to be merely an asset of the East India Company.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ginsburgh |first1=V. |last2=Weber |first2=S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language |date=8 April 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-32505-1 |language=English |quote=Urdu is a stylized version of the colloquial language spoken by both Muslims and Hindus in what is now central north India.}}</ref><ref name="Farooqi2012">{{cite book |last1=Farooqi |first1=M. |title=Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari |date=2012 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=978-1-137-02692-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vc1fAQAAQBAJ&q=Urdu+cultural+contact+Hindus+Muslims&pg=PT185 |language=en |quote=Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims. He noted that Urdu is not the language of Muslims alone, although Muslims may have played a larger role in making it a literary language. Hindu poets and writers could and did bring specifically Hindu cultural elements into Urdu and these were accepted.}}</ref> followed by the [[Deccanis|Deccani people]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] in south-central India (who speak [[Deccani language|Deccani Urdu]]), and majority of the [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir people]] of [[Pakistan]] and some [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|stranded communities]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Bangladesh Report Reveals Priorities of the Bihari Minority |url=https://www.iri.org/resources/new-bangladesh-report-reveals-priorities-of-the-bihari-minority/ |website=International Republican Institute |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2025-06-23 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926190315/https://www.iri.org/resources/new-bangladesh-report-reveals-priorities-of-the-bihari-minority/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AlexanderChatterji2015" /><ref name="Skutsch2013">{{cite book|author=Carl Skutsch|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSUKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT2234|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-19395-9|pages=2234–}}</ref> The historical centres of Urdu speakers include [[Delhi]] and [[Lucknow]].<ref name="2005Schmidt">{{cite book|last1=Schmidt|first1=Ruth Laila|title=Urdu: An Essential Grammar|date=8 December 2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-71319-6|language=en|quote=Historically, Urdu developed from the sub-regional language of the Delhi area, which became a literary language in the eighteenth century. Two quite similar standard forms of the language developed in Delhi, and in Lucknow in modern Uttar Pradesh. Since 1947, a third form, Karachi standard Urdu, has evolved.}}</ref><ref name="Mahapatra1989">{{cite book|last1=Mahapatra|first1=B. P.|title=Constitutional languages|date=1989|publisher=[[Presses Université Laval]]|isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1|page=553|language=en|quote=Modern Urdu is a fairly homogenous language. An older southern form, Deccani Urdu, is now obsolete. Two varieties however, must be mentioned viz. The Urdu of Delhi, and the Urdu of Lucknow. Both are almost identical, differing only in some minor points. Both of these varieties are considered 'Standard Urdu' with some minor divergences.}}</ref> Another defunct variety of the language was historically spoken in [[Lahore]] for centuries before the name "Urdu" first began to appear. However, little is known about this defunct Lahori variety as it has not been spoken for centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Literacy in the Persian World: Writing and Social Order|author=|date=19 March 2012|page=296|editor1=Brian Spooner |editor2=William L. Hanaway|publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012|isbn= 978-1934536568}}</ref>

==History==
From the early Muslim kingdoms developed Indian Muslim clan-groups who were well-rooted social groups that acted as warrior lineages providing court officers and military soldiers. These evolving communities or tribes played a key role in providing a local Muslim leadership.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyids+jansath+kakori&pg=PT257 |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars:North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion: 1770–1870 |author=C.A. Bayly |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908873-7 }}</ref> The language developed at the time of [[List of sultans of Delhi|Sultans of Dehli]] due to the mixture of people, likely to be soldiers, from Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Afghan and Indian background.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

===Mughal Empire===
As early as 1689, Europeans used the label [[Urdu|"Moors dialect"]], which simply meant "Muslim",<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zGYCAAAAQAAJ&dq=moors+dialect+urdu&pg=PA573 |title= Camoens: his life and his Lusiads, a commentary: Volume 2|date= 1881 |author= sir Richard Francis Burton, Luis Vaz de Camoens |page= 573 |publisher= Oxford University }}</ref> to describe Urdu, the language associated with the Muslims in North India,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWROaer5UsC&dq=british+moors+urdu&pg=PA1118 |title= Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary |author1= Henk W. Wagenaar |author2= S. S. Parikh |author3= D. F. Plukker |author4= R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten |date= 1993 |publisher= Allied Publishers |isbn= 9788186062104 }}</ref> such as John Ovington, who visited India during the reign of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]:<ref>{{cite book |title= A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689 |page= 147 |date= 1994 |publisher= Asian Educational Services |author= John Ovington }}</ref>

<blockquote>The language of the [[Muslims|Moors]] is different from that of the ancient original inhabitants of India, but is oblig'd to these Gentiles for its characters. For though the ''Moors dialect'' is peculiar to themselves, yet it is destitute of Letters to express it; and therefore in all their Writings in their Mother Tongue, they borrow their letters from the [[Hindus|Heathens]], or from the [[Persian Language|Persians]], or other Nations.</blockquote>

===Fall of the Mughal Empire===
The Upper Doab and Rohilkhand was dominated by a literate and homogenous elite, who embraced a distinctive [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] style of culture. This service gentry, performing both clerical and military service for the Mughal empire and its successor states, provided cultural and literary patronage that continued, even after the political decline, to act as preservers of [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] traditions and values.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6FqVKJNCfQC&dq=rohilkhand+indo-muslim+state&pg=PA102 |page=104 |author= Sandria B. Freitag |date=1989 |title= Collective Action and Community Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520064393 }}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px">

File:Painting of Cavalry in Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II.png|Cavalry in the Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II ({{reign|1806|1837}}) under British rule
File:1st Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review, 1828.jpg|Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review, 1828
File:An Officer of Col Gardiner’s irregular Cavalry.jpg|Officer of Col Gardiner’s irregular Cavalry, "drawn mainly from Muslism from Hindoostan"<ref>{{cite book |title= Gardner of Gardner's Horse, 2nd Lancers, Indian Army |url=https://google.ca/books/edition/Gardner_of_Gardner_s_Horse_2nd_Lancers_I/AjKURHnitt8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=gardner%27s+horse+yeoman+stock&pg=PA67&printsec=frontcover |page=67 |author=Narindar Saroop |date=1983 | publisher=Abhinav Publications }}</ref>
File:Sowar of Rohilla Cavalry, 1815.jpg|Sowar of the Rohilla Horse, 1815
</gallery>
The end of Muslim rule saw a large number of unemployed [[Indian Muslim]] horsemen, who were employed in the army of the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4mgMAQAAMAAJ&q=enlist+excluded+the+poorest+segment+of+the+unemployed+Muslim+horsemen |title= Stranglers and Bandits: A Historical Anthology of Thuggee |publisher= Oxford University Press |date= 2009 |author= Kim A. Wagner |isbn= 978-0-19-569815-2 }}</ref> Thus 75% of the cavalry branch of the British army was composed of a social group referred to as the "Hindustani Mahomedans". This included Indian Muslim [[Baradari (brotherhood)|Baradaris]] of the [[Hindi Belt|Urdu-Hindustani Belt]] such as the [[Ranghar|Ranghar (Rajput Muslims)]], [[Shaikhs of Uttar Pradesh|Sheikhs]], [[Sayyid]]s, [[Mughal people|Mughals]], and [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|Indianized Pathans]].<ref name="Sumit Walia 2021 125">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fWEeEAAAQBAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+muslims+delhi&pg=PA125 |title= Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security |year= 2021 |author= Sumit Walia |page= 125|publisher= Lancer Publishers |isbn= 9788170623311 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4g8xAQAAMAAJ&q=Three+-+fourths+of+the+Cavalry+branch+of+the+Bengal+Army+were+recruited+from+the+Muslims+of+various+descriptions+such+as+Hindusthanee+Muhammadans+,+Sheikhs+,+Syuds+,+Moguls+,+Pathans+,+Rangars+(+Rajput+Mussalmans+)+and+Afghans+,+while |title= Calcutta Review 1956 |page= 38 |publisher= University of Calcutta. |date= 1956 }}</ref> British officers such as [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|Skinner]], [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|Gardner]] and Hearsay had become leaders of irregular cavalry that preserved the traditions of Mughal cavalry, which had a political purpose because it absorbed pockets of cavalrymen who might otherwise become disaffected plunderers.<ref>{{ cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8bqEzPPp8xIC&dq=irregular+cavalry+syud&pg=PA159 |title= Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 |author= Christopher Alan Bayly, C. A. Bayly |date= 1996 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9780521663601 }}</ref> The Governor-general insisted that it was incumbent upon the British to "give military employment" to various north Indian Muslim soldiers, particularly those "formerly engaged in military service of the Native powers".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ma5hAQAAQBAJ&dq=bengal+irregular+cavalry+anglo-maratha+war&pg=PT212 |title=Gender, Morality, and Race in Company India, 1765-1858 |date= 2011 |author= Joseph Sramek |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9780230337626 }}</ref> The lingua franca spoken in the army was a form of [[Urdu]] referred to in colonial usage as "military Hindustani".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cy51FBmKI0gC&dq=urdu+spoken+in+the+army&pg=PA143 |title=Islam and the Army in Colonial India |date=2009 |author=Nile Green |page=143 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521898454 }}</ref>

[[File:7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry.jpg|thumb|7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry, Alam Bagh, Lucknow]]
The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was initiated by the [[3rd Bengal Light Cavalry]] in Meerut, which was composed mainly of Indian Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KPfAAAAMAAJ&q=3rd+regiment+cavalry+mainly+muslims |title=Defence Journal:Volume 5, Issues 9-12 |page=37 |author=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal |year=2002 |publisher= University of Michigan }}</ref> The mutineers made for Delhi, where its garrison revolted, massacring its British population, and installed [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] as its nominal leader. The spread of the word that the British had been expelled from Delhi, interpreted as the breakdown of British authority, acted as a catalyst for mutiny as well as revolt. Regiments in other parts of northern India only revolted after Delhi had fallen.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiWNAvhoLkkC |title=Awadh in Revolt, 1857-1858:A Study of Popular Resistance|author=Rudrangshu Mukherjee |date=2002 |publisher=Permanent Black |page=65 |isbn=9788178240275 }}</ref> British characterisations of Muslims as fanatics took the fore during and after the Great Rebellion, as well as produced the Indian Muslims as a unified, cogent group, who were easily agitated, aggressive, and inherently disloyal.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOMDwAAQBAJ&dq=muslims+eic+1857&pg=PA46 |title=Indian Muslim Minorities and the 1857 Rebellion |page=46 |author= Ilyse R. Morgenstein Fuerst |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781786732378 }}</ref>

===Urdu nationalism===
{{See also|Urdu movement}}
[[File:Mohsinul Mulk, Syed Ahmad Khan and Syed Mahmood.jpg|[[Syed Ahmed Khan]] and [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]]|thumb]]
Even in later days, the same clans were dominant groups in the associations in the defence of Urdu and district Muslim Leagues which were among the first forays of Muslims into electoral and pressure-group politics.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyids+jansath+kakori&pg=PT257 |title= Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion: 1770–1870 |author=C.A. Bayly |date=2012 }}</ref> In the 19th century, [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]] and his followers such as [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]] further advocated for the adoption of Urdu as the language of [[Indian Muslims]], and led organisations such as the [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] and [[Urdu Defence Association]], which won popular support in the [[Aligarh Movement]] and the [[Deobandism|Deoband Movement]].<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper675.html |author= R. Upadhyay |title= "Urdu Controversy – is dividing the nation further" |publisher= South Asia Analysis Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311170443/http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper675.html |archive-date=11 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was made the official language of British India in 1825 and got large opposition from the Hindus and thus sparking the [[Hindi–Urdu controversy|Hindi-Urdu controversy]] in 1867. This resulted in Sir Syed's [[Two-nation theory|Two Nation Theory]] in 1868. The Urdu language was used in the emergence of a political Muslim self-consciousness.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vgpAQAAMAAJ&q=urdu+muslim+self-consciousness |title=Muslim Peoples: Maba |date=1984 |publisher=Greenwood Press |author=Richard V. Weekes |page=826 |isbn=9780313246401 }}</ref> Syed Ahmed Khan converted the existing cultural and religious entity among Indian Muslims into a separatist political force, throwing a Western cloak of nationalism over the Islamic concept of culture. Furthermore, in 2008 Syed Nadeem Ahmed brought forward the idea of Urdu Nationalism by presenting his idea of an "Urdu Qaum" based on Urdu language and culture. The distinct sense of value, culture and tradition among Indian Muslims originated from the nature of Islamification of the Indian populace during the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC&dq=To+the+Muslims+an+industrialised+India+meant+a+Hindu+India,+because+the+Hindu+was+a+financier+and+a+business-man,+the+Muslim+in+general+an+agriculturist+and+soldier&pg=PA26 |title= Historiography of India's Partition: An Analysis of Imperialist Writings |page= 26 |author= Viśva Mohana Pāṇḍeya |date= 2003 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn= 9788126903146 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Distribution of Pakistanis speaking Urdu as a first language in 1998.png|thumb|Distribution of Pakistanis speaking Urdu as a first language in 1998]]
Although the majority of Urdu-speakers reside in [[Pakistan]] (including 30 million native speakers,<ref name="Skutsch2013" /> and up to 94 million second-language speakers),<ref name="Nestorović2016" /> where Urdu is the national and official language, most speakers who use Urdu as their [[First language|native tongue]] live in [[northern India]], where it is one of [[Languages with official status in India|22 official languages]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB4xDwAAQBAJ&dq=most+urdu+speakers+live+in+india&pg=PA60 |title=Languages of the World: An Introduction|date=24 August 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-17114-5|language=en |author-link=Asya Pereltsvaig}}</ref>

The Urdu-speaking community is also present in other parts of [[the subcontinent]] with a [[Muslim rule of India|historical Muslim presence]], such as the [[Deccani people|Deccanis]], the [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Biharis]]<ref name="AlexanderChatterji2015">{{cite book|author1=Claire Alexander|author2=Joya Chatterji|author3=Annu Jalais|title=The Bengal Diaspora: Rethinking Muslim migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ_hCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|date=6 November 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-33593-1|pages=96–}}</ref> and [[Dhakaiyas]] (who speak [[Dhakaiya Urdu]]) in Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Redclift|first=Victoria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVxtNBjTaCgC&dq=dhakaiya+community&pg=PA82|title=Statelessness and Citizenship: Camps and the Creation of Political Space|date=26 June 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22032-6|language=en}}</ref> the Urdu-speaking members of the [[Madheshi people|Madheshi community]] in Nepal,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://unpo.org/members/20426|title=Madhesh|work=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|date=2020|access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref> some [[Islam in Sri Lanka|Muslims in Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Urdu in Sri Lanka: Socio-Linguistics of a Minority Language|date=1992|pages=185–201|journal=Islamic Studies|first=M.M.M.|last=Mahroof|volume = 31|issue = 2|jstor = 20840072}}</ref> and a section of [[Burmese Indians]].<ref name="BhattacharyaKripalani2015">{{cite book|author1=Jayati Bhattacharya|author2=Coonoor Kripalani|title=Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities: Comparative Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dr7MBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|date=1 March 2015|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78308-447-0|pages=9, 121–}}</ref>

In addition, there are Urdu-speakers present among the South Asian diaspora, most notably in the [[Middle East]],<ref name="Schmidt2005">{{cite book|author=Ruth Laila Schmidt|title=Urdu: An Essential Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAiiT5ZRX_kC&pg=PR23|date=8 December 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-71320-7|pages=23–}}</ref> North America (notably the United States and Canada),<ref name="Schmidt2005" /><ref name="Leonard2007">{{cite book|author=Karen Isaksen Leonard|title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2}}</ref> Europe (notably the [[Urdu in the UK|United Kingdom]]),<ref name="BhatiaKoul2005" /> the [[Caribbean]] region,<ref name="BhatiaKoul2005">{{cite book|author1=Tej K Bhatia|author2=Ashok Koul|title=Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvqEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=10 November 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-77970-3|pages=1–}}</ref> Africa (notably [[South Africa]] and [[Mauritius]]),<ref name="BhatiaKoul2005" /> Southeast Asia (notably [[Singapore]])<ref name="Tschacher2017">{{cite book|author=Torsten Tschacher|title=Race, Religion, and the 'Indian Muslim' Predicament in Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iuw9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT235|date=10 November 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-30337-6|pages=235–}}</ref> and Oceania (notably [[Australia]]<ref name="SBS">{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/find-out-how-many-people-speak-urdu-in-your-suburb|title=Find out how many people speak Urdu in your suburb|work=SBS News|date=23 November 2018|access-date=19 July 2020|first=Waqar|last=Ali}}</ref> and [[Fiji]]).<ref name="BhatiaKoul2005" />

==See also==
* [[Urdu#Urdu speakers by country|Urdu speakers by country]]
* [[States of India by Urdu speakers]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news |last1=Alavi |first1=Shams Ur Rehman |title=Census Data on Language Reveals a Surprise about Urdu |url=https://thewire.in/culture/urdu-census-language-2011-north-india |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=The Wire |date=Jul 2018}}
* {{cite news |last1=Daniyal |first1=Shoaib |title=Surging Hindi, shrinking South Indian languages: Nine charts that explain the 2011 language census |url=https://scroll.in/article/884754/surging-hindi-shrinking-south-indian-languages-nine-charts-that-explain-the-2011-language-census |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=Scroll.in |date=Jul 2018}}

{{Geographical distribution of languages}}

[[Category:Geographical distribution of languages|Urdu]]
[[Category:Urdu]]

2022–23 I-League 2nd Division

2026-04-22T17:46:25Z

EJEBoris894787: Stub

{{Short description|15th season of the I-League 2}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
| dates = ''Qualifying:'' 12 – 16 February ''Competition proper:'' 13 March – 26 May<ref name="IL2 TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-set-to-ban-foreign-players-from-lower-leagues/articleshow/94490651.cms|title=AIFF set to ban foreign players from lower leagues|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 Sep 2022}}</ref>
| winners = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| promoted = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]] [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| matches = 88
| total goals = 243
| league topscorer = [[Irfan Yadwad]] (13 goals)
| biggest home win = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]] 5–0 [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]] (14 April) [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]] 5–0 The Diamond Rock (23 April) [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] 5–0 East Bengal (R) (29 April)
| biggest away win = Chennaiyin (R) 0–5 Bengaluru United (31 March) [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]] 0–5 [[Delhi FC|Delhi]] (9 April)
| highest scoring = [[United SC|United]] 4–3 [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]] (21 May)
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless = 8 matches Mumbai City (R)
| longest losses = 6 matches The Diamond Rock
| highest attendance = 5,275 Shillong Lajong 2–1 Bengaluru United (21 May)
| lowest attendance = 25 Chennaiyin (R) 2–1 RKM FA (10 April)
| attendance = 39,800
| average attendance = 452
| prevseason = [[2021 I-League Qualifiers|2021]]
| nextseason = [[2023–24 I-League 2|2023–24]]
| season = [[2022–23 in Indian football|2022–23]]
}}

'''2022–23 Hero I-League 2nd Division''' (known as '''Hero 2022–23 2nd Division League''') was the 15th season of the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] since its establishment in 2008. This was the first season of I-League 2nd Division since rebranding as the third tier of [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shillong Lajong return to Hero I-League after four years |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/shillong-lajong-return-to-hero-i-league-after-four-years |location=New Delhi |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522180522/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/shillong-lajong-return-to-hero-i-league-after-four-years |archive-date=22 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shillong Lajong Promoted to I-League After Four Years With 2–1 Win Over Bengaluru United |url=https://www.news18.com/football/shillong-lajong-promoted-to-i-league-after-four-years-with-2-1-win-over-bengaluru-united-7880203.html |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=news18.com|publisher=News18 Sports |date=21 May 2022 |location=New Delhi |first=Vivek |last=Ganapathy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522180246/https://www.news18.com/football/shillong-lajong-promoted-to-i-league-after-four-years-with-2-1-win-over-bengaluru-united-7880203.html |archive-date=22 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya {{!}} Shillong Lajong FC to participate in I-League after four years |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-shillong-lajong-fc-i-league.html |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=nenow.in |publisher=North East Now News |date=22 May 2022 |location=Shillong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522175639/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-shillong-lajong-fc-i-league.html |archive-date=22 May 2023 }}</ref> The league's group stage has been played from March to May 2023, parallel to the remaining part of both [[2022–23 I-League|I-League]] and [[2022–23 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]] seasons. The top two teams on the league table, Delhi and Shillong Lajong, secured a place in the [[2023–24 I-League]] season.<ref name="winner">{{cite news|title=Delhi FC crowned Hero 2nd Division champions, earn promotion to Hero I-League|url=https://i-league.org/delhi-fc-crowned-hero-2nd-division-champions-earn-promotion-to-hero-i-league/|access-date=2023-05-26|website=i-league.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/shillong-lajong-return-to-hero-i-league-after-four-years/|title=Shillong Lajong return to I-League after four years|website=i-league.org|date=21 May 2023|access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= AIFF League Committee meets via video conferencing|url= https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-meets-via-video-conferencing-2|website= www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

On 27 September 2022, the league committee meeting presided by Lalnghinglova Hmar was held. It was initially decided that 15 teams would participate in the upcoming season, including the reserve sides of ISL teams. The final phase of the league will be played on a home-and-away basis.<ref name="ait">{{Cite web |title=Lalnghinglova Hmar chairs AIFF League Committee meet |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/lalnghinglova-hmar-chairs-aiff-league-committee-meet |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

However, on 16 December, the league committee decided that 20 teams would play in I-League 2, consisting of 12 state league champions along with 6 ISL reserve sides and two qualification tournament winners.<ref name="aiff">{{Cite web |title=AIFF League Committee meeting chaired online by Lalnghinglova Hmar |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-meeting-chaired-online-by-lalnghinglova-hmar |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

On 13 January, the League committee decided that two clubs would be promoted to I-League, and two relegated clubs, along with the remaining three final-round clubs, would directly qualify for the final round of next season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=League Committee meets over video conferencing |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/league-committee-meets-over-video-conferencing |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

== Changes from last season ==
* The league will have state league champions or other eligible teams nominated by their respective state football associations besides the six reserve teams of the Indian Super League.

* Teams will be divided into zones to minimize the travel, and the winners from each zone will qualify for the final phase.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mergulhao|first=Marcus|date=May 15, 2022|title=12-team I-League next season, no promotion from second division|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/12-team-i-league-next-season-no-promotion-from-second-division/articleshow/91568618.cms |access-date=2022-09-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

* The final round will be played on a home and away basis, consisting of 5 teams.

* The two among five teams who finish at the top of the table after the final phase is promoted to the l-League.

* The two relegated I-League teams and the other three final phase teams will directly qualify for the I-League 2 final phase next season.

* Mandatory club licensing criteria are removed for participating in the league.<ref name="ait" />

== Qualification ==
=== Selection criteria ===
# State association can nominate the state league champions or other clubs based on the conducted state leagues in the previous season.
# State association can also nominate other clubs for the qualifier tournament without the state league.
# Nominated institutional clubs are ineligible for participation in the league.

=== Teams selection through state leagues ===
{{main|2021–22 Indian State Leagues}}
As per AIFF, teams will be selected to participate in I-League 2 through [[Indian State Leagues|state leagues]] nominations. Only the top-qualified team can be nominated from the state league. KLASA FC was the champions of the Manipur state league, but the All Manipur Football Association didn't nominate it but instead nominated the 5th position KIYC. AIFF decided not to allow any club from Manipur in the competition.
{{:2021–22 Indian State Leagues|transcludesection=Confirmed nominees}}

=== Reserve teams ===
The reserve teams of the 6 Indian Super League clubs will participate. However, they would not be eligible for promotion.<ref name="IL2 TOI"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Club
!City
!State
|-
|1
|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC Reserves]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|2
|[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC Reserves]]
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|3
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal Club Reserves]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|4
|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa Reserves]]
|[[Margao]]
|[[Goa]]
|-
|5
|[[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad FC Reserves]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|6
|[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City FC Reserves]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|}

=== Qualification tournament ===
The states that did not conduct their leagues in the previous season nominated respective clubs to participate in the qualification tournament. The top 2 teams qualified for I-league 2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIFF League Committee meeting chaired online by Lalnghinglova Hmar|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-meeting-chaired-online-by-lalnghinglova-hmar |access-date=2022-12-16|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Four teams will play the Hero 2nd Division League 2022-23 Qualifiers in Kokrajhar|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/six-team-will-play-the-hero-2nd-division-league-2022-23-qualifiers-in-kokrajhar|access-date=2022-12-19|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
!No!!Teams Selected!!City!!State
|-
| align="center" |1
| align="left" |[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
| align="left" |[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
| align="left" |[[Uttarakhand]]
|-
| align="center" |2
| align="left" |[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| align="left" |[[Srinagar]]
| align="left" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| align="center" |3
| align="left" |[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| align="left" |[[Shillong]]
| align="left" |[[Meghalaya]]
|-
| align="center" |4
| align="left" |[[United Chirang Duar]]
| align="left" |[[Kokrajhar]]
| align="left" |[[Assam]]
|}

=== Qualifier group ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group Q
|show_matches=yes

|update=complete
|win_COR=0 |draw_COR=0 |loss_COR=3 |gf_COR=2 |ga_COR=6 |status_COR=
|win_DTH=2 |draw_DTH=1 |loss_DTH=0 |gf_DTH=8 |ga_DTH=3 |status_DTH=
|win_SHL=2 |draw_SHL=1 |loss_SHL=0 |gf_SHL=9 |ga_SHL=2 |status_SHL=
|win_UCD=1 |draw_UCD=0 |loss_UCD=2 |gf_UCD=4 |ga_UCD=12 |status_UCD=

|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/six-team-will-play-the-hero-2nd-division-league-2022-23-qualifiers-in-kokrajhar AIFF]
|name_COR=[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
|name_DTH=[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_UCD=[[United Chirang Duar]]


|match_COR_SHL = 0-2
|match_COR_DTH = null
|match_COR_UCD = null

|match_DTH_SHL = null
|match_DTH_COR = 2-1
|match_DTH_UCD = null

|match_SHL_COR = null
|match_SHL_UCD = 6-1
|match_SHL_DTH = 1-1

|match_UCD_DTH = 1-5
|match_UCD_SHL = null
|match_UCD_COR = 2-1


|team_order=SHL, DTH, UCD, COR
|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Group stage|Group stage]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots
}}

{{Football box collapsible
| date = {{Start date|2023|2|12|df=y}}
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=16707 Report]
| team1 = [[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Sarkar|Bikram Sarkar}} {{yel|36}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Lepcha|Amon Lepcha}} {{goal|37||77}}
* {{Tooltip|Wahlang|Hamedamanbha Wahlang}} {{sent off|2|45+3|75}}
* [[Hardy Nongbri|Nongbri]] {{yel|66}}
| stadium = SAI STC Ground
| location = [[Kokrajhar|Kokrajhar, Assam]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = Simanta Kahar
| motm = Amon Lepcha (Shillong Lajong)
}}

{{Football box collapsible
| date = {{Start date|2023|2|12|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| score = 1–5
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=16708 Report]
| team1 = [[United Chirang Duar]]
| team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Hazowary|Didwm Hazowary}} {{yel|37}}
* {{Tooltip|Lalbiakdika|Lalbiakdika}} {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Bhuiya|Parvaj Bhuiya}} {{goal|3}}
* {{Tooltip|Dar|Ateeb Ahmed Dar}} {{goal|26||62||68||83}}
* {{Tooltip|Tariq|Shahmeer Tariq}} {{yel|40}}
* {{Tooltip|Hilal Dar|Mehran Hilal Dar}} {{yel|65}}
* {{Tooltip|Yousif|Zahid Yousif}} {{yel|77}}
| stadium = SAI STC Ground
| location = [[Kokrajhar|Kokrajhar, Assam]]
| attendance = 250
| referee = Thomas Melbin Parappalliyil
| motm = Ateeb Ahmed Dar (Downtown Heroes)
}}

{{Football box collapsible
| date = {{Start date|2023|2|14|df=y}}
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| score = 6–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=16709 Report]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| team2 = [[United Chirang Duar]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Kharsahnoh|Sambor Oneel Kharsahnoh}} {{goal|4}}
* {{Tooltip|Tariang|Shano Tariang}} {{goal|27}}
* [[Hardy Nongbri|Nongbri]] {{goal|31||81}} {{yel|81}}
* {{Tooltip|Lepcha|Amon Lepcha}} {{yel|45+3}}
* {{Tooltip|Shianglong|Sangti Janai Shianglong}} {{goal|84}}
* {{Tooltip|Marngar|Babysunday Marngar}} {{goal|90}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Basumatary|Situ Basumatary}} {{goal|20}} {{yel|71}}
| stadium = SAI STC Ground
| location = [[Kokrajhar|Kokrajhar, Assam]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = A Arun Chakkaravarthi
| motm = Sangti Janai Shianglong (Shillong Lajong)
}}

{{Football box collapsible
| date = {{Start date|2023|2|14|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=16710 Report]
| team1 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| team2 = [[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Terang|Jirjar Terang}} {{yel|13}}
* {{Tooltip|Manisana Singh|Pukhrambam Manisana Singh}} {{goal|50}}
* {{Tooltip|Yousuf|Hyder Yousuf}} {{yel|63}}
* {{Tooltip|Dar|Ateeb Ahmed Dar}} {{goal|85}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Mehra|Bharat Mehra}} {{yel|12}}
* {{Tooltip|Oraon|Sakti Nath Oraon}} {{goal|16}}
* {{Tooltip|Nomuk|Doli Nomuk}} {{yel|55}}
* {{Tooltip|Rafi|Mohammed Rafi K}} {{yel|75}}
| stadium = SAI STC Ground
| location = [[Kokrajhar|Kokrajhar, Assam]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = Dipak Singha
| motm = Ateeb Ahmed Dar (Downtown Heroes)
}}

{{Football box collapsible
| date = {{Start date|2023|2|16|df=y}}
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=16711 Report]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Chhetri|Abhay Chhetri}} {{yel|12}}
* {{Tooltip|Kharsahnoh|Sambor Oneel Kharsahnoh}} {{goal|51}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Yousif|Zahid Yousif}} {{goal|12}}
* {{Tooltip|Yousuf|Hyder Yousuf}} {{yel|32}}
* {{Tooltip|Manisana Singh|Pukhrambam Manisana Singh}} {{yel|35}}
* {{Tooltip|Bhuiya|Parvaj Bhuiya}} {{yel|43}}
* {{Tooltip|Tariq|Shahmeer Tariq}} {{yel|55}}
* {{Tooltip|Terang|Jirjar Terang}} {{yel|90+5}}
| stadium = SAI STC Ground
| location = [[Kokrajhar|Kokrajhar, Assam]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = A Arun Chakkaravarthi
| motm = Sambor Oneel Kharsahnoh (Shillong Lajong)
}}

{{Football box collapsible
| date = {{Start date|2023|2|16|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=16712 Report]
| team1 = [[United Chirang Duar]]
| team2 = [[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Lalbiakdika|Lalbiakdika}} {{goal|74||86}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Ghogale|Madan Ghogale}} {{goal|76}}
* {{Tooltip|Negi|Shailendra Singh Negi}} {{yel|84}}
| stadium = SAI STC Ground
| location = [[Kokrajhar|Kokrajhar, Assam]]
| attendance = 150
| referee = Dipak Singha
| motm = Lalbiakdika (United Chirang Duar)
}}

== Clubs ==
=== Stadiums and locations ===
<section begin="map" />
{{location map+
|India3|width=385
|float=right
|caption=Locations of current I-League 2 clubs
|places=


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=23.03 |long=72.58 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[ARA FC|ARA]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=28.613895 |long=77.209006 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=34.09 |long=74.79 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=9.997 |long=76.300 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=31.218 |long=75.77 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:-4px;>{{nowrap|Jagat Singh Palahi}}</div>|position=left}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=24.633333|long=93.766667 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:-4px;>{{nowrap|<s>[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]</s>}}</div>|position=right}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=19.7167 |long=81.25 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]}}</div>|position=left}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=25.582 |long=91.894 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]}}</div>|position=up}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=31.468 |long=76.271 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:0.5px;">{{nowrap|[[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=21.8 |long=80.18 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|The Diamond Rock}}</div>|position=right}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=22.975 |long=88.434 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|[[United SC|United]]}}</div>|position=left}}



{{location map~ |India2 |lat=12.968 |long=77.611 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[Bengaluru]]'''}}</div>|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=10 |long=88 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">'''Bengaluru teams''' {{nowrap|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=13.085 |long=80.271 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]}}</div>|position=right}}



{{location map~ |India2 |lat=15.467 |long=73.862 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[Goa]]'''}}</div>|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=14 |long=88 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">'''Goa teams''' {{nowrap|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=22.5675 |long=88.37 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]}}</div>|position=right}}


{{location map~ |India2 |lat=17.385 |long=78.486694 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|[[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]}}</div>|position=right}}



{{location map~ |India2 |lat=18.024 |long=72.828 |label= <div style="font-size:84%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[Mumbai]]'''}}</div>|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India2 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=18 |long=88 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">'''Mumbai teams''' {{nowrap|[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]}} 
</div>
|position=right}}
}}

<section end="map" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!State/UT
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|Shahibaug Police Stadium
|20,000
|-
|[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Cooperage Ground]]
|5,000
|-
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|Minerva Academy Ground
|
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|[[Goa]]
|[[Panjim]]
|Dempo Academy Ground
|3,000
|-
|[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]]
|[[TRC Turf Ground]]
|11,000
|-
|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|8,400
|-
|[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kochi]]
|Panampally Ground
|2,500
|-
|[[Jagat Singh Palahi FC|Jagat Singh Palahi]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Phagwara]]
|Hargobind Stadium
|
|-
|[[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh|Narainpur]]
|Ramakrishna Mission Sports Complex
|
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[Shillong]]
|SSA Stadium
|5,000
|-
|[[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]
|Minerva Academy Ground
|
|-
|[[The Diamond Rock FC|The Diamond Rock]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Balaghat]]
|Mulna Stadium
|15,000
|-
|[[United SC|United]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|[[Kalyani Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|8,400
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Chennai]]
|SSN College Ground
|
|-
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
|25,000
|-
|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
|[[Goa]]
|[[Margao]]
|Nagoa Football Ground
|
|-
|[[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
|8,400
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Cooperage Ground]]
|5,000
|}

=== Personnel and kits ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:100%"
!Team
!Manager
!Captain
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vivek Nagul
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naro Hari Shrestha]]
|[[SEVEN (brand)|SEVEN]]
|[[Amul]]
|-
|[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Steven Dias]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Himanshu Patil
|
|Ambernath United Atlanta
|-
||[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surinder Singh (footballer)|Surinder Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurtej Singh]]
|Astro
|Colordesign India
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samir Subash Naik|Samir Naik]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shallum Pires]]
|Shiv Naresh
|[[Dempo]]
|-
|[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Hilal Rasool Parray
|{{flagicon|IND}} Zubair Ahad Akhoon
|Chinar
|[[Jammu & Kashmir Bank|J&K Bank]]
|-
|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fernando Santiago Varela|Fernando Varela]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sushil Meitei]]
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|NIMIDA
|-
|[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Samuel Geevarghese
|{{flagicon|IND}} Bibake Thapa
|[[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]
|Wayna
|-
|[[Jagat Singh Palahi FC|Jagat Singh Palahi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sukhwinder Kumar
|{{flagicon|IND}} Shamsher Singh Mahala
|JB Sports
|JSP Football Academy
|-
|[[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jahar Das]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Suresh Kumar Dhruv
|Nivia
|
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bobby Nongbet]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Atlanson Kharmaw
|Nivia
|
|-
|[[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vipin Thapa
|{{flagicon|IND}} Janio Fernandas
|King
|
|-
|[[The Diamond Rock FC|The Diamond Rock]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chandan Rathod
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sujit Hansda
|Nivia
|Apollo Tyres
|-
|[[United SC|United]]
|{{flagicon|BEL}} Steve Herbots
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjib Mondal
|Trak Only
|
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kaizad Ambapardiwala
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lara Sharma]]
|[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|[[JSW Steel|JSW]]
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Cleofas Alex
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aqib Nawab
|Nivia
|
|-
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bino George]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjib Ghosh
|Trak Only
|[[Emami]]
|-
|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sugitesh Mandrekar
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mevan Dias
|T10 Sports
|[[Parimatch|Parimatch News]]
|-
|[[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Renjith Ajithkumar
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mark Zothanpuia
|Hummel
|[[Stake.com|Stake News]]
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Anthony Fernandes
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahan Prakash]]
|Puma
|
|}

== Group stage ==
6 Indian Super League reserve sides play in this round, along with 12 state champions and two state qualification tournament winners.

Twenty teams are divided into four groups of 5, where each team plays each other twice in a home and away format. Each group winner along with the best second placed team qualify for the final round.<ref name="aiff" />

=== Group A ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source= [https://i-league.org/points-table/2nd-division-league/ AIFF]


|team1=DEL
|team2=DTH
|team3=JSP
|team4=TSU
|team5=MCI


|win_DEL = 5 |draw_DEL = 1 |loss_DEL = 2 |gf_DEL = 20 |ga_DEL = 5 
|win_DTH = 4 |draw_DTH = 2 |loss_DTH = 2 |gf_DTH = 7 |ga_DTH = 5 
|win_JSP = 4 |draw_JSP = 1 |loss_JSP = 3 |gf_JSP = 10 |ga_JSP = 9 
|win_MCI = 0 |draw_MCI = 2 |loss_MCI = 6 |gf_MCI = 4 |ga_MCI = 23 
|win_TSU = 4 |draw_TSU = 0 |loss_TSU = 4 |gf_TSU = 9 |ga_TSU = 8 


|name_DTH = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|name_TSU = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
|name_DEL = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|name_JSP = Jagat Singh Palahi
|name_MCI = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]


|show_limit=4


|result1=KO


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[#Final round|Final round]]

|match_DEL_JSP = 2-0
|match_DEL_MCI = 4-0
|match_DEL_DTH = 3-0
|match_DEL_TSU = 0-1

|match_DTH_MCI = 0-0
|match_DTH_JSP = 1-0
|match_DTH_DEL = 1-1
|match_DTH_TSU = 1-0

|match_JSP_MCI = 3-3
|match_JSP_DTH = 1-0
|match_JSP_TSU = 0-1
|match_JSP_DEL = 2-1

|match_MCI_DTH = 0-2
|match_MCI_TSU = 0-4
|match_MCI_DEL = 0-5
|match_MCI_JSP = 1-3

|match_TSU_JSP = 0-1
|match_TSU_DEL = 1-4
|match_TSU_DTH = 0-2
|match_TSU_MCI = 2-0
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|13|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17815 Report]
| team2 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Bhandari|Neeraj Bhandari}} {{yel|17}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Thakur|Hemant Thakur}} {{goal|12}}
* {{Tooltip|Rakshit|Rakshit}} {{yel|50}}
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Academy Ground
| attendance = 150
| motm = Hemant Thakur (Techtro Swades United)
| referee = Diwakar Kumar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|13|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Jagat Singh Palahi
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17816 Report]
| team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Singh|Jatinder Singh}} {{yel|30}}
* {{Tooltip|Ishwar|Ishwar}} {{yel|59}}
* {{Tooltip|Bhattarai|Madan Bhattarai}} {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Phagwara|Phagwara, Punjab]]
| stadium = Hargobind Stadium
| attendance = 500
| motm = Shamsher Singh Mahala (Jagat Singh Palahi)
| referee = Vishal
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|17|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17817 Report]
| team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Rawat|Gaurav Rawat}} {{goal|6}} {{yel|49}}
* {{Tooltip|Bisht|Nirmal Singh Bisht}} {{goal|56}}
* {{Tooltip|Inam|Mohammad Inam}} {{goal|78}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Nazir|Shahid Nazir}} {{yel|59}}
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Academy Ground
| attendance = 60
| motm = Gaurav Rawat (Delhi)
| referee = Jatinder Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|17|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Jagat Singh Palahi
| score = 3–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17818 Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Bahadur Singh|Jang Bahadur Singh}} {{goal|20}}
* {{Tooltip|Rattu|Abhishek Rattu}} {{goal|56}}
* {{Tooltip|Slathia|Tarun Slathia}} {{goal|58}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Chhikara|Ayush Chhikara}} {{goal|32||52}}
* {{Tooltip|Asif|Mohammed Asif}} {{goal|83}}
| location = [[Phagwara|Phagwara, Punjab]]
| stadium = Hargobind Stadium
| attendance = 300
| motm = Ayush Chhikara (Mumbai City (R))
| referee = Anil Gulia
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|21|df=y}}
| time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17819 Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Thapa|Akshay Thapa}} {{goal|1}} {{yel|65}}
* {{Tooltip|Pariyar|Ranjeet Pariyar}} {{goal|78}}
| goals2 = * [[Gyamar Nikum|Nikum]] {{yel|20}}
* [[PC Rohlupuia|Rohlupuia]] {{yel|90+4}}
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Academy Ground
| attendance = 200
| motm = Ranjeet Pariyar (Techtro Swades United)
| referee = Vishal
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|21|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Jagat Singh Palahi
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17820 Report]
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Bahadur Singh|Jang Bahadur Singh}} {{yel|23}}
* {{Tooltip|Goyal|Aameen Goyal}} {{yel|42}}
* {{Tooltip|Jaiswar|Bhawani Jaiswar}} {{yel|50}}
* {{Tooltip|Virwani|Gautam A Virwani}} {{goal|55}}
* {{Tooltip|Rasheed|Mohammed Rasheed}} {{goal|90+8}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Vanlalhriatzuala|Vanlalhriatzuala K}} {{goal|90+4}}
| location = [[Phagwara|Phagwara, Punjab]]
| stadium = Hargobind Stadium
| attendance = 250
| motm = Mohammed Rasheed (Jagat Singh Palahi)
| referee = Rohan Das Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|27|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17821 Report]
| team2 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| goals1 = * [[Basit Ahmed Bhat|Bhat]] {{yel|21}}
* {{Tooltip|Hilal Dar|Mehran Hilal Dar}} {{goal|31}}
* {{Tooltip|Bhuiya|Parvaj Bhuiya}} {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 2,000
| motm = Parvaj Bhuiya (Downtown Heroes)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|02|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17822 Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Pandya|Dhruvmil Pandya}} {{yel|41}}
* {{Tooltip|Fayaz|Iqlak Fayaz}} {{yel|59}}
* {{Tooltip|Tariq|Shahmeer Tariq}} {{yel|79}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 350
| motm = [[Ahan Prakash]] (Mumbai City (R))
| referee = Anil Gulia
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|02|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17823 Report]
| team2 = Jagat Singh Palahi
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Chaudhary|Manish Chaudhary}} {{yel|33}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Rattu|Abhishek Rattu}} {{goal|55}}
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Academy Ground
| attendance = 250
| motm = Dinesh Choudhary (Techtro Swades United)
| referee = Anand Rana
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|05|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17824 Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Gurung|Abhay Gurung}} {{goal|66||90+5}}
* {{Tooltip|Manvir|Manvir Singh}} {{goal|81}}
* {{Tooltip|Temuri|Fahad Temuri}} {{goal|83}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Academy Ground
| attendance = 150
| motm = Abhay Gurung (Delhi)
| referee = Diwakar Kumar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|07|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17825 Report]
| team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Rakshit|Rakshit}} {{sent off|0|71}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Ahmed Dar|Ateeb Ahmed Dar}} {{goal|25}}
* {{Tooltip|Yousuf|Hyder Yousuf}} {{yel|35}}
* {{Tooltip|Pandya|Dhruvmil Pandya}} {{yel|37}}
* {{Tooltip|Shaikh|Sufiyan Shaikh}} {{goal|73|p}}
* {{Tooltip|Ahmad Dar|Furqan Ahmad Dar}} {{yel|86}}
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Academy Ground
| attendance = 100
| motm = Ateeb Ahmed Dar (Downtown Heroes)
| referee = Ankush Chakraborty
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|09|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
| score = 0–5
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17826 Report]
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Shaikh|Mustafa Shaikh}} {{yel|45+2}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Vanlalhriatzuala|Vanlalhriatzuala K}} {{goal|10}}
* {{Tooltip|Rawat|Rahul Rawat}} {{goal|24}}
* [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|66||84|p}}
* {{Tooltip|Gurung|Abhay Gurung}} {{goal|72}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 523
| motm = [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]] (Delhi)
| referee = Thomas Melbin Parappalliyil
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17827 Report]
| team2 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|D'Souza|Steiner D'Souza}} {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Ahmed Dar|Ateeb Ahmed Dar}} {{goal|44}}
* {{Tooltip|Shaiza|Rinreithan Shaiza}} {{goal|45+2}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 220
| motm = Parvaj Bhuiya (Downtown Heroes)
| referee = Deepraj Damodar Sangelkar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 14
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|15|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
| score = 1–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17828 Report]
| team2 = Jagat Singh Palahi
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Shaikh|Mustafa Shaikh}} {{goal|28}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Jaiswar|Bhawani Jaiswar}} {{goal|12}}
* {{Tooltip|Bahadur Singh|Jang Bahadur Singh}} {{yel|17}}
* {{Tooltip|Singh|Balkar Singh}} {{goal|24||43}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 200
| motm = Balkar Singh (Jagat Singh Palahi)
| referee = Anil Gulia
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 15
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|15|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| score = 1–4
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17829 Report]
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Priyanshu|Priyanshu}} {{goal|39}}
* {{Tooltip|Yadav|Abhay Yadav}} {{yel|76}}
* {{Tooltip|Gaurab|Gaurab}} {{yel|79}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Vanlalhriatzuala|Vanlalhriatzuala K}} {{goal|11}}
* [[Bali Gagandeep|Gagandeep]] {{goal|17}}
* [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|45+1}}
* {{Tooltip|Singh|Bhupinder Singh}} {{goal|70}}
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Academy Ground
| attendance = 90
| motm = [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]] (Delhi)
| referee = Nayakappu Kurumaiah
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 16
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|20|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17830 Report]
| team2 = Jagat Singh Palahi
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Bhuiya|Parvaj Bhuiya}} {{goal|64}}
* {{Tooltip|Tariq|Shahmeer Tariq}} {{yel|76}}
* {{Tooltip|Fayaz|Iqlak Fayaz}} {{yel|90+2}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Rattu|Abhishek Rattu}} {{yel|35}}
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 50
| motm = Parvaj Bhuiya (Downtown Heroes)
| referee = Lakshay
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 17
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|21|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City (R)]]
| score = 0–4
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17831 Report]
| team2 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Brar|Tegh Singh Brar}} {{goal|45+2}}
* {{Tooltip|Thapa|Himanshu Thapa}} {{goal|82}}
* {{Tooltip|Thakur|Hemant Thakur}} {{goal|85}}
* {{Tooltip|D'Souza|Steiner D'Souza}} {{goal|87|o.g.}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 200
| motm = Himanshu Thapa (Techtro Swades United)
| referee = Surojit Das
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 18
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|24|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17832 Report]
| team2 = Jagat Singh Palahi
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Kartik|Kartik}} {{yel|34}}
* [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|49}}
* {{Tooltip|Rawat|Gaurav Rawat}} {{yel|54}}
* {{Tooltip|Fahad|Fahad Temuri}} {{goal|76}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Academy Ground
| attendance = 240
| motm = [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]] (Delhi)
| referee = Diwakar Kumar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 19
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|29|df=y}}
| time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17833 Report]
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Bhuiya|Parvaj Bhuiya}} {{goal|31}} {{yel|31}}
* {{Tooltip|Yousif|Zahid Yousif}} {{sent off|2|52|85}}
* {{Tooltip|Dar|Furqan Ahmad Dar}} {{yel|65}}
| goals2 = * [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{yel|17}} {{goal|58|p}}
* {{Tooltip|Kartik|Kartik}} {{yel|44}}
* {{Tooltip|Inam|Mohammad Inam}} {{sent off|2|83|90+6}}
* {{Tooltip|Mehra|Nitish Mehra}} {{yel|89}}
| location = [[Srinagar|Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 300
| motm = Parvaj Bhuiya (Downtown Heroes)
| referee = Nayakappu Kurumaiah
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 20
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|29|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Jagat Singh Palahi
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17834 Report]
| team2 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Rasheed|Mohammed Rasheed}} {{yel|26}}
* {{Tooltip|Jaiswar|Bhawani Jaiswar}} {{sent off|0|90+3}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Thapa|Himanshu Thapa}} {{goal|10}}
* {{Tooltip|Singh|Jagmeet Singh}} {{yel|55}}
* {{Tooltip|Chaudhary|Manish Chaudhary}} {{yel|90+3}}
| location = [[Phagwara|Phagwara, Punjab]]
| stadium = Hargobind Stadium
| attendance = 200
| motm = Dinesh Choudhary (Techtro Swades United)
| referee = Lakshay
}}

=== Group B ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source= [https://i-league.org/points-table/2nd-division-league/ AIFF]


|team1=USC
|team2=SHI
|team3=EAB
|team4=TDR


|win_EAB = 2 |draw_EAB = 1 |loss_EAB = 3 |gf_EAB = 8 |ga_EAB = 8 
|win_SHI = 4 |draw_SHI = 1 |loss_SHI = 1 |gf_SHI = 13 |ga_SHI = 3 
|win_TDR = 0 |draw_TDR = 0 |loss_TDR = 6 |gf_TDR = 3 |ga_TDR = 18 
|win_USC = 4 |draw_USC = 2 |loss_USC = 0 |gf_USC = 9 |ga_USC = 4 


|name_EAB = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
|name_SHI = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_TDR = The Diamond Rock
|name_USC = [[United SC|United]]


|show_limit=4


|result1=KO |result2=KO


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[#Final round|Final round]]

|match_EAB_TDR = 5-0
|match_EAB_SHI = 0-1
|match_EAB_USC = 0-0

|match_SHI_TDR = 4-0
|match_SHI_EAB = 5-0
|match_SHI_USC = 1-1

|match_TDR_SHI = 0-1
|match_TDR_USC = 2-3
|match_TDR_EAB = 1-3

|match_USC_TDR = 2-0
|match_USC_EAB = 1-0
|match_USC_SHI = 2-1
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|04|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[United SC|United]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17966 Report]
| team2 = The Diamond Rock
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Mondal|Sanjib Mondal}} {{yel|33}}
* {{Tooltip|Murmu|Dipesh Murmu}} {{goal|41}}
* {{Tooltip|Chakraborty|Amarendu Chakraborty}} {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Ghosh|Achinta Ghosh}} {{yel|82}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 205
| motm = Amarendu Chakraborty (United)
| referee = Shantan Agrawal
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|04|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17967 Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Roy|Mahitosh Roy}} {{yel|43}}
* [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam|Kiyam]] {{yel|73}}
* {{Tooltip|Mandi|Subhendu Mandi}} {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Pursunep|Pursunep}} {{goal|50}}
| location = [[Naihati|Naihati, West Bengal]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 300
| motm = Sambor Oneel Kharsahnoh (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Ashish Tiwari
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|09|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17968 Report]
| team2 = [[United SC|United]]
| goals1 = * [[Vishnu TM|Vishnu]] {{yel|37}}
* {{Tooltip|Roy|Mahitosh Roy}} {{yel|54}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Murmu|Dipesh Murmu}} {{yel|79}}
| location = [[Naihati|Naihati, West Bengal]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,000
| motm =
| referee = Nishant Bhengra
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|09|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = The Diamond Rock
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17969 Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Ghosh|Subhanil Ghosh}} {{yel|90}}
| goals2 = * [[Hardy Nongbri|Nongbri]] {{goal|68}}
| location = [[Balaghat|Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh]]
| stadium = Mulna Stadium
| attendance = 27
| motm = [[Hardy Nongbri]] (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Ashish Tiwari
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|14|df=y}}
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17970 Report]
| team2 = [[United SC|United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Mylliempdah|Everbrightson Sana Mylliempdah}} {{goal|23}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Murmu|Subrata Murmu}} {{goal|33}}
* {{Tooltip|Das|Totan Das}} {{yel|74}}
* {{Tooltip|Mandi|Basu Deb Mandi}} {{yel|75}}
| location = [[Shillong|Shillong, Meghalaya]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium, 1st Ground
| attendance = 700
| motm = Everbrightson Sana Mylliempdah (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|14|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = The Diamond Rock
| score = 1–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17971 Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Mangana|Ningthouiam Jack Mangana}} {{goal|61}}
* {{Tooltip|Negi|Pankaj Negi}} {{yel|90+5}}
| goals2 = * [[Jesin TK|Jesin]] {{goal|13}}
* {{Tooltip|Ghosh|Sanjib Ghosh}} {{goal|80}}
* {{Tooltip|Bhowmick|Shubham Bhowmick}} {{yel|87}}
* {{Tooltip|Saha|Dip Saha}} {{goal|90+6}}
| location = [[Balaghat|Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh]]
| stadium = Mulna Stadium
| attendance = 54
| motm = Sanjib Ghosh (East Bengal (R))
| referee = V Eshwar Rao
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|19|df=y}}
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17972 Report]
| team2 = The Diamond Rock
| goals1 = * [[Hardy Nongbri|Nongbri]] {{goal|19|p|61}}
* {{Tooltip|Nonglait|Ronaldkydon Lyngdoh Nonglait}} {{yel|36}}
* {{Tooltip|Marngar|Babysunday Marngar}} {{yel|45+1}}
* {{Tooltip|Kharbudon|Ronney Willson Kharbudon}} {{goal|70}}
* {{Tooltip|Ryngkhlem|Wadajied Kynsai Ryngkhlem}} {{goal|90+1}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Singh|Sujit Singh}} {{yel|50}}
* {{Tooltip|Malviya|Ashutosh Malviya}} {{yel|68}}
| location = [[Shillong|Shillong, Meghalaya]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium, 1st Ground
| attendance = 500
| motm = [[Hardy Nongbri]] (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|19|df=y}}
| time = 15.45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[United SC|United]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17973 Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Murmu|Jiten Murmu}} {{goal|78}}
| goals2 = * [[Vishnu TM|Vishnu]] {{yel|44}}
* {{Tooltip|Mondal|Niranjan Mondal}} {{yel|48}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 230
| motm = Jiten Murmu (United)
| referee = Ashish Tiwari
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|23|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
| score = 5–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17974 Report]
| team2 = The Diamond Rock
| goals1 = * [[Wahengbam Angousana|Angousana]] {{goal|26||55}}
* [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam|Kiyam]] {{goal|38}}
* {{Tooltip|Gulzar|Talib Gulzar}} {{goal|45+1|o.g.}}
* {{Tooltip|Singh|Vivek Singh}} {{goal|76}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Naihati|Naihati, West Bengal]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 350
| motm = [[Wahengbam Angousana]] (East Bengal (R))
| referee = Priyobarta Singh Langpoklakpam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|24|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[United SC|United]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17975 Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Mandi|Basu Deb Mandi}} {{yel|16}}
* {{Tooltip|Chakraborty|Amit Chakraborty}} {{goal|23}}
* {{Tooltip|Tudu|Amit Tudu}} {{yel|66}} {{goal|79}}
* {{Tooltip|Ghosh|Susovan Ghosh}} {{yel|67}}
* {{Tooltip|Das|Totan Das}} {{yel|75}}
* {{Tooltip|Murmu|Subrata Murmu}} {{yel|90}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Kharmaw|Atlanson Kharmaw}} {{yel|30}}
* {{Tooltip|Mylliempdah|Everbrightson Sana Mylliempdah}} {{goal|59}}
* {{Tooltip|Marngar|Babysunday Marngar}} {{yel|67}}
* {{Tooltip|Lama|Bishal Lama}} {{yel|90}}
* {{Tooltip|Tariang|Saveme Tariang}} {{yel|90}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 500
| motm = Amit Tudu (United)
| referee = Joyshing Monsang Thumli
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|29|df=y}}
| time = 14.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 5–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17976 Report]
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Nongneng|Henryford Nongneng}} {{yel|33}}
* {{Tooltip|Shianglong|Sangti Janai Shianglong}} {{goal|42||75}}
* {{Tooltip|Ryngkhlem|Wadajied Kynsai Ryngkhlem}} {{goal|85}}
* {{Tooltip|Nonglait|Ronaldkydon Lyngdoh Nonglait}} {{goal|90}}
* [[Hardy Nongbri|Nongbri]] {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 = * [[Vishnu TM|Vishnu]] {{yel|33}}
* {{Tooltip|Mondal|Niranjan Mondal}} {{yel|86}} {{sent off|0|87}}
* {{Tooltip|Khan|Nabi Hussain Khan}} {{yel|86}} {{sent off|0|87}}
| location = [[Shillong|Shillong, Meghalaya]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium, 1st Ground
| attendance = 400
| motm = Sangti Janai Shianglong (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Prabhat Kalita
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|29|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = The Diamond Rock
| score = 2–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17977 Report]
| team2 = [[United SC|United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Sarkar|Anirvan Sarkar}} {{yel|33}}
* {{Tooltip|Rajak|Rishabh Kumar Rajak}} {{goal|36}}
* {{Tooltip|Rupnath|Rupnath}} {{yel|45+1}} {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Tudu|Amit Tudu}} {{yel|53}}
* {{Tooltip|Hembram|Tarak Hembram}} {{goal|64}}
* {{Tooltip|Chakraborty|Amarendu Chakraborty}} {{goal|67}}
* [[Jiten Murmu|Murmu]] {{goal|87|p}}
* {{Tooltip|Ghising|Prabik Ghising}} {{yel|90+2}}
| location = [[Balaghat|Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh]]
| stadium = Mulna Football Stadium
| attendance = 125
| motm = Tarak Hembram (United)
| referee = Shantan Agrawal
}}

=== Group C ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source= [https://i-league.org/points-table/2nd-division-league/ AIFF]


|team1=FCBU
|team2=GTFC
|team4=CFC
|team3=BFC
|team5=RKM


|win_BFC = 3 |draw_BFC = 2 |loss_BFC = 3 |gf_BFC = 10 |ga_BFC = 11 
|win_CFC = 3 |draw_CFC = 0 |loss_CFC = 5 |gf_CFC = 7 |ga_CFC = 17 
|win_FCBU = 5 |draw_FCBU = 2 |loss_FCBU = 1 |gf_FCBU = 21 |ga_FCBU = 5 
|win_GTFC = 3 |draw_GTFC = 3 |loss_GTFC = 2 |gf_GTFC = 13 |ga_GTFC = 11 
|win_RKM = 2 |draw_RKM = 1 |loss_RKM = 5 |gf_RKM = 8 |ga_RKM = 15 


|name_RKM = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
|name_CFC = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
|name_BFC = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
|name_FCBU = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|name_GTFC = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]


|show_limit=4


|result1=KO |result2=2nd


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[#Final round|Final round]]

|match_BFC_FCBU = 0-2
|match_BFC_GTFC = 1-1
|match_BFC_RKM = 2-2
|match_BFC_CFC = 2-1

|match_CFC_FCBU = 0-5
|match_CFC_BFC = 1-0
|match_CFC_RKM = 2-1
|match_CFC_GTFC = 0-1

|match_FCBU_GTFC = 2-2
|match_FCBU_RKM = 4-0
|match_FCBU_CFC = 5-0
|match_FCBU_BFC = 1-2

|match_GTFC_RKM = 3-1
|match_GTFC_CFC = 3-2
|match_GTFC_BFC = 1-2
|match_GTFC_FCBU = 1-1

|match_RKM_GTFC = 2-1
|match_RKM_FCBU = 0-1
|match_RKM_BFC = 2-1
|match_RKM_CFC = 0-1
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|13|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17835 Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Rawat|Suraj Rawat}} {{yel|67}}
* {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{goal|77|p}}
* {{Tooltip|Iawphniaw|Manbhakupar Iawphniaw}} {{yel|81}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Yadav|Robin Yadav}} {{yel|36}}
* [[Amrit Gope|Gope]] {{sent off|0|38}}
* [[Leon Augustine|Augustine]] {{goal|41}}
* [[Namgyal Bhutia|Bhutia]] {{goal|69|p}}
* [[Lara Sharma|Sharma]] {{yel|80}}
* {{Tooltip|Singh|Harpreet Singh}} {{yel|90+7}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 300
| motm = Robin Yadav (Bengaluru (R))
| referee = Ritesh Parsekar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|13|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17836 Report]
| team2 = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Pradeesh|Pradeesh C}} {{sent off|2|36|87}}
* {{Tooltip|Thapa|Bibake Thapa}} {{goal|45+3}}
* {{Tooltip|Au|Harikrishna Au}} {{yel|57}}
| location = [[Thiruporur|Thiruporur, Tamil Nadu]]
| stadium = SSN College Ground
| attendance = 50
| motm = Bibake Thapa (Golden Threads)
| referee = Arvind Sekhar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|17|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17837 Report]
| team2 = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Jha|Ashish Jha}} {{goal|5}}
* {{Tooltip|Kamalesh|Kamalesh P}} {{yel|49}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Babu|Bibin Babu}} {{yel|59}}
* {{Tooltip|Thapa|Bibake Thapa}} {{goal|68}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 300
| motm = Bibake Thapa (Golden Threads)
| referee = Manjeet Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|18|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17838 Report]
| team2 = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{goal|3}}
* [[Sushil Meitei|Meitei]] {{goal|20,90+8}}
* {{Tooltip|Franklin|Shajan Franklin}} {{goal|26}}
* {{Tooltip|Kannan|Manoj Swamy Kannan}} {{yel|90+6}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Dhruw|Suresh Kumar Dhruw}} {{yel|11}}
* {{Tooltip|Sarkar|Sudip Sarma Sarkar}} {{yel|59}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 500
| motm = [[Sushil Meitei|Ahongsghangbam Sushil Meitei]] (Bengaluru United)
| referee = Irfan Imtiyaz Shaikh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|22|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17839 Report]
| team2 = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Boban|Bibin Boban}} {{goal|52,68}}
* {{Tooltip|Abdullah|Abdullah K S}} {{goal|70}}
* {{Tooltip|Dipin|Dipin A}} {{yel|87}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Dhruw|Suresh Kumar Dhruw}} {{yel|65}}
* {{Tooltip|Kilomg|Lalboilen Kilong}} {{goal|82}}
* {{Tooltip|Pramanik|Abhijit Pramanik}} {{yel|87}}
| location = [[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala]]
| stadium = Panampally Ground
| attendance = 275
| motm = Bibin Boban (Golden Threads)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|23|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17840 Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Yadav|Satendra Singh Yadav}} {{goal|45+3}}
* [[Damaitphang Lyngdoh|Lyngdoh]] {{goal|56}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Himbahadur|Gulab Rauth Himbahadur}} {{goal|13}}
* {{Tooltip|Nawab|Aqib Nawab}} {{yel|63}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 200
| motm = [[Shreyas Ketkar]] (Bengaluru (R))
| referee = Shantan Agrawal
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|27|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17841 Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Halder|Sanjay Halder}} {{yel|84}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Himbahadur|Gulab Rauth Himbahadur}} {{goal|3}}
* {{Tooltip|Niketh|Niketh N}} {{yel|28}}
* {{Tooltip|Mohanraj|Mohanraj K}} {{yel|90+2}}
* {{Tooltip|Manjula|Rahul Manjula}} {{yel|90+6}}
| location = [[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh]]
| stadium = Ramakrishna Mission Sports Complex
| attendance = 750
| motm = Gulab Rauth Himbahadur (Chennaiyin (R))
| referee = Shubhankar Khamri
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|27|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17842 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Boban|Bibin Boban}} {{yel|27}}
* {{Tooltip|Sajeesh|Sajeesh E S}} {{goal|83}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{goal|45+1}}
* [[Kongbrailatpam Manjit Sharma|Sharma]] {{yel|69}}
| location = [[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala]]
| stadium = Panampally Ground
| attendance = 250
| motm = Shajan Franklin (Bengaluru United)
| referee = Manjeet Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|31|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
| score = 0–5
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17843 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Solaimalai|Solaimalai R}} {{yel|30}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{goal|11||24||85}}
* [[Sushil Meitei|Meitei]] {{yel|45+3}}
* {{Tooltip|Franklin|Shajan Franklin}} {{goal|62||83}} {{yel|69}}
| location = [[Thiruporur|Thiruporur, Tamil Nadu]]
| stadium = SSN College Ground
| attendance = 60
| motm = Irfan Yadwad (Bengaluru United)
| referee = Ajay Krishnan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|31|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17844 Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Pramanik|Abhijit Pramanik}} {{goal|22||71}}
* {{Tooltip|Sarkar|Sudip Sarma Sarkar}} {{yel|31}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Das|Somnath Das}} {{goal|48|o.g.}}
* {{Tooltip|Kamalesh|Kamalesh P}} {{yel|69}}
| location = [[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh]]
| stadium = Ramakrishna Mission Sports Complex
| attendance = 1,500
| motm = Abhijit Pramanik (RKM FA)
| referee = Simanta Kahar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|04|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17845 Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Meitei|Elangbam Tondon Meitei}} {{goal|18}} {{yel|79}}
* {{Tooltip|Roy|Rajat Roy}} {{yel|90+6}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Jha|Ashish Jha}} {{yel|37}}
* {{Tooltip|Fernandes|Felixson Conny Fernandes}} {{yel|51}}
* [[Damaitphang Lyngdoh|Lyngdoh]] {{yel|58}}
| location = [[Thiruporur|Thiruporur, Tamil Nadu]]
| stadium = SSN College Ground
| attendance = 100
| motm = Mohanraj K (Chennaiyin (R))
| referee = Sreekumar Narayana Pillai
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|05|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17844 Report]
| team2 = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Khan|Hafiz Ur Rehman Khan}} {{goal|36|p}}
* {{Tooltip|Nureti|Sursingh Nureti}} {{yel|52}}
* {{Tooltip|Pramanik|Abhijit Pramanik}} {{goal|79}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Aliyar|Fahad Aliyar}} {{yel|18}}
* {{Tooltip|Manobin|Manobin C M}} {{yel|35}}
* {{Tooltip|Madhu|Nithin Madhu}} {{goal|90+4}}
* {{Tooltip|Timung|Harbamon Timung}} {{yel|90+5}}
| location = [[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh]]
| stadium = Ramakrishna Mission Sports Complex
| attendance = 1,500
| motm =
| referee = Simanta Kahar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|09|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17847 Report]
| team2 = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{goal|45+2|p}}
* [[Kongbrailatpam Manjit Sharma|Sharma]] {{goal|84}}
* [[Vinil Poojary|Poojary]] {{yel|89}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Muheeb|Muheeb}} {{yel|25}}
* {{Tooltip|Thapa|Bibake Thapa}} {{goal|32}}
* {{Tooltip|Madhu|Nithin Madhu}} {{goal|74}} {{yel|74}}
* {{Tooltip|Aliyar|Fahad Aliyar}} {{yel|77}}
* {{Tooltip|Joshy|Abhishek N Joshy}} {{yel|88}}
* {{Tooltip|Antony|Akshay Antony}} {{yel|90+2}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 200
| motm = [[Kongbrailatpam Manjit Sharma|Manjit Sharma]] (Bengaluru United)
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 14
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|10|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17848 Report]
| team2 = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Lalvenhima|Joseph Lalvenhima}} {{goal|69|p}}
* {{Tooltip|Niketh|Niketh N}} {{yel|73}}
* {{Tooltip|Zomuansanga|Zomuansanga}} {{goal|75}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Dhruw|Suresh Kumar Dhruw}} {{yel|43}}
* {{Tooltip|Sarkar|Sudip Sarma Sarkar}} {{goal|50}}
| location = [[Thiruporur|Thiruporur, Tamil Nadu]]
| stadium = SSN College Ground
| attendance = 25
| motm = Zomuansanga (Chennaiyin (R))
| referee = Bagavath Sundhar Jee S
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 15
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|13|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17847 Report]
| team2 = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Yadav|Satendra Singh Yadav}} {{goal|61||73}}
* {{Tooltip|Venkatesh|Vinith Venkatesh}} {{yel|80}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Khan|Hafiz Ur Rehman Khan}} {{goal|47|p}} {{yel|68}}
* {{Tooltip|Dhruw|Suresh Kumar Dhruw}} {{goal|75}}
* {{Tooltip|Karanga|Baldev Karanga}} {{yel|89}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 150
| motm = Ayan Bhattacharya (RKM FA)
| referee = Bimalendu Mondal
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 16
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|14|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| score = 5–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17850 Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Mali|Nikhil Mali}} {{goal|19}}
* [[Kamran Farooque|Farooque]] {{yel|34}}
* {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{goal|42||70}}
* {{Tooltip|Miranda|Selwyn Frazier Miranda}} {{yel|47}}
* {{Tooltip|Franklin|Shajan Franklin}} {{goal|54}}
* {{Tooltip|Iawphniaw|Manbhakupar Iawphniaw}} {{goal|75}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Roy|Rajat Roy}} {{yel|26}}
* {{Tooltip|Lalchhanchhuaha|F Lalchhanchhuaha}} {{yel|30}}
* {{Tooltip|Bebetto|Bebetto}} {{sent off|2|79|87}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 200
| motm =
| referee = Manjeet Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 17
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
| score = 3–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=178451 Report]
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Madhu|Nithin Madhu}} {{goal|42|p}}
* {{Tooltip|Thapa|Bibake Thapa}} {{goal|45}}
* {{Tooltip|Muheeb|Muheeb}} {{yel|54}}
* {{Tooltip|Abdullah|Abdullah K S}} {{goal|66}}
* {{Tooltip|Vishnu|Velutha Kulathil Vishnu}} {{yel|80}}
* {{Tooltip|Babu|Bibin Babu}} {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Borah|Parikram Borah}} {{goal|26}}
* {{Tooltip|Niketh|Niketh N}} {{yel|41}}
* {{Tooltip|Vivek|Vivek S}} {{goal|45+4}}
| location = [[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala]]
| stadium = Panampally Ground
| attendance = 75
| motm =
| referee = Mrutyunjay L Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 18
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=178452 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Jha|Ashish Jha}} {{yel|34}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{goal|57||84|p}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 300
| motm = Irfan Yadwad (Bengaluru United)
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 19
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|24|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=178453 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Sirka|Jaypal Singh Sirka}} {{yel|43}}
* {{Tooltip|Pramanik|Abhijit Pramanik}} {{yel|51}}
* {{Tooltip|Mullick|Sayif Ali Mullick}} {{yel|59}} {{sent off|0|60}}
* {{Tooltip|Khan|Hafiz Ur Rehman Khan}} {{yel|59}}
* {{Tooltip|Sarkar|Sudip Sarma Sarkar}} {{yel|84}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Mali|Nikhil Mali}} {{goal|13}}
* {{Tooltip|Laishram|Bedashwor Singh Laishram}} {{yel|67}}
| location = [[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh]]
| stadium = Ramakrishna Mission Sports Complex
| attendance = 980
| motm = Anil Chawan (Bengaluru United)
| referee = Avisekh Saha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 20
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|24|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=178454 Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Sahim|Ajath Sahim}} {{goal|21}}
* {{Tooltip|Faseen|Faseen P K}} {{yel|44}}
* {{Tooltip|Joshy|Abhishek N Joshy}} {{yel|45+3}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Yadav|Satendra Singh Yadav}} {{goal|35}}
* {{Tooltip|Kamalesh|Kamalesh P}} {{yel|42}}
* {{Tooltip|Singh|Huidrom Thoi Singh}} {{goal|68}}
| location = [[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala]]
| stadium = Panampally Ground
| attendance = 67
| motm = [[Wungngayam Muirang]] (Bengaluru (R))
| referee = Ashwin
}}

=== Group D ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source= [https://i-league.org/points-table/2nd-division-league/ AIFF]


|team2=ARA
|team1=AMB
|team3=DEM
|team4=HYD
|team5=GOA


|win_ARA = 5 |draw_ARA = 2 |loss_ARA = 1 |gf_ARA = 13 |ga_ARA = 5 
|win_AMB = 5 |draw_AMB = 2 |loss_AMB = 1 |gf_AMB = 17 |ga_AMB = 9 
|win_DEM = 4 |draw_DEM = 2 |loss_DEM = 2 |gf_DEM = 9 |ga_DEM = 6 
|win_HYD = 1 |draw_HYD = 1 |loss_HYD = 6 |gf_HYD = 4 |ga_HYD = 10 
|win_GOA = 1 |draw_GOA = 1 |loss_GOA = 6 |gf_GOA = 4 |ga_GOA = 17 


|name_ARA = [[ARA FC]]
|name_AMB = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
|name_DEM = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|name_HYD = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
|name_GOA = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]


|hth_AMB=Head-to-head points: Ambernath United Atlanta 4, ARA 1. |hth_ARA=AMB


|show_limit=4


|result1=KO


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to [[#Final round|Final round]]

|match_ARA_HYD = 2-1
|match_ARA_GOA = 3-0
|match_ARA_DEM = 2-1
|match_ARA_AMB = 1-2

|match_AMB_ARA = 1-1
|match_AMB_HYD = 2-1
|match_AMB_GOA = 2-0
|match_AMB_DEM = 3-1

|match_DEM_AMB = 2-1
|match_DEM_ARA = 0-0
|match_DEM_HYD = 1-0
|match_DEM_GOA = 1-0

|match_GOA_AMB = 3-3
|match_GOA_DEM = 0-3
|match_GOA_HYD = 0-2
|match_GOA_ARA = 0-3

|match_HYD_ARA = 0-1
|match_HYD_AMB = 0-3
|match_HYD_DEM = 0-0
|match_HYD_GOA = 0-1
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|15|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17855 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Faria|Brian Faria}} {{goal|45+1}} {{yel|51}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Fernandes|Manushawn Joel Fernandes}} {{yel|76}}
| location = Ella, [[Goa]]
| stadium = Dempo Academy Ground
| attendance = 163
| motm = Brian Faria (Dempo)
| referee = Mohammed Junaid Saijad Tanji
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|15|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[ARA FC]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17856 Report]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
| goals1 = * [[Saurabh Bhanwala|Bhanwala]] {{yel|24}} {{goal|72}}
* [[Naro Hari Shrestha|Shrestha]] {{goal|48}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Dutta|Koustav Dutta}} {{goal|89|p}}
| location = [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]
| stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
| attendance = 850
| motm = [[Naro Hari Shrestha]] (ARA FC)
| referee = Lalit Singh Rawat
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|19|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17857 Report]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Perambra|Umesh Perambra}} {{yel|1}}
* [[Arif Shaikh|Shaikh]] {{goal|55}}
* {{Tooltip|Tawhare|Abhijit Tawhare}} {{goal|76}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Joshy|Soyal Joshy}} {{yel|21}}
* {{Tooltip|Vanlalrinchhana|Aron Vanlalrinchhana}} {{goal|36}}
* {{Tooltip|Dutta|Koustav Dutta}} {{yel|60}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 2,150
| motm = [[Arif Shaikh]] (Ambernath United Atlanta)
| referee = Akashkumar Kamleshkumar Mehta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|19|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[ARA FC]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17858 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Jacob|Jacob John Kattookaren}} {{goal|22}}
* {{Tooltip|Valan|Shanid Valan}} {{goal|24||36}}
* {{Tooltip|Sagayaraj|Vivekananda Sagayaraj}} {{yel|45+3}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]
| stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
| attendance = 350
| motm = Shanid Valan (ARA FC)
| referee = Kishor Gangaram Choudhari
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|25|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17859 Report]
| team2 = [[ARA FC]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Patil|Himanshu Patil}} {{yel|67}}
* {{Tooltip|Mathews|Johnson Joseph Mathews}} {{goal|79}}
* {{Tooltip|Koli|Ashley Alban Koli}} {{yel|82}}
| goals2 = * [[Saurabh Bhanwala|Bhanwala]] {{yel|40}}
* [[Naro Hari Shrestha|Shrestha]] {{goal|45+2}}
* {{Tooltip|Sagayaraj|Vivekananda Sagayaraj}} {{yel|67}}
* {{Tooltip|Chowdhury|Sangramjit Roy Chowdhury}} {{yel|90+3}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 300
| motm = Johnson Joseph Mathews (Ambernath United Atlanta)
| referee = Ritesh Rajaram Parsekar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|25|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17860 Report]
| team2 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Joshy|Soyal Joshy}} {{yel|77}}
* {{Tooltip|Vanlalrinchhana|Aron Vanlalrinchhana}} {{yel|90+6}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Vaz|Jaison Jordon Vaz}} {{yel|64}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 550
| motm = Abhijith PA (Hyderabad (R))
| referee = Arvind Sekhar A
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|29|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17861 Report]
| team2 = [[ARA FC]]
| goals1 = * [[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Ali]] {{yel|90+3}}
| goals2 =
| location = Ella, [[Goa]]
| stadium = Dempo Academy Ground
| attendance = 250
| motm = Beneston Barretto (Dempo)
| referee = Rohan Das Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|03|30|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
| score = 3–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17862 Report]
| team2 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Colaco|Delton Colaco}} {{goal|9}}
* {{Tooltip|Borges|Jordan Borges}} {{goal|27}}
* {{Tooltip|Pereira|Bryson Pereira}} {{goal|75}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Patil|Himanshu Patil}} {{goal|14}} {{yel|21}}
* {{Tooltip|Koli|Ashley Alban Koli}} {{goal|16}}
* [[Arif Shaikh|Shaikh]] {{goal|62}}
* {{Tooltip|Perambra|Umesh Perambra}} {{yel|85}}
| location = [[Nagoa (Bardez)|Nagoa, Goa]]
| stadium = Nagoa Panchayat Ground
| attendance = 350
| motm = Delton Colaco (Goa (R))
| referee = Surojit Das
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|02|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17863 Report]
| team2 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| goals1 = * [[Shallum Pires|Pires]] {{goal|51}}
* {{Tooltip|Fernandes|Necio Maristo Fernandes}} {{goal|60}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Koli|Ashley Alban Koli}} {{goal|17}}
* {{Tooltip|Mathews|Johnson Joseph Mathews}} {{yel|66}}
* {{Tooltip|Viegas|Bersal Oswin Viegas}} {{yel|89}}
| location = Ella, [[Goa]]
| stadium = Dempo Academy Ground
| attendance = 190
| motm = [[Shallum Pires]] (Dempo)
| referee = Sanilkumar KG
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|03|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17864 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Lalnundanga|Amosa Lalnundanga}} {{yel|29}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Colaco|Delton Colaco}} {{goal|77}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 200
| motm = Delton Colaco (Goa (R))
| referee = Mrutyunjay L Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|07|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17865 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Shetty|Nishant Sundar Shetty}} {{goal|58}}
* {{Tooltip|Patil|Himanshu Patil}} {{goal|90+4}}
* {{Tooltip|Murali|Rahul Murali}} {{yel|90+7}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Salgaonkar|Aditya Hemant Salgaonkar}} {{yel|56}}
* {{Tooltip|Dias|Salgeo Dias}} {{sent off|2|90+5|90+7}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 1,000
| motm =
| referee = A Arun Chakkaravarthi
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|07|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[ARA FC]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17866 Report]
| team2 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Lalthankhuma|Lalthankhuma}} {{yel|36}}
* [[Naro Hari Shrestha|Shrestha]] {{goal|45+3}}
* {{Tooltip|Singh|Manvir Singh}} {{goal|79}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Fernandes|Necio Maristo Fernandes}} {{goal|21}}
* [[Shallum Pires|Pires]] {{yel|90+1}}
| location = [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]
| stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
| attendance = 120
| motm = Manvir Singh (ARA FC)
| referee = Mohammed Junaid Saijad Tanji
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|11|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17867 Report]
| team2 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Shetty|Shravan Shetty}} {{goal|56}}
* {{Tooltip|Patil|Himanshu Patil}} {{yel|59}} {{goal|60}}
* {{Tooltip|Ravindra|Kaustubh Ravindra}} {{yel|69}}
* [[Arif Shaikh|Shaikh]] {{goal|81}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Kuldeep|Kuldeep Kumar}} {{yel|30}}
* {{Tooltip|Barreto|Beneston Piecton Barretto}} {{goal|37}}
* {{Tooltip|Colaco|Vieri Colaco}} {{sent off|2|71|90+4}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 400
| motm = [[Arif Shaikh]] (Ambernath United Atlanta)
| referee = Jarvish Macwan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 14
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|15|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17868 Report]
| team2 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Fernandes|Velroy Fernandes}} {{sent off|0|50}}
* {{Tooltip|Passanha|Delzan Passanha}} {{yel|64}}
* {{Tooltip|Fernandes|Manushawn Joel Fernandes}} {{yel|88}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Barretto|Beneston Piecton Barretto}} {{goal|12||36}}
* {{Tooltip|Kankonkar|Gourav Kankonkar}} {{sent off|2|15|51}}
* [[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Ali]] {{goal|66}}
| location = [[Nagoa (Bardez)|Nagoa, Goa]]
| stadium = Nagoa Panchayat Ground
| attendance = 500
| motm = Beneston Piecton Barretto (Dempo SC)
| referee = Ashwin
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 15
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|16|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17869 Report]
| team2 = [[ARA FC]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Vanlalrinchhana|Aron Vanlalrinchhana}} {{yel|45+2}}
* {{Tooltip|Chhetry|Suhit Chhetry}} {{yel|67}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Lalthankhuma|Lalthankhuma}} {{yel|45+3}}
* {{Tooltip|Kattookaren|Jacob John Kattookaren}} {{yel|54}}
* [[Naro Hari Shrestha|Shrestha]] {{goal|64}} {{yel|67}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 120
| motm = Sangramjit Roy Chowdhury (ARA FC)
| referee = Arvind Sekhar A
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 16
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|20|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17870 Report]
| team2 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Laldanmawia|Laldanmawia}} {{yel|25}}
* {{Tooltip|Rafi|Mohammed Rafi}} {{yel|80}}
| goals2 = * [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Khan]] {{goal|9||27}}
* {{Tooltip|Murali|Rahul Murali}} {{yel|74}}
* [[Arif Shaikh|Shaikh]] {{goal|77}}
* {{Tooltip|Mathews|Johnson Joseph Mathews}} {{yel|90+2}}
* {{Tooltip|Azavedo|Ronil Francisco Azavedo}} {{yel|90+6}}
| location = [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 125
| motm = [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]] (Ambernath United Atlanta)
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 17
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|20|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17871 Report]
| team2 = [[ARA FC]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Castanha|Leewan Castanha}} {{yel|55}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Singh|Manvir Singh}} {{goal|5}}
* [[Naro Hari Shrestha|Shrestha]] {{goal|9||60}}
* {{Tooltip|Kattookaren|Jacob John Kattookaren}} {{yel|54}}
| location = [[Nagoa (Bardez)|Nagoa, Goa]]
| stadium = Nagoa Panchayat Ground
| attendance = 47
| motm = [[Naro Hari Shrestha]] (ARA FC)
| referee = Irfan Imtiyaz Shaikh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 18
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|23|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa (R)]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17872 Report]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Paes|Versly Paes}} {{sent off|0|23}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Fernandes|Manushawn Joel Fernandes}} {{goal|12|o.g.}}
* {{Tooltip|Vanlalhriatpuia|Crespo Vanlalhriatpuia}} {{yel|29}}
* {{Tooltip|Vanlalrinchhana|Aron Vanlalrinchhana}} {{goal|35|p}}
* {{Tooltip|Chhetry|Suhit Chhetry}} {{yel|45+4}}
| location = [[Nagoa (Bardez)|Nagoa, Goa]]
| stadium = Nagoa Panchayat Ground
| attendance = 40
| motm = Crespo Vanlalhriatpuia (Hyderabad (R))
| referee = Anand Rana
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 19
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|27|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17873]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad (R)]]
| goals1 = * [[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Ali]] {{yel|15}}
* {{Tooltip|Bagkar|Saiesh Bagkar}} {{goal|85}}
* {{Tooltip|Kuldeep|Kuldeep Kumar}} {{yel|90}}
* {{Tooltip|Harji|Vinay Vijay Harji}} {{yel|90+5}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Joshy|Soyal Joshy}} {{yel|30}}
* {{Tooltip|Vanlalrinchhana|Aron Vanlalrinchhana}} {{sent off|2|73|87}}
* {{Tooltip|Zohminghlua|Jeremy Zohminghlua}} {{yel|89}}
* {{Tooltip|Rafi|Mohammed Rafi}} {{yel|90+2}}
| location = Ella, [[Goa]]
| stadium = Dempo Academy Ground
| attendance = 40
| motm = Saiesh Bagkar (Dempo)
| referee = Mohammed Junaid Sajjad Tanji
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 20
| date = {{Start date|2023|04|27|df=y}}
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[ARA FC]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17874 Report]
| team2 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Singh|Hijam Lenin Singh}} {{goal|13}}
* [[Saurabh Bhanwala|Bhanwala]] {{yel|35}}
* {{Tooltip|Rana|Jenishsinh Rana}} {{yel|55}}
* {{Tooltip|Chowdhury|Sangramjit Roy Chowdhury}} {{yel|90+6}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Patil|Himanshu Patil}} {{goal|21}}
* {{Tooltip|Shetty|Shravan Shetty}} {{goal|90+6}}
| location = [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]
| stadium = Shahibaug Police Stadium
| attendance = 200
| motm = [[Saurabh Bhanwala]] (ARA FC)
| referee = Lalit Singh Rawat
}}

=== Ranking of second-placed teams ===
Since Group B has fewer teams, the result against fifth-placed teams in other groups will not be counted for the table ranking below.
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=AIFF
|show_groups=T

|group_DTH='''[[#Group A|A]]''' |name_DTH=[[Downtown Heroes FC|Downtown Heroes]]
|group_SHL='''[[#Group B|B]]''' |name_SHL=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|group_GTFC='''[[#Group C|C]]''' |name_GTFC=[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
|group_ARA='''[[#Group D|D]]''' |name_ARA=[[ARA FC|ARA]]


|win_DTH=3 |draw_DTH=1 |loss_DTH=2 |gf_DTH=5 |ga_DTH=5 
|win_SHL=4 |draw_SHL=1 |loss_SHL=1 |gf_SHL=13 |ga_SHL=3 
|win_GTFC=2 |draw_GTFC=3 |loss_GTFC=1 |gf_GTFC=9 |ga_GTFC=8 
|win_ARA=3 |draw_ARA=2 |loss_ARA=1 |gf_ARA=7 |ga_ARA=5 


|team1=SHL
|team2=ARA
|team3=DTH
|team4=GTFC


|res_col_header=Q
|result1=Q
|col_Q=green1|text_Q=Advanced to [[#Final round|Final round]]
}}

== Final round ==
The top 5 teams from the group stage will play each other in the final round in a single-leg format. The top 2 teams will qualify for the I-League.
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://i-league.org/points-table/2nd-division-league AIFF]
|update=complete


|team1=DEL
|team2=SHL
|team3=AMB
|team4=FCBU
|team5=USC


|win_AMB=2 |draw_AMB=0 |loss_AMB=2 |gf_AMB=10 |ga_AMB=8 
|win_DEL=2 |draw_DEL=1 |loss_DEL=1 |gf_DEL=6 |ga_DEL=4 
|win_FCBU=2 |draw_FCBU=0 |loss_FCBU=2 |gf_FCBU=3 |ga_FCBU=3 
|win_SHL=2 |draw_SHL=1 |loss_SHL=1 |gf_SHL=5 |ga_SHL=7 
|win_USC=1 |draw_USC=0 |loss_USC=3 |gf_USC=7 |ga_USC=9 


|name_AMB = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
|name_DEL = [[Delhi FC|Delhi ]]
|name_FCBU = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|name_SHL = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_USC = [[United SC|United]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots


|result1=C |result2=P
|result3=S |result4=S
|result5=S


|res_col_header=Q
|col_C=green1|text_C='''Champions''' and Promotion to [[2023–24 I-League]]
|col_P=green2|text_P=Promotion to [[2023–24 I-League]]
|col_S=yellow1|text_S=[[2023–24 I-League 2]]

|match_AMB_DEL = null
|match_AMB_FCBU = 1-0
|match_AMB_SHL = 5-1
|match_AMB_USC = null

|match_DEL_AMB = 3-1
|match_DEL_FCBU = null
|match_DEL_SHL = 0-0
|match_DEL_USC = null

|match_FCBU_AMB = null
|match_FCBU_DEL = 1-0
|match_FCBU_SHL = null
|match_FCBU_USC = 1-0

|match_SHL_AMB = null
|match_SHL_DEL = null
|match_SHL_FCBU = 2-1
|match_SHL_USC = 2-1

|match_USC_AMB = 4-3
|match_USC_DEL = 2-3
|match_USC_FCBU = null
|match_USC_SHL = null
}}</onlyinclude>

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|06|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18927 Report]
| team2 = [[United SC|United]]
| goals1 = * [[Hardy Nongbri|Nongbri]] {{goal|33}}
* {{Tooltip|Nongneng|Henryford Nongneng}} {{yel|37}}
* {{Tooltip|Nonglait|Ronaldkydon Lyngdoh Nonglait}} {{yel|44}}
* {{Tooltip|Syndai|Figo Syndai}} {{goal|45+2}}
* {{Tooltip|Tariang|Saveme Tariang}} {{yel|90+5}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Hembram|Tarak Hembram}} {{yel|18}}
* {{Tooltip|Mondal|Sanjib Mondal}} {{goal|38}}
| location = [[Shillong|Shillong, Meghalaya]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium
| attendance = 2,000
| motm =
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|06|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18928 Report]
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Nickson|Macarton Louis Nickson}} {{yel|45+2}}
* [[Kongbrailatpam Manjit Sharma|Sharma]] {{yel|49}}
* [[Vinil Poojary|Poojary]] {{yel|56}}
* {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{goal|76}} {{yel|76}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Rawat|Rahul Rawat}} {{yel|24}}
* {{Tooltip|Vanlalhriatzuala|Vanlalhriatzuala K}} {{yel|75}}
* [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{yel|90+4}}
| location = [[Bangalore|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 147
| motm = Irfan Yadwad (FC Bengaluru United)
| referee = K Ramdasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|11|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18930 Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Temuri|Fahad Temuri}} {{yel|89}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Sports Complex
| attendance = 180
| motm = Munmun Timothy Lugun (Delhi FC)
| referee = Dipu Roy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|11|df=y}}
| time = 16.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18929 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Ravindra|Kaustubh Ravindra}} {{yel|45+2}}
* {{Tooltip|Tawhare|Abhijit Tawhare}} {{goal|82}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{yel|44}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 2,100
| motm = Ashley Alban Koli (Ambernath United Atlanta)
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|16|df=y}}
| time = 15.15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[United SC|United]]
| score = 2–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18931 Report]
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Ghising|Prabik Ghising}} {{yel|45}}
* {{Tooltip|Roy|Rahul Roy}} {{goal|68}}
* {{Tooltip|Hembram|Tarak Hembram}} {{goal|79}}
| goals2 = * [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant]] {{goal|4||45+6}}
* {{Tooltip|Manvir|Manvir Singh}} {{yel|39}}
* {{Tooltip|Rawat|Gaurav Rawat}} {{sent off|2|45|84}}
* [[Bali Gagandeep|Gagandeep]] {{goal|52}}
* {{Tooltip|Hazra|Suprodip Hazra}} {{yel|90+4}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,000
| motm =
| referee = Ashish Tiwari
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|16|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| score = 5–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18932 Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = * [[Arif Shaikh|Shaikh]] {{goal|22}}
* [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Khan]] {{goal|44}}
* {{Tooltip|Shetty|Shravan Shetty}} {{goal|56}}
* {{Tooltip|Raut|Tejas Raut}} {{yel|73}}
* {{Tooltip|Matthews|Johnson Joseph Matthews}} {{goal|87}}
* {{Tooltip|Patil|Himanshu Patil}} {{goal|88}}
| goals2 = * [[Hardy Nongbri|Nongbri]] {{goal|67}}
| location = [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| stadium = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| attendance = 1,000
| motm = Himanshu Patil (Ambernath United Atlanta)
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|21|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18933 Report]
| team2 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Mylliempdah|Everbrightson Sana Mylliempdah}} {{goal|43}} {{yel|44}}
* {{Tooltip|Syndai|Figo Syndai}} {{goal|82}}
* {{Tooltip|Lyngdoh|Rajat Paul Lyngdoh}} {{yel|90+6}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Nickson|Macarton Louis Nickson}} {{yel|35}}
* [[Kongbrailatpam Manjit Sharma|Sharma]] {{goal|51}}
* {{Tooltip|Rawat|Suraj Rawat}} {{sent off|2|66|90+3}}
* [[Sushil Meitei|Meitei]] {{yel|67}}
| location = [[Shillong|Shillong, Meghalaya]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium
| attendance = 5,275
| motm = Figo Syndai (Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Lakshay
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|21|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[United SC|United]]
| score = 4–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18934 Report]
| team2 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Hembram|Tarak Hembram}} {{goal|38}}
* {{Tooltip|Roy|Rahul Roy}} {{goal|56}}
* {{Tooltip|Raut|Tejas Raut}} {{goal|63|o.g.}}
* {{Tooltip|Mondal|Sanjib Mondal}} {{yel|74}}
* {{Tooltip|Subrata|Subrata Murmu}} {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Koli|Ashley Alban Koli}} {{yel|34}} {{goal|57}}
* {{Tooltip|Shetty|Shravan Shetty}} {{yel|45}}
* {{Tooltip|Patil|Himanshu Patil}} {{yel|76}} {{goal|90+7}}
* {{Tooltip|Multani|Mandeep Singh Multani}} {{goal|90+2}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 500
| motm = Tarak Hembram (United SC)
| referee = Priyobarta Singh Langpoklakpam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|26|df=y}}
| time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18935 Report]
| team2 = [[United SC|United]]
| goals1 = * {{Tooltip|Yadwad|Irfan Yadwad}} {{goal|13}}
* [[Kongbrailatpam Manjit Sharma|Sharma]] {{yel|47}}
* [[Subha Ghosh|Ghosh]] {{yel|88}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Ghising|Prabik Ghising}} {{yel|49}}
| location = [[Bangalore|Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| stadium = [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| attendance = 147
| motm = Irfan Yadwad (FC Bengaluru United)
| referee = Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|05|26|df=y}}
| time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18936 Report]
| team2 = [[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
| goals1 = * [[Bali Gagandeep|Gagandeep]] {{goal|33||56}}
* {{Tooltip|Temuri|Fahad Temuri}} {{yel|45+1}}
* [[Gurtej Singh|Gurtej]] {{yel|72}}
* {{Tooltip|Lalrinzuala}} {{yel|76}}
* {{Tooltip|Vanlalhriatzuala|Vanlalhriatzuala K}} {{goal|86}}
| goals2 = * {{Tooltip|Monde|Nitesh Monde}} {{yel|20}}
* {{Tooltip|Patil|Himanshu Patil}} {{goal|48}}
| location = [[Mohali|Mohali, Punjab]]
| stadium = Minerva Sports Complex
| attendance = 250
| motm = [[Bali Gagandeep]] (Delhi FC)
| referee = Pranjal Banerjee
}}

== Season statistics ==
=== Top scorers ===
:''As of 26 May 2023''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/statistics-league/2nd-division-league/ |title=Statistics: Hero 2nd Division League|publisher=I-League|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:"center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Irfan Yadwad]]
| align="left" |Bengaluru United
| rowspan="1" align="center" |13
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardy Nongbri]]
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
| rowspan="1" align="center" |8
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]]
| align="left" |Delhi
| rowspan="3" align="center" |7
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Ateeb Ahmed Dar
| align="left" |Downtown Heroes
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Himanshu Patil
| align="left" |Ambernath United Atlanta
|}

==== Hat-tricks ====

{| class="wikitable"
! Player
! For
! Against
! style="text-align:center" | Result
! Date
! Ref
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Irfan Yadwad]]
|Bengaluru United
|Chennaiyin (R)
|align="center" | 0–5 (A)
|{{dts|2023|03|31|format=dmy}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=17843|title=Chennaiyin (R) 0 – 5 FC Bengaluru United|date=31 March 2023|access-date=31 March 2023|website=i-league.org}}</ref>
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
:''As of 26 May 2023''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:"center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Bishal Lama
| align="left" |Shillong Lajong
| rowspan="1" align="center" |6
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Furqan Ahmad Dar
| align="left" |Downtown Heroes
| rowspan="3" align="center" |5
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Antonio Da Silva
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Srijith R
| align="left" |Bengaluru United
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sangramjit Roy Chowdhury
| align="left" |ARA
| rowspan="2" align="center" |4
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Nitish Mehra
| align="left" |Delhi
|}

=== Discipline ===
==== Player ====
* Most yellow cards: '''4'''
**{{flagicon|IND}} Gaurav Rawat
**{{flagicon|IND}} Himanshu Patil
**{{flagicon|IND}} Shahmeer Tariq
**{{flagicon|IND}} Aron Vanlalrinchhana

* Most red cards: '''1'''
**''18 players''

==== Club ====
* Most yellow cards: '''21'''
**FC Bengaluru United

* Most red cards: '''3'''
**FC Goa (R)

== Attendances ==
=== Overall statistical table ===
{{fb a header}}
{{fb a2 team |p=1 |t=Shillong Lajong |s=8875 |h=5275 |l=400 |a=1775 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=2 |t=RKM FA |s=4730 |h=1500 |l=750 |a=1182 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=3 |t=Ambernath United Atlanta |s=6950 |h=2150 |l=300 |a=1158 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=4 |t=Downtown Heroes |s=2700 |h=2000 |l=50 |a=675 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=5 |t=East Bengal (R) |s=1650 |h=1000 |l=300 |a=550 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=6 |t=United |s=2435 |h=1000 |l=205 |a=487 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=7 |t=ARA |s=1520 |h=850 |l=120 |a=380 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=8 |t=Jagat Singh Palahi |s=1250 |h=500 |l=200 |a=312 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=9 |t=Mumbai City (R) |s=1143 |h=523 |l=200 |a=285 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=10 |t=Bengaluru United |s=1494 |h=500 |l=147 |a=249 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=11 |t=Hyderabad (R) |s=995 |h=550 |l=120 |a=248 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=12 |t=Goa (R) |s=937 |h=500 |l=40 |a=234 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=13 |t=Bengaluru (R) |s=850 |h=300 |l=150 |a=212 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=14 |t=Delhi |s=1030 |h=250 |l=60 |a=171 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=15 |t=Golden Threads |s=667 |h=275 |l=67 |a=166 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=16 |t=Dempo |s=643 |h=250 |l=40 |a=160 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=17 |t=Techtro Swades United |s=640 |h=250 |l=90 |a=160 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=18 |t=The Diamond Rock |s=206 |h=125 |l=27 |a=68 }}

{{fb a2 team |p=19 |t=Chennaiyin (R) |s=235 |h=100 |l=25 |a=58 }}

{{fb a footer |s=38950 |h=5275 |l=25 |a=475 |source=[https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/2nd-division-league/ I-League.org]|date=July 2023}}

== See also ==
*[[2022–23 Indian Super League]]
*[[2022–23 I-League]]
*[[2022–23 U-17 Youth Cup|2022–23 Elite Youth League]]
*[[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League|2023 RF Development League]]

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Delhi FC crowned Hero 2nd Division champions, earn promotion to Hero I-League |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/delhi-fc-crowned-hero-2nd-division-champions-earn-promotion-to-hero-i-league |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=All India Football Federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527052449/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/delhi-fc-crowned-hero-2nd-division-champions-earn-promotion-to-hero-i-league |archive-date=27 May 2023 |location=New Delhi |first=AIFF |last=Media Team }}
*{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Delhi FC clinch second division title and promotion to I-League |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/delhi-fc-clinch-second-division-title-and-promotion-to-i-league/articleshow/100534512.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |agency=PTI |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527052710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/delhi-fc-clinch-second-division-title-and-promotion-to-i-league/articleshow/100534512.cms |archive-date=27 May 2023 }}
*{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Delhi FC Crowned 2nd Division Champions, Earn Promotion to I-League |url=https://www.news18.com/football/delhi-fc-crowned-2nd-division-champions-earn-promotion-to-i-league-7926229.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=News18.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527053011/https://www.news18.com/football/delhi-fc-crowned-2nd-division-champions-earn-promotion-to-i-league-7926229.html |archive-date=27 May 2023 |location=New Delhi |first=Ritayan |last=Basu }}
*{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Delhi FC secure maiden I-League berth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/delhi-fc-secure-maiden-i-league-berth-8631089/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=indianexpress.com |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=PTI |location=New Delhi |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527072913/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/delhi-fc-secure-maiden-i-league-berth-8631089/ |archive-date=27 May 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}

== External links ==
*[https://i-league.org/category/2nd-division-league/ I-League]
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/second-division AIFF]

{{I-League 2}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2022–23 in Indian football}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022-23 I-League 2}}
[[Category:I-League 2 seasons]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Asian third-tier association football leagues]]

Indian rock

2026-04-22T09:04:42Z

EJEBoris894787:

{{Short description|Rock music subgenre that takes influences from Indian music}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Raga rock|Indie rock}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2010}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Indian rock
| native_name =
| etymology =
| other_names =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Indian music]]|[[jazz]]}}
| cultural_origins = [[India]], [[Bengal]]
| instruments = {{hlist|[[Singing|Vocals]]|[[Gramophone record|gramophone]]||[[indian musical instruments]]|[[electric guitar]]|[[bass guitar]]|[[drums]]|[[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]]|[[electric sitar]]}}
| derivatives =
| subgenres =
| subgenrelist =
| fusiongenres =
| regional_scenes =
| local_scenes =
| other_topics =
| footnotes =
| current_year =
}}
{{Indian music|expanded=Genres}}

'''Indian rock''' is a [[music genre]] in [[India]] that may incorporate elements of [[Music of India|Indian music]] with [[rock music]], and is often topically India-centric. While India is more often known for its ([[Hindustani classical music|northern]] and [[Carnatic music|southern]]) [[Indian classical music|classical music]], [[filmi]], [[Bollywood music]], [[Indi-pop]], and [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], the Indian rock scene has also produced numerous bands and artists.

==Early history==
India, in the 1950s and 1960s, had a record industry in the [[Gramophone Company of India]] (an EMI subsidiary), and [[Long playing records|LPs]], [[Extended play|EPs]], and [[45rpm]] records were freely available, including those of [[rock and roll]] acts from the US and Britain, but also of contemporary pioneering Indian rock bands. The president of the firm, [[Bhaskar Menon]] (who later became the President of [[Capitol Records]] in the United States) was the leading promoter of Western pop music in India. Later in 1970, [[Polydor]], the German Label, began an India-based branch that distributed rock music locally.

Of these mid-1960s to early 70s [[Beat music|beat]] groups, as they were then termed, some of the most notable were the [[Mystiks]] from [[Mumbai|Bombay]], the [[Beat-X]] from [[Chennai|Madras]], and The Cavaliers, Calcutta-16, and The Flintstones from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], who composed and played both early [[British Invasion]] influenced songs, and post-''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band|Sgt. Pepper]]'' [[hard rock]]. During this period from Delhi there were The Thunderbirds (featuring singer Ashwani Bali,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/band-in-focus-thunderbirds | title=Band in Focus: Thunderbirds | website=[[Red Bull]] }}</ref> Bass Guitarist Percy Singh), and WAFWOT (also with Ashwani on vocals, with organist Mark Spevak, from the U.S. and<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/band-in-focus-thunderbirds | title=Band in Focus: Thunderbirds | website=[[Red Bull]] }}</ref> Bass Guitarist Percy Singh) These bands played regularly on the Indian university and college music circuits, and some had successful EP and LP releases. Also notable from this period (1964–1970) was the female [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] singer, Usha Iyer, now [[Usha Uthup]], who had successful covers of "[[Jambalaya (On the Bayou)|Jambalaya]]" and [[The Kingston Trio]] song, "Greenback Dollar". A notable compilation LP titled "Simla Beat '70" was released during this period, from a contest of the same name. The winning bands recorded their versions of Western hard rock of the time. This tradition of covering Western rock would continue until the 1980s when it was more common to compose original songs.

The rock n' roll scene was also closely followed by ''[[The Statesman (India)|Junior Statesman]]'' (or ''JS''), a magazine started in 1965 contemporaneously with ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine in the US and [[NME]] in the UK.

Like Western rock bands at the time, Indian bands also began fusing rock with traditional Indian music from the mid-1960s onwards. A notable example of this is in the Cavaliers' 1967 hit "Love is A Mango," which incorporates sitar accompaniment alongside Beatlesque songwriting. However, ''[[filmi]]'' songs, those produced specifically for popular [[Bollywood]] films, often overshadowed the country's budding rock scene, which otherwise contrasted from that within the film industry. Some of the more well known filmi songs (including styles such as [[funk rock]], [[pop rock]], [[psychedelic rock]], [[raga rock]], and [[soft rock]]) from Bollywood films include [[Mohammed Rafi]]'s "[[Jaan Pehechan Ho]]" in ''[[Gumnaam]]'' (1965), [[Kishore Kumar]]'s "O Saathi Re" in ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978 film)|Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' (1978), and [[Asha Bhosle]] songs such as "[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]" in ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' (1971), "Ae Naujawan Hai Sab" in ''[[Apradh]]'' (1972), and "Yeh Mera Dil Pyar Ka Diwana" in ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978).

===Indian influence on Western music===
{{See also|Raga rock|Psychedelic rock|The Beatles in India}}

In the 1960s, renowned [[Western world|Western]] acts such as [[The Yardbirds]], [[The Beatles]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Doors]] and [[The Byrds]] were notably influenced by [[Indian classical music]] as a way of reinforcing the [[Psychedelic music|psychedelia]] in their music. While [[jazz]] musicians, notably [[John Coltrane]], had ventured into Indian music and spiritualism (see [[Indo jazz]], [[Sitar in jazz]], and [[Jazz in India]]), the influence of Indian classical music on 1960s rock began in earnest with [[George Harrison]]'s [[Ravi Shankar]] inspired [[raga rock]] song "[[Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)]]" in 1965 and The Beatles' very public sojourn with the [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] at his [[ashram]] in [[Rishikesh]] in 1968, following the release of ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' in 1967. Raga rock led to the development of [[psychedelic rock]], which in turn laid the foundations for [[heavy metal music]].

The Indian rock scene would later give rise to one of the world's most famous rock stars, [[Freddie Mercury]], born Farrokh Bulsara. One of his formative musical influences was the Bollywood singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Liam|title=Farrokh Bulsara|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/heroes/at_bulsara.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=28 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523230337/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/heroes/at_bulsara.html|archive-date=23 May 2011|url-status=dead|year=2006}}</ref> He began his music career as a teenager in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] with the rock band, [[The Hectics]], which was founded in 1958 and often performed [[cover version]]s of Western [[rock and roll]] artists such as [[Little Richard]] and [[Cliff Richard]].<ref>{{citation|last=Hodkinson|first=Mark|year=2004|title=Queen: The Early Years|place=London|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=1-84449-012-2|pages=2 & 61}}</ref> After leaving the band in 1962, he moved to England, where he later led the rock band [[Queen (band)|Queen]] (formed in 1971), which went on to become one of the world's most famous rock bands.

The Indian rock scene also gave rise to one of the pioneers of [[disco]] music, [[Biddu]],<ref name="metro_biddu">{{cite web|title=Biddu|first=James|last=Ellis|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-date=2 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902182831/http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Listener, Volumes 100-101|work=[[The Listener (magazine)|The Listener]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|year=1978|page=216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tRBAQAAIAAJ|access-date=21 June 2011|quote=Tony Palmer knocked off a film account of someone called Biddu (LWT), who appears to have been mad enough to invent disco music.}}</ref> who originally began his career in an Indian rock band called The Trojans. It was India's first English-speaking band,<ref name="times_2004">{{cite web|date=20 August 2004|title=It's a big step from disco to Sanskrit chants, but Biddu has made it|first=Malika|last=Browne|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article471655.ece|access-date=30 May 2011}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and found success producing cover versions of [[The Beatles]],<ref name="jones_kantonen">{{cite book|title=Saturday night forever: the story of disco|first1=Alan|last1=Jones|first2=Jussi|last2=Kantonen|publisher=A Cappella Books|year=2000|isbn=1-55652-411-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ok0UAQAAIAAJ|access-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> [[The Rolling Stones]],<ref name="gopal_moorti_99">{{cite book|title=Global Bollywood: travels of Hindi song and dance|first1=Sangita|last1=Gopal|first2=Sujata|last2=Moorti|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8166-4579-4|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&pg=PA99|access-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> [[Trini Lopez]], and other Western hits of the day, in the clubs of [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and Bombay. After the band broke up, he moved in 1967 to England, where he later found breakthrough success after producing "[[Kung Fu Fighting]]" for [[Carl Douglas]].

==1980s and 1990s==

While the [[orientalism|orientalist]] trend of the 60s and 70s was by the 80s and 90s largely over, India itself continued to produce bands in various styles of rock music, from soft [[rock and roll]] and [[pop rock]], to [[hard rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|metal]]. In the early 1980s, however, rock was largely overshadowed by [[disco]], which dominated [[Indian pop]] music up until the mid-1980s.

With the arrival of [[MTV]], tastes rapidly changed, encouraging bands to harden their style and focus more on underground styles such as [[death metal]], [[alternative rock|alternative metal]], and [[progressive rock]]. The 1990s saw the rise of a much larger following of various harder styles for this reason. Bands that had formed in the 80s, such as Rock Machine (who would later be known as [[Indus Creed]]) – (including Mahesh Tinnaikar, Uday Benegal, etc.)...altered their style with the influx of newer techniques and influences from the west. Notable suburban metal-blues bands with 1960s and 1970s metal influences included IIT Powaii based Axecalibre, fronted by Oliver Pinto, Prashant Nair and covered flamboyant guitar-based blues and hardcore metal including ballads. Contemporaries of the time were Easy Meat from Pune and Bands such as Holocaust, Morgue (fronted by vocalist Mrinal Das, Drummer Neeraj Kakoty, Ambar Das and Raju Seal on Twin Attack Guitars, Manas Chowdhury on Bass), Dorian Platonic from Guwahati, Assam, Grassroots Revival, Postmark, The Cannibals, Phoenix, Phynyx and Drixian Empire/Dark Crusader from Manipur.

Others formed in the 1990s with harder styles influenced by the growing split between popular rock, such as [[Britpop]], alternative styles, such as [[punk rock|punk]], and metal styles, such as [[thrash metal|thrash]]. The Indian subgenre of fusion, which encourages a similar blend of ancient Indian musical traditions with rock music to [[raga rock]], was also carried forward, and is perhaps the most unusual Indian style of rock. It was during this time that [[Palash Sen]]'s Euphoria surfaced in the Indian scene as a straight ahead English rock band. The band later started writing in Hindi, and gave birth to what is now known as "Hindi Rock". Euphoria went on to become India's most popular, successful and commercially accepted Independent act. Other fusion bands like Indian Ocean and Mrigya also grew in popularity. As in decades before, university campuses and campus rock shows continued to be the driving force behind determining what kind of band would succeed and what kind of music young people liked.

==2000s==

The current Indian rock scene has a larger following than ever (although it is still marginalized compared to Indian film music, particularly the [[filmi]] soundtracks of [[Bollywood]]) and may soon become recognized in the international arena, as various South American and Japanese bands have become. Recent entries into the rock music scene are increasingly becoming comparable in their production quality to Western bands, and have been compared favorably to other internationally recognized acts. Now digital technology is making it easier than ever for these bands to distribute and sell their music. Some British bands of South Asian origin, such as [[Swami (band)|Swami]] have, like their [[hip-hop]] counterparts, tried to enter the Indian market in addition to maintaining the traditional fanbase of non-resident Indians in United Kingdom, [[Indo-Canadians|Canada]] and the [[Indian American|United States]]. Others, such as [[Rudra (band)|Rudra]], have emerged from Indian communities in other Asian countries. Progress is certain for the Indian rock scene with the advent of entities that support this genre. [[Rock Street Journal]] and Rolling Stone India<ref>{{cite web|title=Rolling stone|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/|access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> are the two major publications that have been promoting Indian rock bands. The scene has also been transformed by the online medium, and the subsequent rise of a number of online portals promoting Indian rock, most notably the indie music website NH7,<ref>{{cite web|title=NH7 Radio|url=http://nh7.in/|access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> Headbangers India,<ref>{{cite web|title=HeadBangers India|url=http://www.headbangers.in/|access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> IndianMusicMug,<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with UFO's guitarist Vinnie Moore|url=http://indianmusicmug.com/|access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> Unholy Maunder, IndianMusicRevolution, Metalbase India,<ref>{{cite web|title=Metalbase India|url=http://metalbase.in/|access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref> Indian Metal Scene,<ref>{{cite web|title=IMR|url=http://www.indianmusicrevolution.com/|access-date=6 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043221/http://indianmusicrevolution.com/|archive-date=5 January 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and Metal Spree.

== Sub-genres ==

=== Raga rock ===
{{Main|Raga rock}}
{{See also|Psychedelic rock}}

In the West, some groups, such as [[The Beatles]], traveled to India and incorporated aspects of Indian music, especially classical instruments such as the [[sitar]], into their music, often as a way of conjuring [[Psychedelic music|psychedelic]] 'Eastern' feelings. The term for this was [[raga rock]], and examples of it are [[The Beatles]] "[[Love You To]]", "[[The Inner Light (song)|The Inner Light]]","[[Across the Universe]]","[[Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)]]", "[[Tomorrow Never Knows]]", "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]" and "[[Within You Without You]]"; [[The Rolling Stones]]' "[[Paint it, Black]]"; [[The Kinks]]' "Fancy"; [[The Doors]]' "[[The End (The Doors song)|The End]]" and [[The Byrds]]' "[[Eight Miles High]]". A number of prolific Indian classical musicians such as [[Ravi Shankar]] aligned themselves with this trend, collaborating with Western artists. Indian bands themselves mainly covered early rock songs by pioneers of rock and roll in the United Kingdom and [[United States|America]], and only achieved recognition in popular culture by supporting film scores and Indian pop.

=== Indian fusion ===
{{main|Indian fusion}}

An Indian subgenre of rock exists that focuses on blending traditional Indian styles of music with rock music. The term for non-Indian bands using Indian instrumentals and vocal in rock is [[raga rock]]. However, Indian fusion also encompasses attempts by Indian pop musicians and film composers to incorporate rock music into their work, starting in the 1970s with film scores like those of the [[Amitabh Bachchan]] classics. The [[Brown Indian Band]] features accomplished Indian classical musicians in concert with jazz virtuosos. More recently, the multi-cultural British band [[Botown]] have taken elements of Bollywood and fused them with soul and funk to great success. The New Delhi-based band 'Ojapali' is also doing many experiments with Electronica Fusion music and Folk music of the Assam Region.

The Kochi-based band [[Motherjane]] typifies bands producing this genre of music. [[Motherjane]] guitarist [[Baiju Dharmajan]] is a pioneer of introducing the guitar music style known as carnatic shredding. Bangalore based carnatic rock band [[Agam (band)|Agam]] and fusion rock outfit Divine Raaga, Kaav, Veenar are other examples of mature songmakers in the country.<ref>[http://www.musicmalt.com/2011/12/eastern-fare-rocks-trinity-guild-hall.html Bangalore - Music]</ref>
Karnatriix is another band that has defined a new genre of fusion music labelled 'New-age World music'. Their ever-evolving sound today registers as ideally in sync with the 21st century's pan-cultural landscape. The name 'KARNATRIIX', which is a word play, meaning 'Aural Trickery', openly defines their music. Mellifluous melodies and sophisticated phrases deep-rooted in Blues music with an Indian Classical touch, combined with raw percussion and electronically produced subtle beats, voices and effects, form the core essence of the Karnatriix's musical nature. Indian Guitarist [[Kapil Srivastava]] composed Rock and Raga Fusion music in his Indian Guitaroo Volume 1.<ref>{{cite news|title=ZeeNews|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/kapil-srivastava-cuts-his-new-album-indian-guitaroo_91243.html|access-date=5 February 2015|newspaper=ZeeNews}}</ref>

=== Indian funk ===
Indian [[funk]] is a loose term describing the style of rock and roll, which is sometimes blurred into the realms of pop and other genres. Whereas Indian fusion may only incorporate Indian styles into rock, or rock into Indian forms of music, Indian funk can be broadly defined as what rap-metal is to heavy metal – an infusion of elements from rap, reggae, pop and dance genres that some might consider not to be 'true' rock. Groups originating in South Asian communities in Western countries like Britain are noted for this style, with bands such as [[Swami (band)|Swami]] and [[Asian Dub Foundation]] using elements of [[UK garage]], [[Bhangra (music)|UK bhangra]] and [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]], such as synthesizers, rap vocals and [[phonograph|turntables]]. Also based in the UK, [[Botown]] takes an approach inspired by [[Funkadelic]] with a large lineup of live musicians to blend Bollywood music with [[Soul music|soul]] and [[funk]]. Few rock bands such as Silent Echo (Delhi) and Psycho Frequency (Delhi) use a wide range of samples and mechanically evolved sounds.

=== Rock and roll ===
[[File:Hundred Octane unplugged- live in Hard Rock Cafe, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Hundred Octane performing at [[Hard Rock Cafe]] in Mumbai]]
India has produced many rock bands, some of whom have made it into mainstream Indian music and achieved some international recognition.
RLC66 one of the upcoming acts from Mumbai trying to combine various genres from western music. Their main influences are Porcupine Tree, Tool, Dream Theater. The song "Abrupt" is earning some good number of fans in Mumbai underground scene. Indian Guitar Player [[Kapil Srivastava]] has composed Rock and Roll fusion in his Indian Guitaroo Volume 2.<ref>{{cite news|title=RadioandMusic|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/indian-guitaroo-album-vol-2-release-kapil-srivastava|access-date=5 February 2015|newspaper=RnMNewsDesk}}</ref>

In September 2015, Mumbai based Rock & Roll Bassist [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122017/http://www.sweetwinemusic.com/vivekdate.html Vivek Date] released his Rock & Roll Album "Wrapping Paper"<ref>{{Cite web|title = Wrapping Paper {{!}} Debut album by Bassist Vivek Date|url = http://www.sweetwinemusic.com/wrapping-paper.html|website = Vivek Date|access-date = 2015-10-29|language = en-IN|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093743/http://www.sweetwinemusic.com/wrapping-paper.html|archive-date = 4 March 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> The album received a warm response from the audience and a good critique from the reviewers with some tipping it as a gift to the Rock & Roll scene of 2015 in India<ref>{{Cite web|title = Wrapping Paper – Vivek Date|url = https://artistaloud.wordpress.com/2015/09/21/wrapping-paper-vivek-date/|website = ArtistAloud.com| date=21 September 2015 |access-date = 2015-10-29}}</ref>

=== Hard rock and heavy metal ===
[[File:Nicotine_(Metal_Band_from_Indore)_playing_at_the_Hard_Rock_Cafe_in_Hyderabad,_India.jpg|thumb|[[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]] playing at the [[Hard Rock Cafe]], in Hyderabad, India in 2016. The band is widely known for being the pioneers of Metal Music in Central India.]]

===Vedic Metal===
A new brand of metal has arisen in India called "Vedic metal", or "Hindu metal", which traces its origins to the heavy metal band M.A.I.D.S (Metal Aliens in Devil's Soul), which laid the foundation of heavy metal and rock in southern India in the early 1990s. The Singaporean band [[Rudra (band)|Rudra]] initially got their worldwide push from major heavy metal label Sonic Wave International. With their style of 'Vedic metal' based around Hindu themes, the band have gained some fame in South East Asia, fusing heavy metal with Indian traditional music, in the vein of Brazil's [[Sepultura]], although they do not use avant-garde instruments such as them. Many international critics from the United States, Germany, and other countries have given the band's albums rave reviews.

Since the genre was pioneered by Rudra in the late 1990s, it has grown in popularity. Bands like Wingz of Vayraag (India), Aryadeva (Ukraine), Symmetry (Indonesia), Warriors of Peace (India), Asura (India), [[Advaita (band)|Advaita]] (India), The Aryan March (India), [[Bhairav (band)|Bhairav]] (India), Madhavas Rock Band (India), Narasimha (Singapore), Kaliyuga (Singapore), Azrael (Australia), Dying Out Flame (Nepal), Blue River (Sri Lanka), Punarjanma (India), and Kartikeya (Russia) have done pioneering work in the subgenre. Often, along with Vedic lyrics, the music has shades of [[Indian classical music]]. With the introduction of new subgenre of heavy metal, the Vedic-core bands like, Antim-Yuddha, [[Roktobeej]] are contributing to the rising Indian underground rock culture. The definitive album of this genre [[Rudra (band)|Rudra]]'s [[The Aryan Crusade]] (2001). In addition, India has produced many heavy metal bands that combine ethnic-[[folk music]] with various forms of heavy metal to create other [[folk metal]] bands. Indian rock has been influenced by some notable cultural trends, and has in turn produced influences of its own. Indian musicians have also collaborated with other musicians from across the globe.

====Heavy metal====

Millennium was formed in 1988 as one of the first Indian metal bands, and it laid the foundation for the Indian heavy metal scene. [[Demonic Resurrection]] laid the foundation for Indian extreme metal early in 2000 when extreme metal in India was a scarce minority, since then it has garnered popularity especially in the underground scene and spawned many bands such as Corroded Dreams, Escher's Knot, Crypted, Bestial Murder, and some bands have adapted to black metal driven sound with a rawer sound and [[Satanism|satanic]] lyrics. Bands such as Dark Desolation from Bengaluru and [[Fortified Destruction]] from Chennai have gone down that path. Many prolific extreme metal bands have spawned from the Chennai local scenes like Siva from Crypted, Abhijit Rao from Escher's Knot, Vyas "Hex" Manalan from Fortified Destruction who are all frontmen of their respective bands and all known for their extreme vocal capabilities and the addition of guitar in the case of Hex. With many extreme metal bands from other countries, such as Behemoth, Gojira, and Cradle of Filth are setting foot on the India. Some of the most popular heavy metal bands in India are [[Midhaven]], Zygnema, Bhayanak Maut, Albatros, Noiseware, Abraxas, Devoid, Sceptre, Kryptos, The Down Troddence, Crypted, Halakuah, Inner Sanctum, Scribe, and Cosmic Infusion. New emerging bands from India are now focused on spreading heavy metal and extreme metal music to the masses; there are frequent heavy metal gigs across India; though it is a niche in the genre, more and more people are becoming aware of the genre and bands like Orcus, Carnage INC, Primitiv, Eternal Returns, Kill chain, Emergency Trigger to name a few. From Central India, [[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]], a band based in [[Indore]], is widely credited of being one of the pioneers of [[heavy metal music]] in the region. In recent years, the a wave of Indian extreme metal bands are growing in popularity with bands like [[Brazen Molok]], being the flag bearer of this new wave.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNIND3926|title=Does Indore have the mettle for metal?|work=dnasyndication.com|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506213402/http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNIND3926|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educationinsider.net/detail_news.php?id=731|title=Metal mania|work=educationinsider.net|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315111040/http://www.educationinsider.net/detail_news.php?id=731|archive-date=15 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=42518&boxid=63886&ed_date=2014-01-06&ed_code=820076&ed_page=1|title=Indore has a bandtastic time!|work=dnaindia.com|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021734/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=42518&boxid=63886&ed_date=2014-01-06&ed_code=820076&ed_page=1|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinlung.com/2011/01/10-famous-rock-bands-of-india.html|title=The 10 Famous Rock Bands of India - Sinlung|work=sinlung.com|access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaonline.in/About/Culture/Best-Rock-Bands-In-India.html|title=Best Rock Bands in India|work=indiaonline.in|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821072411/http://www.indiaonline.in/About/Culture/Best-Rock-Bands-In-India.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/hot-trends/the-10-famous-rock-bands-of-india/|title=The 10 Famous Rock Bands of India|work=walkthroughindia.com|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812093543/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/hot-trends/the-10-famous-rock-bands-of-india|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.witty9.com/list-of-top-10-famous-rock-bands-who-gave-a-new-defination-to-the-music/|title=# 12 Prominent Indian Rock Bands Who Gave a New Definition to the Music .|work=Witty9|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913222425/http://www.witty9.com/list-of-top-10-famous-rock-bands-who-gave-a-new-defination-to-the-music/|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.india.com/articles/12-cities-home-awesome-bands-probably-dint-know/|title=12 Cities That are Home to Awesome Bands and You Probably Din't Know It!|work=Travel India|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041806/http://travel.india.com/articles/12-cities-home-awesome-bands-probably-dint-know/|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toplisthub.com/top-10-rock-bands-in-india/|title=Top 10 Rock Bands in India|first=Neelima|last=K|work=Top List Hub|date=23 May 2014 |access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/epapermain.aspx?pgNo=4&edcode=820076&eddate=2013-6-26|title=DNA E-Paper - Daily News & Analysis -Mumbai, India|work=dnaindia.com|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319152138/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/epapermain.aspx?pgNo=4&edcode=820076&eddate=2013-6-26|archive-date=19 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flipsyde.live/documentary-brutal-grooves-indian-metal-band-gutslit-features-in-film.html
|title=Documentary - Brutal Grooves - Indian Metal band Gutslit features in a film about four bands touring a dozen countries in Europe|work=flipsyde.live|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>

== Regional music scenes ==
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Many cities and regions have produced collections of bands large enough to be classified as a scene within Indian rock.
[[Kolkata]], [[Shillong]], [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]] have long been the principal founts of Indian rock and continue to produce bands regularly.<ref>[http://www.musicmalt.com/2015/04/16-rock-bands-from-north-east-india.html 16 Rock Bands from North-East India you don't want to miss], ''Music Malt''</ref>

=== Bangalore scene ===
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The dominant music genres in urban [[Bangalore]] are rock and metal music. All subgenres of rock, varying from classic rock n' roll to extreme metal can be heard in [[Bangalore]]. The underground scenario in Bangalore is highly acclaimed, and though Shillong is called the Rock/Metal capital of India but that day is not far when Bangalore can take the fame away from Shillong. Notable bands from Bangalore include [[Manoj George|ManojGeorge4Strings]], [[Raghu Dixit|Raghu Dixit Project]], [[Girish and The Chronicles]] (GATC), [[Kryptos (band)|Kryptos]], [[The Down Troddence|The Down Troddence (TDT)]] (originally from Kannur, Kerala), [[Inner Sanctum (band)|Inner Sanctum]], [[Agam (band)|Agam]], [[All the Fat Children]], [[The Usual Suspects]], [[Final Surrender]] and [[Swarathma]].
[[Rock 'n India]], Great Indian Rock and more recently Deccan Rock are the primitive rock festivals in India. Bangalore was also the first city in India where internationally popular rock groups [[Opeth]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Bryan Adams]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Elton John]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Metallica]], [[Slayer]], [[Megadeth]], among various other heavy metal groups performed live for the first time in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2011/08/metallica-in-india.html |title=Metallica in India - EF News International |access-date=16 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509054908/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/08/metallica-in-india.html |archive-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Recent restrictions on live music in Bangalore's bars has affected the rock music culture of the city but is slowly recovering with pubs like Kyra, B Flat and Legends of Rock hosting more live bands.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080812144708/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/04/stories/2008080461100400.htm Karnataka – The Hindu]</ref> Festivals like [[Rock 'n India]], Rock Ethos, Great Indian Rock and more recently Wrath Fest at Raipur and Deccan Rock continue to take place in Bangalore, a popular destination for international acts like [[Iron Maiden]], [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], [[Bryan Adams]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Megadeth]], [[Elton John]], [[Metallica]] and [[Deep Purple]].

=== Chennai scene ===
Another major Indian rock festival is the June Rock Out, organised by the Unwind Centre in [[Adyar (Tamil Nadu)|Adyar]], [[Chennai]].
There are also other smaller rock/metal festivals happening regularly in Bangalore and Chennai, like "Euphony", the "September Underground", "Last Band Standing", and the weekly "Live 101." The Bands Association of Chennai (BAC) is an organisation which actively promotes the cause of original music by Chennai bands such as Requiem Injustice, Grasshopper Green and Namma Ooru Boy Band (NOBB).

=== Delhi scene ===
[[Delhi]]'s music circuit has seen its share of ups and downs, but has held on largely due to the local presence of ''[[Rock Street Journal]]''. Delhi being the operational home of the Allahabad-based magazine, local bands have benefited by the proximity to India's first dedicated to stories and features based around rock and metal. The Great Indian Rock festival was mostly held in Delhi, now foraying into [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]], [[North-East India]] and [[Pune]] has exposed the upcoming musicians of India to a wider variety of musicians.<ref>[http://gnews.com/music-education-is-hitting-the-high-notes-in-bangalore-03200933095517/ Bangalore - G-News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124002108/http://gnews.com/music-education-is-hitting-the-high-notes-in-bangalore-03200933095517/ |date=24 November 2010 }}</ref> Notable bands from Delhi include [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], [[Them Clones]], [[Menwhopause]], [[Bandish]], [[Advaita]], [[Midival Punditz]], [[Mrigya (band)|Mrigya]], [[Guillotine (band)|Guillotine]], and [[Antariksh]].

=== Hyderabad scene ===
In Hyderabad bands like Sledge, Wreckage, Native Tongue has paved for upcoming bands by taking it to the nationals. They have won major rock and metal competitions such as campus rock idols 2004, 2005 and 2006 and headlining gigs across all major IT festivals in India taking charge of the Indian rock scene.

=== Indore scene ===
[[File:Nicotine Metal Band Indore.jpg|thumb|[[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]] playing at 'Pedal to the Metal', TDS, Indore, India in 2014.]]

The [[Indore]] scene (in Central India) initially ignored by the mainstream Rock/Metal fraternity has been emerging as the 'Dark Horse' of Indian Rock and Metal Scene since the mid-2000s. Though [[heavy metal music|Metal]] dominates the scene, the city has produced bands from all kinds of the genre (Classic Rock, Alternative, Hard Rock, Death Metal).

[[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]] which was formed in December 2006, is widely credited for being the pioneers of Metal music, not just in the Indore but in Central India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=27256&boxid=11558&ed_date=2013-06-26&ed_code=820076&ed_page=4|title=All hail the headbangers, They are in Indore's Hall of Fame|work=DNA E-Paper, Daily News & Analysis, Mumbai, India, dnaindia.com|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320055640/http://epaper.dnaindia.com/story.aspx?id=27256&boxid=11558&ed_date=2013-06-26&ed_code=820076&ed_page=4|archive-date=20 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/hot-trends/the-10-famous-rock-bands-of-india/|title=The 10 Famous Rock Bands of India|work=walkthroughindia.com|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812093543/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/hot-trends/the-10-famous-rock-bands-of-india|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveinstyle.com/nightlife/party-calendar/thursday-live-metal-mania-feat-dirge-and-nicotine-hard-rock-cafe-hyderabad|title=Metal Mania feat Nicotine & Dirge at Hard Rock Cafe, Hyderabad|work=liveinstyle.com|access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trendingtop5.com/interview-nicotine-top-metal-rock-band-india/|title=An interview with Nicotine, One of the top Metal bands of India|work=trendingtop5.com|date=25 August 2016 |access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref>
Zero Gravity, another Metal band from the city, released their full-length album called 'Holocaust Awaits' in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.discogs.com/Zero-Gravity-Holocaust-Awaits-/release/7431887| title = Zero Gravity – Holocaust Awaits (2014, CDr) - Discogs| date = 2014| publisher = [[Discogs]]}}</ref>

[[Nicotine (band)|Nicotine]], Grim Reapers and Bliss are the only 3 bands to have qualified from the Central Zone of the 'Campus Rock Idols' Competition.
Ceaseless Juncture and Perception as Reality are some of the existing active bands. There were bands like Avalanche, Auxiliary Triangle, Assault, Overdrive, Blindfolds which are now disbanded but won competitions outside the city.
Though it is an independent scene, major bands from outside the city like BLAKC, Zygnema, [[Demonic Resurrection]], Undying Inc, Albatross, etc. have performed in Indore.

[[Digvijay Bhonsale]], a [[Rock Music|rock]] and [[Metal Music|metal]] vocalist, guitarist and songwriter from [[Indore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2016/03/metal-mania-feat-by-dirge-and-nicotine-hrchyderabad|title=Metal Mania feat by Dirge and Nicotine at HRC, Hyderabad|work=Ritz Magazine|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314131005/http://www.ritzmagazine.in/2016/03/metal-mania-feat-by-dirge-and-nicotine-hrchyderabad/|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2016-03-20/Metal-mania-starring-Dirge-and-Nicotine/215077|title=Metal mania starring Dirge and Nicotine|work=thehansindia.com|access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> has played several gigs in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveinstyle.com/nightlife/party-calendar/thursday-live-metal-mania-feat-dirge-and-nicotine-hard-rock-cafe-hyderabad|title=Metal Mania feat Nicotine & Dirge at Hard Rock Cafe, Hyderabad|work=liveinstyle.com|access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://allevents.in/harare/humpdaywednesdays-with-digvijay-bhonsale-live-music/503373863335534|title=Digvijay Bhonsale Live at Queen of Hearts|work=AllEvents|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628114112/https://allevents.in/harare/humpdaywednesdays-with-digvijay-bhonsale-live-music/503373863335534|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://metal-united-world-wide.com/archiveshows/2018|title=Archive Shows 2018|work=Metal United World Wide|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=14 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914012408/http://metal-united-world-wide.com/archiveshows/2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://metal-roos.com.au/images/muww/events/43.jpg|title=Event Poster|work=Roos|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505162752/http://www.metal-roos.com.au/images/muww/events/43.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Kerala scene ===
The state of Kerala gave India one of the first and successful rock bands ever – [[13AD (band)|13 A.D]].
Kerala has produced some of the finest bands and musicians : [[Motherjane]], [[Avial (band)|Avial]], [[The Down Troddence]], [[Thaikkudam Bridge]], Evergreen, [[Manoj George|ManojGeorge4Strings]], [[Baiju Dharmajan]] and [[Rex Vijayan]]

=== Kolkata Scene ===
{{See also|Rock music of West Bengal}}
[[File:MoheenerGhoraguli-group.jpg|thumb|[[Moheener Ghoraguli]] in concert at [[Rabindra Sadan]], 1979.]]
Bands from Kolkata that pioneered original music in English include [[Krosswindz]], [[Cassini's Division]], Skinny Alley, The Supersonics, and [[Five Little Indians]]. Kolkata-based singer-songwriter [[Jaimin Rajani]] has gained recognition for his [[folk rock]] English songs as an independent artist. There is also a massive regional rock scene and also some bands formed locally with international views in Kolkata that includes bands like [[Fossils (band)|Fossils]], [[Cactus (Indian band)|Cactus]], [[Chandrabindoo (band)|Chandrabindoo]], [[Krosswindz]], [[Bhoomi (band)|Bhoomi]], and [[Lakkhichhara (band)|Lakkhichhara]].

In [[Calcutta|Kolkata]], the underground Metal Bands organise an Event called The Pit at Tapan Theatre in Kalighat. In 2009, three editions of The Pit were successfully organised. It is being seen now that more events are being organised, like the metal events held by KOSMA (Kolkata Old School Metal Association). Other fests include 'Abomination', 'Order of the Heretical Trident Festival', 'Kolkata Open Air'. [[Bengali language|Bengali]] metal gigs attract huge crowds and are sponsored by various organisations. Kolkata also hosts an annual musical festival, The NH7 Weekender since 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100528034304/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090430/jsp/entertainment/story_10894415.jsp The Telegraph – Calcutta]</ref>

[[Moheener Ghoraguli]], a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] independent music group from [[Kolkata]], is arguably India and [[Bengal]]'s first popular rock band.<ref>{{cite news |title=Song of the stallion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Song-of-the-stallion/articleshow/4681928.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122155732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-21/kolkata/28166934_1_composers-song-author-and-friend |url-status=live |archive-date=22 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>[[Moheener Ghoraguli]]</ref>

=== Mumbai scene ===
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Some of the most notable contemporary rock bands from Mumbai are [[Pentagram (Indian band)|Pentagram]], Tough on Tobacco, [[Bhayanak Maut]], [[Demonic Resurrection]], Split, Sridhar/Thayil, Scribe, and Goddess Gagged. The recent reunion of Indian rock pioneers [[Indus Creed]] was received with great enthusiasm,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=135&contentid=2010100520101005023954211a4c8f328 |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714133216/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=135&contentid=2010100520101005023954211a4c8f328 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> especially with regard to their plans to produce a new album in 2011.

Mumbai's longest-running festival has been the [[Independence Rock Festival]]. 2010 saw I-Rock, as it is popularly known, celebrate its 25th year. Independence Rock XXV paid tribute to the city that has hosted the festival by featuring a spate of local bands. The recently reunited Indus Creed headlined the festival, which included other local favourites like Bhayanak Maut, Scribe, Demonic Resurrection and Pralay, as well as stalwart musicians like Dhruv Ghanekar, Warren Mendonsa, Loy Mendonsa, Ehsaan Noorani, Farhad Wadia (the festival's founder and promoter), Ravi Iyer, Chandresh Kudwa, Shazneen Arethna and Sidd Coutto.

=== Pune scene ===
A relatively recent entry into the Indian Rock circuit is the city of Pune has been the home of bands over the years and off late there has been a new surge with notable genre-defining acts like Silver, Strange Brew, Jazz Mates, Nothing as Now and more. The live music scene of the twin cities Mumbai and Pune has been on a steep rise since 2005 with major International acts like [[Meshuggah]], [[Tesseract (band)|Tesseract]], [[Satyricon (band)|Satyricon]], Freak Kitchen, [[Sahg]]. Pune plays host to an annual musical festival, The NH7 Weekender, which takes place in the month of November and showcases international (mostly British) acts like [[Imogen Heap]], [[The Magic Numbers]], [[Asian Dub Foundation]] and [[Reverend Soundsystem]] to name a few.

=== Ranchi scene ===
[[File:John receiving the Best Drummer award at Hornbill Festival in 2017..jpg|thumb|right|[[Highway 69 (band)|Highway 69's drummer]] receiving the Best Drummer award from [[Uday Benegal]] at Hornbill International Rock Contest 2017 in [[Nagaland]].]]
Hailing from a small place quite unknown to the rest of the country, the bands of Ranchi from Jharkhand state had to face discrimination and hardships. Over the years, this city has produced some of the finest rock and metal music bands but they have always gone unnoticed because of being from a small town. In the 1990s, bands like Genesis, Kaalmantra and Sparsh<ref name="The Times of India for 'Sparsh'">{{cite web |title=Ranchi rock band to perform today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Ranchi-rock-band-to-perform-today/articleshow/2639039.cms|work=The Times of India |date=21 December 2007 }}</ref> have been considered as the pioneers to rock and metal music in Jharkhand. The city has had various music festivals being organized since the 2000s and a few of them are still organized today with the biggest one being [[Thunderstrock Festival]]<ref name="The Telegraph for 'Thunderstrock Festival'">{{cite web |title=Rock concert next month|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/rock-concert-next-month/cid/1310535|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref> and other notable festivals are like Rock Jatra and Rhapsody. The band Sparsh was aired live on CNN-IBN<ref name="YouTube for 'Sparsh'">{{cite web |title=Sparsh on CNN-IBN| date=3 March 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ckosjl-7iw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/4Ckosjl-7iw |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> cheering up for the [[India national cricket team]] during the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]]. The band 4 Degrees of Freedom<ref name="Rolling Stones India for HIRC 2013">{{cite web |title=Hornbill International Rock Contest 2013|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/review-hornbill-international-rock-contest-2013/|magazine=Rolling Stone India|date=23 December 2013 }}</ref> were the finalists of Hornbill International Rock Contest 2013, followed by [[Highway 69 (band)|Highway 69]] being twice the finalists at Hornbill International Rock Contest for 2017, 2018 along with their drummer winning the best drummer award in 2017 and Vikrit and Existence also being the finalists in 2018. The bands of Ranchi have been touring and performing across the country with currently [[Highway 69 (band)|Highway 69]] being the most notable one as it has performed extensively all over the country and has evolved with a huge fan base, followed by other bands like Iris 13, Reciprocal, Existence, Vikrit etc.<ref name="The Avenue Mail">{{cite web|title=Local rock bands ready to rock for voters' awareness in Ranchi|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/local-rock-bands-ready-to-rock-for-voters-awareness-in-ranchi/132565/|work=The Avenue Mail|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407110730/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/local-rock-bands-ready-to-rock-for-voters-awareness-in-ranchi/132565/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other active and notable bands from the 2010s were Genesis, Kaalmantra, Sparsh, 4 Degrees of Freedom, Conflicting Resonance etc.

== Independent record labels ==
Mainstream record labels in India often ignore rock, with a few exceptions. Album sales range between a few hundred copies to a few thousand. They are rarely, if at all, affiliated to the Indian music industry, and sales are not usually monitored. Songs of Bollywood usually gain more popularity as compared to the songs of bands. This is a huge set back. Bands also fail to sell their songs throughout the country even after making it available to major music stores, this is only due to lack of interest of people in rock bands. There are only a few bands that have become successful in selling their songs throughout the country. People who enjoy rock get the songs of their favorite bands, just by a click from any music website (sometimes their songs are uploaded by website administrators just after the day of release, this is illegal as per copyright law, but even then no action is taken). Hence, overall sales become less than expected. Bands in India mostly perform live shows with low priced tickets (as low as Rs. 100 or even less). Probably, the growing and the upcoming generation will have interest in Indian Rock and Metal. But care has to be taken to retain the copyright of the music.

The future looks encouraging thanks to entities such as Green Ozone, DogmaTone Records, [[Cochym]] and [[Eastern Fare Music Foundation]], [[Infestdead Records]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tntmagazine.in/tnt-y-news/northeast-gets-its-first-metal-label-signs-savage-uk/ |title=Northeast gets its first metal label; signs Savage (UK) | tntmagazine.in |access-date=29 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827041640/http://tntmagazine.in/tnt-y-news/northeast-gets-its-first-metal-label-signs-savage-uk/ |archive-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metal-rules.com/metalnews/2012/08/23/india-gets-a-new-metal-label-signs-nwobhm-legend-savage-uk/ | title=India gets a new metal label; signs NWOBHM legend Savage (UK) | date=23 August 2012 }}</ref> that are dedicated to promoting and supporting Indian rock.

==Documentary on Indian rock==

In 2004, filmmaker [[Qaushiq Mukherjee|qaushiq]] mukherji, popular as Q, directed a rockumentary named 'le pocha'. In 2008, music journalist Abhimanyu Kukreja directed Rockumentary – Becoming of Indian rock that was produced by NewsX and had a national TV release. The documentary is arguably the first of its kind on Indian rock that showcases the evolution of rock music in India starting from the 1960s. The documentary features popular and classic Indian bands like The Great Bear, High, The Great Society, Shiva, Indus Creed, Millennium and Parikrama. The documentary is available for free viewing on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary by Abhimanyu Kukreja|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSjSS1Zw58o|publisher=Newsx}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

''[[Leaving Home – the Life & Music of Indian Ocean]]'' (2010) directed by [[Jaideep Varma]] was about fusion rock band, [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]]. Thus it became the first band ever in India to be subject of a documentary.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite web | title = Indian Ocean co-founder Susmit Sen quits band |work= NDTV | url = http://movies.ndtv.com/music/indian-ocean-co-founder-susmit-sen-quits-band-612287 |date=12 June 2013| access-date = 2014-11-17 }}</ref> At the [[58th National Film Awards]], the documentary went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film]].<ref name="58thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm58NFAAward.aspx|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414003922/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm58NFAAward.aspx|archive-date=14 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, documentary filmmaker ''Raghav B''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghav Behari - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSsTSVY4_BWx_hEpupkVsGA |access-date=2023-07-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref> directed a documentary on ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PBtedHmu78 The Big Bangalore Metal Project]'' – contributing to the Indian Metal Music Scene features popular Indian Metal Bands like [[Kryptos (band)]], Dying Embrace, BevarSea, Eccentric Pendulum, Inner Sanctum, Shepherd. The documentary was to show the Metal culture and the evolution of its music in Bangalore. The documentary is on YouTube.

==Issues faced==
An all-girl rock band [[Pragash Band]] from Srinagar, Kashmir decided to call it quits after constant hate mails and death threats on the Internet, apart from the severe criticism and opposition from the religious leaders of Kashmir and other hardliner political parties.

==See also==
*[[Asian Underground]]
*[[Atomic Forest]]
*[[Life in a... Metro]]
*[[Nicotine (Metal Band)|Nicotine]]
*Regional [[Rock music of West Bengal]] popularly known as Bangla rock
*[[Rock On!!]]
*[[Rusty Moe]]
*[[The Vinyl Records]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|title=KAAV-MyOPUSRADIO |url=http://www.myopusradio.com/platformnews/article/big-fish-for-october-kaav|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024004707/http://www.myopusradio.com/platformnews/article/big-fish-for-october-kaav|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 October 2012|access-date=10 October 2012}}
* {{cite web|title=KAAV-INDIAN EXPRESS|url=http://epaper.indianexpress.com/50382/Indian-Express/04-August-2012#page/21/3|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-date=9 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909002712/http://epaper.indianexpress.com/50382/Indian-Express/04-August-2012#page/21/3|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=KAAV-INDIANROCKMP3|url=http://www.indianrockmp3.com/2012/09/24/a-fine-debut-with-a-unique-sound/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926092347/http://indianrockmp3.com/2012/09/24/a-fine-debut-with-a-unique-sound/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 September 2012|access-date=10 October 2012}}
* {{cite news|title=KARNATRIIX-THE HINDU|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article3785202.ece|access-date=10 October 2012 | location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|date=17 August 2012}}
* {{cite web|title=BAIJUDHARMAJAN-Timesofindia|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR/2012/08/07&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar01901&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019054033/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR/2012/08/07&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar01901&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2012|access-date=10 October 2012}}
* {{cite news|title=BAIJUDHARMAJAN-THE HINDU|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article3550720.ece|access-date=10 October 2012 | location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|date=20 June 2012}}
* {{cite web|title=BAIJUDHARMAJAN-ibnlive|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/crossing-over-to-a-new-beginning/261533-60-122.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703000659/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/crossing-over-to-a-new-beginning/261533-60-122.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2012|access-date=10 October 2012}}

== External links ==
{{World rock}}

[[Category:Indian rock music| ]]
[[Category:Rock music by country]]

Malankara Pentecostalism

2026-04-21T17:52:22Z

EJEBoris894787: Added first bio w/ infobox

{{Multiple issues|
{{No footnotes|date=September 2022}}
{{Essay-like|date=September 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

[[File:Malankara church photo.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Malankara Church of God, Thrikkannamangal, Kottarakkara]]
'''Malankara Pentecostalism''' originally known as '''Malankara Poorna Suvisesha Sabha''' is the first Pentecostal movement in [[Kerala]], India which gave birth to many Pentecostal denominations in Kerala.

==Etymology==
The name "Malankara" is re-fixed for most of the orthodox churches of [[Kerala]], in [[South India|south-west]] [[India]]. Malankara is a cognate of [[Maliankara]], a place near [[Muziris]], where St. [[Thomas the Apostle]] is said to have arrived in AD 52. It was the headquarters of the church from the first century. Muziris is possibly around the ancient town of [[Kodungallur]] ([[Cranganore]]) near [[Cochin]]. In course of time, this word changed to Malankara. In history, there is importance for Jerusalem because Christian church was begun from there, likewise Christianity in Kerala began from Maliankara by St. Thomas. Knowingly or unknowingly all Orthodox churches re-fix this name with their churches to claim lineage of initial beginning of Christianity.

==History==
The Pentecostal movement began during the first day of 1901 just as the world entered the twentieth century. The first person to be [[baptism with the Holy Spirit|baptized in the Holy Spirit]] accompanied by speaking in tongues was [[Agnes Ozman]], one of Parham's Bible school students. This made the Pentecostal movement of the twentieth century. This awakening spread rapidly to all parts of America. A three-year revival meeting under leadership of [[William J. Seymour]] started at [[Azusa Street Revival|Azusa street]] mission in Los Angeles from 1906 to 1909 that attracted believers from around the world. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XGiv3riaunQC&pg=PA24 George E. Berg], an Independent American missionary of German descent, went to India in 1901 and returned to the United States in 1908, where he received the Spirit baptism at [[Azusa Street Revival|Azusa street]] mission in 1908. He came to India accompanied with Lang, Bird, Maynard, Musabai, Arthur and David and proclaimed the first Pentecostal message at [[Thrikkannamangal]] during December 1909. In subsequent years, 1910 and 1911, he came with native missionary Cummins, an Anglo Indian and delivered the same message at Thrikkannamangal. Berg went to America in 1912 for world Pentecostal conference and met Missionary [[Robert F. Cook]] and both of them came to Bangalore during 1913, extending the Gospel work to South India. [[Robert F. Cook]] shifted his headquarters from Bangalore to Thrikkannamangal in 1921. The name given to the Church which he established at Thrikkannamangal was "Malankara Poorna Suvisesha Sabha". This name was changed to Malankara Church of God, Thrikkannamangal during 1984.

===St Thomas Churches in Kerala===
[[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], the apostle of [[Jesus Christ]] is believed to have landed in AD 52, in [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]] near Cochin.

F. E Keay in his book recorded that even before Christ there were trade connections with [[Middle East]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in spices and luxury articles like [[ivory]]. Thomas preached Gospel to Jew community and Hindus. He brought many Jews and Hindu families to the faith. He established seven Churches: Cranganore (Malankara), Chawghaat ([[Palayoor]]), [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near Alwye, Gokamanglam, [[Niranam]], Nilakal ([[Chayal]]), [[Quilon]] (Kalyan), and Thiruvancode. In four of these places churches still exist.

He is said to have ordained [[presbyter]]s for the churches from four [[Brahmin]] families called Sankarapuri, Pakolomattam, Kalli, and Kalliankal. After this he went to [[Malacca]] and to [[China]], and finally returned to Mylapure in [[Madras]] city where his preaching aroused the hostility of Brahmins. He was speared to death about the year AD 72.

Mention is made in the records of the [[First Council of Nicaea|council of Nicea]] (AD325) of the presence of a Bishop John from India. The history of the ancient church during 4th to 15th century reveals the fact that it was in friendly relation with the church in [[Persia]]. There is a tradition that a group of 400 immigrants from Persia arrived in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] in AD 345 under the leadership of a merchant named Kanaye Thommen. There is immigration from Persia in the year AD 825 under the leadership of a Persian merchant named Marwan Sabriso with two Bishops named Mar Sapro and Mar Prodh. They landed in Quilon. King [[Cheraman Perumal]] gave them land and extended to them special privileges, inscribed on two sets of copper plates (in Malayalam chepped) the early periods it would appear that considerable believers were [[Syria]]ns and Persian by race. They intermingled with the people of the country and became indianite.

There was ecclesiastical connection between the church in west Asia and church in Malabar till 16th century. The Bishops who came from a [[Babylonia]]n patriarchate were [[Nestorian Christianity|Nestorians]]. Even now there is a Nestorian church in [[Trichur]], called the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]]. They have connection with the Nestorian Patriarch. Though there were such ecclesiastical connections and ministrations, the church in Malabar was Independent in administration under its own Archdeacons. Portuguese started their entry in India with arrival of [[Vasco da Gama]] in AD 1498; they began to take control of the churches. For more than fifty years Malankara church was under the yoke of Rome.

In AD 1653, after 54 years of subordination to Roman control, the church freed with the [[Coonan Cross Oath|oath of Coonan cross]] and gained the loyalty to their ancient faith and traditions. Their dream was finally succeeded when their Archdeacon, Thomas by name was duly consecrated with title "[[Mar Thoma I|Mar Thoma]]" in 1665 by Mar Gregorius of Jerusalem who was associated with the [[Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch|Jacobite Patriarchate of Antioch]]. He was the first Indian Metropolitan. The connection with the [[Antioch]] Jacobites restored, because of the relationship with Syrian church. The church in Malankara was also known as Syrian church of Malankara.

After the arrival of missionaries from [[Church Mission Society]] of [[London]] the [[Malankara Syrian Church]] had relation with them. Soon difference of opinion arises in doctrine and the relationship came down with the result of parting. With the new converts they gained and the Syrians who joined with them eventually formed a branch of the [[church of England]] known as the Dioceses of Travancore and Cochin in 1879. But further reformation took place under the leadership of Palakunnathu [[Abraham Malpan]] of [[Maramon]] (1796–1845) and Kaithayil Geevarghese Malpan of [[Puthuppally, Kottayam|Puthupally]] (1800–1855), since some people in the church longed for the removal of non-scriptural customs and practices which had crept into the church over the centuries. There was litigation between reformed group and original group for many years for the possession of individual churches. The reformed group got only [[Maramon]] and [[Kozhencherry|Kozhenchery]] churches by court verdict and Kottrakara church without contest. Five churches given to both parties to use on alternate Sundays. Reformed group put up small sheds in other places for worship. Though the reformed group lost their property; they influenced the people for spiritual revival and enjoyed great joy in the new situation. In 1864, Mathew Mar Athanasius Metropolitan allowed Ammal, the daughter of a famous [[Tamil people|Tamil]] convert, Vedanayak Sastri, to visit the churches and inspire the people through the Christian songs.

===Translation of Bible into Malayalam Language===
Till eighteenth century, there was no [[Malayalam]] translation of [[Bible]] available. Only [[Syriac language|Syrian]] and [[Latin]] language Bible were available. [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] translated Bible into four North Indian languages, after his arrival in India in 1793. According to his ambition to translate Bible into more Indian languages, [[Claudius Buchanan]] vice principal of Calcutta College and Anglican Church Bishop [[Benjamin Bailey (missionary)|Benjamin Bailey]] reached Kerala during 1806. In 1807, he translated four Gospels into Malayalam. One Tamil pandit by the name Thimappa pillai and Manangnaziyathu Philiphose Rabban helped him. It was printed in kuriyar press Bombay. In 1917 Benjamin Bialy started to translate full Bible into Malayalam. For his help Moses, Vaidhyanatha Iyer and Chanthu Menon joined with him. It happened that Chanthu Menon belongs to [[Ottapalam]] and his two sons Padmanaba Menon and Govindan kutty Menon received [[baptism]] before the completion of translation. They received the name Joseph Fen, Bailey Fen and Baker Fen respectively. In 1824, Bailey printed the "Gospel of Mathew" in CMS press Kottayam. In 1829, [[New Testament]] was printed. In 1835, [[Old Testament]] was printed. Full Bible was printed in 1841. The Full Bible which we use now was printed in 1910.

===Spiritual revival in South India===
[[Anthony Norris Groves]], professionally a dentist and one of the founder leaders of [[Plymouth Brethren]] movement in England arrived in India in 1836 and established a missionary team in [[Madras]], his activities centered in [[Bihar]], [[Godavari]] area of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. He returned to England in 1852 and fell asleep in Jesus, at 12 on Friday 20 May 1853. His missionary career influenced his Indian disciple John Arulappan, who created an expanding network of indigenous Christian fellowships in the [[Madurai]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]]. Great revival with outpouring of [[Holy Spirit]] took place in Christianpettah in [[Tirunelveli]] District in 1860. Mathai, a CMS Evangelist from Tirunelveli who was a disciple of Arulappan, came to [[Travancore]] which caused an out pouring of the Spirit in Travancore in 1874–75. In both cases, charismatic gifts (prophesy, glossolalia, glossographia and interpretation of tongues) prayer for the sick, falling down and shaking, as well as restoration of the offices of Apostle and prophet were present. Justus Joseph also known as Vidhuvankutty Achen, was a Brahmin convert and a scholar. On 26 Nov 1865, he was ordained as a deacon in the CMS Church. He was attracted by the revival message and began to conduct revival meetings around [[Mavelikara]].

During the middle of the nineteenth century many of Hindu customs and superstitions prevailed in Christian religious life which consisted of certain ceremonies, rituals and festival offerings were made to [[saint]]s to avoid calamities and to gain personal affairs. Special festivals were held on the feasts of certain saints and the image of saints was taken in procession to please them and to gain their favor.

Vidhuvankutty Achen found all these superstitions and rituals are against the Bible and conducted [[revival meeting]]s in and around of [[Mavelikkara|Mavelikara]], kannettil and all places of Travancore. His talent of singing and revival meetings attracted many people irrespective of denominations and religion. In his meetings many people committed their life for Christ. Everywhere, there arose a revival and people began to sing and dance and rejoice in the Lord. A great revival took place in Syrian Churches. Though we could not agree with his teachings, due to his revival meeting, great awakenings among the Christians happened and many began to read [[Bible]] to understand real truth. In 1873, 1119 copies of Bible were sold in Kerala, but in 1874 the number increased to 3034. With this growth of readership of the scripture, the moral standard of Christians grew and they turned away from [[alcoholism]], [[witchcraft]], magic and stealing. People began to spend more time in reading Bible, praying, fasting and many lives were transformed. According to most Rev. Dr. Juhanon Mar Thomas, Vidhuvankutty Achen (Justus Joseph) had a vital role in the Revival movement of the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Marthoma Church]]. The spiritual revival started by a preacher Mathai Upadesi and carried on by Rev. Justus Joseph a famous scholar and musician and a Brahmin convert had its influence throughout the central Travancore. He wrote many Malayalam revival songs. 'Sthuthipin Sthuthipin Yeshu Devane' was written by him, this song is sung every year to conclude the final meeting of the [[Maramon Convention|Maramon convention]] by the congregation. This practice started in 1895 and still continues. He founded the Church called "Youyomaya Sabha". This group made controversial [[prediction]]s and not flourished progressively.

In December 1894, a well known preacher from Tamil Nadu, known as Tamil David and Wordsworth took over the leadership of the revivalism, visited Kerala preached about salvation at [[Puthencavu]]. During this meeting, a young boy aged eleven year named [[K. V. Simon]] accepted Jesus as savior. [[Maramon Convention]] was started in 1895. Later the spirit of revivalism was continued by the blessed leaders like CMS missionary Rev. Thomas Walker from Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, Punchamannil Mammen Upadeshi and Muthampackal Kochukunju upadesi. In 1896, J. Gilson, the famous [[Keswick Convention]] speaker, a Baptist missionary came to [[Kerala]] in the Maramon convention. Many accepted Jesus as their savior and many priests and laymen took baptism. Due to this, he was barred by the church leaders. In the year 1897, P.E Mammen(Kumbanattachen) Vicar received baptism from a Brethren missionary Handily Bird. In 1899, P.C Mammen was baptized. Separate worship was conducted in the residence of Kuttyil Mathai. This meeting was interrupted, due to opposition. Regular worship meeting was started at Kavaungprayar on 3 September 1899. In 1906, [[Volbrecht Nagel|V. Nagal]] started his ministry in Nellikunnu, [[Thrissur|Trichur]]. On 25 December 1915, K.V Simon was expelled from [[Marthoma Church]] due to preaching of baptism. This was the significant turning point in the Brethren movement in Kerala. On 20 January 1929, K.V. Simon joined with the movement of Mr. Noel and P.E. Mammen resulting united movement and paved the foundation of Brethren assemblies in Kerala.

===Spiritual revival in North India===
As a consequence of renewed European missionary fervor (beginning in 1897) and enriched by the [[1904–1905 Welsh Revival|Welsh Revival]] (1904), a series of revivals swept across in India in 1905–1906. This awakening encompassed mostly Protestant groups, including Anglican(CMS) Baptist, Danish Lutheran mission society, [[Church of Scotland]], Methodists, Brethren and all reformed churches involving confession of sin and prayer storms, hours spent in fervent and loud prayer, followed with Pentecostal-like phenomena including prophecies, dreams, visions and accounts of visible "tongues of fire". This revival was more dynamic at [[Pandita Ramabai|Pandita Remabai's]] "Mukti mission" at [[Kedgaon, Pune district|Kedgaon]] in Maharashtra state. One of the greatest out pouring of the Holy Spirit in modern times happened in her orphanage of child and widows. But none of these denominational revivals come out of their four walls and had separate Pentecostal churches anywhere in India.

===Beginning of Pentecostal Movement===

George E. Berg, an independent American missionary of German descent, went to India in 1901, and returned to the United States in 1908, where he received the Spirit of baptism at [[Azusa Street Revival|Azusa street]] mission in 1908. He returned to India and lived in Bangalore, having it as a center for work. In 1909, he came to [[Thrikkannamangal]] accompanied with Brethren missionaries, Land, Bird Maynard, Musabai, Arthur and David. During this convention, Berg spoke about the baptism of Holy Spirit, he received at Azusa Street, but Brethren missionaries opposed it. In 1910, accompanied with Brethren missionaries Noel, David, Grander and Arthur, he came for the convention from 13 to 20 December, and spoke about the baptism of Holy Spirit. Due to strong protest of Brethren missionaries, in 1911, he came along with a native missionary Cummins, an Anglo Indian and conducted convention. In this convention, the main theme was about the baptism of Holy Spirit. Many people accepted the revival message and was baptized with Holy Spirit. During these visits, he visited the place Thuvayur and conducted meetings there, at Brethren church, many Brethren people were anointed with Holy Spirit and received doctrine of Pentecost. Berg went to America during the year 1912 to participate in the world Pentecostal conference conducted in Los Angeles. [[Robert F. Cook]] also participated in the conference and he was attracted by the message delivered by Berg in the conference, and took decision to go to India. Next year, in 1913, Berg and Cook reached Bangalore and by the end of December, they started their missionary work; by travelling in train, staying some days at [[Tirunelveli]] and by train they reached [[Kottarakkara]] and went to Thuvayur in Travancore. Many people were baptized and joined the Church. In 1914, Berg and Cook again visited Kottarakkara and conducted meeting at Thuvayur and many people were baptized. Since the [[World War I]] started in 1914, Berg was compelled to return to USA, as he was a German descent.

===Beginning of Malankara Pentecostal Church of God===
[[File:Malanakara church photo 3.jpg|thumb|283x283px|Malankara Church of God, Kottarakkara old building- estd.1928]]
Missionary [[Robert F. Cook|Cook]] stayed at [[Bangalore]] during the [[World War I|1st World war]] time and started his work again in 1917 at Tamil Nadu and Kerala. As a result of his work many people converted and received baptism. He established Churches at [[Adoor]], Vilakudy and Chaliakara estate at [[Punalur]]. While working among estate workers of Chaliakara and Ambanad, he had acquaintance with managers of the estate, who were Europeans. By this time he wanted to shift his headquarters from Bangalore to somewhere near Kottarakara. Through the estate managers he came to know one contractor sri Geevargese Koshy, Vadakadathu veedu from Thrikkannamangal and he agreed to give his house for his stay. In 1921, he shifted his headquarters from Bangalore to Villakonathu Bunglow at Thrikkannamangal, Kottarakkara. He made a temporary shed in the compound and started worship, great revival took place. Many people converted and received baptism. Many sick people healed and baptized with Holy Spirit. He named the Church as Malankara Poorna Suvisesha Sabha.
[[File:Malankara church photo 2.jpg|thumb|284x284px|Malankara Church of God, Kottarakkara new building- estd.2011]]
The work progressed, many churches were planted. Many Hindu people received Jesus Christ as their savior and took baptism. Among these, one Hindu blacksmith received baptism known as Paulose, from Thrikkannamangal. At his residence he started a Bible study class and later it was shifted to Mulakuzha in 1926 and now it is known as Mount Zion Bible Seminary. In 1928, seven families joined and purchased four cents of land nearby and constructed a hall for worship and the worship of Cook from the temporary shed was shifted to this hall. This is one of the first Pentecostal Church in Kerala, established by Cook. The Pastors of the church in different period were Cook, Charles Cummins, K.C. Chandy, A.R.T. Athisayam and M.K.Varghese. This has been continued till 1942 and division took place, one group remained at Malankara church and another group under the leadership of Cook bought land at the present place and constructed prayer hall, where full Gospel Church of God is functioning at present. In 1936 Cook joined with full Gospel Church of God Cleveland in America. Many of his co-workers parted with him and formed their own movements like [[Indian Pentecostal Church]] and [[The Pentecostal Mission]].

== References ==
* [[Temple Entry Proclamation]]- Wikipedia
* Abraham C E, Rev Dr, MA, DD. "Church History" The Christian Literature Society, Malayalam Branch, Tiruvalla, Post Box 501, Park Town. Madras 3, 1966.
* Cairns E. Earle, "Christianity Through the centuries", Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49530, 1996
* Firth C B," An Introduction to Indian Church History "Published for The senate of Serampore College by ISPCK-2000, Post Box 1585, Kashmiri Gate, Delhi 110006.
* George E. Berg Missionary-Chicago Ancestry- "Pentecostal Revival in History"
* Juhanan Mar-Thoma Most Rev, "Christianity in India and brief history of the Marthoma Syrian Church", Marthoma Sabha Directory (1999) Pub.The publication Board of the Marthoma Church, Thiruvalla, Kerala.
* Later Rain falling in the East-"Twentieth Century Pentecostalism in India" and the Debate over speaking in Tongues. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717000700/http://www.highbeam.com/ www.Highbeam.com]-Church History articles-Sep 1999
* Robert Eric Frykenberg, "Christianity in India From beginning to the present" Oxford University Press 2008.
* Simon KV, "History of Brethren Church in Malankara" (Malayalam), A K.V.S, Publication of the Christavashram press, Manganam, Kottayam, 1938
* Verghese Dr Habel G, "Ekanayi kalnadayayi"(Malayalam)- the life story of Pastor T K Varghese, Christian Literature Service "Shelter", Paruthipara, Trivandrum- 695015, Kerala, India 2003.

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/malankaracog/ Malankara Church of God, Thrikkannamangal on Facebook]

{{coord|8.9931|76.7757|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Pentecostalism in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Kollam district]]

Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:23Z

EJEBoris894787: Starting

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{For|the constituency in Jharkhand|Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baghmara
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[South Garo Hills district|South Garo Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]
| established = 2003
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 60
| mla = [[Kartush Marak]]
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:33246}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Baghmara''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[South Garo Hills district|South Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan=4|[[Assam]]
|-
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Williamson A. Sangma]]
| {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
!colspan=4|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=3 | [[Williamson A. Sangma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | Lotsing A. Sangma
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Sengran M. Sangma
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Satto R. Marak || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | Samuel M. Sangma || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Kartush Marak]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kartush Marak]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,013 |percentage=31.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel M. Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,788 |percentage=23.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satto R. Marak |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,493 |percentage=18.96% |change={{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nathawal S. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=4,658 |percentage=16.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Saljagringrang R. Marak |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,759 |percentage=9.52% |change={{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alphonse Ch. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=257 |percentage=0.89% |change={{decrease}}16.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=205 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,225 |percentage=7.68% |change= {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,968 |percentage=87.13% |change= {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,246 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=8,070 |percentage=31.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sengnal N. Sangma |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,828 |percentage=22.83% |change={{increase}}18.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikman Ch. Marak |party=Garo National Council |votes=5,322 |percentage=20.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sirgan A. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,435 |percentage=17.38% |change={{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Saljagringrang R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=853 |percentage=3.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mondil G. Momin |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=351 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=388 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,242 |percentage=8.78% |change= {{decrease}}8.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,523 |percentage=88.11% |change= {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,966 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=7,728 |percentage=38.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sirgan A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=4,141 |percentage=20.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lazarus M. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,025 |percentage=14.92% |change={{decrease}}19.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Olendro R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,346 |percentage=6.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Secondson A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,339 |percentage=6.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milan M. Sangma |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=808 |percentage=3.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panseng R. Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=716 |percentage=3.53% |change={{decrease}}42.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,587 |percentage=17.70% |change= {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,270 |percentage=87.92% |change= {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,054 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satto R. Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,419 |percentage=45.88% |change={{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun W. Momin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,504 |percentage=34.04% |change={{decrease}}17.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lazarus M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=890 |percentage=5.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gentilla R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=796 |percentage=4.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hembilstone K. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=609 |percentage=3.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Florence Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=535 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Julius Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=417 |percentage=2.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,915 |percentage=11.84% |change= {{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,170 |percentage=88.50% |change= {{increase}}12.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,272 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sengran M. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,703 |percentage=51.98% |change={{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lotsing A. Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,055 |percentage=40.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robert T. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,060 |percentage=7.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,648 |percentage=11.12% |change= {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,818 |percentage=75.69% |change= {{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,579 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lotsing A. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,414 |percentage=49.50% |change={{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sengran M. Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,744 |percentage=44.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alphonse Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=627 |percentage=4.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aldrin Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elphinstone Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=0.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=670 |percentage=5.17% |change= {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,957 |percentage=79.22% |change= {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,693 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lotsing A. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,386 |percentage=52.87% |change={{decrease}}13.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sengran M. Sangma |party=Hill People's Union |votes=5,692 |percentage=47.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=694 |percentage=5.75% |change= {{decrease}}26.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,078 |percentage=81.16% |change= {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,204 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Williamson A. Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,496 |percentage=65.99% |change={{decrease}}8.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Weable Ch. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=2,833 |percentage=34.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,663 |percentage=31.97% |change= {{decrease}}25.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,329 |percentage=74.43% |change= {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,632 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Williamson A. Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,970 |percentage=74.91% |change={{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Emerson Marak |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,186 |percentage=17.87% |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Sangma |party=Communist Party of India |votes=297 |percentage=4.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roelson Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,784 |percentage=57.03% |change= {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,635 |percentage=69.63% |change= {{increase}}11.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,901 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Williamson A. Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,573 |percentage=71.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elphinstone R. Marak |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=915 |percentage=18.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shubendro M. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=505 |percentage=10.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,658 |percentage=53.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,993 |percentage=59.62% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,954 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Garo Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.2|90.63|display=title}}

[[Category:South Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]

J.P. Chandelia

2026-04-19T16:45:43Z

EJEBoris894787: adding info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J.P. Chandelia
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place =
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pilani Assembly constituency|Pilani]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = Sunder Lal
| successor =
| assembly =
| country =
| occupation = [[Advocate]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''J.P. Chandelia''' is an Indian [[politician]]. He was elected to the [[15th Rajasthan Assembly|15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pilani Assembly constituency|Pilani]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="d023">{{cite web |title=J.p. Chandelia(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PILANI (SC)(JHUNJHUNU) |website=MyNeta |date=1 Jan 2017 |url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3385 |access-date=19 Nov 2024}}</ref> He defeated Kailash Chand by 13,539 votes.<ref name="d077">{{cite web | title=Pilani Assembly Election Results 2018: Congress' JP Chandelia defeats BJP's Kailash Chand by 13,539 votes | website=Times Now | date=2018-11-29 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/rajasthan-election/article/pilani-assembly-constituency-election-2018-polls-rajasthan-vasundhara-raje-bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-congress-sachin-pilot-kailash-meghwal-jp/319517 | access-date=2024-11-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:24:53Z

EJEBoris894787: Added the details w/ refs.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{about|the constituency in Kachchh district|the constituency in Surat district|Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandvi
| constituency_no = 2
| mla = [[Aniruddha Bhailal Dave]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:257359}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Over 4.90 crore voters in Gujarat; ECI releases final roll and electors details 2022 |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/10/10/over-4-90-crore-voters-in-gujarat-eci-releases-final-roll-and-electors-details-2022/ |website=www.deshgujarat.com |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
| type= SLA
}}

'''Mandvi''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Kachchh district|Kachchh]] district and is a segment of [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is numbered as 2-Mandvi.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following talukas. This assembly seat represents the following segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Mandvi Taluka
# Mundra Taluka

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!Image
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Himmatsinhji M. K.]] ||
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|J. L. Mehta ||
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Noshir Dorabji Dastur ||
|-
|[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
|[[Suresh Mehta]] ||
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Jaykumar Chunilal Sanghvi ||
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=4|[[Suresh Mehta]] ||rowspan=4|
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Chhabilbhai Naranbhai Patel]] ||
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Dhanjibhai Senghani]] ||
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Tarachand Chheda]] || [[File:Tarachand Chheda.jpg|75px]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Virendrasinh Jadeja]]<ref name="election2017" /> || [[File:Virendrasinh Jadeja.jpg|75px]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|Aniruddh Dave||
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aniruddh Bhailal Dave
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 90303
|percentage = 53.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendersinh Jadeja
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 42006
|percentage = 24.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kailasdan K. Gadhvi
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 22791
|percentage = 13.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2427
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48297
|percentage = 28.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 169426
|percentage = 100
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 253096}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Mandvi (Kachchh)<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Virendrasinh Jadeja]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 79,469
|percentage = 49.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 70,423
|percentage = 44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 1,685
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,046
|percentage = 5.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,60,060
|percentage = 71.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:225037}}
|ref=<ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]: Mandavi<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |archive-date=26 November 2013|date= |author= |access-date= 1 June 2021 |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Tarachand Chheda]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 61,984
|percentage = 44.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kishorsinh Parmar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 53,478
|percentage = 38.34
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vijaykumar Gadhavi
|party = Gujarat Parivartan Party
|votes = 12,720
|percentage = 9.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,506
|percentage = 6.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,39,492
|percentage = 71.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]: Mandavi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/2007-election-results.html |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 2007}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dhanjibhai Senghani
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 41,799
|percentage = 46.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chhabilbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 37,634
|percentage = 42.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rayshibhai Garva
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,022
|percentage = 3.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4139
|percentage = 4.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 89004
|percentage = 61.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]: Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chhabilbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40,529
|percentage = 46.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suresh Mehta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 39,931
|percentage = 45.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Jaykumar Sanghvi
|party = Independent
|votes = 4,700
|percentage = 5.39
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Mohmadsidhik Isamil Juneja
|party = SAP
|votes = 2,082
|percentage = 2.39
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 598
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 87251
|percentage = 64.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=Gujarat Assembly Election, 1998: Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suresh Mehta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 33318
|percentage = 47.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jaykumar Sanghvi
|party = All India Rashtriya Janata Party
|votes = 18794
|percentage = 26.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14524
|percentage = 20.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 74335
|percentage = 63.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = All India Rashtiya Janata Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1995===
{{Election box begin | title=Gujarat Assembly Election, 1995: Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suresh Mehta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 41829
|percentage = 52.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jaykumar Sanghvi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 32608
|percentage = 40.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9221
|percentage = 11.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 83163
|percentage = 71.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
{{Election box begin | title=Gujarat Assembly Election, 1990: Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suresh Mehta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 39837
|percentage = 62.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jaykumar Sanghvi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 22929
|percentage = 35.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16908
|percentage = 26.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 65444
|percentage = 59.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title= Gujarat Assembly Election, 1985 : Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suresh Mehta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 24349
|percentage = 49.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rasiklal Doshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 22740
|percentage = 46.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1609
|percentage = 3.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 49647
|percentage = 56.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title= Gujarat Assembly Election, 1980 : Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jaykumar Sanghvi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 17255
|percentage = 40.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anantrai Dave
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 13708
|percentage = 31.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3547
|percentage = 8.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 44219
|percentage = 55.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1975===
{{Election box begin | title= Gujarat Assembly Election, 1975 : Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suresh Mehta]]
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 23629
|percentage = 54.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nalini Dastur
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18986
|percentage = 44.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4643
|percentage = 10.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 44931
|percentage = 51.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 1972]]: Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Noshir Dastur
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 25915
|percentage = 71.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suresh Mehta]]
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 7994
|percentage = 21.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17921
|percentage = 49.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 38443
|percentage = 58.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin | title= Gujarat Assembly Election, 1967 : Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = J. L. Mehta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 20420
|percentage = 50.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = H. Vijayaraji
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 19660
|percentage = 49.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 760
|percentage = 1.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 42549
|percentage = 68.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Swatantra Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin | title= Gujarat Assembly Election, 1962 : Mandavi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = H. Vijayaraji
|party = Swatantra Party
|votes = 26796
|percentage = 67.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jumakhlal Mehta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 13192
|percentage = 32.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13604
|percentage = 34.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 40302
|percentage = 67.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|22.84|69.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Kutch district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Telkoi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:42Z

EJEBoris894787: new

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Telkoi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Telkoi
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 20
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Fakir Mohan Naik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,40,261{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Telkoi''' is an [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Kendujhar district]], [[Odisha]], India.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221142115/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=23|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Patna (23) District : Keonjhar |accessdate= 3 February 2014}}</ref> Following 2008 Delimitation, [[Ramchandrapur, Odisha Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur Assembly Constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes Telkoi block, Harichandanpur block and 16 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Banspal, Baragarh, Bayakumutia, Gonasika, Jatra, Kalanda, Karangdihi, Kuanr, Nayakote, Phuljhar, Saharapur, Singhpur, Talakadakala, Tana, Taramakant and Uppar Raigoda) of Banspal block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|43.49}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.98}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|39.72}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|40.73}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|37.92}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.05}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.79}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|72.06}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.29}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|58.59}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|48.64}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 15 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Telkoi constituency are:<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp145.htm|title= 145 - Telkoi (ST) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 4 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Telkoi Assembly Election Results 2024: Telkoi Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/telkoi-constituency-result-18020 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Fakir Mohan Naik]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Premananda Nayak]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 October 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|Bedabyasa Nayak
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0" />
|[[Premananda Nayak]]
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=2|Niladri Nayak
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Chandrasena Naik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Niladri Nayak
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Pranaballav Naik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Chandrasena Naik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|Niladri Nayak
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Pragati Dal}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Bhagirathi Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Govinda Chandra Munda
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Fakir Mohan Naik]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Madhab Sardar by a margin of 9,439 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Telkoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Fakir Mohan Naik]]
|votes = 83,818
|percentage = 43.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=Madhab Sardar|votes=74,379|percentage=38.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Nirmal Chandra Nayak|votes=11,395|percentage=5.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,877|percentage=3.57|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,439|percentage=4.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,92,719|percentage=80.21|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Premananda Nayak]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Dhanurjaya Sidu by a margin of 5,920 votes.<ref name="News18 2019">{{cite web | title=Telkoi Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Telkoi Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. | website=News18 | date=2019-04-23 | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/telkoi-election-result-s18a020/ | access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Telkoi<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Premananda Nayak]]
|votes = 74,148
|percentage = 41.98
|change = {{increase}}2.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dhanurjaya Sidu
|votes = 68,228
|percentage = 38.63
|change = {{increase}}26.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prashant Kumar Dalai
|votes = 23,508
|percentage = 13.31
|change = {{decrease}}18.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,297
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,920
|percentage = 3.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,76,614
|percentage = 78.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Bedabyasa Nayak defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Dhanurjaya Sidu by a margin of 13,954 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Telkoi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Bedabyasa Nayak
|votes = 66,675
|percentage = 39.72
|change = {{decrease}}1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dhanurjaya Sidu
|votes = 52,721
|percentage = 31.41
|change = {{increase}}4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kailash Chandra Nayak
|votes = 21,018
|percentage = 12.52
|change = {{increase}}1.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brundaban Naik
|votes = 14,080
|percentage = 8.39
|change =''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3675
|percentage = 2.19
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,954
|percentage = 8.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,67,872
|percentage = 84.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Premananda Nayak]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Brundaban Naik by a margin of 17,478 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Telkoi<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Premananda Nayak]]
|votes = 53,279
|percentage = 40.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Brundaban Naik
|votes = 35,801
|percentage = 27.37
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manas Kumar Naik
|votes = 14,270
|percentage = 10.91
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiba Purty
|votes = 12,351
|percentage = 9.44
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,478
|percentage = 13.36{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,822
|percentage = 69.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kendujhar district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]

Sri Vyshnavi Yarlagadda

2026-04-15T10:24:08Z

EJEBoris894787: stub

{{Short description|Indian mnemonist (born 1995)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sri Vyshnavi Yarlagadda
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| headercolor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| fullname = Sri Vyshnavi Yarlagadda
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|12|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| monuments =
| parents =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = 165cms
| weight =
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Memory sport]]
| disability =
| disability_class =
| rank = 31 [WOMEN'S RANKING]
158 [OVERALL RANKING]
| event =
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| league =
| league_type =
| club =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| highestranking = 2 - Names and Faces Event (20 October 2013)
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
| show-medals =
| updated = [http://www.world-memory-statistics.com/competitor.php?id=1074 WMSC Profile]
}}

'''Sri Vyshnavi Yarlagadda''' (born 6 December 1995) is an International Grandmaster<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-02-17/Bagging-laurels-in-memory-field/359654|title=Bagging laurels in memory field|website=The Hans India|date=17 February 2018|language=en|access-date=2018-02-25}}</ref> of Memory. She attained her career-best rank no. 2 in October 2013 in ''Names and Faces event'' by the ''World Memory Sports Council''. She is the first Indian to win an open category medal at the [[World Memory Championships]]. She achieved this feat by winning the gold medal in ''Names and Faces event'' at the ''20th World Memory Championship 2011'' on 7 December 2011 in [[Guangzhou]], [[China]].

She is the first Indian to set a Junior World Record and also the first Indian woman to win a gold medal in [[World Junior Memory Championships]]. She completed a hat-trick in 2012 by winning the gold medal on 14 December 2012<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.world-memory-statistics.com/competition.php?id=wmc2012&discipline=names15 | title=World Memory Championship 2012 (Combined) }}</ref> at the ''World Memory championship'' in London. She is the youngest and the first woman in India to achieve the International Master of Memory title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/This-Hyderabadi-girls-memory-power-will-boggle-you/articleshow/50901312.cms|title = This Hyderabadi girl's memory power will boggle you - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She was honored by the President of India, Shri. Pranab Mukherjee as one of the top 100 women achievers of India on 22 January 2016 at Rashtrapathi Bhawan. She was one of the five sportsperson to have won the award.

== Early life ==
Sri Vyshnavi completed her schooling in Hyderabad. She is a psychology graduate from Osmania University. She played Chess and won state championships.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/vaishnavi-is-champion/article260047.ece|title = Vaishnavi is champion|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 15 June 2009}}</ref> Her family hails from [[Vijayawada]].

== Records ==

=== World Records ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:400px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Year
! style="text-align:center;"|Record
|-
| 2011
| Junior World Record in 15 min Names and Faces
|-
| 2012
| Junior World Record in 5 min Names and Faces
|-
| 2012
| Junior World Record in 15 min Names and Faces - Broke her own record
|-
| 2013
| Women's World Record in 5 min Names and Faces - Broke her own record
|}

All the above records were set at competitions affiliated to the World Memory Sports Council.

=== National Records ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:400px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Year
! style="text-align:center;"|Record
|-
| 2011
| 5 min Names and Faces
|-
| 2011
| 15 min Names and Faces
|-
| 2012
| 5 min Names and Faces - Broke her own record
|-
| 2012
| 15 min Names and Faces - Broke her own record
|-
| 2013
| 5 min Names and Faces - Broke her own record
|-
| 2013
| 15 min Names and Faces - Broke her own record
|-
| 2013
| Historic and Future Dates
|-
| 2014
| 15 min Names and Faces - Broke her own record
|-
| 2014
| Historic and Future Dates - Broke her own record
|-
| 2014
| 30 min Binary Digits
|-
| 2015
| 30 min Random Numbers
|-
| 2015
| Long Numbers (1 hour)
|-
| 2016
| 15 min Names and Faces - Broke her own record
|-
| 2019
| 30 min Random Numbers - Broke her own record
|-
| 2019
| 30 min Random Cards
|-
|}

All the above records were set at competitions affiliated to the World Memory Sports Council.

== Titles ==
* International Master of Memory - 2015
* International Grandmaster of Memory - 2017

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:450px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Awards
|-
| Rashtra Telugu Mahila Puraskar (2014)
|-
| Abhinandana Best Lady Award (2015)
|-
| TANA Award for Meritorious Achievements-Youth (2015)
|-
| #100Women Achievers Award by The Government of India (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-100-women-nominated-for-women-and-child-development-s-achievers-award-2168710|title=100 women nominated for Women and Child Development's achievers' award}}</ref>
|-
| Nari Niyogin Award by S.P.E.W (2017)
|-
| Nari Shakti Award by Iwoman Awards (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iwomanawards.org/users/winner/194 |title=IWoman Global Awards 2019:Sri Vyshnavi Yarlagadda |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322112923/http://iwomanawards.org/users/winner/194 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

== Medal Records ==

===2010===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|CHN}} World Junior Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal}}
|}

=== 2011 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|CHN}} World Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal|Winner}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|CHN}} World Junior Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Historic and future dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Binary Digits
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|}

===2012===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|GBR}} World Junior Memory Championship
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|GBR}} World Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal|Winner}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|GBR}} World Junior Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|GBR}} World Junior Memory Championship
| Historic and future dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|GBR}} World Junior Memory Championship
| One hour Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|GBR}} World Junior Memory Championship
| Abstract Images
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|GBR}} World Junior Memory Championship
| Binary Digits
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Historic and future dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Binary Digits
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|}

===2013===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal|Winner}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal|Winner}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Binary Digits
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Historic and future dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| 15 Minute Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Random Words
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Abstract Images
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| 10 Minute Cards
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Speed Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|}

===2014===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Open Adult Memory Championships
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Open Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Open Memory Championships
| Random Words
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Open Memory Championships
| Historic/Future Dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Random Words
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Binary Digits
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Random Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Historic and Future Dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Spoken Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Abstract Images
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
|}

===2015===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal|Winner}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|HKG}} Asian Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|HKG}} HongKong Open Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| 10 min cards
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Binary Digits
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Random Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Historic and future dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Speed Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Random Words
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|CHN}} World Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|}

===2016===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal|Winner}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| 5 min Words
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| 10 min Cards
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Speed Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Historic and future dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Speed Cards
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Random Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Binary Digits
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Spoken Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championship
| Abstract Images
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|SIN}} World Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|}

===2017===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|IDN}} World Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|}

===2018===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal|Winner}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal|Winner}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Historic and future dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Random Words
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian National Memory Championships
| Speed Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|HKG}} World Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|}

===2019===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px; font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Championship
! style="text-align:center;"|Event
! style="text-align:center;"|Medal
|-
| |{{flagicon|ITA}} Italian Open Memory Championships
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|ITA}} Italian Open Memory Championships
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{ Gold medal|Winner}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|ITA}} Italian Open Memory Championships
| Random Words
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|ITA}} Italian Open Memory Championships
| Historic and future dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|ITA}} Italian Open Memory Championships
| Spoken numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|ITA}} Italian Open Memory Championships
| Abstract Images
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|ITA}} Italian Open Memory Championships
| Speed Cards
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Open Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Open Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Open Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Random Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Open Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Historic and Future Dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Open Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Speed Cards
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Speed Cards
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Gold medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Binary Digits
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Random Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Speed Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Historic/Future Dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Random Words
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Abstract Images
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Spoken Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(WMSC)
| Random Cards
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(IAM)
| Overall
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(IAM)
| Speed Cards
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(IAM)
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(IAM)
| Random Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(IAM)
| Speed Numbers
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(IAM)
| Historic/Future Dates
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(IAM)
| Random Words
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Silver medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|IND}} Indian Memory Championships(IAM)
| Binary Digits
| style="text-align:left;"|{{Bronze medal}}
|-
| |{{flagicon|CHN}} World Memory Championship
| Names and Faces
| style="text-align:left;"|{{bronze medal|Winner}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Sports}}
{{col-float}}
;Sports
* [[Memory sport]]
* [[Method of loci]]
* [[Mind sport]]
* [[Mind Sports Olympiad|Mind Sports Olympiad (MSO)]]
* [[World Memory Championships]]

{{col-float-break}}
;Sports person
* [[Ben Pridmore]]
* [[Dominic O'Brien]]
* [[Rajan Mahadevan]]
* [[Grand Master of Memory]]
* [[List of world championships in mind sports]]

{{col-float-break}}
;Misc
* [[Mnemonist]]
* [[Mnemonic major system]]
{{col-float-end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.world-memory-statistics.com/competitor.php?id=1074 WMSC profile]
* [http://www.worldmemorychampionships.com/ Official World Memory Championships website]
* [http://www.world-memory-statistics.com/discipline_select.php?cid=India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yarlagadda, Sri vyshnavi}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Telangana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian mnemonists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Pallavi Singh

2026-04-13T01:43:32Z

EJEBoris894787: made new bio.

{{Short description|UK-based Indian writer and business historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

'''Pallavi Padma-Uday''' is a UK-based Indian writer and business historian. She is the author of the poetry collections ''Orisons in the Dark'' (2023) and ''Lola in Belfast'' (2024).

==Early life and education==
Padma-Uday studied economic history at the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]] as an LSE-India scholar. She trained as a journalist at the [[Asian College of Journalism]], Chennai.<ref>{{cite web | website=Cap Arts | title=The Monthly interviews Indian writer Pallavi Padma-Uday | date=June 2024 | url=https://www.capartscentre.com/2024/05/the-monthly-interviews-indian-writer-pallavi-padma-uday-based-in-northern-ireland-part-1-discovering-poetry-and-song-on-a-swing-under-a-guava-tree}}</ref>

==Career==
As a business historian, Padma-Uday's research examines the evolution of business groups in modern India.<ref>{{cite web | website=Economic History Society | title=From British Rule to Boardrooms: Community in India's Corporate Economy, 1920s–1970s | date=6 October 2025 | url=https://ehs.org.uk/from-british-rule-to-boardrooms-community-in-indias-corporate-economy-1920s-1970s/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Queen's University Belfast | title=Pallavi Singh | url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/persons/pallavi-singh}}</ref>

She previously worked as a journalist in India, reporting on political economy and business for publications including ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'', and ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''.<ref>{{cite web | website=Mint | title=Pallavi Singh | url=https://www.livemint.com/authors/-pallavi-singh}}</ref> She also led audience engagement and marketing for News Corp companies in New Delhi.

==Literary work==
Her debut poetry collection, ''Orisons in the Dark'', was published by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web | website=Writers Workshop | title=Orisons in the Dark | date=April 2023 | url=https://www.writersworkshopindia.com/books/orisons-in-the-dark/}}</ref> The collection was reviewed in outlets including ABP Live and TV9.<ref>{{cite web | website=ABPLive | title=Book Excerpt: 'Orisons In The Dark' | date=24 May 2023 | url=https://news.abplive.com/books/book-excerpt-orisons-in-the-dark-by-pallavi-padma-uday-powerful-exploration-of-patriarchy-and-resilience-of-women-1604253}}</ref>

Her second collection, ''Lola in Belfast'', was published in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web | website=Writers Workshop | title=Lola in Belfast | date=May 2024 | url=https://www.writersworkshopindia.com/books/lola-in-belfast/}}</ref> The book was featured at the Belfast Book Festival in 2024.<ref>{{cite web | website=Belfast Book Festival | title=Motherhood, Love & Identity – Pallavi Padma-Uday and Catherine Dunne | date=April 2024 | url=https://belfastbookfestival.com/whats-on/motherhood-love--identity-pallavi-padmauday-and-catherine-dunne}}</ref>. An excerpt from the collection was also published by ''Scroll.in''.<ref>{{cite web | website=Scroll.in | title=‘Dear Adam, this night is for us’: Five poems from Pallavi Padma-Uday’s new book of poetry | url=https://scroll.in/article/1076354/dear-adam-this-night-is-for-us-five-poems-from-pallavi-padma-udays-new-book-of-poetry | date=2024 }}</ref>

Her writing has appeared in literary journals across the UK, Ireland and South Asia including ''The Honest Ulsterman'', ''Unapologetic'', ''Abridged'', ''The Galway Review'', ''Muse India'', and ''The Aleph Review''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://humag.co/prose/puberty |title=Puberty |website=The Honest Ulsterman |date=October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thegalwayreview.com/2025/03/02/pallavi-padma-uday-three-poems/ |title=Pallavi Padma-Uday – Three Poems |website=The Galway Review |date=2 March 2025}}</ref> She also contributed a short story to ''Trumpet'' 14, published by [[Poetry Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poetryireland.ie/publications/trumpet/current-issue/ |title=Current Issue – Trumpet 14 |website=Poetry Ireland |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

Her books are held in the collections of the [[National Library of Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web | website=National Library of Ireland | title=Padma-Uday, Pallavi | date=June 2023 | url=https://catalogue.nli.ie/Author/Home?author=Padma-Uday%2C+Pallavi%2C+author/}}</ref>

==Reception==
Padma-Uday's poetry has received scholarly attention in studies of Indian writing in English. Narayan and Nagpal (2024, 2025), in selective surveys of the field, include readings of her poems, quoting and analyzing their thematic and stylistic features within contemporary literary developments.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Narayan
|first1=S. A.
|last2=Nagpal
|first2=Payal
|title=India
|journal=Literature, Critique, and Empire Today
|year=2024
|volume=59
|issue=4
|pages=552–585
|doi=10.1177/303339622412884
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Nagpal
|first1=Payal
|last2=Narayan
|first2=S. A.
|title=India
|journal=Literature, Critique, and Empire Today
|year=2025
|volume=60
|issue=4
|pages=629–663
|doi=10.1177/30333962251378603
}}</ref>

The collection ''Lola in Belfast'' was also reviewed by ''Scroll.in'', which highlighted its engagement with themes of identity, migration, and the negotiation between personal and cultural belonging.<ref>{{cite web | website=Scroll.in | title='Lola in Belfast': Pallavi Padma-Uday’s poems connect her authentic roots with the new world | url=https://scroll.in/article/1078546/lola-in-belfast-pallavi-padma-udays-poems-connects-her-authentic-roots-with-the-new-world | date=2024 }}</ref>

==Honours and recognition==
In September 2025, Padma-Uday was selected for the Irish Writers Centre's ''Evolution Programme 2025–2026'', a six-month development programme for 12 published writers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irishwriterscentre.ie/12-writers-selected-for-irish-writers-centre-evolution-programme-2025-2026/ |title=12 writers selected for Irish Writers Centre Evolution Programme 2025-2026 |website=Irish Writers Centre |date=17 September 2025 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Orisons in the Dark''. Kolkata: Writers Workshop, 2023. {{ISBN|978-81-961291-1-8}}
* ''Lola in Belfast''. Kolkata: Writers Workshop, 2024. {{ISBN|978-81-968192-1-7}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century women poets]]

The Perumal Engineering College

2026-03-28T02:08:28Z

EJEBoris894787: fix section per sources and fixed typos

{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2011}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox University
|name = The Perumal Engineering College
|established = 2003
|type = Self-financing college
|chairperson = Kannagi Sivadurai
|principal = Dr. N. Marimuthu
|undergrad = B.E., M.E.
|city = [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]] (near [[Chennai]]), satellite campus [[Bangalore]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
|website = [http://www.theperumalengg.org www.theperumalengg.org]
}}

'''The Perumal Engineering College''' is a co-educational engineering college in [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]] near Velachery, a rapidly developing suburban area of [[Chennai]], [[India]].

The college is 2.1 km from the Madras Flying Club near the [[Meenambakkam]] Airport and [[National Highway 45 (India)]] (also known as the Great Southern Trunk Road).

==History==

The Perumal Engineering College was established as a private self-financed engineering college in 2006. It previously operated as the Perumal Educational Society from 2003. It was initially affiliated to [[University of Madras]]. To better its standing, the process of accreditation and affiliation with [[Anna University]] was initiated in 2007 and TPEC will become part of the Anna University system within the next 5 years. It offers bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering to its 650+ student strength.

== Campus ==

The college campus has [[basketball]] courts, [[tennis]] courts, two [[field hockey]] grounds, and two [[cricket]] grounds. All the grounds are huge. There are [[table tennis]] tables at the college. The auditorium is newly constructed and has the capacity to seat 1,000 people.

The laboratories are state-of-the-art and there is an on-campus cafeteria serving food to staff and students. The [[library]] has close to 30,000 journals, technical books, and newspapers from across the country.

== Education system ==

In a bachelor's degree, the first few trimesters consist of base engineering courses followed by the specialized courses in the later trimesters. A student can finish a conventional four-year bachelor's degree within 3.5 years in an ideal situation. The course starts in June and ends in November, the final trimester being a research/industry-oriented project.

For a master's degree, the course is 1.5 years long. The trimesters start in June and end in March for the Masters program.

A satellite campus was opened at [[Bangalore]] to forge stronger links with the IT industry and used to conduct industrial research and professional trainings. The faculty at Chennai are given an option to spend a two-year rotation at this campus after which they move back to the Chennai head-campus.

==See also==
* [[Anna University, Chennai]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perumal Engineering College}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Simla Deputation

2026-03-26T08:50:49Z

EJEBoris894787: new

{{Short description|1906 gathering of Muslim leaders in Simla}}
{{About|the 1906 deputation of Indian Muslim leaders for greater political representation|the 1914 Tibetan-British-Chinese convention|Simla Convention|the 1945 Indian self-government meeting|Simla Conference|the 1972 India-Pakistan peace treaty|Simla Agreement}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| width =
| image1 = HH the AGA KHAN 1936.jpg
| width1 = 125
| caption1 = [[Aga Khan III]], facilitator of the Simla Deputation
| image2 = Fourth Earl of Minto.jpg
| width2 = 150
| caption2 = [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], [[Governor-General of India]] in 1906
}}
The '''Simla Deputation''' was a gathering of 35{{Efn|Sources differ regarding the number of Indian Muslim leaders present. Some claim the number present was 70,{{sfn|Purohit|2011|p=767}} 32,{{sfn|Akhtar|2017|p=767}} or 30{{sfn|Lal|1986|p=73}} (as well as various other claims), but the most used number among sources is 35 people.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=160}}{{sfn|Rahman|1970|p=8}}}} prominent Indian Muslim leaders led by the [[Aga Khan III]] at the [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]] in [[Simla]] in October 1906. The deputation aimed to convince [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], the [[Viceroy of india|viceroy of India]], to grant Muslims greater representation in politics.

The deputation took advantage of the liberal values of the newly appointed Minto and his Secretary of State, [[John Morley]], following the election of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]] in the [[1906 United Kingdom general election]], as well as the willingness of the British and the Indian Muslims to cooperate – the British wanted to use Indian Muslims as a bulwark against the [[Indian National Congress]] and Hindu nationalism, while the Muslims, based in [[Aligarh Muslim University]], wanted to use the opportunity to secure more political representation for themselves.

Minto, finding himself sympathetic to the demands of the Muslims, put many of them into law through the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], granting the wishes of the deputation. The deputation also led indirectly to the creation of the [[All-India Muslim League]] in December that year, as the leaders of the Simla Deputation had taken the time to draft the constitution of the Muslim League to present at the [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]].

==Background==
During the 19th century, Muslim political activism came to be centered on [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. The university and its associated [[Aligarh Movement|Aligarh movement]] began to push for Muslim social and educational reform. Its leader, [[Sayyid Ahmad Khan]], strengthened the Muslim community in northern India by drawing them to his pro-British writings and gatherings.{{sfn|Jones|1989|p=64}} However, his death in 1898 led to the university becoming dormant. However, in the 1900s, the university became heavily involved in politics again, starting with the [[Hindi–Urdu controversy]].{{sfn|Akhtar|2017|pp=765–766}} The beginning of the 20th century gave rise to the impetus for a Muslim political organization to advocate for Muslims throughout India, much as the [[Indian National Congress]] did for India as a whole.{{sfn|Malik|2012|p=171}}

In 1905, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], then Viceroy, reorganized the [[Bengal Presidency]] through the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]], splitting the region into East and West Bengal. The partition enraged Hindus,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=156}} but Muslims, who had become a majority in the newly-formed East Bengal, found themselves opposed to the Hindus. The Muslims of East Bengal, led by [[Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury]], found an increased power and voice to be used to push for better employment opportunities, education, and political representation. The British found in this Muslim opposition a bulwark against Hindu dominance and nationalism and supported the Muslims.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|pp=159–160}}

In late 1905, the government of Britain came under the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]] following the [[1906 United Kingdom general election]]. This coincided with the appointment of [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], who was more sympathetic to Indian desires for autonomy than his predecessor Lord Curzon, to the position of Vice-Roy following the resignation of Curzon. [[John Morley]], a Liberal MP, was appointed [[Secretary of State for India]] in the Liberal government of the UK. Morley made a speech in the UK Parliament in July 1906 hinting at an increase of representation of native Indians in [[Legislatures of British India|legislative councils]] for both moderate members of the [[Indian National Congress]] as well as Muslims.{{sfn|Akhtar|2017|pp=766–767}}

Hearing Morley's speech, Muhammad Ismail Khan, a member of the legislative council of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], as well as other notable people within politics,{{sfn|Malik|2012|p=172}} wrote to [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], successor of Syed Ahmad Khan, suggesting an effort to increase Muslim representation in local councils. Mohsin-ul-Mulk formed a committee to possibly meet the new Viceroy and asked the Principal of Aligarh Muslim University, W.A.J. Archibold, who was in Simla at the time, to pass the committee's request for a meeting on to the Viceroy.{{sfn|Wasti|1976|p=49}} The Viceroy agreed, and [[Syed Hussain Bilgrami]] drafted the deputation's address with help from Mohsin-ul-Mulk.{{sfn|Malik|2012|p=172}} The address was signed by more than 1182 people and was sent to the Viceroy on 6 September, a month before the deputation itself.{{sfn|Akhtar|2017|p=767}}{{Efn|The address may have been sent after 15–16 September, the date ascribed to the finishing of the draft by a council of political leaders at [[Lucknow]].{{sfn|Malik|2012|p=172}}}}

Historian Peter Hardy argues that the deputation knew that Lord Minto would be somewhat receptive to their requests, or at least that he would not be openly hostile towards them. He argues that this influenced the demands they made towards him.{{sfn|Akhtar|2017|p=768}}

==Deputation==
[[File:Rashtrapati Niwas, Shimla.jpg|thumb|alt=The Viceregal Lodge in Simla, where the deputation gathered to meet with Lord Minto|The [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]] in Simla, where the deputation gathered to meet with Lord Minto]]
The committee, led by [[Aga Khan III]],{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=160}} went to Simla to meet with Lord Minto on 1 October.{{sfn|Akhtar|2017|p=767}} The address which had been sent beforehand contained the desires of the deputation – that Muslims, based on their population within India ("numerical strength"), should have a proportionate share of the vote and separate electorates, supported by the idea that having been the rulers of India during the period of the [[Mughal Empire]], Muslims had a higher amount of "political importance".{{sfn|Panigrahi|2004|p=45}}{{sfn|Akhtar|2017|p=764}}

{{Blockquote
|text=Any kind of representation, direct or indirect, and in all other ways affecting their status and influence, should be commensurate not merely with the numerical strength but also with their political importance.{{sfn|Panigrahi|2004|p=45}}
}}

They also argued that:

{{Blockquote
|text=Muslims are a distinct community with additional interests [...] which are not shared by other communities and these [...] have not been adequately represented.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=160}}
}}

Additionally, the deputation did not criticize British rule and only praised it. The deputation also presented the idea that they were satisfied with how things currently were, and that a change was not necessary.{{sfn|Akhtar|2017|p=768}}

Minto found himself agreeing with the deputation and consenting to many of their demands. He stated that his beliefs aligned with the deputation's members, saying that:

{{Blockquote
|text=any electoral representation in India would be doomed to mischievous failure which aimed at granting a personal enfranchisement regardless of the beliefs and traditions of the communities composing the population of this continent.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=160}}
}}

==Aftermath==
The Simla Deputation managed to convince Lord Minto to create better representation for Muslims within Indian politics – the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], known as the Morley-Minto or Minto-Morley Reforms, which created non-official Indian majorities in provincial councils, put many of the main demands of the deputation such as separate electorates and separate provincial council seats for Muslims into law.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=161}}{{sfn|Hussain|2010|p=67}}

Within the politically active Muslims themselves, the Simla Deputation led to the creation of the [[All-India Muslim League]] in December 1906.{{sfn|Chaudry|1978|p=174}} The Muslim political leaders had previously, while drafting the address to Lord Minto in September, used the opportunity before the next [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] later in the year to draft a constitution and set up the foundation of what was to become the Muslim League.{{sfn|Malik|2012|p=173}}

In historiography, the Simla Deputation is referred to by some (such as Hussain) as a landmark within Muslim history in India, as it was the first time Muslims had raised their demands against Hindus on a constitutional level towards the British.{{sfn|Hussain|2010|p=66}} Scholarly consensus used to be that the Simla Deputation was something engineered by the British as a way to turn Muslims and Hindus against each other; however, the research of Wasti attempted to show that the deputation had its origins within the Muslim political leaders, and that the British had nothing to do with the address to Lord Minto and the organizing of the deputation.{{sfn|Voigt|1965|p=73}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
;Books
* {{cite book|last=Chaudry|first=K. C.|title=Role of Religion in Indian Politics, 1900–1925|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NgdAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan}}
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Kenneth W.|title=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HV4nHv8urgC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24986-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Lal|first=Ramji|title=Political India, 1935-1942: Anatomy of Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6xHAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Ajanta Publications (India)|isbn=978-81-202-0160-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC|date=24 September 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02649-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Panigrahi|first=Devendra|title=India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJGRAgAAQBAJ|date=19 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-76812-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Rahman|first=Martiur|title=From Consultation to Confrontation: a Study of the Muslim League in British Indian Politics, 1906-1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEduAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Luzac|isbn=978-0-7189-0148-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Wasti|first=Syed Razi|title=The Political Triangle in India, 1858-1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNocAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=People's Publishing House}}

;Articles
* {{cite journal |last=Akhtar |first=Shamim |date=2017 |title=Aligarh and Muslim Politics: The Chequered Road to Simla 1875–1906 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906150 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=78 |pages=762–769 |doi= |jstor=26906150 |access-date=25 May 2021}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Mahboob |date=2010 |title=Muslim Nationalism in South Asia: Evolution Through Constitutional Reforms |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/2249383/Muslim_Nationalism_pp_65-77.pdf |journal=Journal of Political Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=65–77 |doi= |access-date=25 May 2021}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{cite journal |last=Malik |first=Nadeem Shafik |date=2012 |title=Formation of the All India Muslim League and Its Response to Some Foreign Issues - 1906-1911 |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/ALL%20INDIA%20MUSLIM%20LEAGUE%20%201906-19-winter2012.pdf |journal=Journal of Political Studies |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=169–186 |doi= |access-date=25 May 2021}}
* {{cite journal |last=Purohit |first=Teena |date=May 2011 |title=Identity Politics Revisited: Secular and 'Dissonant' Islam in Colonial South Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25835696 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=709–733 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X10000181 |jstor=25835696 |s2cid=147171086 |access-date=25 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last=Voigt |first=Johannes H. |date=April 1965 |title=Review of Lord Minto and the Indian Nationalist Movement, 1905 to 1910 by Syed Razi Wasti |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25202832 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=72–74 |doi= 10.1017/S0035869X00123895|jstor=25202832 |s2cid=163860478 |access-date=25 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}

[[Category:History of Islam in India]]
[[Category:20th century in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1906 in British India]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Aligarh Movement]]
[[Category:October 1906 in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Shimla]]
[[Category:1900s in Islam]]
[[Category:1906 in religion]]

2016–17 Inter-State Twenty20 Tournament

2026-03-25T00:38:48Z

EJEBoris894787: Done

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Hatnote|For inter-zonal tournament, see [[2016–17 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
The '''2016–17 Inter-State Twenty20 Tournament''' was a [[Twenty20 cricket|Twenty20]] tournament held in India for one season only. The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] decided to convert the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] into a [[2016–17 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|five-zone tournament]] for the teams which play in the [[Duleep Trophy]]. The 28 state teams were transferred to the Inter-State T20 but on a zonal basis only, so there was no national title available. The winners of the five zonal titles were [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] (Central), [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (East), [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (North), [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (South), and [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (West). The matches were played from 29 January to 6 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/t20-zonal-league-2016-17/overview |title=Tournament Home |publisher=BCCI |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125200043/http://www.bcci.tv/t20-zonal-league-2016-17/overview |archive-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1029065.html |title=BCCI scraps Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy for new inter-zonal T20 league |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/1079273.html?template=fixtures |title=Fixtures |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/t20-zonal-league-2016-17/squads |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202103540/http://www.bcci.tv/t20-zonal-league-2016-17/squads |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead |title=Teams and Players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2016-17/content/story/1079959.html |title=Rahane, Dhawan headline rejigged T20 event |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> Squads and points tables for each zone are listed below.<ref name="Squads">{{cite web |title=Squads |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/index.html?object=1079273 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

==Central Zone==
===Squads===
{| class="wikitable"
![[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
![[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya pradesh]]
![[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
![[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
![[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
![[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mohammad Kaif]] (c)
* [[Abhimanyu Chauhan]]
* [[Abhishek Tamrakar]]
* [[Ajay Mandal]]
* [[Amandeep Khare]]
* [[Avnish Dhaliwal]]
* [[Kant Singh]]
* [[Manoj Singh (cricketer)|Manoj Singh]] (wk)
* [[Omkar Verma]]
* [[Pankaj Kumar Rao]]
* [[Sahil Gupta]]
* [[Shakeeb Ahmed]]
* [[Shubham Agarwal]]
* [[Sumit Ruikar]]
* [[Vishal Kushwah]]
|
* [[Naman Ojha]] (c & wk)
* [[Ankit Kushwah]]
* [[Ankit Sharma (cricketer)|Ankit Sharma]]
* [[Anshul Tripathi]]
* [[Anand Bais]]
* [[Ankit Dane]]
* [[Ashwin Das]]
* [[Dharmesh Patel (cricketer)|Dharmesh Patel]]
* [[Harpreet Singh Bhatia|Harpreet Singh]]
* [[Ishwar Pandey]]
* [[Mukul Raghav]]
* [[Parth Sahani]]
* [[Puneet Datey]]
* [[Saransh Jain]]
* [[Sohraab Dhaliwal]]
* [[Venkatesh Iyer]]
|
* [[Karn Sharma]] (c)
* [[Amit Mishra (cricketer, born 1988)|Amit Mishra]]
* [[Anureet Singh]]
* [[Ashish Singh (cricketer)|Ashish Singh]]
* [[Avinash Yadav]]
* [[Deepak Bansal]]
* [[Faiz Ahmed (Railways cricketer)|Faiz Ahmed]]
* [[Hemant Singh (cricketer)|Hemant Singh]]
* [[Mahesh Rawat]] (wk)
* [[Manish Rao]]
* [[Manjeet Singh (cricketer)|Manjeet Singh]]
* [[Pappu Singh]]
* [[Rongsen Jonathan]]
* [[Saurabh Wakaskar]]
* [[Shivakant Shukla]]
|
* [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]] (c)
* [[Aniket Choudhary]]
* [[Ankit Lamba]]
* [[Arjit Gupta]]
* [[Ashok Bhudania]]
* [[Chandrapal Singh (cricketer)|Chandrapal Singh]]
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* [[Dishant Yagnik]] (wk)
* [[Divya Pratap Singh]]
* [[Khaleel Ahmed]]
* [[Mahipal Lomror]]
* [[Nathu Singh (cricketer)|Nathu Singh]]
* [[Puneet Yadav]]
* [[Rajesh Bishnoi]]
* [[Tajinder Singh]]
|
* [[Akshdeep Nath]]
* [[Amit Mishra (cricketer, born 1991)|Amit Mishra]]
* [[Ankit Rajpoot]]
* [[Deependra Pandey]]
* [[Eklavya Dwivedi]] (wk)
* [[Imtiyaz Ahmed|Imtiaz Ahmed]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
* [[Mohd Israr]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Prashant Gupta]]
* [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]
* [[Samarth Singh]]
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]
* [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]]
* [[Shivam Chaudhary]]
* [[Umang Sharma]]
|
* [[Faiz Fazal]] (c)
* [[Akshay Karnewar]]
* [[Akshay Wakhare]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Apoorv Wankhade]]
* [[Ganesh Satish]]
* [[Jitesh Sharma]] (wk)
* [[Lalit Yadav (Vidarbha cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]]
* [[Rajneesh Gurbani]]
* [[Ravi Jangid]]
* [[Ravikumar Thakur]]
* [[Rushabh Rathod]]
* [[Shrikant Wagh]]
* [[Siddhesh Wath]]
* [[Urvesh Patel]]
|}

===Points Table===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 0.738
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || 0.420
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || -0.042
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
| 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || -0.124
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || 0.378
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || -1.405
|}

==East Zone==
===Squads===
{| class="wikitable"
![[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
![[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
![[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
![[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
![[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
|-style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Arun Karthik]] (c)
* [[Swarupam Purkayastha]] (vc)
* [[Abu Nechim]]
* [[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]]
* [[Arup Das]]
* [[Jamaluddin Syed Mohammad]]
* [[Jitumoni Kalita]]
* [[Mrinmoy Dutta]]
* [[Pritam Das]]
* [[Pritam Debnath]]
* [[Pallavkumar Das]]
* [[Rishav Das]]
* [[Riyan Parag]]
* [[Sibsankar Roy]]
* [[Wasiqur Rahman]] (wk)
|
* [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] (c)
* [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]]
* [[Abhishek Raman]]
* [[Ashok Dinda]]
* [[Debabrata Das]]
* [[Kanishk Seth (cricketer)|Kanishk Seth]]
* [[Pankaj Shaw]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Pramod Chandila]]
* [[Sayan Ghosh]]
* [[Shreevats Goswami]] (wk)
* [[Veer Pratap Singh]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] (wk)
* [[Writtick Chatterjee]]
|
* [[Saurabh Tiwary]] (c)
* [[Ishan Kishan]] (wk)
* [[Ishank Jaggi]]
* [[Jaskaran Singh (cricketer, born 1991)|Jaskaran Singh]]
* [[Kaushal Singh]]
* [[Kumar Deobrat]]
* [[Monu Kumar]]
* [[Prakash Seet]]
* [[Pratyush Singh]]
* [[Rahul Shukla]]
* [[Shahbaz Nadeem]]
* [[Shasheem Rathour]]
* [[Sonu Singh]]
* [[Sumit Kumar]]
* [[Virat Singh]]
|
* [[Biplab Samantray]] (c)
* [[Abhilash Mallick]]
* [[Abhishek Yadav (cricketer)|Abhishek Yadav]]
* [[Anurag Sarangi]]
* [[Aravind Singh]]
* [[Basant Mohanty]]
* [[Deepak Behera]]
* [[Dhiraj Singh]]
* [[Soumendra Das]]
* [[Paresh Patel (cricketer)|Paresh Patel]]
* [[Prayash Singh]]
* [[Sandeep Pattnaik]]
* [[Saurabh Rawat]] (wk)
* [[Subhranshu Senapati]]
* [[Suryakant Pradhan]]
|
* [[Manisankar Murasingh]] (c)
* [[Abhijit Sarkar (cricketer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]
* [[Arjun Debnath]]
* [[Bishal Ghosh]]
* [[Bunti Roy]]
* [[Gurinder Singh (cricketer)|Gurinder Singh]]
* [[Joydeep Bhattacharjee]]
* [[Kaushal Acharjee]]
* [[Nirupam Sen (cricketer)|Nirupam Sen]] (wk)
* [[Rajat Dey]]
* [[Rajesh Banik]]
* [[Samrat Singha]]
* [[Sanjay Majumder]]
* [[Smit Patel]] (wk)
* [[Udiyan Bose]]
|}

===Points Table===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.927
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || 0.751
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || -0.308
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' || -0.629
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharhand]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || -0.679
|}

== North Zone ==
===Squads===
{| class="wikitable"
![[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
![[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
![[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal]]
![[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|J & K]]
![[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
![[Services cricket team|Services]]
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Gautam Gambhir]] (c)
* [[Arjun Gupta (cricketer)|Arjun Gupta]] (wk)
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Kshitiz Sharma]]
* [[Manan Sharma]]
* [[Milind Kumar]]
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Nitish Rana]]
* [[Pawan Negi]]
* [[Pradeep Sangwan]]
* [[Sarthak Ranjan]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Suboth Bhati]]
* [[Unmukt Chand]]
* [[Vikas Tokas]]
|
* [[Mohit Sharma]] (c)
* [[Ashish Hooda]]
* [[Chaitanya Bishnoi]]
* [[Harshal Patel]]
* [[Jayant Yadav]]
* [[Joginder Sharma]]
* [[Mohit Hooda]]
* [[Mohit Kalyan]]
* [[Nitin Saini]] (wk)
* [[Rahul Tewatia]]
* [[Rajat Paliwal]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Sanjay Pahal]]
* [[Shubham Rohilla]]
* [[Shivam Chauhan]]
* [[Virender Dahiya]]
|
* [[Bipul Sharma]] (c)
* [[Abhimanyu Rana]]
* [[Akshay Chauhan]]
* [[Amit Kumar (Indian cricketer)|Amit Kumar]]
* [[Ankit Kaushik]]
* [[Ankush Bains]] (wk)
* [[Kanwar Abhinay]]
* [[Mayank Dagar]]
* [[Pankaj Jaiswal]]
* [[Paras Dogra]]
* [[Prashant Chopra]]
* [[Rahul Singh (cricketer, born 1992)|Rahul Singh]]
* [[Rishi Dhawan]]
* [[Sumeet Verma]]
* [[Vinay Galetiya]]
|
* [[Ian Dev Singh]] (c/wk)
* [[Abid Nabi]]
* [[Ahmed Bandy]]
* [[Jatin Wadhwan]]
* [[Manik Gupta]]
* [[Mithun Manhas]]
* [[Mohsin Mufti]]
* [[Pranav Gupta]]
* [[Ram Dayal (cricketer)|Ram Dayal]]
* [[Sahil Sharma]]
* [[Shubham Khajuria]]
* [[Umar Nazir Mir]]
* [[Waseem Raza]]
|
* [[Harbhajan Singh]] (c)
* [[Anmol Malhotra]]
* [[Anmolpreet Singh]]
* [[Baltej Singh]]
* [[Gurkeerat Singh Mann]]
* [[Jaskaranvir Singh]] (wk)
* [[Manan Vohra]]
* [[Manpreet Gony]]
* [[Nikhil Chaudhary (cricketer)|Nikhil Chaudhary]]
* [[Pargat Singh (cricketer)|Pargat Singh]]
* [[Rahul Sharma (cricketer, born 1986)|Rahul Sharma]]
* [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]]
* [[Sandeep Sharma]]
* [[Sharad Lumba]]
* [[Siddarth Kaul]]
* [[Varun Khanna]]
|
* [[Anshul Gupta]] (c)
* [[Amit Pachhara]]
* [[Avishek Sinha]]
* [[Devender Lohchab]]
* [[Diwesh Pathania]]
* [[Hardik Sethi]]
* Lakhan Singh
* [[Mumtaz Qadir]]
* [[Nakul Verma]] (wk)
* [[Nishan Singh]]
* [[Rahul Kanojia]]
* [[Rahul Singh (cricketer, born 1995)|Rahul Singh]]
* [[Raushan Raj]]
* [[Ravi Chauhan]]
* [[Sachidanand Pandey]]
* [[Sachin Shinde]]
* [[Shakti Malviya]]
* [[Sufiyan Alam]]
* [[Sumit Singh (cricketer)|Sumit Singh]]
* [[Swapnil More]]
* [[Vikas Hathwala]]
|}

===Points Table===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || 0.239
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 5 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || 0.168
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || -0.369
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.513
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.040
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || -0.717
|}

==South Zone==
===Squads===
{| class="wikitable"
![[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
![[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
![[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
![[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
![[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
![[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Hanuma Vihari]] (c)
* [[Ashwin Hebbar]]
* [[Bandaru Ayyappa]]
* [[Bhargav Bhatt (cricketer)|Bhargav Bhatt]]
* [[Cheepurapalli Stephen]]
* [[Dasari Swaroop Kumar]]
* [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]]
* [[Girinath Reddy]]
* [[Karthik Raman]]
* [[Kunnala Bhimarao]]
* [[KV Sasikanth]]
* [[Prasanth Kumar]]
* [[Ricky Bhui]]
* [[Shoaib Md Khan]]
* [[Sirla Srinivas]]
* [[Srikar Bharat]] (wk)
|
* [[Sagun Kamat]] (c)
* [[Amit Yadav]]
* [[Amogh Sunil Desai]]
* [[Amulaya Pandrekar]]
* [[Darshan Misal]]
* [[Deepraj Gaonkar]]
* [[Ganeshraj Narvekar]] (wk)
* [[Gauresh Gawas]]
* [[Keenan Vaz]]
* [[Rituraj Singh (cricketer)|Rituraj Singh]]
* [[Saurabh Bandekar]]
* [[Shadab Jakati]]
* [[Sher Yadav]]
* [[Snehal Kauthankar]]
* [[Swapnil Asnodkar]]
|
* [[S Badrinath]] (c)
* [[Akash Bhandari]]
* [[Akshath Reddy]]
* [[Annabathula Akash]]
* [[Balchander Anirudh]]
* [[Bavanaka Sandeep]]
* [[Chama Milind]]
* [[Himalay Agarwal]]
* [[Kolla Sumanth]] (wk)
* [[Mehdi Hasan (cricketer, born 1990)|Mehdi Hasan]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Palakodeti Sairam]]
* [[Ravi Kiran]]
* [[Ravi Teja (cricketer)|Ravi Teja]]
* [[Sharadh Mudiraj]] (wk)
* [[Tanmay Agarwal]]
|
* [[Vinay Kumar]] (c)
* [[Karun Nair]] (vc)
* [[Aniruddha Joshi]]
* [[Chidhambaram Gautam]] (wk)
* [[Jagadeesha Suchith]]
* [[KC Cariappa (cricketer)|KC Cariappa]]
* [[Krishnappa Gowtham]]
* [[Mayank Agarwal]]
* [[Mohammed Taha]]
* [[Pavan Deshpande]]
* [[Ravikumar Samarth]]
* [[Shishir Bhavane]]
* [[Sreenath Aravind]]
* [[Stalin Hoover]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[T Pradeep]]
|
* [[Sachin Baby]] (c)
* [[Sandeep Warrier]] (vc)
* [[Basil Thampi]]
* [[Fabid Ahmed]]
* [[Iqbal Abdulla]]
* [[Jalaj Saxena]]
* [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]] (wk)
* [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]]
* [[Raiphi Gomez]]
* [[Rohan Kunnummal]]
* [[Rohan Prem]]
* [[Sanju Samson]]
* [[Unnikrishnan Manukrishnan]]
* [[Vinod Kumar (cricketer)|Vinod Kumar]]
* [[Vishnu Vinod]]
|
* [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] (c)
* [[Abhinav Mukund]]
* [[Aswin Crist]]
* [[Baba Aparajith]]
* [[Baba Indrajith]]
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] (wk)
* [[Kaushik Gandhi]]
* [[Krishnamoorthy Vignesh]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Murugan Ashwin]]
* [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] (wk)
* [[R Sanjay Yadav]]
* [[Rahil Shah]]
* [[Rajagopal Sathish]]
* [[S Harish Kumar]]
* [[Srikkanth Anirudha]]
* [[T Natarajan]]
|}

===Points Table===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 1.363
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.314
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || 1.030
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.825
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || -0.725
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || -3.312
|}

==West Zone==
===Squads===
{| class="wikitable"
![[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
![[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
![[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
![[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
![[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Irfan Pathan]] (c)
* [[Deepak Hooda]] (vc)
* [[Abhijit Karambelkar]]
* [[Aditya Waghmode]]
* [[Babashafi Pathan]]
* [[Kedar Devdhar]]
* [[Miten Shah]] (wk)
* [[Monil Patel]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[Murtuja Vahora]]
* [[Rishi Arothe]]
* [[Soaeb Tai]]
* [[Swapnil Singh]]
* [[Vishnu Solanki]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
|
* [[Abdulahad Malek]] (wk)
* [[Chintan Gaja]]
* [[Chirag Gandhi]]
* [[Dhruv Raval]]
* [[Hardik Patel (cricketer)|Hardik Patel]]
* [[Himalaya Barad]]
* [[Hiten Mehra]]
* [[Ishwar Chaudhary]]
* [[Jesal Karia]]
* [[Karan Patel (cricketer)|Karan Patel]]
* [[Manprit Juneja]]
* [[Mohit Thadani]]
* [[Rohit Dahiya]]
* [[Rujul Bhatt]]
|
* [[Swapnil Gugale]] (c)
* [[Ankit Bawne]]
* [[Anupam Sanklecha]]
* [[Domnic Muthuswami]]
* [[Jagdish Zope]]
* [[Naushad Shaikh]]
* [[Nikhil Naik]] (wk)
* [[Pradeep Dadhe]]
* [[Prayag Bhati]]
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
* [[Satyajeet Bachhav]]
* [[Shamshuzama Kazi]]
* [[Taranjit Singh]]
* [[Vijay Zol]]
|
* [[Aditya Tare]] (c & wk)
* [[Abhishek Nayar]]
* [[Aditya Dhumal]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Armaan Jaffer]]
* [[Eknath Kerkar]]
* [[Jay Bista]]
* [[Prathamesh Dake]]
* [[Pravin Tambe]]
* [[Rakesh Prabhu]]
* [[Rohan Raje]]
* [[Sairaj Patil]]
* [[Shashank Singh]]
* [[Shivam Dube]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
|
* [[Jaydev Shah]] (c)
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[Chirag Jani (cricketer)|Chirag Jani]]
* [[Deepak Punia (cricketer)|Deepak Punia]]
* [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
* [[Kishan Parmar]]
* [[Kushang Patel]]
* [[Prerak Mankad]]
* [[Rajdeep Darbar]]
* [[Samarth Vyas]]
* [[Shaurya Sanandia]]
* [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]] (wk)
* [[Sunil Yadav]]
* [[Vandit Jivrajani]]
|}

===Points Table===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net Run Rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.528
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.210
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.099
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || -0.098
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || -0.718
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/1079273.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Domestic cricket in 2016–17}}
{{2016–17 Indian domestic cricket season}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inter-State Twenty20 Tournament, 2016-17}}
[[Category:2016 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2016–17]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Administration of Neyyattinkara

2026-03-19T02:44:00Z

EJEBoris894787: New

{{Short description|Local government in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{context|date=August 2016}}
'''Neyyattinkara taluk''' is a [[Tehsil|taluk]] in [[Trivandrum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]] and [[Attingal]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate=2008-10-21
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085443/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate=2008-10-30
}}</ref>

Neyyattinkara taluk includes 4 assembly constituencies (Kattakada, Neyyattinkara, Parassala, Kovalam). In early 2012, Neyyattinkara constituency attracted statewide attention over a fiercely contested by-election caused by the resignation of the MLA R. Selvaraj. The contest was between O. Rajagopal of BJP, F. Lawrence of CPI(M) and Selvaraj (Now, of INC), with Selvaraj emerging as the ultimate winner.

[[Shashi Tharoor]] ([[Indian National Congress]] party) WAS re-elected as MP on 20 April 2014.

Neyyattinkara MLA: [[K. A. Ansalan]], ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] party.

Kattakada MLA: N. Sakthan, ([[Indian National Congress]] party, Deputy Speaker)

Neyyattinkara Municipality led by LDF COM. WR Heeba CPI(M) district committee member elected as chairperson and Com. KK Shibu CPI(M) Vice chairman.

Parassala MLA: A.T. George, ([[Indian National Congress]] party)

Kovalam MLA: Jameela Prakasam, ([[Janata Dal (Secular)]])

==Elections==

=== 2014 ===
In the 2014 Parliament Election (held on 2014-04-20) Dr. [[Shashi Tharoor]] (UDF) got maximum number of votes from Neyyattinkara Constituency i.e., Neyyattinkara – UDF – 48,009, BJP – 28958, LDF – 39806; Dr. Tharoor got an additional 19,051 votes against BJP from Neyyattinkara Constituency alone that resulted in his ultimate success against BJP. Finally, he won the election with 14,501 votes. The election results of other constituencies in this regard are: Parassala – UDF – 50360, BJP – 39753, LDF – 47953; Kovalam – UDF – 51401, BJP – 36169, LDF – 42112; Nemom – UDF – 32639, BJP – 50685, LDF – 31643; Thiruvananthapuram – UDF – 39027, BJP 40835, LDF – 27385; Vattiyoorkavu – UDF – 40663, BJP – 43589 – LDF, 27504; Kazhakoottam – UDF 34220, BJP – 41,829, LDF - 31799

=== 2015 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"

|-
! style="background:gold;"|Sl.No.

! style="background:gold;"|Name of Ward

!! style="background:gold;"|Political Party

!! style="background:gold;"|Elected Councillor

!! style="background:gold;"|Result

|-

|1.

| Aalampotta

|UDF

|G Sukumari

| Won 443 votes against J S Kumari Kavitha

|-

|2.

| Aalummoodu

| BJP

| N Usha Kumari

| Won 320 votes against Rajambika Devi S
|-

|3.

| Aaralummoodu

|UDF

|A Salim

| Won 500 votes against M Shanavas
|-

|4.

| Amaravila

| BJP

| Shibu Raj Krishna M

| Won 372 votes against S Sudevakumar
|-

|5.

| Athazhamangalam

| LDF

|Soumya D

| Won 629 votes against T Kala
|-

|6.

| Athiyannoor

|Others

|S S Jayakumar

| Won 478 votes against Muraleedharan Nair T
|-

|7.

| Brahmamkode

|Others

| Geetha S

| Won 287 votes against Resmi N S

|-

|8.

| Chaikkottukonam

|UDF

| N Nirmala Bai

| Won 372 votes against Ambili
|-

|9.

| Chundavila

|LDF

| Sathya Raj S

| Won 371 votes against Raju S

|-

|10.

| Elavanikkara

|LDF

| S Sathi Kumar (Saji)

| Won 356 votes against Pushpaleela
|-

|11.

| Fort

|UDF

| R Ajitha

| Won 372 votes against Maya N S

|-

|12.

| Irumbil

|LDF

| Shyamala K

| Won 512 votes against Christilda Baby

|-

|13.

| Kalathuvila

|LDF

| P Murukan

| Won 595 votes against V Padma Kumar

|-

|14.

| Kavalakulam

|LDF

| K K Shibu

| Won 666 votes against C S Bright Kumar
|-

|15.

| Kollavamvila

|Others

| Jojin

| Won 780 votes against Vincent D S

|-

|16.

| Koottappana

|UDF

| Lalitha Teacher

| Won 328 votes against K Sreelatha

|-

|17.

| Krishnapuram

|UDF

| Sajitha

| Won 375 votes against Shalini C B
|-

|18.

| Kulathamal

|LDF

| Sunil Kumar

| Won 425 votes against Isantobert

|-

|19.

| Mambazhakkara

|LDF

| Jayadaly M V

| Won 570 votes against Shobha S
|-

|20.

| Manaloor

|LDF

| C Surendran

| Won 528 votes against Sajinlal S P

|-

|21.

| Maruthathur

|LDF

| Joly J

| Won 426 votes against T Ashalatha

|-

|22.

| Moonnukallinmoodu

|LDF

| L Usha

| Won 515 votes against Jayasree(Moly)
|-

|23.

| Mullaravila

|BJP

| S S Swapna Jith

| Won 442 votes against R O Arun
|-

|24.

| Muttakkadu

|UDF

| Jyothi Varghese

| Won 491 votes against Nancy B
|-

|25.

| Narayanapuram

|LDF

| Mary Fathima A

| Won 741 votes against Vasantha P
|-

|26.

| Nilamel

|BJP

| V Harikumar

| Won 360 votes against Vaisakh J S

|-

|27.

| Olathanni

|UDF

| Sunitha

| Won 512 votes against R V Vijaya Bose

|-

|28.

| Ooruttukaala

|LDF

| K P Sreekandan Nair

| Won 477 votes against N K Sasi

|-

|29.

| Pallivilakaom

| LDF

| Jayaseeli K C

| Won 563 votes against G M Krishna Kumari (Thanki)

|-

|30.

| Panangattukari

| UDF

| Suresh Kumar

| Won 514 votes against C S Chandra Kiran

|-

|31.

| Perumpazhuthur

| UDF

| Aswathy V S

| Won 404 votes against Laila L
|-

|32.

| Pirayummoodu

|LDF

| Anitha Kumari N K

| Won 666 votes against J L Ranjit Sumanam
|-

|33.

| Plavila

|LDF

| Kala Mankeshkar C S

| Won 564 votes against H Prasanna
|-

|34.

| Pullamala

|LDF

| G Babu Raj

| Won 409 votes against Chandrakumar M C
|-

|35.

| Punnaykkadu

|Others

| C Saju

| Won 472 votes against G Siva Kumar
|-

|36.

| Puthanambalam

|Others

| Anitha

| Won 360 votes against Anitha R
|-

|37.

| Rameswaram

|LDF

| W R Heeba

| Won 380 votes against Vijitha K M
|-

|38.

| Thavaravila

|BJP

| V N Sasikala

| Won 388 votes against Preetha C V
|-

|39.

| Thozhukkal

|Others

| R Vijayan

| Won 328 votes against P Rajan
|-

|40.

| Town

|LDF

| Ali Fathummal M

| Won 456 votes against A Maheen
|-

|41.

| Vadakode

|LDF

| V Sudha

| Won 422 votes against S Mayadevi
|-

|42.

| Vazhimukku

|LDF

| Shamila S

| Won 580 votes against Shemeela M
|-

|43.

| Vazhuthur

|UDF

| L S Sheela

| Won 724 votes against C D Justin Jose
|-

|44.

| Vlangamuri

|UDF

| Gramam Praveen

| Won 661 votes against S Mohana Kumar

|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neyyattinkara administration}}
[[Category:Neyyattinkara]]

Pavan Sukhdev

2026-03-15T03:40:55Z

EJEBoris894787: made a entry

{{short description|Indian environmental economist (born 1960)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Resume-like|date=April 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pavan Sukhdev
| image = Pavan Sukhdev (10186874696) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sukhdev in October 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|03|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = [[Environmental economics|Environmental economist]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Collège du Léman]], Switzerland
[[Dover College]], United Kingdom
[[University of Oxford]], UK
| website ={{URL|http://pavansukhdev.com/}}
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pavan Sukhdev''' is an Indian [[Environmental economics|environmental economist]] whose field of studies include [[green economy]] and [[international finance]]. He was the Special Adviser and Head of [[UNEP]]'s Green Economy Initiative, a major UN project suite to demonstrate that greening of economies is not a burden on growth but rather a new engine for growing wealth, increasing decent employment, and reducing persistent poverty. Pavan was also the Study Leader for the ground breaking TEEB ([[The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity]]) study commissioned by [[G8+5]] and hosted by [[UNEP]]. Under his leadership, TEEB sized the global problem of [[biodiversity loss]] and [[ecosystem degradation]] in economic and human welfare terms, and proposed solutions targeted at policy-makers, administrators, businesses and citizens. TEEB presented its widely acclaimed Final Report suite at the UN meeting by [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD) in Nagoya (Nagoya Protocol), Japan.<ref name="unep.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/AboutGEI/WhoisGEI/BiographyPavanSukhdev/tabid/56208/ |title=Biography Pavan Sukhdev |access-date=2015-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129093644/http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/AboutGEI/WhoisGEI/BiographyPavanSukhdev/tabid/56208/ |archive-date=2015-01-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He is the Founder-CEO of GIST Impact, an impact data and analytics provider which helps companies and investors discover, measure, value, and manage their impacts on nature and society.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/gwa/ambassadors/pavan/#sthash.dk7CZKHm.dpbs |title=UNEP Goodwill Ambassadors |access-date=2014-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308090853/http://www.unep.org/gwa/ambassadors/pavan/#sthash.dk7CZKHm.dpbs |archive-date=2014-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In recognition of his continuing work in helping governments and corporations transition towards a Green Economy, UNEP appointed Pavan as the UNEP Goodwill Ambassador in the year 2012.<ref name="unep.org1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/gwa/ambassadors/pavan/ |title=UNEP Goodwill Ambassadors |access-date=2014-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308090853/http://www.unep.org/gwa/ambassadors/pavan/ |archive-date=2014-03-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also selected as the "Personality of the Year" by, [[Environmental finance|Environmental Finance]] in the year 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/6217.html |title=The World Future Council: Pavan Sukhdev |access-date=2015-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210123703/http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/6217.html |archive-date=2015-02-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management]] (IEEM) have awarded Pavan their 2011 Medal.<ref name="unep.org"/>

Pavan was a visiting fellow at [[Yale University]] from 2011 to 2014, where he was awarded the McCluskey Fellowship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/teeb/foundations/intro/|title=Introduction to Valuing Nature - Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies|website=Environment.yale.edu|accessdate=26 March 2019}}</ref> Whilst at Yale, he wrote the book "Corporation 2020" which envisions tomorrow's corporation, and shows how corporations and society can and should work together to achieve common goals and build a green economy.<ref name="unep.org"/>

He has chaired the [[World Economic Forum]]'s "Global Agenda Council" on Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2009–2011) and was a speaker at Davos in 2010 and 2011.<ref name="unep.org"/> He currently serves on the boards of [[Conservation International]], [[Global Reporting Initiative]], TEEB for Business Coalition, [[Gulbenkian Oceans Initiative]], and the [[Stockholm Resilience Centre]]. He was the president of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] from 2017 to 2021.

== Career ==
=== Education ===
{{Empty section|date=February 2018}}
Pavan Sukhdev has studied in private international school [[Collège du Léman]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} He graduated with a degree in physics from [[University College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement - University College Oxford - Univ|url=https://www.univ.ox.ac.uk/news/tyler-prize-for-environmental-achievement/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=University College Oxford|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Financial markets ===
An international banker, Pavan was deeply involved in the evolution of India's currency, interest rate and derivatives markets in the mid-nineties, working with India's regulators and market participants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/greenweek2008/speaker_mr_pavan_sukhdev.html|title=EUROPA - European Commission - Environment - Green Week|website=Ec.europa.eu|accessdate=26 March 2019}}</ref> He has been a member of several [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) committees for the development of India's financial markets, including the Sodhani Committee on Foreign Exchange Markets. In 1997 Pavan co-founded FIMMDA (Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India), India's professional association for fixed income markets, money markets and derivatives. He championed the introduction of [[Overnight indexed swap]] (OIS) into India, which is currently India's most [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid]] traded [[interest rate swap]] instrument.

He worked with [[Deutsche Bank]] for 14 years and then took a sabbatical to lead two major environmental projects, TEEB ([[The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity]]) and [[UNEP]]'s Green Economy Initiative. While at Deutsche Bank in India, Pavan founded and later chaired GMC (Global Markets Centre) in Mumbai.
*'''1983–1994: '''Pavan worked with the [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group]] for eleven years (1983 -1994) both in India and in London, in various financial markets trading, sales, structuring, and management roles.
*'''1994–1998: '''Pavan joined Deutsche Bank to head their Global Markets division in India, which he built into a leading fixed income business for the bank in India.
*'''1998–1999: '''Pavan was appointed Chief Operating Officer for Deutsche Bank's Asian Global Markets business based in Singapore, overseeing the Asian regional integration in 1999 of Bankers Trust and Deutsche Bank for his division, Global Markets Asia.
*'''1999–2003: '''Pavan headed Money Markets for Global Markets Asia, and then for Global Markets Asia-Pacific (including Japan and Australia).
*'''2003–2005: '''He moved to Deutsche Bank London as Chief Operating Officer for the Bank's Global Emerging Markets division, which covers all global markets business in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Asia.
*'''2005–2006: '''When his division Global Markets merged with Global Equities in 2005, he transitioned to Global Markets Central Management in London to run a [[Business process reengineering]] (BPR) project for the new combined division, which in turn resulted in his ‘front-office off-shoring' initiative.
*'''2006–2008: '''He founded and later chaired GMC Mumbai (Global Markets Centre, Mumbai), the division's global front-office off-shoring vehicle in Mumbai, which delivered leading-edge work for Global Markets in London, New York, and elsewhere.

===Environment===
Alongside his financial markets career, Pavan pursues long-standing interests in [[environmental economics]] and nature conservation through his work with different environmental organizations and projects.

==== Green Accounting for Indian States Project ====
Pavan is the Founder-Director of the [[Green accounting|Green Accounting]] for Indian States Project, an initiative of the Green Indian States Trust (GIST) to set up an economic valuation and national accounting framework to measure sustainability at the State level for India, including the hitherto ignored but significant economic externalities from sectors such as forestry, agriculture, fresh water, health, and education.

==== Conservation Action Trust ====
Pavan is the Co-founder and Chairperson for the first six years of Conservation Action Trust, an Indian NGO dedicated to achieving ecological sustainability for India by originating and proving model conservation projects, by educating and lobbying decision-makers and the public about the importance of forests for our water and food security, and when all else fails, through public interest litigation.

==== The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity ====
Pavan was appointed by Germany's Environment Minister Gabriel and EU Environment Commissioner Dimas as the Study Leader for their [[G8+5]] study on [[The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity]] (TEEB). TEEB's Interim Report (2008), was welcomed globally for its fresh economic outlook, for demonstrating the economic significance of the loss of nature's services, and for connecting the economics of biodiversity and ecosystems with ethics, equity, and the alleviation of poverty. The Interim Report of TEEB was presented at the Ministerial session at COP-9 of the Convention of Biological Diversity (Bonn, 2008) and the final reports (a series of five solution-oriented studies) were presented at CBD Cop-10 (Nagoya, 2010). These reports have gained considerable currency with governments in both developing and developed nations, with business leaders, and with conservation NGO's. Later, in 2011, as part of his activities as the McCluskey Fellow, 2011, Pavan designed and delivered a 25-lecture, full 3-credits, post-graduate course on TEEB at Yale's School of Forestry & Environmental Studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://environment.yale.edu/teeb|title=The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: TEEB @ Yale - Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies|website=Environment.yale.edu|accessdate=26 March 2019}}</ref>

====Green Economy Initiative====
UNEP appointed Pavan to lead its major initiative to demonstrate that the greening of economies is not a burden on growth but rather a new engine for growth, a source of new employment, and a means to poverty alleviation. The final report Towards a Green Economy of the Green Economy Initiative was presented at UNEP's general Council meeting at Nairobi, February 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/greeneconomyreport/tabid/29846/default.aspx |title=Green Economy Report |access-date=2014-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313165816/http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/GreenEconomyReport/tabid/29846/Default.aspx |archive-date=2014-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pavan continues to support this initiative as a UNEP Goodwill Ambassador.<ref name="unep.org1"/>

==== World Economic Forum ====
Pavan chaired the Global Agenda Council on Biodiversity and Ecosystems for the [[World Economic Forum]] (2009-2011) to evaluate the problems of ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss in the context of global risks and global co-operation. He speaks at the Forum's annual meetings at Davos.

====Corporation 2020====
Pavan launched a global campaign called "Corporation 2020" at the Rio+20 conference in 2012. This campaign focusses global attention on the challenge of re-designing the Corporation through critical changes in four key areas of corporate performance (reporting, leverage, advertising, and taxation) to deliver a ‘green economy' from the micro-level upwards in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development.

====President of World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) International====
From 2017 to 2021 he was the president of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]. Pavan succeeded [[Yolanda Kakabadse]] in this position<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwf.panda.org/?316974/Pavan-Sukhdev-named-as-new-President-of-WWF-Internationals-Board|title = Pavan Sukhdev named as new President of WWF International's Board}}</ref> and was followed by [[Adil Najam]] as WWF President, after the brief interim presidency of Neville Isdell.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Presidents - past and present |url=https://wwf.panda.org/discover/about_wwf/how_were_run/presidents/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=wwf.panda.org |language=en}}</ref>

'''GIST Impact'''

Pavan is the founder and CEO of GIST Impact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://gistimpact.com/about-us/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=GIST Impact |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
*Selected "Personality of the Year" for 2010 by "Environmental Finance"
*Awarded a Medal in 2011 for his outstanding contribution to biodiversity conservation by [[Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management]] (IEEM)
*Appointed as "Dorothy McCluskey Fellow" for 2011 by [[Yale University]]. Previous McCluskey Fellows include Dr. Rajendra Pachauri & the late Dr. Wangari Maathai
*Appointed "UNEP Goodwill Ambassador" in 2012
*Recipient of the Gothenburg Award for Sustainable Development, in recognition for his work in the area of ‘Nature's services and ingenious solutions. Previous awardees include Al Gore & Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland
*Recipient of the 2015 Bernhard Grzimek Prize for demonstrating that "eco-friendly development, far from being an obstacle to growth, is a driving force for growing prosperity, job creation and poverty reduction."
*Recipient of the [[Blue Planet Prize]] in 2016, awarded by [[Asahi Glass]] Foundation for outstanding achievements in scientific research and its application to solve global environmental problems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-15 |title=UNEP Goodwill Ambassador Pavan Sukhdev Wins Prestigious Blue Planet Prize - UNEP |url=http://www.unep.org/NewsCentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=27076&ArticleID=36218&l=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616174506/http://www.unep.org/NewsCentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=27076&ArticleID=36218&l=en |archive-date=2016-06-16 |access-date= |website=United Nations Environment Programme}}</ref>
*Recipient of the [[Tyler Prize]] for Environmental Achievement in 2020,<ref>{{cite news |last1=SIngh |first1=Deepshikha |title=Pavan Sukhdev Gets 2020 Tyler Prize for TEEB Report |url=http://abclive.in/pavan-sukhdev/ |accessdate=1 February 2020 |agency=ABC Live India |issue=Online |publisher=ABC Live India}}</ref> for Sukhdev's groundbreaking 2008 report The Economics of Environment and Biodiversity (TEEB).

== Board memberships ==
=== Past board positions ===
*Worldwide Fund for Nature, WWF International, President, and Board Chair
*TEEB for Business Coalition Ltd, (Deputy Chairman)
*Human Development Report (HDR), UNDP (HDR Advisory Panel Member)
*Bombay Environmental Action Group (BEAG) (Board Member)
*Conservation Action Trust (CAT) (Chairman)
*Green Indian States Trust, Chennai (Founding Trustee)
*TEEB Advisory Board, Geneva (Board Member)
*Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm (Board Member)
*Conservation International, Washington (Board Member)
*Global Reporting Initiative, Amsterdam (Board Member)
*Gulbenkian Oceans Initiative, Lisbon (Chairman, Advisory Board)

== Publications and articles ==
===Books===
*Corporation 2020: Transforming Business For Tomorrow's World. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2012.
*"Why Corporation 2020? The Case for a New Corporation in the Next Decade." Washington, DC: Island Press, 2012.
*Co-author of TEEB, "The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations." Earthscan, London, and Washington (2010): 456.

===Publications===
*Sukhdev, P., Wittmer, H., and Miller, D. (2014), ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB): Challenges and Responses'
*Sukhdev, Pavan. "Transforming the Corporation into a Driver of Sustainability" State of the World 2013. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2013. 143-153.
*Wittmer, H., Berghöfer, A., Sukhdev, P. (2013), Poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation: using the concept of ecosystem services to understand the linkages. In: Roe, D., Elliott, J., Sandbrook, C., Walpole, M. (eds.) Biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation : exploring the evidence for a link, Conservation Science and Practice 12, Wiley, Oxford, 36 - 50
*Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development & Poverty Eradication – A Synthesis for Policy-Makers, Lead author, UNEP, 2011.
*Sukhdev, P., et al. "Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A synthesis of the approach, conclusions, and recommendations of TEEB" The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2010).
*The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2010) TEEB Report for Business (2010), Co-author, UNEP-TEEB, July 2010
*Ring, I., Hansjürgens, B., Elmqvist, T., Wittmer, H., Sukhdev, P. (2010), Challenges in framing the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: the TEEB initiative. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2 (1-2), 15 - 26 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.005
*The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2009) TEEB for National and International Policy Makers (2009), Co-author, UNEP-TEEB, November 2009
*India's Financial Sector - An Assessment (Volume III – Advisory Panel on Financial Stability and Stress Testing), Co-author. Reserve Bank of India, March 2009.
*The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity – Interim Report, lead author, May 2008,
*The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, European Communities, 2008
*Environmental Accounting - Explorations in Methodology, Eds. Amitabh Kundu & Michael von Hauff, MANAK Publications, 2008. Co-author of two chapters: "Green Accounting Methodology for India and its States" and "Green Accounting for Forest Resources in India and its States".
*Accounting for Freshwater Quality in India, co-author, Green Accounting for Indian States Project, Monograph 8, TERI Press, September 2007
*Estimating the Value of Educational Capital Formation in India, co-author, Green Accounting for Indian States Project, Monograph 5, TERI Press, June 2007
*The Value of Biodiversity in India's Forests, co-author, Green Accounting for Indian States Project, Monograph 4, TERI Press, December 2006
*Natural resource accounting for Indian States – Illustrating the case of forest resources, co-author. Ecological Economics, 2007, vol. 61, issue 4, pages 635-649
*Accounting for the Ecological Services of India's Forests – Soil Conservation, Water Augmentation, and Flood Prevention, co-author, Green Accounting for Indian States Project, Monograph 7, TERI Press, April 2006
*Estimating the Value of Agricultural Cropland and Pasture land in India, co-author, Green Accounting for Indian States Project, Monograph 2, TERI Press, December 2005
*The Value of Timber, Carbon, Fuelwood, and Non-Timber Forest Products in India's Forests, co-author, Green Accounting for Indian States Project, Monograph 1, TERI Press, January 2005
*Interest Rate Risk and Derivatives, author of a chapter on The Future of India's Debt Market (Ed. G. Bhardwaj, Tata McGraw-Hill Series, 1998)
*Report of the Expert Group on Foreign Exchange Markets, (Reserve Bank of India, June 1995). Co-author of the Report and member of the Expert Group, headed by Executive Director of RBI, O.P. Sodhani. This "Sodhani Committee" Report is widely regarded as an enlightened blueprint for the development of India's foreign exchange market.

=== Articles ===
His articles include two opinion pieces for Nature (2009 and 2012), several blogs for The Guardian, and an opinion piece for The Economist Debate. From 2000, he has also written frequently for several Indian newspapers and magazines (Economic Times, Indian Express, Sanctuary) to popularize the concept of "Green GDP" in India, measuring holistic economic growth as against measuring increasing production and ‘GDP growth' as a yardstick of progress.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukhdev, Pavan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Environmental economists]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]

Halba (tribe)

2026-03-11T00:27:11Z

EJEBoris894787: cleanup

{{more citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Halba
| image =
| flag =
| caption =
| population = {{circa|750,000}} (2011 census)<ref name="jankaritoday"/>
| popplace = [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Assam]], and [[Odisha]]
| langs = [[Halbi language|Halbi]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Hindi]]
| religions = [[File:Aum Om black.svg|16px]] [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Bhunjia]], [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
}}
The '''Halba''' are a tribe in [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[Assam]] , and [[Orissa|Odisha]] in [[India]]. They speak the [[Halbi language]]<ref name="jankaritoday"/><ref name="mapsofindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/people-culture-festivals/chhattisgarh-tribes.html|title=Halba|website=mapsofindia|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> and mostly farm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exploreindia.tv/the-puberty-birth-rituals-of-the-halba-tribe-of-chattisgarh/|title=The puberty and birth rituals of the halba tribe of Chhattisgarh|publisher=exploreindia|access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> Linguistic evidence indicates they are an aboriginal tribe who adopted Hinduism and an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language.<ref name="Russell-2018">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane) |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume 3 of 4 |publisher=Forgotten Books |date=21 April 2018 |isbn=978-1440048937 |edition=Classic Reprint |pages=227–228 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Grierson-1905">{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |title=Linguistic Survey vol. vii. |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |year=1905 |isbn=81-75363614 |pages=331}}</ref><ref name="KORNEL-2017">{{Cite book |last=KORNEL |first=DAS |title=HISTORY OF TRIBAL PEOPLE IN UNITED KORAPUT |publisher=Das Kornel |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-5281-937-9 |pages=227–230 |language=en}}</ref>

The Halba ancestors were cultivators and farm servants who lived south of the [[Raipur]] district, or [[Kanker State|Kanker]] and [[Bastar State]]; from here small numbers spread to [[Bhandara district]], parts of [[Berar Province]] and into the [[Koraput district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref name="Russell-2018-2">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane) |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume 3 of 4 |publisher=Forgotten Books |date=21 April 2018 |isbn=978-1440048937 |edition=Classic Reprint |pages=222–224 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KORNEL-2017" />

==Etymology==
The name Halba might be derived from hal, a plough, and be a variant for harwāha, the common term for a farm servant in the northern Districts of [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central province]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane) |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume 3 of 4 |publisher=Forgotten Books |date=21 April 2018 |isbn=978-1440048937 |edition=Classic Reprint |pages=227 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mapsofindia"/> The word ‘Halbar or Halbam in [[Canarese|Canarse]] is ‘old one or ancient’ or primitive inhabitants.<ref name="Russell-2018" /><ref name="KORNEL-2017" />

== Origin ==
According to local legends, Halbas came to settle in Bastar and Kanker was that they had accompanied one of the Kings of Jagannath in Odisha, who was afflicted with leprosy, to the Sihawa jungles, where he proposed to pass the rest of his life in retirement. On a certain day, the king went out hunting with his dogs, one of which was quite white. This dog jumped into a spring of water and came out with his white skin changed to copper red. The king, observing this miracle, bathed in the spring himself and was cured of his leprosy. He then wished to return to Odisha, but the Halbas induced him to remain in his adopted country, and he became the ancestor of the kings of Kanker. The Halbas are still the household servants of the Kanker family, and when a fresh chief succeeds, one of them, who has the title of Karpardar, takes him to the temple and invests him with the royal robes, affixing also the tika or badge of office on his forehead with turmeric, rice and sandalwood, and rubbing his body over with attar of roses. A Halba was also the priest of the temple at Sihawa, which is said to have been built by the first king over the spring where he was healed of his leprosy.<ref name="KORNEL-2017" /><ref name="Russell">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane) |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume 3 of 4 |publisher=Forgotten Books |date=21 April 2018 |isbn=978-1440048937 |edition=Classic Reprint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Datt-2015">{{Cite book |last=Datt |first=Tara |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s335051070e572e47d2c26c241ab88307f/uploads/2018/07/2018070495.pdf |title=Odisha District Gazetteers: Koraput |publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Odisha |year=2015 |pages=137–138 |language=en}}</ref>

The first settlement of Halbas was the city of Sihawa on the banks of river Mahanadi.<ref name="Russell 228">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane) |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume 3 of 4 |publisher=Forgotten Books |date=21 April 2018 |isbn=978-1440048937 |edition=Classic Reprint |pages=228 |language=en}}</ref> According to Rai Bahadur Hiralal, they might have originated between Chhattisgarh and the Odisha to the east and south of the river Mahanadi.<ref name="Russell"/><ref name="Datt-2015" /> [[Wilfrid Grigson|Sir Wilfred Grigson]] is of the opinion that the Halba seem to be the descendants of the old garrisons of [[Paika Rebellion |Paika]] militia.<ref name="KORNEL-2017" /><ref name="Datt-2015" />

== History ==
The Halba tribal community are the chief tribe of [[Bastar division|Bastar]] region of Chhattisgarh. They adopted farming. Halbas were born of irregular alliances between the Odia Kings and their retainers with the women of their household servants, and between the different servants themselves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume 3 of 4 |publisher=Forgotten Books |date=21 April 2018 |isbn=978-1440048937 |edition=Classic Reprint |pages=227 |language=en}}</ref> They were employed in militia under various ruling dynasties of the region.<ref name="jankaritoday" /> Halbas were also guards kings of Bastar for a long time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane) |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume 3 of 4 |publisher=Forgotten Books |date=21 April 2018 |isbn=978-1440048937 |edition=Classic Reprint |pages=224 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the Halbas served as soldiers in the armies of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratanpur kings]] and their position no doubt considerably improved, so that in Bastar they became an important landholding caste. Some of these soldiers may have migrated west and taken service under the [[Kingdom of Chanda|Gond kings of Chanda]], and their descendants may now be represented by the [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]] zamindars.<ref name="Russell 225">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R. V. (Robert Vane) |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume 3 of 4 |publisher=Forgotten Books |date=21 April 2018 |isbn=978-1440048937 |edition=Classic Reprint |pages=225 |language=en}}</ref> Others took up weaving and have become amalgamated with the [[Koshta|Koshti]] caste in Bhandara and [[Berar Province|Berar]].<ref name="Russell 228"/>

According to Das Kornel, Halba tribe, which is found in Korapur district of Odisha, are from the Halavur branch of [[Banavasi]] tract and are related to [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] and came through present Maharastra region with invading army in medieval period. The Anchola village of Borigumma has the Halba concentration, and it was captured by Western Chalukays the from Cholas.<ref name="KORNEL-2017" />

=== Rebellion ===
The Halba rebellion was the first rebellion against the British in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=[Yojana Archive] Freedom movement in Central India |url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/yojana-archive-freedom-movement-in-central-india/ |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> After the death of Dalpat Deo (1731-1774), there were a series of wars between the two sons of Dalpat Deo over the throne. Daryao Deo, the younger son of Dalpat Deo, defeated his elder brother Ajmer Singh to took over the king's crown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Jagdalpur, Jagdalpur During British Regime |url=https://www.jagdalpuronline.in/city-guide/history-of-jagdalpur |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.jagdalpuronline.in}}</ref> The Halbas rebelled during King Daryao Deo’s reign.<ref name="Russell-2018-2" /><ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite web |author=Ajay Sonkusare |title=Halba Tribe |url=https://www.academia.edu/35614276 |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=academia.edu}}</ref> After the decline of the Chalukyas, the situations were such that both the Marathas and the British came, one after the other, to the place in order to rule. The stronger armies of Bastar, supported by the British and Maratha, crushed the rebellion. It had already helped contribute to decline of the Chalukya dynasty, which in turn significantly altered the history of Bastar. The rebellion was mostly defensive in nature and waged by the tribe to protect its lands and traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-29 |title=Halba rebellion (1774 – 1779) |url=https://anarchyindia.wordpress.com/the-tribal-revolt/halba-rebellion-1774-1779/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Anarchy India |language=en}}</ref> Even after defeat, Halbas were considered a tribe of considerable influence, since they could attempt to subvert the ruling dynasty.<ref name="Russell-2018-2" />

==Society==
The tribe have local divisions known as Bastarha, Chhattisgarhia and Marethia, according as they live in Bastar, Chhattisgarh, or Bhandāra and the other Maharashtra Districts. The last two groups intermarry, so only the Bastar Halbas form a really separate subcaste. They are also divided into two groups of pure and mixed Halbas. These are known in Bastar and Chhattisgarh as Purait or Nekha, and Surait or Nayak, respectively, and in Bhandāra as Barpangat and Khalpangat. The Suraits or Khalpangats are said to be of mixed origin, born from Halba fathers and women of other castes.<ref name="Russell 225"/>

The Halba have four subgroups: Pentia Halba, Bunkar Halba, Telia Halba and Jadi/Jadia Halba. Pentia are those who have migrated to Odisha. Bunkar are those who adopted weaving for their livelihood, Telia Halba who reside in Chhattisgarh.<ref name="jankaritoday">{{cite web|url=https://jankaritoday.com/halba-caste-history/|title=Halba caste history|publisher=jankaritoday|date=19 November 2021|access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> Weaver Halba are also known as [[Koshti]].<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news |date=15 July 2018 |title=Halba women to hit the road on Monday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/halba-women-to-hit-the-road-on-mon/articleshow/64989898.cms |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=timesofindia}}</ref> The population of Halba is around 0.75 million.<ref name="jankaritoday" />

They have many surnames including Som,Naik, Raut, Voyar, Nadge, Kothwar, Gharait, Chudi, Pakhle, Gawad, Hedu, Medke, Yele, Mankar, Sherkar, Margai, Chandrapur, Bhandara etc.<ref name="jankaritoday" />

=== Pentia ===
Pentia Halba are found in south of Chhattisgarh state and have spread into [[Koraput district|Koraput]] in [[Odisha]]. As per Administrative records, Pentia and Halba are classified as separate tribes. The Halbas of [[Jeypore]] region call themselves Pentia whereas the Halbas in Mathli region, border to Bastar call themselves as Halba. According to [[C. Hayavadana Rao|Mr. C. Hayavadana Rao]] and [[Edgar Thurston]] the Pentias had migrated from Bastar and settled at Pentikonna near Potangi of Koraput district, thence are known as Pentia or Pentiya or Pentikonaya. They lost a war and were in [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] of Dasmantpur. The Pottangi hill Mohaprabhu is the main place of worship of for Pentias as claimed. There are villages of Pentia near Bastar border close to Mathili and it is surprising that Pentias of Jeypore belt have no relationship with the Pentia of Bastar. At present their main occupation is cultivation in [[Koraput district]].<ref name="Datt-2015" />

Halbas have territorial and titular names and many totemistic names. They are Ghsorpatia (a horse), Kawalia (lotus), Auria (tamarind), Lendia (a tree), Gohi (lizard), Makjur (a peacock), and Bhringraj (a black bird). The Bastar totemistic groups are known as Barags and Thok. The Halba in Koraput (in Jeypore) has the following clans Bareng, Mudli, Nago, Dalaie,Sunakaria, Kaktia,Uparia, Soam, Khamaria, Dhangundia and Makad.<ref name="Datt-2015" />

==Culture==
===Language===
Halba speak [[Halbi language]] which is mixed language of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Odia language]].<ref name="jankaritoday"/> According to [[George Abraham Grierson|Sir George Abraham Grierson]],"Their dialect [[Halbi language|Halbi]], is a curious mixture of [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] the proportions varying according to the locality. In Bhandara it is nearly all Marathi, but in Bastar it is much more mixed and has some forms which look like Telugu."<ref name="Russell-2018" /><ref name="Grierson-1905" /> Halbi dialect also contains traces of [[Canarese]]<ref name="Russell-2018" /><ref name="KORNEL-2017" />

===Cuisine===
Although Halba are primarily agricultural community.<ref name="mapsofindia"/> Halba are also professional weaver. Many became jobless when modern powerlooms methods came in 1970s. Then, many started selling their foods which have become quite famous in Nagpur city. Their traditional food is known as Saoji which includes Sundari, Tari Pohe, Wada Bhat, Pithla Bhakar, Jhunka Bhakar, Sabudanawada, Saoji Chicken, Patwadi Rassa, Khur Saoji, Mutton Saoji, and Kothmirwadi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsinc24.com/news/halba-tribes-food...-saoji-cuisine|title=Halba Tribe's Food... Saoji Cuisine|publisher=newsinc24|date=23 January 2022|access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

The [[Danteshwari Temple]] was established by Chalukya king in 14th century in [[Bastar district]].<ref name="academia.edu"/> They also worship other deities including Maili mata, Gusain-Pusain, Budhadeo, Kunwardeo.<ref name="jankaritoday"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0gwfmPFTLgC&pg=PA281|title=Tribal Roots of Hinduism|isbn=9788176252997|access-date=17 January 2020|last1=Tiwari|first1=Shiv Kumar|year=2002|publisher=Sarup & Sons }}</ref>

==References==
*{{Source-attribution|{{cite book |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41424 |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 3 |first=R.V. |last=Russell |date=1916 |ref=none}} }}
{{reflist}}

{{Scheduled Tribes in Maharashtra}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tribal communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Chhattisgarh]]

2004 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-10T09:35:04Z

EJEBoris894787: New

{{Short description|Assembly elections in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2004 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2000
| election_date = 20 & 26 April 2004
| next_election = 2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2009
| seats_for_election = All 147 seats in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 74
| registered = {{formatnum:25651989}}
| turnout =
| image_size = 100px
| image1 = Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik in October 2014.jpg
| leader1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| party1 = Biju Janata Dal
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]
| leader_since1 =
| seats_before1 = 74
| popular_vote1 = 27.36%
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}}14
| seats1 = 61
| swing1 =
| image3 = J B Pattnaik, Governor of Assam.jpg
| image3_size = 100px
| leader3 = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| party3 = Indian National Congress
| alliance3 = [[United Progressive Alliance|'''UPA''']]
| leader_since3 =
| seats_before3 = 9
| popular_vote3 = 34.82%
| seat_change3 = {{increase}}29
| seats3 = 38
| swing3 =
| image2 = Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg
| image2_size = 100px
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]
| leader_since2 =
| seats_before2 = 48
| popular_vote2 = 17.11
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}16
| seats2 = 32
| swing2 = 
| title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|CM]]
| before_party = [[Biju Janata Dal]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
| before_election = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| after_party = [[Biju Janata Dal]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
| after_election = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| elected_members = 13th Odisha Legislative Assembly
| outgoing_members = 12th Odisha Legislative Assembly
}}

Elections to the '''[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Orissa Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in April 2004 to elect members of the 147 constituencies in [[Orissa]], India. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] and [[Biju Janata Dal]] fought election together as [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]. The [[National Democratic Alliance]] won the most seats and [[Naveen Patnaik]] was re-appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister of Orissa]]. The opposition Congress was headed by former CM Janaki Ballabh Pattnaik, who was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/naveen-patnaik-an-election-ready-politician/article36594008.ece |title=Naveen Patnaik — an election-ready politician |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 September 2021 |author=Satyasundar Barik |access-date= 6 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=cmlist>{{cite web |url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/statisticsmembers.aspx?x=5 |title=List Of Honourable Chief Minister (YearWise) |access-date= 6 February 2022| website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}</ref> The number of constituencies was set as 147 by the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name="delimitation1976">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= December 9, 2020}}</ref>

==Schedule==
The schedule of the election was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 29 February 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election Schedule 2004 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3042-schedule-for-general-elections-2004/?do=download&r=7022&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=9b39aa893d335b61e29f64e45be0cf2d}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Poll event<ref>{{Cite web |title=Counting of votes for AP assembly begins |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/11ap.htm|date=11 May 2004}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Phase
|-
! style="background: #FFFACD" | 1
! style="background: #E9967A" | 2
|-
| Date of announcement
| colspan=2| 29 February 2004
|-
| Notification date
| 24 March 2004
| 31 March 2004
|-
| Last date for filing nomination
| 31 March 2004
| 7 April 2004
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 2 April 2004
| 8 April 2004
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| 5 April 2004
| 10 April 2004
|-
| Date of poll
| '''20 April 2004'''
| '''26 April 2004'''
|-
| Date of counting of votes
| colspan=2|'''13 May 2004'''
|-
| No. of constituencies
| 77
| 70
|}

==Parties and alliances==

==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
Seats where divided in 4:3 ratio.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|{{party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[File: Biju Janata Dal Flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Conch.svg|50px]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
| 84
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Jual Oram]]
| 63
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
|133
|-
|{{party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|[[File:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha flag.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]]
|[[Shibu Soren]]
|12
|-
|{{party color cell|Odisha Gana Parishad}}
|[[Odisha Gana Parishad]]
| -
| -
|[[Bijoy Mohapatra]]
|4
|}

==Result==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_OR_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3629-orissa-2004/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
! colspan="9" |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 2004.svg]]
|- valign="top"
! colspan="3" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Color
!Name
!Symbol
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|5,896,713
|34.82
|{{Increase}}1.04
|133
|38
|{{Increase}}12
|-
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Conch.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|4,632,280
|27.36
|{{Decrease}}2.04
|84
|61
|{{Decrease}}7
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Lotos_flower_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|2,898,105
|17.11
|{{Decrease}}1.09
| 63
|32
|{{Decrease}}6
|-
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|301,777
|1.78
|{{Decrease}}0.36
|12
|4
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Odisha Gana Parishad}}
|[[Odisha Gana Parishad]]
| -
|style="text-align:right;"|217,998
|1.20
|(new)
|4
|2
|(new)
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|129,989
|0.77
|{{decrease}}0.45
| 6
|1
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPIM_election_symbol.png|50x50px]]
|style="text-align:right;"|93,159
|0.55
|{{decrease}}0.22
| 3
|1
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| -
|style="text-align:right;"|2,065,650
|12.20
|{{Increase}}1.54
| 295
|8
|{{steady}}
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="3" |Total
!-
!100
!-
!-
!147
!-
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Valid Votes'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''16,933,456'''
| 66.01
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="3" |Invalid Votes
|style="text-align:right;"|9,461
| -
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''16,942,917'''
| '''66.05'''
|-
| colspan="3" |Abstentation
|style="text-align:right;"|8,709,072
| -
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total No. of Electors'''
|style="text-align:right;"|'''25,651,989'''
!
|}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!District
!AC. No.
!Constituency
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|1
|[[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
|Ajit Hembram
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|2
|[[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
|[[Sambhunath Naik|Shambhu Nath Naik]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|3
|[[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]]
|Prahlad Purty
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|4
|[[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|5
|[[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
|[[Chaitanya Prasad Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|6
|[[Kuliana, Odisha Assembly constituency|Kuliana (ST)]]
|[[Sananda Marndi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|7
|[[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]
|Bimal Lochan Das
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|8
|[[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]]
|[[Pramila Giri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|9
|[[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta (ST)]]
|[[Golak Bihari Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|10
|[[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
|[[Bhaskar Madhei]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|11
|[[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
|[[Ananta Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|12
|[[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
|[[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|13
|[[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
|[[Raghunath Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|14
|[[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
|Arun Dey
| {{Full party name with color|Odisha Gana Parishad}}
|-
|15
|[[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
|[[Kartik Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|16
|[[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
|[[Padma Lochan Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|17
|[[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
|[[Pratap Sarangi|Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|18
|[[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari (SC)]]
|[[Ananta Prasad Sethi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|19
|[[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
|Naren Pallai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|20
|[[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
|[[Manmohan Samal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|21
|[[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali (SC)]]
|Netrananda Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|22
|[[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
|[[Bijayshree Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|23
|[[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
|[[Prafulla Chandra Ghadai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|24
|[[Korei Assembly constituency|Korai]]
|Sanchita Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|25
|[[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
|Parameswar Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|26
|[[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharamsala]]
|[[Kalpataru Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|27
|[[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
|Sitakanta Mohapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|28
|[[Bari-derabisi Assembly constituency|Bari-Derabisi]]
|[[Debasis Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|29
|[[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]
|[[Pramila Mallik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|30
|[[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
|[[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|31
|[[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]
|Kishor Chandra Tarai
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|32
|[[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
|Nalinikanta Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|33
|[[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]
|Utkal Keshari Parida
| {{Full party name with color|Odisha Gana Parishad}}
|-
|34
|[[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
|[[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|35
|[[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
|[[Chiranjib Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|36
|[[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]
|[[Damodar Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|37
|[[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]
|Umesh Chandra Swain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|38
|[[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]
|[[Bishnu Charan Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|39
|[[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency|Kissannagar]]
|[[Pratap Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|40
|[[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
|[[Bikram Keshari Barma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|41
|[[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur (SC)]]
|Kalindi Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|42
|[[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
|Rabindra Kumar Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|43
|[[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]
|[[Pravata Ranjan Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|44
|[[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
|[[Samir Dey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|45
|[[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar]]
|[[Dharmananda Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|46
|[[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
|Debasis Pattnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|47
|[[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]
|[[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|48
|[[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
|[[Debi Prasad Mishra|Debiprasad Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Khordha district|Khurda]]
|49
|[[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]
|[[Shashi Bhusan Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|50
|[[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|51
|[[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatni]]
|Sarat Patkaray
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|52
|[[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipli]]
|[[Pradeep Maharathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|53
|[[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]
|Baidhar Mallick
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|54
|[[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]
|[[Surendra Nath Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|55
|[[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
|Ramaranjan Baliarsingh
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|56
|[[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
|[[Maheswar Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|57
|[[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]
|[[Lalatendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Khordha district|Khurda]]
|58
|[[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilka]]
|Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|59
|[[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
|[[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|60
|[[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|61
|[[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
|[[Surama Padhy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|62
|[[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
|[[Arun Kumar Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|63
|[[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]
|Bijayalaxmi Pattnaik
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|64
|[[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]
|[[Rudra Madhab Ray]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|65
|[[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]
|[[Madhaba Nanda Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|66
|[[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
|[[Bikram Keshari Arukha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|67
|[[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]
|[[Kishore Chandra Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|68
|[[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
|[[Saroj Kumar Padhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|69
|[[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]
|[[Ladu Kishore Swain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|70
|[[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]
|Niranjan Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|71
|[[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]
|[[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|72
|[[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]
|Nagireddy Narayan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|73
|[[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|74
|[[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur (SC)]]
|Trinath Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|75
|[[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|76
|[[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
|[[Usha Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|77
|[[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]
|[[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|78
|[[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]
|Bharat Paik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|79
|[[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Parlakhemundi]]
|Trinath Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|80
|[[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
|[[Hema Gamang|Hemabati Gamang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|81
|[[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam-cuttack (ST)]]
|Dambarudhar Ulaka
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|82
|[[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
|[[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulaka Rama Chandra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|83
|[[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur (ST)]]
|Anantaram Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|84
|[[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]
|[[Jayaram Pangi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|85
|[[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]
|[[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|86
|[[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (SC)]]
|Nimai Chandra Sarkar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|87
|[[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]
|[[Prahlad Dora]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|88
|[[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
|Basudev Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|89
|[[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
|[[Rabi Narayan Nanda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Nabarangpur district|Nowrangpur]]
|90
|[[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]
|[[Habibulla Khan (Odisha)|Habibulla Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|91
|[[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (ST)]]
|Sadan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|92
|[[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|93
|[[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]
|Dharmu Gond
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nuapada district|Nawapara]]
|94
|[[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]
|[[Rajendra Dholakia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|95
|[[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
|[[Duryodhan Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|96
|[[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh (SC)]]
|Bira Sipka
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|97
|[[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]
|[[Pushpendra Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|98
|[[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
|[[Himansu Sekhar Meher]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|99
|[[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
|[[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|100
|[[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]
|Balabhadra Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|101
|[[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]
|[[Dhaneswar Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|102
|[[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]
|Karendra Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|103
|[[Udayagiri, Odisha Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]
|Ajayanti Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|104
|[[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
|[[Padmanabha Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|105
|[[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
|[[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|106
|[[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]
|[[Jogendra Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|107
|[[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
|Haji Md. Ayub Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|108
|[[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|109
|[[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]
|[[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|110
|[[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]
|[[Narasingha Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|111
|[[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
|[[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|112
|[[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur (SC)]]
|Binod Patra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|113
|[[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]
|[[Niranjan Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|114
|[[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]
|Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|115
|[[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
|[[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|116
|[[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
|[[Rajanikant Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|117
|[[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]
|[[Anjali Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|118
|[[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|[[Sudhir Kumar Samal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|119
|[[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
|Saroj Kumar Samal
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|120
|[[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
|[[Prafulla Kumar Mallik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|121
|[[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
|[[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|122
|[[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]
|[[Mahesh Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|123
|[[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
|Satya Bhusan Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|124
|[[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]
|Mohammad Rafique
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|125
|[[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
|Subal Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|126
|[[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]
|Bimbadhar Kuanr
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|127
|[[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
|Ananda Acharya
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|128
|[[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
|[[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|129
|[[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
|Anup Kumar Sai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|130
|[[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
|[[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|131
|[[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]]
|Brundaban Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|132
|[[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
|[[Rabi Narayan Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|133
|[[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]]
|[[Sanatan Bisi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|134
|[[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
|[[Nitesh Ganga Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|135
|[[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]
|Shankarsan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|136
|[[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
|[[Gajadhar Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|137
|[[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
|Gregory Minz
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|138
|[[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]]
|Nihar Surin
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|139
|[[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
|[[Sarada Prasad Nayak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|140
|[[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (ST)]]
|Halu Mundary
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|141
|[[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
|[[Laxman Munda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|142
|[[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]]
|[[Dhanurjaya Sidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|143
|[[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]]
|[[Gourahari Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|144
|[[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
|[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|145
|[[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
|Niladri Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|146
|[[Ramchandrapur, Odisha Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur]]
|[[Niranjan Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|147
|[[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
|[[Jayadev Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Analysis & Govt Formation ==
Assembly was dissolved early almost a year ahead & election were called in line with [[2004 Indian general election]]. [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] lost the general election but won [[2004 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2004 Orissa Assembly election]]. Mr. Patnaik resigned on 15 May 2004 paving way for new govt.

Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] along with 14 Cabinet Ministers and 7 Minister of State were administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor [[M. M. Rajendran]] at the [[Raj Bhavan, Bhubaneswar]] on 16 May 2004. No. of Ministers for BJD & BJP were divided on 2:1 ratio where BJD had the larger share of representation in the ministry with 14 ministers including the Chief Minister while the BJP had eight.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-05-16|title=Naveen sworn in as Orissa CM|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/naveen-sworn-in-as-orissa-cm/articleshow/678782.cms|access-date=2025-06-15|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=22-member BJD-BJP ministry in Orissa sworn-in|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/22-member-bjd-bjp-ministry-in-orissa-sworn-in/story-CszAnB94D0IQrNi7AiYIwJ.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
*[[2004 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:2004 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:2000s in Orissa]]

Military history of the North-West Frontier

2026-03-09T15:07:44Z

EJEBoris894787: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Historical aspect of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan}}
[[File:NWFP FATA.svg|thumb|Map of the present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province (green), previously the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier]]; and FATA (purple)]]{{Campaignbox Instability on the North-West Frontier}}
The '''[[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier]]''' (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) was a region of the [[British Indian Empire]]. It remains the western frontier of present-day [[Pakistan]], extending from the [[Pamir Knot]] in the north to the Koh-i-Malik Siah in the west,<ref>''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'', p. 2</ref> and separating the modern Pakistani frontier regions of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] (renamed as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] from neighbouring [[Afghanistan]] in the west. The borderline between is officially known as the [[Durand Line]] and divides [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] inhabitants of these provinces from Pashtuns in eastern Afghanistan.

The two main gateways on the North West Frontier are the [[Khyber Pass|Khyber]] and [[Bolan Pass]]es. Since ancient times, the Indian subcontinent has been repeatedly invaded through these northwestern routes. With the expansion of the [[Russian Empire]] into [[Central Asia]] in the twentieth century, stability of the Frontier and control of Afghanistan became cornerstones of defensive strategy for British India.

Much of the Frontier was occupied by [[Ranjit Singh]] in the early 19th century, and then taken over by the [[East India Company]] when it annexed the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] in 1849.<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp10>''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'', p. 10</ref>

Between 1849 and 1947 the military history of the frontier was a succession of punitive expeditions against offending [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] (or ''Pathan'') tribes, punctuated by three wars against Afghanistan. Many British officers who went on to distinguished command in the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]] learnt their soldiering on the North-West Frontier, which they called the ''Grim''.<ref>Wilkinson-Latham, pp. 3 & 38</ref>

==Contestants==
{{Further|History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{See also|Military history of Pakistan}}

===Afghanistan===
In 1747 when Ahmad Khān Abdālī seized control of [[Kandahar]], [[Kabul]], and [[Peshawar]], and, as '''[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]''', was proclaimed [[Shah]] of the [[Pashtun people|Afghans]].<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp8>''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'', p. 8</ref> He went on to conquer [[Herat]] and [[Greater Khorasan|Khorassan]], and established an empire from the [[Oxus]] to the [[Indus]].<ref>Barthorp 2002, p. 14</ref> On his death in 1773, the Afghan domain included [[Baluchistan]], [[Sindh]], the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], and [[Kashmir]].<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp8/> Ahmad Shah was succeeded by his son [[Timur Shah Durrani]], whose rule of twenty years saw the Afghan tide begin to ebb. Timur left many sons but no heir, and the resultant internecine struggles for the throne lasted more than thirty years. During this period the Punjab was effectively ceded to its erstwhile governor [[Ranjit Singh]], Iran recovered Khorassan, and Sindh broke away.<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp8/> In 1813 [[Sikh]] forces from the Punjab crossed the Indus and seized the old [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] fort at [[Attock]]. In 1819 Kashmir was lost, and west of the Indus [[Derajat]] also. Four years later the winter capital at Peshawar came under attack.<ref name=Barthorpp15-8>Barthorp 2002, pp. 15-18</ref>

{{further|Durrani Empire}}

In 1826 '''[[Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Dost Mohammad Khan]]''' emerged as undisputed ruler in Kabul, and was there proclaimed [[Emir]].<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp9>''Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'', p. 9</ref> He defeated a further attempt to oust him by his exiled rival [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] in 1833; however the Sikhs seized all of Peshawar the following year. In 1837 Dost Mohammad launched a counter-attack through the Khyber, but the Afghan force was halted at [[Jamrud Fort]].<ref name=Barthorpp18>Barthorp 2002, p. 18</ref> Dost Mohammad had sought assistance from the [[East India Company]] against the resurgent Punjab, but was rebuffed. So Dost Mohammad turned to [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]] for help.<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp9/>

{{further|Emirate of Afghanistan}}
{{see also|European influence in Afghanistan}}

===Sikh Empire===
{{Main|Sikh Empire}}
[[File:Overview of Afghanistan and the Countries on the Northwest Border of India WDL217.png|thumb|Overview of Afghanistan and the Countries on the Northwest Border of India 1842]]
[[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. His Samadhi is located in Lahore, Pakistan.

He then spent the following years fighting the Afghans, driving them out of western Punjab, taking opportunity of the Afghans being embroiled in civil war. The deposed Afghan king [[Shuja Shah Durrani|Shah Shuja]] rallied a significant number of tribes and received British backing in the form of the Sikh army against the [[Barakzai]] king [[Dost Mohammad Barakzai|Dost Muhammad]]. The civil war in Afghanistan coupled with a British backed assault meant that the Sikhs could virtually walk into Peshawar. They managed to capture some Pashtun territory including Peshawar which was under direct British supervision and control.

===British East India Company===
[[File:HILL TRIBESMEN SNIPING A BRITISH FORCE ON THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER..gif|thumb|Hill Tribes men sniping a British Force]]
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the [[East India Company]] controlled southern India, [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], and [[Odisha|Orissa]] (modern Odisha). Dominance was gained at the expense of its successive French equivalents. Britain and France were at [[Napoleonic Wars|war]], and the [[Franco-Persian alliance]] of 1807, followed the same year by the Franco-Russian [[Treaty of Tilsit]], alerted the ''HEIC'' to the external threat posed from the north-west.<ref>Barthorp 2002, p. 19</ref>

By 1819 only [[Sindh]] and the [[Punjab]] remained outside the company's control. [[Napoleon]] was vanquished, but the [[Russian Empire|Russian Empire]] had begun to expand south and east. Russian influence grew likewise, and by the early 1830s [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Irān]] was within the Tsar's sphere. Attempts by Irān to recover [[Herat]] in 1834, and again in 1837, raised the spectre of Russian armies on the road to [[Kandahar]], whence direct access to India through the [[Khojak Pass|Khojak]] and [[Bolan Pass|Bolan]] passes.<ref>Barthorp 2002, p. 29</ref>

Meanwhile, the conflict between Afghanistan and the Punjab focused on the [[Khyber Pass|Khyber route]]. Dost Mohammad appealed to the HEIC for aid in recovering Peshawar, but the company could not help him without alienating its treaty ally Ranjit Singh. When Dost Mohammad redirected his appeal to Russia, the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|Lord Auckland]] resolved to depose Dost Mohammad, and replace him with Shuja Shah Durrani. Restored to his throne in Kabul, the exiled former ruler would accept the Sikh gains west of the Indus, and the Company controlling his foreign policy. The agreement was formalised with the '''Treaty of Simla''' signed in June 1838 between Shah Shuja, the HEIC, and Ranjit Singh.<ref>Barthorp 2002, pp. 30-31</ref>

{{further|Company rule in India}}
{{see also|East India Company}}

===British Indian Empire===
{{main|British Raj}}

==Chronology==

=== 1526–1757 (Mughal Afghan Wars) ===

* [[Battle of Malandari Pass (1586)|Battle of Malandari Pass]]
* [[Battle of Sampagha Pass (1619)|Battle of Sampagha Pass]]
* [[Battle of Ali Masjid (1672)|Battle of Ali masjid]]
* [[Battle of Nowshera (1674)|Battle of Nowshera]]

===1800–1837 (Afghan-Sikh Wars)===
* [[Battle of Hasan Abdal (1813)|Battle of Hasan Abdal]] (1813)
* [[Battle of Kashmir (1814)|Battle of Kashmir]] (1814)
* Battle of Gandgarh (1820)
* Battle of Nara (1824)
* [[Battle of Nowshera]] (1823)
* [[Battle of Akora Khattak]]
* [[Battle of Jamrud]] (1837)

===1838–48 (First Afghan War to Second Sikh War)===
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1838–1842)
* [[Sindh#Colonial period|Sindh Campaign]] (1843)
* [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–46)
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–49)

===1849–58 (Second Sikh War to Sepoy Revolt)===

In the period following the [[Punjab Province (British India)#History|annexation of the Punjab]] in 1849 until the [[Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]], several expeditions were undertaken against almost every tribe along the whole of the North-West Frontier, most notably under [[Charles James Napier|Sir Charles Napier]] and [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Sir Colin Campbell]], under orders from the governor-general, [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]]. Disgusted at being instructed to burn Pathan villages, first Napier and then Campbell resigned and returned to England. Campbell had already decided that the best method of dealing with the tribesmen on the frontier was through bribery.<ref>Greenwood, ch.6</ref>

When the '''Sepoy Rebellion''' broke out Amir [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] came under internal pressure to seize the advantage and attack India. However he stood by his treaty obligations. This allowed Indian troops on the frontier to deploy to [[Delhi]] and deal with the revolt centered there.<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp10/>
* [[Operations against the Baizai (1849)|Operations against the Swati and Uthmankhel in Baizai (1849)]]
* [[Insurrections By Khattaks Against The British 1850-52]]
* [[Operations in the Kohat Pass (1850)]]
* [[Mohmand Expeditions (1851–2)]]
* [[Ranizai Expedition (1852)]]
* [[First Black Mountain Expedition]] (1852)
* [[Khagan Expedition|Expedition against the Sayyids of Khagan(1852)]]
* [[Shirani Expedition (1853)]]
* [[Afridi Expedition (1853)]]
* [[Expedition against the Hindustani Fanatics (1854)]]
* [[Aka Khel Expedition (1855)]]
* [[Operations against the Orakzais (1855)]]
* [[Miranzai Valley Expeditions (1855–6)]]
* [[Bozdar Expedition (1857)]]
* [[Expedition against the Hindustani Fanatics (1857–8)]].{{Efn|''Also known as the Sittana Expeditions''}}
* '''[[Sepoy Rebellion]]''' (1857–8) (Indian Mutiny)

===1859–1878 (Sepoy Revolt to Second Afghan War)===
* [[Kabul Khel#1859 war|Kabul Khel Expedition (1859)]]
* [[Mahsud Expedition (1860)]]
* [[Umbeyla Campaign|Ambela Campaign war]] (1863)
* [[Operations against the Jadoon (1864)]]
* [[Operations at Shabkadar (1863–4)]]
* [[Second Black Mountain Expedition]] (1868)
* [[Bazotee Expedition (1868)]]
* [[Operations in the Tochi Valley (1872)]]
* [[Jowaki Expedition (1877–8)]]
* [[Operations against the Utman Khel (1878)]]

===1878–1898 (Second Afghan War to Frontier Rebellion)===

In 1877, '''Amir [[Sher Ali Khan|Sher Ali]]''' received a Russian mission in Kabul, but refused to accept one from the British. The following year Sher Ali signed a treaty with Russia. The British sent a mission anyway, but the mission and its armed escort were denied passage through the Khyber Pass. The British threatened to invade, and when no apology was forthcoming, did so. Sher Ali died while fleeing to Russian territory, and his son [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan|Yakub]] succeeded him. On May 26, 1879, '''Amir Yakub''' signed the '''[[Treaty of Gandamak]]''', whereby Afghanistan surrendered its foreign policy to the British Empire, which in turn promised protection from aggression. Afghanistan ceded some territory and accepted a [[British Resident]] in Kabul until 1894.<ref>Wilkinson-Latham, p. 14-15</ref>

In September 1879, some six weeks after establishing his residency, [[Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari|Sir Louis Cavagnari]] and his escort were murdered. Hostilities promptly resumed. Yakub's army was defeated in September 1880, and his throne was offered to, and accepted by, '''[[Abdur Rahman Khan|Abdur Rahman]]''', who agreed to surrender all claims on the Khyber, the [[Kurram Valley|Kurram]], [[Sibi]], and [[Pishin District|Pishin]].<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp11>''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'', p. 11</ref>
* '''[[Second Afghan War]]''' (1878–1880)
* [[Zakka Khel Expeditions (1878–9)]]
* [[Operations against the Mohmands (1878–80)]]<ref>Includes the Expedition to Kam Dakka.</ref>
* [[Operations against the Zaimukht (1878–9)]]
* [[Operations against the Marris (1880)]]
* [[Mahsud-Waziri Expedition (1881)]]
* [[Expedition to the Takht-i-Suliman (1883)]]
* [[Third Black Mountain Expedition]] (1888)
* [[Operations in the Zhob Valley (1890–1)]]
* [[Fourth Black Mountain Expedition]] (1891)
* [[Miranzai Expeditions (1891)]]
* [[Hunza-Nagar Expedition]] (1891)
* [[Mahsud Expedition (1894–5)]]
* [[Chitral expedition]] (1895)
* [[Tochi Expedition|Tochi Valley Expedition (1897)]]
* [[Siege of Malakand]] (1897)
* [[Operations of the Buner Field Force (1897–1898)]]<ref>Includes the action at Laudakai and the capture of the Tanga Pass</ref>
* [[Tirah Campaign]] (1897)
* [[Mohmand campaign of 1897–98|First Mohmand campaign (1897–1898)]]

===1898–1914 (Frontier Revolt to Great War)===
* [[Mahsud Waziri blockade]] (1900–1902)
* [[Kabul Khel#1902 war|Kabul Khel Expedition (1902)]]
* [[Bazar Valley campaign]] (1908)
* [[Mohmand Expedition of 1908]]

=== [[North-West Frontier Theatre of WWI|1914–1918]] (First World War) ===
[[File:WarMemorialBangalore.jpg|thumb|right| Madras Regiment War Memorial, [[Bangalore]], mentions lives lost in the North West Frontier by the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers]]]]
In support of the British war effort, the [[Indian Army (1895–1947)|Indian Army]] deployed [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditionary forces]] to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], [[East African Campaign (World War I)|East Africa]], [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]], [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]], [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Sinai and Palestine]].<ref>Sumner, p. 6</ref> India was thus vulnerable to hostile attention from Afghanistan. A Turco-German mission arrived in [[Kabul]] in October 1915 with obvious strategic purpose. However, Amir '''[[Habibullah Khan|Habibulla]]''' abided by his treaty obligations and maintained Afghanistan's neutrality, in the face of internal opposition from factions keen to side with the [[Ottoman Sultan]].<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp11/> Hostilities on the frontier remained local.
* [[Operations in the Tochi]] (1914–15)
* [[Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis]] (1915)
* [[Kalat Operations (1915–16)]]
* [[Mohmand Blockade]] (1916–17)
* [[Operations against the Mahsuds (1917)]]
* [[Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes (1918)]]<ref name="Baluchistan">[[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]]</ref><ref>Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee</ref>

===1919–39 (between the wars)===

Having upheld Afghan neutrality while India was engaged in the [[Great War]], Habibulla sought full independence for Afghanistan in February 1919.<ref>Robson, ''Crisis on the Frontier'' p. 8</ref> Such a reward might have consolidated his rule, but later that month he was murdered.<ref>Robson, ''Crisis on the Frontier'' p. 9</ref>

His successor [[Amānullāh Khān|Amanullah]] pursued a similar policy by different means. With India's Army de-mobilising, and its Government preoccupied with violent unrest in western India, Amanullah sent his troops across the Frontier in early May. At the end of the month he sought an armistice, which was granted on 3 June.<ref>''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'', p. 50</ref> By the [[Treaty of Rawalpindi]] signed in August, Afghanistan gained control of its foreign affairs, and in turn, recognised the [[Durand Line]] as its border with India.<ref>Robson, ''Crisis on the Frontier'' pp. 136–7</ref>

The short-lived war had long-term consequences in [[Waziristan]], where tribesmen rallied to Amanullah's cause. The western militia [[Military base|posts]] were abandoned. Many of the militia deserted, taking their modern weapons and joining their fellow tribesmen in attacking the remaining posts. As a result, the Indian Army's ''Waziristan Force'' was fully engaged in re-establishing the posts and restoring the lines of communication from November until May 1920. The western base at [[Wana, Pakistan|Wana]] was finally reoccupied in December 1920.<ref>''Official History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1920-35'', p.7</ref>

The long-term plan for control of the district entailed building [[metalled road]]s along the lines of communication to a new central base to be established at [[Razmak]]. In 1921 work began on the southern road up the [[Tank Zam]] from [[Jandola]], under the protection of the Waziristan Force. The following year work on the northern road from the [[Tochi Valley|Tochi]] began at [[Idak]], shielded by the ''Razmak Force'' advancing to its objective. The two roads met in 1924, linking [[North Waziristan|North]] and [[South Waziristan]], and enabling the Indian Army to reorganise both areas as one military district.<ref>''Official History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1920-35'' pp. 29 & 31</ref> The Waziristan and Razmak Field Forces then devolved into brigades based permanently at [[Manzai (Pakistan)|Manzai]], Razmak, [[Gardai (Pakistan)|Gardai]], and [[Bannu]].<ref>''Official History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1920-35'' pp. 66 & 67</ref>

The following year the few tribal sections in South Waziristan remaining openly hostile were subdued by aircraft alone. For this operation the [[No. 2 (Indian) Wing]] of the [[RAF]] under Wing Commander [[Richard Pink]] was based at [[Tank, Pakistan|Tank]] and [[Miranshah]].<ref>Stiles p. 105</ref> Aircraft comprising the ''Wana Patrol'' maintained regular weekly contact with the posts at Wana and [[Tanai (Pakistan)|Tanai]] until 1929, when the road from [[Sarwekai]] was completed, and the Manzai brigade relocated to Wana.<ref>''Official History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1920-35'' p. 48</ref>
* Punjab Rebellion,<ref>''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'' p. 13</ref> including the [[Amritsar Massacre]] (1919)
* [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] (1919)
* [[Waziristan campaign (1919–20)|Operations in Waziristan (1919–20)]]
* [[Waziristan campaign (1921–1924)|Operations in Waziristan (1921–24)]]
* [[Pink's War]] (1925)
* [[Operation against the Mohmands]] (1927)
* [[Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–31.|Afridi Redshirt Rebellion]] (1930–31)
* [[Mohmand and Bajaur Operations]] (1933)
* [[Loe Agra Campaign]] (1935)
* [[Second Mohmand Campaign]] (1935)
* [[Waziristan campaign (1936–39)|Operations in Waziristan (1936–39)]]<ref>Operations against the Fakir of Ipi.</ref>

===1940–1947 (Second World War to independence)===
{{See also|India in World War II#1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan|India in World War II#Mazrak Zadran's invasion of India|Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947}}
From 1940 to 1947, [[Waziristan]] and indeed most of the Frontier remained relatively calm<ref>Barthorp 2002 p. 175.</ref> and the British were able to divert most of their military effort to more important theatres. There were, however, brief periods of trouble<ref>Indeed, in 1940, Pathan tribesmen launched a big attack on the 1/6 GR who were stationed in Waziristan at the time, although there were no casualties. See Cross & Buddhiman 2002, p. 114.</ref> on the frontier, which required the British to continue to maintain a military presence in the region, although for the main they were able to employ mainly garrison or rear-area troops during this time, thus allowing them to free up front-line units for active service elsewhere.
<blockquote>
Trained regular troops were desperately needed for the war against Germany and Japan.

Razmak, Wana and Bannu were garrisoned with half-trained units which suffered serious reverses, losing men, rifles, and light machine-guns.<ref>Chenevix Trench, p.241</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1944, a British committee under Lieutenant-General Sir [[Francis Tuker]] was set up to review future policy for the region.<ref name=Barthorp176177>Barthorp 2002, pp. 176–177.</ref> As part of its findings, it recommended a return to the [[Curzon Plan]], which advocated the withdrawal of all regular forces from tribal territory into outposts, or cantonments, along the administrative border from where they could keep an eye on things. The unadministered districts would then once again become the responsibility of the local militias.<ref name=Barthorp176177/>

===Withdrawal===

In 1947, following the [[Partition of India|independence]], the North-West Frontier region became a part of the newly formed nation of [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref name=Cheema53>Cheema 2002, p. 53.</ref> Based upon the recommendations of the Tucker committee in 1944 (see above), the newly formed Pakistani government decided to move away from the previous British policy of 'forward defence' in the North-West Frontier region and ordered the withdrawal of forces from Waziristan, as it was felt that the presence of a regular military force in the region was provoking tensions with the local tribesmen.<ref name=Barthorp176177/> This withdrawal began on December 6, 1947 and was successfully completed by the end of the month under the codename Operation Curzon.<ref name=Cheema53/>

===Pashtunistan conflict===
*[[Waziristan rebellion of 1948-1954]]
*[[1949 Mughalgai raid]]
*[[Afridi Sarishtas rebellion]]
*[[Pakistan-Afghanistan skirmishes]]
*[[Bajaur Campaign]]
*[[1961 Batmalai raid]]

===Soviet Afghan war===
*[[Badaber uprising]]
*[[Second Battle of Zhawar]]

===2004–Present===
* [[Battle of Wanna]]
* [[Operation al-Mizan]]
* [[Battle of Mirali]]
* [[Waziristan Accord]]
* [[Siege of Lal Masjid|Operation Sunrise]]
* [[First Battle of Swat]]
* [[Operation Zalzala]]
* [[Battle of Bajaur]]
* [[Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem]]
* [[Second Battle of Swat]]
* [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat]]
* [[2009 Khyber Pass offensive]]
* [[Operation Janbaz]]
* [[Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009]]
* [[Mohmand Offensive]]
* [[Operation Black Thunderstorm]]
* [[Orakzai and Kurram offensive]]
* [[Operation Koh-e-Sufaid]]
* [[Operation Rah-e-Shahadat]]
* [[Operation Khyber]]
* [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]]

==Treatment of prisoners-of-war==
According to the British officer [[John Masters]], [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] women in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)]] of British India during the [[Anglo-Afghan War]]s would brutally castrate non-Muslim soldiers who were captured, especially British and Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhdbAAAAMAAJ&q=castrate+done+by+women|title=Bugles and a tiger: a volume of autobiography|author=John Masters|year=1956|publisher=Viking Press|page=190|isbn=9780670194506 |access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln_jAAAAMAAJ&q=Any+non-Moslem+taken+alive+was,+according+to+John+Masters,+liable+to+be+castrated+and+beheaded,+usually+by+the+women.|title=The Frontier ablaze: the North-west frontier rising, 1897-98|author=Michael Barthorp, Douglas N. Anderson|year=1996|publisher=Windrow & Greene|isbn=1859150233|page=12|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> Pashtun women urinated into prisoners' mouths.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD8AaffTDlUC&q=women+urinate+pathan&pg=PA237|title=Dreams in Greek tragedy: an ethno-psycho-analytical study|author=George Devereux|year=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0520029216|page=237|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> A method of execution by this is recorded: captured British soldiers were spread out and fastened with restraints to the ground, then a stick, or a piece of wood was used to keep their mouth open to prevent swallowing. Pashtun women then squatted and urinated directly into the mouth of the man until he drowned in the urine, taking turns one at a time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhdbAAAAMAAJ&q=urinate|title=Bugles and a tiger: a volume of autobiography|author=John Masters|year=1956|publisher=Viking Press|page=190|isbn=9780670194506 |access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzpnAAAAMAAJ&q=urinate|title=Colonial small wars, 1837-1901|author=Donald F. Featherstone|year=1973|publisher=David & Charles|isbn=0715357115|page=9|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-dtAAAAMAAJ&q=urinate|title=Khyber, British India's North West frontier: the story of an imperial migraine|author=Charles Miller|year=1977|publisher=Macdonald and Jane's|isbn=0354041673|page=359|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFBuAAAAMAAJ&q=urine|title=The savage frontier: a history of the Anglo-Afghan wars|author=Donald Sydney Richards|year=1990|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0333525574|page=182|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/frontierscouts0000chen|title=The frontier scouts|author=Charles Chenevix Trench|year=1985|publisher=Cape|isbn=0224023217|access-date=5 April 2011|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijs6AAAAMAAJ&q=drowned|title=Indo-Anglian fiction: some perceptions : including some lectures on Karnadʾs Tughlaq|author=H. S. Mahle|year=1985|publisher=Jainsons Publications|page=24|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bugles and a Tiger|author=John Masters|date=June 13, 2002|publisher=Cassell Military (June 13, 2002)|isbn=0304361569|page=190}}</ref> This method of execution was reported to have been practiced specifically by the women of the [[Afridi]] tribe of the Pashtuns.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NT8YAAAAIAAJ&q=Afridi+women+drown+their+victims+by+urinating+into+their+mouths,+which+are+pried+open+with+a+stick.|title=Perverse crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia from ancient to modern times|author=Robert E. L. Masters, Eduard Lea|year=1963|publisher=Julian Press|page=211|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref>

==Military formations==

===Corps of Guides===
{{main|Corps of Guides (British India)}}

[[Corps]] of [[cavalry]] and [[infantry]], raised at Peshawar in 1846 by Lt. [[Harry Burnett Lumsden|Harry Lumsden]], and later based at '''Hoti [[Mardan]]'''.<ref name=IALJ19p964>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 964</ref> Originally one [[troop]] of cavalry and two [[Company (military unit)|companies]] of infantry,<ref name=IndiasArmyp85>Jackson, p. 85</ref> the cavalry component later expanded to 2½ [[Squadron (cavalry)|squadrons]], and the infantry to 4½ companies.<ref name=IALJ19p964/> Two further infantry [[battalion]]s were raised in 1917.<ref>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', pp. 968 & 970</ref>

From its inception the corps was clothed in native style, with smock, baggy trousers and turban of home-spun cotton, and jerkin of sheepskin. The cotton was dyed grey with a derivative of a [[dwarf palm]] known as ''mazari'', while the leather was dyed '''[[khaki (color)|khaki]]''' with [[mulberry]] juice. Thus was military dress first coloured khaki for its [[camouflage]] effect, and the Guides were the first troops to wear it.<ref>Jackson p. 537</ref> {{unreliable source|date=August 2021}} The drab colour is well suited to the barren rocky terrain of the North-West Frontier, and all but one of the other Punjab frontier units soon followed the Guides example.<ref>Jackson, p. 538</ref>

In 1848 the [[Second Sikh War]] broke out and the corps won its first [[battle honours]]; 'MOOLTAN', [[Battle of Gujrat|'GOOJERAT']], and 'PUNJAUB'. Thereafter the Guides were engaged in most frontier affairs, and from 1857 the corps was included in the '''[[Punjab Irregular Force]]''', and subsequently in the '''Punjab Frontier Force'''.

That same year the Corps of Guides was ordered to Delhi, covering the 930 km from Mardan in twenty-two days and famously going into action on arrival.<ref name=Gaylorp171>Gaylor, p. 171</ref> They were duly honoured with [[Siege of Delhi|DELHI 1857]].<ref name=Rogerp55/>

At the beginning of the '''[[Second Afghan War]]''' in 1878, the Guides Infantry, together with the 1st Sikh Infantry, PFF, took part in forcing the [[Khyber Pass|Khyber]], and were prominent in seizing the fortress of [[Ali Masjid]].<ref>Jackson, p. 90</ref> For this and subsequent efforts the Corps of Guides was awarded the battle honours [[Battle of Ali Masjid|ALI MASJID]], [[Battle of Kabul (1879)|KABUL 1879]], and AFGHANISTAN 1878–80.

The last decade of the 19th century saw the Guides employed in the [[Chitral Expedition|Chitral campaign]] of 1895, and the [[Punjab Frontier Revolt]] of 1897–8. Thus was the corps awarded the battle honours 'CHITRAL', [[Siege of Malakand|'MALAKAND']], and 'PUNJAB FRONTIER'.

The reforms of 1903 gave to the '''[[Queen's Own Corps of Guides (Lumsden's)]]''' a subsidiary title in the form of its founders name, but left it numberless. In 1911 the corps took up '''Frontier Force''' as its first subsidiary title.<ref name=IALJ19p964/>

During the First World War the cavalry branch of the Corps was deployed overseas to [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]], but not before winning a further honour in its own territory; 'N.W. FRONTIER INDIA 1915'.<ref name=IndiasArmyp85/>

In 1922 the separation became permanent, when the mounted branch was redesignated the '''[[10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps Of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force)|10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force)]]''',<ref>Jackson, pp. 542–543</ref> and the infantry was amalgamated as the '''5th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] (Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides)'''.<ref>Jackson, pp. 556–557</ref>

===Sind Frontier Force===
Formed in 1846 to guard the southern part of the North-West Frontier. Initially consisting of just the [[Scinde]] [[Irregular military|Irregular]] Horse, the force under Capt. [[John Jacob (East India Company officer)|John Jacob]] was part of the [[Bombay Army]].<ref name=Heathcotep27>Heathcote, p.27</ref>

====Cavalry====
The '''Scinde Irregular Horse''' was raised at [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] in 1839 by Capt. Ward.<ref name=QIALp941>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 941</ref>

The regiment earned its first battle honour during the [[Operations in Scinde 1839-42]], when it was awarded the unique distinction 'CUTCHEE'.<ref>Roger, p.53</ref>
For the subsequent [[Scinde Campaign 1843|Scinde Campaign of 1843]] it was awarded [[Battle of Miani|'MEEANEE']] and [[Battle of Dubba|'HYDERABAD']].<ref>Roger, p. 48-49</ref>

A second regiment was raised at Hyderabad in 1846 by Capt. J. Jacob.<ref name=QIALp943>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 943</ref>

During the [[Second Sikh War]] both the 1st and 2nd Irregular Horse earned further distinction with 'MOOLTAN', 'GOOJERAT', and 'PUNJAUB'.<ref>Roger, p.51-52</ref>

A third regiment was raised in 1857,<ref name=Gaylorp89>Gaylor, p.89</ref> and in 1860 the regiments were designated simply '''Scinde Horse'''.<ref name=QIALp941/><ref name=QIALp943/>

The 1st Scinde Horse was deployed to suppress the [[Sepoy Revolt]] of 1857–8, and was duly awarded CENTRAL INDIA.<ref>Roger, p. 56</ref>

All three regiments were rewarded for their part in the [[Second Afghan War]]:-
* 1st Scinde Horse; AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
* 2nd Scinde Horse; AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
* 3rd Scinde Horse; [[Battle of Kandahar (1880)|KANDAHAR 1880]], AFGHANISTAN 1878-80<ref name=Rogerp48-58>Roger, p.48-58</ref>

Its hard-won honours notwithstanding, the third regiment was disbanded in 1882.<ref name=Gaylorp89/>

The 1st and 2nd Regiments joined the Bombay line in 1885 as the '''5th''' and '''6th Bombay Cavalry''' respectively.<ref name=QIALp941/><ref name=QIALp943/>

In the reformed Indian Army in 1903 they were likewise redesignated [[35th Scinde Horse]]<ref name=QIALp941/> and [[36th Jacob's Horse]].<ref name=QIALp943/>

====Infantry====
'''Jacob's Rifles''', raised in 1858 by Maj. John Jacob.<ref name=QIALp1517>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1517</ref>

In 1861 the rifles joined the Bombay line as the '''30th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry'''.<ref name=QIALp1517/>

The regiment was honoured for its part in the Second Afghan War with AFGHANISTAN 1878-80<ref name=Rogerp48-58/>

Designated [[130th Baluchis]] in 1903, the subsidiary title was restored in 1910.<ref name=QIALp1517/>

====Artillery====
The force was augmented with No. 2 Coy. Bombay Native Artillery in 1875, when that company relieved the men of Jacob's Rfles manning the guns of the force headquarters at '''[[Jacobabad]]'''.<ref>Jackson p.178</ref>

Converted to a [[Mountain gun|mountain]] battery the following year, the company was accordingly redesignated '''No. 2 Bombay Mountain Battery'''.<ref name=QIALp975>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 975</ref>

For its part in the Second Afghan War the battery was awarded the honour AFGHANISTAN 1878-80<ref name=Rogerp48-58/>

Later re-numbered as '''No. 6 (Bombay) Mountain Battery''', and then briefly renamed the Jullundur Mountain Battery, the unit took its place in the reformed Indian Army of 1903 as [[26th Jacob's Mountain Battery]].<ref name=QIALp975/>

===Frontier Brigade===
Created in 1846 to police the newly acquired Punjab border against the Pakhtun hill tribes.<ref name=RtKp59>Robson, ''The Road to Kabul'', p. 59</ref>

The brigade was formed by Lt. Col. [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence]] from four regiments of infantry raised in 1846 from veterans of the [[Sikh]] forces disbanded after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]:-
* 1st Regiment, raised at [[Hoshiarpur]] by Capt. J. S. Hodson.<ref name=IALJ19p1227>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1227</ref>
* 2nd Regiment, raised at [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] by Capt. J. W. V. Stephen.<ref name=IALJ19p1231>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1231</ref>
* 3rd Regiment, raised at [[Firozpur]] by Capt. F. Winter.<ref name=IALJ19p1235>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1235</ref>
* 4th Regiment, raised at [[Ludhiana]] by Capt. C. Mackenzie.<ref name=IALJ19p1239>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1239</ref>
The brigades ''Frontier'' designation was discontinued in 1847, and the four regiments became '''Sikh Local Infantry'''.

For their part in the [[Second Sikh War]] the 1st and 2nd (or Hill) regiments were awarded the battle honour 'PUNJAUB'.<ref name=IALJ19p1227/><ref name=IALJ19p1231/>

===Transfrontier Brigade===
Formed by Col. Henry Lawrence in 1849.

====Cavalry====
Five cavalry regiments were raised in 1849 and designated '''Punjab Cavalry''':-
* 1st Regiment, raised at Peshawar by Lt. H. Daly.<ref name=IALJ19p915>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 915</ref>
* 2nd Regiment, raised at Lahore by Lt. [[Sam Browne|S. J. Browne]].<ref name=IALJ19p917>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 917</ref>
* 3rd Regiment, raised at Lahore by Lt. W. G. Prendergast.<ref name=IALJ19p919>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 919</ref>
* 4th Regiment
* 5th Regiment, raised at [[Multan]] by Capt. R. Fitzgerald.<ref name=IALJ19p921>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 921</ref>

====Infantry====
Five infantry regiments were raised in 1849 from Sikh [[Darbar (caste)|Darbar]] regiments disbanded after the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]], and designated '''Punjab Infantry''':-
* 1st Regiment, raised at [[Peshawar]] by Capt. [[John Coke (EICo)|John Coke]].<ref name=IALJ19p1243>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1243</ref>
* 2nd Regiment, raised at [[Mianwali]] by Lt. L. C. Johnston.<ref name=IALJ19p1247>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1247</ref>
* 3rd Regiment
* 4th Regiment, raised at [[Lahore]] by Capt. George Gladwin Denniss II.<ref name=IALJ19p1251>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1251.Known as ''Denniss Ka Pultan''; Correspondence of Lt.Col. George Gladwin Denniss II(1821–1862), 1st European Bengal Fusiliers, edited by Peter Chantler, South Molton, Devon, 2010. Denniss was eldest son of Lt.Col. George Gladwin Denniss I(1792–1856), C.B., Bengal Royal Horse Artillery.</ref>
* 5th Regiment, raised at [[Leiah]] by Capt. James Eardley Gastrell.<ref name=IALJ19p1255>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1255. He was of 13th Bengal Native Infantry Regiment, Cadetship applied for 1833/4.</ref>
* 6th Regiment, originally raised at [[Karachi]] in 1843 as the [[Scinde]] Camel Corps, and redesignated ''Punjab Infantry'' in 1853.<ref name=IALJ19p1259>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1259</ref>

===Punjab Irregular Force===

{{main|Punjab Irregular Force}}

Formed in 1851 by combining the '''Corps of Guides''', the four regiments of '''Sikh Local Infantry''', the '''Transfrontier Brigade''', and five [[Artillery battery|batteries of artillery]].<ref name=Heathcotep27/> The units of the force came to be known collectively from its initials as '''''Piffers'''''.

====Cavalry====

The Punjab Cavalry regiments were redesignated '''Cavalry, Punjab Irregular Force'''.<ref name=IALJ19p915-21>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', pp.915-921</ref>

While the 3rd and 4th regiments remained on the frontier,<ref>Jackson, p.96</ref><ref>Jackson, p. 102</ref> the 1st, 2nd, and 5th were employed in suppressing the [[Sepoy Revolt]], and later rewarded with the battle honours DELHI 1857, and LUCKNOW.<ref name=Rogerp55>Roger, p. 55</ref>

====Artillery====
Batteries were raised from various sources:-
* No. 1 Horse Light Field Battery, PIF
* No. 2 Horse Light Field Battery, PIF, raised at [[Bannu]] in 1851 by Lt. H. Hammond, from detachments of horse artillery formerly in the service of the Lahore Darbar.<ref name=IALJ19p972>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 972</ref>
* No. 3 Horse Light Field Battery, PIF, raised at [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] in 1849 by Lt. D. McNeill, from a disbanded troop of horse artillery formerly in the service of the Lahore Darbar.<ref name=IALJ19p973>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 973</ref>
* No. 4 or Garrison Company, PIF, raised at Bannu in 1851 by Lt. S. W. Stokes, from the [[wikt:supernumerary|supernumeraries]] of a Sikh detachment of artillery which had been broken up and drafted into the horse light field batteries.<ref name=IALJ19p979>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 979</ref>
The Horse Light Field Batteries were generally known as '''Punjab Light Field Batteries'''.<ref name=IALJ19p972/><ref name=IALJ19p973/>

Later the force gained two further batteries:-
* [[Hazara region|Hazara]] Mountain Train Battery, PIF, in 1856. (Formed at [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]] in 1851, by Lt. G. G. Pearse.)<ref name=IALJ19p974>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 974</ref>
* Peshawar Mountain Train Battery, PIF, in 1862. (Formed at Peshawar in 1853 by Capt. T. Brougham.)<ref name=IALJ19p974/>

====Infantry====
In 1857 the four regiments of Sikh Local Infantry became '''Sikh Infantry, Punjab Irregular Force'''.<ref name=IALJ19p1227-39>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', pp. 1227-9</ref>

The six Punjab Infantry regiments were simply redesignated '''Infantry, Punjab Irregular Force'''.<ref name=IALJ19p1243-59>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', pp. 1243-59</ref>

The 4th Regiment of Sikh Infantry served in the [[Second Anglo-Burmese War|Second Burma War]], winning the honour PEGU, and then marched 900 km from Abbottabad in thirty days to help suppress the revolt in Delhi, and like the Guides going into action on arrival.<ref name=Gaylorp171/> There it won also DELHI 1857.<ref name=Rogerp55/> The other Sikh Infantry regiments remained in the Punjab.<ref>Jackson, p. 313</ref>

Leaving the 3rd, 5th, & 6th Punjab Infantry Regiments to guard the frontier, the 1st, 2nd, and 4th were sent to put down the revolt in [[Delhi]].<ref>Jackson, p. 325</ref> There they earned the honour DELHI 1857. The 2nd and 4th regiments were also rewarded with LUCKNOW.<ref name=Rogerp55/>

From 1861 the force included a 7th Infantry Regiment, formed from the Hazara [[Gurkha]] Battalion, which later that year joined the ''Gurkha Line'' as the '''[[5 Gorkha Rifles|5th Gurkha Regiment]]'''.<ref name=IALJ19p1617>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', p. 1617</ref>

===Punjab Frontier Force===

In 1865 the ''[[Punjab Irregular Force]]'' was renamed the ''Punjab Frontier Force'', and the constituent units were redesignated accordingly.

During peacetime the Force was under the direct control of the Lt.-[[Governor of the Punjab]],<ref>The Punjab then included what later became the North-West Frontier Province</ref> but in war it came under the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]].<ref name="RtKp59"/>

After the three [[Presidency armies]], it was the most important military force at the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]]'s disposal. [[Military deployment|Deployed]] and [[Engagement (military)|engaged]] in numerous border [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditions]], it became the most experienced body of fighting troops in India.<ref name="RtKp59"/>
Most of the force saw action during the Second Afghan War. The designation ''Punjab Frontier Force'' was dropped in 1901, but with the Kitchener Reforms of the [[British Indian Army]] two years later, the former distinction was restored to the newly re-numbered regiments in the form of the subsidiary title '''Frontier Force'''.

====Cavalry====
Officially designated '''Cavalry, Punjab Frontier Force''', the earlier style endured, and was restored in 1901.<ref name=IALJ19p915-21/>

Four of the regiments were honoured for service in the [[Second Afghan War]]:-
* 1st Punjab Cavalry; [[Battle of Ahmed Khel|AHMED KHEL]], AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
* 2nd Punjab Cavalry; AHMED KHEL, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
* 3rd Punjab Cavalry; KANDAHAR 1880, AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
* 5th Punjab Cavalry; [[Battle of Charasiab|CHARASIA]], [[Battle of Ahmed Khel|KABUL 1879]], AFGHANISTAN 1878-80<ref name=Rogerp57-9>Roger, p. 57-59</ref>

The 4th regiment served on the frontier before being disbanded in 1882.<ref>Gaylor, p. 84</ref>

In 1903 the four remaining regiments were brought into the new Indian Army line by adding twenty to their original numbers:-
* [[21st Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)]] (Daly's Horse)<ref name=IALJ19p915/>
* [[22nd Sam Browne's Cavalry (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p917/>
* [[23rd Cavalry (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p919/>
* [[25th Cavalry (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p921/>

====Artillery====

The two mountain trains were redesignated '''[[Mountain gun|mountain batteries]]''' in 1865.<ref name=IALJ19p974/>

In 1876 the three Punjab Light Field Batteries were reduced to form two further mountain batteries,<ref name=Heathcotep27/> and the four were then renumbered according to their relative precedence, and designated '''Punjab Mountain Batteries, Punjab Frontier Force'''.<ref>''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'' pp. 972-4</ref>

The former Garrison Company was also renumbered in the same sequence to become the '''No. 5 Garrison Battery, Punjab Frontier Force'''.<ref name=IALJ19p979/>

All four mountain batteries were honoured for their part in the Second Afghan War:-
* No. 1 (Kohat) Punjab Mountain Battery; [[Battle of Peiwar Kotal|PEIWAR KOTAL]], KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
* No. 2 (Derajat) Punjab Mountain Battery; CHARASIA, KABUL 1879, KANDAHAR 1880, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
* No. 3 (Peshawar) Punjab Mountain Battery; AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
* No. 4 (Hazara) Punjab Mountain Battery; ALI MASJID, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1879-80<ref name=Rogerp57-9/>

In 1895 the Derajat and Hazara Mountain Batteries were part of the relief expedition that was rewarded with the honour [[Chitral Expedition|CHITRAL]].<ref name=Rogerp63>Roger, p. 63</ref>

The [[Frontier Revolt]] of 1897-8 saw the Kohat and Derajat batteries in action again, earning the honours [[Tirah Campaign|TIRAH]] and PUNJAB FRONTIER.<ref name=Rogerp64-5>Roger p. 64-5</ref>

In 1901 the battery numbers were dropped, and they became known by name only.<ref>Gaylor p. 107</ref> Two years later the four mountain batteries were re-numbered from twenty-one, and the former ''Piffer'' batteries were thus:-
* [[21st Kohat Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p972/>
* [[22nd Derajat Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p973/>
* [[23rd Peshawar Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p974/>
* [[24th Hazara Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p974/>
* [[The Frontier Garrison Artillery]]<ref name=IALJ19p979/>

====Infantry====

The four Sikh regiments were simply redesignated '''Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force'''.<ref name=IALJ19p1227-39/>

The six former Punjab Infantry regiments were officially redesignated '''Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force''', but the earlier style lingered and was restored in 1901.<ref name=IALJ19p1243-59/>

Although never designated as such, the [[5 Gorkha Rifles|5th Gurkha Regiment]] was brigaded with the force in practice.<ref name=RtKp59/>

All but two of the infantry regiments took the field in the [[Second Afghan War]], and their subsequent awards were:-
* 1st Sikh Infantry; ALI MASJID, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
* 2nd Sikh Infantry; AMED KHEL, KANDAHAR 1880, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
* 3rd Sikh Infantry; KABUL 1879, KANDAHAR 1880, AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
* 1st Punjab Infantry; AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
* 2nd Punjab Infantry; [[Battle of Peiwar Kotal|PEIWAR KOTAL]], AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
* 4th Punjab Infantry; AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
* 5th Punjab Infantry; PEIWAR KOTAL, CHARASIA, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
* [[5 Gorkha Rifles|5th Gurkha Regiment]]; PEIWAR KOTAL, CHARASIA, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80<ref name=Rogerp57-9/>

Spending cuts after the war resulted in the disbandment of the 3rd Punjab Infantry in 1882.<ref>Gaylor, p.175</ref>

Spared the same fate, the 4th Sikh Infantry was employed in the expedition of 1895 earning the honour [[Chitral Expedition|CHITRAL]].<ref name=Rogerp63/>

The Frontier Revolt of 1897-8 saw the 3rd Sikh and 2nd Punjab Infantries employed in the [[Tirah Campaign]], earning them the honors TIRAH and PUNJAB FRONTIER. The 5th Gurkha Rifles was also awarded PUNJAB FRONTIER.<ref name=Rogerp64-5/>

In 1903 the four Sikh Infantry regiments were brought into the new Indian Army Line by adding fifty to their original numbers:-
* [[51st Sikhs (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p1227/>
* [[52nd Sikhs (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p1231/>
* [[53rd Sikhs (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p1235/>
* [[54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p1239/>

The five remaining regiments of Punjab Infantry were consecutively renumbered in the same sequence to become:-
* [[55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p1243/>
* [[56th Punjabi Rifles (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p1247/>
* [[57th Wilde's Rifles (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p1251/>
* [[58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p1255/>
* [[59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)]]<ref name=IALJ19p1259/>

The [[5th Gurkha Rifles|5th Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]] took on the subsidiary title denoting their origin.<ref name=IALJ19p1617/>

=== Frontier Constabulary ===
{{main|Frontier Constabulary}}
===Frontier Corps===
{{main|Frontier Corps}}
Although the units of the Frontier Corps operated under a variety of titles, from Rifles to Militia to Scouts, it was the latter term that came to stand as the generic term, and as new units were formed, it was the word 'Scouts' that became fixed and formalised for the regimental titles. The expression 'Scouts' was a militarily neutral term, conveying neither the "crack" reputation associated with the word 'Rifles' (cf.: 60th Rifles [HM], Gurkha Rifles [IA], etc.), nor the rather second-rate expectations of the term 'Militia'. As General Baden-Powell noted, when he was looking, many years later, for a suitably inspiring term to adopt for his youth movement to train young boys in fieldcraft and other 'para-military' activities, the word Scouts encapsulated a spirit of 'dash' (enthusiasm), expertise - within a defined set of skills- and familiarity with both the local conditions. Similarly, the Scouts of the Frontier Corps understood both the local terrain and the local political minefields, that is, who could be trusted (e.g. the Turi), and who could never (almost invariably, this would mean the Mahsuds); who was currently nursing a grievance and therefore best avoided, and who had just had a claim settled to their satisfaction and might be uncharacteristically friendly.

Like many things British, the development of the units of Scouts into the Frontier Corps was organic, unplanned and initially unsystematic. It began, in the British manner, as an improvisation to meet a need; it was maintained because it guaranteed certain unique skills at an acceptable price (the great Empire may have vaunted its 'pomp and circumstance' to wow the impressionable, but behind the scenes the deciding factor was often simply the acceptability or otherwise to HM Treasury) and only then was the principle regularised, standardised and systemised (cf. the development of the Frontier Force, from irregulars to a corps d'elite).

====Chronology====
* 1878: the [[Khyber Rifles]]<ref>First raised as the Khyber Jezailchis. Chenevix Trench, p. 8</ref>
* 1889: the [[Zhob Militia]]<ref>Raised as the Zhob Levy Corps</ref><ref name=ChenevixTrenchp12>Chenevix Trench, p. 12</ref>
* 1892: the [[Kurram Militia]]<ref name=ChenevixTrenchp12/>
* 1900: the [[Chitral Scouts]]<ref name=ChenevixTrenchp13>Chenevix Trench, p. 13</ref>
* 1900: the [[North Waziristan Militia]]<ref name=ChenevixTrenchp14>Chenevix Trench, p. 14</ref>
* 1900: the [[South Waziristan Militia]]<ref name=ChenevixTrenchp14/>
* 1913: the [[Gilgit Scouts]]<ref name=ChenevixTrenchp13/>
* 1914–18: the Great War in Europe and the Near East
* 1917: the [[Mohmand Militia]]<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp20>''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'', p. 20</ref>
* 1919: [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
* 1919: Khyber Rifles disbanded<ref>''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'', p. 46</ref>
* 1921: South Waziristan Militia disbanded<ref name=ChenevixTrenchp53>Chenevix Trench, p. 53</ref>
* 1921: Mohmand Militia disbanded<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp20/>
* 1922: the [[Tochi Scouts]]<ref>Formed from the remnant North Waziristan Militia, Chenevix Trench, p. 51</ref>
* 1922: the [[South Waziristan Scouts]]<ref name=ChenevixTrenchp53/><ref>Formed from the Mohmand Militia and the remnant South Waziristan Militia</ref>
* 1939–45: the Second World War
* 1946: the [[Pishin Scouts]]<ref name=FrontierScoutsp263>Chenevix Trench, p.263</ref>
* 1946: Khyber Rifles reformed<ref name=FrontierScoutsp263/>
* 1947: [[Partition of India|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947
* 1948: the [[Chagai Militia]]<ref>Formed by upgrading the Mekran and Chagai Levy Corps</ref><ref name=FrontierScoutsp280>Chenevix Trench, p.280</ref>
* 1949: the [[Northern Scouts]]<ref name=FrontierScoutsp280/><ref>Incorporated the Gilgit Scouts</ref>
* 1949: the [[Thal Scouts]]<ref name=FrontierScoutsp280/>
* 1960: the [[Mahsud Scouts]]<ref>Formed from Labour Battalions raised in the 1930s</ref><ref name=FrontierScoutsp281>Chenevix Trench, p.281</ref>
* 1961: the [[Bajaur Scouts]]<ref name=FrontierScoutsp281/>
* 1964: the [[Karakoram Scouts]]<ref name=FrontierScoutsp280/>
* 1965: the [[Kalat Scouts]]<ref name=FrontierScoutsp280/>
* 1973: the [[Shawal Scouts]]<ref name=FrontierScoutsp281/>

====Location====

Geographically, the Scouts were located, from north to south, as follows:
* The [[Gilgit Scouts]]. HQ: [[Gilgit]]
* The [[Chitral Scouts]]
* The [[Khyber Rifles]]
* The [[Kurram Militia]]. HQ: [[Parachinar]]
* The [[North Waziristan Militia]], then: [[The Tochi Scouts]]. HQ: [[Miranshah]].
* The [[South Waziristan Militia]], then: [[The South Waziristan Scouts]]. HQ: (Militia): [[Wana, Pakistan|Wana]], then (Scouts): [[Jandola]].
* The [[Zhob Militia]]. HQ: [[Fort Sandeman]]
* (The [[Pishin Scouts]])

====Tribal affiliations====

The Frontier Corps were not founded expressly on a tribal basis, but the older corps drew their recruits from the local tribal area:
* the Khyber Rifles from the tribes bordering the [[Khyber Pass|Khyber]]; namely the [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridi]], [[Shinwari]], and [[Mullagori]]<ref name="3rdAfghanWarp20"/>
* the Kurram Militia from the [[Turi (tribe)|Turi]] and [[Bangash]] of the [[Kurram Valley]]<ref name=3rdAfghanWarp20 />
* the Chitral Scouts from the [[Chitrali people|Chitrali]] of [[Chitral District|Chitral]]<ref>The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account, p.19</ref>

====Notable men of the Frontier Corps====
* [[George Roos-Keppel]]: founder of the Kurram Militia.

==See also==
{{portal|Pakistan}}
* [[Military history of Pakistan]]
* [[List of Pashtun empires and dynasties]]
* [[Bannu District]]
* [[Gomal River]]
* [[Kohat Pass]]
* [[Tank (Pakistan)|Tank]]

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==Other sources==
* Army Headquarters, India (1919). ''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919''. Calcutta.
* [[Michael Barthorp|Barthorp, Michael]] (1982). ''The North-West Frontier'', Blandford Press. (first edition, later edition below).
* Barthorp, Michael (2002). ''Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947''. Cassell. London. {{ISBN|0-304-36294-8}}.
* Battles Nomenclature Committee (1921). ''The Official Names of the Battles and other Engagements fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War 1919''. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
* [[Charles Chenevix Trench|Chenevix Trench, Charles]] (1985). ''The Frontier Scouts''. Jonathan Cape. London. {{ISBN|0-224-02321-7}}.
* Cross, J. & Buddhiman Gurung (2002). ''Gurkhas at War''. Greenhill Books. {{ISBN|978-1-85367-727-4}}.
* Jackson, Maj. Donovan (1940). ''India's Army''. Sampson Low. London.
* General Staff Branch, Army Headquarters, India. (1926). ''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account''. Government of India, Central Publication Branch. Calcutta.
* Nevill, Capt. H.L. (1912). ''Campaigns on the North-West Frontier''. Reprinted by Battery Press, 1999.
* ''Official History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1920-35 Parts I, II and III''. Naval & Military Press in association with the Imperial War Museum. {{ISBN|1843427648}}.
* Pervaz Iqbal Cheema (2002). ''The Armed Forces of Pakistan''. Allen & Unwin. {{ISBN|1-86508-119-1}}.
* Robson, Brian (2004). ''Crisis on the Frontier: The Third Afghan War and the Campaign in Waziristan 1919–20''. Spellmount. Staplehurst, Kent. {{ISBN|978-1-86227-211-8}}.
* Robson, Brian (2007). ''The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878–1881''. Spellmount. Stroud, Gloucestershire. {{ISBN|978-1-86227-416-7}}.
* Roger, Alexander (2003). ''Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces 1662–1991''. Crowood Press. Marlborough, Wiltshire. {{ISBN|1-86126-637-5}}.
* Stiles, Richard G. M. (1992). ''The Story of the India General Service Medal 1908–1935''. Terence Wise. Knighton, Powys. {{ISBN|1-85674-010-2}}.
* Sumner, Ian (2001). ''The Indian Army 1914–1947''. Osprey Publishing. Oxford. {{ISBN|1-84176-196-6}}.
* [[Arthur Swinson|Swinson, Arthur]] (1967). ''North-West Frontier: People and Events 1839-1947''. Hutchinson. London.
* Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1977). ''North-West Frontier 1837–1947'', Osprey Publishing. London. {{ISBN|0-85045-275-9}}.
* Moreman, Tim (1998). ''The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare 1847–1947.'' Macmillan: London.

==Further reading==
* General Staff Branch, Army Headquarters, India (1923). ''Operations in Waziristan 1919-20''. Government Central Press. Delhi. Republished jointly by the Naval & Military Press and the Imperial War Museum. {{ISBN|1-84342-773-7}}.
* Marsh, Brandon. ''Ramparts of Empire: British Imperialism & India's Afghan Frontier 1918-1948'' (2016)
* ''Official History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1936–37''. Republished jointly by the Naval & Military Press and the Imperial War Museum. {{ISBN|1-84342-765-6}}/
* {{cite book|last=Greenwood|first=Adrian|title=Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde
|year=2015|publisher=History Press | place=UK | page=496 |isbn =978-0-75095-685-7| url=http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html}}
* Stewart, Jules (2007). ''The Savage Border: The Story of the North-West Frontier''. Sutton Publishing. Stroud, Gloucestershire. {{ISBN|978-0-7509-4452-6}}/
* Moreman, Tim (1998). ''The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare 1847–1947''. Macmillan: London.

==External links==
* [http://www.sikhs.org/ww1/ Sikhs contribution in First World War]
* [https://www.pashtunhistory.com/2019/12/paolo-avitabile-face-of-brutal-sikh.html Paolo Avitabile – The face of the brutal Sikh occupation of Peshawar]
* [http://www.sikhnet.com/Sikhnet/Register.nsf/Files/Poster/$file/SikhsTrueFace.pdf#search=%22sikh%20world%20war%20I%22 True Face of the Sikhs]
* [https://archive.org/texts/flipbook/flippy.php?id=risingsonnorthwe00alla The Risings on the North West Frontier]
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20030125215934/http://www.khyber.org/pashtohistory/frontiercorps/frontiercorps.shtml Pashto History - the Frontier Corps]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130616145221/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2013/Learning_from_History.shtml Learning from History]}}

{{Khyber Pakhtunkhwa topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North-West Frontier (Military History)}}
[[Category:Military history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]
[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:North-West Frontier Province]]

23 Iravai Moodu

2026-03-08T18:16:40Z

EJEBoris894787: Starting

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Raj Rachakonda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 23 Iravai Moodu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raj Rachakonda
| writer = Raj Rachakonda
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Raj Rachakonda
| starring = {{plain list|
* Teja
* Tanmai
}}
| cinematography = Sunny Kurapati
| editing = Anil Aalayam
| music = Mark K Robin
| studio = Studio 99
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|5|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''23 Iravai Moodu''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[legal drama]] film written and directed by Raj Rachakonda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-14 |title=Raj R: I have received more acclaim than I deserve |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2025/May/14/raj-r-i-have-received-more-acclaim-than-i-deserve |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Based on [[Tsunduru massacre|1991 Tsunduru massacre]], 1993 Chilakaluripeta massacre and 1997 Hyderabad Car Bomb Blast, the film features Teja and Tanmai in lead roles.

The film was released on 16 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-05-02 |title=Raj Rachakonda's 23 gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/02/raj-rachakondas-23-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The plot of 23 Iravai Moodu centers on Sagar, a young man from a backward community in a Guntur district village, and his love interest, Susheela, who comes from a similar background.<ref name="o905">{{cite web | title=23 (Iravai Moodu) Telugu Movie Review and Rating | website=123telugu.com | date=16 May 2025 | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/23-iravai-moodu-telugu-movie-review.html | access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

Pressured by Susheela's unexpected pregnancy and an urgent need for money to start their married life, Sagar, guided by his friend Dasu, gets involved in a bus robbery planned to appear as a Naxalite act.<ref name="g823">{{cite web | last=B | first=Satya | title=23 (Iravai Moodu) Movie Review | website=Gulte | date=16 May 2025 | url=https://www.gulte.com/moviereviews/353640/23-iravai-moodu-movie-review | access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

When their disguise is uncovered and the passengers retaliate, Sagar desperately ignites a matchstick to help Dasu escape, but the ensuing chaos leads to the bus catching fire and the tragic death of 23 passengers.<ref name="k063">{{cite web | last=Arikatla | first=Venkat | title='23 (Iravai Moodu)' Review: Engaging, Not So Gripping | website=greatandhra.com | date=16 May 2025 | url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/23-iravai-moodu-review-engaging-not-so-gripping-146240 | access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Teja as Sagar
* Tanmai as Suseela
* Pawon Ramesh as Das
* [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]] as Dr. Beena
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Raju
* Praneeth Yaron as [[Sub-inspector|SI]]

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Mark K Robin
| title1 = Bangaram Akkarleni
| length1 = 3:41
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Ramya Behara]]
| title2 = Kosee Koyyangaane
| length2 = 2:02
| lyrics2 = Warangal Shankar
| extra2 = Rela John
| title3 = Egaraale
| length3 = 4:36
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| title4 = Dhora Pogaaka
| length4 = 2:27
| lyrics4 = Indus Martin
| extra4 = Aditi Bhavaraju
| title5 = Cherasala
| length5 = 3:47
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| extra5 = [[Chinmayi Sripada]], [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title6 = Jo laali Jo Jo
| length6 = 3:22
| lyrics6 = Indus Martin
| extra6 = Aditi Bhavaraju
| title7 = Laali Paata Inka Avvanelede
| length7 = 2:53
| lyrics7 = Rahman
| extra7 = Sindhuja Srinivasan
}}

== Release and reception ==
''23 Iravai Moodu'' was released on 16 May 2025.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The film was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[ETV Win]] on 27 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Thriller 23 (Iravai Moodu) Premieres On OTT: Where To Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/social-thriller-23-iravai-moodu-premieres-on-ott-where-to-watch-ws-l-9408398.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that, "''23'' is not an easy film to watch; it is a brave film that does not flinch from addressing tough issues" and praised the writing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-05-16 |title=23 movie review: A hard-hitting film that raises tough questions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/23-movie-review-a-hard-hitting-film-that-raises-tough-questions/article69582587.ece |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517085610/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/23-movie-review-a-hard-hitting-film-that-raises-tough-questions/article69582587.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[NTV (India)|NTV]] rated the film 3 out of 5 with particular praise for lead cast and Raj Rachakonda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-05-16 |title=23 Iravai Moodu Review: 23 ఇరవై మూడు రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/23-iravai-moodu-review-and-rating-799839.html |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN |archive-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516165415/https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/23-iravai-moodu-review-and-rating-799839.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=35851471|title=23 Iravai Moodu}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:2020s legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films set in 1991]]
[[Category:Films set in 1993]]
[[Category:Films set in 1997]]

Golla Babu Rao

2026-03-08T05:43:38Z

EJEBoris894787: slightly improved article based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Golla Babu Rao
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|10 August 1954}}
| image = Golla Babu Rao 2024.jpg
| residence = [[Payakaraopeta]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[C. M. Ramesh]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 = 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
| successor1 = [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
| constituency1 = [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopeta]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 = 2014
| predecessor2 = ''Himself''
| successor2 = [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
| constituency2 = [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopeta]]
| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2012
| predecessor3 = Venkata Rao
| successor3 = ''Himself''
| constituency3 = [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopeta]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (2012-present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (2009-2012)
| alma_mater = [[Master of Economics]] [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]
}}

'''Golla Babu Rao''' (born 10 August 1954)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theleaderspage.com/golla-babu-rao/|title=Golla Babu Rao|date=3 April 2020|website=TheLeadersPage|access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref> is an Indian politician, currently serving as [[Rajya Sabha]] member representing [[YSR Congress Party]]. He also served as APPSC Group I officer. Before entering politics, Babu Rao worked as a Joint Commissioner of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development in Hyderabad, Telangana. He was elected thrice to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]]. He contested for [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]], [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] and one by election [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]], except 2014 he won all the remaining three elections. On 20 February 2024, he was unanimously elected to the Rajya Sabha as a YSR Congress Party candidate along with [[Y. V. Subba Reddy]] and [[Meda Raghunath Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan |date=2024-02-20 |title=YSR candidates elected as Rajya Sabha members unanimously |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ysr-candidates-elected-as-rajya-sabha-members-unanimously-859822 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-20 |title=YSRCP nominees Subbareddy, Baburao and Raghunath Reddy elected to Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ysrcp-nominees-subbareddy-baburao-and-raghunath-reddy-elected-to-rajya-sabha-indian-news/articleshow/107861329.cms |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hareesh |first=P. |date=2024-01-10 |title=YSRC zeroes in on three leaders for Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jan/10/ysrc-zeroes-in-on-three-leaders-forrajya-sabha-2649648.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life and education==

Babu Rao was born to Golla Satyam and Golla Sayamma in Kovvali, Denduluru Mandal, [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He did his elementary schooling from the Salvation Army Elementary School and passed matriculation from the Zilla Parishad High School, both in Kovvali. After completing his intermediate (plus two) and B.Com. at Sir C.R. Reddy College in Eluru, he pursued a Post Graduate Degree in Economics from the D.N. Jain college, Jabalpur University, Madhya Pradesh. He also has an [[LLB]] Degree from the [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]]. He married Vasantha Kumari on 24 January 1988 and has a son and a daughter.

==Career==

Golla Babu Rao began his professional career in the Group-I services in 1986, AP, as a District Panchayat Officer. He then worked as District Panchayat Officer, [[Khammam]] up to 1991. Later, he worked in [[Visakhapatnam]] from 1991 to 1993 as chief executive officer [[SETWIN]], Employment Generation and Youth Service. He was then promoted as the Deputy Development Officer and posted to [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]], Visakhapatnam from 1993 to 1994. From 1994 to 1995, he was promoted again as a chief executive officer and posted to Zilla Parishad, [[Cuddapah]]. He came back to [[Visakhapatnam]] from 1995 to 1997 as CEO ZP. He also worked at [[East Godavari]] from 1997 to 2002 as CEO, [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]]. He was again posted as the CEO, Zilla Parishad, Visakhapatnam from 2002 to February 2004. And till his voluntary retirement in 2009, he worked as the Joint Commissioner of Panchayat Raj in Hyderabad.

==Political life==

As an ardent follower of former Andhra Pradesh chief minister late [[YS Rajasekhara Reddy]], Babu Rao began his political career in 2009, as a member of the AP Legislative Assembly from Payakaraopeta,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/mla-golla-babu-rao-laid-the-foundation-for-the-secretariates-in-payakaraopet-592069|title=Foundation for theSecretariatesinPayakaraopeta|date=23 December 2019|website=Thehansindia|access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref> a reserved constituency in Visakhapatnam district. Golla Babu Rao<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/golla-babu-rao-emerges-winner/article3536048.ece|title=GollaBaburao Emerges Winner|date=12 July 2016|work=TheHindu|access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref> also lost one of his close friends, P. Subramanyam, a 1983 batch IAS officer, in the same helicopter crash with the late [[Chief Minister]] YSR.

As an MLA, he implemented many schemes of the State Government and also worked on drinking water projects. Attempts are being made to prepare design for strong embankments on the Varaha river.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/embankments-of-varaha-river-will-be-strengthened-collector/article32883997.ece|title=Embankments of Varaha River|date=18 October 2020|work=TheHindu|access-date=4 March 2021}}</ref> In 2019, he was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency]] in Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2019 |title=Payakaraopeta Election Results 2019 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/payakaraopeta-election-result-s01a033/ |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=News18}}</ref> on [[YSR Congress Party]] ticket.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-result-full-list-of-winners-mla/1585284 |access-date=4 March 2021 |work=FinancialExpress}}</ref> In January 2024, he was dropped from the MLA list to contest the 2024 Assembly election but was later given a chance to contest the Rajya Sabha elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Jagan drops 10 more MLAs ahead of upcoming elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jagan-drops-10-more-mlas-ahead-of-upcoming-elections-101704308454238.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baburao, Golla}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

D. Y. Patil International University

2026-03-04T06:19:24Z

EJEBoris894787: adding post

{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}{{Short description|Private university in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| image =
| name = DY Patil International University Pune
| motto =
| established = 2018
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| endowment =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Manish Bhalla
| president = Sanjay D. Patil
| vice-president = [[Satej Patil|Satej Dyandeorao Patil]]
| city = Akurdi, [[Pune District|Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|18.646|73.759|display=inline,title|type:edu_region:IN}}
| publictransit =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| staff =
| logo =
| website = {{URL|https://dypiu.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''DY Patil International University Pune''' is a [[private university]] located in [[Akurdi, Mawal|Akurdi]], [[Pune District|Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=21&Unitype=3 | title=Private University, Maharashtra | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]| accessdate=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/dypiu-set-to-start-operation-from-2018-19-academic-year/articleshow/63917157.cms | title=DYPIU set to start operation from 2018-19 academic year | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 April 2018 | accessdate=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/now-coming-to-your-school-in-pune-soon-open-book-exams/story-RDOvBC1I8eTh6LFErJUzSK.html | title=Now coming to your school in Pune... soon: open-book exams | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=16 August 2018 | accessdate=19 October 2018}}</ref>

==Schools==
<ul>
<li>School of Computer Science Engineering & Applications</li>
<li>School of Engineering, Management and Research</li>
<li>School of Biosciences and Bioengineering</li>
<li>School of Commerce and Management</li>
<li>School of Applied Arts & Crafts </li>
<li>School of Design</li>
<li>School of Humanities and Social Sciences</li>
<li>School of Media and Journalism</li>
</ul>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://dypiu.ac.in}}

{{Universities in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Pune]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Lorie (film)

2026-03-03T23:54:20Z

EJEBoris894787: corrected intro to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lorie
| image = Lorie_the_film.jpg
| caption = film poster
| director = Vijay Talwar
| writer = Inayat Akhtar & Ibrahim Rangala(associate writers), [[Sagar Sarhadi]], Bhadrakant Zaveri
| producer = Sagar Sarhadi
| starring = [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Farooq Shaikh]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Rohini Hattangadi]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Baba Azmi]]
| editing =
| music = [[Khayyam]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1984}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Lorie''''' is a 1984 [[Bollywood]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Vijay Talwar. The film stars [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Farooq Shaikh]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Rohini Hattangadi]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/movies/cast/16170/lorie|title=Lorie|publisher=Movietalkies.com|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
Geeta Malhotra is depressed after she loses her child and the doctor declares that she will not be able to conceive again with her husband Bhupinder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-excerpts-from-shaukat-azmis-kaifi-and-i/20100215.htm|title=When Shabana Azmi tried to kill herself|publisher=Rediffmail.com|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref> One day she comes upon a small boy left behind inadvertently in the city bus by his family. She takes him home and starts treating him like her own son. She becomes obsessed with the child. Ultimately, she is arrested and stands trial for abduction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316190//|title=Lorie|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=3 July 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Farooq Shaikh]] as Bhupinder Singh
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Micky, Defence Lawyer
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Geeta Malhotra
*[[Swaroop Sampat]] as Suman, Micky's Wife
*[[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Sharda Malhotra
*[[Madan Puri]] as Chandicharan Kapoor (father of 12 Kids)
*[[Shaukat Azmi]] as Shanti Shah
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Prosecuting Attorney
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Adoption Agency Head
*[[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Shanti, Domestic Maid
*[[Anjan Srivastav]] as School Administrator
*[[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]] as Bus Conductor
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Police Inspector
*[[Vinod Sharma (actor)|Vinod Sharma]] as Kakkad, Geeta's Uncle
*Kiran Vairale as Majli Kapoor Chandicharan Kapoor Daughter

{{div col end}}

==Songs==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aaja Nindiya Aaja"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Bhar Le Tumhe Baahon Mein"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Tumhi Se Roshan Hai Raat"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Talat Aziz]]
|-
| "Gudiya Chidiya Chand Chakori Haathi Ghoda Dudh Katori"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Pamela Chopra]], [[Jagjit Kaur]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0316190}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Accident on Hill Road

2026-03-03T05:28:11Z

EJEBoris894787: added information per sources and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Accident on Hill Road
| image = Accident_on_Hill_Road_poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Mahesh Nair]]
| producer = [[Nari Hira]]
| writer = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] (dialogues)
| story = [[Mahesh Nair]] Siddharth Parmar [[Stuart Gordon]]
| starring = [[Farooq Sheikh]] Abhimanyu Singh [[Celina Jaitly]] [[Rukhsar Rehman]]
| music = Raju Singh
| cinematography = Ravi Walia
| editing = Amit Parmar
| distributor = Magna Film Production
| released = {{Film date|2009|12|31|df=yes}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 2.5 crore<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/09-mahesh-nair-interview-011018.asp |title= Interview : Mahesh Nair |author= Bollywood Trade News Network |date= 8 January 2009 |publisher= Glam Sham.com |accessdate= 10 January 2010 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100112112544/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/09-mahesh-nair-interview-011018.asp |archivedate= 12 January 2010 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Accident on Hill Road''''' is a 2009 Indian film, directed by Mahesh Nair and produced by [[Nari Hira]], starring [[Farooq Sheikh]], [[Abhimanyu Singh]], and [[Celina Jaitly]]. The film is an authorised remake of the 2007 American film ''[[Stuck (2007 film)|Stuck]]'',<ref name=ibn>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-accident-on-hill-road-a-test-of-endurance/108076-8.html |title= Accident on Hill Road a test of endurance |last1=Masand |first1=Rajeev |date=1 January 2010 |work=CNN-IBN |accessdate=10 January 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100104193356/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-accident-on-hill-road-a-test-of-endurance/108076-8.html| archivedate= 4 January 2010 | url-status=dead}}</ref> which is based on the true story of Chante Mallard and her [[murder of Gregory Glenn Biggs]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ctvnews.ca:80/stuck-looks-at-true-story-of-2001-texas-car-crash-with-dark-humour-1.301107 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080615040820/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080609/stuck_movie_review_080609/20080609/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 June 2008 |title= 'Stuck' looks at true story of 2001 Texas car crash with dark humour |author= Christy Lemire |date= 9 June 2008 |work= CTV News|access-date=10 January 2010}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sonam (Celina Jaitly) is approved for a job in London and begins the process of obtaining a visa. After attending a party, she consumes excessive alcohol and decides to drive home despite her friend's warnings. On the way, she accidentally hits a man named Prakash (Farooq Sheikh) with her car. She tries to drive the car to her parking lot secretly and searches for help. She cannot afford to go to the police because it can lead to strict punishment for 'drinking and driving' and her VISA could be cancelled. Thus, she keeps Prakash in the parking lot. With all these problems, she is late arriving the next day to the hospital in which she works.

Without any other options, she takes the help of her drug dealer boyfriend Sid (Abhimanyu Singh). Sid consoles her, and they have sex. The next day, they both plan to just kill Prakash and dump him. However, as soon as Sid begins to execute the plan, it goes in an unexpected direction. Prakash kills Sid when Sid tries to do the deed. Now Sonam finds out that Prakash is alive and Sid is dead. To avoid a police case or any other trouble, she plans to kill him at any cost. But Prakash somehow dodges her and tries to escape the parking garage. While making this attempt, Sonam hits him in the head and almost kills him. She pulls him back to the garage and pours diesel all over the garage and tries to burn it. Meanwhile, Prakash uses the car and dashes Sonam. He again tries to escape while Sonam begs for help. In anger of helplessness, she shoots at Prakash, which burns the whole garage. Sonam dies, but Prakash gets out, and some people spot him and rescue him.

==Cast==
* [[Farooq Sheikh]] as Prakash Shrivastava
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Sid
* [[Celina Jaitly]] as Sonam Chopra
* [[Manmeet Singh]] as Cab driver
* [[Rukhsar Rehman]] as Warden
* [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Mrs. Wadia

==Release==

===Critical reception===
''Accident on Hill Road'' received mostly negative reviews from critics. [[Rajeev Masand]] said the film is "unintentionally comical",<ref name=ibn/> [[Taran Adarsh]] gave it only one star out of five<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14144/index.html |title= Accident on Hill Road |author= Taran Adarsh|date= 31 December 2009 |work= Bollywood Hungama |accessdate=10 January 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100103091317/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14144/index.html| archivedate= 3 January 2010 | url-status=dead}}</ref> and Nithya Ramani of [[Rediff]] called it "a terrible excuse for a film".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/31/accident-on-hill-road-review.htm |title= Stay away from Accident on Hill Road |author= Nithya Ramani |date= 31 December 2009 |work= Rediff |publisher= |accessdate=10 January 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100116013921/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/31/accident-on-hill-road-review.htm| archivedate= 16 January 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Stuck (2007 film)|Stuck]]'', the original 2007 American film
* ''[[Creepshow 2]]'', a 1987 horror anthology film including the segment "[[Creepshow 2#The Hitch-hiker|The Hitch-hiker]]" in which a similar vehicular homicide is portrayed and the zombie-like victim follows the driver all the way back to her garage.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|1570417}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100102014607/http://filmicafe.com/movie_review.php?movie_id=1118&value=review Accident on Hill Road review]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Accident On Hill Road}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Crime films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime films]]

Inkaar (2013 film)

2026-03-02T10:01:36Z

EJEBoris894787: update citations for clarity

{{short description|2013 Indian romantic thriller}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Inkaar
| image = Inkaarmovieposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sudhir Mishra]] Jay Dev Banerjee
| producer = [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]
| writer = Sudhir Mishra [[Manoj Tyagi]]
| starring = [[Arjun Rampal]] [[Chitrangada Singh]]
| music = [[Shantanu Moitra]] [[Shamir Tandon]]
| cinematography = Sachin K. Krishn
| editing = Archit Damodar Rastogi
| studio = Tipping Point Films
| distributor = [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|01|18}}
| runtime = 133 mins
| country = India
| language = Hindi, French, German, Polish
| budget = {{INRConvert|140|m}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|100.2|m}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1220|title=Inkaar - Movie - Box Office India|website=Boxofficeindia.com|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''''Inkaar''''' ({{translation|Denial}}) is a 2013 Indian [[romantic thriller]] film directed by [[Sudhir Mishra]] and Jay Dev Banerjee produced by Viacom18 Motion Pictures, starring [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Chitrangada Singh]] in the lead roles. [[Shantanu Moitra]] has composed the music for the film. [[Deepti Naval]], [[Vipin Sharma]], and Gaurav Dwivedi are featured in supporting roles. The film was produced and distributed under the [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] and the Tipping Point Films banners. The film deals with sexual harassment in a corporate setting following the story of Rahul Verma, the CEO of an advertising agency, who has to follow the lawsuit of sexual harassment filed by Maya Luthra, his protégé. The two are battling for the top job of the company. A committee is set up by the agency to hear both sides of the story and work through lies and accusations to find out the truth.<ref name="BOLLYWOOD HUNGAMA">{{cite web|title=Inkaar (2013)|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/550982|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422031623/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/550982|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref>

The development of the film commenced in 2011. The movie was completed in early 2012 and was titled "''Inkaar.''" It was scheduled to release in May but conflicts started rising over the title of the movie, which delayed its release. After a lot of options, "''Kaam''" was chosen as the title but ultimately "''Inkaar''" was finalised to be the title.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun Rampal in Istanbul, ditched Heroine|url=http://bollyspice.com/49167/arjun-rampal-in-istanbul-ditched-heroine|publisher=BollySpice|accessdate=30 January 2013|author=Samreen Tungekar|date=25 September 2012 }}</ref>

After the title conflict was resolved, the release date of the movie was delayed to 2013. The movie was released on 18 January 2013. The film received positive to mixed responses but the performances of the lead pair and the direction of Sudhir Mishra earned positive reviews from critics. The movie grossed {{INRConvert|92.3|m}} in the first week.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>

== Cast ==
*[[Arjun Rampal]] as Rahul Verma
*[[Chitrangada Singh]] as Maya Luthra
*[[Deepti Naval]] as Mrs. Kamdhar
*[[Kanwaljeet Singh]] as Mr. Verma, Rahul's father
*[[Rehana Sultan]] as Mrs. Luthra, Maya's mother
*[[Vipin Sharma]]* as Gupta
*Mithun Rodwittiya as Jamshed
*Gaurav Dwivedi as Atul
*Asheesh Kapur as Praful
*Akanksha Nehra as Payal
*[[Kaizaad Kotwal]] as KK
*Sandeep Sanchdev as Tarun
*Sujata Sehgal as Kavita
*[[Shivani Tanksale]] as Nimmi
*[[Saurabh Shukla]] as Rockstar in ''Kuch Bhi Ho Sakta Hai''
*Shilpa Sapatnekar as Rani

==Plot==
''Inkaar'' is the love story of Maya Luthra and Rahul Verma set against the backdrop of [[sexual harassment]]. When misunderstandings are created between the two, she files a case of [[sexual harassment]] against him. A committee is set up by the advertising agency they work in to investigate their case and find out the truth. Rahul denies that he ever had any such intentions to sexually harass Maya, but she insists that he makes her feel insecure and unsafe in her own office. The committee is unable to reach a clear conclusion as they do not know who to believe. The climax of the film brings an unexpected twist to the story,{{clarify|date=April 2016}} and in a final confrontation, the two protagonists' love emerges victorious. As is shown in most of Sudhir's movies including 'Chameli' too, that only thing matters is love. Rahul and Maya reconcile and unite which is shown indirectly in the end.

==Production==

===Casting===
In February 2011, [[Sudhir Mishra]] announced that he was creating a new movie based on the topic of [[sexual harassment]]. [[Arjun Rampal]] was cast in to play the male protagonist and [[Chitrangada Singh]], who had previously worked with Mishra in ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'' (2005) and ''[[Yeh Saali Zindagi]]'' (2011) was cast to portray the female protagonist. This film marked her third collaboration with Mishra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun & Chitrangda pair up for Sudhir's next on sexual exploitation|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1266847/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200902/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1266847/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2014|author=Jogindar Tuteja|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=28 April 2013|date=16 February 2011}}</ref> Mishra is known for directing [[niche market|niche movies]]. However, in an interview with [[Bollywood Hungama]], the lead actress Singh said that it was a commercial film.<ref>{{cite web|title=No prep needed to play sexual harassment victim: Chitrangda|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1396967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051427/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1396967|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2014|work=Screen Weekly|publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=30 January 2013}}</ref> The film was created on a budget of {{INRConvert|50|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beekays.com/movies/hindi/2013/inkaar/|title=Inkaar (2013)|publisher=Beekays.com|accessdate=31 January 2013}}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming took place between late 2011 to early 2012. The film was extensively shot in actual advertising agencies including [[Leo Burnett Worldwide]] and [[Grey Global Group|Grey Worldwide]].<ref name="Ad Agencies">{{cite web|title=Ad agencies refuse association with Inkaar|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1632553/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231150922/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1632553/|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2012|work=Bollywood Hungama News Network|accessdate=31 January 2013|date=17 December 2012}}</ref>

==Controversy==

===Title Conflict===
The initial title of the movie was chosen to be ''Inkaar'' but after the filming was complete, a title conflict rose as Mishra and the production team decided to opt a title out of six titles for the film based on its story. New five titles were ''Dream Factory'', ''Power Play'', ''Agency'', ''Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum'' and ''The Boss''. Mishra stated in an interview with Bollywood Hungama, "Our film is about gender politics and power play in a corporate house. Given this brief, we'll decide which title suits the film the best and we'll go by it."<ref>{{cite web|title=Arjun Rampal-Chitrangda starrer has 6 title options|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1429390|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418000211/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1429390|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2012|author=Subhash K. Jha|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=31 January 2013}}</ref> After some conflict, the title was chosen to be ''Kaam – The Unofficial Story''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/jun/15-news-star-hunt-for-sudhir-mishra-anubhav-sinhas-next-051213.asp|title='Star hunt' for Sudhir Mishra-Anubhav Sinha's next|date=15 June 2012|accessdate=31 January 2013|publisher=Glamsham|work=Glamsham Editorial|author=Joginder Tuteja}}</ref> The release date was delayed to 25 August but ''Kaam'' was also removed as the release date came closer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/jun/18-news-title-trouble-for-sudhir-mishras-arjun-chitrangada-starrer-051201.asp|title=Title trouble for Sudhir Mishra's Arjun-Chitrangada starrer|date=17 June 2012|accessdate=31 January 2013|publisher=Glamsham|work=Glamsham Editorial|author=Joginder Tuteja}}</ref> After four title hunts, the original title ''Inkaar'' was finalised. The release date of the movie was pushed to 18 January, thus making it one of the early films of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bollyspice.com/51953/first-look-arjun-and-chitrangada-in-inkaar|author=Stacey Yount|title=First Look: Arjun and Chitrangada in Inkaar!|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=31 January 2013|publisher=Bolly Spice}}</ref>

===Ad Agencies===
In late 2012, news circulated that ad agencies in which ''Inkaar'' was filmed refused any kind of association with the film. [[Leo Burnett Worldwide]] and [[Grey Global Group|Grey Worldwide]] agencies in which ''Inkaar'' was extensively shot, warned the production team that they did not want any branding or reference to their respective agencies in the film.<ref name="Ad Agencies"/>

==Release==

===Critical reception===

''Inkaar'' earned positive to mixed response from critics. Rachit Gupta of [[Filmfare]] gave 4 out of 5 stars. He appreciated the performances of the lead pair and quoted "What works is the chemistry between Arjun Rampal and Chitrangda Singh. Not just their individual performances but their love-hate relationship drives the drama of ''Inkaar''. Both Arjun and Chitrangda handle their characters to great effect. But good performances can give you a watchable film, but not a believable story. And that is the big letdown in Inkaar. The film's logic and the climax just don't make sense. Not from characters who spent the last two hours (or seven years in case of the movie's narrative) convincing you that they'd do anything to come out on top. A film that promises to hit you hard in the solar plexus, doesn't even tickle you.".<ref name="Filmfare Critic Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-inkaar-2151.html|title=Movie Review: Inkaar|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=18 February 2013|work=[[Filmfare]]}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]'' wrote "The dynamics of office politics have never been more dynamic. ''Inkaar'' is one helluva jolt in January."<ref name="India Today Critic Review">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/inkaar-review-arjun-rampal-chitrangda-singh-151980-2013-01-17|title=Inkaar: riveting treatise on gender equations|date=18 January 2013|access-date=1 February 2013|work=[[India Today]]}}{{Rating|4}}</ref>
Rummana Ahmed of [[Yahoo! Movies]] wrote "What works for 'Inkaar' is the solid performances by the lead characters and the supporting cast. Arjun might not have been very strong in the emotional bits but he delivers one of his best performances till date. Chitrangda looks and acts sharp, it's a pleasure to watch Vipin Sharma, Deepti Naval and Kanwaljeet on the big screen after quite a while. Shantanu Moitra music is as usual peppy and hummable. This one is definitely a must watch."<ref name="Yahoo Movies Critic Review">{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/yahoo-movies-review-inkaar-122117226.html|title=Yahoo! Movies Review: Inkaar|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=1 February 2013|author=Rummana Ahmed|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]}}{{Rating|4}}</ref>

[[Karan Anshuman]] of ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars, quoting "''Inkaar'' is not about office politics as you might imagine, even though many moments shape an accurate portrayal. It is not about sexual harassment in the workplace as it is being marketed though that is the searing crucible in which complex, often unnatural dollops of human emotion are left to sputter and interact, never coalescing. Everything else is an elaborate backdrop. And finally when the truth unravels – when motives come to light – I had a great urge to watch the film again. And with movies, this urge supersedes all flaws."<ref name="Mumbai Mirror Critic Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/201301192013011906561019d9d0e5dc/What-lies-beneath.html|title=What lies beneath|date=19 January 2013|access-date=10 February 2013|author=Karan Anshuman|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411102349/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/30/201301192013011906561019d9d0e5dc/What-lies-beneath.html|archive-date=11 April 2013|url-status=dead}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref>

Ananya Bhattacharya of [[Zee News]] wrote "''Inkaar'' is another of Sudhir Mishra's brilliances captured on celluloid. Don't say a 'no' to this one."<ref name="Zee News Critic Review">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/inkaar-movie-review-a-no-is-a-no-for-this-one-it-s-a-yes_126327.htm|title='Inkaar' movie review: Arjun-Chitrangada's stellar performances make for a good watch
|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=1 February 2013|author=Ananya Bhattacharya|publisher=[[Zee News]]}}{{Rating|3.5}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar of [[Daily Bhaskar|Daily Bhaskar.com]] wrote "In parts thoughtful, engaging and funny, this is a film then about ambition. As for sexual harassment, I would go with the women's rights activist (Deepti Naval) judging this case: "Flirtation ''agar woman ko pasand na ho, toh harassment hoti hai''." If I were you, I'd definitely go for this movie too!"<ref name="Daily Bhaskar Critic Review">{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-inkaar-4152403-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310001606/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-inkaar-4152403-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2013|title=Movie Review: INKAAR|date=19 January 2013|accessdate=1 February 2013|author=Mayank Shekhar|publisher=Daily Bhaskar.com}}{{Rating|3.5}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] wrote "INKAAR is for spectators of serious cinema. Caters to a niche audience!"<ref name="Bollywood Hungama Critic Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/550982|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427181218/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/550982|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2012|title=Inkaar|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=10 February 2013|author=[[Taran Adarsh]]|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff.com]] has given 2 out of 5 stars, quoting "''Inkaar'' trivialises something serious like sexual harassment into a terrible joke."<ref name="Rediff Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-inkaar-trivialises-sexual-harassment/20130118.htm| title=Review: ''Inkaar'' trivialises sexual harassment | author=Sukanya Verma | work=[[Rediff.com]] | accessdate=17 February 2013|date=18 January 2013}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] gave 2 out of 5 stars as he wrote "This is a half watchable film despite all that melodrama flying around. Sadly, if it had kept its head, this thriller could have gone places."<ref name="Masand's Verdict">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/inkaar-review-despite-its-controversial-bold-theme-the-film-fizzles-out/316524-47-84.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120092610/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/inkaar-review-despite-its-controversial-bold-theme-the-film-fizzles-out/316524-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2013|title='Inkaar' review: Despite its controversial, bold theme, the film fizzles out|date=19 January 2013|accessdate=17 February 2013|author=[[Rajeev Masand]]|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|work=Masand's Verdict}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "Inkaar could have been truly radical. But it becomes a film that prefers to cop out, rather than deliver on the promise it held out so bravely in its initial passages."<ref name="Indian Express Critic Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/review-inkaar/1061277/2/|title=Review: Inkaar|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=17 February 2013|author=Shubhra Gupta|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}{{Rating|2}}</ref>

Sonia Chopra of [[Sify]] wrote "The film has taken an important subject and turned it into slush. In the end the film is a mockery of sexual harassment, of love, of the ad fraternity and of professionalism. Too bad, really."<ref name="Sify Critic Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/inkaar-review-mishra-s-latest-makes-a-mockery-of-sexual-harassment-review-bollywood-15017982.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602195241/http://www.sify.com/movies/inkaar-review-mishra-s-latest-makes-a-mockery-of-sexual-harassment-review-bollywood-15017982.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2014|title=''Inkaar'' review: Mishra's latest makes a mockery of sexual harassment|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=17 February 2013|author=Sonia Chopra|website=[[Sify]]}}{{Rating|2}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Inkaar'' was released on 18 January 2013. The movie took a very dull start with 15% occupancy rate in multiplexes and major metros. It collected only {{INRConvert|16.5|m}} in the opening day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inkaar Opening Day Box Office Collections|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office/inkaar-opening-day-box-office-collections/|publisher=Koimoi|accessdate=31 January 2013|date=19 January 2013|author=MKS}}</ref> The movie did not show any significant growth in business and collected only {{INRConvert|56.0|m}} in the opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|title=BO: INKAAR fails, MUMBAI MIRROR & BANDOOK sink!|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/13/jan/22-news-bo-inkaar-fails-mumbai-mirror-bandook-sink-011303.asp|work=Glamsham Editorial|publisher=Glamsham|accessdate=31 January 2013|date=22 January 2013|author=}}</ref> The film managed to earn {{INRConvert|78.9|m}} within the first week and collected a total of approximately {{INRConvert|100|m}} in the first week.<ref name="Inkaar Box Office Business">{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-bollywood-films-of-2013/|title=Box-Office Verdict 2013|publisher=Koimoi|accessdate=31 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803012622/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-bollywood-films-of-2013/|archivedate=3 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Inkaar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 December 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Shantanu Moitra
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[Shantanu Moitra]] and [[Shamir Tandon]]. The lyrics were penned by [[Swanand Kirkire]].
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Track: !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
|1 || "Darmiyan" || Aditya Kumar, [[Swanand Kirkire]] || 5:01
|-
|2 || "Maula Tu Malik Hai" || [[Shantanu Moitra]] & Swanand Kirkire || 4:57
|-
|3 || "Zindagi Ka Karobar" || K. Mohan (Agnee) || 2:48
|-
|4 || "Kuch Bhi Ho Sakta Hai" || [[Suraj Jagan]] || 3:58
|-
|5 || "Inkaar" (Aloop) || [[Monali Thakur]] || 3:07
|-
|6 || "Inkaar" - Theme (Hindi Version) || [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], [[Shahid Mallya]] || 4:20
|-
|7 || "Inkaar" - Theme (English Version) || [[Monica Dogra]], Shahid Mallya || 4:21
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2094854|Inkaar}}

{{Vaicom18 Studios}}
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2010s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shantanu Moitra]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shamir Tandon]]
[[Category:Films about sexual harassment]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sudhir Mishra]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]

Frank Kingdon-Ward

2026-02-23T13:37:20Z

EJEBoris894787: added layout additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|British botanist (1885–1958)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Frank Kingdon-Ward
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
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| native_name =
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| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Francis Kingdon Ward
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1885|11|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Withington]], Lancashire, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1958|04|08|1885|11|06|df=y}}
| death_place =
| resting_place = [[Grantchester]], England
| occupation = [[Botanist]], explorer, plant collector and author
| language =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| period =
| genre = Natural history
| subject = Plants
| movement =
| notableworks = ''On the Road to Tibet''
| spouses = Florinda Norman-Thompson (m. 1923), Jean Macklin (m. 1947)
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives = [[Harry Marshall Ward]] and Selina Mary Ward
| awards =
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'''Francis Kingdon-Ward''', born '''Francis Kingdon Ward''' [[OBE]], (6 November 1885 in [[Withington]],<ref>[https://www.withingtoncivicsociety.co.uk/kingdon-ward.pdf A Withington Plant Collector]; Withington Civic Society</ref> Lancashire – 8 April 1958) was an English [[botanist]], explorer, plant collector and author. He published most of his books as '''Frank Kingdon-Ward''' and this hyphenated form of his name stuck, becoming the surname of his wives and two daughters. It also became a [[pen name]] for his sister [[Winifred Mary Ward]] by default.

==Biography==
[[File:Rhododendron wardii var puralbum.jpg|thumb|''Rhododendron wardii'' var. ''puralbum'', a naturally occurring white-flowered variety of the yellow-flowered species named for Frank Kingdon-Ward]]
[[File:Siroi Lily.jpg|thumb|Shirui lily, ''Lilium mackliniae'']]
Son of [[Harry Marshall Ward]] and Selina Mary Ward, née Kingdon; he went on around 25 expeditions over a period of nearly fifty years, exploring [[Tibet]], North Western China, [[Myanmar]] and [[Assam]] (in Northeastern [[India]]).<ref>Based on his 25 published books. Some expeditions blurred into each other, hence the ambiguity about the exact number of expeditions.</ref> In Myanmar he met and conducted some research into forestry and plants in the country with native botanist [[Chit Ko Ko]]. Among his collections were the first viable seed of ''[[Meconopsis betonicifolia]]'' ([[Himalayan blue poppy]], first discovered by [[Delavay|Pére Delavay]]),<ref>''Land of the Blue Poppy''</ref> ''[[Primula]] florindae'' (giant cowslip, named after his first wife Florinda, ''née'' Norman-Thompson)<ref name="works">His published works, as listed above</ref> and ''[[Rhododendron]] wardii'', a yellow flowered species.<ref name="works"/>

A species of Asian lizard, ''[[Pseudocalotes kingdonwardi]]'', is named in his honor.<ref>[[Species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; [[species:Michael Grayson|Grayson, Michael]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (Kingdon-Ward, p. 141).</ref> He is also commemorated in [[Ward's trogon]], ''Harpactes wardi''.

He survived many accidents on his expeditions including hunger, extreme weather, slope slides and cliffhangers, becoming lost, roughing it with little shelter, altercations with indigenous Asians,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingdon Ward |first=F. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2447/ |title=Plant Hunting on the Edge of the World |date=1930 |publisher=[[Victor Gollancz]] |location=London}}</ref> and impalement. During an expedition in Assam, he was close to the epicentre of an [[1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake|earthquake]] (registering 8.6 on the [[Richter magnitude scale]]) on 15 August 1950.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Kingdon-Ward | first=F. | date=1953 | title=The Assam Earthquake of 1950 | journal=The Geographical Journal | jstor=1791200 | volume=119 | issue=2 | pages=169–182 | doi=10.2307/1791200| bibcode=1953GeogJ.119..169K }}</ref>

In 1923 he moved to [[Hatton Gore]], a big house on the east side of Hatton Road, [[Hatton, London]]; the site of the house is now under the east end of [[London Heathrow Airport]]. He built there a big [[rockery]] looking like a bend in a river ravine in the Himalayas.<ref>page 52, Sherwood, Philip. (2009) ''Heathrow: 2000 Years of History''. Stroud: The History Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7509-5086-2}}</ref> He sold the house due to a loss that he made running a [[plant nursery]] business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.french4tots.co.uk/kingdon-ward/fkw-timeline.html|title=Frank Kingdon-Ward timeline of events in his life.|work=french4tots.co.uk}}</ref>

He was married twice, first to Florinda Norman-Thompson on 11 April 1923; later, to [[Jean Rasmussen|Jean Macklin]], on 12 November 1947,<ref name="lyte">''Frank Kingdon-Ward, Last of the Great Plant Hunters'', Charles Lyte (1989)</ref> to whom he remained married until his death.

Florinda Kingdon-Ward had a brief political career which included standing as a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] candidate for Parliament at the 1950 UK General Election in [[Lewes (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge50/i13.htm|title=UK General Election results: February 1950 [Archive]|work=politicsresources.net|date=12 October 2022 }}</ref>

Even towards the end of his career he was still active, his greatest "swansong" plant was probably ''[[Siroi lily|Lilium mackliniae]]'', found jointly with his second wife after whom it is named. At age 68 he climbed to over 1,730–2,590 metres (5,680–8,500 ft) above sea level in the [[Ukhrul district]] of Manipur, India (near the boundary of Myanmar to the east) and was still discovering new species of plants on his last expedition in 1956,<ref name="works"/> including ''[[Roscoea australis]]'', the most southerly representative of its genus.<ref name=Cowl82>{{Citation |last=Cowley |first=E.J. |year=1982 |title=A revision of ''Roscoea (Zingiberaceae)'' |journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=747–777 |jstor=4117918 |doi=10.2307/4117918|bibcode=1982KewBu..36..747C }}</ref>

He was made an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] in 1952.<ref name ="ODNBKingdonWard">{{Cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34327|title=Ward, Francis [Frank] Kingdon-}}</ref>

Frank Kingdon-Ward died on 8 April 1958 aged 72. He had suffered a stroke and went into a coma from which he never recovered.<ref name="lyte"/> He was buried in the [[churchyard]] at [[Grantchester]].

==Published works==
He wrote 25 books, mostly accounts of his expeditions. The titles, dates and publishers are as follows:
*[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008884100 ''On the Road to Tibet''] (1910) Shanghai Mercury Ltd. Shanghai
*[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001258791 ''Land of the Blue Poppy''] (1913) Cambridge University Press<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''The Land of the Blue Poppy: Travels of a Naturalist in Eastern Tibet'' by F. Kingdon Ward|journal=The Athenaeum|date=19 July 1913|issue= 4473|page=66|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435024898074;view=1up;seq=84}}</ref>
*''In Farthest Burma'' (1921) Seeley Service and Co<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''In Farthest Burma'' by Captain F. Kingdon Ward|author=Davies, H. R.|journal=The Geographical Journal|date=September 1921 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=230–232 |doi=10.2307/1780494|jstor=1780494|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015031940060;view=1up;seq=278|url-access=subscription}}</ref> (reprinted by Orchid Press, Thailand; 2nd rev edition (Jan 2005) {{ISBN|978-974-524-062-9}})
*''Mystery Rivers of Tibet'' (1923) Seeley Service and Co (reprinted by Cadogan Books, 1986 {{ISBN|0-946313-52-0}})
*''From China to Hkamti Long'' (1924) Edward Arnold and Co
*''The Romance of Plant Hunting'' (1924) Edward Arnold and Co
*''Riddle of the Tsangpo Gorges'' (1926) Edward Arnold and Co
*''Rhododendrons for Everyone'' (1926) The Gardener's Chronicle Ltd
*''Plant Hunting on the Edge of the World'' (1930) Victor Gollancz (reprinted 1974, Theophrastus)
*''Plant Hunting in the Wilds'' (1931) Figurehead (Pioneer series)
*''The Loom of the East'' (1932) Martin Hopkinson Ltd
*''A Plant Hunter in Tibet'' (1934) Jonathan Cape (reprinted by White Orchid, Thailand (2006) {{ISBN|978-974-524-087-2}})
*''The Romance of Gardening'' (1935) Jonathan Cape
*''Plant Hunter's Paradise'' (1937) Jonathan Cape
*''Assam Adventure'' (1941) Jonathan Cape
*''Modern Exploration'' (1945) Jonathan Cape
*''About This Earth'' (1946) Jonathan Cape
*''Commonsense Rock Gardening'' (1948) Jonathan Cape
*''Burma's Icy Mountains'' (1949) Jonathan Cape (reprinted by White Orchid, Thailand; 2nd edition (2006) {{ISBN|978-974-524-084-1}})
*''Rhododendrons'' (1949) Latimer House
*''Footsteps in Civilization'' (1950) Jonathan Cape
*''Plant Hunter in Manipur'' (1952) Jonathan Cape
*''Berried Treasure'' (1954) [[Ward Lock & Co|Ward Lock and Co. Ltd.]] London and Melbourne
*''Return to the Irrawaddy'' (1956) Andrew Melrose
*''Pilgrimage for Plants'' (1960) George C. Harrap and Co. Ltd

==Notes==
{{botanist|Kingdon-Ward|Kingdon-Ward, Frank}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Frank Kingdon-Ward's own works, as listed above
* ''Frank Kingdon-Ward – Last of the Great Plant Hunters'', Charles Lyte (1989), John Murray Publishers Ltd, {{ISBN|978-0-7195-4735-5}}
* [http://www.french4tots.co.uk/kingdon-ward/fkw-timeline.html Frank Kingdon-Ward, timeline of events. 1885–1958]

==External links==
*[http://www.french4tots.co.uk/kingdon-ward/index.php Biography of Frank Kingdon-Ward], french4tots.co.uk
*Oliver Tooley, [https://www.plantexplorers.com/explorers/biographies/kingdon-ward/frank-kingdon-ward.htm Francis (Frank) Kingdon-Ward (1885-1958)] Brief biography with much useful material not covered here
*[https://www.duncanjdsmith.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Forgotten_Kingdon-Ward.pdf Forgotten Travellers: In the Land of the Blue Poppy] Essay on F. Kingdon Ward
*[https://drjosephrock.blogspot.com/2008/03/in-footsteps-of-frank-kingdon-ward.html In the Footsteps of Kingdon Ward: photos of the Salween river, Tibet]
*[http://www.french4tots.co.uk/kingdon-ward/fkw-timeline.html Timeline of Frank Kingdon-Ward's life]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingdon-Ward, Frank}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at St Paul's School, London]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Writers from Manchester]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Veitch Memorial Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English botanists]]
[[Category:English explorers]]
[[Category:Plant collectors]]
[[Category:English writers]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates]]

List of colonial and departmental heads of Guadeloupe

2026-02-18T20:16:50Z

EJEBoris894787: Adding a pg

{{Short description|none}}
{{moresources|date=May 2020}}
{{Politics of Guadeloupe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

(Dates in italics indicate ''de facto'' continuation of office)

Note: currently, the [[Prefect (France)|prefect]] is not the true departmental head, which is the [[President of the General Council]]. The prefect is merely the representative of the national government.

==Ancien regime==
Governors under the [[Ancien Régime]] were:{{sfn|Cahoon}}

{|class="wikitable"
! Term
! Incumbent
! Notes
|-
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:white;"|'''French Suzerainty'''
|-
| 28 June 1635 – 4 December 1635 || [[Jean du Plessis d'Ossonville]] || Died 1635
|-
| 28 June 1635 – 1640|| {{Interlanguage link multi|Charles Liènard de l'Olive|fr}} || Governor; died 1643
|-
|25 November 1640 – 1643 || Jean Aubert ||
|-
|1643–1664|| [[Charles Houël du Petit Pré]] || Governor
|-
| August 1644 – May 1645 || Marivet || Acting
|-
| 8 July 1654 – 1656 || [[Charles Houël du Petit Pré]] || 2nd time, acting, also de Boisseret
|-
|23 June 1664 – November 1664 || Ducoudray || Acting
|-
| 5 November 1664 – 14 September 1674 || [[Claude François du Lyon]] ||
|-
| 1677 || M. de Baas de l'Herpinière || Did not take office
|-
| 5 July 1677 – 15 June 1695 || [[Pierre Hincelin]] || Acting, then confirmed governor
|-
|15 July 1695 to 1702|| [[Charles Auger]] || Governor
|-
| 1703–1705 || [[Joseph d'Honon de Gallifet]] || Did not take office
|-
| 1702–1705|| [[Bonnaventure-François de Boisfermé]] || Acting governor for absent Galiffet
|-
| 1706 – 1 May 1717|| [[Robert Cloche de La Malmaison]] || Governor
|-
|May 1717 to 18 March 1718 || {{Interlanguage link multi|Savinien-Michel de Lagarrigue de Savigny|fr}} || Interim governor
|-
|22 June 1717 || François de Pas de Mazencourt, marquis de Feuquières || Did not take office
|-
|June/July 1719 – October 1727 ||{{Interlanguage link multi|Alexandre Vaultier, comte de Moyencourt|fr|3=Alexandre Vaultier de Moyencourt}} || Governor
|-
|21 October 1727 – 27 July 1734 || {{Interlanguage link multi|Robert Giraud du Poyet|fr}} || Governor
|-
|27 July 1734 – 17 August 1737 || [[Charles de Brunier, marquis de Larnage]] || Acting governor
|-
|17 August 1737 – 1753 || [[Gabriel de Clieu]] || Governor
|-
| October 1749 – December 1750 || de Lafond || Acting for d'Erchigny)
|-
|27 December 1753 – 1757|| {{Interlanguage link multi|Jean Antoine Joseph de Mirabeau|fr|3=Jean-Antoine Riqueti de Mirabeau}} || Governor
|-
|15 January 1757 – 1 May 1759 || [[Charles François Emmanuel Nadau du Treil]] || Governor
|-
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:white;"|'''British Suzerainty'''
|-
| May 1759 || [[John Barrington (British Army officer)|John Barrington]] ||
|-
| May 1759 – 11 March 1760||[[Byam Crump]] || Governor
|-
| March 1760 – 4 July 1763 || [[Campbell Dalrymple]] || Governor
|-
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:white;"|'''French Suzerainty'''
|-
| 4 July 1763 – 24 June 1764 || [[François-Charles de Bourlamaque]] || Governor
|-
| 1764 to 1765 || [[Henri Édouard de Copley]] || Interim governor
|-
| 20 March 1765 to 29 November 1768||[[Pierre Gédéon de Nolivos]] || Governor
|-
| 29 November 1768 – 1769 || [[Anne Joseph Hippolyte de Maurès de Malartic]] || Governor
|-
| 27 February 1769 – 1771 || [[François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé]] || Governor
|-
| August 1771 to 1773|| [[Louis François de Dion]] || Governor
|-
| 14 April 1773 – 1776 || [[Édouard Hilaire Louis de Tilly]] || Governor
|-
| 1776–1782 || [[Bache-Elzéar-Alexandre d'Arbaud de Jouques]] || Governor
|-
| 16 Nov 1782 – 1783 ||[[Claude Charles de Marillac, vicomte de Damas]] || Governor
|-
| 1783–1784 || [[Beaumé de la Saulais]] || Governor
|-
|1784 – 25 July 1792||[[Charles François de Clugny de Thénissey]] || Governor
|}

==Revolution and First Empire==

{|class="wikitable"
! Term
! Incumbent
! Notes
|-
|1792 to 1793||[[René Marie, vicomte d'Arrot]], interim Governor
|-
|5 January 1793 to 18 March 1793||[[Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse]], provisional Governor
|-
|18 March 1793 to 20 April 1794||[[Victor Collot]], Governor
|-
|British Suzerainty
|-
|20 April 1794 to 3 June 1794||[[Thomas Dundas (British Army officer)|Thomas Dundas]], Governor
|-
|French Suzerainty
|-
|7 June 1794 to 6 January 1795||[[Victor Hugues]], Commissioner
|-
|rowspan="2" valign=top|6 January 1795 to January 1796||[[Victor Hugues]], Co-Commissioner
|-
|[[Lebas]], Co-Commissioner
|-
|6 January 1795 to June 1795||[[Goyrand]], Co-Commissioner
|-
|rowspan="2" valign=top|January 1796 to 25 October 1797||[[Victor Hugues]], Agent of the French Executive Directory
|-
|[[Lebas]], Agent of the French Executive Directory
|-
|25 October 1797 to 19 April 1801||''Département''
|-
|rowspan="2" valign-top|25 October 1797 to 22 November 1798||[[Victor Hugues]], Agent of the French Executive Directory||Co-Agent
|-
|[[Lebas]], Agent of the French Executive Directory||Co-Agent
|-
|22 November 1798 to 3 October 1799||[[Edme Étienne Borne-Desfourneaux]], Agent of the French Executive Directory
|-
|3 October 1799 to 11 December 1799||[[Paris]], provisional Agent of the French Executive Directory
|-
|11 December 1799 to 30 May 1801||[[Georges Nicolas Jeannet-Oudin]], Agent of the French Executive Directory||Co-Agent
|-
|11 December 1799 to 30 December 1800||[[René Gaston Baco de la Chapelle]], Agent of the French Executive Directory||Co-Agent
|-
|11 December 1799 to 28 February 1800||[[Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux]], Agent of the French Executive Directory||Co-Agent
|-
|28 February 1800 to 30 May 1801|| Bresseau ||Co-Agent
|-
|30 May 1801 to 14 May 1802||[[Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse]], Captain-General ||1st Term
|-
|24 October 1801 to 6 May 1802||[[Magloire Pélage]], President of Provisional Council of Government||In rebellion
|-
|14 May 1802 to 3 September 1802||[[Antoine Richepanse]], Captain-General
|-
|4 August 1802 to 8 May 1803||[[Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse]], Captain-General
|-
|4 August 1802 to 3 September 1802||[[Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse]], Captain-General||2nd Term
|-
|3 September 1802 to 8 May 1803||[[Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse]], acting Captain-General
|-
|8 May 1803 to 6 February 1810||[[Jean Augustin Ernouf]], Captain-General
|-
|British Suzerainty
|-
|6 February 1810 to 7 December 1814||''British occupation''
|-
|6 February 1810 to 26 June 1813||[[Sir Alexander Cochrane]], Governor
|-
|26 June 1813 to December 1814||John Skinner, Governor
|-
|French Suzerainty
|-
|7 December 1814 to 12 December 1814
|-
|12 December 1814 to 10 August 1815||[[Charles Durand, comte de Linois]], Governor
|-
|British Suzerainty
|-
|10 August 1815 to 25 July 1816||''British occupation''
|-
|10 August 1815 to 24 April 1816||[[Sir James Leith]], Governor
|-
|24 April 1816 to 25 July 1816
|}

==Restoration, Second Republic, Second Empire==

{|class="wikitable"
! Term
! Incumbent
! Notes
|-
|'''French Suzerainty'''
|-
|1816 to 1823||'''[[Antoine Philippe de Lardenoy]]''', Governor
|-
|1823 to 1826||'''[[Louis Léon Jacob]]''', Governor
|-
|31 May 1826 to 1830||'''[[Jean Julien Angot des Rotours]]''', Governor
|-
|31 January 1830 to 8 July 1831||'''[[Louis François Vatable]]''', Governor
|-
|1831 to 20 June 1837||'''[[René Arnous des Saulsays]]''', Governor
|-
|1837 to 1841||'''[[Jean-Guillaume Jubelin]]''', Governor
|-
|1841 to 7 June 1845||'''[[Augustin Gourbeyre]]''', Governor
|-
|24 August 1845 to 5 June 1848||'''[[Jean-François Layrle]]''', Governor
|-
|5 June 1848 to 1848||'''[[Alexandre Gatine]]''', acting Governor
|-
|1848 to 1849||'''[[Jean Jacques Louis Fabvre]]'''. acting Governor
|-
|1849 to 1849||'''[[Jean Jacques Louis Fabvre]]'''
|-
|9 September 1849 to 1851||'''[[Jacques Amédée Philippe Fiéron]]'''
|-
|1851 to 1851||'''Chaumont''', acting Governor
|-
|15 September 1851 to 1853||'''[[Tranquille Aubry-Bailleul]]''', Governor
|-
|30 September 1853 to 1856||'''[[Philibert Augustin Bonfils]]''', Governor
|-
|1856 to 1857||'''Guillet''', acting Governor
|-
|March 1857 to April 1859||'''[[Philippe Victor Touchard]]''', Governor
|-
|1859 to January 1860||'''[[Louis Bontemps]]''', Governor
|-
|January 1860 to 1864||'''[[Charles Victor Frébault]]''', Governor
|-
|1864 to 1864||'''[[Joseph Desmazes]]''', acting Governor
|-
|1864 to 1870||'''[[Louis Hippolyte de Lormel]]''', Governor
|}

==Third, Fourth, Fifth republics==

{|class="wikitable"
! Term
! Incumbent
! Notes
|-
|1870 to 1880||'''[[Gabriel Couturier]]''', Governor
|-
|1880 to 1881||'''Mazé''', acting Governor
|-
|1881 to 1886||'''[[Léonce Laugier]]''', Governor
|-
|1886 to 1886||'''Sainte-Luce''', acting Governor
|-
|1886 to 1891||'''[[Antoine Frédéric Henry Le Boucher]]''', Governor
|-
|1891 to 1894||'''[[Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet]]''', Governor
|-
|1894 to 1895||'''[[Noël Pardon]]''', Governor
|-
|1895 to 1901||'''[[Delphino Moracchini]]''', Governor
|-
|1901 to 1903||'''[[Martial Merlin]]''', Governor
|-
|1903 to 1905||'''[[Paul Marie Armand de La Loyère]]''', Governor
|-
|1905 to 1907||'''[[Léon Jules Pol Boulloche]]''', Governor
|-
|1907 to 1909||'''[[Victor Marie Louis Ballot]]''', Governor
|-
|1909 to 1910||'''[[Henri Cor]]''', Governor
|-
|1911 to 1913||'''[[Jean Jules Émile Peuvergne]]''', Governor
|-
|1913 to 1917||'''[[Émile Merwart]]''', Governor
|-
|1917 to 1920||'''[[Maurice Gourbeil]]''', Governor
|-
|1920 to 1924||'''[[Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat]]''', Governor
|-
|1924 to 1924||'''[[Jocelyn Robert]]''', Governor
|-
|1924 to 1926||'''[[Maurice Beurnier]]''', Governor
|-
|1926 to 1929||'''[[Louis Gerbinis]]''', Governor
|-
|1929 to 1931||'''[[Théophile Antoine Pascal Tellier]]''', Governor
|-
|1931 to 1934||'''[[Alphonse Choteau]]''', Governor
|-
|1934 to 1936||'''[[Louis Bouge]]''', Governor
|-
|1936 to 1938||'''[[Félix Éboué]]''', Governor
|-
|29 November 1938 to 21 February 1940||'''[[François Pierre-Alype]]''', Governor
|-
|30 April 1940 to 15 July 1943||'''[[Constant Sorin]]''', Governor
|-
|1944 to 1946||'''[[Maurice Pierre Eugène Bertaut]]''', Governor
|-
|19 March 1946||''[[French overseas département]]''
|-
|30 April 1946 to 12 October 1947||'''[[Ernest de Nattes]]''', Governor
|-
|26 December 1947 to 24 November 1950||'''[[Gilbert Eugène Félicien Marie Philipson]]''', Prefect
|-
|16 January 1951 to 18 May 1954||'''[[Gaston Villéger]]''', Prefect
|-
|18 May 1954 to 18 December 1955||'''[[Jacques Ravail]]''', Prefect
|-
|22 December 1955 to 22 May 1956||'''[[Guy Malines]]''', acting Prefect
|-
|22 May 1956 to 6 March 1958||'''[[Guy Malines]]''', Prefect
|-
|6 March 1958 to 1 October 1960||'''[[Jean-Pierre Abeille]]''', Prefect
|-
|1 October 1960 to 1 August 1965||'''[[Albert Bonhomme]]''', Prefect
|-
|1 August 1965 to 12 July 1967||'''[[Pierre Bolotte]]''', Prefect
|-
|16 August 1967 to 16 December 1969||'''[[Jean Deleplanque]]''', Prefect
|-
|16 December 1969 to 1 July 1973||'''[[Pierre Mathieu Brunon]]''', Prefect
|-
|12 July 1973 to 15 November 1975||'''[[Jacques Le Cornec]]''', Prefect
|-
|15 November 1975 to 15 October 1978||'''[[Jean-Claude Aurousseau]]''', Prefect
|-
|15 October 1978 to 28 February 1982||'''[[Guy Maillard]]''', Prefect
|-
|28 February 1982 to ''10 May 1982''||'''[[Robert Miguet]]''', Prefect
|-
|''10 May 1982'' to 13 February 1984||'''[[Robert Miguet]]''', Commissioner of the Republic
|-
|February 1984 to April 1986||'''[[Maurice Saborin]]''', Commissioner of the Republic
|-
|9 April 1986 to 4 November 1987||'''[[Yves Bonnet]]''', Commissioner of the Republic
|-
|4 November 1987 to ''24 February 1988''||'''[[Bernard Sarazin]]''', Commissioner of the Republic
|-
|''24 February 1988'' to November 1989||'''[[Bernard Sarazin]]''', Prefect
|-
|November 1989 to 18 July 1991||'''[[Jean-Paul Proust]]''', Prefect
|-
|31 July 1991 to 6 October 1993||'''[[Franck Perriez]]''', Prefect
|-
|6 October 1993 to 21 November 1994||'''[[Alain Frouté]]''', Prefect
|-
|21 November 1994 to 16 October 1996||'''[[Michel Diefenbacher]]''', Prefect
|-
|12 November 1996 to 16 August 1999||'''[[Jean Fedini]]''', Prefect
|-
|16 August 1999 to 6 August 2002||'''[[Jean-François Carenco]]''', Prefect
|-
|6 August 2002 to 7 July 2004||'''[[Dominique Vian]]''', Prefect
|-
|7 July 2004 to 29 October 2009||'''[[Paul Girot de Langlade]]''', Prefect
|-
|29 October 2009 to 24 August 2011||'''[[Jean-Luc Michel Fabre]]''', Prefect
|-
|17 July 2011 to 11 September 2011||'''[[Philippe Jaumouillé]]''', Acting Prefect
|-
|11 September 2011 to 23 January 2013||'''[[Amaury de Saint-Quentin]]''', Prefect
|-
|23 January 2013 to 21 December 2014||'''[[Marcelle Pierrot]]''', Prefect
|-
|21 December 2014 to present||'''[[Jacques Billant]]''', Prefect
|}

==Notes==
{{notes}}{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |work=Worldstatesmen.org |title=Gaudeloupe
|last=Cahoon |first=Ben |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Guadeloupe.html |accessdate=2018-09-22}}
{{refend}}
{{authority control}}

{{Portal bar|History}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colonial And Departmental Heads Of Guadeloupe}}
[[Category:Governors of Guadeloupe| ]]
[[Category:Lists of French colonial governors and administrators|Guadeloupe]]
[[Category:Prefects of Guadeloupe|*]]
[[Category:Guadeloupe-related lists|Colonial and Departmental Heads]]

Shiv Pande

2026-02-11T07:25:36Z

EJEBoris894787: done

{{Short description|British-Indian doctor and television presenter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix = Professor
| name = Shiv Pande
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE|DL|FRCGP}}
| image = Shiv Pande 2.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Shiv Pande, 2018
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1938|10|25}}
| birth_place = [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Vikram University]]
| occupation = [[General practitioner]]
| years_active = 30
| known_for = *Presenter of ''[[Aap Kaa Hak]]'' (1980–1993)
*Treasurer of the [[General Medical Council]]
*Past Chair of BIDA
*Charitable work
| relations =
| website =
| profession = Physician
| field = General practice
| work_institutions =
| specialism =
| research_field =
| notable_works =
| prizes =
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}
'''Shiv Pande''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE|DL|FRCGP}} ({{langx|hi|शिव पांडे}}; born 25 October 1938) is an Indian-born [[general practitioner]] (GP) doctor in the United Kingdom. In the 1980s, Pande presented the UK's Asian television programme ''[[Aap Kaa Hak]]'', which ran for fourteen years. He was chair of the [[British International Doctors Association|British International Doctors' Association (BIDA)]], formerly known as the Overseas Doctors Association (ODA). In addition, he was the first Asian doctor to be elected as treasurer of the [[General Medical Council]]. He is a visiting professor at [[Gauhati University]], India, and at the [[University of Bolton]].

He has helped raise funds for charity, including arranging a joint India-Pakistan cricket team to play against "the rest of the world" in 1985 to raise money for Mother Teresa's charity and the orphans of the [[Bhopal gas tragedy]]. In 2018, his story was one of those told in a book on migrant South Asian doctors and was simultaneously part of an exhibition on migrant doctors at the [[Royal College of General Practitioners]] in London.

==Early life and family==
Pande was born on 25 October 1938 in central [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name="CookGPOnline2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gponline.com/interview-i-first-single-handed-gp-liverpool-employ-practice-nurse/article/1463163|title=Interview: 'I was the first single-handed GP in Liverpool to employ a practice nurse' {{!}} GPonline|website=www.gponline.com|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Nurturing">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nurturingthenation.org.uk/biography/doctors/2.3/shiv-pande/17.html|title=Nurturing the Nation :: Biographies|website=www.nurturingthenation.org.uk|language=en|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> Since his father had a business in Bombay (now Mumbai), Pande was able to stay with him and complete his early education in Mumbai.<ref name="Nurturing"/>

Pande married Kala and they have three children, including two who became GPs.<ref name="CookGPOnline2018" /><ref name="LiverpoolNews2015"/>

==Surgical career==
After completing his [[MBBS]] in 1962<ref name="inews2018">{{Cite news|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/health/nhs-at-70-south-asian-doctors-immigrants-lifeblood/|title=NHS at 70: why South Asian doctors became the 'lifeblood' of the health service|date=18 June 2018|work=i|access-date=23 July 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> and a master's degree in surgery from [[Vikram University]],<ref name="Sonwalker2018"" /> [[Indore]],<ref name="Nurturing"/> he spent nine years<ref name="inews2018"/> in surgery in various medical colleges before travelling to the Britain to train in surgery for two years.<ref name="Nurturing"/> He was one of more than 10,000 South Asian doctors who sought work in Britain in the four decades after the Second World War.<ref name="CookGPOnline2018"/>

He initially worked in [[accident and emergency]] at the Royal Albert Infirmary, Wigan, followed by a position as a registrar<ref name="CookGPOnline2018"/> in cardio-thoracic surgery at the [[London Chest Hospital]], during which time his wife travelled from India to join him.<ref name="CookGPOnline2018"/> Subsequently, he obtained placements at [[Broadgreen Hospital]] and [[Aintree University Hospital|Fazakerley Hospital]], Liverpool.<ref name="IndianExpress2015">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/indians-abroad/indian-origin-doctor-shiv-pande-receives-honorary-fellowship-in-uk/|title=Indian-origin doctor Shiv Pande receives honorary fellowship in UK|date=19 July 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> His two-year plan extended to four and he therefore remained.<ref name="Nurturing"/>

==General practice==
By 1975, his children were settling into secondary school and there were increasing job opportunities in general practice. He completed his one-year vocational training in Liverpool and whilst job searching, worked as a GP locum prior to being taken on as a partner with another Asian-born GP who had suffered a heart attack.<ref name="CookGPOnline2018"/> This practice belonged to a [[Goan]] GP, Dr Paes, whose Welsh wife, Dilys, took care of the paperwork and whose daughter carried out the role of receptionist. Without an appointment system, patients turned up and waited their turn.<ref name="inews2018"/> Thereafter, Pande ran this practice and gained another practice in 1981.<ref name="CookGPOnline2018"/>

Being single-handed and unable to always use an expensive locum service meant that Pande had to be available to patients twenty-four hours a day, every day of the year. Other difficulties included some female patients not wishing to disclose their problems to a male doctor. However, as an independent practitioner with some autonomy in decision-making, Pande had the freedom to appoint assistance from a nurse, and in Liverpool was the first single-handed GP to do so.<ref name="CookGPOnline2018"/><ref name="SunTimes2018"">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/article/1042588/how-thousands-of-south-asian-doctors-helped-keep-the-nhs-afloat|title=How thousands of South Asian doctors helped keep the NHS afloat|date=26 April 2018|website=www.sundaytimes.lk|language=en|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

==Television==
Pande became involved in television programmes for Asian people,<ref name="Nurturing"/> He hosted a citizens' rights programme ''[[Aap Kaa Hak]]'' (''This is Your Right''), broadcast by [[Granada TV]] from 1980, for fourteen years.<ref name="Simpson2018"/> It was founded on the principles of [[Michael Winstanley, Baron Winstanley|Lord Michael Winstanley]]'s English-language show ''[[This is Your Right]]''. In a similar manner, Pande would respond to queries about health and welfare in [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], whilst his Pakistani [[barrister]] friend answered the legal queries.<ref name="Simpson2018"/>

The show introduced Pande to numerous allied health professionals including dieticians and social workers, and he extended their services to his own practice, providing "children's health checks, vaccinations, and family-planning clinics".<ref name="CookGPOnline2018"/>

He worked as broadcaster for the BBC North West TV and BBC Radio Merseyside, and for 24 years has been a Justice of Peace on the Liverpool bench. In 2002, he was appointed a [[Deputy Lieutenant]] of Merseyside.<ref name="LiverpoolNews2015"/>

==Other roles==
Pande has been chairman of the British International Doctors' Association, (BIDA), previously known as the Overseas Doctors Association (ODA). He was the first Asian doctor to be elected as treasurer of the [[General Medical Council]].<ref name="Nurturing"/><ref name="UCLAN2015">{{Cite news|url=https://www.uclan.ac.uk/news/honorary_fellowships_2015.php|title=Archive {{!}} News {{!}}|date=2015|publisher= University of Central Lancashire|access-date=26 July 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===PLAB===
In 1996, Pande initiated and oversaw the pilot of the first part of the [[Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board]] (PLAB) test to be held in India. The innovation allowed thousands of young Indian doctors to sit the exam in their home country, rather than in Britain.<ref name="Sonwalker2018"">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/uk-varsity-to-honour-indian-doctor-for-being-a-superb-role-model/story-oDNJAIpbSsmbPMXNbkW4dK.html|title=UK varsity to honour Indian doctor for being 'a superb role model'|date=October 2015|work=Hindustantimes|access-date=23 July 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LifetimeAward2004">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/Section3Who/WhoEurope/UK/DrPANDEaward/indexDRaward.htm|title=NRI doctor Shiv Pande wins Asian Jewel Award, "life time achievement award 2004"|website=www.nriinternet.com|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

===Charity===
In 1984, Pande arranged for India's World Cup-winning cricketers to be involved in coaching unemployed Liverpool youngsters when the Indian cricketers visited the city in 1984.<ref name="Sonwalker2018"" /><ref name=":BIDA2018" />

A year later, hoping to achieve a similar success as the music world had done for the Ethiopian famine victims with [[Band Aid (band)|Band Aid]],<ref name=":Stars1985">{{Cite news|title=Stars Help Victims|date=28 August 1985|work=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> he raised £20,000<ref name="Sonwalker2018"" /> for [[Mother Teresa]]'s charity and the orphans of the [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal gas disaster]] by<ref name="ManchesterDonation1985"/> forming for the first time, a combined India-Pakistan XI cricket team to play against "the rest of the world".<ref name="LifetimeAward2004" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=GP sets up charity raffles of cricket mementos|date=16 August 1985|work=General Practitioner}}</ref> The match was held on 28 August 1985, at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], home of the [[Lancashire County Cricket Club]], Manchester, one of the sponsors.<ref name="ManchesterDonation1985"/><ref name="Fitzpatrick1985"/> Players included [[Clive Lloyd]] as captain of "the rest of the world",<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lloyd Skippers World Line-up|date=22 August 1985|work=The Daily Telegraph|page=22}}</ref> with [[Desmond Haynes]], [[Alvin Kallicharran]], [[Peter Lever]] and [[Graeme Fowler]] amongst others from Britain, Sri Lanka, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="ManchesterDonation1985">{{Cite news|title=Manchester donation for Bhopal fund|last=Majumder|first=Manab|date=22 August 1985|work=India Weekly}}</ref> The India-Pakistan team was captained by [[Gundappa Viswanath]], and included [[Madan Lal]], [[Kirti Azad]], [[Dilip Doshi]], [[Mudassar Nazar]], [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] and others.<ref name="ManchesterDonation1985"/> The crowd numbered almost 5,000,<ref name="Fitzpatrick1985">{{Cite news|title=Kalli shows rest the way home|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Paul|date=29 August 1985|work=The Guardian}}</ref> and it was televised by [[Granada TV]].<ref name=":Stars1985"/> Pande personally presented the raised funds to Mother Teresa and the then prime minister of India, [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name="LifetimeAward2004" />

In addition, he raised funds for the [[1993 Latur earthquake]] victims at a reception hosted by [[Prince Charles]] at Kensington Palace.<ref name="LifetimeAward2004"/>

==Retirement==
After 30 years in general practice,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://richardkemp.wordpress.com/2018/06/20/the-debt-that-the-nhs-and-the-country-owes-to-immigrants/|title=The debt that the NHS and the Country owes to immigrants|date=20 June 2018|work=But what does [[Richard Kemp (politician)|Richard Kemp]] think?|access-date=2 August 2018|language=en-US}}
</ref> Pande retired in 2005.<ref name="LiverpoolNews2015"/>

In 2016, Pande was appointed visiting professor in [[ethics]] and leadership at Gauhati University, India.<ref name=":Horasis2016">{{Cite web|url=https://horasis.org/wp-content/uploads/Horasis-Global-Meeting-2016-programme-brochure.pdf|title=Horasis Global Meeting, 2016|date=13-15 June 2016|website=www.horasis.org}}</ref> A year later, he was appointed visiting professor at the University of Bolton.<ref name=":BIDA2018">{{Cite journal|date=2 June 2018|title=70th Anniversary NHS, the huge contribution made by overseas doctors|url=http://www.bidaonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/BIDA-Journal-Jun2018-A4x28pp-WEB2-003.pdf|journal=The Journal of the British International Doctors' Association Issue|volume=24|pages=21}}</ref>

In 2018, his story was part of an exhibition at the RCGP in London on South Asian migrant doctors in the UK.<ref name="Simpson2018">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk1YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT237|title=Migrant Architects of the NHS: South Asian doctors and the reinvention of British general practice (1940s-1980s)|last=Simpson|first=Julian M.|date=2018|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9781784991302|location=Manchester|pages=218–219|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":RCGP2018">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rcgp.org.uk/about-us/news/2018/april/migrants-who-made-the-nhs-college-pays-tribute-to-gps.aspx|title=Migrants who made the NHS: College pays tribute to GPs who served patients – and the profession – during difficult times in the history of general practice|website=www.rcgp.org.uk|language=en|access-date=20 July 2018}}</ref> His interview was one of forty-five oral histories in [[Julian M. Simpson]]'s ''[[Migrant architects of the NHS; South Asian doctors and the reinvention of British general practice (1940s-1980s)]]'', used to illustrate how imperial legacies and medical migration shaped healthcare in the UK in the decades following the founding of the [[NHS]].<ref name="inews2018" /><ref name="Simpson2018"/>

==Awards==
Pande was awarded an honorary fellowship by the University of Central Lancashire in recognition of his contribution to the community.<ref name="LiverpoolNews2015">{{Cite news|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/merseyside-doctor-receives-honorary-fellowship-9658115|title=Merseyside doctor receives honorary fellowship for years of community work|date=15 July 2015|work=Liverpool Echo|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> In 1989, he received an MBE.<ref name="LiverpoolNews2015"/> In 2004, Pande received the [[Lloyds TSB]] lifetime achievement award.<ref name="LifetimeAward2004"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781784991302/|publisher=Manchester University Press |title= Migrant architects of the NHS|access-date=4 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> 10 years later he was awarded the RCGP's "lifetime achievement award".<ref name=Bower2024>{{cite web |last1=Bower |first1=Emma Bower |title=RCGP recognises achievements of members in its annual Inspire Awards |url=https://www.gponline.com/rcgp-recognises-achievements-members-its-annual-inspire-awards/article/1878846 |website=www.gponline.com |publisher=GP Online |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627182520/https://www.gponline.com/rcgp-recognises-achievements-members-its-annual-inspire-awards/article/1878846 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |language=en |date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Shiv Pande}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pande, Shiv}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British general practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Merseyside]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]
[[Category:Vikram University alumni]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Liverpool]]

Censorship by Google

2026-02-08T21:21:16Z

EJEBoris894787: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|censorship by Google itself|censorship of Google by governments and organizations|Censorship of Google}}
{{Update|date=January 2021}}
[[Google]] and its subsidiary companies, such as [[YouTube]], have removed or omitted information from its services in order to comply with company policies, legal demands, and government [[censorship]] laws.<ref name="gatekeepers" />

Numerous governments have asked Google to censor content. In 2012, Google ruled in favor of more than half the requests they received via court orders and phone calls. This did not include [[China]] or [[Iran]], who completely blocked the site or one of its subsidiary companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303836404577472571954977012|title=Google's Censorship Juggle|last=Sonne|first=Paul|date=June 18, 2012|website=The Wall Street Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731022847/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303836404577472571954977012|archive-date=2017-07-31|url-status=dead|access-date=January 25, 2018}}</ref>

As of 2025, Google continues to receive hundreds of thousands of removal requests annually from governments worldwide, most commonly related to national security, copyright, or defamation, and regularly reviews each request for compliance with its policies.[https://support.google.com/adsense/answer/9336650]

==Google AdSense==
{{See also|Google AdSense}}
In February 2003, Google stopped showing advertisements from [[Oceana (non-profit group)|Oceana]], a non-profit organization protesting against a major cruise ship operation's sewage treatment practices. Google, citing its editorial policy, stated that "Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals, groups, or organizations."<ref>{{cite web|date=May 17, 2004|title=Google Somewhat Lifts Oceana Ad Ban|publisher=webpronews.com|url=http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2004/05/17/google-somewhat-lifts-oceana-ad-ban|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130095413/http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2004/05/17/google-somewhat-lifts-oceana-ad-ban|archive-date=2009-01-30|access-date=2007-05-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2008, Google refused to run ads for a UK Christian group opposed to abortion, explaining that "At this time, Google policy does not permit the advertisement of websites that contain 'abortion and religion'".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cockroft |first=Lucy |date=2008-04-09 |title=Pro-life charity sues Google over anti-abortion advert |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584434/Pro-life-charity-sues-Google-over-anti-abortion-advert.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731074223/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584434/Pro-life-charity-sues-Google-over-anti-abortion-advert.html |archive-date=2024-07-31 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2014, Google removed ads for certain [[crisis pregnancy center]]s following an investigation by [[NARAL]]. Research across 70 U.S. cities found that, among "abortion clinic" search results, 79% of the Google ads reviewed violated its policy against deceptive advertising.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winkler |first=Rolfe |date=April 29, 2014 |title=Google Removes Anti-Abortion Ads Deemed Deceptive |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041732/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34724 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> According to NARAL, people using Google to search for [[abortion clinic]]s were shown advertisements for [[Anti-abortion movement in the United States|anti-abortion]] crisis pregnancy centers. Google stated that it constantly reviews ads for policy violations and, if found, takes appropriate actions, including disabling or blacklisting accounts, as quickly as possible.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hayley Tsukayama |date=April 28, 2014 |title=Google removes "deceptive" pregnancy center ads |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/04/28/naral-successfully-lobbies-google-to-take-down-deceptive-pregnancy-center-ads/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512235928/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/04/28/naral-successfully-lobbies-google-to-take-down-deceptive-pregnancy-center-ads/ |archive-date=May 12, 2015 |access-date=August 29, 2017 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>

In September 2018, Google removed a paid advertisement from YouTube made by supporters of Russian opposition who urged Russians to participate in a protest set on September 9. Russia's [[Central Election Commission (Russia)|Central Election Commission]] earlier sent a request to Google to remove the advertisement, saying it violated election laws that call for a "day of silence" on election matters ahead of voting, but the advertisement was blocked even in regions with no voting set on September 9 and in regions where authorities had authorized the pension-reform protests.<ref>{{cite news|title=Google Reportedly Removes Navalny Ad After Russian Government Complains|publisher=[[Radio Liberty]]|location=Moscow|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/google-reportedly-removes-navalny-ad-after-russian-government-complains/29478844.html|access-date=2023-10-11|archive-date=2018-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908165956/https://www.rferl.org/a/google-reportedly-removes-navalny-ad-after-russian-government-complains/29478844.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Google Maps==
{{See also|Google Maps}}

In March 2007, the lower-resolution [[satellite imagery]] on [[Google Maps]] showing post-[[Hurricane Katrina]] damage in [[Louisiana]], US, was allegedly replaced with higher resolution images from before the storm.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=March 30, 2007|title=Google accused of airbrushing Katrina history|work=NBS News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17880969|access-date=September 26, 2013|archive-date=September 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042746/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17880969/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/t/google-accused-airbrushing-katrina-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Google's official blog post in April revealed that the imagery was still available in [[Keyhole Markup Language|KML]] format on [[Google Earth]] or Google Maps.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 2, 2005|title=Post-Katrina images of New Orleans on Google Maps|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/09/post-katrina-images-of-new-orleans-on.html|access-date=February 1, 2008|archive-date=November 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115204900/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/09/post-katrina-images-of-new-orleans-on.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2, 2007|title=About the New Orleans imagery in Google Maps and Earth|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/04/about-new-orleans-imagery-in-google.html|access-date=June 6, 2007|archive-date=May 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526122822/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/04/about-new-orleans-imagery-in-google.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-06-08|title=Google Earth - Hurricane Katrina Imagery|url=http://earth.google.com/katrina.html|access-date=2021-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608175835/http://earth.google.com/katrina.html|archive-date=2007-06-08}}</ref>

In March 2008, Google removed [[google Street View|Street View]] and 360° images of military bases per [[the Pentagon]]'s request.<ref name="Zeman-2008">{{cite news|last=Zeman|first=Eric|date=March 7, 2008|title=Google Caves To Pentagon Wishes|publisher=Information Week|url=http://www.informationweek.com/applications/google-caves-to-pentagon-wishes/d/d-id/1065435|access-date=August 12, 2014|archive-date=August 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205828/http://www.informationweek.com/applications/google-caves-to-pentagon-wishes/d/d-id/1065435|url-status=live}}</ref>

To protect the privacy and anonymity of individuals, Google selectively blurred photographs containing car license number plates and faces in [[Google Street View]]. Users may request further blurring of images that feature them, their family, their car, or their home. Users can also request the removal of images that feature what Google terms "inappropriate content," which falls under their categories of intellectual property violations; sexually explicit content; illegal, dangerous, or violent content; child endangerment; hate speech; harassment and threats; and personal or confidential information.<ref>[https://www.google.com/intl/en_us/streetview/privacy/ "Image Acceptance & Privacy Policies"], Goggle Inc. Retrieved 2014–07–4.</ref> In some countries (e.g. Germany), Google modifies images of specific buildings.<ref>[http://www.dw.de/german-foreign-minister-joins-criticism-of-googles-mapping-program/a-5910738 "German foreign minister joins criticism of Google's mapping program"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203144/http://www.dw.de/german-foreign-minister-joins-criticism-of-googles-mapping-program/a-5910738 |date=2014-08-12 }}, Catherine Bolsover, ''Deutsche Welle'', August 14, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2014.</ref> In the United States, Google Street View adjusts or omits certain images deemed of interest to national security by the federal government.<ref name="Zeman-2008"/>

==Google Search==
{{see also|Google Search}}
{{anchor|SafeSearch}}

In the United States, Google commonly filters search results to comply with [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA)-related legal complaints.<ref>[http://www.chillingeffects.org/keyword.cgi?KeywordID=2 "Keyword: Google and the DMCA"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620060248/http://www.chillingeffects.org/keyword.cgi?KeywordID=2 |date=2008-06-20 }}, [[Lumen (website)|Chilling Effects Clearinghouse]]</ref>

In the United Kingdom, it was reported that Google had "delisted" [[Inquisition 21]], a website that claims to challenge moral authoritarian and sexually absolutist ideas in the United Kingdom. Google later released a press statement suggesting Inquisition 21 had attempted to manipulate search results.<ref name=Gdelists>{{cite news |last=Sherriff |first=Lucy |date=September 21, 2006 |title=Google erases Operation Ore campaign site |publisher=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/21/google_delists_inq21/ |access-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810140444/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/21/google_delists_inq21/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Germany and France, a study reported that approximately 113 [[white nationalism|white nationalist]], [[Nazism|Nazi]], [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]], [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremist]], and other similar websites had been removed from the German and French versions of Google.<ref name="cyber.law.harvard.edu">Zittrain, Jonathan; Edelman, Benjamin. "[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/google Localized Google search result exclusions: Statement of issues and call for data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212212549/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/google/ |date=2011-02-12 }}." ''[[Harvard Law School]]: Berkman Center for Internet & Society.'' October 22, 2002.</ref> Google has complied with these laws by not including sites containing such material in its search results. However, Google does list the number of excluded results at the bottom of the search result page and links to [[Lumen (website)|Lumen]] (formerly, Chilling Effects) for an explanation.<ref name=gatekeepers/>

===Lolicon content===
{{Update|part=section|date=April 2024|reason=No info past 2010}}
{{as of|2010|April|18}}, Google censors "''[[lolicon]]''", a Japanese term meaning "attractive young girls",{{sfn|Galbraith|2016|pp=113–114|ps=: "Given its importance, it is not surprising that ''lolicon'' has been well researched in Japan over the course of decades, which has led to numerous insights. [...] Characters are not compensating for something more 'real,' but rather are in their fiction the object of affection. This has been described as 'finding sexual objects in fiction in itself', which in discussions of ''lolicon'' is made explicitly distinct from desire for and abuse of children."}}<ref>{{harvnb|McLelland|2011b|p=16|ps=: "Japanese scholarship has, on the whole, argued that, in the case of Japanese fans, neither the Loli nor the [[Boys' Love|BL]] fandom represent the interests of paedophiles since moe characters are not objectified in the same manner that actual images of children can be, rather they express aspects of their creators' or consumers' own identities."}}</ref>{{sfn|Kittredge|2014|p=524|ps=: "The majority of the cultural critics responding to the Japanese ''otaku''{{'s}} erotic response to ''lolicon'' images emphasize, like Keller, that no children are harmed in the production of these images and that looking with desire at a stylized drawing of a young girl is not the same as lusting after an actual child."}} on its search results, hiding results regarding lolicon material, even if the user types words along with the term which would typically lead to explicit content results; the terms "loli" and "lolita" also suffer from censorship in regards to this content.<ref name="google censors lolita cnet news">{{cite news|last1=Matyszczyk|first1=Chris|title=Google censors 'Lolita' but not 'bestiallity'|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-censors-lolita-but-not-bestiality/|access-date=2 March 2017|work=CNET News|date=January 31, 2010|ref=Google censors lolita CNET News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302183111/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-censors-lolita-but-not-bestiality/|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="google censors lolicon sites anime gerad">{{cite web|author1=Jura|title=Google censors lolicon sites|url=http://animegerad.com/google-censors-lolicon-sites/|website=Anime Gerad|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422144110/http://animegerad.com/google-censors-lolicon-sites/|archive-date=22 April 2010|date=18 April 2010}}</ref>

===Removal of SafeSearch options===

Google [[SafeSearch]] was first introduced in 1999 as a tool to help users filter out explicit content such as pornography or violence from search results. Some users have stated that SafeSearch's lack of a completely unfiltered option amounts to censorship by Google. A Google spokesperson{{Who|date=May 2025}} disagreed, saying that Google is "not censoring any adult content," but "want to show users exactly what they are looking for—but [Google policies] aim not to show sexually-explicit results unless a user is specifically searching for them".<ref>{{cite web |last=Whittaker |first=Zack |date=December 12, 2012 |title=Google.com now 'censors' explicit content from image searches |publisher=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-com-now-censors-explicit-content-from-image-searches/ |access-date=June 14, 2013 |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703050028/http://www.zdnet.com/google-com-now-censors-explicit-content-from-image-searches-7000008705/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Online pharmacies===
Following a settlement with the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) ending [[google Ads|Google Adwords]]' advertising of Canadian pharmacies that permitted Americans to access cheaper prescriptions, Google agreed to several compliances and reporting measures to limit the visibility of "rogue pharmacies". Google and other members of the Center for Safe Internet Pharmacies are collaborating to remove illegal pharmacies from search results and participating in "Operation Pangea" with the FDA and Interpol.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/health-care/how-google-is-trying-to-protect-your-drug-supply-20140305|title=How Google Is Trying to Protect Your Drug Supply|date=March 5, 2014|publisher=NationalJournal|author=Sophie Novack|access-date=March 6, 2014|archive-date=March 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306155509/http://www.nationaljournal.com/health-care/how-google-is-trying-to-protect-your-drug-supply-20140305|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Pharmaceutical-crime/Operations/Operation-Pangea|title=Pharmaceutical Crime/Operations|publisher=Interpol|access-date=2014-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613071343/http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Pharmaceutical-crime/Operations/Operation-Pangea|archive-date=2016-06-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Search suggestions===
{{see also|Search suggest drop-down list|Criticism of Google#Web search}}
In January 2010, Google was reported to have stopped providing automatic suggestions for any search beginning with the term "Islam is", while it continued to do so for other major religions. According to ''[[wired (magazine)|Wired.com]]'', a Google spokesperson stated, "This is a bug and we're working to fix it as quickly as we can."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/01/google-islam-censorship/|title=Is Google Censoring Islam Suggestions? | Wired Business|last=Singel|first=Ryan|date=March 28, 2013|publisher=Wired.com|access-date=June 15, 2013|archive-date=November 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115002339/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/01/google-islam-censorship/|url-status=live}}</ref> Suggestions for "Islam is" were available later that month. Nonetheless, Google continues to filter certain words from autocomplete suggestions,<ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/08/words_banned_from_bing_and_google_s_autocomplete_algorithms.html "Sex, Violence, and Autocomplete Algorithms: What words do Bing and Google censor from their suggestions?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203125052/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/08/words_banned_from_bing_and_google_s_autocomplete_algorithms.html |date=2013-12-03 }}, Nicholas Diakopoulos, Future Tense (Slate), August 2, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.</ref> describing them as "potentially inappropriate".<ref>[https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/186645 "Google Instant doesn't work"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414054846/http://support.google.com/websearch/answer/186645 |date=2013-04-14 }}, Google Search Help. Retrieved December 3, 2013.</ref>

The publication ''[[2600: The Hacker Quarterly]]'' has compiled a list of words that are restricted by [[Google Search#Instant Search|Google Instant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2600.com/googleblacklist/ |title=Google Blacklist – Words That Google Instant Doesn't Like |publisher=2600.com |access-date=August 4, 2012 |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023530/https://www.2600.com/googleblacklist/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These are terms that the company's Instant Search feature will not search.<ref>{{cite news |author=Samuel Axon, Mashable |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/web/09/29/google.instant.blacklist.mashable/index.html |title=Which words does Google Instant blacklist? |publisher=CNN |date=September 29, 2010 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |archive-date=September 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923061656/http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/web/09/29/google.instant.blacklist.mashable/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/29/google-instant-censorship_n_743203.html|title=Google Instant Censorship: The Strangest Terms Blacklisted By Google|date=September 29, 2010|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=August 4, 2012|archive-date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034527/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/29/google-instant-censorship_n_743203.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Most terms are often vulgar and derogatory in nature, but some apparently irrelevant searches including "Myleak" are removed.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com"/>

{{as of|2011|January|26}}, Google's Autocomplete feature would not complete certain words such as "BitTorrent," "Torrent," "uTorrent," "Megaupload," and "Rapidshare", and Google actively censored search terms or phrases that its algorithm considered likely constituting spam or intending to manipulate search results.<ref>[http://torrentfreak.com/google-starts-censoring-bittorrent-rapidshare-and-more-110126/ "Google Starts Censoring BitTorrent, RapidShare and More"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318090436/http://torrentfreak.com/google-starts-censoring-bittorrent-rapidshare-and-more-110126/ |date=2015-03-18 }}, Torrent Freak, January 26, 2011</ref>

In September 2012, multiple sources reported that Google had removed "[[bisexuality|bisexual]]" from its list of blacklisted terms for Instant Search.<ref>[http://www.advocate.com/society/technology/2012/09/11/google-removes-bisexual-its-list-dirty-words "Google Removes 'Bisexual' From Its List of Dirty Words"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315201100/http://www.advocate.com/society/technology/2012/09/11/google-removes-bisexual-its-list-dirty-words |date=2014-03-15 }}, Michelle Garcia, Advocate.com, September 11, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2014.</ref>

In December 2022, Google was reported to have stopped providing automatic suggestions for any search with the term "protests in China", while it continued to do so for other countries.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===Ungoogleable===
In 2013, the [[Language Council of Sweden]] included the [[Swedish language|Swedish]] version of the word ''ungoogleable'' (''[[wikt:ogooglebar|ogooglebar]]'') in its list of new words.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21944834|title=Google gets ungoogleable off Sweden's new word list|last=Fanning|first=Sean|date=March 26, 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=BBC|access-date=April 5, 2013|archive-date=June 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617215216/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21944834|url-status=live}}</ref> It had "defined the term as something that cannot be found with any search engine".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21956743|title=Who, What, Why: What is 'ungoogleable'?|date=2013-03-27|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-04-18|language=en-GB|archive-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419110148/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21956743|url-status=live}}</ref> Google objected to this definition, wanting it to only refer to Google searches, and the Council removed it in order to avoid a legal confrontation,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ungoogleable-removed-from-list-of-swedish-words-after-row-over-definition-with-google-8550096.html|title='Ungoogleable' removed from list of Swedish words after row over definition with Google: California based search engine giant asked Swedish to amend definition|last=Williams|first=Rob|date=March 26, 2013|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|location=London|access-date=April 5, 2013|archive-date=April 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401055946/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ungoogleable-removed-from-list-of-swedish-words-after-row-over-definition-with-google-8550096.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and accused Google of trying to "control the Swedish language".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/9954990/Sweden-rows-with-Google-over-term-ungoogleable.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/9954990/Sweden-rows-with-Google-over-term-ungoogleable.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Sweden rows with Google over term 'ungoogleable'|last=Irvine|first=Chris|date=March 25, 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|access-date=April 5, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Leaked celebrity content===
{{main|2014 celebrity nude photo leak}}

On 31 August 2014, almost 200 private pictures of various celebrities containing nudity and explicit content were [[2014 celebrity nude photo leak|made public on certain websites]]. Google removed most search results that linked users directly to such content shortly after.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/news/celebrity/2014/09/01/celebrity-nude-photo-leaks-phone-hacking-fear/|title=J-Law's pictures to be displayed at an art gallery|first=Sagal|last=Mohammed|magazine=[[Glamour Magazine UK]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|date=September 1, 2014|access-date=September 6, 2014|archive-date=September 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907004534/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/news/celebrity/2014/09/01/celebrity-nude-photo-leaks-phone-hacking-fear/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===COVID-19 pandemic-related content===
An Australian study found Google search results relating to COVID-19 were heavily curated, with no indication given to users that such curation was happening.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google's hidden search algorithms are being investigated by researchers. Here's what they've found |author=James Purtill |date=4 April 2021 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-08-05/google-curating-covid-search-results-algorithm-project-finds/100343284 |access-date=18 Oct 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018215115/https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-08-05/google-curating-covid-search-results-algorithm-project-finds/100343284 |archive-date=18 Oct 2023}}</ref> Google removed autocomplete suggestions for searches related to the [[COVID-19 lab leak theory]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Google isn't blocking searches for the 'lab leak' theory as the coronavirus' origin is being investigated, but it prioritizes 'authoritative' results to avoid leading users to misinformation |author=Allana Akhtar |date=10 June 2021 |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-does-not-auto-complete-searches-wuhan-lab-leak-theory-2021-6 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018223506/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-does-not-auto-complete-searches-wuhan-lab-leak-theory-2021-6 |archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref>

===International===

====Australia====
In January 2010, Google Australia removed links to satirical website [[Encyclopedia Dramatica|Encyclopedia Dramatica's]] "Aboriginal" article, citing it as a violation of Australia's [[Racial Discrimination Act 1975|Racial Discrimination Act]].<ref>{{citation
| title = Aus Media Gets Encyclopedia Dramatica Story Wrong, Only Some Search Links Removed
| publisher = The Inquisitr
| first = Duncan
| last = Riley
| url = http://www.inquisitr.com/57105/aus-media-gets-ed-story-wrong/
| date = January 14, 2010
| access-date = February 12, 2014
| archive-date = January 19, 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100119021719/http://www.inquisitr.com/57105/aus-media-gets-ed-story-wrong/
| url-status = live
}}.</ref> After the website's domain change in 2011, the article resurfaced in Google Australia's search results.

====Canada====
{{Main|Google Inc v Equustek Solutions Inc}}

On 19 June 2014, Google was ordered by the [[Supreme Court of British Columbia]] to remove search results that linked to websites of a company called Datalink. The websites in question sell network device technology that Datalink is alleged to have stolen from Equustek Solutions. Google voluntarily removed links from google.ca, the main site used by Canadians, but the court granted a temporary injunction applying to all Google sites across the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bccourts.ca/jdb-txt/SC/14/10/2014BCSC1063.htm|title=2014 BCSC 1063 Equustek Solutions Inc. v. Jack|website=www.bccourts.ca|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629170211/https://www.bccourts.ca/jdb-txt/SC/14/10/2014BCSC1063.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Google argued that Canadian law could not be imposed across the world but was given until June 17, 2014, to comply with the court's ruling.<ref name="BusinessETC-27June2014">[http://businessetc.thejournal.ie/canada-google-court-1525607-Jun2014/ "This company will no longer show up on Google's search results after court ruling"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172359/http://businessetc.thejournal.ie/canada-google-court-1525607-Jun2014/ |date=2014-07-14 }}, Business ETC, June 19, 2014.</ref>

====China====
{{Main|Google China}}

Google adhered to the [[Internet censorship in China|Internet censorship policies of China]],<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4645596.stm|title=Google censors itself for China|date=January 25, 2006|work=BBC News|access-date=January 31, 2008|archive-date=November 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119073206/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4645596.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> enforced by means of filters colloquially known as "The [[Great Firewall]]," until March 2010. Google.cn search results were filtered to not display any results perceived to be harmful to the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP).{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Google claimed that some censorship was necessary in order to keep the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] from blocking Google entirely, which had happened in 2002.<ref>[http://www.groveatlantic.com/#page=isbn9780802142979 ''The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC–AD 2000''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314220758/http://www.groveatlantic.com/#page=isbn9780802142979 |date=March 14, 2015 }}, Julia Lovell, Grove/Atlantic, March 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4297-9}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2021}}

Google claimed it did not plan to give the government information about users who searched for blocked content and would inform users that content had been restricted if they attempt to search for it.<ref name="Google move 'black day' for China">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4647398.stm Google move 'black day' for China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519104053/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4647398.stm |date=2006-05-19 }}." ''[[BBC News]].'' January 25, 2006.</ref> {{As of|2009|}}, Google was the only major China-based search engine to explicitly inform the user when search results were blocked or hidden. {{as of|2012|December|}}, Google no longer informs the user of possible censorship for certain queries during a search.<ref>"[https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/04/google-china-search-message-gone Google quietly removed search warning message in China in early December 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122173250/https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/04/google-china-search-message-gone/ |date=2017-11-22 }}." ''[[Engadget]].'' January 4, 2013</ref> The Chinese government had restricted citizens' access to popular search engines such as [[AltaVista]], [[Yahoo]], and [[Google Search|Google]] in the past, though the complete ban has since been lifted{{When|date=January 2010}}. However, the government remains active in filtering Internet content. In October 2005, the [[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] platform and access to the Google [[Web cache|cache]] was made available in mainland China; however, in December 2005, some mainland Chinese Blogger users reported that their access to the site was once again restricted{{Who|date=January 2010}}.

In January 2006, Google agreed that China's version of Google, [[Google.cn]], would filter certain keywords given to it by the Chinese government.<ref name="Jan2006">[http://www.cnn.com/2006/BUSINESS/01/25/google.china/ Google to censor itself in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107082034/http://www.cnn.com/2006/BUSINESS/01/25/google.china/ |date=2015-01-07 }}, CNN (January 26, 2006).</ref> Google pledged to tell users when search results are censored and said that it would not "maintain any services that involve personal or confidential data, such as [[Gmail]] or [[blogger (service)|Blogger]], on the mainland".<ref name="Lau">Justine Lau, [https://www.ft.com/content/faf86fbc-0009-11df-8626-00144feabdc0 A history of Google in China], ''Financial Times'' (July 9, 2010).</ref> Google said that it does not plan to give the government information about users who search for blocked content and will inform users that content has been restricted if they attempt to search for it. Searchers may encounter a message which states: "In accordance with local laws and policies, some of the results have not been displayed."<ref name="Google move 'black day' for China"/> Google issued a statement saying that "removing search results is inconsistent with Google's mission" but that the alternative—being shut down entirely and thereby "providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission."<ref name="Jan2006"/> Initially, both the censored Google.cn and the uncensored Chinese-language Google.com were available. In June 2006, however, China blocked Google.com again.<ref name="Lau"/>

Some Chinese Internet users were critical of Google for assisting the Chinese government in repressing its own citizens, particularly those dissenting against the government and advocating for human rights.<ref name="TellGoogle">[https://archive.today/20130210002141/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/admirersofhhthedalailama/message/4117 "Google: Stop participating in China's Propaganda"], Students for a Free Tibet, Yahoo! Groups, February 1, 2006</ref> Furthermore, Google had been denounced and called hypocritical by the [[Free Media Movement]] and [[Reporters Without Borders]] for agreeing to China's demands while simultaneously fighting the United States government's requests for similar information.<ref name="Googlebows">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/01/25/afx2474703.html |title=Google bows to Chinese censorship with new search site |author=AFX News |work=Forbes |date=January 25, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121012157/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/01/25/afx2474703.html|archive-date=November 21, 2008}}</ref> Google China had also been condemned by [[Reporters Without Borders]],<ref name="Googlebows" /> [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/5.htm#_Toc142395827 "3. Google, Inc."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312085036/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/5.htm#_Toc142395827 |date=2017-03-12 }} in ''Race to the Bottom': Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship, Part IV. How Multinational Internet Companies assist Government Censorship in China'', Human Rights Watch, Vol. 18 No. 8(C), August 2006</ref> and [[Amnesty International]].<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol30/015/2006/en/ "<s>Google does not censor:</s> take action to defend freedom of information"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122060435/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol30/015/2006/en/ |date=2018-11-22 }}, Amnesty International, May 10, 2006</ref>

On 14 February 2006, protesters organized a "mass breakup with Google" whereby users agreed to boycott Google on [[Valentine's Day]] to show their disapproval of the Google China policy.<ref>Fung, Amanda. "[http://www.newyorkbusiness.com/news.cms?id=12962 Midtown protest targets Google's China site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627104354/http://www.newyorkbusiness.com/news.cms?id=12962 |date=2006-06-27 }}." ''New York Business.'' February 14, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.noluv4google.com/ NO LUV 4 Google Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517021023/http://www.noluv4google.com/ |date=2008-05-17 }}.</ref>

In June 2009, Google was ordered by the Chinese government to block various overseas websites, including some with sexually explicit content. Google was criticized by the China Illegal Information Reporting Center (CIIRC) for allowing search results that included content that was sexual in nature, and claimed the company was a dissemination channel for a "huge amount of [[pornography]] and lewd content".<ref>[http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/42933/118/ "Beijing blocks Google search results over pornography row"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624015149/http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/42933/118 |date=2009-06-24 }}, Aharon Etengoff, ''TG Daily'' (Velum Media), 19 June 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref>

On 12 January 2010, in response to an [[Operation Aurora|apparent hacking of Google's servers]] in an attempt to access information about Chinese dissidents, Google announced that "we are no longer willing to continue censoring our results on Google.cn, and so over the next few weeks we will be discussing with the Chinese government the basis on which we could operate an unfiltered search engine within the law, if at all."<ref>Official Google Blog. "[https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-approach-to-china.html A new approach to China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113232229/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-approach-to-china.html |date=2010-01-13 }}" January 12, 2010</ref>

On 22 March 2010, after talks with Chinese authorities failed to reach an agreement, the company redirected its censor-complying [[Google China]] service to its Google Hong Kong service, which is outside the jurisdiction of Chinese censorship laws. However, at least as of March 23, 2010, "The Great Firewall" continues to censor search results from the Hong Kong portal, www.google.com.hk (as it does with the US portal, www.google.com) for controversial terms such as "[[Falun Gong|Falun gong]]" and "the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|June 4th incident]]" (1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre).<ref>Official Google Blog. "[https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/03/new-approach-to-china-update.html A new approach to China: an update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323214634/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/03/new-approach-to-china-update.html |date=2010-03-23 }}" March 22, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/google-pulls-out-of-china-2010-3|title=BREAKING: Google Pulls Search Engine Out Of China|date=March 22, 2010|access-date=March 22, 2010|work=Business Insider|archive-date=March 24, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324030538/http://www.businessinsider.com/google-pulls-out-of-china-2010-3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a.8ttSrfS4DE&pos=1|title=Google's Chinese Site Redirects to Hong Kong Version|date=March 22, 2010|access-date=March 22, 2010|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>

In August 2018, it was revealed that Google was working on a version of its search engine for use in China, which would censor content according to the restrictions placed by the Chinese government. This project was worked on by a small percentage of the company and was codenamed [[Dragonfly (search engine)|Dragonfly]]. A number of Google employees expressed their concern about the project, and several resigned.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Ryan |date=16 August 2018 |title=Google Staff Tell Bosses China Censorship is "Moral and Ethical" Crisis |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/08/16/google-china-crisis-staff-dragonfly/ |work=The Intercept |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816175109/https://theintercept.com/2018/08/16/google-china-crisis-staff-dragonfly/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=O'Donovan |first=Caroline |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolineodonovan/google-project-dragonfly-employees-quitting |title=Google Employees Are Quitting Over Dragonfly, The Company's Search Project For China |work=BuzzFeed News |date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=September 15, 2018 |archive-date=September 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914214643/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolineodonovan/google-project-dragonfly-employees-quitting |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Google's vice president of public policy, [[Karan Bhatia]], testified before the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee]] that the Dragonfly project had been terminated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/google-china-ban-project-dragonfly-search-engine-project-a9007956.html|title=Google finally says it will kill censored Chinese search engine Project Dragonfly|date=2019-07-17|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-07-20|archive-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718151336/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/google-china-ban-project-dragonfly-search-engine-project-a9007956.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2023, [[Radio Free Asia]] reported that YouTube content satirizing [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] is routinely targeted for takedowns using YouTube's [[copyright infringement]] reporting system.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 21, 2023 |title=YouTube shuts down satirical spoof video channel targeting Chinese leader Xi Jinping |work=[[Radio Free Asia]] |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/youtube-xijinping-02212023162711.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225222853/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/youtube-xijinping-02212023162711.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 February 2025, The Guardian issued a report indicating the Google China had removed content such as [[YouTube videos]] of [[anti-state]] protesters or content that criticises and alleges [[corruption]] among their politicians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Boyle |first=Siân |date=2025-02-15 |title=Revealed: Google facilitated Russia and China's censorship requests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/15/google-helped-facilitate-russia-china-censorship-requests |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> At the request of the [[Ministry of Public Security (China)|ministry of public security]] in [[Minister of Public Security (China)|China]], which oversees the police and domestic political spying networks, Google took down more than 200 videos.<ref name=":0" /> The ministry had requested removals for 412, of which 346 "contained allegations about corruption within the political system in the People's Republic of China or stories about top government officials".<ref name=":0" /> Google also assisted in China's crackdown on [[free speech]], removing profiles that [[Impersonator|impersonated]] the [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]], [[Xi Jinping]].<ref name=":0" /> Online impersonation accounts were banned in 2015 after Chinese citizens used them to covertly criticise Xi and to circumvent [[Censorship in China|censorship laws]], which are some of the world's most prohibitive.<ref name=":0" />

====European Union====

In July 2014, Google began removing certain search results from its search engines in the [[European Union]] in response to requests under the [[right to be forgotten]]. Articles whose links were removed, when searching for specific personal names, included a 2007 blog by the BBC journalist [[Robert Peston]] about [[Stanley O'Neal]], a former chairman of investment bank [[Merrill (company)|Merrill Lynch]], being forced out after the bank made huge losses.<ref name="rp1">{{cite web|author=[[Robert Peston]]|work=BBC News|date=29 October 2007|title=Peston's Picks:Merrill's Mess|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/thereporters/robertpeston/2007/10/merrills_mess.html|archive-date=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702190348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/thereporters/robertpeston/2007/10/merrills_mess.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Peston criticized Google for "...cast[ing him] into oblivion".<ref name="rp2">{{cite web|author=[[Robert Peston]]|work=BBC News|date=2 July 2014|title=Why has Google cast me into oblivion ?|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28130581|archive-date=5 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805094515/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28130581|url-status=live}}</ref>

''The Guardian'' reported that six of its articles, including three relating to a former Scottish football referee, had been "hidden".<ref name="ball">{{cite web|author=[[James Ball (journalist)|James Ball]]|work=The Guardian|date=2 July 2014|title=EU's right to be forgotten:Guardian articles have been hidden|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/02/eu-right-to-be-forgotten-guardian-google|archive-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814084459/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/02/eu-right-to-be-forgotten-guardian-google|url-status=live}}</ref> Other articles, including one about French office workers using post-it notes and another about a collapsed fraud trial of a solicitor standing for election to the Law Society's ruling body, were affected.<ref name="postit">{{cite web|author=Jon Healey|work=The Guardian|date=30 August 2011|title=Paris's Post-it wars|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/aug/30/paris-post-it-wars-french|archive-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728141326/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/aug/30/paris-post-it-wars-french|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dyer">{{cite web|author=Clare Dyer|work=The Guardian|date=28 June 2002|title=Accused solicitor stands for office|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/28/claredyer|archive-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728141329/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/28/claredyer|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sky News Australia]] reported that a story about [[Kelly Osbourne]] falling ill on the set of ''[[Fashion Police]]'' in 2013 had been removed.<ref>[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/kelly-osbourne-leaves-hospital-seizure-233542091.html "Kelly Osbourne Leaves Hospital After Seizure"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163434/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/kelly-osbourne-leaves-hospital-seizure-233542091.html |date=2014-07-14 }}, Sky News via Yahoo! News, 13 March 2013.</ref><ref>[https://news.sky.com/story/1294197/google-starts-erasing-disputed-search-results "Google Starts Erasing Disputed Search Results"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194751/https://news.sky.com/story/1294197/google-starts-erasing-disputed-search-results |date=2014-07-14 }}, Sky News, 3 July 2014.</ref>

The ''Oxford Mail'' reported that its publishers had been notified by Google about the removal of links to the story of a conviction for shoplifting in 2006. The paper said it was not known who had asked Google to remove the search result, but there had been a previous complaint to the [[Press Complaints Commission]] (PCC) in 2010 concerning its accuracy, claimed that the report was causing "embarrassment", and requested that the story be taken off the paper's website. The paper said two factual amendments were made to the article and the PCC dismissed the complaint.<ref name="Oxford1">{{cite web|work=The Oxford Mail|date=5 May 2006|title=Archaeology specialist tried to steal from shop|access-date=11 August 2014|url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/yourtown/oxford/750076.Archaeology_specialist__tried_to_steal_from_shop_/|archive-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904064106/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/yourtown/oxford/750076.Archaeology_specialist__tried_to_steal_from_shop_/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Oxford2">{{cite web|author=Jason Collie|work=The [[Oxford Mail]]|date=3 July 2014|title=Google removes first Oxford story about Robert Daniels-Dwyer's conviction for shoplifting under Right to be Forgotten ruling|access-date=11 August 2014|url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/11318318.Google_removes_first_Oxford_story_about_man_caught_shoplifting_under_Right_To_Be_Forgotten_ruling/|archive-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904072058/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/11318318.Google_removes_first_Oxford_story_about_man_caught_shoplifting_under_Right_To_Be_Forgotten_ruling/|url-status=live}}</ref>

An article about the conversion to Islam of the brother of [[George Osborne]], the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], was removed after a request to Google from an unknown person under the right-to-be-forgotten ruling.<ref name="Hhouse">{{cite web|author1=Matthew Holehouse |author2=Rhiannon Williams|work=The Telegraph|date=4 July 2014|title=Google's right to be forgotten hides Islamic marriage of Osborne's brother|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/10947009/Googles-right-to-be-forgotten-hides-Islamic-marriage-of-Osbornes-brother.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/10947009/Googles-right-to-be-forgotten-hides-Islamic-marriage-of-Osbornes-brother.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

''The Telegraph'' reported that links to a report on its website about claims that a former Law Society chief faked complaints against his deputy were hidden.<ref name="Pook">{{cite web|author=Sally Pook|work=The Telegraph|date=8 August 2003|title=Law Society chief 'faked claims against Asian deputy'|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1438268/Law-Society-chief-faked-claims-against-Asian-deputy.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1438268/Law-Society-chief-faked-claims-against-Asian-deputy.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="RWilliams">{{cite web|author=Rhiannon Williams|work=The Telegraph|date=4 July 2014|title=Google restores links to Telegraph's deleted articles|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/10945812/Google-restores-links-to-Telegraphs-deleted-articles.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/10945812/Google-restores-links-to-Telegraphs-deleted-articles.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The search results for the articles for the same story in the Guardian and ''[[The Independent]]'' were also removed.<ref name="Verkaik">{{cite web|author=Robert Verkaik|work=The Independent|date=13 July 1999|title='Foul-mouthed' new head of Law Society|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/foulmouthed-new-head-of-law-society-1106108.html|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715193503/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/foulmouthed-new-head-of-law-society-1106108.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="LCheek">{{cite web|author=Alex Aldridge|publisher=Legal Cheek|date=3 July 2014|title='Right to be forgotten' ruling sees article about 'foul-mouthed ex Law Society President removed from Google|access-date=11 August 2014|url=http://www.legalcheek.com/2014/07/eus-right-to-be-forgotten-ruling-sees-article-about-foul-mouthed-ex-law-society-president-removed-from-google/|archive-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831203826/http://www.legalcheek.com/2014/07/eus-right-to-be-forgotten-ruling-sees-article-about-foul-mouthed-ex-law-society-president-removed-from-google/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Independent'' reported that its article, together with an article on the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and one on new trends in sofa design in 1998, had been removed.<ref name="Vincent">{{cite web|author=James Vincent|work=The Independent|date=3 July 2014|title=Critics outraged as Google removes search results about top UK lawyer and US banker|access-date=11 August 2014|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/critics-outraged-as-google-removes-search-results-about-top-uk-lawyer-and-us-banker-9581446.html|archive-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829045738/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/critics-outraged-as-google-removes-search-results-about-top-uk-lawyer-and-us-banker-9581446.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''The Telegraph'' also reported that links to articles concerning a student's 2008 drunk-driving conviction and a 2001 case that resulted in two brothers each receiving nine-month jail terms for affray had been removed.<ref name="MSpark">{{cite web |author=Matthew Sparkes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/11037089/The-EUs-Right-to-be-Forgotten-Google-removes-link-to-Telegraph-story-about-drunk-Italian-Job-stunt.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/11037089/The-EUs-Right-to-be-Forgotten-Google-removes-link-to-Telegraph-story-about-drunk-Italian-Job-stunt.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The EU's 'Right to be Forgotten': Google removes link to Telegraph story about drunk 'Italian Job' stunt |date=18 August 2014|access-date=18 August 2014|work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The Spanish newspaper ''El Mundo'' reported that some results were hidden over a 2008 news report<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/09/16/valencia/1221525337.html "Prisión bajo fianza para dos directivos de Riviera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707024714/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/09/16/valencia/1221525337.html |date=2014-07-07 }} ["Prison on bail for two directors of Riviera"] {{in lang|es}}, El Mundo, 16 September 2008. [https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=es&u=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/09/16/valencia/1221525337.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/09/16/valencia/1221525337.html%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3D0CE%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-GB:official%26channel%3Dsb English translation].</ref> of a Spanish Supreme Court ruling involving executives of Riviera Coast Invest who were involved in a mortgage mis-selling scandal.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/tecnologia/2014/07/03/53b5132dca4741b1068b456e.html "ELMUNDO.es recibe su primer aviso de eliminación de resultados en Google por el 'derecho al olvido' "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708153458/http://www.elmundo.es/tecnologia/2014/07/03/53b5132dca4741b1068b456e.html |date=2014-07-08 }} ["ELMUNDO.es receive your first notice of removal results in Google for the 'right to be forgotten' "] {{in lang|es}}, Pablo Romero, El Mundo, 16 July 2014. [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Ftecnologia%2F2014%2F07%2F03%2F53b5132dca4741b1068b456e.html&sandbox=1 English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029094008/http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Ftecnologia%2F2014%2F07%2F03%2F53b5132dca4741b1068b456e.html&sandbox=1 |date=2015-10-29 }}.</ref>

On 5 July 2014, German news magazine ''Der Spiegel'' reported removal of a search result to an article about [[Scientology]].<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/recht-auf-vergessen-google-entfernt-spiegel-artikel-aus-treffern-a-979255.html "Recht auf Vergessen: Google entfernt SPIEGEL-Artikel aus Suchergebnissen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707070045/http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/recht-auf-vergessen-google-entfernt-spiegel-artikel-aus-treffern-a-979255.html |date=2014-07-07 }} [Right to be forgotten: Google removed SPIEGEL article from search results] {{in lang|de}}, Ole Reißmann, ''Spiegel Online'', 4 July 2014. [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fnetzwelt%2Fnetzpolitik%2Frecht-auf-vergessen-google-entfernt-spiegel-artikel-aus-treffern-a-979255.html&sandbox=1 English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029083013/http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fnetzwelt%2Fnetzpolitik%2Frecht-auf-vergessen-google-entfernt-spiegel-artikel-aus-treffern-a-979255.html&sandbox=1 |date=2015-10-29 }}. Retrieved 12 August 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9183695.html "Wie tausend Metastasen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711232025/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9183695.html |date=2014-07-11 }} [Like a thousand metastases] {{in lang|de}}, ''Der Spiegel'', 15 May 1995. [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-9183695.html&sandbox=1 English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029091852/http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-9183695.html&sandbox=1 |date=2015-10-29 }}. Retrieved 14 August 2014.</ref>

On 19 August 2014, the BBC reported that Google had removed 12 links to stories on BBC News.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-28851366 "Google removes 12 BBC News links in 'right to be forgotten' "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015023531/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-28851366 |date=2019-10-15 }}, Edwin Lane, ''BBC News'', 19 August 2014.</ref>

====Germany and France====
On 22 October 2002, a study reported that approximately 113 Internet sites had been removed from the German and French versions of Google.<ref name="cyber.law.harvard.edu"/> This [[censorship]] mainly affected [[White nationalism|white nationalist]], [[Nazism|Nazi]], [[antisemitism|antisemitic]], Islamic extremist websites, and at least one [[Christian fundamentalism|fundamentalist Christian]] website.<ref>[https://www.google.com/#hl=en&source=hp&q=site%3Ajesus-is-lord.com&btnG=Recherche+Google&meta=&aq=f&oq=site%3Ajesus-is-lord.com&fp=f25d641c6f119a4d Error page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225114020/https://www.google.com/#hl=en&source=hp&q=site%3Ajesus-is-lord.com&btnG=Recherche+Google&meta=&aq=f&oq=site%3Ajesus-is-lord.com&fp=f25d641c6f119a4d |date=2018-12-25 }}, Google France, {{in lang|fr}}, "Aucun document ne correspond aux termes de recherche spécifiés (site:jesus-is-lord.com). En réponse à une demande légale adressée à Google, nous avons retiré 391 résultat(s) de cette page. Si vous souhaitez [http://www.chillingeffects.org/notice.cgi? en savoir plus sur cette demande] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927093201/http://www.chillingeffects.org/notice.cgi |date=2013-09-27 }}, vous pouvez consulter le site ChillingEffects.org." ("No documents match the specified search (site: jesus-is-lord.com). In response to a legal request submitted to Google, we have removed 391 result(s) from this page. If you want to [http://www.chillingeffects.org/notice.cgi? know more about this application] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927093201/http://www.chillingeffects.org/notice.cgi |date=2013-09-27 }} , you can consult the ChillingEffects.org site."). Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref> Under French and German law, [[hate speech]] and [[Holocaust denial]] are illegal. In the case of Germany, violent or sex-related sites such as [[YouPorn]] and [[BMEzine|BME]] that the ''[[Federal Agency for Child and Youth Protection in the Media|Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien]]'' deems harmful to youth are also censored.

Google has complied with these laws by not including sites containing such material in its search results. However, Google does list the number of excluded results at the bottom of the search result page and links to [[Lumen (website)|Lumen]] (formerly known as Chilling Effects) for explanation.<ref name="gatekeepers">{{cite news |last=Rosen |first=Jeffrey |date=November 30, 2008 |title=Google's Gatekeepers |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html |access-date=October 15, 2016 |archive-date=February 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228140546/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sweden====

In March 2018, Google delisted a WordPress hosted site from search results in Sweden,<ref name="lumen-sweden">{{cite web|title=Local Law Complaint to Google|url=https://www.lumendatabase.org/notices/16081374|website=Lumen|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828192918/https://www.lumendatabase.org/notices/16081374|url-status=live}}</ref> following an intense media frenzy targeted against Google, YouTube, and Facebook by the tabloid ''[[Expressen]]'' and the daily newspaper ''[[Dagens Nyheter]]''.<ref name="dn-sweden">{{cite news|title=Antisemitisk lista på svenska judar sprids via Google|url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/antisemitisk-lista-pa-svenska-judar-sprids-via-google/|website=Dagens Nyheter|date=6 March 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011216/https://www.dn.se/nyheter/antisemitisk-lista-pa-svenska-judar-sprids-via-google/|url-status=live}}</ref> The WordPress site lists Swedish Jews in the public sphere, and also agitates against the dominant publishing house [[Bonnier Group]], the owner of both newspapers.

Although perfectly legal in Sweden, the WordPress site was described as [[antisemitism|antisemitic]].<ref name="expressen-hatlista">{{cite web|title=Google stoppar hatlista – men allt ligger kvar på Wordpress|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/google-stoppar-hatlista-men-allt-ligger-kvar-pa-wordpress/|website=Expressen|date=13 March 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010520/https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/google-stoppar-hatlista-men-allt-ligger-kvar-pa-wordpress/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bonnier papers argued that Google should not promote such content and above all not at a high rank. Ministers in the Swedish green-left government agreed with this sentiment, and threatened with national and EU regulation unless Google adapt its algorithms and delist contents of "threats and hate" ''(hot och hat)''.<ref name="expressen-lagstiftning">{{cite web|title=Peter Eriksson öppnar för lagstiftning mot nätjättarna|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/peter-eriksson-oppnar-for-lagstiftning-mot-natjattarna-/|website=Expressen|date=26 March 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011244/https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/peter-eriksson-oppnar-for-lagstiftning-mot-natjattarna-/|url-status=live}}</ref> Google eventually delisted the site in Sweden due to copyright claims.{{when|date=August 2023}}

Said papers also targeted the YouTube channel Granskning Sverige (Scrutiny Sweden) for its alleged extreme right-wing contents.<ref name="expressen-google">{{cite web|title=Kravet från medierna: Google måste ta ansvar|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/kravet-fran-medierna-google-maste-ta-ansvar/|website=Expressen|date=4 March 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011035/https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/kravet-fran-medierna-google-maste-ta-ansvar/|url-status=live}}</ref> The channel was described as a "troll factory", where members called authorities, journalists and other public figures, and recut the recorded interviews to make them fit the channel's right-wing extremist world view.<ref name="nyheter-24">{{cite web|title=Här är allt du vil veta om trollfabriken Granskning Sverige|url=https://nyheter24.se/nyheter/924162-har-ar-allt-du-vill-veta-om-trollfabriken-granskning-sverige|website=Nyheter24|date=18 March 2019|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716073052/https://nyheter24.se/nyheter/924162-har-ar-allt-du-vill-veta-om-trollfabriken-granskning-sverige|url-status=live}}</ref> The interviews were broadcast against a black backdrop with the channel logotype, and the occasional use of screen dumps from newspaper articles related to the interviews.<ref name="granskning-sverige">{{cite web|title=Granskning Sverige|url=https://www.granskningsverige.se|website=Granskning Sverige|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011515/https://www.granskningsverige.se/|archive-date=14 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Google eventually complied with the demands,{{when|date=August 2023}} and closed the channel, citing copyright infringement and violation of terms of agreement.<ref name="expressen-sweden">{{cite web|title=Google stänger ner Granskning Sveriges huvudkonto på Youtube|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/google-stanger-ner-granskning-sveriges-huvudkonto-pa-youtube/|website=Expressen|date=6 March 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011314/https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/google-stanger-ner-granskning-sveriges-huvudkonto-pa-youtube/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 13, 2018, Google took part in a meeting with the Swedish government, to discuss the search company's role in the media landscape.<ref name="svt-google-sweden">{{cite news|title=Regeringen i möte med internetgiganter och Tidningsutgivarna|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/morgan-johansson-i-mote-med-internetjattar-och-tidningsutgivarna|newspaper=SVT Nyheter|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|last1=Larsson|first1=Ylva|last2=Allen|first2=Axel|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413144223/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/morgan-johansson-i-mote-med-internetjattar-och-tidningsutgivarna|url-status=live}}</ref> Minister of Justice, [[Morgan Johansson]] (Social Democrats), and Minister of Digitization, [[Peter Eriksson (politician)|Peter Eriksson]] (Green Party), expressed concerns that "unlawful" and "harmful" content was facilitated by Google, and that "trolls" could have a negative impact on the upcoming Swedish parliamentary election. Google agreed to refine its algorithms, and also hire more staff to make sure "threats and hate" are eliminated from Google search and YouTube videos.<ref name="dn-google-sweden">{{cite news|title=Googles löfte: Ta ett större ansvar mot hot och hat|url=https://www.dn.se/nyheter/politik/ministrarna-i-med-google-och-twitter/|website=Dagens Nyheter|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413132720/https://www.dn.se/nyheter/politik/ministrarna-i-med-google-och-twitter/|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics have voiced concerns that private international companies are mandated to put censorship into effect to comply with local regulations without guidance from courts, and that free speech is deteriorating at an accelerating rate.<ref name="gp-kritik">{{cite web|title=Boström: Hatet mot Google|url=http://www.gp.se/ledare/bostr%C3%B6m-hatet-mot-google-1.5406944|website=Göteborgs-Posten|date=19 March 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322120351/http://www.gp.se/ledare/bostr%C3%B6m-hatet-mot-google-1.5406944|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ya-kritik">{{cite web|title=Rensa nätet försiktigt|url=http://www.ystadsallehanda.se/ledare/rensa-natet-forsiktigt/|website=Ystads Allehanda|date=12 March 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010654/http://www.ystadsallehanda.se/ledare/rensa-natet-forsiktigt/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="affarsvarlden">{{cite web|title=Publicistiskt haveri|url=https://www.affarsvarlden.se/kronikor/erik-horstadius/publicistiskt-haveri-6907405|website=Affärsvärlden|date=4 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010847/https://www.affarsvarlden.se/kronikor/erik-horstadius/publicistiskt-haveri-6907405|url-status=live}}</ref>

====India====
In September 2016, the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] revealed that Google had agreed to censor search results and advertising of [[prenatal sex discernment]], which is illegal in India.<ref name="bloomberg-sexdetermban">{{cite news|title=Google, Microsoft, Yahoo Will Block Indian Gender-Selection Ads|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-19/google-microsoft-yahoo-will-block-indian-gender-selection-ads|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=19 September 2016|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919093609/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-19/google-microsoft-yahoo-will-block-indian-gender-selection-ads|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Israel====
Since 2015, Google removed certain search results that were defamatory in nature<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ami Savir v. Google|url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/ami-savir-v-google-israel/|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Global Freedom of Expression|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227082345/https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/ami-savir-v-google-israel/|url-status=live}}</ref> from its search engine in [[Israel]] following [[gag order]]s.<ref>Articles in [[HaAyin HaShevi'it]] (in Hebrew): [http://www.the7eye.org.il/173901] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227221754/http://www.the7eye.org.il/173901|date=2017-02-27}}, [http://www.the7eye.org.il/184435] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801224852/http://www.the7eye.org.il/184435|date=2016-08-01}}, [http://www.the7eye.org.il/246132] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507045029/http://www.the7eye.org.il/246132|date=2017-05-07}}, [https://www.the7eye.org.il/336798] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528232556/https://www.the7eye.org.il/336798|date=2020-05-28}}.</ref>

==== Russia ====
{{See also|Internet censorship in Russia}}
In the four years from June 2020 to June 2024, Russia accounted for more than 60% of takedown requests'''.'''<ref name=":0" /> The country's [[Internet censorship in Russia|internet censor]], [[Roskomnadzor]], is one of the government agencies that corresponds most frequently with Google – and has earned the nickname "Rosco" in some of its reports.<ref name=":0" /> Google removed a YouTube video that allegedly exposed "corruption among politicians" and made "some rhetorical threats of violent action against the alleged corrupt politicians."<ref name=":0" />

[[Russians|Russian citizens]] were also prevented from viewing certain posts on the company's [[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] platform, which "included criticism of [[Russian military]] history and policy, and [[Russian holidays|Russian patriotic holidays]].<ref name=":0" /> It also incited violence against residents of a Russian town," the report said.<ref name=":0" />

In 2022, the Company censored multiple YouTube videos calling for protests against the [[Russia|Russian Federation]].<ref name=":0" /> Other pieces of content that criticised Putin, including the late Russian opposition leader [[Alexei Navalny]]'s [[tactical voting]] recommendations, were temporarily blocked during the September 2021 election period.<ref name=":0" /> Roskomnadzor "and other Russian government entities" also asked that Google removed Navalny's [[Smart Voting]] app from its [[Play Store]], which it did.<ref name=":0" />

====United Kingdom====
On 21 September 2006,<ref name=Gdelists/> it was reported that Google had "delisted" Inquisition 21, a website that claims to challenge moral authoritarian and sexually absolutist ideas in the United Kingdom. According to Inquisition 21, Google was acting "in support of a campaign by law enforcement agencies in the US and the UK to suppress emerging information about their involvement in major malpractice", allegedly exposed by their own investigation of any legal action against those who carried out [[Operation Ore]], a far-reaching and much-criticized law enforcement campaign against the viewers of child pornography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2009 |title=Contact and about |url=http://ww16.inquisition21.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=12&MMN_position=13:13&sub1=20240716-1710-35e2-bf46-d96339f0ff05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928213659/http://inquisition21.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=12&MMN_position=13:13 |archive-date=2013-09-28 |access-date=27 September 2013 |website=Inquisition 21st century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2011 |title=Chapter 16. Our raid on Texas |url=http://ww16.inquisition21.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=129&sub1=20240716-1709-5911-b7fb-48d0439597d6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003045711/http://www.inquisition21.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=129 |archive-date=2013-10-03 |access-date=27 September 2013 |website=Inquisition 21st century}}</ref> Google released a press statement suggesting Inquisition 21 had attempted to manipulate search results.<ref name=Gdelists/>

====United States====
Google commonly removes search results to comply with [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA)-related legal complaints.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lumendatabase.org/topics/1?KeywordID=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620060248/http://www.chillingeffects.org/keyword.cgi?KeywordID=2|url-status=dead|title=Lumen :: Topics :: Lumen|archive-date=June 20, 2008|website=www.lumendatabase.org}}</ref>

In 2002, "in an apparent response to criticism of its handling of a threatening letter from a [[Church of Scientology]] lawyer," Google began to make DMCA "takedown" letters public, posting such notices on the Chilling Effects archive (now [[Lumen (website)|Lumen]]), which archives legal threats made against Internet users and Internet sites.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marti |first=Don |title=Google Begins Making DMCA Takedowns Public |work=[[Linux Journal]] |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5997 |date=April 12, 2002 |access-date=September 24, 2006 |archive-date=September 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903170437/http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5997 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In mid-2016, Google conducted a two-month standoff with writer [[Dennis Cooper]] after deleting his Blogger and Gmail accounts without warning or explanation following a single anonymous complaint. The case drew worldwide media attention, and finally resulted in Google returning Cooper's content to him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gay |first=Roxane |date=July 29, 2016 |title=The Blog That Disappeared |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York City |issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/30/opinion/sunday/the-blog-that-disappeared.html |access-date=August 28, 2016 |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308080741/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/30/opinion/sunday/the-blog-that-disappeared.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sidahmed |first=Mazin |date=July 14, 2016 |title=Dennis Cooper fears censorship as Google erases blog without warning |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, England |issn=0261-3077 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/14/dennis-cooper-google-censorship-dc-blog |access-date=August 28, 2016 |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828110418/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/14/dennis-cooper-google-censorship-dc-blog |url-status=live }}</ref>

In mid-2018, Google permanently barred conspiracy theorist [[Alex Jones]] from using its subsidiary company [[YouTube]]. Jones' channel [[InfoWars]] responded by "accusing the companies of censorship".<ref>{{cite news|last=Chappell|first=Bill|date=August 6, 2018|title=YouTube, Apple and Facebook Ban Infowars, Which Decries 'Mega Purge'|website=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/636030043/youtube-apple-and-facebook-ban-infowars-which-decries-mega-purge|access-date=May 3, 2019|archive-date=May 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503221538/https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/636030043/youtube-apple-and-facebook-ban-infowars-which-decries-mega-purge|url-status=live}}</ref>

In mid-2019, Google allegedly suspended [[Tulsi Gabbard]]'s advertisements for her presidential campaign, while the candidate was at the height of public interest.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wu|first=Nicholas|date=July 25, 2019|title=Tulsi Gabbard sues Google, claims 'election interference' over suspension of ad account|newspaper=USA Today|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/07/25/tulsi-gabbard-democrat-candidate-sues-google/1828271001/|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231948/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/07/25/tulsi-gabbard-democrat-candidate-sues-google/1828271001/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gabbard sued Google for $50{{spaces}}million in damages.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tulsi Gabbard, Democratic Presidential Candidate, Sues Google for $50 Million|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/technology/tulsi-gabbard-sues-google.html|date=July 25, 2019|access-date=December 4, 2019|first=Daisuke|last=Wakabayashi|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York City|archive-date=November 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119150849/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/technology/tulsi-gabbard-sues-google.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=October 2023|reason=Outcome of the suit}}

===Global blocking===
{{See also|Comparison of search engines}}
In June 2017, the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Canadian supreme court]] ruled that Google can be forced to remove search results worldwide. Civil liberties groups including [[Human Rights Watch]], the [[British Columbia Civil Liberties Association|BC Civil Liberties Association]], and the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] argue that this would set a precedent for Internet censorship. In an appeal, Google argued that the global reach of the order was unnecessary and that it raised concerns over freedom of expression. While the court writes that "[They] have not, to date, accepted that freedom of expression requires the facilitation of the unlawful sale of goods", [[OpenMedia]] spokesman, David Christopher, warns that "there is great risk that governments and commercial entities will see this ruling as justifying censorship requests that could result in perfectly legal and legitimate content disappearing off the web because of a court order in the opposite corner of the globe".<ref>{{cite news|title=Google can be forced to pull results globally, Canada supreme court rules|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/28/canada-google-results-supreme-court|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|location=London, England|date=28 June 2017|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628213505/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/28/canada-google-results-supreme-court|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Deahl|first1=Dani|title=Canada's Supreme Court rules Google must block certain search results worldwide|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/28/15888408/canada-supreme-court-google-block-search-results-equustek-datalink|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|location=New York City|date=June 28, 2017|access-date=June 29, 2017|archive-date=July 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702055847/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/28/15888408/canada-supreme-court-google-block-search-results-equustek-datalink|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Refresh Outdated Content vulnerability===
{{See also|John Doe v. Substack Inc}}
After journalist Jack Poulson discovered that articles he had published about tech CEO Delwin Maurice Blackman's domestic violence arrest had been removed from Google (following attempts through legal pressure and bribery to remove the articles), the [[Freedom of the Press Foundation]] investigated and found that Google's 'Refresh Outdated Content' tool had been exploited to suppress his articles & others in major publications from appearing in Google search results. Google have stated that the vulnerability that allowed abuse of the tool has been corrected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.404media.co/journalist-discovers-google-vulnerability-that-allowed-people-to-disappear-specific-pages-from-search/|title=Journalist Discovers Google Vulnerability That Allowed People to Disappear Specific Pages From Search|publisher=[[404 Media]]|author=Matthew Gault|date=July 30, 2025|quote=In 2023, Poulson published an article about tech CEO Delwin Maurice Blackman's 2021 arrest on a felony domestic violence charge. After Poulson published Blackman's arrest records in 2023, the CEO has attempted to suppress the story in various ways, including lawsuits and DMCA takedown requests. Eventually, the stories disappeared from Google, using this vulnerability.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://jackpoulson.substack.com/p/dirty-tricks-reputation-management-blackman|title=The dirty tricks of reputation management: from PI firms to sabotaging Google Search|publisher=All-Source Intelligence|author=Jack Poulsen|date=July 30, 2025|quote=An executive from a major U.S. publication, who was granted anonymity to prevent possible retribution against their paper from Google, recalled being shocked that they were able to deindex an old New York Times article as a test, after noticing "hundreds of removals" of their own publication's articles.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedom.press/issues/censorship-whac-a-mole-google-search-exploited-to-scrub-articles-on-san-francisco-tech-exec/|title=Censorship Whac-A-Mole: Google search exploited to scrub articles on San Francisco tech exec|author=Ahmed Zidan|publisher=[[Freedom of the Press Foundation]]|date=July 30, 2025|quote=Upon pressing Google with another round of detailed questions about our findings, the company was more forthcoming: "Confirming that we've rolled out a fix to prevent this type of abuse of the 'Refresh Outdated Content Tool,' the spokesperson said, but added that they "won't be able to share anymore on this."}}</ref>

== Google Play ==
{{See also|Google Play}}
On September 17, 2021, Google removed the [[Smart Voting]] app used by the [[opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia|Russian opposition]] to coordinate its voting strategy against the ruling [[United Russia]] party during elections. The app was removed following threats from the Russian government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roth|first=Andrew|date=2021-09-17|title=Apple and Google accused of 'political censorship' over Alexei Navalny app|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/17/apple-and-google-accused-of-political-censorship-over-alexei-navalny-app|access-date=2021-09-17|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917113806/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/17/apple-and-google-accused-of-political-censorship-over-alexei-navalny-app|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Zverev|first1=Anton|last2=Marrow|first2=Alexander|last3=Kiselyova|first3=Maria|date=2021-09-17|editor-last=Birsel|editor-first=Robert|title=Google, Apple remove Navalny app from stores as Russian elections begin|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/google-apple-remove-navalny-app-stores-russian-elections-begin-2021-09-17/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=[[Reuters]]|publication-place=Moscow|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917063031/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/google-apple-remove-navalny-app-stores-russian-elections-begin-2021-09-17/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Google was reported to have removed Red Dot, an app similar to [[ICEBlock]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Joseph |title=Google Calls ICE Agents a Vulnerable Group, Removes ICE-Spotting App 'Red Dot' |url=https://www.404media.co/google-calls-ice-agents-a-vulnerable-group-removes-ice-spotting-app-red-dot/ |work=[[404 Media]] |date=October 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251003184156/https://www.404media.co/google-calls-ice-agents-a-vulnerable-group-removes-ice-spotting-app-red-dot/ |archive-date=October 3, 2025}}</ref>

==YouTube==
{{see also|Criticism of Google#YouTube}}
[[YouTube]], a [[online video platform|video sharing]] website and subsidiary of Google, in its Terms of Service, prohibits the posting of videos which violate [[copyright]]s or depict [[pornography]], illegal acts, gratuitous violence, [[hate speech]], and what it deems to be misinformation about COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube Community Guidelines |publisher=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/t/community_guidelines |access-date=2007-05-09 |archive-date=2017-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304150155/https://www.youtube.com/yt/policyandsafety/communityguidelines.html |url-status=live }}</ref> User-posted videos that violate such terms may be removed and replaced with a message that reads, "This video has been removed due to a violation of our Terms of Service."

===General censorship===
{{POV|talk=Linus Tech Tips DeGoogle your Life part 2|date=September 2024}}

In September 2007, YouTube blocked the account of [[Wael Abbas]], an Egyptian activist who posted videos of police brutality, voting irregularities and antigovernmental demonstrations under the Mubarak regime.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/11/29/youtube.activist/ |title=YouTube shuts down Egyptian anti-torture activist's account |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=November 29, 2007 |access-date=December 2, 2016 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172444/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/11/29/youtube.activist/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly afterward, his account was subsequently restored,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-youtube-idUSL0316580920071203 |title=YouTube restores account of Egypt anti-torture blogger |publisher=[[Reuters]] |first=Cynthia |last=Johnston |date=December 3, 2007 |access-date=June 30, 2017 |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620094928/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/12/03/us-egypt-youtube-idUSL0316580920071203?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |url-status=live }}</ref> along with 187 of his videos.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601559.html |title=Egypt's YouTube Democrats |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Jackson |last=Diehl |date=December 17, 2007 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |archive-date=February 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220172717/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601559.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, Thailand blocked access to YouTube after identifying 20 offensive videos it ordered the site to remove.<ref name=gatekeepers/> In 2007, a Turkish judge ordered YouTube to be blocked in the country due to videos insulting [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], the founder of the Republic of Turkey (which falls under [[Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)|Article 301 prohibitions on insulting the Turkish nation]]).<ref name=gatekeepers/>

In February 2008, the [[Pakistan Telecommunication Authority|Pakistan Telecommunications Authority]] banned YouTube in the country, but the manner in which it performed the block accidentally prevented access to the website worldwide for several hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/how-pakistan-knocked-youtube-offline-and-how-to-make-sure-it-never-happens-again/|title=How Pakistan knocked YouTube offline (and how to make sure it never happens again)|last=McCullagh|first=Declan|website=[[CNET]]|language=en|access-date=2019-02-20|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517041359/https://www.cnet.com/news/how-pakistan-knocked-youtube-offline-and-how-to-make-sure-it-never-happens-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> The ban was lifted after YouTube removed controversial religious comments made by a Dutch government official concerning Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pakistan-drops-youtube-ban/|title=Pakistan Drops YouTube Ban|work=[[CBS News]]|date=25 February 2008 |access-date=2008-06-03|archive-date=2013-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515075527/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/25/tech/main3876322.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9879513-7.html|title=Pakistan welcomes back YouTube|date=26 February 2008|access-date=26 February 2008|archive-date=15 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015213222/http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9879513-7.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2008, YouTube removed a video by [[Pat Condell]] titled "Welcome to Saudi Britain"; in response, his fans re-uploaded the video themselves and the [[National Secular Society]] wrote to YouTube in protest.<ref>{{cite news |last=Beckford |first=Martin |date=October 3, 2008 |title=YouTube censors comedian's anti-Sharia video called 'Welcome to Saudi Britain' |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3130883/YouTube-censors-comedians-anti-Sharia-video-called-Welcome-to-Saudi-Britain.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3130883/YouTube-censors-comedians-anti-Sharia-video-called-Welcome-to-Saudi-Britain.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=April 14, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2016, YouTube launched a localized Pakistani version of its website for the users in Pakistan in order to censor content considered blasphemous by the Pakistan government as a part of its deal with the latter. As a result, the three-year ban on YouTube by the Pakistan government was subsequently lifted.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://technology.inquirer.net/46459/youtube-back-vague-transparency
| title = YouTube back in Pakistan with vague transparency
| last = Network
| first = The Dawn/Asia News
| website = technology.inquirer.net
| date = 31 January 2016
| access-date = 2016-03-01
| archive-date = 2016-03-08
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160308225943/http://technology.inquirer.net/46459/youtube-back-vague-transparency
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/527559/what-pakistanis-see-youtube.html
| title = What will Pakistanis see on YouTube?
| website = Deccan Herald
| date = 7 February 2016
| access-date = 2016-03-01
| archive-date = 2016-03-05
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184325/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/527559/what-pakistanis-see-youtube.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In July 2017, YouTube began modifying suggested videos to debunk terrorist ideologies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hatmaker|first1=Taylor|title=YouTube launches its counter-terrorism experiment for would-be ISIS recruits|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/20/google-jigsaw-redirect-method-launch-youtube-isis/|website=TechCrunch|date=20 July 2017|access-date=16 September 2017|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141111/https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/20/google-jigsaw-redirect-method-launch-youtube-isis/|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2017, YouTube wrote a blog post explaining a new "limited state" for religious and controversial videos, which would not allow comments, likes, monetization, and suggested videos.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Jennings|title=YouTube Has a New Naughty Corner for Controversial Religious and Supremacist Videos|url=https://gizmodo.com/youtube-has-a-new-naughty-corner-for-controversial-reli-1797429910|website=Gizmodo|date=August 2017|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916103640/http://gizmodo.com/youtube-has-a-new-naughty-corner-for-controversial-reli-1797429910|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2017, [[PragerU]] sued YouTube, alleging violations of their [[freedom of speech]] under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] via YouTube's "arbitrary and capricious use of 'restricted mode' and 'demonetization' viewer restriction filters" to suppress their content. A U.S. district appeals court threw out the suit in February 2020, stating that despite "[its] ubiquity and its role as a public-facing platform", YouTube was still considered a private platform (the First Amendment only applies to [[state action|state actor]]s).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/02/first-amendment-doesnt-apply-on-youtube-judges-reject-prageru-lawsuit/|title=First Amendment doesn't apply on YouTube; judges reject PragerU lawsuit|last=Brodkin|first=Jon|date=2020-02-26|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-26|archive-date=2020-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228000921/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/02/first-amendment-doesnt-apply-on-youtube-judges-reject-prageru-lawsuit/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2017, what YouTubers referred to as the "AdPocalypse" took place, with YouTube's automated content policing tool began demonetizing content that ran afoul of the company's very-broad "Not Advertiser-Friendly" category.<ref name="vice">{{cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/gun-vloggers-are-flipping-out-at-youtubes-crackdown-on-their-videos/|title=Gun vloggers are flipping out at YouTube's crackdown on their videos|last=Turton|first=William|work=Vice News|access-date=26 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207103927/https://www.vice.com/en/article/9kg8v3/gun-vloggers-are-flipping-out-at-youtubes-crackdown-on-their-videos|url-status=live}}</ref> The following April, numerous firearm-related channels began encountering additional policing by YouTube when new rules restricting videos "that facilitate private gun sales or link to websites that sell guns" were enacted.<ref name="vice"/> As a result, popular firearms vlogger [[Hickok45]]'s account was deleted (and subsequently reinstated after an outcry).<ref name="OH">{{cite web |last1=staff |title=Video: Hickok45 Explains Why He Was Banned from YouTube |url=https://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2016/01/08/video-hickok45-explains-banned-youtube/ |website=Outdoor Hub |access-date=2 January 2021 |date=January 8, 2016 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223841/https://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2016/01/08/video-hickok45-explains-banned-youtube/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2018, ''[[The Atlantic]]'' found that YouTube had delisted a video where journalist [[Daniel Lombroso]] reported a speech by white nationalist [[Richard B. Spencer]] at the 2016 annual conference of the [[National Policy Institute]], where they celebrated [[Donald Trump]]'s win at the presidential election.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/03/youtube-removes-the-atlantics-hail-trump-video-from-search/555941/ YouTube Removes the 'Hail, Trump' Video From Search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144336/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/03/youtube-removes-the-atlantics-hail-trump-video-from-search/555941/ |date=2018-04-01 }} - Robinson Meyer, The Atlantic, 20 March 2018</ref> YouTube relisted the video after ''The Atlantic'' sent a complaint.

On June 5, 2019, YouTube updated its hate speech policy to prohibit hateful and supremacist work, and limit the spread of violent extremist content online. The policy extends to content that justifies discrimination, segregation, or exclusion based on qualities like age, gender, race, caste, religion, sexual orientation, or veteran status. It covers videos that, for example, include [[Nazism|Nazi ideology]], [[Holocaust denial]], [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories|Sandy Hook conspiracy theories]], or [[flat Earth]] theories. The policy also aims at reducing borderline content and harmful misinformation, such as videos promoting [[Quackery|phony miracle cures]] for serious illnesses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Our ongoing work to tackle hate |url=https://youtube.googleblog.com/2019/06/our-ongoing-work-to-tackle-hate.html |access-date=3 July 2019 |work=Official YouTube Blog |date=5 June 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702222559/https://youtube.googleblog.com/2019/06/our-ongoing-work-to-tackle-hate.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2020, YouTube reportedly began censoring any content related to the novel coronavirus ([[SARS-CoV-2]]) by removal or demonetization of the channel, citing the "sensitive topics" advertiser-friendly content guideline on Twitter.<ref>{{cite web |title=TeamYouTube on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/TeamYouTube/status/1230425469541023748 |website=Twitter |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314123042/https://twitter.com/teamyoutube/status/1230425469541023748 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube reportedly censors videos about novel coronavirus by removal or demonetization, company says they fall under "sensitive topics" |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/youtube-reportedly-censors-videos-about-novel-coronavirus-by-removal-or-demonetization-company-says-they-fall-under-%E2%80%9Csensitive-topics%E2%80%9D |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509191003/https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/youtube-reportedly-censors-videos-about-novel-coronavirus-by-removal-or-demonetization-company-says-they-fall-under-%E2%80%9Csensitive-topics%E2%80%9D |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, Republican senator [[Rand Paul]] criticized YouTube for removing a video of his floor speech which named the [[Trump–Ukraine scandal|alleged Ukraine whistleblower]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = Tobin
| first = Ben
| date = 2020-02-13
| title = YouTube censors Rand Paul by removing Trump impeachment question, and he's not happy
| url = https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/rand-paul/2020/02/13/youtube-removes-video-rand-paul-naming-whistleblower-trump-impeachment/4747330002/
| work = The Courier-Journal
| location = Louisville KY
| access-date = 2020-05-06
| archive-date = 2023-09-02
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230902072149/https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/rand-paul/2020/02/13/youtube-removes-video-rand-paul-naming-whistleblower-trump-impeachment/4747330002/
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In early February 2021, YouTube removed raw footage taken of the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|2021 storming of the United States Capitol]] by independent journalists like [[Ford Fischer]] from News2Share or from progressive media outlets such as ''[[Jordan Chariton#Status Coup|Status Coup]]'' citing that the videos violated its policies on misinformation.<ref name="Wulfsohnde"/><ref name="Wulfsohnre"/><ref name="Sandler"/> The same footage from the outlets was reused by large media organizations and still up on their YouTube accounts.<ref name="Wulfsohnre"/><ref name="Sandler">{{cite news|last=Sandler|first=Rachel|title=YouTube Is Taking Down Raw Footage From The Capitol Riot As It Tries To Crack Down On Misinformation|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2021/02/04/youtube-is-taking-down-raw-footage-from-the-capitol-riot-as-it-tries-to-crack-down-on-misinformation/|agency=Forbes|date=4 February 2021|accessdate=9 February 2021|df=dmy-all|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209201405/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2021/02/04/youtube-is-taking-down-raw-footage-from-the-capitol-riot-as-it-tries-to-crack-down-on-misinformation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some independent journalists including Fischer and other progressive outlets like ''The Progressive Soap Box'' (host Jamarl Thomas), ''Political Vigilante'' (Graham Elwood), ''Franc Analysis'' and ''The Convo Couch'' were demonetized by YouTube with some having their superchat feature blocked.<ref name="Wulfsohnde">{{cite news|last=Wulfsohn|first=Joseph A.|title=YouTube's 'dangerous' crackdown on independent journalists: 'It defies all logic and reason'|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/youtube-cracking-down-on-independent-journalists|agency=Fox News|date=4 February 2021|accessdate=12 February 2021|df=dmy-all|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212010431/https://www.foxnews.com/media/youtube-cracking-down-on-independent-journalists|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wulfsohnre"/> Fischer was later remonetized by YouTube after it acknowledged "over-enforcement".<ref name="Wulfsohnre">{{cite news|last=Wulfsohn|first=Joseph A.|title=YouTube remonetizes independent journo's account hours after Fox News runs story on its 'dangerous' actions|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/youtube-remonetizes-independent-journos-account-hours-after-fox-news-runs-story-on-its-dangerous-actions|agency=Fox News|date=4 February 2021|accessdate=12 February 2021|df=dmy-all|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211045357/https://www.foxnews.com/media/youtube-remonetizes-independent-journos-account-hours-after-fox-news-runs-story-on-its-dangerous-actions|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Shadowbanning of comments==
Comments on YouTube are frequently shadowbanned without the poster even being informed of it.

Once posted, the comment appears but immediately disappears when the page is refreshed.

=== China-related content ===
{{See also|Chinese censorship abroad}}
At least since October 2019, YouTube has been automatically deleting any comments that contain the Chinese terms for "[[50 Cent Party]]" (五毛党) and its shortened version "50 Cent" (五毛). They have also been deleting any comments referring to the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) as "bandits" (共匪). In May 2020, YouTube made a statement to ''[[The Verge]]'' that these deletions were made "in error".<ref>{{cite web |last=Everington |first=Keoni |date=2020-05-14 |title=YouTube automatically deletes Chinese epithet 'communist bandit': YouTube bans term used during Taiwan's martial law era to describe communist Chinese |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3933777 |publisher=[[Taiwan News]] |access-date=2020-05-19 |archive-date=2020-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519073556/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3933777 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=26 May 2020 |title=YouTube is deleting comments with two phrases that insult China's Communist Party |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/26/21270290/youtube-deleting-comments-censorship-chinese-communist-party-ccp |publisher=The Verge |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618102021/https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/26/21270290/youtube-deleting-comments-censorship-chinese-communist-party-ccp |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2021, ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' and [[Reuters]] reported that YouTube removed videos of a human rights group documenting testimonies of the [[persecution of Uyghurs in China]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Waldersee|first1=Victoria|last2=Dave|first2=Paresh|date=June 25, 2021|title=YouTube takes down Xinjiang videos, forcing rights group to seek alternative|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-youtube-takes-down-xinjiang-videos-forces-rights-group-seek-2021-06-25/|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625170526/https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-youtube-takes-down-xinjiang-videos-forces-rights-group-seek-2021-06-25/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Guo|first=Eileen|date=June 24, 2021|title=How YouTube's rules are used to silence human rights activists|work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/24/1027048/youtube-xinjiang-censorship-human-rights-atajurt/|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202307/https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/24/1027048/youtube-xinjiang-censorship-human-rights-atajurt/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2023, [[Radio Free Asia]] reported that YouTube repeatedly removed channels satirizing [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] on the grounds of "cyberbullying".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Yitong |date=October 10, 2023 |title=YouTube deletes another satirical channel that targeted Xi Jinping |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/youtube-10102023164120.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=[[Radio Free Asia]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011000154/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/youtube-10102023164120.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Advertiser-friendly content===
YouTube policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising, including strong violence, language, sexual content, and "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to wars, political conflicts, natural disasters, and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown", unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain".<ref name="verge-advertiserfriendly">{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Adi|title=Why is YouTube being accused of censoring vloggers?|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/1/12753108/youtube-is-over-party-advertising-monetization-censorship|access-date=March 19, 2017|work=The Verge|date=September 1, 2016|archive-date=March 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052302/http://www.theverge.com/2016/9/1/12753108/youtube-is-over-party-advertising-monetization-censorship|url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 31, 2016, YouTube introduced a new system to notify users of violations of the "advertiser-friendly content" rules, and allow them to appeal. Following its introduction, many prominent YouTube users began to accuse the site of engaging in ''de facto'' censorship, arbitrarily disabling monetization on videos discussing various topics such as skincare, politics, and [[LGBTQ history]]. [[Philip DeFranco]] argued that not being able to earn money from a video was "censorship by a different name", while [[Vlogbrothers]] similarly pointed out that YouTube had flagged both "[[Zaatari refugee camp|Zaatari]]: thoughts from a refugee camp" and "Vegetables that look like penises" (although the flagging on the former was eventually overturned).<ref name="verge-advertiserfriendly"/> The hashtag "#YouTubeIsOverParty" was prominently used on Twitter as a means of discussing the controversy. A YouTube spokesperson stated that "[w]hile [their] policy of demonetizing videos due to advertiser-friendly concerns hasn't changed, [they've] recently improved the notification and appeal process to ensure better communication to [their] creators."<ref name="usatoday-advertiserfriendly">{{cite web|title=YouTubers protest 'advertiser friendly' policy|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/09/01/youtube-creators-advertisers-controversy/89728728/|website=USA Today|access-date=September 2, 2016|archive-date=September 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902000809/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/09/01/youtube-creators-advertisers-controversy/89728728/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bi-adfriendly">{{cite web|title=A bunch of famous YouTubers are furious at YouTube right now – here's why|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-stars-advertiser-friendly-content-guidelines-2016-9|website=Business Insider|access-date=September 2, 2016|archive-date=September 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902071040/http://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-stars-advertiser-friendly-content-guidelines-2016-9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cnet-overparty">{{cite web|title=Pause the #YouTubeIsOverParty: YouTube isn't pulling more ads from stars' videos|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/pause-the-youtubeisoverparty-youtube-isnt-pulling-more-ads-from-stars-videos/|website=CNET|access-date=September 2, 2016|archive-date=September 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901212412/http://www.cnet.com/news/pause-the-youtubeisoverparty-youtube-isnt-pulling-more-ads-from-stars-videos/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2017, a number of major advertisers and prominent companies began to pull their advertising campaigns from YouTube over concerns that their ads were appearing on objectionable and/or extremist content, in what the YouTube community began referring to as a "[[boycott]]".<ref name="bloomberg-adsextremist">{{cite news|title=Google Ad Crisis Spreads as Biggest Marketers Halt Spending|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-22/at-t-halts-spending-on-some-google-ads-after-youtube-controversy|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=22 March 2017|access-date=March 23, 2017|archive-date=2017-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322204458/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-22/at-t-halts-spending-on-some-google-ads-after-youtube-controversy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc-youtubeadsuk">{{cite news|title=YouTube: UK government suspends ads amid extremism concerns|work=BBC News|date=17 March 2017|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39301712|access-date=March 23, 2017|archive-date=21 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321074029/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39301712|url-status=live}}</ref> YouTube personality PewDiePie described these boycotts as an "adpocalypse", noting that his video revenue had fallen to the point that he was generating more revenue from [[YouTube Premium|YouTube Red]] subscription profit sharing (which is divided based on views by subscribers) than advertising.<ref name="adage-pewdiepietwitch">{{cite web|title=New YouTube Rules Restrict Ads to Vetted Channels as PewDiePie Declares The 'Adpocalypse'|url=http://adage.com/article/digital/pewdiepie-declares-adpocalypse-youtube-makes-rules/308591/|website=Advertising Age|date=6 April 2017|access-date=April 9, 2017|archive-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409052344/http://adage.com/article/digital/pewdiepie-declares-adpocalypse-youtube-makes-rules/308591/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 April 2017, YouTube announced planned changes to its Partner Program, restricting new membership to vetted channels with a total of at least 10,000 video views. YouTube stated that the changes were made in order to "ensure revenue only flows to creators who are playing by the rules".<ref name="verge-10kviewsrule">{{cite web|title=YouTube will no longer allow creators to make money until they reach 10,000 views|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15209220/youtube-partner-program-rule-change-monetize-ads-10000-views|website=The Verge|date=6 April 2017|publisher=Vox Media|access-date=April 6, 2017|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406194820/http://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15209220/youtube-partner-program-rule-change-monetize-ads-10000-views|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to moderation of content creators, YouTube also moderates each video's comments section. From October 2024 to December 2024, YouTube removed over a billion comments.<ref name="GoogleTransparencyReport">{{cite web|title=Google Transparency Report: Removals'|url=https://transparencyreport.google.com/youtube-policy/removals?hl=en|website=Google Transparency Report|date=31 December 2024|access-date=May 13, 2025}}</ref> Of those comments, 99.7% were deleted automatically. The most common reason for deletion was identification as spam, a scam, or otherwise misleading (81.7%), followed by identification as harassment/cyberbullying (6.6%). False positives have led users to speculate on the criteria of deletion, leading to a rise in video creation suggesting possible answers to meet demand. Common answers include similarity of comments between videos (spam-like), external links (though the channel owner has the option prohibit use of ''any'' links), or use of words prohibited by YouTube or the channel owner. A post may be held from publication until the channel owner has reviewed it.<ref name="commentsdeleted">{{cite web|title=6 Reasons Why YouTube Keeps Deleting Your Comments|website=Make Use Of|date=18 April 2022}}</ref> A comment may be visible to its author but no one else, leaving the author with the false impression that community rules are being met. In a different account, the comment may be visible only in a 'Newest First' sort, or not at all. Deletions are also account-dependent: in the same comment thread, the removal of a word may be needed for a post to be published, despite another account already having used it with consequence. Further confounding the chore of determining prohibited words is fractional prohibition, that is, several loaded words in separate posts might not lead to the posts' deletion, but their aggregation into one post may crest a threshold that does. Also, an account used to downvote comments and videos may be shielded from seeing comments that others have reported—not the result people likely intend when they report a post as spam or offensive. Thus viewing from Account 1 to test if a comment by Account 2 was deleted might yield a false positive. Account 3 might still see Account 2's comment if Account 3 never votes down.

===Censorship of LGBT content in Restricted Mode===
In March 2017, the "Restricted Mode" feature was criticized by [[List of LGBT YouTubers|YouTube's LGBT community]] for filtering videos that discuss issues of [[human sexuality]] and [[sexual identity|sexual]] and [[gender identity]], even when there is no explicit references to [[sexual intercourse]] or otherwise inappropriate content.<ref name="kotaku">{{cite news|last1=Hernandez|first1=Patricia|title=YouTubers Are Freaking Out About Money and 'Censorship'|url=http://kotaku.com/why-youtubers-are-freaking-out-about-money-and-censorsh-1786032317|access-date=March 19, 2017|work=Kotaku|date=September 1, 2016|archive-date=March 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052456/http://kotaku.com/why-youtubers-are-freaking-out-about-money-and-censorsh-1786032317|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="verge-advertiserfriendly" /><ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Trey|title=Battle of the bulge: how streaming censorship is affecting queer musicians|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/dec/16/mykki-blanco-censorship-youtube-perfume-genius-lgbt|access-date=March 19, 2017|work=The Guardian|date=December 16, 2016|archive-date=March 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320055127/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/dec/16/mykki-blanco-censorship-youtube-perfume-genius-lgbt|url-status=live}}</ref> Rapper [[Mykki Blanco]] told ''[[The Guardian]]'' that such restrictions are used to make LGBT vloggers feel "policed and demeaned" and "sends a clear homophobic message that the fact that my video displays unapologetic [[queer]] imagery means it's slapped with an 'age restriction', while other [[Cisgender|cis]], overly sexualised [[heteronormativity|heteronormative]] work" remain uncensored.<ref name="guardian" /> Musicians [[Tegan and Sara]] similarly argued that LGBT people "shouldn't be restricted", after acknowledging that the mode had censored several of their music videos.<ref>{{cite web|last1=The Guardian|title=YouTube changes restrictions on gay-themed content following outcry|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/mar/21/youtube-changes-restrictions-gay-lgbtq-themed-content-tegan-sarah|work=The Guardian|date=21 March 2017|access-date=March 31, 2017|archive-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331225851/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/mar/21/youtube-changes-restrictions-gay-lgbtq-themed-content-tegan-sarah|url-status=live}}</ref>

YouTube later stated that a technical error on Restricted Mode wrongfully impacted "hundreds of thousands" LGBT-related videos.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Duffy|first1=Nick|title=YouTube tech error censored 'hundreds of thousands' of LGBT videos|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2017/04/22/youtube-says-tech-error-censored-hundreds-of-thousands-of-lgbt-videos/|access-date=April 24, 2017|work=PinkNews|date=April 22, 2017|archive-date=April 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425011045/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2017/04/22/youtube-says-tech-error-censored-hundreds-of-thousands-of-lgbt-videos/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== False positives ===
In February 2019, automated filters accidentally flagged several channels with videos discussing the AR mobile game ''[[Pokémon Go]]'' and the [[massively multiplayer online game]] ''[[Club Penguin]]'' for containing prohibited sexual content, as some of their videos contained references to "CP" in their title. In ''Pokémon Go'', "CP" is an abbreviation of "Combat Power"—a level system in the game, and "CP" is an abbreviation of ''Club Penguin'', but it was believed that YouTube's filters had accidentally interpreted it as referring to [[child pornography]]. The affected channels were restored, and YouTube apologized for the inconvenience.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47278362|title=YouTube in Pokemon child abuse images row|last=Gerken|first=Tom|date=2019-02-18|access-date=2019-02-20|language=en-GB|archive-date=2019-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220040211/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47278362|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/2/18/18229640/pokemon-go-youtube-channels-banned-trainer-tips-mystic7-cp|title=Huge Pokémon Go YouTube channels deleted, restored after being mistaken for child pornography|last=Frank|first=Allegra|date=2019-02-18|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|access-date=2019-02-20|archive-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219033732/https://www.polygon.com/2019/2/18/18229640/pokemon-go-youtube-channels-banned-trainer-tips-mystic7-cp|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2019, YouTube mistakenly took down [[robot combat|robot fighting]] videos for violating its policies against [[cruelty to animals|animal cruelty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/youtube-says-it-messed-up-removing-robot-fight-videos-u-1837428914|title=YouTube Concedes Robot Fight Videos Are Not Actually Animal Cruelty After Removing Them by Mistake|last=McKay|first=Tom|date=2019-08-21|website=[[Gizmodo]]|access-date=2019-08-21|archive-date=2019-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821091118/https://gizmodo.com/youtube-says-it-messed-up-removing-robot-fight-videos-u-1837428914|url-status=live}}</ref>

==2007 anti-censorship shareholder initiative==
On May 10, 2007, shareholders of Google voted down an anti-censorship proposal for the company. The text of the failed proposal submitted by the [[New York City Comptroller|New York City comptroller's office]], which controls a significant number of shares on behalf of retirement funds, stated that:

#Data that can identify individual users should not be hosted in [[Internet censorship|Internet-restricting]] countries, where political speech can be treated as a crime by the legal system.
#The company will not engage in proactive censorship.
#The company will use all legal means to resist demands for censorship. The company will only comply with such demands if required to do so through legally binding procedures.
#Users will be clearly informed when the company has acceded to legally binding government requests to filter or otherwise censor content that the user is trying to access.
#Users should be informed about the company's [[data retention]] practices and the ways in which their data is shared with third parties.
#The company will document all cases where legally-binding censorship requests have been complied with, and that information will be publicly available.

[[David Drummond (businessman)|David Drummond]], senior vice president for corporate development, said "Pulling out of China, shutting down Google.cn, is just not the right thing to do at this point... but that's exactly what this proposal would do."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,131745-pg,1/article.html|title= Google Shareholders Vote Against Anti-Censorship Proposal|author= Larkin, Erik|date= 2007-05-10|publisher= PC World|access-date= 2007-05-11|archive-date= 2007-05-13|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070513020041/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,131745-pg,1/article.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

CEO [[Eric Schmidt]] and founders [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]] recommended that shareholders vote against the proposal. Together, they hold 66.2 percent of Google's total shareholder voting power, meaning that they could themselves have declined the anti-censorship proposal.<ref>PC World:[http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,131519-page,1/article.html Google Asks Shareholders to Permit Censorship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519063825/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,131519-page,1/article.html |date=2007-05-19 }}</ref>

==Russian invasion of Ukraine==
In early March 2022, contractors who were working for Google and preparing translations for the Russian market received an update from Google: "Effective immediately, the ongoing Russian war against Ukraine could no longer be referred to as a war but rather only vaguely as 'extraordinary circumstances.'"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fudzilla.com/news/ai/54605-google-translators-forbidden-to-use-the-word-war|title=Google translators forbidden to use the word "war"|access-date=2022-03-30|archive-date=2022-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401042921/https://www.fudzilla.com/news/ai/54605-google-translators-forbidden-to-use-the-word-war|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.protocol.com/bulletins/google-censors-war|title = Google ordered translators to censor the word 'war' in Russia|date = 28 March 2022|access-date = 30 March 2022|archive-date = 29 March 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220329150922/https://www.protocol.com/bulletins/google-censors-war|url-status = live}}</ref> Thus, Google was trying to protect itself from Russian sanctions, as well as its employees from persecution within Russia, in connection with the new law, which provided up to 15 years in prison for any information about the war against Ukraine, except when officially announced by the [[Kremlin]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-introduce-jail-terms-spreading-fake-information-about-army-2022-03-04/|title=Russia fights back in information war with jail warning|newspaper=Reuters|date=4 March 2022|access-date=2022-03-30|archive-date=2022-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330040729/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-introduce-jail-terms-spreading-fake-information-about-army-2022-03-04/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the beginning of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Google has been blocking Russian state-funded media such as RT and Sputnik,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-12 |title=YouTube blocks Russian state-funded media, including RT and Sputnik, around the world |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220312-youtube-blocks-russian-state-funded-media-including-rt-and-sputnik-around-the-world |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321035648/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220312-youtube-blocks-russian-state-funded-media-including-rt-and-sputnik-around-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref> and has also extended its censorship to non state-funded media outlets such as RBK by banning them entirely from the video-hosting platform YouTube. Thus said, Google has been blocking all Russian news outlets, citing that it represents a violation of their terms of services. Google also acted upon a request of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lumendatabase.org/notices/26927483|title=lumendatabase|date=4 March 2022|access-date=22 August 2022|archive-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826022537/https://www.lumendatabase.org/notices/26927483|url-status=live}}</ref>

Citing a report from [[The Guardian]], YouTube footage of Ukrainian protesters burning a [[Russian flag]] and of people insulting Russian state symbols was taken down.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Criticism of Google]]
*[[Content moderation]]
*[[Dragonfly (search engine)]]
*[[Internet censorship]]
*{{section link|List of Google products|Discontinued products and services}}
*[[Network neutrality]]
*{{section link|YouTube Premium|Licensing terms and content blocking}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Galbraith |first=Patrick W. |date=2016 |editor-last=McLelland |editor-first=Mark |title=The End of Cool Japan: Ethical, Legal, and Cultural Challenges to Japanese Popular Culture |chapter='The lolicon guy': Some observations on researching unpopular topics in Japan |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/28693090 |pages=109–133 |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-26937-3 |access-date=2021-12-19 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725100111/https://www.academia.edu/28693090 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kittredge |first=Katharine |date=2014 |title=Lethal Girls Drawn for Boys: Girl Assassins in Manga/Anime and Comics/Film |journal=[[Children's Literature Association Quarterly]] |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=506–532 [524] |doi=10.1353/chq.2014.0059|s2cid=143630310 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=McLelland |first1=Mark |title=Australia's 'child-abuse material' legislation, internet regulation and the juridification of the imagination |journal=[[International Journal of Cultural Studies]] |date=2011b |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=467–483 |doi=10.1177/1367877911421082 |s2cid=41788106 |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2166&context=artspapers |access-date=2021-10-01 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923070347/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2166&context=artspapers |url-status=live}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180519012106/http://hiddenfromgoogle.com/ hiddenfromgoogle.com] A list of links affected by the EU "Right to be Forgotten" ruling
* [http://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140620140349-53089235-blogspot-down-in-pakistan Pakistan v/s Google Products] Blogspot Down in Pakistan.
{{Clear}}

{{Censorship}}
{{Google LLC}}
{{Censorship and websites}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Censorship By Google}}
[[Category:Internet censorship by organization|Google]]
[[Category:Google]]
[[Category:Internet law]]
[[Category:Criticism of Google]]

Narrow-gauge railway

2026-02-08T17:39:53Z

EJEBoris894787: general fixed intro per standard format further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Railway line with a width less than the standard}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Sidebar track gauge}}
A '''narrow-gauge railway''' ('''narrow-gauge railroad''' in the US) is a railway with a [[track gauge]] (distance between the rails) narrower than {{Track gauge|1435mm|allk=on}}. Most narrow-gauge railways are between {{Track gauge|600mm|lk=on}} and {{Track gauge|1067mm|lk=on}}.

Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with [[Minimum railway curve radius|tighter curves]], smaller [[structure gauge]]s, and lighter [[Rail profile|rails]], they can be less costly to build, equip, and operate than standard- or [[broad-gauge railway]]s (particularly in mountainous or difficult terrain).<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles Easton |last=Spooner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pUpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA71 |title=Narrow Gauge Railways |date=1879 |page=71}}</ref> Lower-cost narrow-gauge railways are often used in mountainous terrain, where engineering savings can be substantial. Lower-cost narrow-gauge railways are often built to serve industries as well as sparsely populated communities where the traffic potential would not justify the cost of a standard- or broad-gauge line. Narrow-gauge railways have specialised use in mines and other environments where a small [[structure gauge]] necessitates a small [[loading gauge]].

[[File:Comparison of standard gauge and narrow gauge.jpg|thumb|Comparison of standard gauge and three foot narrow gauge wheelsets]]
In some countries, narrow gauge is the standard: Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Australian states of [[Queensland]], [[Western Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] have a {{Track gauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} gauge, whereas Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand have [[metre-gauge railway]]s. Narrow-gauge trams, particularly metre-gauge, are common in Europe. Non-industrial, narrow-gauge mountain railways are (or were) common in the [[Rocky Mountains]] of the United States and the [[Pacific Cordillera (Canada)|Pacific Cordillera]] of Canada, Mexico, Switzerland, Bulgaria, the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], Greece, and Costa Rica.

==Nomenclature==
{{main|Track gauge}}
A narrow-gauge railway is one where the distance between the inside edges of the rails is less than {{track gauge|1435 mm}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Coulls |title=Narrow Gauge Locomotives |publisher=Amberley Publishing |date=15 April 2018 |quote=Narrow gauge is defined as anything less than the standard gauge of UK main lines}}</ref> Historically, the term was sometimes used to refer to what are now [[standard-gauge railway]]s, to distinguish them from [[broad-gauge railways]], but this use no longer applies.

==History==

=== Early hand-worked lines ===
[[Image:DeReMetallicaShaft.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Woodcut of a mine with three shafts|1556 woodcut from ''[[De re metallica]]'', showing a narrow-gauge railway in a mine]]

The earliest recorded railway appears in [[Georgius Agricola]]'s 1556 ''[[De re metallica]]'', which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about {{Track gauge|2ft|lk=on}} gauge. During the 16th century, railways were primarily restricted to hand-pushed, narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe. In the 17th century, [[mine railway]]s were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were [[industrial railway|industrial]], connecting mines with nearby transportation points (usually canals or other waterways). These railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed.<ref name="WHITESNELL">{{cite book |title=Narrow Gauge Railways of the British Isles |author1=Whitehouse, Patrick |author2=Snell, John B. |name-list-style=amp |year=1984 |publisher=David & Charles |isbn=0-7153-0196-9}}</ref>

=== Introduction of steam ===
The world's first [[steam locomotive]], built in 1802 by [[Richard Trevithick]] for the Coalbrookdale Company, ran on a {{Track gauge|3ft|lk=on}} [[plateway]]. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was [[Matthew Murray]]'s [[Salamanca (locomotive)|Salamanca]] built in 1812 for the {{Track gauge|4ft 1in|lk=on}} [[Middleton Railway]] in [[Leeds]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Dawson |title=Before Rocket: The Steam Locomotive up to 1829 |publisher=Gresley |date=17 June 2020}}</ref> Salamanca was also the first [[Rack railway|rack-and-pinion]] locomotive. During the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the {{Track gauge|1100mm}}-gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium.<ref name=ransom>{{cite book |first=P.J.G. |last=Ransom |authorlink=P. J. G. Ransom |title=Narrow Gauge Steam – Its origins and worldwide development |publisher=Oxford Publishing Co. |year=1996 |isbn=0-86093-533-7}}</ref> The first use of steam locomotives on a public, passenger-carrying narrow-gauge railway was in 1865, when the [[Ffestiniog Railway]] introduced passenger service after receiving its first locomotives two years earlier.<ref name=QUI>{{Quine-FR}}</ref>

=== Industrial use ===
Many narrow-gauge railways were part of industrial enterprises and served primarily as [[industrial railway]]s, rather than general carriers. Common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways included mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, and conveying agricultural products. Extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world; 19th-century mountain logging operations often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill to market. Significant [[sugarcane]] railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland, and narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in common use for building tunnels.

=== Introduction of internal combustion ===

In 1897, a manganese mine in the [[Lahn]] valley in Germany was using two [[benzine]]-fueled locomotives with single cylinder [[internal combustion engines]] on the 500mm gauge tracks of their [[mine railway]]; these locomotives were made by the Deutz Gas Engine Company (''Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz''), now [[Deutz AG]].<ref>A Benzine Lgocomotive for use in Mines, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1fo9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA388 The Petroleum Industrial and Technical Review], vol. 2, no. 68 (23 June 1900); page 388.</ref><ref>Benzine Locomotive, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H0c_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA532 English Mechanic and World of Science], No. 1713 (21 January 1898); pages 532–533.</ref> Another early use of internal combustion was to power a narrow-gauge locomotive was in 1902. [[Francis Claude Blake|F. C. Blake]] built a 7 hp petrol locomotive for the [[Richmond Main Sewerage Board]] sewage plant at [[Mortlake]]. This {{TrackGauge|2ft 9in}} gauge locomotive was probably the third petrol-engined locomotive built.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Industrial Railway Record |number=236 |date=March 2019 |first=Dan |last=Quine |author-link=Dan Quine |title=F.C. Blake and the Mortlake Tramways |publisher=the Industrial Railway Society}}</ref>

=== First World War and later ===
Extensive narrow-gauge [[trench railways|rail systems]] served the front-line trenches of both sides in [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Narrow gauge to no man's land: U.S. Army 60 cm gauge railways of the First World War in France |first=Richard |last=Dunn |publisher=Benchmark Publications |date=1 January 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Railways at War |first=J. N. |last=Westwood
|publisher=Howell-North Books |date=1980}}</ref> They were a short-lived military application, and after the war the surplus equipment created a small boom in European narrow-gauge railway building.

==Improvements==
===Heavy-duty tracks===
[[File:City of Rockhampton train (Sunshine railway station, Brisbane).jpg|thumb|alt=Electric silver-and-yellow train|An [[Electric Tilt Train]] in Queensland. Unlike other states in Australia which use different gauges, Queensland's network is made up of {{Track gauge|3ft6in|lk=on}}-gauge track.]]
The heavy-duty {{Track gauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} narrow-gauge railways in Australia (Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia. Tasmania), New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines demonstrate that if track is built to a heavy-duty standard, performance almost as good as a standard-gauge line is possible.

Two-hundred-car trains operate on the [[Sishen–Saldanha railway line]] in South Africa, and high-speed [[Tilt Train]]s run in Queensland. In South Africa and New Zealand, the loading gauge is similar to the restricted British loading gauge; in New Zealand, some [[New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage|British Rail Mark 2]] carriages have been [[Bogie exchange|rebuilt with new bogies]] for use by [[Tranz Scenic]] (Wellington-Palmerston North service), [[Tranz Metro]] (Wellington-Masterton service), and [[Auckland One Rail]] (Auckland suburban services).

Another example of a heavy-duty narrow-gauge line is Brazil's [[Vale (company)#Railroads|EFVM]]. At {{Track gauge|1000mm}} gauge, it has [[Rail profile#North America|over-100-pound rail]] ({{convert|100|lb/yd|kg/m|1|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and a [[Loading gauge#North America|loading gauge]] almost as large as US non-excess-height lines. The line has a number of {{convert|4000|hp|adj=on}} locomotives and 200-plus-car trains.

===Fastest trains===
Narrow gauge's reduced stability means that its trains cannot run at speeds as high as on broader gauges. For example, if a curve with standard-gauge rail ([[Standard-gauge railway|1435 mm]]) can allow speed up to {{convert|145|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, the same curve with narrow-gauge rail ([[3 ft 6 in gauge railways|1067mm]]) can only allow speed up to {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.doro-chiba.org/nikkan_dc/n2005_07_12/n6145.htm|title=日刊動労千葉|website=doro-chiba.org|language=ja}}</ref>

In Japan and Queensland, recent permanent-way improvements have allowed trains on {{Track gauge|3ft6in}} gauge tracks to exceed {{convert|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Queensland Rail]]'s [[QR Tilt Train|Electric Tilt Train]], the fastest train in Australia and the fastest {{Track gauge|3ft6in}} gauge train in the world, set a record of {{convert|210|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporate.qr.com.au/Images/QR_Annual_Report_tcm15-2468.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930024735/http://www.corporate.qr.com.au/Images/QR_Annual_Report_tcm15-2468.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2009 |title=Annual Report 1998-1999 |publisher=Queensland Rail |year=1999 |pages=16, 19}}</ref> The speed record for {{Track gauge|3ft6in}} narrow-gauge rail is {{convert|245|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, set in South Africa in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speedrecordclub.com/outrail.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211074300/http://www.speedrecordclub.com/outrail.php |archive-date=11 February 2012 |title=Rail Speed Records |publisher=Speed Record Club |access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.intekom.com/bluegrass/sites/steamsa/historical11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615020009/http://home.intekom.com/bluegrass/sites/steamsa/historical11.html |archive-date=15 June 2008 |title=Class 5E/6E Electric |website=home.intekom.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traintesting.com/SAR.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228105903/http://www.traintesting.com/SAR.htm |archive-date=28 February 2022 |url-status=live |title=Pantograph testing in South Africa |publisher=Traintesting.com |access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref>

A special {{Track gauge|2ft|lk=on}} gauge railcar was built for the [[Otavi Mining and Railway Company]] with a design speed of {{convert|137|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book | last = Shaw | first = Frederic Joseph | title = Little Railways of the World | publisher = Howell-North | year = 1958 | location = Berkeley, California | oclc=988744 | url = https://archive.org/details/littlerailwaysof00shaw }}</ref>
Curve radius is also important for high speeds: narrow-gauge railways allow sharper curves, but these limit a vehicle's safe speed.

=={{anchor|Gauges used}}Gauges==
{{See also|List of track gauges}}

Many narrow gauges, from {{Track gauge|15in}} gauge to {{Track gauge|4ft8in}} gauge, are in present or former use. They fall into several broad categories:

===Just under standard gauge===
{{main|List of 4 ft 8 in gauge railways|4 ft 8 in gauge railways}}

==== {{track gauge|4 ft 7 3/4 in}} ====
* [[Huddersfield Corporation Tramways]]
* [[Glasgow Corporation Tramways]]

==={{anchor|Four foot six-inch gauge}}4 ft 6 in gauge===
{{main|4 ft 6 in gauge railway}}

{{Track gauge|4ft6in}} track gauge (also known as Scotch gauge) was adopted by early 19th-century railways, primarily in the [[Lanarkshire]] area of Scotland. {{Track gauge|4ft6.5in}} lines were also constructed, and both were eventually converted to standard gauge.

=== {{anchor|Four foot and 1200 mm gauge}}Around 4 ft gauge===

==== {{Track gauge|4ft1in}} ====
* [[Middleton Railway]]

==== {{Track gauge|4ft}} ====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Barrow-in-Furness Tramways Company]]
* [[Bradford Corporation Tramways]]
* [[Canton and Massillon Electric Railway]]
* [[City of Oxford Tramways Company]]
* [[Darwen Corporation Tramways]]
* [[Derby Tramways Company]]
* [[Falkirk and District Tramways]]
* [[Glasgow Subway]]
* [[Honolulu Rapid Transit and Land Company]]
* [[Keighley Tramways]]
* [[Padarn Railway]]
* [[Reading Corporation Tramways]]
* [[Redruth and Chasewater Railway]]
* [[Saundersfoot Railway]]
* [[Wellington tramway system]]
{{div col end}}

==== {{Track gauge|1200mm}} ====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Central Funicular]]
* [[Fribourg funicular]]
* [[Gardena Ronda Express]]
* [[Rheineck–Walzenhausen mountain railway]], [[Appenzell Railways#Operation|Appenzell Railways]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz | year = 2012 | publisher = Verlag Schweers + Wall GmbH | isbn=978-3-89494-130-7 | pages = 14–15}}</ref>
* [[Schlossbergbahn (Freiburg)]]
* [[Stoosbahn]]
* [[Zagreb Funicular#Technical characteristics|Zagreb Funicular]]
* [[Žaliakalnis Funicular]]
{{div col end}}

=== {{Track gauge|45.5in}} ===
*[[Arcata and Mad River Railroad]]
*[[Northern Redwood Lumber Company]]<ref name=Robertson>{{Robertson-Western Railroad-4|page=166}}</ref>

==== {{Track gauge|45in}} ====
* [[Middlebere Plateway]]

=== 1093 mm gauge ===
* [[Köping–Uttersberg–Riddarhyttan Railway]]

==={{anchor|Three foot six-inch gauge}}3 ft 6 in gauge===
{{main|3 ft 6 in gauge railways}}
[[Image:CombinedTrack.svg|thumb|410px|alt=Illustration of difference between standard and narrow gauge|Comparison of {{Track gauge|ussg|al=on|lk=on}} (blue) and {{Track gauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} (red) width; the difference is {{convert|14.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}, or about 26 per cent of standard gauge.]]
{{Track gauge|1067mm}} between the inside of the rail heads, its name and classification vary worldwide and it has about {{convert|112000|km|mi}} of track.

====Similar gauges====
* {{Track gauge|1055mm}} in [[Rail transport in Algeria|Algeria]]
* {{Track gauge|1050mm}} on the [[Hejaz railway]] in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria; only a few lines survive.

===Metre gauge and Italian metre gauge===
{{main|Metre gauge}}
As its name implies, metre gauge is a track gauge of {{Track gauge|1000mm}}. It has about {{convert|95000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of track.

According to Italian law, track gauges in Italy were defined from the centre of each rail rather than the inside edges of the rails. This gauge, measured {{Track gauge|950mm}} between the edges of the rails, is known as [[Track gauge in Italy|Italian metre gauge]].

===3 ft, 900 mm, and Swedish three-foot gauge===
[[Image:DisneylandTrainLocomotive.jpg|thumb|alt=Amusement-park train with a replica steam engine|The {{Track gauge|3ft}} gauge [[Disneyland Railroad]] in California]]
{{main|3 ft gauge railways|900 mm gauge railways|Swedish three foot gauge railways}}

There were a number of large {{Track gauge|3ft}} railroad systems in North America; notable examples include the [[Denver & Rio Grande]] and [[Rio Grande Southern Railroad|Rio Grande Southern]] in Colorado; the [[Texas and St. Louis Railway]] in Texas, Arkansas and Missouri; and, the [[South Pacific Coast Railroad|South Pacific Coast]], [[White Pass and Yukon Route]] and [[West Side Lumber Company railway|West Side Lumber Co]] of California. {{Track gauge|3ft|disp=1}} was also a common track gauge in South America, Ireland and on the [[Isle of Man]]. {{Track gauge|900mm|disp=1}} was a common gauge in Europe. Swedish three-foot-gauge railways ({{Track gauge|891mm|disp=or}}) are unique to that country and were once common all over the country. Today the only 891 mm line that remains apart from heritage railways is [[Roslagsbanan]], a commuter line that connects Stockholm to its northeastern suburbs.

=== 2 ft 9 in gauge ===
A few railways and tramways were built to {{Track gauge|2ft9in}} gauge, including [[Nankai Main Line]] (later [[Track gauge conversion|converted]] to {{Track gauge|3ft6in|disp=or}}), [[Ocean Pier Railway at Atlantic City]], [[Seaton Tramway]] ([[Track gauge conversion|converted]] from {{Track gauge|2ft|disp=1}}) and [[Waiorongomai Tramway]].

==={{anchor|800 mm, Two foot six-inch, Bosnian, and 750mm gauge}}800 mm, 2 ft 6 in, Bosnian and 750 mm gauge===
{{main|800 mm gauge railways|2 ft 6 in gauge railways|750 mm gauge railways}}

{{Track gauge|800mm}} gauge railways are commonly used for [[rack railway]]s. Imperial {{Track gauge|2ft6in}} gauge railways were generally constructed in the former [[British colonies]]. {{Track gauge|760mm|disp=1}} [[Bosnian gauge]] and {{Track gauge|750mm|disp=1}} railways are predominantly found in Russia and Eastern Europe.

===Between {{Track gauge|2ft5in}} and {{cvt|2|ft|1|in|mm|0}} gauge===
{{main|List of 2 ft 3 in gauge railways}}
Gauges such as {{TrackGauge|2ft3in}}, {{TrackGauge|2ft4in}} and {{TrackGauge|2ft4.5in}} were used in parts of the UK, particularly for railways in Wales and the borders, with some industrial use in the coal industry. Some sugar cane lines in Cuba were {{TrackGauge|2ft3.5in}}.<ref>[https://www.zelmeroz.com/album_rail/ctn/ctn_08.pdf] (2003)</ref>

==={{anchor|Two foot and 600 mm gauges}}2 ft and 600 mm gauges===
[[Image:Ffestiniog DLG BF.JPG|thumb|alt=Red locomotive, with observers on a platform|The {{Track gauge|1ft11.5in|lk=on}} gauge [[Ffestiniog Railway]] in Wales]]
{{main|2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways}}

{{Track gauge|2ft}} gauge railways were generally constructed in the former British colonies. The [[2 ft gauge railroads in the United States|US had a number of railways of that gauge]], including several in the state of Maine such as the [[Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway]]. {{Track gauge|1ft11.75in}}, {{Track gauge|600mm}} and {{Track gauge|1ft11.5in}} were used in Europe.

===Minimum gauge===
{{main|Minimum-gauge railway}}

Gauges below {{Track gauge|1ft11.5in|lk=on}} were rare. [[Arthur Percival Heywood]] developed {{Track gauge|15in|lk=on}} gauge [[British narrow-gauge railways#Estate railways|estate railways]] in Britain and [[Decauville]] produced a range of industrial railways running on {{Track gauge|500mm|lk=on}} and {{Track gauge|400mm}} tracks, most commonly in restricted environments such as underground mine railways, parks and farms, in France. Several {{Track gauge|18in|lk=on}} gauge railways were built in Britain to serve ammunition depots and other military facilities, particularly during [[World War I]].

== Narrow gauge railways by continent ==

=== Africa ===
* [[Narrow-gauge railways in Africa]]

=== Asia ===
* [[Narrow-gauge railways in Asia]]

=== Europe ===
* [[Narrow-gauge railways in Europe]]

=== North America ===
* [[Narrow-gauge railways in North America]]
* [[Rail transport in Central America]]

=== Oceania ===
* [[Narrow-gauge railways in Oceania]]

=== South America ===
* [[Narrow-gauge railways in South America]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Trains}}

* [[Feldbahn]]
* [[Forest railway]]
* [[Heeresfeldbahn]]
* [[Industrial railway]]
* [[Light railway]]
* [[List of track gauges#Narrow gauge|List of track gauges]]
* [[List of tram systems by gauge and electrification]]
* [[Military railways]]
* [[Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts]]
* [[Ridable miniature railway]]
* [[Trench railways]]
* [[Track gauge]]
* [[War Department Light Railways]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==Notes==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111222232726/http://www.zavod-kmz.ru/ "Trade House" Kambarka Engineering Works "]
* P. Whitehouse, J. Snell. ''Narrow Gauge Railways of the British Isles'', [[David & Charles]], 1994, {{ISBN?}}
* <cite>''Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado's Historic Trains and Railway Sites''</cite>, Claude Wiatrowski, Voyageur Press, 2002, hardcover, 160 pages, {{ISBN|0-89658-591-3}}
* Keith Chester. "East European Narrow Gauge" 1995 {{ISBN?}}
* "Narrow Gauge Through the Bush – Ontario's Toronto Grey and Bruce and Toronto and Nipissing Railways"; Rod Clarke; pub. Beaumont and Clarke, with the Credit Valley Railway Company, Streetsville, Ontario, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-9784406-0-2}}
* "The Narrow Gauge For Us – The Story of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway"; Charles Cooper; pub. The Boston Mills Press; Erin, Ontario, 1982. {{ISBN?}}
* "Narrow Gauge Railways of Canada"; Omer Lavallee; pub. Railfair, Montreal, 1972. {{ISBN?}}
* "Narrow Gauge Railways of Canada"; Omer Lavallee, expanded and revised by Ronald S Ritchie; pub. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Markham, Ontario, 2005. {{ISBN?}}
* "The Toronto Grey and Bruce Railway 1863–1884; Thomas F McIlwraith; pub. Upper Canada Railway Society, Toronto, 1963.
* "Steam Trains to the Bruce"; Ralph Beaumont; pub. The Boston Mills Press; Cheltenham, Ontario, 1977 {{ISBN?}}
* "Running Late on the Bruce"; Ralph Beaumont & James Filby; pub The Boston Mills Press, Cheltenham, Ontario, 1980
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111045621/http://nevada-railways.net/ Nevada Central Narrow Gauge]}}; Michael J. Brown
{{Refend}}

{{Navbox track gauge}}
{{Navbox Narrow-gauge railways by continent |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of track gauges]]
[[Category:Narrow-gauge railways| ]]
[[Category:Narrow-gauge railways by country]]
[[Category:Railways by type]]
[[Category:Track gauges by size]]

Patna Pride March

2026-02-05T04:41:04Z

EJEBoris894787: made new pg

{{Short description|LGBTQ event in Patna, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Tone|date=August 2020}}

The '''Patna Pride March,''' held in [[Patna]], [[India]], is a [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] march for [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[Bisexuality|bisexual]], [[transgender]], and [[queer]] ([[LGBT community|LGBTQ]]) people to build communities and socialize. There have been three iterations of the march over a period of seven years.

== 2012 Pride March ==
The city of [[Patna]] saw a Pride March on 29 March 2012. This was a small procession, starting at the historical [[Gandhi Maidan]] and concluding at the busy Dak Bunglow Chowk.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Now-Seen-Rainbow-Dreams-in-Patna/articleshow/15358468.cms|title=Now Seen: Rainbow Dreams in Patna - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.inextlive.com/bihar/patna/gay-pride-parade-201206290060|title=Chhup Chhup Gay Kyun Jiyen|work=Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/latest-news/patna-the-latest-indian-city-to-hold-gay-pride-parade/#gs.8BRnQrE|title=Patna- The Latest Indian City to Hold Gay Pride Parade - Gaylaxy Magazine|website=www.gaylaxymag.com|date=July 2012 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hindi.oneindia.com/news/2012/06/29/bihar-gay-takes-out-gay-pride-parade-in-patna-219387.html|title=(Patna me Samlaingiko ki Gay Pride Parade) प्‍यार किया तो डरना क्‍या, पटना में समलैंगिकों की 'गे प्राइड परेड'|work=hindi.oneindia.com|access-date=2017-06-17|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-gay-took-out-gay-pride-parade-in-patna-3461692.html|title=जब समलैंगिकों का 'गे प्राइड परेड' निकला पटना की सड़कों पर...|date=2012-06-29|work=dainikbhaskar|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en}}</ref>

This march was organised by Project Pehchaan and a local [[Patna]] group called Dostana Safar. It was a small event with just 20 attending participants.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

[[Patna University]] also had previously organised a session on Queer Literature at a refresher course for English Lecturers.<ref name=":0" />

== 2017 Pride March ==
In 2017, the Pride March was repeated when members walked on [[Beer Chand Patel Path|Veer Chand Patel Marg]], from R-Block to Miller High School. The group then stood outside Miller High School, holding placards and banners.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

The 2017 march was held to demand respect and create sensibility towards the community and also demand for equal rights. The regional manager of the Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Girish Kumar<ref name=":0" /> said that the charter of the demands will be sent to the chief minister, Mr. [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/transgenders-hit-the-streets-for-pride/articleshow/58449949.cms|title=Transgenders hit the streets for 'pride' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref>

== 2019 Pride March ==
To mark [[International Non-Binary People's Day]], the 2019 Patna Pride March took place on 14 July 2019.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.patnabeats.com/patna-walked-in-pride-in-support-of-lgbtq-community/|title=Patna walked in Pride in support of LGBTQ+ Community|last=Tiwary|first=Nabhaneel|date=16 July 2019|website=PatnaBeats|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-21|archive-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721123818/http://www.patnabeats.com/patna-walked-in-pride-in-support-of-lgbtq-community/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The centerpiece of the march was the world’s largest [[Transgender flags|transgender flag]], although only a few feet wide, it was long, with over 500 people carrying it in the parade route.<ref name=":1" /> They went from the historic Hindi Sahitya Samelan to [[Rajendra Nagar, Patna|Rajendra Nagar]]’s Prem Chandra Rangshala, the path of which covers 1.8 kilometers of the city.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Society|India|LGBTQ}}
{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:Pride parades in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Patna]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2012]]

{{LGBT-event-stub}}

Mathew Kalarickal

2026-01-26T18:54:45Z

EJEBoris894787: Added the article w/ sources.

{{Short description|Indian cardiologist (1948–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mathew Samuel Kalarickal
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1948|01|6}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Travancore]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2025|4|18|1948|1|6}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Interventional cardiologist]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padmashri]] [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] Doctor of Science Award
}}

'''Mathew Samuel Kalarickal''' (6 January 1948 – 18 April 2025) was an Indian cardiologist widely known as the father of [[angioplasty]] in India.<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140531124149/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1424/14240820.htm Navigation News | Frontline]</ref> He specialised in coronary angioplasty, carotid stenting, coronary stenting and [[rotablator]] atherectomy.<ref>[http://www.apollohospitals.com/doctor_profile.php?doc=252# Apollo Hospitals::]</ref>

== Early life ==
Kalarickal was born on 6 January 1948 in Kottayam, Travancore (now in [[Kerala]]). He studied at [[Union Christian College, Aluva]]. Subsequently, he obtained his MBBS degree from [[Government Medical College, Kottayam]] in 1974, his MD from [[Stanley Medical College]], [[Chennai]] (then called Madras) in 1978 and his DM in 1981 from [[Madras Medical College]], Chennai.<ref>[http://www.forerunnershealthcare.com/dr-mathew-samuel-kalarickal-cardiologist-mumbai-india.html Dr. Mathew Samuel Kalarickal Cardiologist Mumbai India]</ref>

== Career ==
After starting his career in India, Kalarickal moved to [[Jakarta]] to work at Medistra Hospital. Later, he moved to [[Oman]] to work as a cardiologist at the Royal Hospital, [[Muscat]]. He continued his practice in the United States only to return to India in 1985 after training there under [[Andreas Gruentzig|Andreas Grüntzig]], who was known as the father of coronary angioplasty, and joined [[Apollo Hospitals]] in Chennai.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

== Positions held ==
Kalarickal was the Director, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterisation Laboratories, [[Apollo Hospitals]], [[Chennai]]. He was also a visiting Interventional Cardiologist at hospitals in different parts of India. He was the founder-convenor of the National Angioplasty Registry of India, which is a forum for interventional cardiologists of the country to learn from each other, streamline the standard of procedure and maintain international standards.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
Kalarickal was the President, Asian-Pacific Society of Interventional Cardiology, from 1995 to 1997 and Chairman of Interventional Cardiology, Asian-Pacific Society of Cardiology, from 1995 to 1999.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

== Death ==
Kalarickal died at Apollo Hospital in Chennai on 18 April 2025, at the age of 77.<ref name="‘Father of Indian Angioplasty’: Matthew Samuel Kalarickal passes away at 77">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=‘Father of Indian Angioplasty’: Matthew Samuel Kalarickal passes away at 77 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/doyen-of-indian-angioplasty-matthew-samuel-kalarickal-no-more/article69464103.ece |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Dr Mathew Samuel Kalarickal, India’s 'father of angioplasty', passes away at 77">{{Cite web |title=Dr Mathew Samuel Kalarickal, India’s 'father of angioplasty', passes away at 77 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/04/18/mathew-thomas-kalarickal-india-father-angioplasty-passes-away.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Dr Mathew Samuel Kalarickal, India’s 'father of angioplasty', passes away at 77 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/doyen-of-indian-angioplasty-matthew-samuel-kalarickal-no-more/article69464103.ece Doyen of Indian angioplasty Mathew Samuel Kalarickal no more]</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
* Doctor of Science Award by the Dr. M.G.R. University in 2003
* [[Padmashri]] by the [[President of India]] in 2000<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-04-10 |title=Padmashree for this doctor of hearts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/padmashree-for-this-doctor-of-hearts/articleshow/1168103694.cms |access-date=2023-02-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] in Interventional Cardiology in 1996
* "Rashtriya Samman" (top tax payers award) in 2000<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/27/stories/0627000a.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | last = Serruys | first = Patrick W. | author2 = Michael J.B. Kutryk | author3 = Andrew T.L. Ong | date = 2 February 2006 | title = Coronary-Artery Stents | journal = [[New England Journal of Medicine]] | volume = 354 | issue = 5 | pages = 483–95 | url = http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/354/5/483 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra051091 | pmid = 16452560 | url-access = subscription | hdl = 1765/72541 | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 25 April 2009 | access-date = 30 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090425062646/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/354/5/483 | url-status = dead }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalarickal, Mathew}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]

Zindagi Abhi Baaki Hai Mere Ghost

2026-01-06T21:19:28Z

EJEBoris894787:

{{Short description|Indian horror comedy show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Horror film|Horror]]
* [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
}}
| creator = Ravi M. Ojha
| based_on =
| director = Rakesh Kumar
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Mitali Bhattacharya
* Shipra Arora
}}
| creative_director = Kajal Shah
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 120
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Mitali Bhattacharya
* Romit M. Ojha
}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| cinematography = Indranil Singha
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes approx.
| company = Ravi Ojha Productions
| channel = [[Life OK]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2015|08|31|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2016|02|12|df=yes}}
| editor = Janak Chauhan
}}
'''''Zindagi Abhi Baaki Hai Mere Ghost''''' ({{translation}} ''There is Still Life Left my Ghost'') is an Indian [[horror comedy]] television series, which premiered on 31 August 2015 on [[Life OK]]. The series is produced by Ravi Ojha Productions of Ravi Ojha. The storyline of the series revolves around a family of ghosts haunting a deserted house in [[Goa]]. [[Dhruv Raj Sharma]] and Kanika Kotnala have lead roles in the series.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/2015-TV-shows-to-look-forward-this-year/photostory/48538502.cms|title=News comedy show 'Zindagi Abhi Baaki Hai Mere Ghost' on Life OK|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/life-ok-launches-it-upcoming-horror-show-zindagi-abhi-baaki-hai-mere-ghost-pics|title=Life OK launches it upcoming "horror" show 'Zindagi Abhi Baaki Hai Mere Ghost'! (PICS)|newspaper=PINKVILLA|date=18 August 2015|access-date=25 August 2015|archive-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820235534/http://www.pinkvilla.com/life-ok-launches-it-upcoming-horror-show-zindagi-abhi-baaki-hai-mere-ghost-pics|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
A poor fisherman named Yug, forced to take shelter in an old mansion, encounters a family of ghosts. Initially terrified, he gradually gets to know them and eventually befriends them. The ghost family in the Palekar mansion is trapped because of the person who mysteriously killed them, and they cannot find peace until they punish the culprit. Yug becomes a member of the ghost family due to his selflessness and kind heart. An orphan, he gains a beautiful family.

Yug is in love with Sophia, the daughter of Mr. D'Costa, a highly respected and wealthy man in Bastura. The ghost family mistakenly believes that D'Costa is responsible for their deaths, but it is later revealed that the true culprit is a minister named Kishore Kadam, who changed his identity through plastic surgery and is now known as Keith Adams. Sophia's stepmother is also his accomplice. By the time the ghost family confronts this truth, D'Souza has died due to Kishore's controversies.

While solving the murder mystery of D'Souza alongside the Palekar family's murder mystery, Sophia falls in love with Yug. Ultimately, when the ghost family identifies their culprit and punishes him by killing him, they finally achieve peace (mukti).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/zindagi-abhi-baaki-hai-mere-ghost/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550066505/channelid-10000000007600000/starttime-201509010300|title=Zindagi Abhi Baaki Hai Mere Ghost - Show Synopsis|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Dhruv Raj Sharma]] as Yug Bastora
* [[Kanika Kotnala]] as Sophia D'costa
* [[Smita Bansal]] as Radha Palekar
* [[Ayesha Singh]] as Amy D'costa
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Suraj Palekar
* Shweta Vyas as Riya Palekar
* [[Anant V Joshi]] as Ishaan Palekar
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Peter D'costa
* [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] as Keith Adams/Kishore Kadam<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ayub-Khan-makes-a-comic-debut/articleshow/50043377.cms|title=Ayub Khan makes a comic debut|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 Dec 2015}}</ref>
* [[Anita Kanwal]] as Dadi Ghost
* [[Tanaaz Irani]] as Veronica D'costa
* Anshuman sinha as Benjamin
* Rishi Khurana as Jaggu

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/zindagi-abhi-baki-hai-mere-ghost/5287 Zindagi Abhi Baki Hai Mere Ghost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403100729/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/zindagi-abhi-baki-hai-mere-ghost/5287 |date=3 April 2016 }} on [[hotstar]]

{{Life OK Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zindagi Abhi Baaki Hai Mere Ghost}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:Comedy horror television series]]
[[Category:Television shows about ghosts]]

Narada

2026-01-02T11:41:13Z

EJEBoris894787: fix information for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Sage in Hindu mythology}}
{{for-multi|the village in Slovakia|Ňárad|other uses|Narada (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Narad - Vintage Print.jpg
| alt = Narada
| Devanagari = नारद
| caption = Sage Narada
| deity_of = {{ubl|Divine Sage|Messenger of the Devas<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4hVFpgwe48C&dq=narada+messenger+devas&pg=PA57 | isbn=9780595377701 | title=World Religions, True Beliefs and New Age Spirituality: A New Age Study on How Economic Tides and Parental Conditioning Mold Our World of Ethics, Religions, Beliefs, Sex and Relationships | date=December 2005 | publisher=iUniverse }}</ref>}}
| abode = {{ubl|Brahmaloka | [[Vaikuntha]]}}
| mantra = Om Naradaya Namah
| affiliation = [[Vaishnavism]] Devotee of [[Vishnu]]
| symbols = {{ubl|[[Khartal]] | [[Veena]] | Mahati}}
| father = [[Brahma]]
| siblings = [[Himavat]], [[Jambavan]]
| birth_date = [[Narada Jayanti]]
}}

'''Narada''' ({{langx|sa|नारद}}, {{IAST3|Nārada}}), or '''Narada Muni''', is a sage-divinity, famous in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] traditions as a travelling musician and storyteller, who carries news and enlightening wisdom. He is one of the [[Manasputra|mind-created children]] of [[Brahma]], the creator god.<ref name="novetzke222">{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/375037 | jstor=10.1086/375037 | doi=10.1086/375037 | title=Divining an Author: The Idea of Authorship in an Indian Religious Tradition | year=2003 | last1=Novetzke | first1=Christian Lee | journal=History of Religions | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=213–242 | s2cid=144687005 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="lochtefeld461">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn= 978-0-8239-3180-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/461 461] }}</ref> According to [[Hindu mythology]], Narada, being the universal divine messenger, is the primary source of information among gods and is considered the first journalist on [[Earth]].<ref name="TOI_2021Signif">{{cite news
| last = TOI group
| first =
| title = Narada Jayanti 2021 date, time and significance
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 27 May 2021
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/narada-jayanti-2021-date-time-and-significance/articleshow/82976145.cms
| access-date = 19 October 2025}}</ref> He appears in a number of Hindu texts, notably the [[Mahabharata]], telling [[Yudhishthira]] the story of [[Prahlada]], and he also appears in the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Puranas]].<ref name=lochtefeld461/> A common theme in [[Vaishnavism]] is the accompaniment of a number of deities such as Narada to offer aid to Vishnu upon his descent to earth to combat the forces of evil, or to enjoy a close view of epochal events. He is also referred to as ''Rishiraja'', meaning the king of all sages. Narada has the ability to visit all the three worlds: ''Akasha'' ([[heaven]]), ''Prithvi'' ([[Earth]]) and ''Patala'' ([[Underworld|netherworld]]). He is gifted with the boon of knowledge regarding the past, present, and the future. As per the Hindu calendar, [[Narada Jayanti]], the birthday of Narada, is observed on Pratipada Tithi during Krishna Paksha of the month Jyeshtha.<ref name="TOI_2021Signif"/>

== Hinduism ==
In Indian texts, Narada travels to distant worlds and realms (Sanskrit: ''[[loka]]s''). He is depicted carrying a [[khartal]] (musical instrument) and the [[veena]], and is generally regarded as one of the great masters of the ancient musical instrument. This instrument is also known by the name "mahathi",<ref>{{cite news|last=Guy|first=Randor|title=Bhaktha Naradar 1942|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/31/stories/2010073151750700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820051347/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/31/stories/2010073151750700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2010|access-date=9 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam 1.5.1 |url=http://vedabase.net/sb/1/5/1/en1 |website=Bhaktivedanta VedaBase |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829120015/http://vedabase.net/sb/1/5/1/en1 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |url-status=dead}} Narada is addressed as 'Veena-panih', meaning "one who carries a veena in his hand"</ref> and he uses it to accompany his singing of [[hymn]]s, [[prayer]]s, and [[mantra]]s. In the [[Vaishnava]] tradition, he is presented as a sage with [[bhakti|devotion]] to the preserver deity [[Vishnu]]. Narada is described as both wise and mischievous in some humorous tales. He is notorious for being meddlesome, provoking conflict between both the gods and the demons for the sake of their wisdom as well as for his own entertainment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goELAQAAMAAJ&q=Narada+meddling |title=Theatres of India: A Concise Companion |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569917-3 |language=en}}</ref> Vaishnavas depict him as a pure, elevated soul who glorifies Vishnu through his devotional songs, singing the names ''[[Hari]]'' and ''[[Narayana]]'', and therein demonstrating [[bhakti yoga]]. The [[Narada Bhakti Sutra]] is attributed to him. He would usually make his presence known by vocally chanting "''Narayana, Narayana''" before appearing in a scene.
{{Vaishnavism}}
Other texts named after Narada include the [[Narada Purana]] and the [[Nāradasmṛti]] (pre-6th-century-CE text), the latter called the "juridical text par excellence" and representing the only [[Dharmaśāstra]] text that deals solely with juridical matters while ignoring those of righteous conduct and penance.{{Sfn|Lariviere|1989|p=ix}}

The name "Narada," referring to many different persons, appears in many [[Hindu]] legends.<ref>{{cite book|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC&pg=PA80 |year=2000|publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-0-89281-807-5|page=80 }}</ref> It appears as an earlier birth of [[Sariputta]] in the Jataka tales of [[Buddhism]], as well as among names of medieval Buddhist scholars,<ref>{{cite book|author=Sarah Shaw|title=THE JATAKAS: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay4WFGQtSy0C&pg=PT497 |year=2006|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-81-8475-034-8 |page=497 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Ramstedt|title=Hinduism in Modern Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rBhGEN0RyYC |year=2005| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-135-79052-3 |page=50 }}</ref> and in [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Helmuth von Glasenapp|title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-1376-2|pages=273 with footnotes}}</ref>

=== Mahabharata ===
In the [[Mahabharata]], Narada is portrayed as being conversant with the [[Vedas]] and the [[Upanishads]] and as acquainted with history and Puranas. He has a mastery of the six Angas (limbs of knowledge): pronunciation, grammar, prosody, terms, religious rites and astronomy. All celestial beings worship him for his knowledge – he is supposed to be well-versed in all that occurred in ancient kalpas (time cycles) and is termed to be conversant with Nyaya (justice) and the truth of moral science. He is a perfect master in reconciliatory texts and good at differentiating in applying general principles to particular cases. He can swiftly interpret contraries by references to differences in situations. He is eloquent, resolute, intelligent and a possessor of powerful memory. He knows the science of morals, politics; he is skilled in drawing inferences from evidence and very proficient in distinguishing inferior things from superior ones. He is competent in judging the correctness and incorrectness of complex syllogistic statements consisting of 5 proponents. He is capable of arriving at definite conclusions about religion, wealth, pleasure and salvation. He possesses knowledge of this whole universe and everything surrounding it. He is capable of successfully answering [[Brihaspati]] himself while arguing. He is a master of the Sankhya and Yoga systems of philosophy, conversant with sciences of war and treaties and proficient in drawing conclusions by judging things, not within direct knowledge. He knows about the six sciences of a treaty, war, military campaigns, maintenance of posts against the enemy and strategies of ambushes and reserves. He is a thorough master of every branch of learning. He is fond of war and music and incapable of being repulsed by any science or any course of action.<ref>The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa Volume 1 Books 1, 2 and 3, Section XII</ref>

=== Puranas ===
[[File:Sage Sanathkumar teaching Narada muni.jpg|left|thumb|Sage [[Four Kumaras|Sanatkumara]] teaches the [[Brahmavidya]] to Narada]]
The [[Bhagavata Purana]] describes the story of Narada's spiritual enlightenment: He was the primary source of information among the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], and is believed to be the first cosmic messenger upon the earth. In his previous birth, Narada was a [[gandharva]] (a musical being) named Upabarhana who had been cursed to be born on earth for singing glories to the "demigods" instead of Vishnu.<ref>Srimad Bhagavatam 7.15.72</ref> He was born as the son of a maidservant of some particularly [[saint]]ly priests. The priests, being pleased with both his and his mother's service, blessed him by allowing him to eat some of their food ([[prasada]]), previously offered to their deity, Vishnu.

Gradually, he received further blessings from these sages and heard them discussing many spiritual topics. During the four months of rainy seasons when the sages did not leave their hermitage and stayed together, they used to recite various deeds of Vishnu, and from there Narada used to hear these stories. After his mother died, he decided to roam the forest in search of enlightenment in understanding the 'Supreme Absolute Truth'.

Reaching a tranquil forest location, after quenching his thirst from a nearby stream, he sat under a tree in meditation ([[yoga]]), concentrating on the [[paramatma]] form of Vishnu within his heart as he had been taught by the priests he had served. After some time Narada experienced a vision wherein [[Narayana]] (Vishnu) appeared before him, smiling, and spoke: "that despite having the blessing of seeing Him at that very moment, Narada would not be able to see His (Vishnu's) divine form again until he died". Narayana further explained that the reason he had been given a chance to see his form was that his beauty and love would be a source of inspiration and would fuel his dormant desire to be with Vishnu again. After instructing Narada in this manner, Vishnu then disappeared from his sight. The boy awoke from his meditation, both thrilled and disappointed.

For the rest of his life, Narada focused on his devotion, meditation upon and worship to Vishnu. After his death, Vishnu then blessed him with the spiritual form of "Narada" as he eventually became known. In many Hindu scriptures, Narada is considered a [[Shaktyavesha avatara|shaktyavesha-avatara]] or partial-manifestation ([[avatar]]) of God, empowered to perform miraculous tasks on Vishnu's behalf.

The ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' describes a legend in which Narada's [[Tapas (Indian religions)|penance]] alarmed [[Indra]], who sent [[Kamadeva]] to disturb his austerities. Due to the fact that the sage was meditating in the [[Himalayas]] and under [[Shiva]]'s favour, he was protected by the deity's ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'' (illusory power) and hence remained undisturbed. When Narada learnt of this, still confounded by Shiva's ''maya'', he falsely attributed this event to his own mental prowess and grew proud of his achievement. Heeding Shiva's suggestion to break the pride of the sage, Vishnu praised the qualities of Narada, but also warned him to not be delusional. The sage turned a deaf ear to this warning. Vishnu extended Shiva's ''maya'' to create a great and prosperous city in Narada's path. The king of the city, Shilanidhi, introduced his beautiful daughter, Shrimati--also known as Vishwamohini--to the sage, who grew desirous of marrying her. Shrimati was none other than an incarnation of [[Lakshmi]]. Narada travelled to [[Vaikuntha]], requesting Vishnu to grant him the deity's form so that Shrimati would choose the sage as her husband during her [[svayamvara]] ceremony. Vishnu promised to grant Narada what would be beneficial for him, granting him his own form, but the face of a monkey. Believing his wish had been granted, Narada grew assured that Shrimati would choose him, but soon realised what had transpired. Vishnu attended the ceremony in the form of a king, and Shrimati chose him as her husband instead. Enraged, Narada cursed Vishnu to also be separated from the [[Sita|woman]] he loved and would only be saved by one with a [[Hanuman|monkey-face]]. When his ''maya'' was dispelled, Narada begged forgiveness from Vishnu. The deity instructed the sage to visit the abodes and praise the qualities of Shiva, and the latter journeyed to the deity's abode in [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CTREAAAQBAJ&dq=narada's+austerities+and+pride&pg=PT141 |title=Shiva Purana: Volume 1 |date=2023-05-29 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-072-9 |pages=141–154 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&pg=PA105 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Narada Muni Temple.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Sri Narada Muni Temple, Chigateri|Sri Narada Muni Temple]], [[Chigateri]]]]
[[File:Narada Muni.jpg|300px|thumb|Idol of Narada Muni at the Chigateri Narada Muni Temple]]

In the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' and some other texts, Narada enquired Vishnu about the nature and greatness of ''maya''. The deity guided him towards a lake, in which the sage took a bath. The sage was transformed into a woman. She married a king named Taladhvaja and was a mother to his many sons. After some time, Vishnu dispelled the illusion and restored Narada to his true male form. Narada came to understand the concept better, but concluded it was still mysterious to him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danielou |first=Alain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&pg=PA187 |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |date=December 1991 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=C. Mackenzie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC&pg=PA205 |title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devī-Bhāgavata Purāna |date=1990-08-29 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8 |pages=205 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Worship ===
Narada temples are few, most prominent being [[Sri Shiva Narada Muni Temple]] at [[Chigateri]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>[http://www.charanamrit.com/gods/narada_1147 Hindu Gods and Goddesses]</ref>

Some adherents believe that it was Narada who was reborn as [[Purandara Dasa]] as a Haridasa (servant of Vishnu). He emphasised his works on [[Vithoba|Vithala]], another form of Vishnu and the presiding deity of the temple in [[Pandharpur]].<ref>Cheever Mackenzie Brown, ''The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' (1990), page 212</ref><ref>Amara Das Wilhelm, ''Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex'' (2004), page 153</ref>

==Jainism==
{{main|Salakapurusa}}
In Jainism, there are a total of 9 Naradas in every cycle of [[Jain Cosmology]];{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=550}} current cycle's Naradas were Bhima, Mahabhima, Rudra, Maharudra, Kala, Mahakala, Durmukha, Narakamukha and Adhomukha.

== See also ==

* ''[[Bhaktha Naradar]]''
* ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''
* ''[[Narad Bhakti Sutra|Narada Bhakti Sutra]]''
* ''[[Nāradasmṛti]]''
* ''[[Sangita Makarandha]]''
* [[Four Kumaras]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{citation |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC |date=1999 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn=0-87779-044-2 }}
* {{cite book | author = Lariviere| title = The Nāradasmr̥ti| publisher = University of Philadelphia | year = 1989|first=Richard W.}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Narada}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234637/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/1/5/en1 Narada's Instructions on Srimad-Bhagavatam for Vyasadeva]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208120900/http://vedabase.net/n/narada References to Narada in Gaudiya Vaishnava texts]
* [http://www.sak-yant.com/?page_id=1145 Ruesi Narot - Narada in Buddhist Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004191240/http://www.sak-yant.com/?page_id=1145 |date=4 October 2011 }}
* [http://www.estudantedavedanta.net/Narada-Bhakti-Sutra-Sanskrit-text-with-English-translation.pdf Narada’s Aphorisms on Bhakti (Ed. Sarma, Y Subrahmanya)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826215447/http://estudantedavedanta.net/Narada-Bhakti-Sutra-Sanskrit-text-with-English-translation.pdf |date=26 August 2018 }}
* [http://www.estudantedavedanta.net/Narada-Bhakti-Sutras-Swami-Bhuteshananda.pdf Nārada Bhakti Sūtras (Tr. Bhuteshananda, Swami)]
* [http://www.krishnapath.org/eBooks/Narada-Bhakti-Sutra.pdf Nārada-Bhakti-Sūtra: The Secrets of Transcendental Love (Tr. Prabhupāda, A C Bhaktivedanta Swami et al.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517014234/http://www.krishnapath.org/eBooks/Narada-Bhakti-Sutra.pdf |date=17 May 2018 }}
*[https://www.ravishankarjigurubhai.org/2020/05/narad-jayanti-janm-vishesh.html Narada Jayanti Janm Vishesh]

{{VishnuAvatars}}
{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Caitanya sampradaya}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Prajapatis]]
[[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Chiranjivins]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]

Naqsh Lyallpuri

2025-12-14T19:08:45Z

EJEBoris894787:

{{short description|Indian ghazal and film lyricist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Naqsh Lyallpuri
| image = Naqsh Lyallpuri.jpg
| years_active = 1953–2007
| birth_name = Jaswant Rai Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|2|24}}
| birth_place = [[Lyallpur]] (now called [[Faisalabad]]), [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2017|1|22|1928|2|24}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Lyricist]]
}}
'''Jaswant Rai Sharma''' (24 February 1928 – 22 January 2017), popularly known by his [[pen name]] '''Naqsh Lyallpuri''', was an Indian [[ghazal]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi language]] film [[lyricist]]. He is best known for the songs "Rasm-e-Ulfat Ko Nibhayen" (''[[Dil Ki Rahen]]'', 1973), “Ulfat Mein Zamaane Ki” ([[Call Girl (1974 film)|Call Girl]], 1974), "Tumhe Ho Na Ho" (''[[Gharonda]]'', 1977), Piya Tum Ho Sagar ([[Tumhare Liye]] 1978), "Yeh Mulaqaat Ek Bahana Hai " (''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]]'', 1979), "Pyar Ka Dard Hai" (''[[Dard (1981 film)|Dard]]'', 1981), and "Chitthiye Ni Dard Firaaq Vaaliye" (''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]'', 1991).

== Early life ==
Jaswant Rai was born in Lyallpur (now called [[Faisalabad]] and in present-day Pakistan) on 24 February 1928 to a Punjabi carpenter Vishwakarma family.<ref name="iDiva">{{cite web |url=http://www.idiva.com/news-entertainment/naqsh-lyallpuri-dk-bose-is-an-embarrassment/12529 |title=Naqsh Lyallpuri: DK Bose Is An Embarrassment |work=iDiva |date=11 May 2012 |author=Devesh Sharma |accessdate=3 February 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226093918/https://www.idiva.com/news-entertainment/naqsh-lyallpuri-dk-bose-is-an-embarrassment/12529 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="HT1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/naqsh-lyallpuri-a-playlist-of-his-top-songs/story-CQfJ9WiMTE2HIAJcmovp0I.html |title= Naqsh Lyallpuri: A playlist of his top songs|work=Hindustan Times |date=22 January 2017 |accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref> His father, a [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]], wanted Jaswant to be an engineer, too. He disapproved of Jaswant's affinity for literature, saying that he would never be able to earn a living through writing stories and ditties. Sharma was only eight years old when his mother died of [[chickenpox]]. His father remarried a couple of years later, something which the young Sharma resented.<ref name="Hindu1"/>

In 1946, the 18-year-old Sharma moved to [[Lahore]] looking for work and took a job at a publishing house named Hero Publications. After the [[Partition of India]], the entire family migrated to [[Lucknow]] in India. In 1951, Sharma moved to [[Bombay]] and started working at ''[[The Times of India]]'' as a [[Proofreading|proofreader]]. Around this time, he married Kamlesh, a lady of his own community at Jammu and similar family background, in a match arranged by their families in the usual Indian way. The marriage was conventional and entirely harmonious. Lyallpuri credits his wife as his "pillar of strength" who supported him in his unsuccessful years. The couple had three sons, Bappan, Rajendra, and Suneet. His family members also adopted "Lyallpuri" as their surname.<ref name="FWA"/> His second son, Rajendra "Rajan" Lyallpuri, is a cinematographer.<ref name="FWA">{{cite web|url=http://fwa.co.in/ogtemplate.php?get=FWAoig5|title=Old is Gold: Naqsh Lyallpuri (Feb 24, 1928 – Jan 22 2017)|publisher=The Film Writers' Association|accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="iDiva"/>

== Works ==
Sharma used to write ditties and small poems since a young age. It was a natural talent he had. After the partition of India made the family quite destitute, and his job brought him to Mumbai, which was the hub of the Hindi film industry, Sharma decided to see if he could make some money on the side by writing songs for films. He started writing stage plays and was introduced to actor [[Ram Mohan]], who was an assistant to actor-director [[Jagdish Sethi]]. Mohan introduced Sharma to Sethi, who listened to his poetry and asked him to write songs for his next film.<ref name="FWA"/> At this point, Sharma took on the pen name "Naqsh" – meaning an impression, a mark or a print – and added "Lyallpuri" to it, following the tradition of [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poets]] to associate with their birthplace.<ref name="FWA"/><ref name="Hindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/A-forgotten-lyricist-from-Punjab/article17095358.ece |title=A forgotten lyricist from Punjab |author=Narayan, Hari |date=26 January 2017 |work=The Hindu |accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref>

Lyallpuri debuted as a film lyricist with the 1953 film ''Jaggu'', writing the lyrics of "Agar Teri Aankhon Se Aankhein Mila Doon", rendered by [[Asha Bhosle]] and composed by [[Hansraj Bahl]].<ref name="HT1"/><ref name="iDiva"/> He also penned one of the most memorable [[Talat Mehmood]] hits from 1956 film "Diwali Ki raat", "zindagi kis mod par" with music director [[Snehal Bhatkar]].

Until the 1970s, Lyallpuri's work did not meet with much success. He worked first at the ''Times of India'' and then in the postal department to earn his living.<ref name="HT2"/> Music director [[Jaidev]] introduced him to television serials and asked him to write lyrics for the Hindi television series ''Shrikant''. Lyallpuri went on to write songs for about 50 TV serials along with nearly 40 [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]].<ref name="FWA"/><ref name="iDiva"/>

Lyallpuri collaborated with various Bollywood music directors, including [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]], [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]], [[Sapan Jagmohan]], [[Jaidev]], [[Naushad]], and [[Ravindra Jain]], and Punjabi music composers like [[Surinder Kohli]], [[Hansraj Bahl]], [[Ved Sethi]], and [[Husnlal-Bhagatram]].<ref name="iDiva"/> He had a close association with director [[B. R. Ishara]] from their first film, ''[[Chetna]]'', in 1970, which Lyallpuri's song "Main Toh Har Mod Par Tujhko Doonga Sada" performed by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]].<ref name="FWA"/>

Lyallpuri's songs have been noted for being "hummable", although they did not make a major impact on the overall industry.<ref name="Hindu2"/> He avoided unwarranted wordplay and kept the lyrics simple, although he used Urdu words frequently.<ref name="Herald"/> His command of Urdu made many doubt his Punjabi ethnicity.<ref name="iDiva"/> In his earlier career, he faced competition from [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], and [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and later from other Urdu-poets like [[Gulzar]] and [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], who were all well established in the Hindi film industry. Lyallpuri hence focused on Hindi B-grade films and Punjabi films. His 1973 song "Rasm-e-Ulfat Ko Nibhayen" for the film ''[[Dil Ki Rahen]]'' was sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. Mangeshkar counts it as her favourite Lyallpuri song but gives credit for its success to the music composed by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]], based on raag [[Madhuvanti]] and the lyrics written by Lyallpuri, rather than her own singing.<ref name="Rasm">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/late-naqsh-lyallpuri-wrote-one-of-my-most-memorable-ghazals-lata-mangeshkar-1339699.html |title=Late Naqsh Lyallpuri Wrote One of My Most Memorable Ghazals: Lata Mangeshkar |work=News 18 |date=23 January 2017 |accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref>

Lyallpuri is best known for the song "Tumhe Ho Na Ho" from the film ''[[Gharonda]]'' (1977), sung by Bangladeshi singer [[Runa Laila]]. The song is often wrongly ascribed to Gulzar, who wrote the other songs in the film, whereas the song "Do Deewane Shahar Mein" in the same film is misattributed to Lyallpuri.<ref name="Hindu2"/> The 1979 song "Yeh Mulaqaat Ek Bahana Hai" in the film ''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]]'' is noted for its unusual ghazal format.<ref name="Herald">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalheraldindia.com/news/2017/01/23/naqsh-lyallpuri-died-on-sunday-in-relative-obscurity-but-many-of-his-lyrics-continue-to-haunt-people-to-this-day |title=Naqsh Lyallpuri is gone, but his lyrics will live |work=National Herald |author= Sharma, Ashutosh |date=23 January 2017 |accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> His "Pyar Ka Dard Hai" from the 1981 film ''[[Dard (1981 film)|Dard]]'' has been lauded for [[Kishore Kumar]]'s soft singing and for using "everyday lyrics".<ref name="Dard"/> He also wrote the only Punjabi song "Chitthiye Ni Dard Firaaq Vaaliye" in the film ''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]'' (1991).<ref name="Hindu2"/>

{{quote box |width=19em |border=1px |bgcolor= |quote=""[[Bhaag D.K. Bose|DK Bose]]" (''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'') isn't good poetry. It's a degradation of the medium. Don't tell me that's what the masses want because that's a weak argument. The truth is listeners don't have a choice",<ref name="iDiva"/> – Lyallpuri criticizing the use of profanity in contemporary songs}}
Lyallpuri published two books: ''Teri Gali Ki Taref'' (On Your Street) is a collection of his non-film [[shayari]] and ''Angan Angan Barse Geet'' features his songs from films, television serials, and music albums.<ref name="FWA"/>

Lyallpuri took a sabbatical from films in the 1990s, disliking the lyrical style prevalent then, some using profanity and continued with television. He returned in the 2000s penning lyrics for the films ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]'' (2005) and ''[[Yatra (2007 film)|Yatra]]'' (2007), collaborating with his earlier music directors Naushad and Khayyam, respectively.<ref name="HT2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/naqsh-lyallpuri-urdu-poet-and-lyricist-of-ulfat-me-zamane-ki-dies-at-89/story-yu4ADiqOXeWTxNYQkprByH.html |title=Naqsh Lyallpuri, Urdu poet and lyricist of 'Ulfat me zamane ki', dies at 89 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 January 2017 |accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref> He was a founding member of the Indian Performing Rights Society, which works for royalty rights of music directors and lyricists.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-under-a-shadow/article5376230.ece|title=Star under a shadow|work=The Hindu |date=21 November 2013|accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref>

; Selective filmography
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* 1952 – ''Jaggu''<ref name="HT1"/>
* 1955 – ''Ghamand''<ref name="iDiva"/>
* 1958 – ''Rifle Girl''<ref name="iDiva"/>
* 1959 – ''Circus Queen''<ref name="iDiva"/>
* 1960 – ''Choron Ki Baraat''<ref name="iDiva"/>
* 1960 – ''Road No. 303''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4R2lC3b5e4C&pg=PA177|title=Mehmood, a Man of Many Moods |author=Zaveri, Hanif |publisher = Popular Prakashan |year= 2005 |isbn=9788179912133 |accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref>
* 1968 - ''[[Teri Talash Mein]]''
* 1970 – ''[[Chetna]]''<ref name="Khamosh">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jEyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT293 |pages=293 |title=Anything But Khamosh: The Shatrughan Sinha Biography |author=Bharathi S. Pradhan |publisher=Om Books International |year=2016
|isbn= 978-9385609596 |accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref>
* 1971 – ''[[Man Tera Tan Mera]]''<ref name="Khamosh"/>
* 1972 – ''[[Man Jaiye]]''<ref name="Hindu1"/>
* 1973 – ''[[Dil Ki Rahen]]''<ref name="Rasm"/>
* 1974 – ''[[Parinay]]''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kK00DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |pages=103 |title=Asha Bhosle: A Musical Biography |author=Bharatan, Raju |authorlink= Raju Bharatan |publisher=Hay House Inc |year=2016 |isbn=978-9385827167 |accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref>
* 1974 – ''[[Call Girl (1974 film)|Call Girl]]''<ref name="Hindu1"/>
* 1977 – ''[[Gharonda]]''<ref name="HT1"/>
* 1975 – ''[[Kaagaz Ki Nao]]''<ref name="Hindu1"/>
* 1978 – ''[[Tumhare Liye]]''<ref name="HT1"/>
* 1979 – ''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]]''<ref name="Hindu1"/>
* 1981 – ''[[Ahista Ahista (1981 film)|Ahista Ahista]]''<ref name="HT1"/>
* 1981 – ''[[Dard (1981 film)|Dard]]''<ref name="Dard">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enxTAAAAYAAJ |title=Film World, Volume 19 |author=T.M. Ramachandran |year=1982 |pages=8 |accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref>
* 1982 – ''[[Dil-e-Nadaan]]''<ref name="Khamosh"/>
* 1985 – ''[[Kala Suraj]]'' <ref name="Khamosh"/>
* 1991 – ''[[Henna (film)|Heena]]''<ref name="Hindu1"/>
* 2005 – ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''<ref name="HT2"/>
* 2007 – ''[[Yatra (2007 film)|Yatra]]''<ref name="HT2"/>
{{div col end}}

== Death ==
Lyallpuri suffered from a hip bone fracture in March 2016 and was hospitalized in October 2016. He died on 22 January 2017 at the age of 88 at his residence in [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai]] and his funeral took place at the [[Oshiwara]] crematorium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/naqsh-lyallpuri-renowned-urdu-poet-and-lyricist-dies-at-88/517907/|title=Naqsh Lyallpuri, renowned Urdu poet and lyricist dies at 88|work=The Financial Express|date=22 January 2017|accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm1055782}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lyallpuri, Naqsh}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:21st-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Faisalabad]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]

Monazite

2025-12-12T04:12:57Z

EJEBoris894787: expand citations for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Mineral containing rare-earth elements}}
{{distinguish|text=the feldspathic igneous intrusive rock [[Monzonite]]}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Monazite
| category = [[Phosphate minerals]]
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor =
| image = Monazite-(Ce)-164025.jpg
| imagesize = 260px
| caption = Monazite-(Ce)
| formula = {{chem2|([[Cerium|Ce]],[[Lanthanum|La]],[[Thorium|Th]])[[Phosphate|PO4]]}}
| molweight =
| strunz = 8.AD.50
| system = [[Monoclinic]]
| class = Prismatic (2/m) (same [[H–M symbol]])
| symmetry = ''P2''1/n
| color = Orange, purple, reddish brown, brown, pale yellow, pink, blue, green, gray,
| habit = Commonly as prismatic or wedge-shaped crystals
| twinning = Contact twins common
| cleavage = Distinct on [100] poor on [010]
| fracture = Conchoidal to uneven
| prop1 = Magnetism | prop1text = Paramagnetic, moderately strongly
| mohs = 5.0–5.5
| luster = Resinous, vitreous to adamantine
| refractive = ''n''α = 1.770–1.793 ''n''β = 1.778–1.800 ''n''γ = 1.823–1.860
| opticalprop = Biaxial (+)
| 2V = 10–26°
| birefringence =
| pleochroism = Weak
| streak = White
| gravity = 4.6–5.7 (4.98–5.43 for monazite-Ce)
| density =
| melt =1900–2100
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity = Translucent to opaque
| other = [[Image:Radioactive.svg|25px]] [[Radioactive]] if uranium and/or thorium-rich, dull brown [[cathodoluminescence]], [[paramagnetic]]
| references = <ref>[https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Monazite Mineralienatlas].</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Anthony |first1=John W. |last2=Bideaux |first2=Richard A. |last3=Bladh |first3=Kenneth W. |last4=Nichols |first4=Monte C. |title=Monazite |url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/monazite.pdf |website=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=Mineral Data Publishing |access-date=23 July 2022 |date=2005 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}

'''Monazite''' is a primarily reddish-brown [[phosphate mineral]] that contains [[rare-earth elements]]. Due to variability in composition, monazite is considered a group of minerals.<ref name="auto">[http://www.mindat.org/min-2750.html Monazite group on Mindat.org]</ref> The most common species of the group is [[monazite-(Ce)]], that is, the cerium-dominant member of the group.<ref>[https://www.mindat.org/min-2751.html Monazite-(Ce) on Mindat.org]</ref> It occurs usually in small isolated [[crystal]]s. It has a hardness of 5.0 to 5.5 on the [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness]] and is relatively [[Density|dense]], about 4.6 to 5.7 g/cm3. There are five different most common species of monazite, depending on the relative amounts of the rare earth elements in the mineral:<ref name="auto"/>
* [[monazite-(Ce)]], {{chem2|([[Cerium|Ce]],[[Lanthanum|La]],[[Neodymium|Nd]],[[Thorium|Th]])[[Phosphate|PO4]]}} (the most common member),
* [[monazite-(La)]], {{chem2|(La,Ce,Nd)PO4}},
* [[monazite-(Nd)]], {{chem2|(Nd,La,Ce)PO4}},
* [[monazite-(Sm)]], {{chem2|([[Samarium|Sm]],[[Gadolinium|Gd]],Ce,Th)PO4}},
* [[monazite-(Pr)]], {{chem2|([[Praseodymium|Pr]],Ce,Nd,Th)PO4}}.

The elements in parentheses are listed in the order of their relative proportion within the mineral: lanthanum is the most common rare-earth element in monazite-(La), and so forth. [[Silica]] ({{chem2|SiO2}}) is present in trace amounts, as well as small amounts of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]]. Due to the [[alpha decay]] of thorium and uranium, monazite contains a significant amount of [[helium]], which can be extracted by heating.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S-QDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+%22all-metal%22&pg=PA460 "Helium From Sand"], March 1931, ''Popular Mechanics'' p. 460.</ref>

The following analyses are of monazite from: (I.) [[Burke County, North Carolina]], US; (II.) [[Arendal]], Norway; (III.) [[Emmaville, New South Wales]], Australia.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Monazite |volume=18 |page=692 |first=Leonard James |last=Spencer |authorlink=Leonard James Spencer}}</ref>
{|style="margin:auto; font-size:92%; line-height:120%; text-align:right;"
|-
| || ||I. ||II. ||III.
|-
|colspan=2|Phosphorus pentoxide ({{chem2|P2O5}})|| 29.28|| 27.55|| 25.09
|-
|colspan=2|Cerium oxide ({{chem2|Ce2O3}}) ||31.38 || 29.20 ||36.64
|-
|Lanthanum oxide ({{chem2|La2O3}}) [[Didymium]] oxide ({{chem2|Di2O3}})||<math>\Big\}</math> ||30.88 || 26.26 ||30.21
|-
|colspan=2|Yttrium oxide ({{chem2|Y2O3}}) || — || 3.82 || —
|-
|colspan=2|Thorium oxide ({{chem2|ThO2}}) || 6.49 || 9.57 || 1.23
|-
|colspan=2|Silica ({{chem2|SiO2}}) || 1.40 || 1.86 || 3.21
|-
|colspan=2|Alumina ({{chem2|Al2O3}}) || — || —|| 3.11
|-
|colspan=2|Iron oxide ({{chem2|Fe2O3}}) || —|| 1.13|| —
|-
|colspan=2|Lime (CaO) || — || 0.69 || —
|-
|colspan=2|Water ({{chem2|H2O}}) || 0.20 || 0.52|| —
|-line-height:50%
| || ||{{rule|3em|align=left}}||{{rule|3em|align=left}}||{{rule|3em|align=left}}
|-
| || ||99.63 ||100.60 ||99.49
|-
|colspan=2|Specific gravity || 5.10 || 5.15 || 5.001
|}

Monazite is an important [[ore]] for thorium,<ref name=Ullmann>Wolfgang Stoll "Thorium and Thorium Compounds" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a27_001}}.</ref> lanthanum, and cerium.<ref>McGill, Ian (2005) "Rare Earth Elements" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a22_607}}.</ref> It is often found in [[placer deposit]]s. [[India]], [[Madagascar]], and [[South Africa]] have large deposits of monazite sands. The deposits in [[India]] are particularly rich in monazite.

Monazite is [[radioactive]] due to the presence of thorium and, less commonly, uranium. The radiogenic decay of uranium and thorium to lead enables monazite to be dated through [[monazite geochronology]]. Monazite crystals often have multiple distinct zones that formed through successive geologic events that lead to monazite crystallization.<ref name="WilliamsJercinovic2007">{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Michael L.|last2=Jercinovic|first2=Michael J.|last3=Hetherington|first3=Callum J.|title=Microprobe Monazite Geochronology: Understanding Geologic Processes by Integrating Composition and Chronology|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|volume=35|issue=1|year=2007|pages=137–175|issn=0084-6597|doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140228|bibcode=2007AREPS..35..137W}}</ref> These domains can be dated to gain insight into the geologic history of its host rocks.

The name monazite comes from the {{langx|grc|μονάζειν|monázein}} (to be solitary), via German ''Monazit'', in allusion to its isolated crystals.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 3rd edition, 2002.</ref>

==Structure==
[[File:PbCrO4.jpg|thumb|left|220 px|Structure of monazite. Color scheme: red = O, pale blue = P, dark gray = Ce(III) and other lanthanides and actinides.]]
All monazites adopt the same structure, meaning that the connectivity of the atoms is very similar to other compounds of the type {{chem2|M(III)PO4}}. The M(III) centers have a distorted coordination sphere being surrounded by eight oxides with M–O distances around 2.6 Å in length. The phosphate anion is tetrahedral, as usual. The same structural motif is observed for [[lead chromate]] ({{chem2|PbCrO4}}).<ref>Quareni, S.; de Pieri, R. "A three-dimensional refinement of the structure of crocoite, PbCrO4" ''Acta Crystallographica'' 1965, volume 19, pp. 287–289.</ref> Monazite also shares many structural similarities with; [[zircon]], [[xenotime]], [[scheelite]], [[anhydrite]], [[Baryte|barite]], and rhabdophane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clavier |first1=Nicolas |last2=Podor |first2=Renaud |last3=Dacheux |first3=Nicolas |date=June 2011 |title=Crystal chemistry of the monazite structure |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955221910005923 |journal=Journal of the European Ceramic Society |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=941–976 |doi=10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.12.019|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Mining history==
[[Image:monazitemineshelbync.jpg|thumb|Postcard view of a monazite mine in [[Shelby, North Carolina]], showing cart tracks and a bridge]]
Monazite sand from Brazil was first noticed in sand carried in ship's ballast by [[Carl Auer von Welsbach]] in the 1880s. Von Welsbach was looking for thorium for his newly invented incandescent [[gas mantle|mantles]]. Monazite sand was quickly adopted as the thorium source and became the foundation of the rare-earth industry.<ref name=gspp-530>Overstreet, William C. (1967). "[https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0530/report.pdf The Geologic Occurrence of Monazite]." ''[[United States Geological Survey]]'', 6 </ref>

Monazite sand was also briefly mined in [[North Carolina]], United States, but, shortly thereafter, extensive deposits in southern India were found. Brazilian and Indian monazite dominated the industry before World War II.<ref name=usgs-gsc237>Mertie, John B. (1953). "[https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0237/report.pdf Monazite Deposits of the Southeastern Atlantic States]." ''[[United States Geological Survey]]'', 6 </ref> After World War II, monazite mining shifted to South Africa.<ref name=gspp-530 />

It was in monazite that the discovery of the first [[radium]]-bearing ore was identified in Australia in 1904 by [[T. H. Laby]] and [[Douglas Mawson]],<ref name=cooper2009>Cooper, B. J. (2009). "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03721426.2009.10887120 Bragg, Mawson and Brown, and the Early Uranium Discoveries in South Australia]." ''[[Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia]]'', 133(2), 199–218. (Abstract available; full article may be purchased.) </ref> who analysed samples of monazite collected from the [[Pilbara]] in [[Western Australia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55634879 |title=Concerning radium. |newspaper=[[The Register (Adelaide)]] |volume=LXXI |issue=18,557 |location=South Australia |date=5 May 1906 |accessdate=29 August 2025 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}} </ref><ref name=cooper2009/> The samples were tested in the [[University of Sydney]] engineering laboratory. [[Edgeworth David]] made the formal presentation of their paper describing their findings to the [[Royal Society of New South Wales]] on 5 October 1904.<ref name=branagan2007>{{cite journal| url=https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/140_Branagan.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329015831/http://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/140_Branagan.pdf| archive-date= 29 March 2017| journal= [[Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales]]| volume= 140| page= 1–9|date= 2007|issn= 0035-9173|series=/07/01001–9|title=Davidite and other early events in Australia's uranium story| first= David |last=Branagan| issue=1–2| doi=10.5962/p.361583}}</ref><ref>Mawson, Douglas; and Laby, Thomas, "Preliminary observations on radio-activity and the occurrence of radium in Australian minerals", ''[[Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales]]'', 38 (1904), 382-9</ref><ref>Pring, Allan, and Brugger, Joël, "Mawson and the Radium and Uranium Mineralisation at Mount Painter, Northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia", ''[[Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy|Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin]]'', 6 (2013), 86-9.</ref><ref>Urwin, Jessica, "[https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461X.2021.1958878 The radioactive Dr Mawson: Douglas Mawson and the quest for Australia's radium riches, 1904-58]", ''[[Australian Historical Studies]]'', 53 (1) (2022), 26-42. .</ref> There are large monazite deposits in Australia.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

Monazite was the only significant source of commercial [[lanthanides]], but because of concern over the disposal of the [[Decay product|radioactive daughter products]] of thorium, [[bastnäsite]] came to displace monazite in the production of lanthanides in the 1960s due to its much lower thorium content. Increased interest in [[Thorium-based nuclear power|thorium for nuclear energy]]{{when|date=August 2025}} may bring monazite back into commercial use.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

==Mineralization and extraction==
[[Image:MonaziteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|Monazite powder]]
[[Image:Monazit - Madagaskar.jpg|thumb|Monazite from [[Madagascar]], displayed in the {{ill|Mineralogical Museum of the University of Bonn|lt=Mineralogical Museum|de|Mineralogisches Museum der Universität Bonn}}, [[Bonn]], Germany]]
Because of their high density, monazite minerals concentrate in alluvial sands when released by the weathering of [[pegmatites]]. These so-called [[placer deposit]]s are often beach or fossil beach sands and contain other heavy minerals of commercial interest such as [[zircon]] and [[ilmenite]]. Monazite can be isolated as a nearly pure concentrate by the use of gravity, magnetic, and electrostatic separation.

Monazite sand deposits are prevalently of the monazite-([[cerium|Ce]]) composition. Typically, the lanthanides in such monazites contain about 45–48% [[cerium]], about 24% [[lanthanum]], about 17% [[neodymium]], about 5% [[praseodymium]], and minor quantities of [[samarium]], [[gadolinium]], and [[yttrium]]. [[Europium]] concentrations tend to be low, about 0.05%. South African "rock" monazite, from [[Steenkampskraal mine|Steenkampskraal]], was processed in the 1950s and early 1960s by the Lindsay Chemical Division of [[American Potash and Chemical Corporation]], at the time the largest producer of lanthanides in the world. Steenkampskraal monazite provided a supply of the complete set of lanthanides. Very low concentrations of the heaviest lanthanides in monazite justified the term "rare" earth for these elements, with prices to match. Thorium content of monazite is variable and sometimes can be up to 20–30%. Monazite from certain [[carbonatite]]s or from Bolivian tin ore veins is essentially thorium-free. However, commercial monazite sands typically contain between 6 and 12% thorium oxide.

=== Acid cracking ===
The original process for "cracking" monazite so as to extract the thorium and lanthanide content was to heat it with concentrated [[sulfuric acid]] to temperatures between {{convert|120 and 150|°C|sigfig=2}} for several hours. Variations in the ratio of acid to [[ore]], the extent of heating, and the extent to which water was added afterwards led to several different processes to separate thorium from the lanthanides. One of the processes caused the thorium to precipitate out as a [[phosphate]] or [[pyrophosphate]] in crude form, leaving a solution of lanthanide sulfates, from which the lanthanides could be easily precipitated as a double [[sodium sulfate]]. The acid methods led to the generation of considerable acid waste, and loss of the phosphate content of the ore.
[[File:Monazite acid cracking process.svg|600px|center]]

=== Alkaline cracking ===
A more recent process uses hot [[sodium hydroxide]] solution (73%) at about {{Convert|140|°C|sigfig=2}}. This process allows the valuable phosphate content of the ore to be recovered as crystalline [[trisodium phosphate]]. The lanthanide/thorium hydroxide mixture can be treated with [[hydrochloric acid]] to provide a solution of lanthanide chlorides, and an insoluble sludge of the less-basic thorium hydroxide.
[[Image:Monazit opening alkaline.gif|600px|center]]

===Extraction of rare-earth metals from monazite ore===
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Hydrometallury of rare earth metals from monazite ore process flow diagram.jpg|thumb|400px|Process flow diagram for extraction of rare-earth metals from monazite ore using hydrometallurgy]]

The extraction of rare-earth metals from monazite ore begins with digestion with sulfuric acid followed by aqueous extraction. The process requires many neutralizations and filtrations.<ref>Gupta, C. K. and T. K. Mukherjee. ''Hydrometallurgy in Extraction Processes''. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC, 1990. Print.</ref><ref>Gupta, C. K., and N. Krishnamurthy. ''Extraction Metallurgy of Rare Earths''. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC, 2005. Print.</ref>

The final products yielded for this process are thorium-phosphate concentrate, RE hydroxides, and uranium concentrate. Depending on the relative market prices of uranium, thorium, and rare earth elements as well as the availability of customers and the logistics of delivering to them, some or all of those products may be economical to sell or further process into a marketable form, while others constitute tailings for disposal. Products of the uranium and thorium [[decay series]], particularly [[radium]] will be present in trace amounts and form a radiotoxic hazard. While [[radium-228]] (a product of thorium decay) will be present only in extremely minute amounts (less than one milligram per metric ton of thorium), and will decay away with a half-life of roughly 5.75 years, radium-226 will be present at a ratio above 300 milligrams per metric ton of uranium and due to its long half-life (~1600 years) will essentially remain with the residue. As radium forms the least soluble alkaline earth metal sulfate known, [[radium sulfate]] will be present among the solid filtration products after sulfuric acid has been added.

== Containing nuclear waste ==
In two studies, one testing synthetic monazites radioactive waste storage capabilities by submerging it in a contaminated wastewater system for an extended period of time, and the other comparing the durability of the crystalline structures of multiple minerals, they investigate the ability of monazite to act as a host for nuclear byproducts from high-grade plutonium in decommissioned nuclear weapons and spent fuel from nuclear reactors. Results from both investigations show that monazite is one of the better options for storage in comparison to the previously used borosilicate glass.

One study done at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sales |first1=B.C. |last2=White |first2=C.W. |last3=Boatner |first3=L.A. |date=January 1983 |title=A comparison of the corrosion characteristics of synthetic monazite and borosilicate glass containing simulated nuclear defense waste |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0191815X83900530 |journal=Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=281–289 |doi=10.1016/0191-815X(83)90053-0|bibcode=1983NCWM....4..281S |url-access=subscription }}</ref> the performance of synthetic monazite to borosilicate glass in radioactive waste management is compared. This experiment involved synthetic monazite and borosilicate glass being soaked in a contaminated simulated Savannah River defense wastes for 28 days, during the time period the leaching rates from both materials were measured. The results show that the synthetic monazite is a far more effective material for containing radioactive waste due to its low leaching rates and slow corrosion rate.

In a second study<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lumpkin |first=G. R. |date=2006-12-01 |title=Ceramic Waste Forms for Actinides |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/elements/article/2/6/365-372/137726 |journal=Elements |language=en |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=365–372 |doi=10.2113/gselements.2.6.365 |bibcode=2006Eleme...2..365L |issn=1811-5209|url-access=subscription }}</ref> natural monazite is found to have an enhanced ability to deal with radiation byproducts due the property of radiation "resistance" as it is able to remain crystalline after being subjected to high amounts of alpha-decay radiation and becoming amorphized. Due to this high durability, it is seen as a better alternative for hosting materials such as radioactive strontium than other tested minerals. Synthetic monazite is also shown to have similar durability to that of the natural crystalline samples after it becomes fully amorphized.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* J. C. Bailar et al., ''Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry'', Pergamon Press, 1973.
* R. J. Callow, ''The Industrial Chemistry of the Lanthanons, Yttrium, Thorium and Uranium'', Pergamon Press 1967. {{LCCN|6714541}}.
* Gupta, C. K. and N. Krishnamurthy, ''Extactive Metallurgy of Rare Earths'', CRC Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-415-33340-7}}.
* Gupta, C. K., and T. K. Mukherjee. ''Hydrometallurgy in Extraction Processes'', Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1990. Print.
* Price List, Lindsay Chemical Division, American Potash and Chemical Corporation, 1960.
* R. C. Vickery, ''Chemistry of the Lanthanons'', Butterworths and Academic Press, 1953.

==External links==
{{commons category|Monazite}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980215073411/http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/phosphat/monazite/monazite.htm Monazite]
* [http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/sites/all/files/an_unusual_state_of_matter.pdf An Unusual State Of Matter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902001503/http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/sites/all/files/an_unusual_state_of_matter.pdf |date=2021-09-02 }} Poem about monazite by [[Roald Hoffman]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215121509/http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fnc_post&CISOPTR=3240&CISOBOX=1&REC=1 "British Monazite Mine, Shelby, N.C." in Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077), North Carolina Collection Photographic Archives, Wilson Library, UNC-Chapel Hill]
* {{YouTube|id=vdHHUGwFoJE|title=radiation (in) paradise – the secret of the sand}}; the third in a series of videos about a Monazite beach in Brazil.
* [https://archive.org/details/monazitethoriumm00kithiala Monazite, thorium, and mesothorium] (1915)

{{Phosphate minerals}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lanthanide minerals]]
[[Category:Thorium minerals]]
[[Category:Radioactive minerals]]
[[Category:Phosphate minerals]]
[[Category:Monoclinic minerals]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 14]]

Rashid Nazki

2025-12-09T13:07:20Z

EJEBoris894787: made a post.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{short description|Kashmiri poet, professor (1931-2016)}}
{{Infobox writer
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| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rashid Nazki
| honorific_suffix =
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| pseudonym = Rashid Nazki
| birth_name = Abdul Rashid Nazki
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1931|09|08}}
| birth_place = [[Bandipora]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|01|06|1931|09|08}}
| death_place = [[Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Srinagar]]
| resting_place = Bandipora, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| occupation = Scholar, poet, critic
| language = {{plainlist |
*[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
*[[Urdu]]
*[[Persian language|Persian]]
*[[Arabic language|Arabic]]
}}
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education = MA Kashmiri
| alma_mater = [[University of Kashmir]]
| period =
| genre =  Literature, Language
| subject =  [[Sufism]], [[Mysticism]]
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[[Professor]] '''Rashid Nazki''' (born '''Abdul Rashid Nazki'''; 18 September 1931 {{endash}} 6 January 2016), was a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] [[poet]], teacher, author, critic and the founder of the [[Adbi Markaz Kamraz]] Jammu and Kashmir, a [[nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] [[Literary society|literary organization]] of the Jammu and Kashmir state dedicated to promote [[Kashmiri language]] and [[Kashmiri literature|literature]].<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/> He wrote biography of Islamic Prophet [[Muhammad]], leading him to become the first Kashmiri writer to cover the [[Muhammad in Islam|life of Muhammad]].

In 1999, he received the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kashmiri|Sahitya Akademi Award in Kashmiri]] for his collection ''Vahraat''. He wrote numerous books in Kashmiri and [[Urdu]] languages and later, he was appointed to the [[Sahitya Akademi]] as a reviewer for the organisation's first volume of the [[encyclopedia]], the [[reference work]] of the Indian writers compiled by the organisation.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/sahitya-akademi-awardee-abdul-rashid-nazki-dead-180735|title=Sahitya Akademi awardee Abdul Rashid Nazki dead|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

== Biography ==
He earned his [[Master of Arts]] in Kashmiri from the [[University of Kashmir]] and subsequently became the first [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] student to receive a PhD for his thesis on "Mystic Trends in Kashmiri and Urdu Poetry", which revolves around [[mysticism]], Kashmiri and [[Urdu poetry]].<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/>

After serving as a teacher, he served at [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/remembering-rashid-nazki/|title=Remembering Rashid Nazki|date=6 January 2017|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

In 1975, he served as an editor at the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art Culture & Languages until he was appointed as chief editor. In 1980, he served at Kashmir University until he retired as a professor in early 90s. In 1976, he served as a member of [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]], convener [[Mohammad Iqbal|Iqbal]] Centenary, [[Nund Rishi|Shaikul Aalam]] Centenary, and [[Lalleshwari|Lal Ded]] Centenary which are officially sponsored by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art Culture and Languages. In the later years of his career, he was appointed as in-charge seminars and Member Consultative Committee of Kashmir University's [[post-graduate]] department.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/prof-rashid-nazki-turning-tragic-into-devotion/|title=Prof Rashid Nazki: Turning Tragic into Devotion|date=17 January 2016|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

He translated [[Allama Iqbal]]'s ''Asrar-i-Khudi'', ''Javid Nama'', ''Zabur-i-Ajam'', ''Bali-Jabriel'', ''Payam-i-Mashriq'', ''Qaseeda Burda'', and ''Kuliyat-i-Nadim'' of Abdul Ahmad Nadim.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/>

=== Personal life ===
His parents died when he was eight and was raised by his brother-in-law. After his [[matriculation]] result was declared, he was appointed as a teacher in state [[primary school]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} He had four sons and a daughter; however, his wife and two sons died in a grenade blast on 15 March 1992, leading him to leave literary work.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/><ref name="tribuneindia.com"/>

== Death and legacy ==
He was suffering from [[chronic condition]] and was subsequently admitted to hospital for [[Therapy|medical treatment]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} On 6 January 2016, he died at [[Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SKIMS).<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2016/01/06/prof-abdul-rashid-nazki-passes-away/|title=Prof Abdul Rashid Nazki passes away|date=6 January 2016}}</ref> He is buried in Bandipora next to his two sons and wife.<ref name="greaterkashmir.com"/> In 2015, Adbee Markaz Kamraz released a special edition of its biannual [[academic journal]] called ''Praave'' aimed at to highlight the life and work of Nazki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/amk-releases-magazine-praaves-special-rashid-nazki-number|title=AMK releases magazine Praave's special 'Rashid Nazki Number'|website=Rising Kashmir}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Award
! style="width:40%;"| Nominated work
!width=5%| Result
! style="width:40%;"| Note
! width=5%|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kashmiri|1999]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| ''Vahrat''
| rowspan="3"{{won}}
|Awarded for his prominent poetic collection ''Vahrat'' (also spelled ''Vahraat'').
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page_id=5621|title=KASHMIRI – Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2005
| style="text-align:center;"|Certificate of Honour
| Literature
| Awarded by then President of India [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] in recognition of his contribution to poetry
|<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
| style="text-align:center;"|State Cultural Academy Award
|[[Kashmiri literature]]
| Awarded by the [[government of Jammu and Kashmir]] on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] in recognition of his contribution to [[Kashmiri poetry]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jkgad.nic.in/pdf/award.pdf |title=Name of state awardees |website=jkgad.nic.in}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazki, Rashid}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kashmiri]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Scholars from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kashmir]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]

Sayid Abdulloh Nuri

2025-11-29T02:12:39Z

EJEBoris894787: enhance content per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Tajikistani politician and military commander (1947–2006)}}
{{Redirect|Abdulloh|the common variants of this name|Abdullah (name)}}

'''Sayid Abdulloh Nuri'''{{efn|[[Tajik language|Tajik]]: Сайид Абдуллоҳи Нурӣ, سید عبدالله نوری}} (born: '''Abdullah Nuriddinovich Saidov''';{{efn|[[Tajik language|Tajik]]: Абдулло Нуриддинович Саидов}} 15 March 1947 – 9 August 2006) was a Tajikistani politician and military commander who led the [[Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan]] from 1993 until he died of cancer in late 2006. During the [[Tajik Civil War]] of 1992 to 1997 he led the [[United Tajik Opposition]]. Nuri and [[President of Tajikistan]] [[Emomali Rakhmonov]] ended the civil war by signing the Tajik National Peace Accord in 1997.<ref name=DEATH>[https://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/08/aff1c624-af45-482f-b022-f44ef42013ba.html Tajikistan: Influential Islamic politician remembered] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

== Biography ==
Nuri was born in [[Tavildara|Sangvor]], [[Qarateghin Valley]], [[Tajik SSR]]. In 1974 he founded Nahzat-i Islomi, an Islamic education organization. Soviet police arrested him in 1986 for spreading 'religious propaganda', imprisoning him until 1988.<ref name=CRPROFILE>[http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/tajikistan/profiles.php Profiles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205052712/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/tajikistan/profiles.php |date=2012-02-05 }} Conciliation Resources</ref>

==Niyazov meeting==
Nuri met with Turkmen President [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] on 24 January 1996. Niyazov told Nuri that a CIS summit in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] agreed to renew the mandate of CIS peacekeepers in Tajikistan.<ref name=NIYAZOV>[http://www.rferl.org/newsline/1996/01/240196.asp ...and talks with Tajik opposition leader.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930062832/http://www.rferl.org/newsline/1996/01/240196.asp |date=2007-09-30 }} RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

==Islamic state==
{{Main|Islamic state}}
Nuri advocated making Tajikistan an [[Islamic state]]. Unlike other militant organizations, after 1997 Nuri embraced a peaceful, gradual change in Tajik laws, telling ''[[Radio Free Europe]]'', "Yes, creating an Islamic state is our dream and our hope. But we understand that it can be achieved only stage by stage and in accordance with the wishes of the people of Tajikistan. We want to build a state that will be within the framework of the constitution."<ref name=STATE>[https://www.rferl.org/features/1999/10/f.ru.991007124625.asp Central Asia: OSCE proposes Asian Summit on fundamentalism] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

Nuri criticized the Tajik government's expulsion of the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]], a militant Uzbek Islamic organization, from Tajikistan. He offered to act as a mediator between the IMU and Central Asian governments.<ref name=EXPULSION>[http://www.iwpr.net/?p=rca&s=f&o=176572&apc_state=henirca2000 Uzbek militants expelled from Tajikistan] Institute for War and Peace Reporting</ref>

According to an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'', declassified United States government documents show that in July 1996 Nuri contacted Iranian foreign intelligence officials in [[Taloqan]], [[Afghanistan]] in an attempt to forge an alliance between the [[Government of Iran]], Nuri's followers, and [[Al-Qaeda]] leader [[Osama bin Laden]] to attack the United States. While Iranian officials offered to meet with Nuri and bin Laden, bin Laden, in [[Jalalabad]], Afghanistan at the time, refused on the grounds that the security risk was too high.<ref name=NYT2001a>[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/31/world/nation-challenged-qaeda-diplomacy-bin-laden-sought-iran-ally-us-intelligence.html A NATION CHALLENGED: QAEDA DIPLOMACY; Bin Laden Sought Iran as an Ally, U.S. Intelligence Documents Say], NY Times 31 Dec 2001, by [[James Risen]]</ref>

==Murder allegations==
On 12 September 2003 the website of [[Khovar Information Agency]] news reported that Nuri ordered assassination of Sobirjon Begajanov, chairman of the [[Jabbor Rasulov District|Jabor Rasul District]] of the [[Sughd Region]]. Officials for ''[[Khovar]]'' said they never approved the article and police never filed charges against Nuri. Nuri said, "I believe the name of the [Khovar] correspondent is fictitious, and he does not exist. That this material was offered by security services about me, the person who convinced 100,000 heavy military opposition groups to lay down arms. I would never [order Begajanov's murder]." IRP member Shams Sayedov called the report a "provocation connected with the forthcoming elections.<ref name=KHOVAR>[https://www.rferl.org/features/2003/10/24102003171635.asp Tajikistan: Islamic Renaissance Party facing serious problems] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

==Funeral==
Nuri's funeral took place in [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan, with thousands in attendance. IRP Deputy Chairman Muhiddin Kabiri called Nuri an "irreplaceable personality. He led his own school [of thought] in Tajikistan and in the region, which consisted of creating peace, unity, and forgiveness and forgetting [grievances]. The community of Tajikistan did not have this before -- the country had not experienced this sort of thing before. But it showed that Islam is a peace-loving and forgiving religion, and I hope that this is his legacy in Tajikistan." Dodajon Ataullo, editor-in-chief of ''Charoghi Ruz'' newspaper, "His death is very heavy on me, very painful for me. During his illness, I was always with him [in spirit]. I remember his face, his features, his soulful eyes. I recognize him not only as one of the biggest politicians, but [also] as one of the major personalities and most beloved figures in Tajikistan's history in the 20th century. That is how I view him." Mahmadsaid Ubaidulloyev, Chairman of the Tajik Parliament, said, "His personal qualities and political charisma raised his authority among the citizens of Tajikistan and the members of the Islamic Renaissance Party. The president of the republic highly values [Nuri's] role, his activities, and appreciates and calls attention to his deeds. Today we say goodbye to a famous politician, and we respect his role in establishing peace and unity in Tajikistan. We remember his great and historic part and his spiritual deeds."<ref name=DEATH/>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuri, Said Abdullah}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood leaders]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan politicians]]
[[Category:Tajikistani religious leaders]]
[[Category:People of the Tajikistani Civil War]]

2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open – Singles

2025-11-28T18:12:38Z

EJEBoris894787: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Tennis events|2006|Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open|
| defchamp =
| champ = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo]]
| runner = {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić]]
| score = 3–6, 7–6(7–5), 6–3
| draw = 32
| seeds = 8
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| after_name = Sony Ericsson International
| before_name = AP Tourism Hyderabad Open
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
}}

{{main|2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open}}

[[Sania Mirza]] was the defending champion and top seed, but was stunned by [[Camille Pin]] in the second round.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100013734 |title=ITF Draw |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405023107/http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100013734 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the final, [[Mara Santangelo]] defeated the [[Jelena Kostanić]] to win her title 3–6, 7–6(7–5), 6–3.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shahar Pe'er]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Mara Santangelo]] (champion)'''
#{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Sybille Bammer]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Aiko Nakamura]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić]] ''(final)''
#{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina]] ''(first round)''
#{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Emma Laine]] ''(first round, retired)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=180
| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|USA}} [[Vania King]]
| RD1-score1-1=0r
| RD1-score1-2= 
| RD1-score1-3= 
| RD1-seed2=3
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Mara Santangelo]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=5
| RD1-score2-2= 
| RD1-score2-3= 
| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|HUN}} [[Melinda Czink]]
| RD1-score3-1=0
| RD1-score3-2=62
| RD1-score3-3= 
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Jelena Kostanić]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''77'''
| RD1-score4-3= 
| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Mara Santangelo]]'''
| RD2-score1-1=3
| RD2-score1-2='''77'''
| RD2-score1-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed2=6
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić]]
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2=65
| RD2-score2-3=3
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals
| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3= 
| RD1-seed02= 
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|GER}} [[Martina Müller (tennis)|M Müller]]
| RD1-score02-1=2
| RD1-score02-2=2
| RD1-score02-3= 
| RD1-seed03= 
| RD1-team03='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Camille Pin|C Pin]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3= 
| RD1-seed04= 
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|INA}} [[Angelique Widjaja|A Widjaja]]
| RD1-score04-1=4
| RD1-score04-2=0
| RD1-score04-3= 
| RD1-seed05=Q
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|BLR}} [[Tatiana Poutchek|T Poutchek]]
| RD1-score05-1=1
| RD1-score05-2=3
| RD1-score05-3= 
| RD1-seed06= 
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Vania King|V King]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3= 
| RD1-seed07= 
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nicole Pratt|N Pratt]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''6'''
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3= 
| RD1-seed08=7
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina|E Vesnina]]
| RD1-score08-1=3
| RD1-score08-2=4
| RD1-score08-3= 
| RD1-seed09=3
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3= 
| RD1-seed10= 
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|SVK}} [[Henrieta Nagyová|H Nagyová]]
| RD1-score10-1=3
| RD1-score10-2=2
| RD1-score10-3= 
| RD1-seed11= 
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei|S-w Hsieh]]
| RD1-score11-1=3
| RD1-score11-2=4
| RD1-score11-3= 
| RD1-seed12= 
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|ISR}} '''[[Tzipora Obziler|T Obziler]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3= 
| RD1-seed13=WC
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Isha Lakhani|I Lakhani]]'''
| RD1-score13-1=4
| RD1-score13-2= 
| RD1-score13-3= 
| RD1-seed14=Q
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|SVK}} [[Katarína Kachlíková|K Kachlíková]]
| RD1-score14-1=1r
| RD1-score14-2= 
| RD1-score14-3= 
| RD1-seed15= 
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliana Fedak|Y Fedak]]'''
| RD1-score15-1='''6'''
| RD1-score15-2=2
| RD1-score15-3= 
| RD1-seed16=8
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|FIN}} [[Emma Laine|E Laine]]
| RD1-score16-1=3
| RD1-score16-2=1r
| RD1-score16-3= 
| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2=5
| RD2-score01-3=2
| RD2-seed02= 
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Camille Pin|C Pin]]'''
| RD2-score02-1=1
| RD2-score02-2='''7'''
| RD2-score02-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed03= 
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Vania King|V King]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3= 
| RD2-seed04= 
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nicole Pratt|N Pratt]]
| RD2-score04-1=0
| RD2-score04-2=1
| RD2-score04-3= 
| RD2-seed05=3
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''
| RD2-score05-1=5
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed06= 
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tzipora Obziler|T Obziler]]
| RD2-score06-1='''7'''
| RD2-score06-2=4
| RD2-score06-3=3
| RD2-seed07=WC
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Isha Lakhani|I Lakhani]]
| RD2-score07-1=3
| RD2-score07-2=3
| RD2-score07-3= 
| RD2-seed08= 
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Yuliana Fedak|Y Fedak]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3= 
| RD3-seed01= 
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Camille Pin|C Pin]]
| RD3-score01-1=2
| RD3-score01-2=67
| RD3-score01-3= 
| RD3-seed02= 
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Vania King|V King]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''79'''
| RD3-score02-3= 
| RD3-seed03=3
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3= 
| RD3-seed04= 
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliana Fedak|Y Fedak]]
| RD3-score04-1=4
| RD3-score04-2=3
| RD3-score04-3= 
| RD4-seed01= 
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|USA}} [[Vania King|V King]]
| RD4-score01-1=0r
| RD4-score01-2= 
| RD4-score01-3= 
| RD4-seed02=3
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]'''
| RD4-score02-1=5
| RD4-score02-2= 
| RD4-score02-3= 
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals
| RD1-seed01=5
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Aiko Nakamura|A Nakamura]]
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2=3
| RD1-score01-3=3
| RD1-seed02= 
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mariya Koryttseva|M Koryttseva]]'''
| RD1-score02-1=0
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''
| RD1-score02-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed03=WC
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rushmi Chakravarthi|R Chakravarthi]]
| RD1-score03-1=1
| RD1-score03-2=2
| RD1-score03-3= 
| RD1-seed04= 
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Melinda Czink|M Czink]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3= 
| RD1-seed05= 
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Alona Bondarenko|A Bondarenko]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''7'''
| RD1-score05-3= 
| RD1-seed06= 
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kateryna Bondarenko|K Bondarenko]]
| RD1-score06-1=4
| RD1-score06-2=5
| RD1-score06-3= 
| RD1-seed07= 
| RD1-team07= '''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''6'''
| RD1-score07-2=5
| RD1-score07-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed08=4
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|AUT}} [[Sybille Bammer|S Bammer]]
| RD1-score08-1=4
| RD1-score08-2='''7'''
| RD1-score08-3=0
| RD1-seed09=6
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić|J Kostanić]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2=3
| RD1-score09-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed10=Q
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|AUT}} [[Daniela Kix|D Kix]]
| RD1-score10-1=2
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''
| RD1-score10-3=3
| RD1-seed11= 
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|EST}} '''[[Kaia Kanepi|K Kanepi]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''7'''
| RD1-score11-2='''6'''
| RD1-score11-3= 
| RD1-seed12=WC
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Bhambri|A Bhambri]]
| RD1-score12-1=5
| RD1-score12-2=3
| RD1-score12-3= 
| RD1-seed13=Q
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Alla Kudryavtseva|A Kudryavtseva]]'''
| RD1-score13-1=4
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3='''7'''
| RD1-seed14= 
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn|T Tanasugarn]]
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2=3
| RD1-score14-3=5
| RD1-seed15= 
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Maria Elena Camerin|ME Camerin]]'''
| RD1-score15-1='''6'''
| RD1-score15-2='''6'''
| RD1-score15-3= 
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shahar Pe'er|S Pe'er]]
| RD1-score16-1=4
| RD1-score16-2=2
| RD1-score16-3= 
| RD2-seed01= 
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mariya Koryttseva|M Koryttseva]]
| RD2-score01-1=2
| RD2-score01-2=2
| RD2-score01-3= 
| RD2-seed02= 
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Melinda Czink|M Czink]]'''
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3= 
| RD2-seed03= 
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Alona Bondarenko|A Bondarenko]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3= 
| RD2-seed04= 
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]]
| RD2-score04-1=2
| RD2-score04-2=1
| RD2-score04-3= 
| RD2-seed05=6
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Jelena Kostanić|J Kostanić]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3= 
| RD2-seed06= 
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|EST}} [[Kaia Kanepi|K Kanepi]]
| RD2-score06-1=1
| RD2-score06-2=4
| RD2-score06-3= 
| RD2-seed07=Q
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Alla Kudryavtseva|A Kudryavtseva]]
| RD2-score07-1=1
| RD2-score07-2=5
| RD2-score07-3= 
| RD2-seed08= 
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Maria Elena Camerin|ME Camerin]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''7'''
| RD2-score08-3= 
| RD3-seed01= 
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Melinda Czink|M Czink]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2=64
| RD3-score01-3='''78'''
| RD3-seed02= 
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Alona Bondarenko|A Bondarenko]]
| RD3-score02-1=2
| RD3-score02-2='''77'''
| RD3-score02-3=66
| RD3-seed03=6
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić|J Kostanić]]'''
| RD3-score03-1=4
| RD3-score03-2= 
| RD3-score03-3= 
| RD3-seed04= 
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Maria Elena Camerin|ME Camerin]]
| RD3-score04-1=2r
| RD3-score04-2= 
| RD3-score04-3= 
| RD4-seed01= 
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|HUN}} [[Melinda Czink|M Czink]]
| RD4-score01-1=0
| RD4-score01-2=62
| RD4-score01-3= 
| RD4-seed02=6
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić|J Kostanić]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''6'''
| RD4-score02-2='''77'''
| RD4-score02-3= 
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{2006 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open - Singles}}
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Salem railway division

2025-11-26T18:55:18Z

EJEBoris894787: cleanup

{{Short description|Railway division of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = Salem Railway Division
| logo_filename =
| logo_size =
| system_map =
| map_caption =
| marks =
| image = File:Salem Junction.jpg
| image_size = 240 px
| image_caption = [[Salem Junction railway station]], Headquarters Salem railway division
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| start_year = 14 November 2006
| end_year =
| predecessor_line = Southern Railways
| successor_line =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge = Broad gauge and Meter gauge
| electrification =
| length = {{convert|862|km|abbr=on}}
| hq_city = [[Salem, India|Salem]]
| website = [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,579,585 Southern Railways - Salem railway division]
}}

'''Salem railway division''' is one of the six railway divisions under the jurisdiction of [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> Its headquarters is at [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]].

== History ==
'''Salem Railway Division''' is the newest division of the [[Southern Railway Zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. It was carved out of the [[Palakkad railway division]] and [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]]. It was inaugurated on 14 November 2006 in the presence of Arjun Singh and the then chief minister of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-rail-zone-in-lieu-of-two-truncated-divisions/article6072911.ece | title=Kerala rail zone in lieu of two truncated divisions | work=The Hindu | date=June 2014 | access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>

== Important railway stations ==

[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore junction]] is the busiest railway station in this division and accounts for 45% of the revenues. Coimbatore junction is classified under NSG-2 and it has 35,000 footfall per day. [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]], [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]] and [[Karur Junction railway station|Karur]] are the other important junctions, while Erode handles most of the crew change in the route. [[Tiruppur railway station|Tiruppur]] is an important station in Salem division that handles a significant volume of agricultural commodities, textile products and machinery, which contribute an abundant profit in the freight segment.

== Routes ==

Salem division has its jurisdiction entirely in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It covers 15 districts in [[Tamil Nadu]] and has a total route length of {{convert|862|km|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Salem railway division formed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Salem-railway-division-formed/article14856680.ece|access-date=8 February 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 October 2007 }}</ref><ref name="sr">{{cite web|title=Southern Railways - Salem railway division|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,579,585|access-date=10 June 2014|publisher=Southern Railways, India}}</ref> Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode, Salem, Karur and Namakkal being the important district Headquarters.

[[Salem division]] jurisdiction includes the following:

* [[Tiruppattur, Tirupattur district|Tiruppattur]] to [[Irugur Junction railway station|Irugur]]
* [[Irugur Junction railway station|Irugur]] to [[Podanur]]
* Irugur to Coimbatore North Junction
* [[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]] to [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur Junction]]
* [[Magnesite Junction railway station|Magnesite Junction]] to [[Mettur Dam railway station|Mettur Dam]]
* [[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]] to [[Ooty]] (Meter Gauge)
* [[Erode]] to [[Tiruchirappalli Fort]] (Excluded)
* [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] to [[Dindigul]] (Excluded)
* [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] to [[Virudhachalam]] (Excluded)

== Loco Shed ==

There is a Diesel as well as an Electric Loco shed in Erode. Both the loco sheds provide locomotives to Southern Railways, Konkan Railways, South Western Railways and South Central Railways.

One Meter Gauge loco shed is situated at [[Coonoor railway station|Coonoor]] to facilitate [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]].

* [[Diesel loco shed, Erode|Diesel Locomotive Shed, Erode]] has been assessed as the best Diesel Loco shed in [[Southern Railway Zone]] during the tenure of 2005–2006 and 2009–2010. The shed has been internationally certified with [[ISO 9001:2000]] for ''Quality Management System'' in March 2004 and [[ISO 14001|ISO 14001:2004]] for ''Environmental Management System'' in September 2004 for its standards. A diesel loco belonging to shed was awarded "''Black Beauty Queen''", during the inaugural annual best loco competition among [[Southern Railway zone]] outmatching other sheds viz., <abbr>Tondiarpet</abbr>, <abbr>Ernakulam</abbr> and [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Golden Rock]], as about 15 parameters were considered for the selection. It has one of the largest fleet of [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]], [[WDG-3A]] and [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]]. Around 2014, Erode Diesel shed started to receive the High horse power EMD locomotives apart from the conventional Alco locomotives. [[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4]] was initial HHP loco allotted and [[WDP4D]] variants were allocated later on. Around 2019, it started to home the WAG variant electric locos which are for freight operations and in 2020, it received [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] locomotive transferred from [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam]]. Apart from the Mainline service locomotives, plenty of shunting locomotives are maintained as well. Now Erode Diesel Locomotive shed houses [[WAP4]], [[WAG5]] and [[WAG7]].
* [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Electric Locomotive Shed, Erode]] is one of the premier sheds in Indian Railways, it was having the largest fleet of [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] till 2017, eventually few were transferred to [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam]]. In October 2017, Erode received first two 3-phase AC locos of the class [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] from [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]]. In July 2020, Erode was allocated with four [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]] locomotives, making it the first shed in [[Southern Railway zone]] to home WAG-9 locomotive.
* The Meter gauge loco shed at Coonoor is the place where the steam and diesel locomotives for [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] are serviced, maintained and fueled for their trips. Coal-fired or Oil-fired [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway X class|X-Class]] Rack-and-Pinion steam engines are homed here along with [[YDM-4]] class.

== Pit lines ==

The pit lines for maintenance of passenger coaches are at Coimbatore, Erode, Mettupalayam and Coonoor.

* Coimbatore has two pit lines, both can handle 24 coach trains.
* Erode has two pit lines, one can handle 17 coaches and other can handle ten coaches. An additional pitline for handling long-distance trains is nearing completion.
* Mettupalayam has three pit lines: Two broad-gauge pit lines and one meter-gauge. The lone meter-gauge pit line is capable of handling four coaches. Among the two broad-gauge pit lines, one can handle seven coaches and other pit line has the capacity of six coaches.
* Coonoor has one meter-gauge pit line which can handle four coaches.

== Trains handled ==

Salem division handles many long-distance and interstate trains. Coimbatore coaching complex is the most important in Salem division and it is congested due to the huge volume of trains.

* [[Cheran Superfast Express]], [[Chemmozhi Express]], Intercity Express, Tirupati Express, [[Uday Express]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Mail]], Mayiladuthurai [[Jan Shatabdi Express]], Nagercoil Express, [[Vande Bharat Express]] are maintained at Coimbatore coaching depot. Apart from this Coimbatore Jaipur Express and Hisar Coimbatore Express belonging to [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]] gets their secondary maintenance.
* Erode Coaching depot maintains [[Yercaud Express]] and [[Chennai–Charlapalli Superfast Express]], [[Erode–Jogbani Amrit Bharat Express]]. Besides these two express trains, few more passenger trains like Erode - Jolarpettai, Mettur Dam, Tiruchchirappalli, Sengottai are handled at Erode.
* Toy trains plying in Nilgiri Mountain Railway are maintained at Coonoor and Mettupalayam.

== Tourism ==

The famous [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] heritage line is under Salem division. The scenic line starts from Mettupalayam and ends at Ooty. The section from Mettupalayam to Coonoor is hauled by a Steam locomotive. A [[Indian locomotive class YDM-4|YDM-4]] Diesel engine is attached at Coonoor for the further journey till Ooty. Between [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] and [[Coonoor]], the line uses the [[Rack railway#Abt|Abt rack and pinion]] system to climb the steep [[Grade (slope)|gradient]]. The NMR is the only [[rack railway]] in India. The average gradient in this rack section is 1 in 24.5 (4.08%), with a maximum of 1 in 12 (8.33%). Even though the NMR supplies networked computerized ticketing systems for onward journeys, it still issues [[Edmondson railway ticket|Edmondson style manual tickets]] for the Udhagamandalam-Mettupalayam journey to preserve its 'World Heritage Site' status. Ticket booking is similar to conventional trains and can be done via the Indian Railway website. It is advisable to book tickets well in advance, especially during peak season.

== Medical facilities ==

The medical department comprises two sub Divisional hospitals – Erode and Podanur.
It also four Health Units at Coonoor, Mettupalayam, Salem and Karur.
At present proposals have gone to Railway Board for approval of a multi specialty sub divisional hospital at Erode.

== Projects and development ==
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

45 crore rupees have been allocated for the renovation work of Salem railway station under the Amrit Bharat scheme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Aug/04/pm-to-launch-revamp-of-18-railwaystations-in-tamil-nadu-on-august-6-2602140.html | title=PM to launch revamp of 18 railway stations in Tamil Nadu on August 6 | date=4 August 2023 }}</ref>

== Facts ==

* Southern Railway's first Anaconda freight train was operated by Salem division from [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]] to [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]].
* India's first [[Uday Express]] was inaugurated at Coimbatore.
* Salem division has its entire Broad Gauge line electrified.
* Chemmozhi express in Coimbatore coach care is completely maintained by women.
* It has the only hill railway tourist toy train present in entire South India.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Zonal headquarters and divisions of Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Salem railway division| ]]
[[Category:Southern Railway zone]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]

Kolakaluru

2025-11-24T20:20:49Z

EJEBoris894787: adding details

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolakaluru
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline = File:Kolakaluru railway station signboard.jpg
| image_caption = Kolakaluru railway station signboard

| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16.3052|N|80.6182|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tenali mandal|Tenali]]

| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2017 |page=95 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Kolakaluru [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Dr.Choppara Preethi

| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook : Guntur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=13 May 2016|pages=14,408}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 250

| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=628957|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 15607
| population_density_km2 = auto

| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522307
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8644
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Kolakaluru''' is a neighborhood of Tenali city in [[Guntur district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Tenali mandal]] of [[Tenali revenue division]].<ref name="census" /><ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.ccla.ap.gov.in/CCLA/villageDirectoryView.ccla?mode=moveFiles&lvl=District&desc=Guntur&docs=Guntur.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|access-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808144458/http://www.ccla.ap.gov.in/CCLA/villageDirectoryView.ccla?mode=moveFiles&lvl=District&desc=Guntur&docs=Guntur.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It forms a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]].<ref name="apcrda">{{cite web |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] |publisher=[[Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511092238/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |archive-date=11 May 2019 |page=4 |url-status=dead |date=30 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== History ==
The 13th and 14th century inscriptions related to [[Chola dynasty]], [[Prataparudra II]] on temples and excavation of ancient treasures, depicts the historical significance of the region around the village.<ref name="duggirala">{{cite book|title=A Manual of the Kistna District, in the Presidency of Madras: Compiled for the Government of Madras|date=1883|publisher=Lawrence Asylum Press|page=213|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H74RAAAAYAAJ&dq=duggirala&pg=PA213|access-date=4 July 2016|language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Canal at Kolakaluru.jpg|thumb|left|Canal at Kolakaluru]]

Kolakaluru is situated to the southeast of [[Tenali]],<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=31 May 2019 |pages=650–651 }}</ref> at {{Coord|16.3052|N|80.6182|E|}}. The village is spread over an area of {{Convert|25.58|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=census />

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], Kolakaluru had a population of 15,607. The population included 7,731 males and 7,876 females —a sex ratio of 1,019 females per 1000 males. 1,500 children were in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 758 were boys and 742 girls. The average literacy rate stood at 70.89%, compared to the state average of 67.41%, with 10,001 literates in the village population.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|access-date=5 September 2014|page=43|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
[[File:Kolakaluru signboard.jpg|thumb|Kolakaluru signboard]]

Kolakaluru [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> There are 16 wards, each represented by an elected ward member.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Body Elected Members of Kolakaluru |url=https://areaprofiler.gov.in/viewelectedmemberReport.do?stateCode=0&lbCode=200812&languageId=1 |website=Area Profiler |publisher=[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> The present [[sarpanch]] is ''Choppara Preeti'', elected by the ward members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANCHAYAT DEVELOPMENT PLAN CAMPAIGN |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref> The village is administered by the ''Tenali Mandal Parishad'' at the [[Panchayat samiti (block)|intermediate level]] of [[Panchayati raj (India)|panchayat raj]] institutions.<ref name="village" />

Kolakaluru in [[Tenali mandal]] is represented by [[Tenali (Assembly constituency)|Tenali assembly constituency]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=22}}</ref> The present [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing the constituency is Nadendla Manohar of [[Janasena Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member's Report|url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information|website=Andhra Pradesh Legislature Assembly|access-date=12 October 2014|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706122213/http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[File:Kolakaluru road over bridge.jpg|thumb|Road over bridge at Kolakaluru on Guntur-Nandivelugu road]]
[[Guntur]]-[[Nandivelugu]] road passes through the village and connects it with the district headquarter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Traffic-restrictions-for-TDP-meet/article15335665.ece|title=Traffic restrictions for TDP meet|date=2008-11-05|access-date=2016-05-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Kolakaluru railway station]] is situated on the mutual [[Howrah-Chennai main line|Howrah-Chennai]] and [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]]s. It is administered under [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolakalur railway station info|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/3378 |publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref>

Kolakaluru Village is well connected to Tenali City. Tenali is the city that is much near to kolakaluru village at the distance of 10 km. According to 2011 in the Tenali City expansion the kolakaluru village was there. The Nearest railway station to the Village are kolakaluru railway station and Tenali junction railway station.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051231/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/school-education/|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413205259/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/school-education/|archive-date=13 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the village are 1,731.<ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281732&mandalName=TENALI|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154727/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281732&mandalName=TENALI|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are 15 schools which include, six private, eight Mandal Parishad and [[Zilla Parishad High School|ZPHS]], and other types of school as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=CSE|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|website=cse.ap.gov.in|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DSE - Department of School Education|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.do?mode=getGovernmentSchoolsDetailsPrint1&code=281732012&acyear=2015-16|website=cse.ap.gov.in|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129072622/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.do?mode=getGovernmentSchoolsDetailsPrint1&code=281732012&acyear=2015-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of villages in Guntur district#T|Villages in Tenali mandal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Villages in Tenali mandal}}

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

Basheer Ahmed

2025-10-04T03:45:34Z

EJEBoris894787: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{short description|Indian physician, academician and author}}{{Infobox person
| name = Basheer Ahmed
| image = Dr. Basheer Ahmed.jpg
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad Deccan]], India
| education =
| alma_mater = {{Nowrap|[[Osmania University]] [[Dow Medical College]] [[Karachi university]] [[Glasgow University]]}}
| occupation = Physician, academic, author
| spouse = Shakila Ahmed
| children = Sameer Ahmed, Araj Ahmed
| website = https://www.basheerahmed.com/
}}

'''Basheer Ahmed''' is an Indian physician, academic and author currently residing in the USA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Responsibilities of Physicians, Health Care Providers, and Community Leaders |url=http://www.ncdsv.org/images/JTCMS_DVResponsibilitiesOfPhysiciansHealthCareProvidersCommunityLeaders_5-2008.pdf |website=ncdsv.org}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ahmed is a 1960 graduate of [[Dow Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MD |first=Amin H. Karim |date=2013-12-17 |title=Golden Memories of DMC by M. Bashir Ahmed MD, Class of 1960 |url=https://www.thedowdays.com/wp/2013/12/17/golden-memories-of-dmc-by-m-bashir-ahmed-md-class-of-1960/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=The Dow Days |language=en-US}}</ref> He migrated to the United States and served as both the director of the psychiatric unit at the St. Louis State Hospital, [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]] as well as the director of psychiatric services at St. Louis County General Hospital, [[St. Louis|St. Louis Missouri]] in 1968. Ahmed is also a fellow of the [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]], London as well as a fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]] and a distinguished life fellow of the [[American Psychiatric Association]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A Sense of Worth|date=1968|work=St. Louis State Hospital Outlook|page=6,7}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:M.Basheer Ahmed with President Jimmy Carter.png|thumb|Ahmed's meeting with President [[Jimmy Carter]]]]
Ahmed's interest in [[Academy|academic]] psychiatry led him to the [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]], New York City in 1971 where he served as the Assistant Professor of Psychiatry for five years. He also served as the Director of Soundview Throngs Neck Community Mental Health Center, one of the largest CMHC in New York City, managed by Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gillmor|first1=Martha H.|date=August 1971|title=A Conversation with Dr Ahmed|url=https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/68d8df_e63f96f7039144578acdd26d9a4f589c.pdf|journal=Sound View-Throgs Neck Community Mental Health Center|volume=2|issue=1}}</ref> He also served as a member of the Board of Directors of the National Council of Community Mental Health Centers and as the Regional Director for the region II.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=M. Basheeruddin |last2=Harm |first2=Carl S. |title=Developing a Community Board for a Mental Health Center |url=https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ps.30.4.256 |journal=Psychiatric Services |pages=256–258 |doi=10.1176/ps.30.4.256 |date=1 April 1979|volume=30 |issue=4 |pmid=422132 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1976, Ahmed moved to [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton Ohio]] where he became the Professor of Psychiatry at [[Wright State University]] and also the Chief of Psychiatry at the local [[List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities|VA Hospital]]. He also served as the director of the psychiatric residency training program at Wright State University. Ahmed then moved from [[Ohio]] to [[Texas]] where he worked as a professor of Psychiatry and family medicine at the [[University of Texas Health Science Center]], Southwestern Medical School Dallas Texas from 1978 to 1982. Dr. Ahmed also served as the Chief of Psychiatry at [[John Peter Smith Hospital]] [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Ahmed to Head Psychiatric Services|date=July 1978|work=The Messenger|agency=Tarrant County Hospital District Publication}}</ref>

In 1979, Ahmed became a member of the Tarrant County Medical Society. He also served as the chairman of the Tarrant Chapter of the Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians and was the program chairman of the annual Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians meeting in Fort Worth Texas. He has also served as a member of the publication committee and on the Board of Directors of Project Access of the Tarrant County Medical Society.<ref>{{cite web |title=basheer ahmed |url=https://www.islamicity.org/by/basheer-ahmed/ |website=IslamiCity}}</ref>

In October 1979, at the invitation of 39th President of the United States [[Jimmy Carter]], Ahmed (as the President of the [[Islamic Medical Association of North America|Islamic Medical Association]], 1978–79), met with the president at the [[White House]] along with 15 other US Muslim leaders to discuss the Iranian crises and Muslims in the USA.

In 1983, he left his academic career and entered into the private practice of [[Psychiatry]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]]. He served as a Director of Psychiatric Departments in several hospitals including St. Joseph Hospital, Psychiatric Institute Fort Worth, Oak Bend Psychiatric Hospital Fort Worth, Care Unit Hospital and Plaza medical center, [[Fort Worth, Texas]].

Ahmed served as the president of the [[Islamic Medical Association of North America]] (1979–80). He is the founding board member of the International Institute of Islamic medicine. Ahmed has served as the president of the Islamic Association of Tarrant County (1982–83). He also served as a member of the board of directors of the Islamic Social Service Association. He served on the board of directors of the Multicultural Alliance of North Texas from 2006 to 2016.

== Philanthropy and Community Services ==

Ahmed has been active for many years in developing Islamic institutions that support the Muslim community to prosper by providing services as well as facilities that promote well being in their communities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic institutions taking shape in the United States|date=27 March 1999|work=Arlington Morning News|page=4A}}</ref>

In 1995, Ahmed founded the Muslim Community Center for Human Services to serve indigent residents of the Dallas-Fort Worth area.[4] MCC for Human Services was the first Muslim charitable organization in the state of Texas that provided medical and social services, including free medical, dental, and mental health services to indigent residents of the Dallas-Fort Worth area, irrespective of race, religion, and country of origin.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslims health fair scheduled|last1=Lee|first1=Renee C.|date=1995|agency=Fortworth Star Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our Founder |url=https://www.mcc-hs.org/our-founder |website=Muslim Community Center for Human Services}}</ref>

Ahmed has been active in organizing conferences on [[domestic violence]], the role of organized religion in promoting world peace and the many Muslim contributions to civilization.<ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A with M. Basheer Ahmed|date=23 April 2005|work=The Dallas Morning News|pages=5}}</ref>

In 2011, Ahmed and The Muslim Community Center for Human Services stepped up their efforts to provide services to their community despite their being cut-backs from the federal government towards spending for [[social services]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Center Casting a wider safety net|last1=Branch|first1=Alex|date=23 August 2011|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|agency=star-telegram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Islamophobia on the rise in the U.S., but some still reject it |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/other-voices/article38138232.html#storylink=cpy |website=star-telegram.com}}</ref>

The medical clinic for the center was treating 1,600 to 1,800 patients a year, and new patients were asked only to make a $10 donation. Low-cost lab work and [[prescription drug]]s were also made available. More than 200 people each year also were receive dental care.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/local/community/northeast-tarrant/article34957323.html|title=Muslim Community Center in Richland Hills still growing after 20 years|last1=Bahari|first1=Sarah|date=11 September 2015|website=Star Telegram|location=Richland Hills}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* ''Muslim Contribution to World Civilization'', publisher: The International Institute of Islamic thought UK, 2005, {{ISBN|156564-411-5}}, reprint: {{ISBN|1-56564-410-7}}
* ''Islamic Intellectual Heritage and its impact on the West'' Publisher: Institute of Medieval and Post Medieval Studies, USA, 2008, {{ISBN| 978-1604618990|}}
* ''Domestic violence cross cultural perspective'' Published by Xilbris Corporation, USA, 2009, ISBN {{ISBN|978-1441544728|}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Read Domestic Violence Cross Cultural Perspective Online by M. Basheer Ahmed M.D. {{!}} Books |url=https://www.scribd.com/book/523948631/Domestic-Violence-Cross-Cultural-Perspective |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>
* ''My Story as a Muslim Immigrant in America- Psychiatry, social activism and service'', Publisher: Lioncrest, USA, 2017, {{ISBN|978-1-61961-839-8|}}
* ''The Rise and Fall of Muslim Civilization: Hope for the Future'', Publisher: Mary Ethel Eckard US, 2022, {{ISBN|979-8-9857287-0-5}}
* ''Why Are Americans Obsessed with Guns and Willing to Pay a High Price, Second Edition'', Publisher: Mary Ethel Eckard US, 2022, {{ISBN|979-8-9857287-8-1}}

==Personal life==
Basheer Ahmed married Shakila Ahmed and they have two children Sameer Ahmed and Araj Ahmed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MassÃ |first1=Mark H. |title=Inspired to Serve: Today's Faith Activists |date=12 October 2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11116-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXBWmUfWJIQC&dq=Dr+M.+basheer+ahmed%2C+texas&pg=PA185 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=My Story as a Muslim Immigrant in America {{!}} Lioncrest Publishing |url=https://lioncrest.com/books/my-story-as-a-muslim-immigrant-in-america-basheer-ahmed/ |website=lioncrest.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.basheerahmed.com/ Official Website]
* {{YouTube|Dr. M. Basheer Ahmed – 66th MCA Annual Awards Dinner Honoree|id=aSTHGMxdyh4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Basheer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Wright State University faculty]]
[[Category:Wright State University]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Dow Medical College alumni]]

Gourishankar Ray

2025-09-22T14:55:54Z

EJEBoris894787: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian socio-political activist (1838–1917)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = KarmaVeer
| name = Gourishankar Ray
| image = Portrait of Gourishankar Ray.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1838|07|13|df =y}}
| birth_place = Dixitpada, Asureswar, [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1917|03|07|1838|07|13}}
| death_place =
| education =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|karmaveergourishankar.info}}
}}

'''Gourishankar Ray''', better known as Karmaveer Gourishankar,<ref name="karmaveergourishankar">{{cite web|url=http://karmaveergourishankar.info/|title=Karmaveer Gourishankar Ray|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020224640/http://www.karmaveergourishankar.info/|archivedate=20 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> a prominent figure amongst the makers of [[Odisha|Modern Orissa]] (Odisha) as well as the savior of [[Odia language|Odia]] (Oriya) language and literature,<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Makers of Modern Orissa: Contributions of Some Leading Personalities of Orissa in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century|author1=Samal, J.K.|author2=Nayak, P.K.|date=1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170173229|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ewpJNpCLJgC&pg=PA202|page=202|accessdate=11 January 2017}}</ref> who led the Save Oriya Movement during the late nineteenth century working relentlessly for the protection and preservation of the Odia language. He was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] from [[East Bengal]] from a [[Kayastha|Zamindar Kayastha]] family at a time when an anti Oriya movement rocked the province to replace it by Bengali in the coastal, Hindi in the western and Telugu in the southern Orissa which ultimately was thwarted and Oriya was given its due place.

He was the father of the co-operative movements as well as printing & publishing crafts in Odisha. He founded the Cuttack Printing Company<ref>{{cite web|title=GOURI SHANKAR RAY|url=http://orissadiary.com/personality/writer/GOURISHANKARRAY%20.asp|publisher=OrissaDiary|accessdate=7 November 2014|archive-date=28 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928113509/http://orissadiary.com/personality/writer/GOURISHANKARRAY%20.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Utkala Deepika]]'', the first Odia newspaper to be printed as a weekly in 1866. Utkal Deepika owed its birth to the upsurge of nationalism playing a significant role in sociopolitical life of Orissa. He lived a life of honesty and sacrifice.

==Timeline==
[[File:Utkal Deepika.JPG|thumb|First Odia newspaper ''[[Utkala Deepika]]'' that was published by Gourishankar Ray]]
*1838: Born on 13 July. It was Aashadh Shukla Chaturdashi. At Asureswar, Dikhitpada, Cuttack; S/o Sadashib Prasad and Annapurna.
* 1848: After completion his Primary education, in the village Pathasala and a Maqtab for Parsi, he came to Cuttack. Studied in Cuttack school, now Ravenshaw Collegiate School.
* 1855: Won the Juniorship Scholarship.
* 1856: Proceeded to Hoogly for College Education; Covered the distance on bullock cart and foot in 22 days.
* 1858: Received proficiency certificate in English. Left Hoogly worked as a teacher at Balasore was the Teacher of [[Radhanath Ray]], Baikuntha Nath Dey and [[Madhusudan Das|MadhuSudan Das]]; three great persons of the century in Orissa.
* 1859: Came to Cuttack joined the Commissioner's Office as Money Order Agent. Founded Youngmen's Association, the first organisation to undertake public life.
* 1864: Formed the Cuttack Printing Co. on a Co-operative basis.
* 1865: Founder Member of the Cuttack Printing Co.
* 1866: Organized public service. The volunteer Corps, to save famine stricken people. Submitted Memorandum to the Govt.(i) To alleviate the sufferings of the people during Naanka.(ii) To improve the irrigational, Communication and Railway facilities to Orissa. Published the harrowing tales of the famine in the Utkala Deepika. Founder - Editor – Printer - Manager of the Utkala Deepika which indeed heralded the modern renaissance in orissa.
* 1867: Founder – Manager of the Purana Prakashika Company, also a cooperativefirm published Oriya Mahabharat, Ramayan, Puranas, Kavyas of Adi Yuga, Bhakti Yuga, Reeti Yuga. Founder – Secretary, Utkal Bhasoddipini Sabha - Worked on Language and Literature of Orissa. Published the Oriya Almanac for Universal consumption. Patronized Odisi Dance and Music. Patronised enactment of Oriya Plays.
* 1868: led the save Odia movement and worked for the protection and preservantation of Odia language. An anti-oriya movement then rocked the province to replace it by Bengali in the coastal, Hindi in western, and telgu in southern Odisha.it was thwarted and oriya was given its due place.
* 1869: Founder-Secy-Utkal Ullasini Sabha, a social, cultural and political organisation.
* 1870: Founder-Secy of Orissa Sabha; a social, cultural, and political organisation. joined the Brahmo Samaj and became its Secretary.
* 1872: joined as translator in the Dist Judge Court, Cuttack.(b)Deposited Rs 30,000 to establish the Cuttack College. It was a public collection - (The present day Revanshaw College.)
* 1874: presented various pothis, to john Beams to prove the separate entity of Odia language.
* 1875–76: lost his wife. Led a single life henceforth till his death (1917).
* 1882: The name of orissa Sabha was substituted by the name: Utkal Sabha or Utkal Association. He was the Secy of the association up to 1915 this worked for the unification of the oriya speaking regions, formation of a separate province of Orissa, abolition of salt law, introduction of local self Govt.such as municipalities and Dist Boards etc.
* 1886: Merger of the Utkal Sabha with the Indian national Congress.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Utkal Sabha and Indian National Congress | author=Janmejay Choudhury | url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Utkal_sabha.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422231528/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Utkal_sabha.pdf | archive-date=2014-04-22}}</ref>
* 1887: Attended the Congress session at madras.
* 1892: Left Govt. service.
* 1895: Attended the congress session at Poona.
* 1896: Attended the congress session at Calcutta.
* 1898: Became president, Governing Body, Peary Mohan Academy and continued as such till death. Extended all financial help to run the school.
* 1899: Founder Member of the coronation library.
* 1901: Founded a hostel in the Campus of P.M. Academy- afterwards it was named Gorishankar Chhatrabas.
* 1903: Founder Member <ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|author=Datta, A.|date=1988|volume=2|publisher=Sahitya Akad.|isbn=9788126011940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1740|page=1740|accessdate=11 January 2017}}</ref> Utkal sahitya Samaj- A premier Literary and cultural organization of the state. Edited and translated Raghuvansha in Oriya and such works of literature. Joined Utkal Sammelan founded by Madhu Sudan Das and worked actively there till the end of his life.
* 1904: Founded Kayasth Boarding, Kathagada Sahi, Cuttack.<ref name="google"/>
*1905: Extended financial help to the Brahmana Chatrabasa, Puri.
* 1906: Built a bridge at Kendrapada.
* 1909: Established and built the Cuttack Town Hall. Built a restshed and planted shade – giving trees at the Khannagar Smasan I, e funeral ground. Built the stone embankment on the Kendrapara Canal. Founded and established a Mahila Training Institute for widows and destitutes. Founded and established the boys hostel.
* 1911: Attended the Calcutta session of National congress.
* 1913: Recipient of the certificate of Honour from the British Durbar. Founded and established the Girls' School, Dikshipara. Founded and established a Charitable Dispensary at Dikshitppara.
* 1915: Attended the Congress Session at Karachi.
* 1916: Received the Award of Ray Bahadur from the Govt. Commented. It is another infliction on me.
*1917: His last journey – 7 March-Shukla-Chaturdashi-Phalgun.

==Karmaveera Gourishankar Ray Samman==
In memory of Gourishankar Ray, Utkala Cultural Association at IIT Bombay honors a prominent Odia with 'Karmaveera Gourishankar Ray Samman' each year on Utkala Dibasa ([[Odisha Day]]) for his/her outstanding contribution in different fields like arts, science, social work, entrepreneurship etc.

List of recipients
* 2016: Dr Santrupta Mishra, Entrepreneur
* 2017: Mr. Abhay P. Hota, Entrepreneur
* 2018: Mr. Bijay Sahoo, Entrepreneur
* 2019: Dr. Amulya Sahoo, Health and social work

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Gourishankar}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]

Sankrail (community development block)

2025-08-27T14:08:20Z

EJEBoris894787: general enhance intro after review and improved wording

{{for|CD Block with same name in [[Paschim Medinipur district]]|Sankrail, Paschim Medinipur (community development block)}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Sankrail
|other_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = File:Sankrail in Howrah (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Sankrail (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sankrail]], [[Howrah Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Dakshin]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 36.64
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 343,933
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|22|35|10|N|88|14|12|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 7
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 711313 (Sankrail) 711309 (Delta Mill) 711302 (Andul Mouri)
|area_code = 033
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West_Bengal|WB]]-11, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West_Bengal|WB]]-12, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West_Bengal|WB]]-13, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West_Bengal|WB]]-14
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 83.11 per cent
|website = http://howrah.gov.in/; http://sankrail.com
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sankrail''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Howrah Sadar subdivision]] of [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:Map of Howrah district .svg|300px|thumb|right|Map of Howrah District ]]

===Location===
Andul Mouri (post office) is located at {{Coord|22.58599|N|88.23668|E|format=dms|}}

Sankrail CD Block is bounded by [[Domjur (community development block)|Domjur]] and [[Bally Jagachha]] CD Blocks in the north, [[Kolkata]], across the [[Hooghly River]], and [[Budge Budge I]] and [[Budge Budge II]] CD Blocks, in South 24 Parganas district, also across the [[Hooghly River]], in the east and south and [[Uluberia I]] and [[Panchla (community development block)|Panchla]] CD Blocks in the west.

It is located 10 km from [[Howrah]], the district headquarters.

===Area and administration===
Sankrail CD Block has an area of 36.64 km2.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_16.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – Howrah district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204740/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_16.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Sankrail Police Station of [[Howrah Police Commissionerate|Howrah City Police]] serves this CD Block. Sankrail panchayat samity has 16 gram panchayats. The block has 23 inhabited villages.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/Howrah.pdf | title = District Statistical Handbook – 2004 – Howrah | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4 (b), 3.1, 4.4, 4.5, 8.2, 18.1. 18.3, 21.1 | publisher = Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 April 2016 | archive-date = 20 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160920094828/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/Howrah.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this block is at [[Andul#Andul–Mouri Post Office|Andul Mouri]].

===Topography===
Howrah district is located on the west bank of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]]. The [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan]] flows on the west and south of the district and the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] intersects it. The district consists of a flat [[alluvial plain]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/howrah_wb.pdf |title = Brief Industrial Profile of Howrah District, West Bengal |publisher= Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

===Gram panchayats===
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Sankrail block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Andul, Banipur I, Banipur II, Dakshin Sankrail, Dhulagari, Duila, Jorhat, Kandua, Manikpur, Mashila, Nalpur, Panchpara, Raghudebbati, Sankrail, Sarenga and Thanamakua.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Howrah – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 4 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Overview===
Rural population is 49.63% of the total population of Howrah district as per 2001 census. Scheduled castes account for 15.41% of the population, scheduled tribes 0.44% and Muslims 24.4% of the population. As the economy is prevalently industrial, majority of the population depends on industries for a living. Only 30% of the population is engaged in cultivation.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icssr.org/haorah_mcd_report_final.pdf |title = Minority Concentration District Project – Haorah, West Bengal |publisher= Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India | access-date = 6 May 2016}}</ref>

{{BPL families in CD Blocks of Howrah district|collapsible=y}}

===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Sankrail CD Block had a total population of 343,933, of which 35,195 were rural and 308,738 were uban. There were 176,748 (51%) males and 167,185 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 37,531. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 77,458 and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,272.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Sankrail block had a total population of 290,877, out of which 152,985 were males and 137,892 were females. Sankrail block registered a population growth of 19.46 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Howrah district was 12.76 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent. [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] at 81,840 formed around one-fourth the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 4,237.<ref name=census/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

===Census Towns and large villages===
[[Census Town]]s in Sankrail CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Dhulagari (23,740), Mirjapur (5,114), [[Argari]] (10,715), [[Andul]] (6,302), [[Dhuilya]] (20,962), Kamranga (4,585), [[Jhorhat]] (16,940), Masila (12,239), Kendua (6,338), Nabhghara (5,875), [[Ramchandrapur, West Bengal|Ramchandrapur]] (10,312), [[Hatgachha]] (5,980), [[Panchpara]] (19,283), [[Podara]] (21,589), [[Banupur]] (9,626), [[Sankrail]] (29,114), Sankrailjala (8,812), Osmanpur (5,289), [[Manikpur, West Bengal|Manikpur]] (19,804), [[Sarenga]] (25,200), Ula (6,738), [[Nalpur]] (6,911) and [[Raghudebbati]] (14,165).<ref name=census2011/>

Outgrowths in Sankrail CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Chak Srikrishna, Ward No. 29 (10,123) and Chak Srikrishna, Ward No. 30 (2,982).<ref name=census2011/>

The following Municipalities and Census Towns in Howrah district were part of [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Kolkata]] Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: [[Howrah]] (Municipal Corporation), [[Bally (Howrah)|Bally]] (Municipality) (now amalgamed with [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]), [[Bally, Bally-Jagachha|Bally]] (Census Town), [[Jagadishpur]] (CT), [[Chamrail]] (CT), [[Eksara]] (CT), [[Chakapara]] (CT) [[Khalia]] (CT), Jaypur Bil (CT), (all, except Howrah municipal corporation and Bally municipality, in [[Bally Jagachha (community development block)|Bally Jagachha]] CD Block), [[Bankra]] (CT), [[Nibra]] (CT), [[Mahiari]] (CT), [[Bipra Noapara]] (CT), [[Ankurhati]] (CT), [[Kantlia]] (CT), [[Salap]] (CT), [[Tentulkuli]] (CT), [[Domjur]] (CT), [[Dakshin Jhapardaha]] (CT), [[Makardaha]] (CT), [[Khantora]] (CT), [[Bhandardaha]] (CT), (all in [[Domjur (community development block)|Domjur]] CD Block), Kamranga (CT), [[Argari]] (CT), [[Andul]] (CT), [[Ramchandrapur, West Bengal|Ramchandrapur]] (CT), [[Jhorhat]] (CT), [[Hatgachha]] (CT), [[Dhuilya]] (CT), [[Panchpara]] (CT), [[Podara]] (CT), [[Banupur]] (CT), [[Sankrail]] (CT), [[Manikpur, West Bengal|Manikpur]] (CT), [[Sarenga]] (CT), [[Raghudebbati]] (CT) [[Nalpur]] (CT), Chak Srikrishna (Out Growth), (all in Sankrail CD Block), [[Uluberia]] (M) Khalisani (CT) [[Uttar Pirpur]] (CT) [[Balaram Pota]] (CT), [[Santoshpur, Uluberia|Santoshpur]] (CT) (all except Uluberia municipality in [[Uluberia II]] CD Block).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 11 May 2016}}</ref>

In 2011 census there was only one large village (4,000+ population) in Sanrail CD Block (2011 census figure in brackets): Alampur (4,188).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Sankrail CD Block was 254,663 (83.11% of the population over 6 years) out of which 136,214 (53%) were males and 118,449 (47%) were females.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2011 census, literacy in Howrah district was 78.66%.<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 May 2016}}</ref> Literacy in West Bengal was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

As per 2001 census, Sankrail block had a total literacy of 75.78 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 81.38 per cent female literacy was 69.53 per cent. Howrah district had a total literacy of 77.01 per cent, male literacy being 83.22 per cent and female literacy being 70.11 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Howrah district|collapsible=y}}

===Religion and language===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Sankrail CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|65.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|33.95}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.53}}
}}

In 2011 census Hindus numbered 216,749 and formed 65.52% of the population in Sankrail CD Block. Muslims numbered 112,312 and formed 33.95% of the population. Others numbered 1,767 and formed 0.53% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In 2011, Hindus numbered 3,535,844 and formed 72.90% of the population in Howrah district. Muslims numbered 1,270,641 and formed 26.20% of the population. In West Bengal Hindus numbered 64,385,546 and formed 70.53% of the population. Muslims numbered 24,654,825 and formed 27.01% of the population.<ref name="religion"/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Sankrail CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 90.71 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 7.60 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.98 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.47 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 90.71% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 7.60% [[Hindi]] and 0.98% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Infrastructure===
Prior to 2003-04, Sankrail CD Block had 62 hectares of vested land, out of which 47 hectares were distributed amongst 1,178 persons. In Sankrail CD Block more than one crop was grown in 472 hectares. Net area sown in the block was 1,200 hectares. Sankrail had 730 hectares of canals for irrigation. In Sankrail CD Block 23 mouzas were electrified up to March 2004.<ref name=handbook/>

==Education==
In 2003-04, Sankrail CD Block had 115 primary schools with 22,281 students, 4 middle schools with 616 students, 10 high schools with 13,503 students and 5 higher secondary schools with 6,141 students. Sankrail CD Block had 1 general college with 1,817 students. Sankrail CD Block had 294 institutions with 35,964 students for special and non-formal education. It had 2 mass literacy centres.<ref name=handbook/>

==Healthcare==
Sankrail CD Block had 3 health centres, 5 clinics, 2 dispensaries and 1 hospital with 142 beds and 26 doctors in 2003. It had 35 family welfare centres.<ref name=handbook/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Howrah topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Howrah district]]

Mohanbari, Jhajjar

2025-07-29T06:38:46Z

EJEBoris894787: Added a info w/ sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohanbari
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.4792|N|76.3938|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_name2 = North India
| subdivision_name3 = Jhajjar
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 124142
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-14
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Mohanbari''' or '''Chhota Jhanswa''' is a village in [[Matannail]] [[mandal]], [[Jhajjar]] district of [[Haryana]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=496&parenttype=B&ptype=V |title=Panchayat list |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/13/stories/2008121355230700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216102342/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/13/stories/2008121355230700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Hooda holds out a powerful picture for Haryana |date=13 December 2008}}
*{{cite book |title=Final Report of the Third Regular Settlement (1905-1910) of the Rohtak District |first=E. |last=Joseph |publisher=Gazetteers Organisation, Government of Haryana |year=2010 |orig-date=1910 |url=http://www.revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_rohtak.pdf1 |accessdate=14 August 2013}}

[[Category:Villages in Jhajjar district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}