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Dharti Ki Aawaz

2026-05-07T02:53:50Z

EJDTimmy2065: Starting new info basic info...

{{Multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=May 2026}}
{{notability|1=Films|date=May 2026}}
}}
{{Short description|1987 Indian Bhojpuri-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date= May 2026}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Dharti Ki Aawaz
| image = Dharti Ki Aawaz.jpeg
| caption =
| director = K. D. Singh
| writer = K. D. Singh (story) K. D. Singh (screenplay) Vishwanath Pandey (dialogue)
| producer = Bhuvneshwar Jha Jawaharlal Jha
| starring = [[Sujit Kumar]] [[Padma Khanna]] [[Kunal Singh (actor, born 1955)|Kunal Singh]]
| music = Onkar
| cinematography = V. Shaukat
| studio = Jawahar Picture Palace Productions
| released = {{Film date|1987}}
| country = India
| language = Bhojpuri
| runtime = 176 minutes
}}
'''''Dharti Ki Aawaz ''''' ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] for ''The Voice of the Earth'') is a 1987 [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] social drama film directed by K. D. Singh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharti Ki Awaaz |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/dharti-ki-awaaz |website=Moviebuff |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dharti Ki Awaaz (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABRP/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> The film was produced by Bhuvneshwar Jha and Jawaharlal Jha under the banner of Jawahar Picture Palace Productions. The film stars [[Sujit Kumar]], [[Padma Khanna]], [[Kunal Singh (actor, born 1955)|Kunal Singh]] in the lead roles with Manoj Verma, Bandini Mishra and Shweta appearing in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharti Ki Aawaz |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/dharti-ki-aawaz |website=Indian Film History |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>

''Dharti Ki Aawaz'' was produced by producers Bhuvneshwar Jha and Jawaharlal Jha shortly after the release of their film ''Ganga Ki Beti'' (1986), one of the notable box office successes of Bhojpuri cinema in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Neelakantan |first=Latika |date=October 2006 |title=Special Report: The Heartland Values of Bhojpuri Cinema |url=https://www.himalmag.com/culture/the-heartland-values-of-bhojpuri-cinema |magazine=Himal Southasian |pages=41–45 |access-date=23 April 2026}}</ref> The producers brought back K. D. Singh—who had directed ''Ganga Ki Beti''—to direct ''Dharti Ki Awaaz'', and again hired Onkar, the earlier film's music composer, to score the soundtrack. The film's significance was further shaped by the ensemble of established actors cast in the lead roles. Sujit Kumar, one of the principal stars, is widely regarded as the first superstar of Bhojpuri cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday, Sujit Kumar! The first superstar of Bhojpuri films was first approached by THIS director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/happy-birthday-sujit-kumar-the-first-superstar-of-bhojpuri-films-was-first-approached-by-this-director/articleshow/89398409.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=2022-02-07 |access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref> Kunal Singh, another lead actor, became one of the industry's most [[bankable star]]s following a run of commercially successful films such as ''Dharti Maiya'' (1981) and ''Ganga Kinare Mora Gaon'' (1983).<ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |title=Cinema Bhojpuri |publisher=Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-310378-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAuTZ6_1XL4C&q=bankable |pages=111–112}}</ref> Lastly, Padma Khanna, the principal female lead, has been described as a "superstar" of Bhojpuri cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-actress-padma-khanna-who-played-key-role-ramayan-worked-amitabh-bachchan-quit-acting-marriage-she-is-now-3075096#goog_rewarded |title=Meet actress who was once a superstar, played Kaikeyi's role in ''Ramayan'', quit acting after marriage, she is now... |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |website=[[DNA India]] |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sujit Kumar]]
* [[Padma Khanna]]
* [[Kunal Singh (actor, born 1955)|Kunal Singh]]
* Manoj Verma
* Bandini Mishra
* Shweta

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack was composed by Onkar and lyrics written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharti Ki Aawaz |url=https://gaana.com/album/dharti-ki-awaaz |website=Gaana |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dharti Ki Aawaz: Suno Kya Hai Smasya Aaj Suno |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dharti-ki-awaaz-suno-kya-hai-smasya-aaj-suno/Eh4CYQ1gfEE |website=JioSaavn |date=30 August 1986 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dharti Ki Aawaz (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2LESVLCkVRIqyAKm9VvLAF |website=Spotify |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No.
! Title
! Singers
|-
| 1
| ''Shaadi Shaadi Ratte Ratte Main To Dubli Ho''
| [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 2
| ''Mujhko Rahne Do Parde Mein Rahne Do''
| [[Dilraj Kaur]]
|-
| 3
| ''Bahua Piyare Kaise Karun Tera''
| [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
|-
| 4
| ''Mera Ghar Parivaar Bata Sushiyon Ka Sansar''
| Suresh Wadkar
|-
| 5
| ''Dharti Ki Aawaaz Suno Kya Hai Smasya Aaj''
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
| 6
| ''Chakua Marela Karejwa Mein Dard Nahin''
| Dilraj Kaur
|-
| 7
| ''Gayi Bambai Delhi Culcatta''
| Usha Mangeshkar
|-
| 8
| ''Aaisa Gul Gulshan Sansar''
| Suresh Wadkar
|-
| 9
| ''Palna Mein Khele Lalnare''
| Vinod Sehgal
|-
| 10
| ''He Hari Jhinjhari Naiya Mori Paar Karo''
| Suresh Wadkar
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2808238}}

[[Category:1987 drama films]]
[[Category:1980s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Radha Kumari

2026-05-06T09:56:12Z

EJDTimmy2065:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Radha Kumari.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Radha Kumari
| birth_date = 1942
| birth_place = Vizianagaram<ref name="ref2"/>
| occupation = Actress
| other_names =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|03|08|1942|1|1}}<ref name="ref2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Veteran-actress-Radha-Kumari-passes-away/articleshow/12191434.cms|title=Veteran actress Radha Kumari passes away|date=9 March 2012|newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=18 November 2018}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| parents = Ramana Murthy Surya Prakasamma
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Raavi Kondala Rao]]|1960|2012|end=}}<ref name="ref2"/>
| children = RV Sashikumar
| years_active =
}}

'''Radha Kumari''' was an Indian veteran film actress who appeared in Telugu-language films. She acted in over 600 films in over four decades.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=Veteran actress Radha Kumari dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/veteran-actress-radha-kumari-dead/article2975837.ece |accessdate=2015-02-05 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran Actor-Director Raavi Kondala Rao Dies At 88 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/veteran-actor-director-raavi-kondala-rao-dies-at-88-2270370 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> She is well known for her humor and played mother or grandmother roles in most of her films.<ref name="ref6">{{cite web|url=http://www.chitramala.in/news/radha-kumari-passed-away-128472.html|title=Radha Kumari Passed away!|accessdate=2015-02-05|publisher=www.chitramala.in|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205172429/http://www.chitramala.in/news/radha-kumari-passed-away-128472.html|archivedate=2015-02-05}}</ref>

==Film career==
Radha Kumari was born in 1942 in a [[Padmasali (caste)|Padmasali]] family{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} at Vizianagaram. She began her career as a stage actress aged 12 and had played various roles in about 10,000 plays.<ref name="ref1"/> She married Raavi Kondala Rao, an actor and writer, after she entered into the film industry. She made her debut in the film ''[[Tene Manasulu]]'' with [[Raavi Kondala Rao]] and had played the on-screen wife and husband roles in over 100 films. Seen as the best choice to play good-hearted roles, she acted with top heroes of two generations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} She won the "Nandi" award for her role in the film ''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]''.<ref name="ref1"/>

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=March 2017}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Role !!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1964 || ''[[Vivaha Bandham]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Dagudu Moothalu]]''
|
|
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Tene Manasulu]]'' || || <ref name="ref2"/>
|-
|1967
|''[[Poola Rangadu (1967 film)|Poola Rangadu]]''
|
|
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Nenante Nene]]'' || ||
|-
|1970
|''Thaali Bottu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1971 || ''[[Adrusta Jathakudu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dasara Bullodu]]'' || Nirmala's mother ||
|-
|1973
|''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Bhagasthulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagasthulu (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QSQ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Shanta
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1976 || ''[[Secretary (1976 film)|Secretary]]'' || ||
|-
|''Aadavalu Apanindhalu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1978 || ''[[Gorantha Deepam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Chilipi Krishnudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Patnavasam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patnavasam (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/THH |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Kanthamma
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981 ||''[[Raja Paarvai]]'' (Tamil) || ||
|-
|''[[Raja Paarvai|Amavasya Chandrudu]]'' || ||
|-
|1982
|[[Naa Desam]]
|
|
|-
|1983
|''Chandirani''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1984
|''[[Nayakulaku Saval]]''
|
|
|-
|''Rama Rao Gopal Rao a.k.a. Rao Gopal Rao''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravoo Gopala Ravoo (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZCI |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|'Steel' Seetha
|
|-
|''[[Anubandham (1984 film)|Anubandham]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 || ''[[Preminchu Pelladu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Surya Chandra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Babayi-Abbayi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Padaharella Ammayi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1987 || ''[[Madana Gopaludu]]'' || ||
|-
|''Veera Prathap''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gundamma Gari Krishnulu]]'' || ||
|-
|''Manavadostunnadu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988
|''[[Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Brahma Puthrudu|Brahma Putrudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jhansi Rani (1988 film)|Jhansi Rani]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1989 || ''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (1989 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Rudranetra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1989 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990 || ''[[Master Kapuram]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Inspector Rudra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Prema Khaidi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 || ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' || Divya vani's mother ||
|-
|''[[Parama Sivudu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992 || ''[[Valu Jada Tolu Beltu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Chitram! Bhalare Vichitram!!]]''
|Raja's grandmother
|
|-
| ''[[Brundavanam]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Prema Vijetha'' || ||
|-
|1993
|''Akka Chellelu''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Madam (film)|Madam]]''
|
|
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Pokiri Raja]]'' || ||
|-
|1996
|''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam]]''
|
|
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu]]'' || Radha Krishna's Grandmother||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Okariki Okaru]]'' || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Dhana 51]]'' || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sainikudu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]'' || Dhorababu's Grandmother||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008 || ''[[Sangamam (2008 film)|Sangamam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'' || Rajyamma ||
|-
| ''[[Arya 2]]'' ||Raji Reddy's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Brahmi Gadi Katha]]'' || Bhagya's grandmother ||
|-
|''[[Nuvvila]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Erra Gulabeelu'' || ||
|}

;Television
*''[[Lady Detective (TV series)|Lady Detective]]'' (1995)
*''[[Radha Madhu]]''

==Death==
She died on 8 March 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-09 |title=Veteran actress Radha Kumari passed away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/veteran-actress-radha-kumari-passed-away/articleshow/12197577.cms |access-date=2024-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=3979255|name=Radha Kumari}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Radha}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu theatre]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]

Limbu people

2026-05-05T19:49:52Z

EJDTimmy2065: new

{{Short description|Indigenous ethnic group of Limbuwan, Nepal, Sikkim }}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Yakthung
| image = Hongkong limbu chasok.jpg
| image_caption = Limbu people celebrating chasok tangnam
| population = {{flag|Nepal}} {{flag|India}} {{flag|Bhutan}} {{flag|UK}}
| region1 = {{flag|Nepal}}: 414,704 (2021)

[[Koshi Province|Koshi]]: 387,515
[[Madhesh Province|Madhesh]]: 528
[[Bagmati]]: 23,893
[[Gandaki Province|Gandaki]]: 1,493
[[Lumbini]]: 642
[[Karnali Province|Karnali]]: 221
[[Sudurpashchim]]: 412

{{flag|Bhutan}}: 1,800
| pop1 = {{flag|India}}: 163,000 (2011)

[[Sikkim]]: 60,000
[[West Bengal]]: 56,000
[[Assam]]: 37,000
[[Uttarakhand]]: 1,800
[[Meghalaya]]: 1,200
[[Manipur]]: 1,100
[[Arunachal]]: 1000

{{flag|UK}}: 15,000 (2015)
| native_name = ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ
| native_name_lang = lif
| languages = [[Limbu language]]
Others
[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| religions = '''Predominantly''': [[Kirat Mundhum]] 81% '''Minorities''': [[Hinduism]] 14%, [[Christianity]] 5%
| related_groups = {{hlist|[[Yakkha people|Yakkha]]|[[Rai people|Rai]]|[[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]|[[Dhimal]]|Other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan people]]}}
}}
{{IPA notice}}

The '''Limbu''' ([[Limbu language|Limbu]]: {{lang|lif|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ}}) are a major [[Sino-Tibetan]] ethnolinguistic group indigenous to the [[Himalaya]]n region of eastern [[Nepal]], northeastern [[India]] and western [[Bhutan]]. In India, the Limbus live in the [[Indian state|state]]s of [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and northern [[West Bengal]], i.e. [[North Bengal]].<ref>State government and politics, Sikkim By Nirmalananda Sengupta Sterling, 1985</ref><ref>Evaluation Of Man And The Modern Society In Sikkim By Jash Raj Subba, 2008</ref><ref>P.6 History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim, J. R. Subba, 2008</ref>

'''Subba''' is a title given by the Shah Kings only to Limbu village chiefs.<ref>Democracy, pluralism, and change: an inquiry in the Nepalese context By Sanjaya Serchan Chhye Pahuppe, 2001</ref> Subba was not part of the indigenous Limbu terminology, but now the two terms{{Clarify|reason=which two terms? Subba is one. The other mention is of Limbu chief. Is that the second/interchangeable term. If that is so, it can be written in a clearer more direct way.|date=September 2025}} are almost interchangeable. It was how the village chiefs were distinguished from other villagers in Limbu tribe. Family lineage of the village chiefs are often found with their surname as Subba.

Their history is said to be written in a book called Bangsawoli (Genealogy), also known as Bansawali. Some ancient families have kept copies.<ref>Linguistic Survey of India, Volume 3, Part 1 By Office of the superintendent of government printing, 1909</ref> There are hundreds of [[Limbu clans and tribes]], classified under their tribe or subnational entity or according to their place of origin.

The Chinese text ''Po-ou-Yeo-Jing'',{{which|date=January 2015}} translated in 308 AD, refers to the Yi-ti-Sai (barbarians bordering on the north), a name which is an exact equivalent of <ref>Saklani, Dinesh Prasad ''Ancient communities of the Himalaya'' Indus Publishing Company, India (1 Mar 2002) {{ISBN|978-81-7387-090-3}} p. 36</ref><ref>[[Sylvain Levi|Levi, Sylvain]] ''Le Nepal'' Asian Educational Services, India; Facsimile edition (20 Dec 2007){{ISBN|978-81-206-0580-0}} p. 78</ref>
The Limbu, were also one of the earliest inhabitants of [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = The Limbus: A South Eastern Himalayan indigenous kirat People | year = 1979| last = Sanyal| first = Dr. Chanru Chandra| publisher = Dipti Printing | page = 7 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title = Navigating Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Contemporary India and Beyond: Structures, Agents, Practices (Anthem South Asian Studies) | year = 2014 | last = Skoda | first = Uwe | publisher = Anthem Press | isbn = 978-1783083404| page = 137 }}</ref> The name of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] itself is a combination of two Limbu words: ''su'', which means "new", and ''khyim'', which means "palace" or "house".<ref>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia By James Minahan, 2012</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
[[File:Ancient_map_of_Limbu.jpg|thumb|Ancient map of Limbu settlement between [[Arun river]] and [[Teesta river]]]]
[[2021 Nepal census]] classifies the Limbu people within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati. At the time of the 2021 Nepal census, 4,14,704 people (1.43%) of the population of Nepal) were Limbu. The frequency of Limbu people by province was as follows:

* [[Koshi Province]] (8.01%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.5%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.2%)
* [[Madhesh Province]] (0.1%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (0.1%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.02%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.03%)

The estimated population of the Limbu is 6,00,000, mainly in the districts of [[Tehrathum District|Tehrathum]], [[Dhankuta District|Dhankuta]], [[Taplejung]], [[Morang District|Morang]], [[Sunsari District|Sunsari]], [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]], [[Panchthar District|Panchthar]], [[Ilam District|Ilam]] in [[Nepal]] and several states of [[Northeast India|Northeast-India]] . The frequency of Limbu people was higher than national average (1.0%) in the following districts. These are all within the [[Koshi Province]] or "[[Limbuwan]]".

* [[Panchthar District|Panchthar]] (43.4%)
* [[Taplejung District|Taplejung]] (42.6%)
* [[Tehrathum District|Tehrathum]] (36.4%)
* [[Ilam District|Ilam]] (16.8%)
* [[Dhankuta District|Dhankuta]] (13.9%)
* [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]] (7.7%)
* [[Sankhuwasabha District|Sankhuwasabha]] (5.7%)
* [[Morang District|Morang]] (4.3%)
* [[Sunsari District|Sunsari]] (3.6%)
* [[Taplejung District|Taplejung]] (5.1%)
* [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur]] (1.3%)

'''Indian, Bhutan and other countries'''

Significant numbers of the Limbu population are also located in the eastern and western districts of [[Sikkim]] . Significant numbers are scattered throughout the cities of [[Darjeeling]], and [[Kalimpong]] in [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Myanmar]]. Some have migrated to the [[United Kingdom]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[United States]], and other countries.

== History ==
'''Historical Background'''
'''Ancient Era:'''
* Pre-Vedic origins: Limbu people are believed to have settled in eastern Nepal before the arrival of Indo-Aryan groups. They are pre-Vedic, Mongoloid people with strong roots in the Himalayan region.
* Kirata Kingdoms (circa 800 BCE - 300 CE):
** The Limbus were part of the larger Kirat civilization, which ruled the Kathmandu Valley and eastern hills.
** Ancient texts like the Mahabharata and Puranas mention the Kirats as warriors from the east.

'''🏯 Limbuwan Confederation:'''

* Limbuwan Kingdom (before 18th century):
** Limbuwan was an independent confederation of 10 Limbu kingdoms.
** Each was ruled by a local king called Subba or Hang.
** They had their own laws, customs, and land tenure systems.
** The region was culturally and politically distinct from central Nepal.

'''🗡️ Gorkha Unification (Late 1700s):'''

* In the 1770s, Limbuwan was annexed by King Prithvi Narayan Shah during the unification of Nepal.
* A treaty known as the “Limbuwan-Gorkha Treaty” (circa 1774) guaranteed the Limbus:
** Autonomy over land (Kipat system).
** Right to maintain their language, customs, and traditions.
* Over time, however, autonomy eroded due to state centralization, Hinduization, and land reforms.

'''🔹Modern History'''

* Land loss and marginalization:
** The Kipat system was abolished in the 1960s under the Panchayat regime, leading to large-scale loss of ancestral lands.
* Ethnic revival & identity movements:
** Since the 1990s, Limbus have engaged in cultural and political activism, especially during and after the People’s War (1996–2006).
** Movements like the Limbuwan Autonomous Region demand greater rights and recognition of their ancestral land and identity.
* Language and Script revival:
** Revival of Sirijunga script and promotion of Yakthung culture has gained momentum, particularly among youth and diaspora.

==Language==
{{Main|Limbu language}}

'''Limbu''' (Limbu: ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ, ''yakthuṅ pan'') is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] spoken by the Limbu people of [[Nepal]] and Northeastern [[India]](particularly [[West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]]) as well as expatriate communities in [[Bhutan]]. The Limbu refer to themselves as ''Yakthung'' and their language as ''Yakthungpan.''Yakthungpan has four main dialects: Phedape, Chhathare, Tambarkhole and Panthare dialects.

'''Official Status'''

The [[Language Commission (Nepal)|Language Commission of Nepal]] has recommended Limbu language as official language in [[Koshi Province.]] [[Chulachuli Rural Municipality]], [[Mangsebung Rural Municipality]] and [[Phalgunanda Rural Municipality]] have recognized Limbu language as an official working language.

In India, the state of [[Sikkim]] has recognized Limbu language as an additional official language for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state. The official weekly publication ''Sikkim Herald'' has a Limbu Edition.

'''Sirijunga Script or Yakthung/Limbu Script'''
[[File:Limbu_script.png|right|thumb|275x275px|The [[Limbu script]]. Grey letters are obsolete.]]
the [[Limbu script]] (Sirijanga) had been designed by the Limbu King Sirijanga Hang in the 9th century. The Sirijanga script was later redesigned and re-introduced by [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] . As Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe spent most of his time in the development of Yakthungpan, Yatkhung culture, and [[Limbu script]]; he is considered as the reincarnation of the 9th century King Sirijanga.

==Limbu traditional architecture==
The house of the Limbu is a symbolic representation of a goddess of the Limbu community called yuma. The details of the windows and doors are embroidered with wood carvings depicting different flowers which are used by the Limbu during rituals. Some decorative embroideries done in the wood carvings of the door and windows of the house are the direct representation of gold jewelry worn by Limbu women. In a traditional house of the Limbu, the skirting of the wall is generally painted manually with red mud paint. This is also a symbolic representation of the ''patuka'' or the belt worn by the Limbu women.

The major distinct element of the house in the ''muring-sitlam'' or the main pillar/column of the house which is in the centre of the house in the ground floor. This pillar is generally believed by the Limbu people as the shrine where Yuma goddess resides in the house. Thus, to pay their gratitude they perform ritualistic prayers and offerings around the pillar, usually twice a year.

These houses can be found at Eastern Nepal and western part of Sikkim, India. These houses are similar to other communities due to acculturation between different communities living in the vicinity. The evolution of the form and spaces of the houses have been inspired by the everyday lifestyle and culture of the people which is similar in many communities. Therefore, nowadays a Limbu house is difficult to identify through an exterior perspective.

Use of geometrical shapes as circle, triangle and square in certain pattern, painted with different colors can be found on the facade of the buildings which is only done by Limbu tribe. Besides that, display of the symbol called ''[[Silam Sakma]]'' (a ritualistic element used by the ''phedangmas'' or tribal priests) in the house elevation has been a symbol/logo for identifying with the Limbu community. This symbol is diamond shaped and has 9 concentric diamond layers supported by two axes at the centre, one vertical and one horizontal. These days, this symbol is seen in places like the entry gates, balcony railing of the house, etc. It is also worn by the community people on their left chest during an event.

Currently, the traditional houses are endangered. People are also unable to bear expenses for wood carvings for the embroideries which has resulted in the extinction of local craftsmen and hence the traditional design itself.
<gallery>
File:Limboo house in Hee- kengbari village in West Sikkim, Sikkim, India.jpg|Limbu house in Hee- kengbari village in [[West Sikkim]], [[Sikkim]], India
File:Sikuwa(in Nepali term) .jpg|Sikuwa(in Nepali term) or a [[verandah]] of the house
File:"Silam-Sakma" a symbol identifying the Limboo tribe.jpg|"Silam-Sakma" is the name of the symbol/logo that identifies the Limbu/Yakthung tribal community.
File:"Muring-Sitlam" or the main pillar.jpg|Muring-Sitlam" or the main pillar of the house
</gallery>

==Occupation ==
The Limbu people have traditionally been agriculturalists, but over time, their occupations have diversified.

'''🔹 Agriculture (Main Occupation)'''

* Most Limbus are historically subsistence farmers.
* Cultivate rice, millet, maize, barley, and vegetables on terraced fields.
* Also grow cash crops like:
** Cardamom (Alaichi) – a major export product
** Ginger and turmeric
* Use traditional tools like halo (plough) and Kodalo (hoe).

'''Animal Husbandry'''

* Raise goats, pigs, cows, buffaloes, chickens for meat, milk, and rituals.
* Animals are also part of social customs and sacrifices in Kirat religion.

'''Traditional Skills'''

* Weaving and knitting by Limbu women (for traditional dresses)dresses).
* Traditional healing and shamanic roles (by Phedangma, Yeba/Yema, Samba) in spiritual life.

'''🔹Modern Occupations'''

'''Government and Education'''

* Many Limbus now work in:
** Teaching
** Civil service
** Police and military
** Local government and administrative jobs

'''Foreign Employment'''

* A significant number have migrated to:
** India (Darjeeling, Sikkim, Assam)
** Hong Kong, UK, Middle East, Singapore, etc.
* Work in:
** Security services (especially in Hong Kong)
** Domestic work
** Construction
** Hospitality industry

'''Military Service'''

* Limbus have a long tradition of joining the:
** British Gurkha Army
** Indian Army
** Singapore Police Force
** Nepal Army
* Known for bravery, loyalty, and discipline.

'''🔹 Business and Trade'''

* Many are now engaged in:
** Small shops, retail businesses
** Agriculture-based trade (e.g. cardamom, tea)
** Tourism and homestays in eastern Nepal

'''🔹 Emerging Fields'''

* Media and Journalism
* Music and cultural arts
* Politics and activism (e.g. Limbuwan movement)
* NGO/INGO work
* Technology and freelancing (in urban and foreign-educated youth)

==Wedding practices==
{{Main|Limbu clans and tribes}}

Limbu generally marry within their own community. A Limbu is not allowed to marry within their own clans for up to 3 generations back to ensure that they are not related. Cross-cousin marriage is not allowed in Limbu culture. Marriage between a man and a woman outside the clan is also possible either by arrangement or by mutual consent of the man and woman in question. Being matriarchal tribe, females are given due respect.

The marriages are mostly arranged by parents. Asking for a woman's hand is an important ceremony. In that system, the woman can ask for anything, including any amount of gold, silver, etc. This is practiced to confirm that the man is financially secure enough to keep the bride happy. A few days after the wedding, the man's family members have to visit the woman's house with a piglet and some alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, depending upon the financial status of his house. The most important ceremonies of a Limbu wedding take place in the groom's house rather than in the bride's because the bride has to stay with her husband. There are two special dances in this ceremony, one is called ''[[Yalakma]]'' or ''dhan nach'' in Nepali (rice harvest dance) and "Kelangma" {{IPA|lif|ke laːŋma}} or ''[[Chyabrung]] {{IPA|lif|t͡ɕjabruŋ}}'' in Nepali. The Yalakma {{IPA|lif|jaˀlaːkma}} is characterized by men and women dancing in a slow circle, whereas the Kelangma {{IPA|lif|ke laːŋma}} consists of complex footwork synchronized with the beat of the drums. Anyone can join the dance, which can last for many hours. The Yalakma {{IPA|lif|jaˀlaːkma}} can also be a celebration of the harvest season or other social occasions.

It is conventionally said that the customs and traditions of Limbus were established in the distant past by Sawa Yethang {{IPA|lif|sawa jethaŋ}} (council of eight kings).

==Religion and festivals==
{{Main|Mundhum}}
The Limbu follow the social rules and regulation of [[Mundhum]] oral 'scripture' and a religious book.<ref>Ancestral Voices: Oral Ritual Texts and Their Social Contexts Among the Mewahang Rai of East Nepal By Martin Gaenszle Lit, 2002</ref> Their religion is known as Yuma samyo. Traditionally, the Limbu bury their dead, but due to the influence of Hinduism, cremation is becoming popular. Limbu people follow Yuma religion. Some Limbu have converted to Christianity. A very different reformist tradition was established by the Limbu guru [[Phalgunanda]], who established the 'Satyahang' religion.<ref>P.141 Migration and Religion in Europe: Comparative Perspectives on South Asian Experiences By Ester Gallo, 22 Apr 2016</ref>

==Traditional music and singing styles==
[[File:Kirati Limbu women performing Kelang dance.jpg|Kirati Limbu women performing Kelang ({{IPA|lif|keːlaːŋ}}) dance during the festival of Kirat festival Udhauli 2012 in Sydney|right|thumb]] Limbu have a strong belief in. Yumawad is a type of religious scripture which has been kept alive by their religious leaders and handed down verbally from generation to generation. Some of the retellings of Yumawad are also included in Limbu traditional music with social stories, dreams, and everyday life. There has been a rich tradition of the Limbu singing their folk songs. Their folk songs can be divided into the following groups:

# ''Khyali'' – a conversational song in which young lash and lads sing in very poetic expressions and in a very sweet tone.
# Traditional Love Songs:
## ''Sakpa [[Palam (folk song)|Palam]] {{IPA|lif|paːlam}}Samlo'' – This song is sung during the Kusakpa Yaalang {{IPA|lif|jaˀlaːŋ}} dance in a fast beat.
## ''Kemba Palam {{IPA|lif|paːlam}}Samlo'' – This song is sung during the Kemba Yeaaˀlang dance in a slow beat.
## ''Domke Akma Palam {{IPA|lif|paːlam}} Samlo'' – It is sung when doing the normal chores and also during the Domke Akma dance.
# ''Hakpare Samlo'' – this song is sung by middle-aged men and women who have interest in Mundhum and who are well versed in it. One can find spiritual and worldly specialties in this song.
# ''Nisammang {{IPA|lif|nisamːaŋ}}Sewa Samlo'' – This song is sung during religious functions. It is a devotional song. Dancing is an important aspect of life among Limbus. Based on acting style, the following types of dances are performed:
## Dance performed after origin of life: This type of dance is known as Ke Lang or [[Chyabrung]] dance. The dance imitates the actions of animals, insects and any form of living beings.
## Agricultural dance: Under this type of dance there are:
### ''Yea Kakma'' – This dance is performed in the evening after the crops are reaped.
### ''Damke Akme'' – This dance is performed while sowing crops.
## War dance: This form of dance is known as 'Nahangma {{IPA|lif|nahaŋma}}'. It is performed during "Nahangma {{IPA|lif|nahaŋma}}" – their religious function. Before Nahangma dance, Manggena traditional ritual is performed at home and all the blood relatives, cousins are present. During Manggena, stone refer as god with red tika offered is put on banana leaf. A large adult black homegrown pig is killed and present to phedangba. A [[Junglefowl]] is given to each person according to match with person's age and gender same as of their [[Junglefowl]]. Person who cannot be present due to problems will be done by their closest family member on their behalf. Phedangba say vision of each person when they present their own [[Junglefowl]] and later Phedangma beheaded the Junglefowl and sprinkle the blood. They eat their own charcoal burned Junglefowl liver with salt eaten with rice. The rest of meat are prepared for meal Bhutuwa or mixed yangben with rice for dinner. After the Manggena, Nahangma is performed that his spirit has become strong and reached at the top of Chuklung and returned from Chuklung. Chuklung means top of Himalayas. However, this can be done by only those who have no father. In this dance, only adult males and "Shamani" priests can take part. During the dance, they carry a [[Kukri|Phedza]]<ref>P.496 A Grammar of Limbu, Front Cover By George van Driem, Walter de Gruyter, 1 Jan 1987 - Language Arts & Disciplines - 593 pages</ref> in their right hand and a domesticated young adult male [[Junglefowl]] in their left hand or sword in their right hand and a shield in their left hand, or an arrow in their right hand and a bow in their left hand.

The traditional ritual are done according to the tribes and clans. Some tribes will not eat chicken or buff or mutton while some tribes have different way in celebrating war dance ritual.

## Historical dance: In this dance form, the historical war of ten Limbu fought in Aambepojoma {{IPA|lif|ambɛˀpɔd͡ʑɔˀma}} Kamketlungma is depicted.
## Mysterious and ancient dance performed by Shamani priests: this type of dance is known as Phungsok Lang, Tongsing Lang. The dance is performed only by the Shamani priests.

==Traditional food==
Alcohol is significantly and religiously important to the Limbu culture.<ref>P.38 Alcohol and drug use in Nepal: with reference to children By Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre 2001</ref> Limbu usually made their traditional dish from homegrown domesticated livestock meats like pork, fish and yak over [[factory farming]]. They are also domesticated for religious purpose.<ref>Culture and the Environment in the Himalaya By Arjun Guneratne Routledge, 24 Dec 2009</ref> In general, they consume [[dhal bhat]] tarkari with pickle. Dhal (Lentils soup), bhat (rice), tarkari (vegetables) and different kinds of achar(pickle). Limbu people always use [[Kukri|Phedza]]<ref>P.496 A Grammar of Limbu, Front Cover By George van Driem, Walter de Gruyter, 1 Jan 1987 - Language Arts & Disciplines - 593 pages</ref> to prepare meats. Famous Limbu cuisines are<ref>The Tribesman's Journey to Fearless: A Novel Based on Fearism By Desh Subba, 28 May 2015</ref><ref>P.128-133 History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim By J. R. Subba, 2008</ref><ref>P.75 Handbook of Plant-Based Fermented Food and Beverage Technology, Second Edition By Y. H. Hui, E. Özgül Evranuz CRC Press, 17 May 2012</ref>
{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

* Chembikeek sumbak (oil-fried kinema with spices), (Kinema: fermented soyabean)
* [[Chhurpi]] (made of Yak, buttermilk)
* [[Filinge achar]] (Niger seed pickle)
* [[Gundruk]] Nepalese (fermented leafy vegetables with soup)
* [[Kaan sadeko]] (fried pork ears)
* Khareng (maize/ millet/ wheat roti baked and cooked)
* Khoreng (Baked roti made from wheat/ millet/ buckwheat/ riceflour)
* [[Kinema]] (fermented beans with soup)
* Lunghakcha (baked, maize flour rolled in maize khosela)
* [[Macha ko siddra]] (dried river fish)
* Mandokpenaa thee (fermented millet beverage served with Tongba)
* Mohi sumbak (oil-fried mohi with spices)
* [[Mula ko acchar]] (radish pickle)
* Nambong muchhi (Silam mixed with chilli, dry pickle)
* Pena manda (millet flour cooked in more water)
* Phando (chutney made from mix of soybean and chilli powder)
* Phanokeek sumbak (oil-fried fermented bamboo shoots with spices)
* Phung khey sejonwa (maize/millet distilled liquor)
* Poponda (finger millet flour wrapped in leaves)
* [Faksa Dameko] (Pan-seared pork)
* Pork sekuwa (spicy chopped)
* Sagee sumbak (neetle tender shots, flower/fruits curry)
* [[Sukuti|Sakhekya]] (dry meat beef)
* [[Sargyang]] (pork blood intestine)
* [[Sekuwa]] (pork, chicken, vegetables skewers)
* [[Sibligaan]] (wild edible greens with bitter taste and high in antioxidant)
* [[Raksi|Sijongwaa aara]]
* Sigolya and Penagolya (Baked, millet or barley flour rolled)
* [[Sungur ko khutta daal]] (pork feet in cooked lentil soup)
* Sura-keek sumbak (oil-fried moldy cheese with spices)
* Sura sumbak (oil-fried cheese with spices)
* [[Tongba]] traditional drink
* Wamyuk (hen's inner feathers, liver, hands, wings, intestine and spices curry)
* Yakhoo Kusee muchee (seed of pumpkin chilli)
* [[Yangben]] (wild edible lichen)
* Yangben-Faksa (Pork Curry with Yangben)
* Yangben sumbak (pork blood liver with yangben)
* Yumé (bhutuwa, a religious Mangena food meats cooked in blood)

There are some taboos while eating the foods. They use a variety of plants and herbs for medicine. Limbu always welcome their guests with foods, [[Tongba]] (traditional beverage millet beer), [[Rakshi]] (traditional alcoholic beverage), [[Lassi]] (yoghurt milk drink), water and homemade fruit juices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |display-authors=etal |date=2017-03-29 |title=Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=13 |issue=21 |article-number=21 |doi=10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9 |pmid=28356115 |pmc=5372287 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Folk musical instruments==
Limbu musical instruments include the following:<ref>Sikkim, Front Cover By Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India by Seagull Books, 1993, Ethnology, 249 pages, P.109</ref>
*[[Chyabrung]]
*Yalambar Baja
*Chethya/Yethala
*Mephrama
*Miklakom
*Niyari Hongsing Ke
*Negra
*Phakwa
*The Phamuk is a melody instrument of Limbus which includes three bamboo pipes each about 4 cm thick are attached together side by side.
*Phenjekom
*Puttungey
*Simikla
*Taa is made of brass, 25 cm in diameter and one pair of cymbals weighs one kilo. It is played by unmarried Limbu women in Ke Lang.
*Tetlafakwa {{IPA|lif|tɛˀlapʰɛkwa}}
*Ting
*Tungeba
*Ungdung
*Yea Pongey

==Traditional sports==
For the Limbu people, Archery has always been considered as the main traditional sport. Archery often involves religious demonstrations and rituals. Historically, Limbu [[cavalry]] archers were important when resisting invasions before the pre-Nepal era. The word ''Limbu'' itself came from the word ''Lim-pfungh'' which in translation means "Shooting-Arrows" or "Act of archery".

There are legends about the beginning of the Limbuwan–Gorkha War. In these legends, a Gorkha military general met a Limbu {{IPA|lif|jaktʰuŋ}} hunter in a forest. When the general asked the hunter about his presence and what he was doing, the Limbu {{IPA|lif|jaktʰuŋ}} hunter replied "Lim-pfungh". The Gorkha army later experienced the fierceness from the Limbu {{IPA|lif|jaktʰuŋ}}-Tribes' horseback archers for years during the Limbuwan–Gorkha War. Thus, the name "Limbu" was recorded on the papers of the Gorkhas to describe the Limbu {{IPA|lif|jaktʰuŋ}} people. However, after the success of the Gorkha invasion, horse breeding and keeping declined swiftly in Limbu territories.

Bare-hand Wrestling has also been practised among the Limbu men during festivals. This was also used to settle personal matters after a festive drinking in which the losing wrestler would have to pay the winner by buying him a drink or inviting him to his house for a drink of traditional [[tongba]] {{IPA|lif|tɔːŋba}}. ''naːnt͡ɕʰiŋma'' is the term for wrestling in Limbupan.

==Notable Limbu people==
{{main|List of Limbu people}}
'''Kings'''
* [[Buddhi Karna Raya Khebang Limbu]]- a king of Morang kingdom

'''Politics'''

* [[Bhim Hang Limboo]] - Indian politician from Sikkim
* [[Sanchaman Limboo]] - fourth Chief Minister of Sikkim, India
* [[Ram Bahadur Limboo]] - Indian politician from Sikkim
* [[Ganesh Kumar Limbu]] - Indian politician from Assam
* [[Govinda Subba]] -first governor of [[Province No. 1]] Nepal
* [[Parshuram Khapung]] -3rd governor of [[Province No. 1]] Nepal
* [[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]]- Nepalese politician, former deputy prime minister and chairman of [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]
* [[Bishnu Maden]] - Politician and leader of Rastrya Prajatantra Party, Former Minister
* [[Subas Chandra Nemwang]] -former speaker of [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] lawyer, politician and leader of [[CPN(UML)]], Former Chairperson in Constitution Assembly, Nepal
* [[Suhang Nembang]] - Nepalese politician and lawyer currently serving as a Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
* [[Sukra Raj Sonyok (Songyokpa)]] - Chief Whip of Nepali Congress 2003-2005
* [[Indra Hang Subba]] - Indian politician
* [[Moni Kumar Subba]], Indian M. P. Lok Sabha for Assam
* [[Narendra Kumar Subba]] - Indian politician from Sikkim
* [[Ram Bahadur Subba]] - Indian politician from Sikkim
* [[Shiva Maya Tumbahamphe]] - former deputy speaker of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]. and [[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs (Nepal)|Minister of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] Nepal.
* [[Indra Bahadur Angbo]] - MP and former minister of [[Koshi Province|Koshi]] province.
* [[Bhawani Prasad Khapung]] - Nepalese politician, Former minister of Health and population of Nepal
* [[Dig Bahadur Limbu]] - Nepalese politician, minister of youth and sports.

'''Education- historian, poet, professor'''

* [[Iman Xin Chemjong]] (1904-1975 AD) - Limbu historian, author, writer on Limbu Kirant at the Tribhuwan University, first Kirat historian.
* [[Balkrishna Mabuhang]] - associate professor, writer
* [[Bairagi Kainla]] - Poet, former Chancellor of Nepal Academy and researcher into the folklore of the Limbu people.
* [[Phalgunanda|Phalgunanda Lingden]] - prophet of Kirat Satyahang religion
* [[Desh Subba]] - author and poet
* [[Tanka Bahadur Subba]], Former Vice Chancellor, Sikkim University.
* [[Upendra Subba]] - Poet
* [[Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe]] (1704-1741 AD) - eighteenth century Limbu martyr and social worker, Yakthung sirijunga script reviver and teacher.

'''Music, film and media'''

* [[Deepak Limbu]] - Singer, winner of "First Nepali Tara" competition
* [[Jhuma Limbu]], Nepali folk musician and researcher
* [[Subin Limbu]] - [[Miss Nepal 2014]]
* [[Tara Prakash Limbu]] - singer, music composer
* [[Abhaya Subba]] - rock singer, songwriter, composer, judge of first season of ''Voice of Nepal''
* [[Dinesh Subba]] - composer, singer and lyricist from Darjeeling
* [[Malvika Subba]] - Television and media personality, Miss Nepal 2002 and social activist.
* [[Nabin Subba]] - Film director
* [[Srijana Subba]] - film actress

'''Sports'''

* [[Kiran Chemjong]]- Nepali footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and captains the Nepal national football team.
* [[Pankaj Bikram Nembang]] - Current president of [[All Nepal Football Association|All Nepal Football Associations, ANFA]]
* [[Laken Limbu]] - Nepalese international footballer
* [[Anjila Tumbapo Subba]] - Nepalese professional footballer and captain of [[Nepal women's national football team|nepali national women’s football team]]
* [[Saru Limbu]] - Nepalese football player, plays as midfielder for [[Nepal women's national football team|Nepali women's national football team]]
* [[Padam Limboo]] - Indian cricketer from Sikkim
* [[Anil Subba]] - Indian cricketer from Sikkim
* [[Bijay Subba]] - Indian cricketer from Sikkim
* [[Bhushan Subba]] - Indian cricketer from Sikkim

'''Public service, government, army, and police'''

* Captain [[Rambahadur Limbu]] - Victoria Cross holder, Her Majesty's Armed Forces, United Kingdom
* [[Tanka Bahadur Subba]] - Indian university administrator; vice chancellor of Sikkim University
* [[Gyan Bahadur Yakthumba]]- 3rd IGP of Nepal police

==See also==
*[[Limbuwan]]
**[[History of Limbuwan]]
*[[Limbu Festivals]]
**[[Chasok Tangnam]] {{IPA|lif|t͡ɕasok tɔŋnam}}
*[[Kiranti languages]]
*[[Limbu language]]
**[[Limbu alphabet|Sirijunga script]]
*[[Rambahadur Limbu]]
*[[Tongba]] beverage
*[[Limbu Clans and Tribes]]
*[[Kirat Yakthung Chumlung]] social organization
*[[Mundhum]] religion
*[[Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
*[[Ethnic groups in Bhutan]]
*[[Indigenous peoples of Sikkim]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim |last= Bareh |first=Hamlet|chapter=The Sikkim Communities|year=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-7099-794-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC}}
* Perumal Samy P Limbu in LSI Sikkim Part-I Page Nos.219-293 Published by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner India, Ministry of Home
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/ling_sikkim.html Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi]
* [http://www.populationu.com/in/sikkim-populationling_sikkim.html Population Census of Sikkim 2011]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/limbu.htm Limbu alphabet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040703013113/http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/host/himalaya/abstracts/gl.html Limbu language]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516200847/http://www.limbulibrary.com.np/books.htm www.limbulibrary.com.np - Online Library of Kirat books, history, short story, language, script etc.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120907103221/http://www.limbulibrary.com.np/pdf/HISTORY%20%26%20CULTURE-Iman.pdf History of kirat - historian authored by Iman Singh Chemjong, Nepal.]
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/ling_survey_india.html www.censusindia.gov.in]

{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Limbu People}}
[[Category:Limbu people| ]]
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples]]
[[Category:Demographics of Nepal]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Nepal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bhutan]]
[[Category:Culture of Nepal]]
[[Category:Culture of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]

Shobhana Bhartia

2026-04-24T18:07:05Z

EJDTimmy2065: put up stub

{{short description|Indian businesswoman (born 1957)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shobhana Bhartia
| image = Shobhana Bhartia, Hindustan Times Leadership Summit-2013, New Delhi (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bhartia at the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit in 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|01|04}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| father = [[Krishna Kumar Birla|KK Birla]]
| spouse = Shyam Sunder Bhartia
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| known_for =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term = 2006–2012
| occupation = [[Business magnate]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| term_start = 16 February 2006
| term_end = 15 February 2012
}}
}}
'''Shobhana Bhartia''' (born 4 January 1957) is an Indian businesswoman. She is the chairperson and editorial director of the [[HT Media]], one of India's largest newspapers and media houses,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2019 |title=India's most powerful women in business: Guess which B'wood celeb is on it? |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/indias-most-powerful-women-in-business-guess-which-bwood-celeb-is-on-it-073521397/india-march-08-shobhana-bhartia-112200675.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130195919/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/indias-most-powerful-women-in-business-guess-which-bwood-celeb-is-on-it-073521397/india-march-08-shobhana-bhartia-112200675.html |archive-date=2020-11-30 |work=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> which she inherited from her father. She has also recently taken charge as the Chancellor [[BITS School of Management]] and Pro-Chancellor of BITS-Pilani ([[Birla Institute of Technology and Science]], [[Pilani]]) which was founded by her grandfather [[G. D. Birla]] and is the current chairperson of Endeavor India.

Closely associated with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party, Shobhana served as a nominated member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper chamber of the Indian parliament from 2006 to 2012. In 2016, she was listed as the 93rd most powerful woman in the World by Forbes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women |access-date=7 June 2016 |website=Forbes}}</ref> She is married to Shyam Sunder Bhartia, co-founder of the [[Jubilant Bhartia Group]].<ref name="d138">{{cite web | last=Dev | first=Atul | title=History repeating at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times | website=The Caravan | date=1 Dec 2018 | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times | access-date=1 Sep 2024}}</ref>

== Background ==
Born in a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] family on 4 January 1957,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Gunjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voJ8DwAAQBAJ&q=shobhana+bhartia+marwari&pg=PT34 |title=Shobhana Bhartia: (Penguin Petit) |date=2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=9789353054175 |language=en |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="rajya">{{Cite web |title=Members Page |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |quote=}}</ref> Bhartia is the daughter of the industrialist and Congress party member [[KK Birla]], and the granddaughter of [[GD Birla]], one of the [[Birla family]] patriarchs. The KK Birla family owned 75.36 per cent stake in HT Media, valued at ₹834 crores in 2004.<ref name="ecotimes">{{Cite news |date=28 October 2004 |title=Business Empires: The Birlas: Hindustan Times |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/corpbirlashow/902250.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=19 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050707085403/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/corpbirlashow/902250.cms |archive-date=7 July 2005}}</ref> She grew up in [[Kolkata]] and had her schooling at [[Loreto House]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naazneen Karmali |date=28 August 2008 |title=Paper Tigress |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2008/0915/183.html |access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> She is a graduate of [[Calcutta University]],<ref name="prospectus">[http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/htmed.pdf HT Media Group Prospectus] 12 August 2005{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928104850/http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/htmed.pdf|date=2007-09-28}}</ref> and is married to Shyam Sunder Bhartia,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhupesh Bhandari |date=27 December 2005 |title=Hari Bhartia's mantra for success: The Rediff Interview/Hari Bhartia, MD, Jubilant Organosys |work=[[rediff.com]] |url=http://in.rediff.com/money/2005/dec/27inter.htm |access-date=19 June 2006}}</ref> Chairman of the ₹1400 crore pharmaceutical firm Jubilant LifeScience Limited (a spinoff from the earlier chemicals venture Vam Organics). Shyam Sunder Bhartia is son of Late Mohan Lal Bhartia. She has two sons, Priyavrat Bhartiya, born on 4 October 1976 and Shamit Bhartiya, born on 27 April 1979. Their son Shamit Bhartia is also a Director at the HT Media group,<ref name="prospectus" /> and also looks after lifestyle businesses such as the [[Domino's Pizza]] franchise and also convenience store chain [[Monday to Sunday]] in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sandhya Iyengar |date=2 June 2003 |title=Temptation is its other name |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/02/stories/2003060200750200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701134847/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/02/stories/2003060200750200.htm |archive-date=1 July 2003}}</ref> In 2013, Shamit Bhartia married Nayantara Kothari, daughter of Bhadrashyam Kothari, a [[Chennai]]-based industrialist and Nina, daughter of [[Dhirubhai Ambani]].

=== Media career ===
Bhartia joined ''Hindustan Times'' in 1986, as a 29 year old and directly as Chief Executive. She was the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper and probably one of the youngest.<ref name=ecotimes /> She is considered to be one of the motive forces behind the transformation of the ''Hindustan Times'' "into a bright, young paper."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradyuman Maheshwari |date=20 April 2003 |title=Top 50 power points in the media |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/smd/play/2003/april/50385.htm}}</ref> She looks after editorial as well as financial aspects, and is credited with raising ₹400 crore through a public equity launch of [[HT Media]] in September 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2005 |title=HT Media debuts on BSE at Rs 685 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2005/09/02/stories/2005090202381500.htm |access-date=19 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927181222/http://www.blonnet.com/2005/09/02/stories/2005090202381500.htm|archive-date=2008-09-27}}</ref>

She has received the [[Global Leader of Tomorrow]] award from the [[World Economic Forum]] (1996). She is also the recipient of
the Outstanding Business Woman of the Year, 2001, by PHD Chamber of Commerce & Industry, and National Press India Award, 1992. She has also won the Business Woman award, The [[Economic Times Awards]] for Corporate Excellence awards 2007.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} She was named one of ''[[Forbes Asia]]'''s 50 Women in the Mix.<ref name="Forbes1">{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Mary E. |title=Asia's Women In The Mix, 2013: The Year's Top 50 for Achievement In Business |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesasia/2013/02/27/asias-women-in-the-mix-2013-the-years-top-50-for-achievement-in-business/ |access-date=3 March 2013 |website=Forbes Asia}}</ref> She has received the Delhi Women of the Decade Achievers Award 2013 from the ASSOCHAM Ladies League in recognition for her Excellence in Nation Building through Media & Leadership.

== Political career ==
Shobhana was one of the first [[Padma Shri]] award nominees in 2005.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The award was given for journalism. The following year, in February 2006, Shobhana was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of parliament, on a recommendation by the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]] headed by [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2006 |title=Nominated to Rajya Sabha |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/18/stories/2006021815040900.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=19 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324051528/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/18/stories/2006021815040900.htm |archive-date=24 March 2006}}</ref> The nomination, reserved for eminent people from the fields of literature, science, art and social service, was challenged in the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref name="reject">{{Cite news |date=29 April 2006 |title=Plea against nomination to Rajya Sabha rejected |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/29/stories/2006042904821300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927000432/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/29/stories/2006042904821300.htm |archive-date=27 September 2008 |access-date=19 June 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> on the grounds that she was a "media baron" and not a journalist, and that she was politically affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]]. However, the court dismissed the appeal at the admission stage itself, saying that the scope of "social service" was broad enough to include her.<ref name=reject /> She introduced "The Child Marriage (Abolition) and Miscellaneous Provisions Bill, 2006".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2006 |title=The Child Marriage (Abolition) and Miscellaneous Provisions Bill, 2006 |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/bills-ls-rs/2006/CI_2006.pdf |publisher=Parliament of India, [[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref> Among her close friends included [[BJP]] politician [[Arun Jaitley]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dev |first=Atul |date=1 December 2018 |title=History repeating at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 February 2020 |website=[[The Caravan]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.forbes.com/profile/shobhana-bhartia/#1675a0071726 Shobhana Bhartia] on [[Forbes]]

{{authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Birla family}}
{{Aditya Birla Group}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhartia, Shobhana}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Birla family]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Hindustan Times]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Indian women business executives]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Indian women newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Small Commercial Vehicle

2026-04-23T08:05:57Z

EJDTimmy2065: put up a article.

{{multiple issues|
{{unreferenced|date=October 2025}}
{{globalize|article|India|date=April 2015}}
}}
In [[India]] the '''Small Commercial Vehicle''' (SCV) segment was created by the launch of [[Tata Ace]] in May 2005. This category can roughly be characterized as sub 1000cc engine and less than 3.5 tons of weight. This segment competes in the prevailing three-wheeler segment on the basis of cost, durability and new pollution control laws.

[[Mini truck]]s are suitable for short intra-city deliveries, plying on narrow village roads, long highway hauls carrying small bulky loads or even heavy cargo. Before the coming of mini trucks to India, this segment was being catered by three-wheelers. With the [[Supreme Court of India]]'s ban of overloading of cargo vehicles and restrictions on the entry of heavy commercial vehicles into city, the necessity of an intermediate segment was observed. [[Tata Motors|Tata]] became the front runner to fill the gap by launching the first mini truck of India Tata Ace.

With the immense popularity of Tata Ace, many other manufacturers from three-wheeler segment or from Light Commercial Vehicle segment jumped into the SCV segment.

==Mini Trucks in India==
[[File:Tata MiniAce in Bangalore.jpg|alt=|thumb|Tata Ace in India]]

* [[Tata Motors|Tata]]
** [[Tata Ace]]
** [[Tata Ace Mega]]
** [[Tata Super Ace]]
** [[Tata Ace Zip]]
** [[Tata Motors|Tata Intra]]
* [[Piaggio]]
** [[Piaggio Ape]]
* [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]]
** [[Mahindra Supro Maxi Truck]]
** [[Mahindra Supro Mini Truck]]
** [[Mahindra Gio]]
** [[Mahindra Imperio]]
* [[Hindustan Motors]]
** [[HM Winner]]
* [[Ashok Leyland]]
** [[Ashok Leyland#Dost|Ashok Leyland Dost]]
* [[Force Motors]]
** [[Force Trump]]
*[[Maruti Suzuki]]
** [[Super Carry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Commercial vehicles]]

{{vehicle-stub}}

Gopal Bagalay

2026-04-23T07:14:25Z

EJDTimmy2065: Starting new page initial version...

{{Short description|Indian diplomat & Indian High Commissioner to Australia}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gopal Baglay
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| image = Gopal Bagalay 2024 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200
| office = [[List of high commissioners of India to Australia|High Commissioner of India to Australia]]
| term_start = 1 January 2024
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Manpreet Vohra]]
| succeeded =
| office1 = [[List of high commissioners of India to Sri Lanka|High Commissioner of India to Sri Lanka]]
| term_start1 = May 2020
| term_end1 = December 2023
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor1 = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
| successor1 = Santosh Jha
| office2 = Joint Secretary at Prime Minister’s Office
| term_end2 = May 2020
| term_start2 = July 2017
| office3 = [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| term_start3 = February 2020
| succeeded3 = [[Raveesh Kumar]]
| term_end3 = July 2020
| predecessor3 = [[Vikas Swarup]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|01|04}}
| birth_place = [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=|title= Gopal Baglay|url= https://hcicanberra.gov.in/page/amb-profile/|access-date=2025-05-11 |website= High Commission of India in Canberra, Australia|language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Gopal Baglay''' is an Indian diplomat of [[Indian Foreign Service]] currently the [[High Commissioner of India|Indian High Commissioner to Australia]]. He has previously served as [[High Commissioner of India|Indian High Commissioner to Sri Lanka]], been the [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]], and [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint secretary]] in [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to High Commission of India, Colombo, Sri Lanka |url=https://hcicolombo.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IlFjYTBtRThrWGRYamZsUFNhNE5nT3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoialwvV29UTmRlbjRiWDV6cTlCNjFVN3c9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjljY2NiOTM3ODRmNDU1ZjI2ZjZhM2M0Mzg5ZmJhOTU1MzY1NTk4NWQwYWRhNDdjNzhiNTlhNzAwMjMzYTQ0NjgifQ==&subid=eyJpdiI6IjN6OXhNTXFha01cL21vMnZBMHN6SWl3PT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6InNzTkJKVXNBQnhSQmU3dFF3RG5mQUE9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjRkZjY3NDIyZjczMDdiMjMwMTAyYzZlMTZjOTM0NjkwYzEzNTlmN2Y3MWI1ZmZlMTM2NDFiNDA1MGNmYmYwMjgifQ== |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=hcicolombo.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baglay, Gopal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Australia]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Nauru]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Spokespersons for the Ministry of External Affairs of India]]

Tata Steel Colors

2026-04-20T22:53:11Z

EJDTimmy2065: put up a post

{{Short description|Joint venture between Tata Steel Limited and BlueScope Steel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tata Steel Colors
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trade_name =
| former_name = Tata BlueScope Steel
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = [[Steel]]
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 2005
| founder =
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Pune]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| num_locations = 4
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = India
| products =
| brands = Durashine, Ezybuild, Ecobuild<ref>{{cite web |last1=Services |first1=Hungama Digital |title=Tata Steel Group Companies - Corporate |url=https://www.tatasteel.com/corporate/our-organisation/tata-steel-group-companies/ |website=www.tatasteel.com |language=en}}</ref>
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = 800<ref>{{cite web |title=TATA STEEL COLORS PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.tata_bluescope_steel_private_limited.dd8817fbeed45df105a5016bacc6e569.html |website=DNB.com}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions = 28
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|https://tatasteelcolors.com}}
}}

'''Tata Steel Colors Private Limited''' (formerly '''Tata BlueScope Steel''') is an Indian steel manufacturing company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of [[Tata Steel]]. Originally established in 2005 as a joint venture between Tata Steel and [[BlueScope|BlueScope Steel]], it transitioned to full Tata Steel ownership in December 2025. It is headquartered in [[Pune]].

==History==
Tata BlueScope Steel venture was established in 2005 with three major businesses: Coated Steel, Roof & Wall Cladding Products and Pre-engineered Building Solutions. Tata BlueScope Steel is headquartered in Pune and has its manufacturing units in [[Jamshedpur]], [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Bhiwadi]] and [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata-Bluescope Pune unit begins production |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Tata-Bluescope-Pune-unit-begins-production |website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref> Tata BlueScope Steel has an annual metallic coating capacity of 250,000 tons and colour coating capacity of 150,000 tons.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Law |first1=Abhishek |title=Tata BlueScope aims to double revenue from exports in 2 years |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Tata-BlueScope-aims-to-double-revenue-from-exports-in-2-years/article20405684.ece |work=@businessline |language=en}}</ref>

On November 12, 2025, Tata Steel signed an agreement to acquire BlueScope's remaining 50% stake in the joint venture for approximately ₹1,100 crore.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2025 |title=Tata Steel Acquires 50% Stake in Tata BlueScope Steel |url=https://www.investywise.com/tata-steel-acquisition-of-tata-bluescope-steel-stake/ |website=InvestyWise}}</ref> The transaction was officially completed on December 31, 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 2026 |title=Tata Steel buys out BlueScope stake in Tata BlueScope Steel for ₹1,099.97 crore |url=https://news.steelbazaar.com/news/tata-steel-buys-out-bluescope-stake-in-tata-bluescope-steel-for-rs109997-crore |work=SteelBazaar}}</ref> Following this acquisition, the company became a fully-owned subsidiary of Tata Steel and was subsequently rebranded as Tata Steel Colors.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==Resources==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2005 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Steel companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2005]]

Mohmad Haneefa

2026-04-20T04:50:01Z

EJDTimmy2065: stub

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Haji Mohmad Haneefa Jan
| image = Mohmad Haneefa Jan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1969|01|02}}
| birth_place = [[Kargil]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India (present-day Ladakh)
| other_party =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}
| constituency = [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]]
| predecessor = [[Jamyang Tsering Namgyal]]
| successor =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: With support of 3 Independent MPs, I.N.D.I.A now has 237 seats |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-with-support-of-3-independent-mps-india-now-has-237-seats-3062152 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| spouse = Rehana Bano
| children =
}}

'''Mohmad Haneefa Jan''' (born 2 January 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Kargil district|Kargil]] serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member]] of the [[18th Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]] representing the only [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|constituency]] of the union territory of [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the [[2023 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil election|2023 Kargil election]], Haneefa ran against Khadim Hussain for the Barro constituency in the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil|LAHDC Kargil]], in which he lost by 66 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kargil.nic.in/5th-general-elections-to-lahdc-kargil-2023/|title=2023 LAHDC Kargil election results|work=LAHDC Kargil|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election in Ladakh|2024 general election]], Haneefa ran for the [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh constituency]] as an independent. He won that seat and was elected to the [[18th Lok Sabha]], having defeated two other candidates Tsering Namgyal and Tashi Gyalson. Haji Mohmad Haneefa got (Independent) 65,259 votes whereas
Tsering Namgyal got 37,397 and
Tashi Gyalsongot got 31,956 votes who represented the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]] respectively.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Union territories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haneefa, Mohmad}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Ladakh]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ladakh]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Kargil district]]

Prasanth Nair

2026-04-11T13:13:57Z

EJDTimmy2065: creating new post - done

{{Short description|Indian flight instructor (born 1976)}}
{{confuse|Prashant Nair|Prashanth Nair}}
{{Infobox astronaut
| name = Prasanth Nair
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|KC}}
| image = Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair.jpg
| caption = Nair in 2024
| type = [[List of Indian astronauts|ISRO astronaut]]
| selection = [[List of astronauts by year of selection#2019|1st Gaganyatri Group (2019)]]
| missions = 
| insignia =
| nationality =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|26 August 1976}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], Kerala, India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Astronaut]]|[[Flight instructor]]|[[Test pilot]]}}
| module = {{Infobox military person| embed = yes
| allegiance = India
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-6.svg|20px]] [[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia|Air Commodore]]
| serviceyears = 1998–present<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/25284|title=Service Record for Group Captain Prashanth Balakrishnan Nair |work=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
| servicenumber = 25284
| spouse= {{marriage|[[Lenaa]]|2024}}
| children=
| awards = [[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Kirti Chakra]]
}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]])
| [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]
| [[Air Force Academy (India)|Indian Air Force Academy]]
| [[Indian Institute of Science]] ([[M.S.]])
| [[Defence Services Staff College]]
| [[Flying Instructors School (India)|Flying Instructors School]]
}}
}}

'''Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair''' [[Kirti Chakra|KC]] is an [[Air commodore]] and [[flight instructor]] with the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[List of Indian astronauts|Gaganyatri]] (astronaut) with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). In 2019, he was one of the four men identified to be trained for the ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' mission of the ISRO, part of the [[Indian human spaceflight programme]]. He was the back up to [[Shubhanshu Shukla]] for the ''[[Axiom Mission 4]]'', a privately organised spaceflight to the [[International Space Station]].

== Early and personal life ==
Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair was born in [[Nemmara]], [[Palakkad|Palakkad, Kerala]] on 26 August 1976 to Vilambil Balakrishnan Nair.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=Astronaut pick from Kerala's Palakkad is son of engineer; Malayalam actress Lena says they married earlier this month |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prasanth-balakrishnan-nair-astronaut-from-kerala-gaganyaan-9184037/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=27 February 2024 |title=Astronaut-designate Prashant Nair brings cheer to his native Nenmara |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/astronaut-prashant-nair-brings-cheer-to-his-native-nenmara/article67892549.ece |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He spent a portion of his childhood in Kuwait before his family returned to India after the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]] in 1990. He completed his schooling at [[Chinmaya Vidyalayas|Chinmaya Vidyalaya]] in [[Pallavur]]. After completing school, he attended the NSS College of Engineering for seven months before he appeared for and cleared the [[National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair: From Nenmara school's Wall of Excellence to the captain of Gaganyaan Mission |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2024/02/28/prasanth-b-nair-malayali-astronaut-gaganyaan-school-topper.html |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

Nair married Indian actress [[Lenaa]] in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lenaa-kumars-marriage-proposal-with-gaganyaan-astronaut-prasanth-nair/articleshow/108094770.cms|title=Here's how Lenaa received her marriage proposal with Gaganyaan astronaut Prashant Nair|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 February 2024|access-date=31 July 2024|archive-date=31 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731081358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lenaa-kumars-marriage-proposal-with-gaganyaan-astronaut-prasanth-nair/articleshow/108094770.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/gaganyaan-astronaut-prasanth-nair-my-husband-malayalam-actor-lena-2507867-2024-02-27|title=Malayalam actor Lena announces she is married to Gaganyaan astronaut Prasanth Nair|work=[[India Today]]|date=28 February 2024|accessdate=31 July 2024|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320041258/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/gaganyaan-astronaut-prasanth-nair-my-husband-malayalam-actor-lena-2507867-2024-02-27|url-status=live}}</ref> He was promoted from Group Captain to Air Commodore in the Indian Air Force on 7 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2026-04-07 |title=Astronaut P Balakrishnan Nair promoted to the rank of Air Commodore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/astronaut-p-balakrishnan-promoted-isro-rank-air-commodore-india-todya-exclusive-2892613-2026-04-07 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Defence career ==
Nair graduated from the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]] in 1998 and received the 'Sword of Honour' for the best ranking cadet. He was commissioned as a [[flying officer]] in the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) on 19 December 1998. He has over 3,000 flying hours of experience, in aircraft such as [[Antonov An-32]], [[Dornier Do 228]], [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]], [[Mikoyan MiG-29]], and [[Sukhoi Su-30 MKI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-4-gaganyaan-astronauts-5136912|title=All you need to know about the Gaganyaan astronauts|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Prashanth Nair, the Kerala test pilot on Gaganyaan mission? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/02/27/prashanth-nair-test-pilot-gaganyaan-isro-atronaut-space-mission-narendra-modi.html |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305025338/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/02/27/prashanth-nair-test-pilot-gaganyaan-isro-atronaut-space-mission-narendra-modi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]] and the [[Flying Instructors School (India)|Flying Instructors School]] to become a certified [[flight instructor]] in the IAF.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet ISRO's 'Gaganyaan' Astronauts: From President's Gold Medalist To IAF Fighter Leader |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/meet-isros-gaganyaan-astronauts-from-presidents-gold-medalist-to-iaf-fighter-leader |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

== Astronaut career ==
[[File:Gaganyaan crew at Russia.jpg|thumb|left|Nair (second from left) at the [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]]]]

In 2019, Nair was shortlisted by the Institute of Aerospace Medicine for the ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' programme of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). He was among four candidates selected for training as a part of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=27 February 2024 |title=Gaganyaan: India names astronauts for maiden space flight |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68411095 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> He trained at the [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] in Russia from 2020 to 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2021 |title=ISRO's astronaut trainees return after completing training in Russia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-astronauts-complete-russia-training-101613658020316.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He later underwent mission-specific training at ISRO's Astronaut Training Facility in [[Bengaluru]] and completed a [[Master of Engineering]] degree in [[aerospace engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |title=Nair, Prathap, Krishnan and Chauhan listed for Gaganyaan mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nair-prathap-krishnan-and-chauhan-listed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/108022351.cms |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> On 27 February 2024, ISRO officially introduced Nair as a member of the astronaut team for ''[[Gaganyaan-4]]'', India's planned first human spaceflight mission.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2024 |title=Kerala celebrates as local son Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair gears up for Gaganyaan space mission |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kerala-celebrates-as-local-son-prasanth-balakrishnan-nair-gears-up-for-gaganyaan-space-mission/cid/2003321 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] }}</ref> On 2 August 2024, ISRO announced that Nair would serve as a back up to [[Shubhanshu Shukla]] for the ''[[Axiom Mission 4]]'' to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). He and Shukla trained at the [[NASA]]'s [[Johnson Space Center]] in [[Houston]], for the mission.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/indian-astronauts-to-start-training-for-iss-mission/|title=Indian astronauts to start training for ISS mission|date=2 August 2024|access-date=2 August 2024|work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=5 August 2024 |title=Hungary and Poland to join India on Ax-4 |url=https://spacenews.com/hungary-and-poland-to-join-india-on-ax-4/ |access-date=9 August 2024 |work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Who is Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, the 'prime astronaut' for Indo-US mission to space? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/who-is-shubhanshu-shukla-indo-us-space-mission-9492109/ |access-date=3 August 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803030456/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/who-is-shubhanshu-shukla-indo-us-space-mission-9492109/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards ==
Nair was decorated with the [[Kirti Chakra]], the second highest peacetime Indian military decoration, in the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|2026 Republic Day]] honours and decorations list.<ref>{{cite press release |date=25 January 2026 |title=77th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 70 Armed Forces personnel, including six posthumous, also clears military decorations to 301 personnel |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218540&reg=3&lang=1|work=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+
| colspan="4" |[[File:IAF Pilot bagde.png|center|300x300px]]
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|center|150x150px]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|center|105x105px]]
| colspan="2" |[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|center|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|center|105x105px]]
| colspan="2" |[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|center|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|center|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|center|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|center|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|center|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|center|105x105px]]
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:COAS Commendation (India).png|center|150x150px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+
| colspan="5" |{{center| [[Kirti Chakra|Kriti Chakra]]}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{center|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]}}
| colspan="3" |[[Special Service Medal (India)]]
|-
| {{center|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]}}
| colspan="2" |{{center|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]}}
| colspan="2" |[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|{{center|[[High Altitude Medal]]}}
|{{center|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]}}
|colspan="2" |{{center|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]}}
|{{center|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]}}
|-
| colspan="5" |{{center|[[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|Commedation Card]]}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category}}

[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Air Force Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian astronauts]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Indian test pilots]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kirti Chakra]]
[[Category:Axiom Space people]]

Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai

2026-04-05T19:28:28Z

EJDTimmy2065: stub

{{Short description|2016 film by Mithran R. Jawahar}}
{{distinguish|Meendum Oru Kaathal Kathai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Mithran R. Jawahar]]
| producer = [[Sangili Murugan]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]}}
| starring = Walter Phillips [[Isha Talwar]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = Vishnu Sarma
| editing = M. Thiyagarajan
| studio = [[Sangili Murugan|Block Ticket Films]]
| distributor = [[S. Thanu|Kalaippuli Films International]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 144 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|08|26}}
}}

'''''Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai''''' ({{Translation|Once Again a Love Story}}) is a 2016 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic musical film]] directed by [[Mithran R. Jawahar]], starring Walter Philips and [[Isha Talwar]]. It is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]],''<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 15, 2015 |title=Thattathin Marayathu Tamil remake gets a title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thattathin-Marayathu-Tamil-remake-gets-a-title/articleshow/46253107.cms |access-date=13 June 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010192026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Thattathin-Marayathu-Tamil-remake-gets-a-title/articleshow/46253107.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> with Talwar reprising her role.

== Plot ==
The film is the story of Vinod and Aisha, belonging to [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]] respectively, falling in love, and the conflict arising out between them.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* Walter Phillips as Vinod
* [[Isha Talwar]] as Aisha
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Abdul Kader
* Som Shekar as Musthafa
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Abdul Rahman
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as S.I.
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Abdul Razak (Abu)
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Vinod's mother
* Durga Premjith as Asma, the teacher's kid
* Shan as Imran
* [[Venkatesh Harinathan]] as Altaf
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Hamzah
* [[Singamuthu]] as Police officer
* [[Sangili Murugan]]
* Dhivya as Aisha's sister
* Roxanne as Nasreen
* Harish Ram as Manoj
{{colend}}

== Production ==
It was reported in 2015 that [[Mithran R. Jawahar]] would direct the Tamil remake of Malayalam film ''Thattathin Marayathu''. Newcomer Walter Philips was cast opposite [[Isha Talwar]] who was selected to reprise her role from the original.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=5 January 2016 |title=Isha thrilled about being Aisha all over again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Isha-thrilled-about-being-Aisha-all-over-again/articleshow/50439422.cms |access-date=13 June 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723011841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Isha-thrilled-about-being-Aisha-all-over-again/articleshow/50439422.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's motion poster was released in February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai' is a breezy love story |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/meendum-oru-kadhal-kadhai-is-a-breezy-love-story-news-tamil-pcoln0gdbeijj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217004553/http://www.sify.com/movies/meendum-oru-kadhal-kadhai-is-a-breezy-love-story-news-tamil-pcoln0gdbeijj.html |archive-date=17 February 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |date=Feb 14, 2015 |access-date=12 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]] and [[Thamarai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/03xO8d9aIyGWjbG9w8XlLA|title= Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|website=[[Spotify]]|date=2016|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref> The music was released on 8 April 2016 by [[Sony Music India]].

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 43:01
| title1 = Mai Pottu
| lyrics1 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Velmurugan]]
| length1 = 05:08
| title2 = Hey Pennae
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra2 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Ranina Reddy]]
| length2 = 05:49
| title3 = Mohini
| lyrics3 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra3 = D. Sathyaprakash
| length3 = 05:16
| title4 = Yedhedho Penne
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra4 = [[Ajeesh]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length4 = 04:37
| title5 = Yen Nenjam Sidharudhu
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra5 = D. Sathyaprakash
| length5 = 04:31
| title6 = An Autumn Evening (Theme)
| lyrics6 = NA
| extra6 = [[Ranina Reddy]], Nadisha Thomas
| length6 = 03:05
| title7 = Kuthala Kathaga
| lyrics7 = Ekadesi
| extra7 = Vednath
| length7 = 04:11
| title8 = Mai Pottu (Karoke)
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 =
| length8 = 05:08
| title9 = Mohini (Karoke)
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 =
| length9 = 05:16
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| note4 =
| writer4 =
}}

== Reception ==
Gautaman Bhaskaran of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 1 out of 5 stars, writing "A love story with the lovers from different backgrounds has been done to death onscreen. This is yet another attempt at the old tale that adds nothing new".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=2016-08-26 |title=Meendum Oru Kadhal Kathai review: What a silly love story |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/meendum-oru-kadhal-kathai-review-what-a-silly-love-story/story-iPI8RIZyjFPsw4NPvjYYUI.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224133947/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/meendum-oru-kadhal-kathai-review-what-a-silly-love-story/story-iPI8RIZyjFPsw4NPvjYYUI.html|archive-date=24 February 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Anupama Subramaniam of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "Director Mithran has managed to recreate the magic of the original to some extent".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2016-08-27 |title=Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai movie review: |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270816/meendum-oru-kadhal-kadhai-movie-review.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231102514/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270816/meendum-oru-kadhal-kadhai-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shomini Sen of ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]'' wrote "''Meendum Oru Kadhal Kathai'' tries to calm us down with some good old love. There’s no problem in that. Everybody loves to watch love on-screen. The problem is in the very soul of the film".<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 27, 2016 |title=Meendum Oru Kadhal Kathai Review: The Film Is Like Eating One-Week Old Bonda |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/meendum-oru-kadhal-kathai-review-watching-the-film-is-like-eating-one-week-old-bonda-1286004.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122103148/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/meendum-oru-kadhal-kathai-review-watching-the-film-is-like-eating-one-week-old-bonda-1286004.html |archive-date=2026-01-22 |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6001878}}
{{Mithran Jawahar}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mithran R. Jawahar]]

Santiniketan Medical College

2026-04-04T09:24:21Z

EJDTimmy2065:

{{Short description|Medical college in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Santiniketan Medical College
| image = Santiniketan Medical College Logo.png
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|2021}}
| type = [[Public–private partnership|PPP]] [[Medical College]] & [[Hospital]]
| Executive Director =
| principal = Dr. Alok Sobhan Datta
| chairman = Malay Pit
| students = '''Totals:'''
* MBBS - 150
| address = Gobindapur
| city = [[Bolpur]], [[Birbhum district]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 731204
| campus_size = {{Convert|25|acre}}
| language = [[English language|English]] & Bengali
| affiliation = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]]; [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{url|https://www.smcbangla.com/}}
}}
[[File:santiniketanmedical.jpg|thumb]]
'''Santiniketan Medical College (SMC)''', established in 2021, is a private/Public-Private partnership ('''[[Public–private partnership|PPP Model]]''') [[medical college]] located in [[Santiniketan]], [[Bolpur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SANTINIKETAN MEDICAL COLLEGE GOT PERMIT TO INTAKE 150 MBBS SEATS FROM 2021-2022 SESSION |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkMzYbNrC10|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> It offers the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree course. The college is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]] and affiliated with the [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shantiniketan Medical College: বোলপুরে প্রথম মেডিক্যাল কলেজ, অনুমোদন দিয়ে চিঠি পাঠাল কেন্দ্র|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/purulia-birbhum-bankura/bolpur-gets-its-first-medical-college-center-approves-shantiniketan-medical-college-with-150-mbbs-seat-dgtld/cid/1313223|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> The hospital associated with this college is the Bolpur Subdivisional Hospital. Smc is also the India's 1st PPP medical College under National medical commission Act.<ref>{{cite web|title=NMC NOD to Santiniketan Medical College: India’s 1st PPP Medical College Under NMC Act.|url= https://www.sdsmartupdate24.in/santiniketan-medical-college-indias-1st-ppp-medical-college-under-nmc-act|access-date=23 November 2021}} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Santiniketan Medical College}}
* {{official}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{med-org-stub}}

Constable Kanakam

2026-03-31T01:50:43Z

EJDTimmy2065:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language webseries}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| executive_producer = V. Mohan Rao
| producer = {{plain list|
* Kovelamudi Satya Saibaba
* Vemuri Hemanth Kumar
}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| genre = {{plain list|
* [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
}}
| music = Suresh Bobbili
| creator = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
| writer = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
| director = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Varsha Bollamma]]
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]]
* Megha Lekha
* [[Srinivas Avasarala]]
}}
| cinematography = Sriram Mukkapati
| editor = Madhav Kumar Gullapalli
| camera =
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 10
| company = Meteor Entertainments
| network = [[ETV Win]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|08|14}}
| last_aired = present
| image = Constable Kanakam.jpg
}}

'''''Constable Kanakam''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series created, written and directed by Prasanth Kumar Dimmala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guptha |first=Ganesh |date=2025-08-08 |title=గ్రామంలో అమ్మాయిలు మిస్సింగ్ - జింక అనుకునే సింహం ఏం చేసిందంటే?... 'కానిస్టేబుల్ కనకం' ట్రైలర్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/ott-webseries/varsha-bollamma-constable-kanakam-web-series-telugu-trailer-out-watch-video-216350 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-08-08 |title=Constable Kanakam trailer blends folk allegory with village mystery |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/08/constable-kanakam-trailer-blends-folk-allegory-with-village-mystery |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The series features [[Varsha Bollamma]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]], Megha Lekha and [[Srinivas Avasarala]] in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-08-09 |title=Chiranjeevi unveils trailer of Varsha Bollamma's 'Constable Kanakam' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/chiranjeevi-unveils-trailer-of-varsha-bollammas-constable-kanakam-995344 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 14 August 2025 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Constable Kanakam: Varsha Bollama's new Telugu series is all about black magic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/constable-kanakam-varsha-bollamas-new-telugu-series-is-all-about-black-magic-ottplay-101754987438573.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The second season was released on 8 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-30 |title=Constable Kanakam season 2 gets premiere date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Dec/30/telugunews2025dec29constable-kanakam-season-2-gets-premiere-date |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
=== Season one ===
Set in the 1990s in the village of Repalle, Srikakulam, the story follows Kanaka Mahalakshmi (Varsha Bollamma), a timid young woman who joins the local police force as a constable to fulfill her late mother's wish and her father's encouragement. Despite being ridiculed by her colleagues for her fearful nature—such as her phobia of lizards—Kanakam is tasked with investigating the "Adavi Gutta" forest, a forbidden zone where several young women have mysteriously disappeared.

The investigation becomes personal when Kanakam's close friend, Chandrika (Megha Lekha), goes missing. Kanakam uncovers a conspiracy involving local superstitions and black magic used as a front for a criminal smuggling ring. She discovers that the "kidnappings" are staged as ritual sacrifices to keep villagers away from contraband routes. After discovering evidence that links her own superiors to the operation, Kanakam goes rogue to infiltrate a ritual site, rescuing two abducted women. The season ends with the arrest of a sub-inspector and a political broker, though Chandrika remains missing.

=== Season two ===

Following her initial success, Kanakam continues her search for Chandrika. The investigation leads her out of Repalle to Pitapuram, where she follows a financial trail that uncovers shocking truths about her friend's identity and family background. She realizes that the conspiracy is deeper than a local smuggling ring and involves influential figures across the state. The season concludes with Kanakam successfully locating Chandrika and dismantling the core of the criminal network, while a post-credit scene teases a new case in the Adavi Gutta region.

== Cast ==
* [[Varsha Bollamma]] as [[Police Constable|PC]] Dimmala Kanaka Mahalakshmi "Kanakam"
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as [[Head constable|HC]] B. Samba Siva Rao
* Megha Lekha in a [[dual role]] as Chandrika / Sahasra
* [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as [[Sarpanch| President]] Prakash Rao; an ex [[Havildar]]
* Meesala Laxman as Bulli Babu; Prakash's maternal uncle
* Prem Sagar as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] S. Sadasivam
* Ramana Bhargava as [[Police Constable|PC]] Sathibabu
* Suchitraa Anandan
* Sunny Naveen as Babji
* Kishore Kumar Polimera as Veeri
* Vijay Raghav
* Jwala Koti as Chandrika's adoptive father
* Madhavi Priyadarshini
* [[Rakendu Mouli]] as Dr. Hanumanth Rao
* Soumya Varanasi
* Ramesh Konambhotla as Kanakam's father

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #3C5792
| link1 = #Season 1 (2025)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|2025|8|14|df=yes}}
| color2 = #CA9C4F
| link2 = #Season 2 (2025)
| episodes2 = 4
| released2 = {{Start date|2026|1|8|df=yes}}
}}

=== Season 1 (2025) ===
{{Episode table |background=#3C5792 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Jaathara
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Thappetagullu
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Kanakam tracks multiple similar disappearances. Local elders claim the forest “takes” women who cross certain boundaries at night.
She discovers half-burnt bangles and cloth near the stream, evidence the seniors ignore.
Flashbacks reveal Kanakam’s motivation: her mother was a victim of domestic abuse who once told her, “Justice starts from courage.”
|LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Adivigutta
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Kanakam teams up with a forest-guard trainee, Ravi, who helps her map the missing women’s last-seen points — forming a spiral pattern around a defunct temple.
When they venture deeper, they find a hidden path used for illegal sand-mining and timber transport. The “myth” might be a cover-up for crime.
A chilling night-time chase in the woods ends with them barely escaping masked men.
|LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Thrisulam
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Evidence links the smuggling ring to one of Kanakam’s senior officers.
She faces humiliation when she reports it — her superiors suspend her for “insubordination.”
Ravi is attacked and hospitalized. The tension builds as Kanakam realizes the conspiracy extends into political circles.
|LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Mandasa Kova
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Kanakam goes rogue. Disguised as a villager, she infiltrates a ritual site and finds proof that the kidnappings are staged sacrifices to scare locals away from the contraband routes.
She rescues two abducted women and uncovers a video that shows her own superior overseeing the operations.
The “goddess” turns out to be a symbol — a woman survivor hiding others from abusers — giving the series a feminist allegory twist.
|LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Nakshatram
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|08|14}}
|ShortSummary = Armed with the footage, Kanakam returns to confront her department.
After a tense standoff, she arrests the sub-inspector and the political broker behind the ring.
The ending mirrors the beginning: Kanakam stands again before the same forest, now calm, saluting the horizon — hinting that true law and order begin when someone dares to question power.
A post-credit scene shows a file titled “Adavi Gutta – Case 2” being reopened, teasing Season 2.
|LineColor = 3CB371
}}
}}

=== Season 2 (2026) ===
{{Episode table |background=#CA9C4F |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |country= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Konda Thelu
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|01|08}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = CA9C4F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Addam
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|01|08}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = CA9C4F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Selavu
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|01|08}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = CA9C4F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Siksha
|DirectedBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|WrittenBy = Prasanth Kumar Dimmala
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|01|08}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = CA9C4F
}}
}}

== Production ==
Filming began on 2 December 2024 and the show was announced on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-12-02 |title=Varsha Bollamma's Constable Kanakam goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/02/varsha-bollammas-constable-kanakam-goes-on-floors |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Season one ===

Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' praised the lead cast performances, production design and background score, while being critical towards the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constable Kanakam: Varsha Bollama's Telugu web series shines only in parts |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/constable-kanakam-varsha-bollamas-series-has-intruiging-premise-but-shines-only-in-parts/0e49080c85572 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Echoing the same, [[10TV]] gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Telugu |first1=10TV |last2=Nill |first2=Saketh |date=2025-08-14 |title='కానిస్టేబుల్ కనకం' వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ.. ఊళ్ళో అమ్మాయిలు మిస్సింగ్.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/varsha-bollamma-rajeev-kanakala-constable-kanakam-etv-win-ott-web-series-review-and-rating-sy-978797.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=10TV Telugu |language=te}}</ref> ''[[123Telugu]]'' wrote "''Constable Kanakam'' is undoubtedly one of the well-made shows technically in the Telugu digital space" adding that writing doesn’t support.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-15 |title=OTT Constable Kanakam Telugu Series Review, Varsha Bollamma |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-constable-kanakam-telugu-web-series-review.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Season two ===

Reviewing the season two, Avad Mohammed of OTTplay, wrote that “Varsha Bollama's show did not do much with its first season, but things change in season 2 as all the errors get rectified and things are much more gripping.“<ref>{{cite web |title=Constable Kanakam Season 2 Review: Varsha Bollama's show is sharper, tighter, and engaging |url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/constable-kanakam-season-2-review-varsha-bollamas-show-is-sharper-tighter-and-engaging/7a8f9fd473742 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|37443874}}
* [https://www.etvwin.com/win-exclusive/constable-kanakam ''Constable Kanakam''] on [[ETV Win]]

[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:ETV Win original programming]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:2020s mystery television series]]
[[Category:Thriller television series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Mystery web series]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1998]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]

Arya (2004 film)

2026-03-29T04:01:20Z

EJDTimmy2065: cleanup

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arya
| image = Aarya Telugu Movie.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]]
| producer = [[Dil Raju]]
| writer = Sukumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Allu Arjun]]
*[[Anu Mehta]]
*[[Siva Balaji]]
}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| distributor = Sri Venkateswara Creations
| released = {{Film date|2004|5|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR|31.1|c|year=2004}} [[crore]]<ref name="TOI"/>
}}
'''''Arya''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[Action film|action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Sukumar]] in his directoral debut. Produced by [[Dil Raju]] under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] banner, the film stars [[Allu Arjun]], [[Anu Mehta]], and [[Siva Balaji]]. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and cinematography was by [[R. Rathnavelu]]. The plot revolves around Arya, an outgoing and free-spirited boy falling in love with Geetha, an introverted girl who is on the shield of another person Ajay.

''Arya'' was released on 7 May 2004, the film received positive response and was commercially successful, grossing {{Indian Rupee|31.1 crore}} worldwide.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-07|title=16 Years for Aarya: Some of the interesting facts about the Allu Arjun starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/16-years-for-aarya-some-of-the-interesting-facts-about-the-allu-arjun-starrer/photostory/75598280.cms|access-date=2020-08-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It has developed a [[cult following]] over the years.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chigurupati |first1=Krishna Prasad |title=Allu Arjun reminisces 'Arya' as the youthful-drama completes 15 years at the box-office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-reminisces-arya-as-the-youthful-drama-completes-15-years-at-the-box-office/articleshow/69216523.cms |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (Bangladesh) as ''Badha'' (2005), in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''[[Pagala Premi]]'' (2007), in Bengali as ''[[Pagal Premi]]'' (2007), in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] as ''[[Adaraye Namayen]]'' (2008) and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]'' (2010).<ref name="TOI" /> A [[spiritual sequel]] titled ''[[Arya 2]]'' was released in 2009.

''Arya'' is considered one of the best films of Allu Arjun and provided a [[breakout role|major breakthrough]] in his career as an actor and brought recognition for Sukumar as a director in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-08 |title=19 years for 'Arya': Fans rejoice as the Allu Arjun starrer completes another milestone |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/19-years-for-arya-fans-rejoice-as-the-allu-arjun-starrer-completes-another-milestone/articleshow/100067051.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=17 Years Of Arya: COVID-Positive Allu Arjun Calls It The "Greatest Miracle" Of His Life |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/17-years-of-arya-covid-positive-allu-arjun-calls-it-the-greatest-miracle-of-his-life-2437258 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Geetanjali a.k.a. Geetha, a college student, goes to [[Kanyakumari]] on a trip. She finds a poem in a diary left on a beach and signs in it, saying that she wishes the poet will succeed in his love. Later on, her anklet falls into the ocean, and a guy jumps into the water in front of her eyes, but no one sees him resurfacing. However, Geetha did not see who jumped in the ocean. She dreams about the incident frequently thinking that the guy who jumped has died, but her friends ask her to forget it.

Back to the present in [[Visakhapatnam]], here comes Ajay, a spoiled college student and the son of the local [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] Avataram. He likes to flirt with beautiful girls and wants them to be his girlfriends. One day he sees Geetha and proposes to her. When she refuses, he threatens to jump from the top of the college building. Afraid of being held responsible for a death, Geetha accepts the proposal with the thought that some guy has already died for her, and she doesn't want anyone else to get hurt because of her and starts dating him. Arya is a happy-go-lucky guy who enjoys his life with friends and kids. On his first day in college, he sees Geetha, who was just confessing her love to Ajay, who was at the top of the college building, threatening to jump. Charmed by her beauty, Arya falls in love with her and proposes to her. One day Avataram arranges a party in his house, and it so turns out that Ajay introduces Geetha to his father and persuades him to fix their marriage. Ajay's father, who initially pretended to accept his son's marriage with Geetha, turns tables upside down by introducing another girl Lalasa and announces that his son is going to marry Lalasa. He threatens his son not to marry anyone except Lalasa. Being embarrassed by the situation and helpless, Ajay sits down and starts to get frustrated. Arya, who loves Geetha so much that he never hesitated to help her, decides to bring Ajay to Geetha and helps them elope. On their way, they are followed by Avataram's henchmen. They eventually find a train and get into it.

When they get down of the train in the night, they are shocked to see the leader of Avataram's henchmen, who forces Geetha to come with him, defying his boss' order. On the other hand, Ajay remains helpless, while Arya fights all the men and finally defeats them, rescuing Ajay and Geetha. They walk on to the nearby town, which happens to be Arya's hometown. Being tired, the three go to bed.

The next morning they wake up and realize that Ajay is missing. Arya tries to convince Geetha that Ajay left to win over his father. This leaves private time for Arya and Geetha, and they grow close to each other. Geetha starts liking Arya and begins to understand him. When she tries to confess it to him, Ajay and his father return. Avataram agrees to get Ajay married to Geetha.

On the day of the wedding, Geetha finds out that Arya was the guy who dove into the sea for her anklet and realizes that he came into her life much before Ajay. She realizes that while Ajay blackmailed her into loving him; Arya just wanted to see her happy. Geetha also realizes that Arya truly loves her, while Ajay was just acting on his impulse of wanting what he couldn't have. She leaves the wedding hall in tears and confesses her love to Arya, and they both reconcile with each other, and this time he successfully throws the stone into the Plastic Coke Cup, indicating he truly succeeded in his love.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Arya
* [[Anuradha Mehta]] as Geethanjali aka Geetha
* [[Siva Balaji]] as Ajay
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] Avataram, Ajay's father
* [[Subbaraju]] as Subbu
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as "Punch" Falaknama, Train Ticket Examiner
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Ajay's friend
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Geetha's mother
* Vidya as Shanti, Geetha's friend
* [[J. V. Ramana Murthi]] as Priest
* [[Shravya]] as one of Arya's young friends
* Babloo as Arya's friend
* Sandra Jaichandran as Geetha's friend #2
* Devi Charan
* Jogi Naidu
* Krishnam Raju
* [[Balireddy Pruthviraj|Prudhviraj]] as Reddy
* [[Srikanth Addala]] (special appearance)
* [[Abhinayasri]] in [[item number]] "Aa Ante Amalapuram"
{{colend}}

==Production==
[[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] began working on the script of ''Arya'' in [[Visakhapatnam]] before joining the sets of [[V. V. Vinayak]]'s [[Dil (2003 film)|''Dil'']] (2003). Its producer [[Dil Raju]] assured that he would produce the film if ''Dil'' becomes a commercial success.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=10}} Sukumar chose to narrate the story of a boy who confess his love to a girl right in the beginning, opposed to films like ''[[Darr]]'' (1993), ''[[Kabhie Haan Kabhie Naa]]'' (1994), and ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003) where the protagonist's love/obsession for the female lead is revealed towards the end, as he found that idea an "obsolete" one.<ref name="Sukumar int SSC">{{cite web|url=http://southscope.in/telugu/article/sukumar-reluctant-perfectionist |title=Sukumar – The Reluctant Perfectionist |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |work=South Scope |date=6 May 2011 |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615025009/http://www.southscope.in/telugu/article/sukumar-reluctant-perfectionist |archive-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Raju was impressed with Sukumar's script and [[Allu Arjun]] was selected as its protagonist after considering [[Ravi Teja]], [[Nithin]], and [[Prabhas]]. [[Anuradha Mehta]] and [[Siva Balaji]] were chosen for the other two lead roles.{{Sfn|Chinnarayana|2015|page=11}} [[R. Rathnavelu]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]] were chosen as the film's director of photography and music director respectively; they both collaborated with Sukumar in many of his future projects. The film was launched on 20 November 2003 with [[Chiranjeevi]] clapping the first shot and [[Pawan Kalyan]] switching on the camera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugufilmserver.com/3rdNovnews.shtml|title=Allu Arjun film started|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=26 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031203031243/http://www.telugufilmserver.com/3rdNovnews.shtml|archive-date=3 December 2003}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Arya
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Arya
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|04|16}}
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:42
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = Abhi
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Shankar Dada MBBS]]
| next_year = 2004
}}

The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The success and popularity of the song "Aa Ante Amalapuram" song eventually led to its adaptation in the 2012 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Maximum (film)|Maximum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/court-stays-release-of-aa-ante-amalapuram-in-the-movie-maximum-357899.html|title=Court stays release of 'Aa Ante Amalapuram' in the movie 'Maximum'|website=Firstpost|date=26 June 2012 |access-date=2019-06-29}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Telugu Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:42
| title1 = You Rock My World
| lyrics1 = Viswa
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Premji Amaren]]
| length1 = 5:00
| title2 = Edo Priya Ragam Vintunna
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]], Sumangali
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = O My Brotheru
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra3 = Ravi Verma
| length3 = 5:04
| title4 = Thakadimithom
| lyrics4 = Surendra Krishna
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length4 = 5:31
| title5 = Feel My Love
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra5 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| length5 = 4:55
| title6 = Aa Ante Amalapuram
| lyrics6 = [[Veturi]]
| extra6 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathy]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length6 = 5:04
}}'''Malayalam (Dub)'''

Music is composed by Devi Sri Prasad and lyrics were penned by Mankombu Gopalakrishnan and Rajeev Alunkal

{{track listing
| headline = Malayalam Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Etho Priya Ragam
| extra1 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length1 = 5:09
| title2 = Thakadhimithom
| extra2 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| length2 = 4:59
| title3 = Aa Kande Alakapuram
| extra3 = Reshmi, Devi Sri Prasad
| length3 = 4:59
| title4 = You Rock My Love
| extra4 = [[Afsal]], Devi Sri Prasad
| length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Etho Priya Ragam
| extra5 = Shivani
| length5 = 5:09
| title6 = Oh My Brothere
| extra6 = Alex
| title7 = Aarya Proud of Youth
| length7 = 3:37
| extra7 = Anwar Sadath, [[Sayanora Philip]]
| title8 = Feel My Love
| length8 = 4:57
| extra8 = [[Vidhu Prathap]]
| length6 = 4:49
}}

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
Arya received highly positive reviews from critics. ''idlebrain.com'' gave a review stating, "You feel like you are watching a [[Mani Ratnam|Mani Rathnam]] film. There is a soul in the film and you end up having a thin layer of tears in your eyes while leaving the theater. This film announces the arrival of Sukumar – director – a class apart. 'Aarya' is a must watch film for all Telugu film lovers. Don't miss it" and rated the film 4/5, calling the film "A class apart".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aarya.html|title=Movie review – Aarya|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=7 May 2004}}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' gave a review stating "To start with, the hype machine was at work incessantly before the release of the movie. And after watching the film you also feel that there is a movie that is every inch worth its pre-release hype. Not only Aarya is expected to lead the pack in the long summer of seemingly never-ending releases but also give the hero of the film, Allu Arjun, a new identity. Aarya is an unabashed package showcasing Allu Arjun and his dancing and fighting abilities. The thing it looks like it will work at the box-office", further calling the film "A cocktail of fun and more fun".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7086.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024114010/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7086.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2004|title=Aarya – A cocktail of fun and more fun|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=10 May 2004}}</ref> ''fullhyderabad.com'' gave a review stating "Aarya is not at all what you expect it to be. It is a special package that consists of fun, entertainment, laughs, frolic, merriment, high times, bashes and more. It has them all. Romance, eternal love, mush, flowers, embraces, sacrifices, sunsets. It has them ALL. Action, fights, stunts, feats, tricks, battles, blood, bullies, henchmen, chases. Did we mention that this has it all? Emotions, sentiments, passion, craze and feelings. See one. See all," and rated the film 7/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/aarya/telugu/aarya-movie-reviews-1987-2.html|title=Aarya Review|publisher=fullhyderabad.com|access-date=7 May 2004}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Arya'' made on a budget of {{INR|4 crore}}, grossed about {{INR|30 crore}}.<ref name="TOI"/>

The film's dubbed version in [[Malayalam]] collected {{INR|1.1 [[crore]]}} in [[Kerala]]. Owing to the film's success, Allu Arjun received major acclaim across the region and the [[Malayali|Malayali people]] and earned him fanbase there.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-04-02|title=Bunny-Hot in Kerala!|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14421527|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607201239/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14421527|archive-date=2007-06-07|access-date=2020-08-10|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Dubbed version ==
The film's dubbed version in [[Malayalam]] collected {{INR|1.1 [[crore]]}} in [[Kerala]]. Owing to the film's big success, Allu Arjun received major acclaim across the region and the [[Malayali|Malayali people]] and earned him fanbase there.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-04-02|title=Bunny-Hot in Kerala!|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14421527|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607201239/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=14421527|archive-date=2007-06-07|access-date=2020-08-10|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
In 2011, it was dubbed in Hindi as ''Arya Ki Prem Pratigya''.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-11-12 |title=Arya (Arya Ki Prem Pratigya) Hindi Dubbed Full Movie - Allu Arjun, Anuradha Mehta, Siva Balaji |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNfIottI2_M_channel=UltraMovieParlour |access-date=2024-01-24 |publisher=YouTube.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[52nd Filmfare Awards South|52nd Filmfare Awards]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]] – [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]]
;2004 [[CineMAA Awards]]
*[[CineMAA Awards|Best Director (Jury)]] – Sukumar
*[[CineMAA Awards|Best Screenplay]] - Sukumar
*[[CineMAA Awards|Best Editor]] - Marthand K Venkatesh
*[[CineMAA Awards|Sensational Producer]] - [[Dil Raju]]
;2004 [[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] – Sukumar
*[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury]] – Allu Arjun
*[[Nandi Award for Best Fight Master|Best Fight Master]] - [[Ram Lakshman (Stunt choreographers)|Ram-Lakshman]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]]
;2004 [[Santosham Film Awards]]
*[[Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Best Young Performers Award]] – Allu Arjun
*[[Santosham Film Awards|Best first film Director]] - Sukumar
*[[Santosham Film Awards|Best new Female Singer]] - Malathi
*[[Santosham Film Awards|Best Costumer]] - Kumar
*[[Santosham Film Awards|Best item Dancer]] - Abhinayasri
;2004 Gemini TV Awards
*Best Director – Sukumar
*Best Actor – Allu Arjun

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Chinnarayana |first1=Pulagam |url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Aarya?sort=3&page=1 |title=సినిమా వెనుక స్టోరీ: ఫీల్ మై లవ్ |trans-title=Behind the scenes: Feel my love |language=te |date=18 October 2015 |publisher=Sakshi Funday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210454/http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Aarya?sort=3&page=1 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 April 2016 }}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0431619|Aarya}}

{{Sukumar (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aarya (2004 Film)}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sukumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]

Linguistic history of India

2026-03-28T12:35:39Z

EJDTimmy2065: cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the historical context of Indian languages|the modern overview|Languages of India}}
{{Distinguish|Linguistic Survey of India}}
{{Contains special characters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}
[[File:South Asian Language Families.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Language families in the [[Indian subcontinent]].]]
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

Since the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age of India]], the native [[languages of the Indian subcontinent]] have been divided into various [[language families]], of which [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated [[Language family|language families]], such as [[Munda languages|Munda]] (from the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic family]]) and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] (from the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Trans-Himalayan family]]), spoken by smaller groups.

==Indo-Aryan languages==
{{Main|Indo-Aryan languages}}

===Proto-Indo-Aryan===
{{main|Proto-Indo-Aryan language}}
[[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]] is a [[proto-language]] hypothesized to have been the direct [[ancestor]] of all Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Sir Ralph Lilley |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/frontmatter/introduction.html |website=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press (original), University of Chicago (web version) |access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref> It would have had similarities to [[Proto-Indo-Iranian]], but would ultimately have used [[Sanskrit]]ized [[phoneme]]s and [[morphology (linguistics)|morpheme]]s.

===Old Indo-Aryan===

====Vedic Sanskrit====
{{Main|Vedic Sanskrit}}
{{See also|Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni}}
[[File:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|right|thumb|400px|[[Devimahatmya]] manuscript on [[Arecaceae|palm]]-leaf, in the [[Bhujimol]] script, [[Nepal]], 11th century]]

[[Vedic Sanskrit]] is the [[language]] of the [[Vedas]], a large [[wikt:collection|collection]] of [[hymn]]s, [[incantation]]s, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India and the basis for much of the [[Hindu]] religion. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the [[Rigveda]] to be the earliest. The hymns preserved in the Rigveda were preserved by [[oral tradition]] alone over several centuries before the introduction of writing, the oldest Aryan language among them predating the introduction of Brahmi by as much as a millennium.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the [[Upanishads]], which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional compilations, dated to roughly 500 BCE. It is around this time that [[Sanskrit]] began the transition from a first language to a second language of religion and learning, marking the beginning of [[Classical India]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

====Classical Sanskrit====
{{Main|Sanskrit}}
{{Further|Pāṇini|Sanskrit epigraphy}}

Sanskrit grammar is [[Pāṇini|Panini]]'s [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]] ("Eight-Chapter Grammar") dating to c. the 5th century BCE. It is essentially a prescriptive [[grammar]], i.e., an [[authority]] that defines (rather than describes) correct Sanskrit, although it contains descriptive parts, mostly to account for Vedic forms that had already passed out of use in Pāṇini's time.

Knowledge of [[Sanskrit]] was a marker of social class and educational attainment.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

[[Vedic Sanskrit]] and Classical or "Paninian" Sanskrit, while broadly similar, are separate<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/vedol/00 |title=Introduction to Ancient Sanskrit |website=lrc.la.utexas.edu}}</ref> varieties, which differ in a number of points of [[phonology]], [[vocabulary]], and grammar.

===Middle Indo-Aryan===

====Prakrits====
{{Main|Prakrit}}
'''Prakrit''' (Sanskrit ''prākṛta'' प्राकृत, the past participle of प्राकृ, meaning "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", i.e. "[[vernacular]]", in contrast to ''[[Sanskrit|samskrta]]'' "excellently made",{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} both adjectives elliptically referring to ''vak'' "speech") is the broad family of [[Indo-Aryan languages]] and [[dialect]]s spoken in ancient India. Some modern scholars include all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the [[rubric]] of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of [[caste]], religion, and [[geography]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the [[kshatriya]] caste. The earliest inscriptions in Prakrit are those of [[Ashoka]], emperor of the [[Maurya Empire]], and while the various Prakrit languages are associated with different patron dynasties, with different religions and different literary traditions.

In [[Sanskrit drama]], kings speak in [[Prakrit]] when addressing women or servants, in contrast to the Sanskrit used in reciting more formal poetic monologues.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The three [[Dramatic Prakrit]]s – [[Sauraseni]], [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]], [[Maharashtri]], as well as [[Jain Prakrit]] each represent a distinct tradition of [[Indian literature|literature]] within the history of India. Other Prakrits are reported in historical sources, but have no extant corpus (e.g., [[Paisaci]]).

=====Pali=====
{{Main|Pali}}
Pali is the Middle Indo-Aryan language in which the [[Theravada]] Buddhist scriptures and commentaries are preserved. Pali is believed by the Theravada tradition to be the same language as Magadhi, but modern scholars believe this to be unlikely.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Pali shows signs of development from several underlying Prakrits as well as some Sanskritisation.

The Prakrit of the North-western area of India known as [[Gandhara|Gāndhāra]] has come to be called [[Gāndhārī language|Gāndhārī]]. A few documents are written in the [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhi]] script survive including a version of the [[Dhammapada]].

====Apabhraṃśa/Apasabda====
{{Main|Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Apabhraṃśa}}
The [[Prakrit]]s (which includes [[Pāli|Pali]]) were gradually transformed into [[Apabhramsha|Apabhraṃśas (अपभ्रंश)]] which were used until about the 13th century CE. The term '''apabhraṃśa,''' meaning "fallen away", refers to the dialects of [[Northern India]] before the rise of modern Northern Indian languages, and implies a corrupt or non-standard language. A significant amount of apabhraṃśa literature has been found in [[Jain]] libraries. While [[Amir Khusro]] and [[Kabir]] were writing in a language quite similar to modern [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]], many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by [[Hindu king]]s, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. Apabhraṃśa authors include [[Sarahapad]] of [[Kamarupa]], [[Devasena]] of [[Dhar]] (9th century CE), [[Pushpadanta]] of [[Manikhet]] (9th century CE), [[Dhanapal]], [[Muni Ramsimha]], [[Hemachandra]] of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], [[Raighu]] of [[Gwalior]] (15th century CE). An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is in [[Vikramōrvaśīyam]] of [[Kalidasa]], when [[Pururava]] asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

===Modern Indo-Aryan===

====Hindustani====
{{Further|History of Hindustani}}
Hindustani is right now the most spoken language in the Indian subcontinent and the fourth most spoken language in the world. The development of Hindustani revolves around the various Hindi dialects originating mainly from [[Sauraseni]] [[Apabhramsha]]. A Jain text Shravakachar written in 933AD is considered the first Hindi book.<ref name="West2009">{{cite book |author=Barbara A. West |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA282 |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7 |pages=282–}}</ref> Modern Hindi is based on the prestigious Khariboli dialect which started to take Persian and Arabic words too with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate; however, the Arabic-Persian influence was profound mainly on Urdu and to a lesser extent on Hindi. Khadiboli also started to spread across North India as a vernacular form previously commonly known as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. Amir Khusrow wrote poems in Khariboli and Brajbhasha and referred that language as Hindavi. During the Bhakti era, many poems were composed in Khariboli, Brajbhasa, and Awadhi. One such classic is Ramcharitmanas, written by Tulsidas in Awadhi. In 1623 Jatmal wrote a book in Khariboli with the name 'Gora Badal ki Katha'.

The establishment of British rule in the subcontinent saw the clear division of Hindi and Urdu registers. This period also saw the rise of modern Hindi literature starting with [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]]. This period also shows further Sanskritization of the Hindi language in literature. Hindi is right now the official language in nine states of India— [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]—and the National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]]. Post-independence Hindi became the official language of the Central Government of India along with English. Urdu has been the national and official language of Pakistan as well as the [[lingua franca]] of the country.

Outside the India, Hindustani is widely understood in other parts of the Indian subcontinent and also used as a lingua franca, and is the main language of [[Bollywood]].

====Marathi====
Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]. Further change led to the [[Apabhraṃśa]] languages like Old Marathi, however, this is challenged by linguist [[Jules Bloch]], who stated that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect.{{sfn|Bloch|1970|p=32}} The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at [[Naneghat]], [[Junnar]] in [[Pune district]] had been written in Maharashtri using [[Brahmi script]]. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the [[Languages of India#Classical languages of India|Classical]] status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a [[sister language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/clamour-grows-for-marathi-to-be-given-classical-language-status/articleshow/63776578.cms|title=Clamour grows for Marathi to be given classical language status|author=Clara Lewis|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 April 2018|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate inscription]] found in [[Satara district|Satara]] After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna (Yadava)]] kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions.{{sfn|Novetzke|2016|pp=53-54}} Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking [[Hoysala]]s.{{sfn|Novetzke|2016|p=53}}<ref name="Talbot2001">{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PR9|date=20 September 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=211–213}}</ref>

Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the [[Maratha Empire]] beginning with the reign of [[Shivaji]] (1630–1680). Under him, the language used in administrative documents became less persianised. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=The new Cambridge history of India |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-25484-1 |page=154 |edition=1. publ. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&q=Afanasy+Nikitin+bahamani&pg=PR12 |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> The [[British Raj|British colonial period]] starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]]. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in [[Devanagari]]. Translations of the Bible were first books to be printed in Marathi. These translations by William Carey, the [[Marathi Christians|
American Marathi mission]] and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginized Marathi called "Missionary Marathi" in the early 1800s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sawant |first1=Sunil R. |chapter=Nineteenth Century Marthi Literary Polysystem |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Mohit K. |title=Studies in translation |year=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788126909223 |pages=134–135 |edition=2nd rev. and enl. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Puy3WGwVWXoC&pg=PA133}}</ref>

After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], Marathi was accorded the status of a [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|scheduled language]] on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the Bombay state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s.

==Dravidian languages==
{{Main|Dravidian languages}}

{{image frame|width=400|border=no|caption=This tree diagram depicts the [[genealogy]] of the primary [[Dravidian languages]] spoken in [[South India]].|content=
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart| | | | |PROTO| | | | |PROTO=[[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]]
|boxstyle_PROTO=background-color: #BDB76B;}}
{{tree chart| | | | |,|^|.| | | | }}
{{tree chart| | |PROTOS| |PROTOC|PROTOS=Proto-South-Dravidian|PROTOC={{nowrap|Proto-South-Central}} Dravidian}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | |PROTOTK| | | |PROTOCD|PROTOTK=[[Tamil–Kannada languages|Proto-Tamil-Kannada]]|PROTOCD=Proto-Telugu}}
{{tree chart| | |)|-|-|-|-|.| | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | |PROTOTT| |PROTOK| |PROTOTU|PROTOTT=Proto-Tamil-Toda|PROTOK=Proto-Kannada|PROTOTU=Proto-Telugu}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | | |!| | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | |PROTOTK| |KAN| |TEL|PROTOTK=Proto-Tamil-Kodagu|KAN=''[[Kannada]]''|TEL=''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''
|boxstyle_KAN=background-color: #FA8072;
|boxstyle_TEL=background-color: #00FF00;}}
{{tree chart| | |!| }}
{{tree chart| | |PROTOTM|PROTOTM=Proto-Tamil-Malayalam}}
{{tree chart| | |)|-|-|.| }}
{{tree chart| |PROTOTAM| |MAL|PROTOTAM=Proto-Tamil|MAL=''[[Malayalam]]''
|boxstyle_MAL=background-color: #FFD700;}}
{{tree chart| | |!| }}
{{tree chart| |TAM|TAM=''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''
|boxstyle_TAM=background-color: #9ACD32;}}
{{tree chart/end}}
}}

The '''Dravidian''' family of languages includes approximately 73 languages<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/families |title=Browse by Language Family |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> that are mainly spoken in [[South India|southern India]] and northeastern [[Sri Lanka Tamils (native)|Sri Lanka]], as well as certain areas in [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], and eastern and central [[India]], as well as in parts of southern [[Afghanistan]], and overseas in other countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, [[Malaysia]], and Singapore.

The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of [[comparative linguistics|comparative linguistic]] research into the Dravidian languages.
Many linguists, however, tend to favor the theory that speakers of Dravidian languages spread southwards and eastwards through the [[Indian subcontinent]], based on the fact that the southern Dravidian languages show some signs of contact with linguistic groups which the northern Dravidian languages do not. [[Proto-Dravidian]] is thought to have differentiated into Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian and Proto-South Dravidian around 1500 BCE, {{citation needed|date=April 2019}}although some linguists have argued that the degree of differentiation between the sub-families points to an earlier split.

It was not until 1856 that [[Robert Caldwell]] published his ''Comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages'', which considerably expanded the Dravidian umbrella and established it as one of the major language groups of the world. Caldwell coined the term "Dravidian" from the [[Sanskrit]] ''drāvida'', related to the word 'Tamil' or 'Tamilan', which is seen in such forms as into 'Dramila', 'Drami˜a', 'Dramida' and 'Dravida' which was used in a 7th-century text to refer to the languages of the southern India. The ''Dravidian Etymological Dictionary'' was published by [[T. Burrow]] and [[M. B. Emeneau]].

===History of Tamil===
{{Further|Sangam literature|Tamil language#History}}
[[File:Mangulam inscription.jpg|thumb|250px|3rd – 2nd century BCE. [[Tamizhi|Tamil]] inscription of [[Mangulam]]]]

Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the 6th millennium BCE. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were the culture associated with the [[Neolithic]] complexes of [[South India]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Southworth|2005|pp=249–250}}</ref> The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian. The linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE and Old Tamil emerged around the 6th century BCE.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} The earliest [[Tamil Brahmi|epigraphic]] attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been written shortly thereafter.<ref>{{Harvnb|Southworth|2005|pp=250–251}}</ref> Among Indian languages, Tamil has one of the ancient Indian literature besides others.<ref>Sivathamby, K (December 1974) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3516448 Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept], Social Scientist, Vol.3 No.5 December 1974</ref>

Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods, Old Tamil (400 BCE – 700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).<ref name="Lehmann 1998 75">{{Harvnb|Lehmann|1998|p=75}}</ref>

====Old Tamil====
The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from around the 6th century BCE in caves and on pottery. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the [[Brahmi script]] called [[Tamil Brahmi]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Mahadevan|2003|pp=90–95}}</ref> The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the [[Tolkāppiyam]], an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the 2nd century BCE.<ref name="Lehmann 1998 75"/> A large number of literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as [[Sangam literature]]. These poems are usually dated to between the 1st and 5th centuries CE,<ref>{{Harvnb|Lehmann|1998|p=75}}. The dating of Sangam literature and the identification of its language with Old Tamil have recently been questioned by [[Herman Tieken]] who argues that the works are better understood as 9th-century [[Pandyan dynasty|Pāṇṭiyan dynasty]] compositions, deliberately written in an archaising style to make them seem older than they were ({{Harvnb|Tieken|2001}}). Tieken's dating has, however, been criticised by reviewers of his work. See e.g. {{Harvnb|Hart|2004}}, {{Harvnb|Ferro-Luzzi|2001}}, {{Harvnb|Monius|2002}} and {{Harvnb|Wilden|2002}}</ref> which makes them the oldest extant body of secular literature in India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tharu|Lalita|1991|p=70}}</ref> Other literary works in Old Tamil include two long epics, [[Cilappatikaram]] and [[Manimekalai]], and a number of ethical and didactic texts, written between the 5th and 8th centuries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lehmann|1998|pp=75–6}}</ref>

Old Tamil preserved some features of Proto-Dravidian, including the inventory of consonants,<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|p=53}}</ref> the syllable structure,<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|p=92}}</ref> and various grammatical features.<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|pp=182–193}}</ref> Amongst these was the absence of a distinct present tense – like Proto-Dravidian, Old Tamil only had two tenses, the past and the "non-past". Old Tamil verbs also had a distinct negative conjugation (e.g. ''{{IAST|kāṇēṉ}}'' (காணேன்) "I do not see", ''{{IAST|kāṇōm}}'' (காணோம்) "we do not see").<ref>{{Harvnb|Steever|1998|p=24}}</ref> Nouns could take pronominal suffixes like verbs to express ideas: e.g. ''{{IAST|peṇṭirēm}}'' (பெண்டிரேம்) "we are women" formed from ''{{IAST|peṇṭir}}'' (பெண்டிர்) "women" + ''-{{IAST|ēm}}'' (ஏம்) and the first person plural marker.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lehmann|1998|p=80}}</ref>

Despite the significant amount of grammatical and syntactical change between Old, Middle and Modern Tamil, Tamil demonstrates grammatical continuity across these stages: many characteristics of the later stages of the language have their roots in features of Old Tamil.<ref name="Lehmann 1998 75"/>

====Middle Tamil====
The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century,<ref name="Lehmann 1998 75"/> was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme,<ref>{{Harvnb|Kuiper|1958|p=194}}</ref> the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals,<ref>{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=132–133}}</ref> and the transformation of the alveolar [[plosive]] into a [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kuiper|1958|pp=213–215}}</ref> In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb ''{{IAST|kil}}'' (கில்), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an [[Grammatical aspect|aspect marker]] to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as ''{{IAST|ṉ}}'' (ன்). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – ''{{IAST|kiṉṟ}}'' (கின்ற) – which combined the old aspect and time markers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rajam|1985|pp=284–285}}</ref>

Middle Tamil also saw a significant increase in the Sanskritisation of Tamil. From the period of the [[Pallava dynasty]] onwards, a number of [[Sanskrit]] loan-words entered Tamil, particularly in relation to political, religious and philosophical concepts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=173–174}}</ref> Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs,<ref>{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=153–154}}</ref> and phonology.<ref>{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=145–146}}</ref> The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil. Tamil Brahmi and [[Vaṭṭeḻuttu]], into which it evolved, were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the [[Grantha script|Pallava Grantha script]] which was used to write Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mahadevan|2003|pp=208–213}}</ref>

Middle Tamil is attested in a large number of inscriptions, and in a significant body of secular and religious literature.<ref>{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|p=119}}</ref> These include the religious poems and songs of the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakthi]] poets, such as the [[Tēvāram]] verses on [[Saivism]] and [[Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam]] on [[Vaishnavism]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Varadarajan|1988}}</ref> and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th-century [[Ramavataram|Tamil Ramayana]] composed by [[Kambar (poet)|Kamban]] and the story of 63 [[Nayanmars|shaivite devotees]] known as Periyapurāṇam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Varadarajan|1988|pp=155–157}}</ref> [[Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ]], an early treatise on love poetics, and [[Naṉṉūl]], a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil, are also from the Middle Tamil period.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1992|p=227}}</ref>

====Modern Tamil====
[[File:Christian prayers in tamil on palm leaves.jpg|thumb|250px|A set of palm leaf manuscripts from the 15th or 16th century, containing Christian prayers in Tamil]]
The [[Nannul]] remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil.<ref>{{Harvnb|Shapiro|Schiffman|1983|p=2}}</ref> In contrast, colloquial spoken Tamil has undergone several changes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Annamalai|Steever|1998|p=100}}</ref> For example, the traditional method of conjugating verbs to express negation has largely fallen out of use. Instead, speakers now often use different words or phrases to indicate negation, which may involve changing the structure of the sentence rather than altering the verb forms. This shift means that negation is no longer marked by specific verb conjugations as it was in earlier forms of Tamil.<ref>{{Harvnb|Steever|2005|pp=107–8}}</ref> Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions,<ref>{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|p=125}}</ref> and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.<ref>{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=122–123}}</ref>

Contact with European languages also affected both written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the [[Theta role|syntactic argument structure]] of English.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kandiah|1978|pp=65–69}}</ref> Simultaneously, a strong strain of [[linguistic purism]] emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the [[Pure Tamil Movement]] which called for removal of all Sanskritic and other foreign elements from Tamil.<ref name="thaniththamizh">{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1997}}</ref> It received some support from [[Dravidian parties]] and [[Tamil nationalism|nationalists]] who supported [[Tamil independence]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1997}}: "Dravidianism, too, lent its support to the contestatory classicist project, motivated principally by the political imperative of countering (Sanskritic) Indian nationalism... It was not until the DMK came to power in 1967 that such demands were fulfilled, and the pure Tamil cause received a boost, although purification efforts are not particularly high on the agenda of either the Dravidian movement or the Dravidianist idiom of tamiḻppaṟṟu."</ref> This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain.<ref name="Krishnamurti 2003 p=480">{{Harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|p=480}}</ref>

====Literature====
{{main|Tamil literature}}
Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from [[Tamil people]] from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lankan Tamils]] from [[Sri Lanka]], and from [[Tamil diaspora]]. Also, there have been notable contributions from European authors. The history of Tamil literature follows the [[history of Tamil Nadu]], closely following the social and political trends of various periods. The secular nature of the early [[Sangam Literature|Sangam]] poetry gave way to works of religious and didactic nature during the Middle Ages. [[Jain]] and [[Buddhist]] authors during the medieval period and [[Muslim]] and European authors later, contributed to the growth of Tamil literature.

A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. Nationalist poets began to utilize the power of poetry in influencing the masses. With the growth of literacy, Tamil prose began to blossom and mature. Short stories and novels began to appear. The popularity of [[Tamil Cinema]] has also provided opportunities for modern Tamil poets to emerge.

===History of Kannada===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}[[File:halmidi file.jpg|right|thumb|175px|[[Halmidi]] Inscription replica]]

[[Kannada]] is one of oldest languages in South India.<ref name="ant">{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|pp=5–6}}</ref><ref name="bana">''Purva HaleGannada'' or Pre-old Kannada was the language of [[Banavasi]] in the early Christian era, the [[Satavahana]] and [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] eras (Wilks in Rice, B.L. (1897), p490)</ref><ref name="greek_roman">{{cite web |title=The place of Kannada and Tamil in India's national culture |url=http://www.intamm.com/journalism/ta-jour3.htm |author=Sri K. Appadurai |publisher=INTAMM |year=1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415154722/http://www.intamm.com/journalism/ta-jour3.htm |archive-date=15 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="Tamil epigraphy">{{harvnb|Mahadevan|2003|p=159}} "earliest inscriptions in Kannada and Telugu occur more than half a millennium later [than the end of 3rd century or early 2nd century B.C.] ... earliest known literary work in Kannada is the ''Kavirajamarga'', written early in the 9th century A.D."</ref> The spoken language is said to have separated from its proto-language source earlier than Tamil and about the same time as [[Tulu language|Tulu]].<ref>[http://lrrc3.sas.upenn.edu/popcult/MAPS/soudrav.gif A family tree of Dravidian languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710055159/http://lrrc3.sas.upenn.edu/popcult/MAPS/soudrav.gif |date=10 July 2007 }}. Sourced from [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]].</ref> However, archaeological evidence would indicate a written tradition for this language of around 1600–1650 years. The initial development of the Kannada language is similar to that of other south Indian languages.<ref name="indi">Kittel (1993), p1-2</ref><ref name="influence">"Literature in Kannada owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised Kannada from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom". (Sastri 1955, p309)</ref>

====Stages of development====
By the time Halmidi shasana (stone inscription) Kannada had become an official language. Some of the linguistics suggest that Tamil & HaLegannada are very similar or might have same roots. Ex: For milk in both languages it is 'Haalu', the postfix to the names of elders to show respect is 'avar / avargaL'.

=====600 – 1200 AD=====
During this era, language underwent a lot of changes as seen from the literary works of great poets of the era viz Pampa, Ranna, Ponna.

=====1400 – 1600 AD=====
Vijayanagar Empire which is called the Golden era in the history of medieval India saw a lot of development in all literary form of both Kannada and Telugu. During the ruling of the King Krishnadevaraya many wonderful works. Poet Kumaravyasa wrote Mahabharata in Kannada in a unique style called "shatpadi" (six lines is a stanza of the poem). This era also saw the origin of Dasa Sahitya, the Carnatic music. Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa wrote several songs praising Lord Krishna. This gave a new dimension to Kannada literature.

====Stone inscriptions====
The first written record in the Kannada language is traced to Emperor [[Ashoka]]'s ''[[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri edict]]'' dated 200 BCE.<ref name="classical2005">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/27/stories/2005052703230500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105151817/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/27/stories/2005052703230500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2007 |title=Declare Kannada a classical language |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 May 2005}}</ref><ref name="isila">The word ''Isila'' found in the Ashokan inscription (called the Brahmagiri edict from Karnataka) meaning to ''shoot an arrow'' is a Kannada word, indicating that Kannada was a spoken language (D.L. Narasimhachar in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=5}})</ref> The first example of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (''shilashaasana'') containing Brahmi characters with characteristics attributed to those of protokannada in ''Hale Kannada'' (''Old Kannada'') script can be found in the [[Halmidi inscription]], dated c. 450, indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language by this time.<ref name="admin">Ramesh (1984), p10</ref><ref name="Oldest inscription">A report on Halmidi inscription, {{cite news |title=Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031124063238/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 November 2003 |author=Muralidhara Khajane |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 November 2003}}</ref><ref name="ind">{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=10}}</ref> Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language have been discovered so far.<ref name="total">{{cite news |title=Press demand for according classical status to Kannada |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/17/stories/2006041707890400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524155425/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/17/stories/2006041707890400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2006 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 April 2006}}</ref> The Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 CE is another example.<ref name="chikka">Narasimhacharya (1988), p6</ref><ref name="rice">Rice (1921), p13</ref> Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. Badami cliff ''shilashaasana'' of [[Pulakeshin I]] is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in ''Hale Kannada'' script.<ref name="cliff">{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=58}}</ref><ref name="cliff1">{{cite web |title=Badami: Chalukyans' magical transformation |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp |author=Azmathulla Shariff |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 July 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007040120/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp  |archive-date=7 October 2006}}</ref>

====Copper plates and manuscripts====
[[File:Badami Chalukya Kannada Inscription.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Badami Chalukya inscription in Old Kannada, Virupaksha Temple, 745 [[Pattadakal]]]] Examples of early Sanskrit-Kannada bilingual [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscription]]s (''tamarashaasana'') are the Tumbula inscriptions of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] dated 444 AD<ref name="Tumbula1">In bilingual inscriptions the formulaic passages stating origin myths, genealogies, titles of kings and benedictions tended to be in Sanskrit, while the actual terms of the grant such as information on the land or village granted, its boundaries, the participation of local authorities, the rights and obligations of the grantee, taxes and dues and other local concerns were in the local language. The two languages of many such inscriptions were Sanskrit and the regional language such as Tamil or Kannada (Thapar 2003, pp393-394)</ref><ref name="Tumbula">{{cite news |title=Ancient inscriptions unearthed |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012407180300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218052747/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012407180300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2004 |author=N. Havalaiah |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 January 2004}}</ref> The earliest full-length Kannada ''tamarashaasana'' in ''Old Kannada'' script (early 8th century) belongs to [[Alupas|Alupa]] King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, South Kanara district and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem.<ref name="Kannada copperplate">Gururaj Bhat in {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=97}}</ref> The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript is in ''Old Kannada'' and is that of ''Dhavala'', dated to around the 9th century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, [[Dakshina Kannada]] district.<ref name="Palm leaf manuscript">{{cite web |title=Preserving voices from the past |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug212005/sundayherald101012005820.asp |author=Mukerjee, Shruba |work=Sunday Herald |date=21 August 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022233151/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug212005/sundayherald101012005820.asp  |archive-date=22 October 2006}}</ref> The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written in ink.<ref name="Palm leaf manuscript" />

===History of Telugu===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2024}}

====Origins====
Telugu is hypothesised to have originated from a reconstructed [[Proto-Dravidian]] language. It is a highly Sanskritised language; as Telugu scholar [[Charles Philip Brown|C.P Brown]] states in page 266 of his book ''[[A Grammar of the Telugu language]]'': "if we ever make any real progress in the language the student will require the aid of the Sanskrit Dictionary".<ref>{{citation |title=A Grammar of the Telugu language |author=Charles Philip Brown |publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]] |page=266}}</ref> Prakrit Inscriptions containing Telugu words dated around 400–100 BCE{{Dubious|Imaginary early Telugu period:|date=September 2012}} were discovered in [[Bhattiprolu]] in District of [[Guntur]]. English translation of one inscription as reads: "Gift of the slab by venerable Midikilayakha".<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530044152/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2012 |title=Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI |date=20 December 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2012}}

====Stages====
From 575 CE, we begin to find traces of Telugu in inscriptions and literature, it is possible to broadly define four stages in the [[linguistics|linguistic]] history of the Telugu language:

=====575 –1100 =====
The first inscription that is entirely in Telugu corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history. This inscription, dated 575, was found in the districts of [[Kadapa]] and [[Kurnool]] and is attributed to the [[Telugu Cholas|Renati Cholas]], who broke with the prevailing practice of using Prakrit and began writing royal proclamations in the local language. During the next fifty years, Telugu inscriptions appeared in [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapuram]] and other neighboring regions. The earliest dated Telugu inscription from coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]] comes from about 633 .

Around the same time, the [[Chalukya]] kings of [[Telangana]] also began using Telugu for inscriptions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit than Prakrit during this period, which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature. One of the oldest Telugu stone inscriptions containing literature was the 11-line inscription dated between 946 and 968 found on a hillock known as Bommalagutta in Kurikyala village of [[Karimnagar district]], Telangana. The sing-song Telugu rhyme was the work of Jinavallabha, the younger brother of [[Adikavi Pampa|Pampa]] who was the court poet of [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada Chalukya]] king [[Arikesari III]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=14 December 2017|title=Bommalagutta inscription sheds light on poetic use of Telugu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bommalagutta-inscription-sheds-light-on-poetic-use-of-telugu/article21665889.ece|access-date=23 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers, and later in written works such as [[Nannayya]]'s [[Mahabharata|''Mahabharatam'']] (1022 ). During the time of Nannayya, the literary language diverged from the popular language. This was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language.

=====1100 – 1400 =====
The third phase is marked by further stylization and sophistication of the literary language. [[Mulaghatika Ketana|Ketana]] (13th century CE) in fact prohibited the use of the vernacular in poetic works. During this period the divergence of the [[Telugu script]] from the common [[Telugu-Kannada script]] took place.<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|pp=78–79}}</ref> [[Tikkana]] wrote his works in this script.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

=====1400–1900=====
Telugu underwent a great deal of change (as did other Indian languages), progressing from medieval to modern. The language of the [[Telangana]] region started to split into a distinct [[dialect]] due to Muslim influence: [[Sultanate]] rule under the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] had been established earlier in the northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] during the 14th century CE. South of the [[Krishna River]] (in the [[Rayalaseema]] region), however, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] gained dominance from 1336 CE until the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of [[Krishnadevaraya]] in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered to be its [[golden age]].<ref name="APOnline">[http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html APonline – History and Culture-Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110254/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html|date=8 February 2012}}</ref> ''Padakavithapithamaha'', [[Annamayya]], contributed many ''atcha'' (pristine) Telugu ''Padaalu'' to this great language. In the latter half of the 17th century, Muslim rule extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the princely state of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] by the [[Asaf Jah]] dynasty in 1724 CE. This heralded an era of [[Persian language|Persian]]/[[Arabic]] influence on the Telugu language, especially on that spoken by the inhabitants of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. The effect is also felt in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the ''[[Kaifiyat]]s''.<ref name = "APOnline"/>

=====1900 to date=====
The period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the influence of the English language and modern communication/printing press as an effect of the [[British Raj|British rule]], especially in the areas that were part of the [[Madras Presidency]]. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by scholars like Kandukuri Viresalingam, Gurazada Apparao, and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao.<ref name = "APOnline"/>

Since the 1930s, what was considered an elite literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools as a standard. In the current decade the Telugu language, like other Indian languages, has undergone [[globalization]] due to the increasing settlement of Telugu-speaking people abroad. Modern Telugu movies, although still retaining their dramatic quality, are linguistically separate from post-[[Indian Independence Movement|Independence]] films.

At present, a committee of scholars have approved a [[Classical languages of India|classical language]] tag for Telugu based on its antiquity. The Indian government has also officially designated it as a classical language.<ref name= "classical2008">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Hyderabad/Telugu_gets_classical_status/articleshow/3660521.cms |title=Telugu gets classical status |access-date=1 November 2008 |date=1 October 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

====Carnatic music====

Though [[Carnatic music]], one of two main subgenres of [[Indian classical music]] that evolved from ancient [[Hindu]] traditions, has a profound cultural influence on all of the [[South India]]n states and their respective languages, most songs (Kirtanas) are in Kannada and Telugu. [[Purandara Dasa]], said to have composed at least a quarter million songs and known as the "father" of Carnatic music composed in Kannada.

The region to the east of Tamil Nadu stretching from Tanjore in the south to Andhra Pradesh in the north was known as the Carnatic region during 17th and 18th centuries. The Carnatic war in which Robert Clive annexed Trichirapali is relevant. The music that prevailed in this region during the 18th century onwards was known as Carnatic music. This is because the existing tradition is to a great extent an outgrowth of the musical life of the principality of [[Thanjavur]] in the [[Kaveri]] delta. Thanjavur was the heart of the [[Chola]] dynasty (from the 9th century to the 13th), but in the second quarter of the 16th century a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Nayak (ethnic group)|Nayak]] viceroy (Raghunatha Nayaka) was appointed by the emperor of [[Vijayanagara]], thus establishing a court whose language was Telugu. The Nayaks acted as governors of what is present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] with their headquarters at Thanjavur (1530–1674 CE) and [[Madurai]](1530–1781 CE). After the collapse of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]], Thanjavur and [[Madurai]] Nayaks became independent and ruled for the next 150 years until they were replaced by [[Maratha]]s. This was the period when several Telugu families migrated from [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and settled down in Thanjavur and [[Madurai]]. Most great composers of Carnatic music belonged to these Telugu families.

Telugu words end in vowels which many consider a mellifluous quality and thus suitable for musical expression. Of the trinity of Carnatic music composers, [[Tyagaraja]]'s and [[Syama Sastri]]'s compositions were largely in Telugu, while [[Muttuswami Dikshitar]] is noted for his Sanskrit texts. Tyagaraja is remembered both for his devotion and the bhava of his krithi, a song form consisting of [[pallavi]], (the first section of a song) anupallavi (a rhyming section that follows the pallavi) and [[charanam]] (a sung [[stanza]] which serves as a refrain for several passages in the composition). The texts of his kritis are almost all in Sanskrit, in Telugu (the contemporary language of the court). This use of a living language, as opposed to Sanskrit, the language of ritual, is in keeping with the bhakti ideal of the immediacy of devotion. [[Sri Syama Sastri]], the oldest of the trinity, was taught Telugu and Sanskrit by his father, who was the [[pujari]] (Hindu priest) at the [[Meenakshi]] temple in Madurai. Syama Sastri's texts were largely composed in Telugu, widening their popular appeal. Some of his most famous compositions include the nine krithis, [[Navaratnamaalikā]], in praise of the goddess Meenakshi at [[Meenakshi Amman temple|Madurai]], and his eighteen krithi in praise of Kamakshi. As well as composing krithi, he is credited with turning the [[svarajati]], originally used for dance, into a purely musical form.

===History of Malayalam===
[[Malayalam]] diverged from early middle Tamil approximately in the 10th century CE in the region of modern [[Kerala]]. The development of Malayalam as a separate language was characterized by the geographical Influence of [[Western Ghats]], The [[Sanskrit]] Language have Influenced Malayalam both in lexicon and grammar, which culminated in the [[Adhyathmaramayanam|''Aadhyaathma Ramayanam'']], a version of the Ramayana by [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] which marked the beginning of modern Malayalam. Ezhuthachan's works also cemented the use of the [[Malayalam script]], an alphabet blending the [[Vatteluttu alphabet]] with elements of the [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha script]] resulting in a large number of letters capable of representing both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian sounds.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aiyar |first=Swaminatha |title=Dravidian theories |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-208-0331-2 |page=286 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-dIbnuJCjUC&q=malayalam |access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam |url=http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Malayalam/ |publisher=ALS International |access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref> Today, it is considered one of the 22 [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages of India]] and was declared a [[Languages of India#Classical languages of India|classical language]] by the Government of India in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |title='Classical' status for Malayalam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India}}</ref>

== Sino-Tibetan languages ==
{{Main|Sino-Tibetan languages}}
Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken in the western Himalayas ([[Himachal Pradesh]]) and in the highlands of [[Northeast India]]. The Sino-Tibetan family includes such languages as [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), [[Kokborok language|Tripuri]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Garo language|Garo]] and various groups of [[Naga languages]]. Some of the languages traditionally included in Sino-Tibetan may actually be language isolates or part of small independent language families.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

=== Meitei ===
{{Main|Meitei language}}
[[File:ANDRO INSCRIBED STONE.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[Meitei language]] stone inscription in [[Meitei script]] about a royal decree of a Meitei king found in the sacred site of God [[Panam Ningthou]] in [[Andro, Imphal East]], Manipur]]
[[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]) was the ancient court language of [[Manipur Kingdom]] ({{langx|mni|Meeteileipak}}), which was used with honour before and during the kingdom's [[Durbar (court)]] sessions, until [[Manipur]] was merged into the [[Republic of India]] on 21 September 1949.<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 290">{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA290 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=290 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohanty |first=P. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkguECp3vKEC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA149 |title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume |date=2006 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-052-5 |pages=149 |language=en}}</ref>
Besides being the native tongue of the [[Meiteis]], Meitei language was and is the lingua franca of all the ethnic groups living in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language and alphabets |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm |website=omniglot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>
The ancestor of the present day [[Meitei language]] is the [[:simple:Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]] (also called [[:simple:Old Manipuri language|Old Manipuri]]).
[[:simple:Classical Meitei language|Classical Meitei]] (also called [[:simple:Classical Manipuri|Classical Manipuri]]) is the standardised form of Meitei and is also the liturgical language of [[Sanamahism]] (traditional Meitei religion), serving as the medium of thoughts on the [[Puya (Meitei texts)]].

[[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee Indian [[Bengali people|Bengali]] scholar [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] wrote about Meitei language:
<blockquote>
<poem>
"The beginning of this old [[Manipuri literature]] (as in the case of [[Newari language|Newari]]) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now."<ref name="Sanajaoba 1988 290"/><ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] - Volume 14 - Page 20 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1971 |edition=Volume 14 - Page 20 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref>
</poem>
</blockquote>

Meitei language has its own script, the [[Meitei script]] ({{langx|mni|[[Meitei Mayek]]}}), often but not officially referred to as the [[Manipuri script]]. The earliest known coin, having the script engraved on it, dated back to the 6th century CE. Renowned Indian scholar [[Kalidas Nag]], after observing the Meitei writings on the handmade papers and [[agar]] pieces, opined that the [[Manipuri script]] belongs to the pre-Ashokan period. Ancient and medieval [[Meitei literature]] are written in this script.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&q=false&pg=PA324 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections (Assamese-Dogri) |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=324 |language=en}}</ref>

According to the "Report on the Archaeological Studies in Manipur, Bulletin No-1", a [[Meitei language]] copper plate inscription was found to be dated back to the 8th century CE. It is one of the preserved earliest known written records of Meitei language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-16 |script-title=bn:মণিপুরি ভাষা ও লিপি – এল বীরমঙ্গল সিংহ {{!}} আপনপাঠ ওয়েবজিন |url=https://aponpath.com/manipuri-bhasa-o-lipi-l-birmangal-singh/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |language=bn}}</ref>

In the 18th century CE, the usage of [[Meitei script]] was officially replaced by the [[Bengali script]] for any forms of writings in [[Meitei language]] right from the era of Meitei King [[Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)|Gharib Niwaj]] ({{langx|mni|[[Pamheiba]]}}) (1690–1751), the Maharaja of [[Manipur kingdom]]. It was during his time [[Kangleipak]], the Meitei name of the kingdom, was renamed with the Sanskrit name [[Manipur]], thereby creating the mythical connecting legends with that of the [[Manipur (Mahabharata)]], which is clarified by the modern Indian Hindu scholars as a coastal region in [[Odisha]], though eponymous with the Meitei kingdom.

In modern era, the ''"[[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]]"'' of the once independent [[Manipur Kingdom]] accords [[Meitei language]] as the court language of the kingdom (before merging into the [[Indian Republic]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chishti |first=S. M. A. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcxSM_ZO30C&dq=Manipuri+court+language&pg=PA282 |title=Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949 |date=2005 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-424-8 |pages=282 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Suresh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpyeNBqtHlgC&dq=Manipuri+court+language&pg=PA168 |title=Documents on North-East India: Manipur |date=2006 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-092-5 |pages=168 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&dq=Manipuri+court+language&pg=PA309 |title=Bleeding Manipur |date=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0902-1 |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA369 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |pages=369 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&dq=manipuri+court+language&pg=PA255 |title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-399-5 |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref>

In the year 1972, Meitei language was given the recognition by the National [[Sahitya Akademi]], the highest Indian body of language and literature, as one of the major Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/devi2004loanwords.pdf|title=Loanwords in Manipuri and their impact|website=sealang.net|author=Hajarimayum Subadani Devi|quote=In 1972 the Sahitya Akademi, the highest body of language and literature of India recognized Manipuri (Manipuri Sahitya Parisad. 1986:82)|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Thokchom Ibohanbi - first Manipuri writer to get Akademi award : 24th feb22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..240222.feb22 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

On 20 August 1992, [[Meitei language]] was included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] and made one of the [[languages with official status in India]]. The event was commemorated every year as the [[Meitei Language Day]] (officially called [[Manipuri Language Day]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhardwaj |first=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXj69CpMnF4C&q=manipuri%20language%20included%20in%20scheduled%20language%20august%2020&pg=PA189 |title=Legislation by Members in the Indian Parliament |date=1994 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-409-8 |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khullar |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqE_DAAAQBAJ&q=manipuri%20language%20included%20in%20scheduled%20language%20august&pg=PA188 |title=Geography Textbook |publisher=New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5041-243-5 |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&q=manipuri%20eighth%20schedule%20august%2020&pg=PT209 |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=209 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=30th Manipuri Language Day observed : 21st aug21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..210821.aug21 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Language Day observed in Manipur - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipuri-language-day-observed-in-manipur/ |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |date=20 August 2017 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Starting from the year 2021, [[Meitei script]] (officially known as [[Meetei Mayek]]{{efn|The terms, "Meitei", "Meetei" and "Manipuri" are synonymous. While "Meitei" is more popular than "Meetei", "Meetei" is the officially mentioned synonym of the term "Manipuri".}}) was officially used, along with the [[Bengali script]], to write the [[Meitei language]], as per "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". It was declared by the [[Government of Manipur]] on 10 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |access-date= |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref>

In September 2021, the [[Central Government of India]] released {{INRConvert|18|c}} as the first instalment for the development and the promotion of the [[Meitei language]] and the [[Meitei script]] in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2021-09-15 |title=Centre has released ₹18 crore for promotion of Manipuri language, says State Education Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/centre-has-released-18-crore-for-promotion-of-manipuri-language-says-state-education-minister/article36466705.ece |access-date=2022-08-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=Centre to release Rs 18 crore to promote Manipuri language {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2021/09/14/centre-to-release-rs-18-crore-to-promote-manipuri-language/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=State Education Minister says Center has released ₹18 crore to promote Manipuri language - Bharat Times |work=Bharat Times |url=https://news.bharattimes.co.in/state-education-minister-says-center-has-released-%e2%82%b918-crore-to-promote-manipuri-language/ |access-date=2022-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Languages of other families in India==

===Austroasiatic languages===
{{Main|Austroasiatic languages}}

The Austroasiatic family spoken in East and North-east India. Austroasiatic languages include the [[Santali language|Santal]] and [[Munda languages]] of eastern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, and the [[Mon–Khmer languages]] spoken by the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] and [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]] in India and in [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], and southern China. The Austroasiatic languages arrived in east India around 4000-3500 ago from Southeast Asia.<ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503013417/https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 |date=3 May 2019 }}. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.</ref>

===Kra–Dai languages===
{{Main|Kra–Dai languages}}
Several [[Shan language|Shanic languages]] belonging to the [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai branch]] of the Kra–Dai family are spoken in the state of [[Assam]], including [[Khamti language|Khamti]], [[Khamyang language|Khamyang]], [[Aiton language|Tai Aiton]], [[Phake language|Tai Phake]], and the dormant<ref>"Linguists and historians are generally united in the view that the Ahom language has been dead for about two hundred years, and that all Ahom use Assamese as their mother tongue." {{harvcol|Terwiel|1996|p=283}}</ref> [[Ahom language]], the latter of which used to be a prestigious regional language before its extinction, but is currently undergoing a modern revival.<ref>{{harvcol|Marwah|2020|p=76}}</ref>

===Great Andamanese and Ongan languages===
On the [[Andaman Islands]], language from at least two families have spoken: the [[Great Andamanese languages]] and the [[Ongan languages]]. The Sentinelese language is spoken on North Sentinel Island, but contact has not been made with the Sentinelis; thus, its language affiliation is unknown. While [[Joseph Greenberg]] considered the Great Andamanese languages to be part of a larger [[Indo-Pacific languages|Indo-Pacific family]], it was not established through the [[comparative method]] but considered spurious by historical linguists. Stephen Wurm suggests similarities with [[Trans-New Guinea languages]] and others are caused by a [[stratum (linguistics)|linguistic substrate]].<ref>[http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/_toc.html Wurm, S.A. (1977: 929). ''New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene''. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.]</ref>

[[Juliette Blevins]] has suggested that the Ongan languages are the sister branch to the [[Austronesian languages]] in an Austronesian-Ongan family because of sound correspondences between protolanguages.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Blevins |first=Juliette |year=2007 |title=A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=154–198 |doi=10.1353/ol.2007.0015|s2cid=143141296 }}</ref>

===Isolates===
The [[Nihali language]] is a language isolate spoken in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]]. Affiliations have been suggested to the [[Munda languages]] but they have yet to be demonstrated.

==Scripts==

===Indus===
[[File:Brahmic script travel from India.png|thumb|right|350px|Spread of scripts in Asia ]]
{{Main|Indus script}}
The [[Indus script]] is the short strings of symbols associated with the [[Indus Valley civilization|Harappan civilization]] of [[Kingdoms of Ancient India|ancient India]] (most of the Indus sites are distributed in present-day [[Pakistan]] and northwest India) used between 2600 and 1900 BCE, which evolved from an early Indus script attested from around 3500–3300 BCE. Found in at least a dozen types of context, the symbols are most commonly associated with flat, rectangular stone tablets called seals. The first publication of a Harappan seal was a drawing by [[Alexander Cunningham]] in 1875. Since then, well over 4000 symbol-bearing objects have been discovered, some as far afield as Mesopotamia. After 1500 BCE, coinciding with the final stage of Harappan civilization, use of the symbols ends. There are over 400 distinct signs, but many are thought to be slight modifications or combinations of perhaps 200 'basic' signs. The symbols remain undeciphered (in spite of numerous attempts that did not find favour with the academic community), and some scholars classify them as [[proto-writing]] rather than writing proper.

===Brāhmī===
{{Main|Brahmi script|Tamil-Brahmi}}

The best-known inscriptions in Brāhmī are the rock-cut [[Edicts of Ashoka]], dating to the 3rd century BCE. These were long considered the earliest examples of Brāhmī writing, but recent archaeological evidence in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] suggest the dates for the earliest use of Tamil Brāhmī to be around the 6th century BCE, dated using [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon]] and [[thermoluminescence dating]] methods.

This script is ancestral to the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts, most of which are used in [[South Asia|South]] and Southeast Asia, but which have wider historical use elsewhere, even as far as [[Mongolia]] and perhaps even [[Korea]], according to one theory of the origin of [[Hangul]]. The [[Brahmi numeral|Brāhmī numeral]] system is the ancestor of the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu–Arabic numerals]], which are now used worldwide.

Brāhmī is generally believed to be derived from a [[Semitic script]] such as the [[Imperial Aramaic alphabet]], as was clearly the case for the contemporary [[Kharosthi]] alphabet that arose in a part of northwest Indian under the control of the [[Achaemenid]] Empire. [[Rhys Davids]] suggests that writing may have been introduced to India from the Middle East by traders. Another possibility is with the Achaemenid conquest in the late 6th century BCE. It was often assumed that it was a planned invention under Ashoka as a prerequisite for his edicts. Compare the much better-documented parallel of the [[Hangul]] script.

Older examples of the Brahmi script appear to be on fragments of pottery from the trading town of [[Anuradhapura]] in Sri Lanka, which have been dated to the early 400 BCE. Even earlier evidence of the [[Tamil-Brahmi|Tamil -Brahmi]] script has been discovered on pieces of pottery in [[Adichanallur]], Tamil Nadu. Radio-carbon dating has established that they belonged to the 6th-century BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orientalthane.com/archaeology/news_2004_05_31_1.htm |title=Skeletons, script found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu |website=orientalthane.com}}</ref>

The origin of the script is still much debated, with most scholars stating that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by one or more contemporary [[Proto-Sinaitic script|Semitic scripts]], while others favor the idea of an indigenous origin or connection to the much older and as yet undeciphered [[Indus script]] of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]].{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=20}}<ref name=scharfe391>{{cite journal|last=Scharfe|first=Hartmut|title=Kharosti and Brahmi|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=122|issue=2|year=2002|pages=391–393|doi=10.2307/3087634|jstor=3087634}}</ref>

===Kharosthi===
{{Main|Kharosthi}}
[[File:YingpanKharoshthi.jpg|thumb|250px|Paper strip with writing in [[Kharoṣṭhī]]. 2nd to 5th century CE, [[Yingpan (archaeological site)|Yingpan]], Eastern [[Tarim Basin]], Xinjiang Museum.]]
The '''Kharoṣṭhī script''', also known as the '''Gāndhārī script''', is an ancient [[abugida]] (a kind of [[alphabet]]ic script) used by the [[Gandhara culture]] of ancient northwest India to write the [[Gāndhārī language|Gāndhārī]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages. It was in use from the 4th century BCE until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE. It was also in use along the [[Silk Road]] where there is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century CE in the remote way stations of [[Khotan]] and [[Niya ruins|Niya]].

Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharoṣṭhī script evolved gradually, or was the work of a mindful inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on the [[Aramaic alphabet]] but with extensive modifications to support the sounds found in Indian languages. One model is that the Aramaic script arrived with the [[Achaemenid]] conquest of the region in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by the 3rd century BCE. However, no Aramaic documents of any kind have survived from this period. Also intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and [[coin]]s [[inscription]]s from the 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and mature form.

The study of the Kharoṣṭhī script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]], a set of [[birch]]-[[Bark (botany)|bark]] manuscripts written in Kharoṣṭhī, discovered near the Afghan city of [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Haḍḍā]] (compare [[Punjabi language|Panjabi]] HAḌḌ ਹੱਡ s. m. "A bone, especially a big bone of dead cattle" referring to the famous mortuary grounds if the area): just west of the [[Khyber Pass]]. The manuscripts were donated to the [[British Library]] in 1994. The entire set of manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts in existence.

===Gupta===
{{Main|Gupta script}}
The '''Gupta script''' was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the [[Gupta Empire]] of India which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and [[science|scientific]] developments. The Gupta script was descended from [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] and gave rise to the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]] script and then [[Bengali–Assamese script]].

===Siddhaṃ===
{{Main|Siddhaṃ script}}
[[File:Falongsibeiye.png|right|thumb|400px|A replica of [[Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra]] manuscript in [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]] on [[Arecaceae|palm]]-leaf in 609 CE. [[Hōryū-ji]], Japan. The last line is a complete Sanskrit syllabary in Siddhaṃ script]]

'''Siddhaṃ''' (Sanskrit, accomplished or perfected), descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script, which also gave rise to the [[Devanagari]] script as well as a number of other Asian scripts such as [[Tibetan script]].

Siddhaṃ is an [[abugida]] or alphasyllabary rather than an [[alphabet]] because each character indicates a syllable. If no other mark occurs then the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks indicate the other vowels, the pure nasal (anusvara), and the aspirated vowel (visarga). A special mark (virama), can be used to indicate that the letter stands alone with no vowel which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words. See links below for examples.

The writing of [[mantra]]s and copying of [[Sutra]]s using the Siddhaṃ script is still practiced in [[Shingon Buddhism]] in Japan but has died out in other places. It was [[Kūkai]] who introduced the Siddham script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with [[Nalanda]] trained monks including one known as Prajñā. Sutras that were taken to China from India were written in a variety of scripts, but Siddham was one of the most important. By the time Kūkai learned this script the trading and pilgrimage routes overland to India, part of the [[Silk Road]], were closed by the expanding [[Islam|Islamic empire]] of the [[Abbasid]]s. Then in the middle of the 9th century, there were a series of purges of "foreign religions" in China. This meant that Japan was cut off from the sources of Siddham texts. In time other scripts, particularly Devanagari replaced it in India, and so Japan was left as the only place where Siddham was preserved, although it was, and is only used for writing mantras and copying sutras.

Siddhaṃ was influential in the development of the [[Kana]] writing system, which is also associated with Kūkai{{spaced ndash}}while the Kana shapes derive from Chinese characters, the principle of a syllable-based script and their systematic ordering was taken over from Siddham.

===Nagari===
{{Further|Devanagari}}
Descended from the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]] script around the 11th century.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit]]
* [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil]]
* [[Linguistic Survey of India]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last1=Annamalai |first1=E. |last2=Steever |first2=S.B. |year=1998 |chapter=Modern Tamil |editor-last=Steever |editor-first=Sanford |title=The Dravidian Languages |publisher=Routledge |pages=100–128 |isbn=978-0-415-10023-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Bloch |first=J |author-link=Jules Bloch |translator-last=Chanana |translator-first=Dev Raj |title=Formation of the Marathi Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1noaklDiSOEC&pg=PA32 |year=1970 |orig-year=First published 1914 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2322-8}}
* Steve Farmer, [[Richard Sproat]], and [[Michael Witzel]], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061117044253/http://users.primushost.com/~india/ejvs/ejvs1102/ejvs1102article.pdf The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization]'', EVJS, vol. 11 (2004), issue 2 (Dec)
* {{cite journal |last=Ferro-Luzzi |first=G. Eichinger |author-link=Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi |year=2001 |title=Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry |type=Book Review |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=373–374 |doi=10.2307/1179075 |jstor=1179075 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hart |first=George |date=January–March 2004 |title=Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry |type=Book Review |journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=180–|doi=10.2307/4132191 |jstor=4132191 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |year=2001 |orig-year=First published 1980 |title= A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present |location= Bangalore |publisher=Jupiter books |isbn= |oclc= 7796041}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kandiah |first1=Thiru |year=1978 |title=Standard Language and Socio-Historical Parameters: Standard Lankan Tamil |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=16 |pages=59–76 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.1978.16.59|s2cid=143499414 }}
* {{cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |year=2003 |title=The Dravidian Languages |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |isbn=978-0-521-77111-5}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kuiper |first1=F. B. J. |year=1958 |title=Two problems of old Tamil phonology I. The old Tamil āytam (with an appendix by K. Zvelebil) |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=191–224 |doi=10.1163/000000058790082452|s2cid=161402102 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lehmann |first=Thomas |year=1998 |chapter=Old Tamil |editor-last=Steever |editor-first=Sanford |title=The Dravidian Languages |publisher=Routledge |pages=75–99 |isbn=978-0-415-10023-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan |year=2003 |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D |series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]] vol. 62 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01227-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Marwah |first1=Reena |title=Reimagining India-thailand Relations: A Multilateral And Bilateral Perspective|date=2020|publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-12-1205-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGLcDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Meenakshisundaran |first=TP |year=1965 |title=A history of Tamil language |location=Poona |publisher=Linguistic Society of India}}
* {{cite journal |last=Monius |first=Anne E. |author-link=Anne E. Monius |date=November 2002 |title=Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry |type=Book Review |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=1404–1406 |doi=10.2307/3096501 |jstor=3096501}}
* {{cite book |last=Novetzke |first=Christian Lee |author-link=Christian Lee Novetzke |title=The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54241-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rajam |first1=V. S. |year=1985 |title=The Duration of an Action-Real or Aspectual? The Evolution of the Present Tense in Tamil |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=277–291 |doi=10.2307/601707 |jstor=601707}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Sumathy |year=1997 |title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970 |url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5199n9v7/ |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-585-10600-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |author-link=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies) |year=1998 |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3}}
* Scharfe, Harmut. Kharoṣṭhī and Brāhmī. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 122 (2) 2002, p. 391–3.
* {{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Michael C. |last2=Schiffman |first2=Harold F. |year=1983 |title=Language and society in South Asia |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Foris |isbn=978-90-70176-55-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Southworth |first=Franklin C. |author-link=Franklin Southworth |year=2005 |title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |isbn=978-0-415-33323-8}}
* Stevens, John. Sacred Calligraphy of the East. [3rd ed. Rev.] (Boston : Shambala, 1995)
* {{cite book |last=Steever |first=Sanford |year=1998 |chapter=Introduction |editor-last=Steever |editor-first=Sanford |title=The Dravidian Languages |publisher=Routledge |pages=1–39 |isbn=978-0-415-10023-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Steever |first=Sanford |year=2005 |title=The Tamil auxiliary verb system |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-34672-6}}
* {{cite journal| last = Terwiel| first=B.J.| title = Recreating the Past: Revivalism in Northeastern India.| journal= Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde| volume=152 |number= 2| year=1996| pages= 275–92| jstor=27864746| doi=10.1163/22134379-90003014| doi-access= free}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tharu |first1=Susie |author1-link=Susie Tharu |last2=Lalita |first2=K. |year=1991 |title=Women writing in India : 600 B.C. to the present |publisher=The Feminist Press at the City University of New York |isbn=978-1-55861-026-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Tieken |first=Herman |year=2001 |title=Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry |series=Gonda Indological Studies, Volume X |place=Groningen |publisher=Egbert Forsten Publishing |isbn=978-90-6980-134-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Varadarajan |first=Mu. |year=1988 |translator-last=Viswanathan |translator-first=E.Sa. |title=A History of Tamil Literature |place=New Delhi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}
* {{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |year=1992 |title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09365-2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wilden |first=Eva |year=2002 |title=Towards an Internal Chronology of Old Tamil Caṅkam Literature Or How to Trace the Laws of a Poetic Universe |type=Book Review |journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens |volume=46 |pages=105–133 |jstor=24007685}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.joao-roiz.jp/LSI/ A Database of G.A. Grierson's ''Linguistic Survey of India'' (1904–1928, Calcutta).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107162954/http://www.joao-roiz.jp/LSI/ |date=7 November 2021 }}
* {{cite book |last=Grierson |first=Sir George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=The Pisaca languages of north-western India |url=https://archive.org/stream/pisacalanguageso00grie#page/n5/mode/2up |year=1906 |publisher=The Royal asiatic Society, London}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170704231551/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/lsi/ Gramophone recordings] from the ''[[Linguistic Survey of India]]'' (1913–1929), ''Digital South Asia Library''

==External links==
* Omniglot alphabets for [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kharosthi.htm Kharoṣṭhī], [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahmi.htm Brahmi], [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/siddham.htm Siddham], [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/devanagari.htm Devanāgarī].
* [http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/scripts.html Indian Scripts and Languages]

{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of South Asia}}
{{India topics}}
{{Pakistan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Linguistic History of India}}
[[Category:Linguistic history of India| ]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of Bangladesh]]

Abhyuday Jindal

2026-03-25T08:03:00Z

EJDTimmy2065: Adding the details w/ sources...

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhyuday Jindal
| image = Jindal at the signing ceremony of the licensing Agreement for Transfer of Technology (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jindal at a signing ceremony in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1989|04|04 }}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| education = BA, Economics and Business Management
| alma_mater = [[Boston University]]
| occupation = [[Business executive]]
| title =
| known_for = Managing Director of [[Jindal Stainless Limited]]
}}

'''Abhyuday Jindal''' is an Indian businessman and [[business executive]] who is serving as the managing director of [[Jindal Stainless Limited]] (JSL).<ref name="0:1">{{cite news |last1=Singal |first1=Nidhi |title=How Abhyuday Jindal, MD of Jindal Stainless, pushed the company to overcome its supply chain worries |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/deep-dive/story/how-abhyuday-jindal-md-of-jindal-stainless-pushed-the-company-to-overcome-its-supply-chain-worries-421844-2024-03-18 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=17 March 2024}}</ref>

He is also the 97th President of the [[Indian Chamber of Commerce]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Anish |title=Meet Abhyuday Jindal, the Jindal Stainless MD, who becomes 97th President of Indian Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.etnownews.com/companies/meet-abhyuday-jindal-the-jindal-stainless-md-who-becomes-new-president-of-indian-chamber-of-commerce-article-114372705 |publisher=[[ET Now]] |date=21 October 2024}}</ref> since his appointment in October 2024.<ref name="0:3">{{cite news |title=Abhyuday Jindal takes over as president of Indian Chamber of Commerce |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/abhyuday-jindal-takes-over-as-president-of-indian-chamber-of-commerce20241019191717/ |publisher=[[Asian News International]] |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> He served as the co-chair of the Steel Committee of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] and is the Vice President of the Infrastructure Industry and Logistics Federation of India.<ref name="0:2">{{cite web |title=Abhyuday Jindal reappointed as Managing Director of Jindal Stainless for five years |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/abhyuday-jindal-reappointed-as-managing-director-of-jindal-stainless-for-five-years-10433061.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=2024-03-15}}</ref><ref name="0:1"/>

== Early life and education ==
Abhyuday Jindal graduated with a degree in [[Economics]] and [[Business Management]] from [[Boston University]].<ref name="0:2"/> He is the grandson of [[Om Prakash Jindal]], a noted businessman and former Minister of Power of Haryana, and the son of Ratan Jindal, Chairman of Jindal Stainless Limited.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ready for a Serious B2C Shot |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/ready-for-a-serious-b2c-shot |publisher=[[Business India]] |date=27 November 2021}}</ref> He also played [[basketball]] during his school and college years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabharwal |first1=Punita |title=Jindal Stainless MD Loves Playing Tennis; Aims To Bolster His Game |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/lifestyle/jindal-stainless-md-loves-playing-tennis-aims-to-bolster/346254 |publisher=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur India]] |date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2010, Jindal began his career as an associate manager at [[JSW Group]], where he worked alongside engineers and gained experience in company operations. He was involved in the acquisition of a stake in [[Ispat industries|Ispat Industries]] and its integration with [[JSW Group|JSW]]. After a brief period as a consultant at [[Boston Consulting Group]] (BCG), Jindal joined [[Jindal Stainless Limited]] as Vice Chairman in November 2015.<ref name="0:1"/> Later, Jindal was appointed managing director of Jindal Stainless Limited in 2018. He addressed supply chain inefficiencies by implementing a dual inventory management approach, shifting from a 'Made to Order' model to an 'Anticipation of Stock' approach. He also worked on diversifying JSL's market dependence to minimize exposure to market fluctuations, led a $157 million investment in a nickel smelter facility in [[Indonesia]], and introduced automated logistics systems at the company.<ref name="0:1"/>

[[File:Subhash Ramrao Bhamre at the signing ceremony of the licensing Agreement for Transfer of Technology of High Nitrogen Steel for Armour Applications between Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL).jpg|300px|thumb|Abhyuday Jindal (second from the left) alongside Minister of State for Defence, [[Subhash Bhamre]] and [[DRDO]] chairman [[S. Christopher]], at the signing of the Transfer of Technology Agreement between DMRL, DRDO, and Jindal Stainless Limited on 1 March 2017.]]

Under Jindal's leadership, JSL underwent Corporate debt restructuring (CDR) in 2013 following economic challenges that impacted loan repayments, with debts amounting to nearly ₹8,000 crore. As part of this process, JSL's debt was redistributed among three entities, Jindal Stainless (Hisar) Limited, Jindal United Steel Limited, and Jindal Coke Limited.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Prince |title=Demand for stainless steel can only grow from here, says Jindal Stainless MD |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/demand-for-stainless-steel-can-only-grow-from-here-says-jindal-stainless-md-2664791.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=3 July 2018}}</ref> The company successfully exited the Corporate Debt Restructuring framework on 31 March 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Divekar |first1=Aditi |title=Jindal Stainless exits CDR framework, will now focus on cost optimisation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jindal-stainless-exits-cdr-framework-will-now-focus-on-cost-optimisation-120030501503_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=5 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306161933/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jindal-stainless-exits-cdr-framework-will-now-focus-on-cost-optimisation-120030501503_1.html |archive-date=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Prince Mathews |title=Jindal Stainless applies to exit corporate debt restructuring , says Abhyuday Jindal |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/jindal-stainless-applies-to-exit-corporate-debt-restructuring-says-abhyuday-jindal-2650471.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=29 June 2018}}</ref>

He conceptualized Jindal Saathi, a co-branding initiative by Jindal Stainless that offers co-branded stainless steel pipes and tubes to distinguish genuine products from counterfeit ones in the market.<ref name="0:1"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dilipkumar |first1=Bhavya |title=Jindal Stainless launches campaign to curb counterfeit products, market share to go up to 60% in FY22 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jindal-stainless-launches-campaign-to-curb-counterfeit-products-market-share-to-go-up-to-60-in-fy22/articleshow/78681196.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 October 2020}}</ref>

In January 2024, Jindal advocated for the removal of import duties on raw materials in the [[Union budget of India]] to support domestic manufacturers and proposed the imposition of Basic Customs Duty on imports to address the influx of low-cost stainless steel products from countries such as [[China]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Request government for protectionist measures in Budget; remove duty on raw materials: Abhyuday Jindal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/request-government-for-protectionist-measures-in-budget-remove-duty-on-raw-materials-abhyuday-jindal/articleshow/107024718.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=21 January 2024}}</ref>

He raised concerns on multiple occasions about Chinese stainless steel being sold at subsidized rates, noting its negative impact on small and medium-sized enterprises, with some businesses exiting or shifting to trading.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Law |first1=Abhishek |title=Jindal Stainless MD voices concerns over Chinese dumping |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jindal-stainless-md-voices-concerns-over-chinese-dumping/article68396720.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Law |first1=Abhishek |title=PMO looking into Chinese dumping of stainless steel: Abhyuday Jindal of JSL |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/pmo-looking-into-chinese-dumping-of-stainless-steel-abhyuday-jindal-jsl/article67124325.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutt |first1=Ishita Ayan |title=Jindal Stainless sees domestic demand; China imports a challenge: Firm's MD |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/jindal-stainless-sees-domestic-demand-china-imports-a-challenge-firm-s-md-123033000621_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=30 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Leadership and affiliations ===
In October 2024, Abhyuday Jindal was elected as the President of the [[Indian Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC).<ref name="0:3"/> Previously, he served as the Senior Vice President of ICC from October 2023 to October 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Chamber of Commerce gets new office bearers |url=https://www.thesouthasiantimesbd.com/business/news/20928 |publisher=The South Asian Times |date=5 November 2023}}</ref> He served as the co-chair of the Steel Committee at [[FICCI]].<ref name="0:2"/>

In addition, he is the Vice President of the Infrastructure Industry and Logistics Federation of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Key functionaries |url=https://ilfi.in/about-us/key-functionaries/mr-abhyuday-jindal/ |website=ilfi.in |date=2024}}</ref> and serves as the co-chair of the Advisory Council of the Corrosion Management Division at the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]].<ref name="0:2"/>

== Recognition ==
In 2024, Jindal was listed in ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]'''s 40 Under 40.<ref>{{cite news |title=ET 40 under Forty: AImagined avatars of the Young and Restless trailblazers |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/et-40-under-forty-celebrations/abhyuday-jindal/slideshow/111905327.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=21 July 2024}}</ref> He was also recognized as the Next-Gen Philanthropy Leader of the Year by Hurun Report India. In the 2023-2024 BT-PwC India’s Best CEOs ranking,<ref>{{cite news |title=Business Today MindRush & Best CEOs Awards |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/mindrush-2024/best-ceos |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=2024}}</ref> he was awarded Best CEO in the Mid-sized Companies category by ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Business Today Mindrush & Best CEOs Awards honour India's business titans: See full list of winners |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/mindrush/story/business-today-mindrush-best-ceos-awards-honour-indias-business-titans-see-full-list-of-winners-420798-2024-03-09 |publisher=Business Today |date=9 March 2024}}</ref>

In June 2022, ''[[Fortune India]]'' named him as one of the Game Changers in Manufacturing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Game Changers in Manufacturing |url=https://www.irimglobal.com/pdf/game-changers-in-manufacturing-2021.pdf |publisher=[[Fortune India]] |date=June 2022}}</ref> Abhyuday Jindal was named one of ''[[Businessworld]]''′s Most Valuable CEOs of 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jindal Stainless: Reinforcing Excellence |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/jindal-stainless-reinforcing-excellence-538976 |publisher=[[Businessworld]] |date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jindal, Abhyuday}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the steel industry]]
[[Category:People from Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:Jindal family]]
[[Category:Boston University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Haryana]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

List of ruling political parties by country

2026-03-23T11:51:59Z

EJDTimmy2065: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Party politics}}

This '''list of ruling political parties by country''' is presented in the form of a table that includes a link to an overview of political parties with parliamentary representation in each country and shows which party system is dominant in each country. A [[political party]] is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. Individual parties are properly listed in separate articles under each nation.

The [[ruling party]] in a [[parliamentary system]] is the political party or coalition of the majority (or sometimes a plurality) in [[parliament]]. It generally forms the [[central government]]. In other countries, the party of the executive may differ from the majority party in the legislature.

==Sovereign states==
{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Country !! [[Party system]] !! [[Ruling party]] or coalition <hr/> Other parties !! Last election
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Albania}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Socialist Party of Albania]]'''<hr>[[Democratic Party of Albania|Democratic Party]] – [[Alliance for a Magnificent Albania]] (PD, [[Freedom Party of Albania|PL]], [[Party for Justice, Integration and Unity|PDIU]], [[Environmentalist Agrarian Party|PAA]], [[Unity for Human Rights Party|PBDNJ]], [[Republican Party of Albania|PR]], [[Unity for Human Rights Party|PBDNJ]]), [[Social Democratic Party of Albania|PSD]], [[Opportunity Party (Albania)|PM]], [[Lëvizja Shqipëria Bëhet|LSDB]], [[Lëvizja Bashkë|LB]]
| [[2025 Albanian parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Algeria}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]], [[Democratic National Rally|RND]]''', [[Future Front]], [[National Construction Movement|El-Bina]]<hr/>[[Movement of Society for Peace|MSP]], LP, [[Good Governance Front|FBG]], [[Justice and Development Front|FDJ]], [[New Fajr Party|EFED]], [[Freedom and Juctice Party|PLJ]], [[Jil Jadid]], [[New Algeria Front|FAN]], [[Dignity Party (Algeria)|El Karama]], [[Algerian National Front|FNA]], [[Socialist Forces Front|FFS]]
| [[2024 Algerian presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2021 Algerian legislative election|2021 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Andorra}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Democrats for Andorra]], [[Committed Citizens]]''', [[Action for Andorra|Action]], [[Liberals of Andorra|Liberals]]<hr/>[[Concord (political party)|Concord]], [[Social Democratic Party (Andorra)|Social Democratic Party]], [[Andorra Forward]]
|[[2023 Andorran parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Angola}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola]]'''<hr/>[[UNITA]], [[Social Renewal Party (Angola)|PRS]], [[National Liberation Front of Angola|FNLA]], [[Humanist Party of Angola|PHA]]
| [[2022 Angolan general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Antigua and Barbuda|name=Antigua and Barbuda}}}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party]]'''<hr/>[[United Progressive Party (Antigua and Barbuda)|United Progressive Party]], [[Barbuda People's Movement]]
| [[2023 Antigua and Barbuda general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Argentina}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[La Libertad Avanza]]–{{ill|CREO (Tucumán)|es|lt=CREO}}, [[Republican Proposal|PRO]]–[[Integration and Development Movement|MID]]''', {{ill|Interior League ELI|es|Grupo Malbec|lt=ELI}}, [[Independence (legislative bloc)|Independence]], {{abbr|FyL|FFuture and Liberty}}, [[Production and Labour|PyT]], {{abbr|SF|Somos Fueguinos}}<hr>[[Union for the Homeland]], [[Hacemos Federal Coalition|EF]], [[Radical Civic Union|UCR]], {{abbr|DpS|Democracia para Siempre}}, [[Workers' Left Front|FIT–Unidad]], {{ill|Federal Innovation|es|Innovación Federal|lt=IF}}, [[Civic Coalition ARI|CC–ARI]], [[SER Santa Cruz|SER]], {{abbr|DSF|Defendamos Santa Fe}}, [[Neuquén People's Movement|MPN]], [[Mario Barletta|Unidos]], [[Lourdes Arrieta|TBT]], [[United Republicans|RU]]
| [[2023 Argentine general election|2023 (general)]] [[2025 Argentine legislative election|2025 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Armenia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
|'''[[Civil Contract (Armenia)|Civil Contract]]'''<hr/>[[Armenia Alliance]] ([[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|ARF]], independents), [[I Have Honor Alliance]] ([[Republican Party of Armenia|RPA]], independents), [[Homeland Party (Armenia)|Homeland Party]]
| [[2021 Armenian parliamentary election|2021 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Australia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| [[Australian Labor Party|'''Australian''' '''Labor Party''']]<hr/>[[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] ([[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]], [[National Party of Australia|National]]) ({{abbr|off. opp.|Official opposition}}), [[Australian Greens|Greens]], [[Katter's Australian Party|KAP]], [[Centre Alliance|CA]], [[Pauline Hanson's One Nation|One Nation]], [[Australia's Voice|AV]], [[Jacqui Lambie Network|JLN]], [[United Australia Party (2013)|UAP]]
| [[2025 Australian federal election|2025 (federal)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Austria}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Austrian People's Party]], [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Social Democratic Party]], [[NEOS (Austria)|NEOS]]'''<hr/>[[Freedom Party of Austria|Freedom Party]], [[The Greens (Austria)|The Greens]]
| [[2024 Austrian legislative election|2024 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Afghanistan}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]{{efn|All political parties are banned as "un-Islamic". The Taliban is the only legal political force in the current regime.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Azadi |first=RFE/RL's Radio |title=Taliban Bans Political Parties In Afghanistan After Declaring Them Un-Islamic |language=en |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/aghanistan-taliban-bans-political-parties/32552632.html |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-16 |title=Taliban Ban Afghan Political Parties, Citing Sharia Violations |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-ban-afghan-political-parties-citing-sharia-violations/7228136.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref>}}
| '''[[Taliban]]'''
| ''None; see [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|2021 takeover]]''
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Azerbaijan}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[New Azerbaijan Party]]''', [[Civic Solidarity Party|VHP]], [[Great Azerbaijan Party|BAP]], [[Motherland Party (Azerbaijan)|AVP]], [[Azerbaijan National Independence Party|AMİP]], [[Azerbaijan Democratic Enlightenment Party|ADMP]], [[Great Order Party|BQP]]<hr/>[[Justice, Law, Democracy Party|ƏHD]], [[Republican Alternative Party (Azerbaijan)|REAL]], [[National Front Party (Azerbaijan)|MCP]], [[Democratic Reforms Party|DİP]]
| [[2024 Azerbaijani presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2024 Azerbaijani parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Bahamas}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Progressive Liberal Party]]'''<hr/>[[Free National Movement]], [[Coalition of Independents]]
| [[2021 Bahamian general election|2021 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Bahrain}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]{{efn|Independent pro-monarchy politicians dominate Bahrain's political system.}}
| '''Pro-monarchy independents''', [[Al Rabitah]], [[Gathering of National Unity]]<hr/>[[Progressive Democratic Tribune]]
| [[2022 Bahraini general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Bangladesh}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| BNP+ ('''[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]''', [[Gono Odhikar Parishad|GOP]], [[Ganosanhati Andolan|GSA]], [[Bangladesh Jatiya Party|BJP]])<hr>[[11 Party Alliance|11 Parties]] ([[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|BJI]], [[National Citizen Party|NCP]], [[Bangladesh Khelafat Majlis|BKM]], [[Khelafat Majlis|KM]]), [[Islami Andolan Bangladesh|IAB]]
| [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|2026 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Barbados}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Barbados Labour Party]]'''<hr/>[[Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)|Democratic Labour Party]]
| [[2022 Barbadian general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Belarus}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Belaya Rus]]''', [[Republican Party of Labour and Justice|RPTS]], [[Communist Party of Belarus|Communist Party]]<hr/>[[Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus]]{{efn|name=LDPB|The Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus asserts that it is an opposition party, but supports the presidency of [[Alexander Lukashenko]] nonetheless.}}
| {{nowrap|[[2025 Belarusian presidential election|2025 (presidential)]] [[2024 Belarusian parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]}}
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Belgium}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[New Flemish Alliance|N-VA]], [[Reformist Movement|MR]], [[Les Engagés]], [[Vooruit (political party)|Vooruit]], [[Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams|CD&V]]''', [[Libertair, Direct, Democratisch|LDD]]<hr/>[[Vlaams Belang|VB]], [[Socialist Party (Belgium)|PS]], [[Workers' Party of Belgium|PTB-PVDA]], [[Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten|Open Vld]], [[Groen (political party)|Groen]], [[Ecolo]], [[DéFI]]
| [[2024 Belgian federal election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|}}''{{flag+link|List of poliltical parties in|Flanders}}''
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
|'''[[New Flemish Alliance|N-VA]], [[Vooruit (political party)|Vooruit]], [[Christian Democratic and Flemish|CD&V]]'''<hr>[[Vlaams Belang|VB]], [[Groen (political party)|Groen]], [[Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats|Open Vld]], [[Workers' Party of Belgium|PVDA]], [[Team Fouad Ahidar|TFA]]
| [[2024 Belgian regional elections#Flemish Parliament|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|}}''{{flag+link|List of poliltical parties in|Wallonia}}''
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Reformist Movement|MR]], [[Les Engagés|LE]]'''<hr/>[[Socialist Party (Belgium)|PS]], [[Workers' Party of Belgium|PTB]], [[Ecolo]]
| [[2024 Belgian regional elections#Walloon Parliament|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|}}''{{flag+link|List of poliltical parties in|Brussels}}''
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Reformist Movement|MR]], [[Parti Socialiste (Belgium)|PS]], [[Les Engagés|LE]], [[Groen (political party)|Groen]], [[Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten|Open Vld]], [[Vooruit (political party)|Vooruit]], [[Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams|CD&V]]'''<hr/>[[Workers' Party of Belgium|PTB/PVDA]], [[Ecolo]], [[DéFI]],[[Team Fouad Ahidar|TFA]], [[New Flemish Alliance|N-VA]], [[Vlaams Belang|VB]]
| [[2024 Belgian regional elections#Brussels Parliament|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flagicon image|}}''{{flag+link|List of poliltical parties in|German-speaking Community|name=East Belgium}}''}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[ProDG (Belgium)|ProDG]], [[Christlich Soziale Partei (Belgium)|CSP]], [[Perspectives. Freedom. Progress.|PFF]]'''<hr/>[[Vivant]], [[Socialist Party (Belgium)|SP]], [[Ecolo]]
| [[2024 Belgian regional elections#German-speaking Community Parliament|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Belize}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[People's United Party]]'''<hr/>[[United Democratic Party (Belize)|United Democratic Party]]
| [[2025 Belizean general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Benin}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Progressive Union Renewal]], [[Republican Bloc]]'''<hr/>[[The Democrats (Benin)|The Democrats]]
| [[2021 Beninese presidential election|2021 (presidential)]] [[2026 Beninese parliamentary election|2026 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Bhutan}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[People's Democratic Party (Bhutan)|People's Democratic Party]]'''<hr/>[[Bhutan Tendrel Party]]
| [[2023–24 Bhutanese National Assembly election|2023–24 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Bolivia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Christian Democratic Party (Bolivia)|PDC]]''', [[Unity (Bolivia)|Unidad]], [[Libre (Bolivia)|Libertad y República]], [[APB Súmate|APB-S]]<hr/>[[Popular Alliance (Bolivia)|Alianza Popular]], [[Movimiento al Socialismo|MAS-IPSP]], [[Bia Yuqui|CIYBR]]
| [[2025 Bolivian general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Bosnia and Herzegovina|name=Bosnia and Herzegovina}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats|SNSD]], [[Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina|SDP]], [[Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina|HDZ]], [[People and Justice|NiP]], [[Our Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|NS]]''', [[Democratic Union (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|DEMOS]], [[United Srpska|US]], [[Bosnian-Herzegovinian Initiative|BHI KF]]<hr/>[[Party of Democratic Action|SDA]], [[Democratic Front (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|DF]]-[[Civic Alliance (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Civic Alliance]], [[Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|SDS]], [[Party of Democratic Progress|PDP]], [[People's European Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina|NES]], [[For Justice and Order|ZPR]], [[Forward (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|NPD]], [[For New Generations|ZNG]]
| [[2022 Bosnian general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Botswana}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Umbrella for Democratic Change]]''' ([[Botswana National Front|BNF]], [[Alliance for Progressives|AP]], [[Botswana People's Party|BPP]]), [[Botswana Patriotic Front]]<hr/>[[Botswana Congress Party]] (official opposition), [[Botswana Democratic Party]]
| [[2024 Botswana general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Brazil}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Brazil of Hope]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]], [[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]], [[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]]), [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]], [[Brazilian Socialist Party|PSB]], [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|PDT]], [[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]], [[PSOL REDE Federation|PSOL–REDE]], [[Avante (political party)|Avante]], [[Solidarity (Brazil)|SDD]]'''<hr/>[[Brazil Union|União]], [[Progressistas|PP]], [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|PL]], [[Republicans (Brazil)|REP]], [[Always Forward (Brazil)|PSDB–CDN]], [[Podemos (Brazil)|PODE]], [[Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)|PRD]], [[New Party (Brazil)|NOVO]]
|[[2022 Brazilian general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Brunei}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| ''No elections''
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Bulgaria}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[GERB–SDS]], [[BSP – United Left|BSP–OL]], [[There is Such a People|ITN]]''', [[DPS – A New Beginning|DPS–NN]] <hr>[[We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria|PP–DB]], [[Revival (Bulgarian political party)|Revival]], [[Alliance for Rights and Freedoms|DPS–DPS]], [[Morality, Unity, Honour|MECh]], [[Velichie]]
| [[2021 Bulgarian general election|2021 (presidential)]] [[October 2024 Bulgarian parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Burkina Faso}}}}
| style=background:#EAD4AF | [[Military junta]]
| '''[[Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration]]''' ''(civilian government suspended)''
| [[September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|2022 coup d'état]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Burundi}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy|National Council for the Defense of Democracy]]'''<hr/>[[National Congress for Liberty]], [[Union for National Progress]]
| [[2025 Burundian parliamentary election|2025 (parliamentary)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Cambodia}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Cambodian People's Party]]'''<hr/>[[FUNCINPEC]], [[Khmer Will Party]]
| [[2023 Cambodian general election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Cameroon}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]], [[National Union for Democracy and Progress (Cameroon)|UNDP]], [[Front for the National Salvation of Cameroon|FNSC]]'''<hr/> [[Social Democratic Front (Cameroon)|SDF]], [[Cameroonian Party for National Reconciliation|CPNR]], [[Cameroon Democratic Union|UDC]], [[Movement for the Defence of the Republic|MDR]], [[Union of Socialist Movements|USM]]
| [[2025 Cameroonian presidential election|2025 (presidential)]] [[2020 Cameroonian parliamentary election|2020 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of federal political parties in|Canada}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]]''' (minority)<hr/>[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] (official opposition), [[Bloc Québécois]], [[New Democratic Party|NDP]], [[Green Party of Canada|Green Party]]
| [[2025 Canadian federal election|2025 (federal)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Cape Verde}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Movement for Democracy (Cape Verde)|Movement for Democracy]]'''<hr/>[[African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde|PAICV]] (president's party), [[Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union|UCID]]
| {{nowrap|[[2021 Cape Verdean presidential election|2021 (presidential)]]}} [[2021 Cape Verdean parliamentary election|2021 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in the|Central African Republic|name=Central African Republic}}}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[United Hearts Movement]]'''<hr/>[[National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"|Kwa Na Kwa]], [[Union for Central African Renewal|URCA]], [[Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People|MLPC]], [[National Movement of Independents|MOUNI]], [[Central African Democratic Rally|RDC]] and others
| [[2025 Central African general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Chad}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Patriotic Salvation Movement]]'''<hr>[[National Rally of Chadian Democrats|RNDT]], [[Rally for Democracy and Progress (Chad)|RDP]], [[National Union for Democracy and Renewal|UNDR]], [[Union for Renewal and Democracy|URD]], [[Federation, Action for the Republic|FAR]], [[Les Transformateurs]]
| [[2024 Chadian parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]] [[2024 Chadian presidential election|2024 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Chile}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Change for Chile]] ([[Republican Party of Chile|Republican Party]], [[National Libertarian Party|NLP]], [[Christian Social Party (Chile)|CSP]])'''<hr/>[[Unidad por Chile]] ([[Party for Democracy (Chile)|Party for Democracy]], [[Socialist Party of Chile|SPC]], [[Liberal Party (Chile, 2013)|Liberal Party]], [[Radical Party of Chile (2018)|RPC]], [[Communist Party of Chile|CPC]], [[Frente Amplio (Chilean political party)|Frente Amplio]], [[Christian Democratic Party (Chile)|CDP]])
| [[2025 Chilean general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|China|name=China (PRC)}}
| style=background:#faa | [[One-party state|One-party]]
| '''[[Chinese Communist Party]]''', [[Democratic parties (China)|minor parties]] ([[Jiusan Society|JS]], [[Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party|CPWDP]], [[China Democratic League|CDL]], [[China Association for Promoting Democracy|CAPD]], [[China National Democratic Construction Association|CNDCA]], [[Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang|RCCK]], [[Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League|TDSL]], [[China Zhi Gong Party|CZGP]])
| [[14th National People's Congress|2023 (congressional)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Colombia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Historic Pact for Colombia|Historic Pact]], [[Green Alliance (Colombia)|AV]], [[Commons (Colombian political party)|Comunes]], {{ill|Reborn Colombia|es|Colombia Renaciente|lt=CR}}, {{ill|Citizen Force (Colombia)|es|Fuerza Ciudadana (Colombia)|lt=FC}}, {{abbr|GeM|Gente en Movimiento}}, {{ill|Alternative Indigenous and Social Movement|es|Movimiento Alternativo Indígena y Social|lt=MAIS}}, {{abbr|PDC|Colombian Democratic Party}}, {{ill|Colombian Ecologist Party|es|Partido Ecologista Colombiano|lt=PEC}}'''<hr/>{{abbr|Opp.|Opposition parties}}: [[Radical Change|CR]], [[Democratic Center (Colombia)|CD]], [[League of Anti-Corruption Governors|LIGA]]. {{abbr|Ind.|Independent/neutral parties}}: [[Colombian Liberal Party|PLC]], [[Colombian Conservative Party|PCC]], [[Union Party for the People|Partido de la U]], [[New Liberalism (Colombia)|NL]], {{ill|Dignity and Commitment|es|Dignidad y Compromiso|lt=DyC}}, [[Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation|MIRA]], [[Oxygen Green Party|PVO]]
|[[2022 Colombian parliamentary election|2022 (parliament)]] [[2022 Colombian presidential election|2022 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in the|Comoros}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros]]'''<hr/>[[Party for the Reform of Institutions]]
| [[2025 Comorian parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]] [[2024 Comorian presidential election|2024 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in the|Republic of the Congo}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Congolese Party of Labour]]''', [[Action and Renewal Movement|MAR]], [[Club 2002 – Party for the Unity and the Republic|Club 2002–PUR]], [[Rally for Democracy and Social Progress|RDPS]], [[Perspectives and Realities Club|CPR]], [[Union for the Reconstruction and Development of Congo|URDP]], [[Citizen Rally (Republic of the Congo)|RC]]<hr/>[[Pan-African Union for Social Democracy|UPADS]], [[Union of Humanist Democrats|UDH–Yuki]], {{ill|Liberal Republican Party (Republic of the Congo)|fr|Parti républicain libéral (république du Congo)|lt=PRL}}, {{Ill|Movement for Unity, Solidarity and Labour|fr|Mouvement pour l'unité, la solidarité et le travail|lt=MUST}}, [[Dynamic for the Republic and Recovery|DRD]], [[Permanent Action for the Congo|APC]], [[Movement for Democracy and Progress (Republic of the Congo)|MDP]], [[Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development|MCDDI]]
| [[2021 Republic of the Congo presidential election|2021 (presidential)]] [[2022 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election|2022 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in the|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Sacred Union of the Nation]] ([[Union for Democracy and Social Progress (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|UDPS]], [[Allied Actions|AA]], [[Union for the Congolese Nation|UNC]], {{ill|Alliance of Democratic Forces of the Congo|fr|Alliance des forces démocratiques du Congo|lt=AFDC}}, {{abbr|AB|Agissons et bâtissons}}, {{abbr|TDC|All for the Development of Congo}}, {{abbr|AAAP|Alliance of Actors Attached to the People}}, {{abbr|A/B50|Alliance Bloc 50}}, [[Movement for the Liberation of the Congo|MLC]], {{abbr|AACPG|Alliance for the Advent of a Prosperous and Greater Congo}}, {{abbr|4AC|Alternative Action of the Actors for the Love of Congo}}, {{abbr|A24|Alliance 2024}}, {{abbr|AA/C|Allied Action for the Convention}}, [[Unified Lumumbist Party|PALU]], etc.)'''<hr/>[[Together for the Republic]], Avançons-MS, {{abbr|NOU.EL|New Momentum}}, {{ill|Revolutionary Progressive Dynamics|fr|Dynamique progressiste révolutionnaire|lt=DYPRO}}, {{ill|Leadership and Governance for Development|fr|Leadership et Gouvernance pour le Développement|lt=LGD}}
| [[2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election|2023 (general)]] [[2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo Senate elections|2024 (senate)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Costa Rica}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Sovereign People's Party (Costa Rica)|Sovereign People's Party]]''' <hr/>[[National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)|PLN]], [[Broad Front (Costa Rica)|Broad Front]], [[Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)|PAC]], [[Social Christian Unity Party|PUSC]]
| [[2026 Costa Rican general election|2026 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Croatia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Croatian Democratic Union]], [[Homeland Movement (Croatia)|DP]]''', [[Croatian Social Liberal Party|HSLS]], [[Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats|HNS]], [[Nezavisni|N]]–[[Croatian Party of Pensioners|HSU]], [[Croatian Demochristian Party|HDS]]<hr/>[[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]], [[We Can! (Croatia)|Možemo!]], [[The Bridge (Croatia)|Most]], [[Centre (Croatian political party)|Centar]]–[[Independent Platform of the North|NPS]], [[Home and National Rally|DOMiNO]]–[[Croatian Sovereignists|HS]], [[Croatian Peasant Party|HSS]]–[[Civic Liberal Alliance|GLAS]]–[[Dalija Orešković and People with a First and Last Name|DO i SIP]], [[Independent Democratic Serb Party|SDSS]], [[Istrian Democratic Assembly|IDS-DDI]]
| [[2024–25 Croatian presidential election|2024–25 (presidential)]] [[2024 Croatian parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Cuba}}
| style=background:#faa | [[One-party state|One-party]]
| '''[[Communist Party of Cuba]]'''
| [[2023 Cuban parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Cyprus}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Democratic Party (Cyprus)|Democratic Party]], [[Democratic Alignment (Cyprus)|Democratic Alignment]], [[EDEK Socialist Party|EDEK]]''' (minority)<hr/>[[Democratic Rally]], [[Progressive Party of Working People|AKEL]], [[ELAM (Cyprus)|ELAM]], [[Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation|KOSP]], [[Volt Cyprus|Volt]], [[Democratic National Movement|DEK]]
| [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|2023 (presidential)]] [[2021 Cypriot legislative election|2021 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in the|Czech Republic}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[ANO 2011|ANO]]''', [[Freedom and Direct Democracy|SPD]], [[Motorists for Themselves|AUTO]]<hr/>[[Spolu|SPOLU]], [[Mayors and Independents|STAN]], [[Czech Pirate Party|CPS]]
| [[2025 Czech parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]] [[2023 Czech presidential election|2023 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Denmark}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Social Democrats (Denmark)|Social Democrats]], [[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]], [[Moderates (Denmark)|Moderates]]''', [[Union Party (Faroe Islands)|Union Party]], [[Social Democratic Party (Faroe Islands)|Jf]], [[Inuit Ataqatigiit|IA]], [[Naleraq]]<hr>[[Denmark Democrats]], [[Green Left (Denmark)|SF]], [[Liberal Alliance (Denmark)|LA]], [[Conservative People's Party (Denmark)|DKF]], [[Red–Green Alliance (Denmark)|EL]], [[Danish People's Party|DF]], [[Danish Social Liberal Party|RV]], [[The Alternative (Denmark)|Alternative]], [[Citizens' Party (Denmark)|BP]]
| [[2022 Danish general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Djibouti}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Union for the Presidential Majority (Djibouti)|Union for the Presidential Majority]]''' ('''[[People's Rally for Progress|RPP]]''', [[Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy|FRUD]], [[National Democratic Party (Djibouti)|PND]], [[Social Democratic People's Party (Djibouti)|PSD]], [[Union of Reform Partisans|UPR]])<hr/>[[Djibouti Union for Democracy and Justice]]
| {{nowrap|[[2021 Djiboutian presidential election|2021 (presidential)]]}} [[2023 Djiboutian parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Dominica}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Dominica Labour Party]]'''<hr/>''No parliamentary opposition''; [[Team Unity Dominica]], [[United Workers' Party (Dominica)|United Workers' Party]]
| [[2022 Dominican general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Dominican Republic}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Modern Revolutionary Party]]''', [[Social Christian Reformist Party|PRSC]], [[Revolutionary Social Democratic Party|PRSD]], [[Dominicans for Change|DxC]], [[Liberal Reformist Party (Dominican Republic)|PLR]]. [[National Citizen Will Party|PNVC]], [[Civic Renovation Party|PCR]], [[Country Alliance (Dominican Republic)|ALPAÍS]], [[Alliance for Democracy (Dominican Republic)|APD]], [[First the People Party (Dominican Republic)|PPG]], [[Independent Revolutionary Party|PRI]]<hr/>[[People's Force]], [[Dominican Liberation Party]], [[Dominican Revolutionary Party|PRD]], [[Quisqueyano Christian Democratic Party|PQDC]], [[Christian Socialist Party (Dominican Republic)|PSC]]
| [[2024 Dominican Republic general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Timor-Leste}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction]], [[Democratic Party (Timor-Leste)|Democratic Party]]'''<hr/>[[FRETILIN]], [[Kmanek Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan|KHUNTO]], [[People's Liberation Party (Timor-Leste)|People's Liberation Party]]
| [[2023 East Timorese parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]] [[2022 East Timorese presidential election|2022 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Ecuador}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[National Democratic Action (Ecuador)|National Democratic Action]]''', [[Patriotic Society Party|PSP]], [[Movimiento Construye|Construye]]<hr>[[Citizen Revolution Movement|RC]], [[Pachakutik]], [[Christian Social Party (Ecuador)|PSC]], [[RETO Movement|RETO]], [[Popular Unity (Ecuador)|Popular Unity]]
| [[2025 Ecuadorian general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Egypt}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
|'''[[Nation's Future Party]]''', [[Homeland Defenders Party|HDP]], [[National Front Party (Egypt)|NFP]], [[Republican People's Party (Egypt)|RPP]], [[Egyptian Wafd Party|New Wafd]], [[Al-Nour Party]], [[Egyptian Congress Party|Congress Party]], [[Will of a Generation Party|WGP]], [[Egyptian Freedom Party|EFP]], [[Consciousness Party]]<hr/>[[Egyptian Social Democratic Party|ESDP]], [[Reform and Development Party (Egypt)|RDP]], [[Justice Party (Egypt)|Justice]], [[National Progressive Unionist Rally Party|NPURP]], [[Conservative Party (Egypt)|Conservative Party]]
| [[2023 Egyptian presidential election|2023 (presidential)]] [[2025 Egyptian parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]] [[2025 Egyptian Senate election|2025 (senate)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|El Salvador}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Nuevas Ideas]]''', [[National Coalition Party (El Salvador)|National Coalition Party]], [[Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador)|Christian Democratic Party]]<hr/>[[Nationalist Republican Alliance]], [[Vamos (El Salvador)|Vamos]]
|[[2024 Salvadoran presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2024 Salvadoran legislative election|2024 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Equatorial Guinea}}}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea]]'''<hr/>''No parliamentary opposition'', [[Convergence for Social Democracy (Equatorial Guinea)|Convergence for Social Democracy]]
| [[2022 Equatorial Guinean general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Eritrea}}
| style=background:#faa | [[One-party state|One-party]]
| '''[[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]]'''
| ''Elections postponed''
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Estonia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
|'''[[Estonian Reform Party|Reform Party]], [[Estonia 200]]'''<hr/> [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|Social Democratic Party]], [[Isamaa]], [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia|EKRE]], [[Estonian Centre Party|Centre Party]], [[Estonian Nationalists and Conservatives|ERK]]
|[[2023 Estonian parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Eswatini}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
|[[2023 Swazi general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Ethiopia}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Prosperity Party]]'''<hr/>[[National Movement of Amhara|NaMA]], [[Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice|EZEMA]], [[Gedeo People's Democratic Party|GPDP]]
| [[2021 Ethiopian general election|2021 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Fiji}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[People's Alliance (Fiji)|People's Alliance]], [[National Federation Party]], [[Social Democratic Liberal Party|SODELPA]]'''<hr/>Independents (Ex-[[FijiFirst]])
| [[2022 Fijian general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Finland}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[National Coalition Party|Kokoomus]], [[Finns Party|Finns]], [[Swedish People's Party of Finland|Swedish People's Party]], [[Christian Democrats (Finland)|KD]]'''<hr/>[[Social Democratic Party of Finland|SDP]], [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]], [[Green League|The Greens]], [[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]], [[Movement Now]]
| [[2023 Finnish parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]] [[2024 Finnish presidential election|2024 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|France}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Ensemble (political coalition)|Ensemble]] ([[Renaissance (French political party)|RE]], [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]], [[Horizons (political party)|HOR]], [[Union of Democrats and Independents|UDI]], [[Radical Party (France)|PR]], [[En Commun|EC]]), [[The Republicans (France)|LR]]''', [[The Centrists|LC]], [[Centrist Alliance|AC]]<hr>[[New Popular Front|NFP]] ([[La France Insoumise|LFI]], [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]], [[The Ecologists|LÉ]], [[French Communist Party|PCF]], [[Place Publique|PP]], [[Ecological Revolution for the Living|REV]], [[Republican and Socialist Left|GRS]]), [[Union of the Far-Right|UXD]] ([[National Rally|RN]], [[Union of the Right for the Republic|UDR]], [[Identity–Freedoms|IDL]]), [[Régions et Peuples Solidaires|R&PS]]
|{{nowrap|[[2022 French presidential election|2022 (presidential)]]}} [[2024 French legislative election|2024 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Gabon}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| [[Rally of Builders]]<hr/>[[Ensemble pour le Gabon]],[[Gabonese Patriotic Party]],[[Large Rassemblement Arc-en-ciel]]
| [[2025 Gabonese presidential election|2025 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Gambia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[National People's Party (The Gambia)|National People's Party]], [[National Reconciliation Party]], [[Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction|APRC]]'''<hr/>[[United Democratic Party (The Gambia)|United Democratic Party]], [[People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism|PDOIS]]
| [[2021 Gambian presidential election|2021 (presidential)]] [[2022 Gambian parliamentary election|2022 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Georgia}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Georgian Dream]]''', [[People's Power (Georgia)|People's Power]]<hr/>[[Coalition for Change (Georgia)|CfC]] ([[Ahali]], [[Girchi – More Freedom|Girchi–MF]], [[Droa]], [[Republican Party of Georgia|Rep]]), [[Unity – National Movement|U–NM]] ([[United National Movement|UNM]], [[Strategy Aghmashenebeli|SA]], [[European Georgia – Movement for Liberty|EG]], [[Progress and Freedom|P&F]]), [[Strong Georgia|SG]] ([[Lelo for Georgia|Lelo]], [[For the People (Georgia)|FtP]], [[Citizens (Georgia)|Citizens]], [[Freedom Square (political party)|FS]]), [[For Georgia|FG]], [[Conservative Party of Georgia|CPG]]
| [[2024 Georgian parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Germany}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[CDU/CSU|Union]] ([[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]], [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]), [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] '''<hr/>[[Alternative for Germany]], [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]], [[Die Linke]], [[South Schleswig Voters' Association|SSW]]
| [[2025 German federal election|2025 (federal)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Ghana}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]]'''<hr/>[[New Patriotic Party]]
| [[2024 Ghanaian general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Greece}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]'''<hr/>[[PASOK – Movement for Change|PASOK–KINAL]] ([[PASOK]], [[Movement of Democratic Socialists|KIDISO]]), [[Syriza]], [[Communist Party of Greece|KKE]], [[Greek Solution]], [[New Left (Greece)|NA]], [[Niki (Greek political party)|Niki]], [[Course of Freedom]], [[Spartans (Greek political party)|Spartans]]
| [[June 2023 Greek legislative election|2023 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Grenada}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| [[National Democratic Congress (Grenada)|'''National Democratic Congress''']]<hr/>[[New National Party (Grenada)|New National Party]]
| [[2022 Grenadian general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Guatemala}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Semilla (political party)|Semilla]]''', [[Winaq]]–[[Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity|URNG]]<hr>[[Vamos (Guatemala)|Vamos]], [[National Unity of Hope|UNE]], [[Cabal (political party)|Cabal]], [[Vision with Values|ViVa]], [[Valor (political party)|Valor]], [[Will, Opportunity and Solidarity|VOS]], [[Todos (political party)|Todos]], [[Nosotros (political party)|PPN]], [[Bienestar Nacional|BIEN]], [[Victory (political party)|Victoria]], [[Blue Party (Guatemala)|PA]], [[Elephant Community|CE]], [[Commitment, Renewal and Order|CREO]], [[Cambio (political party)|Cambio]]
| [[2023 Guatemalan general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Guinea}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''Independents'''<hr/>''No legislature formed''
| [[2025 Guinean presidential election|2025 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Guinea-Bissau}}}}
| style=background:#EAD4AF | [[Military junta]]
| '''[[High Military Command for the Restoration of National Security and Public Order|HMCRNSPO]]''' ''(civilian government suspended)''
| [[2025 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état|2025 coup d'état]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Guyana}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[People's Progressive Party/Civic]]'''<hr/>[[We Invest in Nationhood|WIN]], [[A Partnership for National Unity|APNU]] ([[People's National Congress Reform|PNCR]] and others), [[Forward Guyana Movement|FG]]
|[[2025 Guyanese general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Haiti}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| ''Transitional non-partisan government''; '''[[Transitional Presidential Council|TPC]] member parties: [[Fanmi Lavalas|FL]], [[Struggling People's Organization|OPL]], [[Platfòm Pitit Desalin|PPD]], {{ill|Les Engagés pour le développement|fr|lt=EDE}}, [[Rally for a National Agreement|REN]]'''<hr/>''Parliament dissolved''; [[Haitian Tèt Kale Party|PHTK]], [[Inite]], [[Haiti in Action]], [[Rally of Progressive National Democrats|RDNP]], [[Renmen Ayiti|Renmen]], [[Christian National Union for the Reconstruction of Haiti|UNCRH]], [[Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats|PFSDH]]
| [[2016–17 Haitian Senate election|2016–17 (senate)]] [[November 2016 Haitian presidential election|2016 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Honduras}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[National Party of Honduras|National]]'''<hr/>[[Liberal Party of Honduras|Liberal]], [[Liberty and Refoundation|Libre]], [[Innovation and Unity Party|INU]], [[Christian Democratic Party of Honduras|CDP]]
| [[2025 Honduran general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Hungary}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Fidesz–KDNP]]''' ([[Fidesz]], [[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]), [[National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary|LdU]]<hr/>[[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|DK]], [[Momentum Movement|Momentum]], [[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]], [[Jobbik]], [[Our Homeland Movement|Mi Hazánk]], [[Dialogue – The Greens' Party|Dialogue–Greens]], [[LMP – Hungary's Green Party|LMP]], [[The People's Party Movement|ANPM]]
| [[2022 Hungarian parliamentary election|2022 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Iceland}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Social Democratic Alliance|Samfylkingin]], [[Viðreisn]], [[People's Party (Iceland)|People's Party]]'''<hr/>[[Independence Party (Iceland)|Independence Party]], [[Centre Party (Iceland)|Centre Party]], [[Progressive Party (Iceland)|Progressive Party]]
| {{nowrap|[[2024 Icelandic parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]}} {{nowrap|[[2024 Icelandic presidential election|2024 (presidential)]]}}
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|India}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]''' ('''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]''', [[AIADMK]], [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]], [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]], [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]], [[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party|LJP(RV)]], [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]], [[Janasena Party|JSP]], [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]], [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)|AD(S)]], [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]], [[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]], [[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM(S)]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]], [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]], [[United People's Party, Liberal|UPPL]])<hr>'''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]''' ('''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]''', [[Samajwadi Party|SP]], [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]], [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]], [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]], [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]], [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]], [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]], [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]], [[Bharat Adivasi Party|BAP]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]], [[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|VPP]], [[Kerala Congress|KEC]], [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]], [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|RLP]]) Others ([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]], [[Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)|AD(WPD)]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]], [[Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|ASP(KR)]], [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]], [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]], [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]], [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]], [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|RLP]])
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Indonesia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Advanced Indonesia Coalition|KIM Plus]]''' ('''[[Gerindra Party|Gerindra]], [[Golkar]], [[National Awakening Party|PKB]], [[National Mandate Party|PAN]], [[Democratic Party (Indonesia)|Demokrat]]'''), [[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle|PDI-P]], [[NasDem Party|NasDem]], [[Prosperous Justice Party|PKS]]
| [[2024 Indonesian general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Iran}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]{{efn|Iran's parties must adhere to a religious [[Politics and Government of Iran|system of governance]].}}
| '''[[Iranian reformists|Reformists]]''' (executive majority)<hr>'''[[Iranian principlists|Principlists]]''' (legislative, judicial, and oversight majority)
| [[2024 Iranian presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2024 Iranian legislative election|2024 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Iraq}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Progress Party (Iraq)|Takadum]], [[State of Law Coalition|State of Law]], [[Kurdistan Democratic Party|PDK]], [[Fatah Alliance|Fatah]], [[Kurdistani Coalition|Kurdistan Alliance]], [[Azem Alliance|Azem]], [[Victory Alliance]], [[Babylon Movement|Babylon]], [[Furatayn Movement|Furatayn]]'''<hr>[[Emtidad Movement|Emtidad]], [[New Generation Movement|NGM]], [[National Contract]], [[Tasmim Alliance|Tasmim]], [[Ishraqat Kanoon]], [[Our People are Our Identity|NPI]], [[Decisive Reform Movement|MDR]], others
| [[2025 Iraqi parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flagicon|}}''{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Kurdistan|name=Kurdistan}}''
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Kurdistan Democratic Party]], [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]]'''<hr>[[Gorran Movement|Gorran]], [[New Generation Movement|Naway Nwe]], [[Kurdistan Justice Group]], [[Kurdistan Islamic Union|Yekgirtû]]
| [[2024 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Ireland}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Fianna Fáil]], [[Fine Gael]]'''<hr/>[[Sinn Féin]], [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]], [[Social Democrats (Ireland)|Social Democrats]], [[People Before Profit–Solidarity|PBP–S]], [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]], [[100% Redress]], [[Independent Ireland]], [[Aontú]]
| [[2024 Irish general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Israel}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Likud]], [[Shas]], [[Religious Zionist Party]], [[United Torah Judaism|UTJ]], [[Otzma Yehudit|Otzma]], [[New Hope (Israel)|New Hope]]'''<hr>[[Yesh Atid]], [[National Unity (Israel)|National Unity]], [[Yisrael Beiteinu]], [[United Arab List|Ra'am]], [[Hadash–Ta'al]], [[The Democrats (Israel)|Democrats]], [[Noam (political party)|Noam]]
| [[2022 Israeli legislative election|2022 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Italy}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Brothers of Italy]], [[Lega (political party)|League]], [[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]], [[Us Moderates]]''', [[Associative Movement of Italians Abroad|MAIE]], [[Christian Democracy with Rotondi|DCR]], [[Union of the Centre (2002)|UdC]]<hr/>[[Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy|PD–IDP]] ([[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]], [[Solidary Democracy|DemoS]], [[Democratic Centre (Italy)|CD]]), [[Five Star Movement|M5S]], [[Action (Italian political party)|Az]], [[Greens and Left Alliance|AVS]] ([[Green Europe|EV]], [[Italian Left|SI]], [[Progressive Party (Sardinia)|PP]]), [[Italia Viva|IV]], [[More Europe|+E]], [[South Tyrolean People's Party|SVP]], [[South calls North|ScN]], [[Valdostan Union|UV]]
| [[2022 Italian general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Ivory Coast}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Rally of Houphouëtists for Democracy and Peace]]''' ('''[[Rally of the Republicans|RDR]]''')<hr/>[[Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally|PDCI-RDA]], [[Together for Democracy and Sovereignty]], [[Union for Democracy and Peace in Ivory Coast|UDPCI]], [[Ivorian Popular Front|FPI]]
| [[2025 Ivorian presidential election|2025 (presidential)]] [[2025 Ivorian parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Jamaica}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Jamaica Labour Party]]'''<hr/>[[People's National Party]]
| [[2025 Jamaican general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Japan}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]], [[Nippon Ishin no Kai|Ishin]]'''<hr/>[[Centrist Reform Alliance]], ([[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan|Constitutional Democratic Party]], [[Komeito]]), [[Nippon Ishin no Kai|Ishin]], [[Democratic Party For the People|DPP]], [[Reiwa Shinsengumi|Reiwa]], [[Japanese Communist Party|Communist Party]], [[Sanseitō]], [[Conservative Party of Japan|CPJ]], [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|SDP]]
| [[2026 Japanese general election|2026 (general)]] [[2025 Japanese House of Councillors election|2025 (upper house)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Jordan}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]{{efn|Independent pro-monarchy politicians dominate Jordan's political system.}}
| '''Pro-monarchy independents''', [[National Charter Party]], [[Eradah Party]], [[Progress Party (Jordan)| Progress Party]]<hr/>[[Islamic Action Front]], [[National Islamic Party]], [[National Union Movement (Jordan)|National Union Movement]], [[Jordanian Communist Party|Communist Party]]
| [[2024 Jordanian general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Kazakhstan}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Amanat (political party)|Amanat]]'''<hr/>[[Auyl]], [[Respublica (Kazakh political party)|Respublica]], [[Aq Jol]], [[People's Party of Kazakhstan|People's Party]], [[Nationwide Social Democratic Party|JSDP]]
| {{nowrap|[[2022 Kazakh presidential election|2022 (presidential)]]}} [[2023 Kazakh legislative election|2023 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Kenya}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Kenya Kwanza]]''' ([[United Democratic Alliance (Kenya)|UDA]], [[Amani National Congress|ANC]], [[Forum for the Restoration of Democracy – Kenya|FORD–K]], [[United Democratic Movement (Kenya)|UDM]], [[The Service Party|TSP]], [[Maendeleo Chap Chap Party|MCC]], [[United Party of Independent Alliance|UPIA]], [[United Progressive Alliance (Kenya)|UPA]], [[Chama Cha Kazi|CCK]], [[Democratic Party (Kenya)|DP]], [[Grand Dream Development Party|GDDP]], [[Movement for Democracy and Growth|MDG]])<hr/>[[Azimio la Umoja|Azimio]] ([[Orange Democratic Movement|ODM]], [[Jubilee Party|Jubilee]], [[Wiper Democratic Movement – Kenya|WDM–K]], [[Democratic Action Party (Kenya)|DAP–K]], [[Kenya African National Union|KANU]], [[Kenya Union Party|KUP]], [[National Ordinary People Empowerment Union|NOPEU]], [[National Agenda Party (Kenya)|NAP–K]], [[United Democratic Party (Kenya)|UDP]])
|[[2022 Kenyan general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Kiribati}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Tobwaan Kiribati Party]]'''<hr/>[[Boutokaan Kiribati Moa Party]]
| [[2024 Kiribati parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]] {{nowrap|[[2024 Kiribati presidential election|2024 (presidential)]]}}
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|North Korea|name=Korea (DPRK)}}
| style=background:#faa | [[One-party state|One-party]]
| '''[[Workers' Party of Korea]]''', other minor parties ([[Korean Social Democratic Party|KSDP]], [[Chondoist Chongu Party]])
| [[2019 North Korean parliamentary election|2019 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|South Korea|name=Korea (ROK)}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)|Democratic Party]]'''<hr/>[[People Power Party (South Korea)|People Power Party]], [[Rebuilding Korea Party|Rebuilding Korea]], [[New Reform Party (South Korea)|New Reform]], [[Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)|Progressive Party]], [[Basic Income Party|BIP]], [[Social Democratic Party (South Korea)|SDP]]
| [[2025 South Korean presidential election|2025 (presidential)]] [[2024 South Korean legislative election|2024 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Kuwait}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2024 Kuwaiti general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Kyrgyzstan}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Mekenchil]]''', [[Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan]], [[Ishenim]], [[Yntymak (political party)|Yntymak]]<hr/>[[Eldik]], [[Alliance (Kyrgyz political party)|Alliance]], [[United Kyrgyzstan]], [[Light of Faith (political party)|Light of Faith]], [[Social Democrats (Kyrgyzstan)|SDK]], [[Party of Veterans of the Afghan War|Afghans' Party]]
| [[2021 Kyrgyz presidential election|2021 (presidential)]] [[2025 Kyrgyz parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Laos}}
| style=background:#faa | [[One-party state|One-party]]
| '''[[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]]'''
| [[2021 Laotian parliamentary election|2021 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Latvia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[New Unity]], [[Union of Greens and Farmers]], [[The Progressives (Latvia)|The Progressives]]'''<hr>[[United List (Latvia)|United List]], [[National Alliance (Latvia)|National Alliance]], [[For Stability!]], [[Latvia First]]
| [[2022 Latvian parliamentary election|2022 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Lebanon}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| Acting gov't: '''[[Free Patriotic Movement|FPM]], [[Amal Movement|Amal]], [[Hezbollah]], [[Progressive Socialist Party|PSP]], [[Marada Movement|Marada]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon|ARF]], [[Al-Ahbash]], [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region|Ba'ath]], [[Union Party (Lebanon)|UP]], [[Islamic Group (Lebanon)|JI]]'''<hr>[[Lebanese Forces|LF]], [[Kataeb Party|Kataeb]], [[Taqaddom (Lebanon)|Taqaddom]], [[Independence Movement (Lebanon)|Al Haraka]], [[Tahalof Watani]], [[ReLebanon]], [[Khatt Ahmar]], [[Lana (political party)|Lana]], [[Osos Lebanon|Osos]], [[National Dialogue Party|NDP]], [[Popular Nasserist Organization|PNO]]
| [[2022 Lebanese general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Lesotho}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Revolution for Prosperity]], [[Basotho Action Party|BAP]], [[Alliance of Democrats (Lesotho)|AD]], [[Movement for Economic Change|MEC]], [[Lesotho Congress for Democracy|LCD]]''', [[Lesotho People's Congress|LPC]], [[HOPE – Mphatlalatsane|HOPE]]<hr>[[Democratic Congress]], [[All Basotho Convention|ABC]], [[Socialist Revolutionaries (Lesotho)|SR]], [[Basotho National Party|BNP]], [[Popular Front for Democracy|PFD]], [[Basotho Covenant Movement|BCM]], [[Mpulule Political Summit|MPS]], [[National Independent Party|NIP]], [[United For Change|UFC]], [[Basotho Patriotic Party|BPP]]
| [[2022 Lesotho general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Liberia}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Unity Party (Liberia)|Unity Party]]'''<hr>[[Congress for Democratic Change]], other small parties
| [[2023 Liberian general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Libya}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''[[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]], [[Government of National Stability]]'''<hr/>Independents
| [[2014 Libyan parliamentary election|2014 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Liechtenstein}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
|'''[[Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)|Patriotic Union]], [[Progressive Citizens' Party]]'''<hr/>[[Free List (Liechtenstein)|Free List]], [[Democrats for Liechtenstein]]
| [[2025 Liechtenstein general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Lithuania}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Social Democratic Party of Lithuania|LSDP]], [[Dawn of Nemunas]], [[Union of Democrats "For Lithuania"|DSVL]]'''<hr/>[[Homeland Union|TS–LKD]], [[Liberals' Movement (Lithuania)|LS]], [[Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union|LVŽS]], [[Labour Party (Lithuania)|DP]], [[Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance|LLRA–KŠS]], [[National Alliance (Lithuania)|NS]], [[Freedom and Justice]]
| [[2024 Lithuanian parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]] {{nowrap|[[2024 Lithuanian presidential election|2024 (presidential)]]}}
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Luxembourg}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Christian Social People's Party]], [[Democratic Party (Luxembourg)|Democratic Party]]'''<hr/>[[Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party|LSAP]], [[Alternative Democratic Reform Party|ADR]], [[The Greens (Luxembourg)|The Greens]], [[Pirate Party Luxembourg|Pirate Party]], [[The Left (Luxembourg)|The Left]]
| [[2023 Luxembourg general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Madagascar}}
| style=background:#EAD4AF | [[Military junta]]
| '''[[CAPSAT]]''' ''(civilian government suspended)''
| [[2025 Malagasy coup d'état]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Malawi}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]], independents'''<hr/>[[Malawi Congress Party|MCP]], [[United Transformation Movement|UTM]], [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|UDF]], [[Alliance for Democracy (Malawi)|AFORD]], [[People's Party (Malawi)|People's Party]]
| {{nowrap|[[2025 Malawian general election|2025 (general)]]}}
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Malaysia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]''' ([[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|PKR]], [[Democratic Action Party|DAP]], [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|Amanah]], [[United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation|UPKO]]), '''[[Barisan Nasional|BN]]''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]], [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]], [[Malaysian Indian Congress|MIC]], [[Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah|PBRS]]), '''[[Gabungan Parti Sarawak|GPS]]''' ([[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]], [[Parti Rakyat Sarawak|PRS]], [[Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)|PDP]], [[Sarawak United Peoples' Party|SUPP]]), '''[[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah|GRS]]''' ([[Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah|GAGASAN RAKYAT]], [[United Sabah Party|PBS]], [[Homeland Solidarity Party|STAR]], [[Sabah People's Hope Party|PHRS]], [[United Sabah National Organisation (New)|USNO]], [[Liberal Democratic Party (Malaysia)|LDP-Sabah]], [[Sabah Progressive Party|SAPP]], [[Love Sabah Party|PCS]]), [[Heritage Party (Malaysia)|Warisan]], [[Social Democratic Harmony Party|KDM]], [[Parti Bangsa Malaysia|PBM]]<hr/>[[Perikatan Nasional|PN]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]], [[Malaysian United Indigenous Party|BERSATU]], [[Malaysian Indian People's Party|MIPP]], [[Malaysian People's Movement Party|GERAKAN RAKYAT]]), [[Malaysian United Democratic Alliance|MUDA]]
|[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Maldives}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[People's National Congress (Maldives)|People's National Congress]]'''<hr>[[Maldivian Democratic Party]], [[Maldives Development Alliance|MDA]], [[Jumhooree Party]], [[Maldives National Party|MNP]], [[Adhaalath Party]], [[Maldives Labour and Social Democratic Party|MLSDP]]
| [[2023 Maldivian presidential election|2023 (presidential)]] [[2024 Maldivian parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Mali}}
| style=background:#EAD4AF | [[Military junta]]
| '''[[Malian Armed Forces]]''' ''(civilian government suspended)''
| [[2021 Malian coup d'état|2021 coup d'état]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Malta}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Labour Party (Malta)|Labour Party]]'''<hr/>[[Nationalist Party (Malta)|Nationalist Party]]
| [[2022 Maltese general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Marshall Islands}}}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''Independents ([[United Democratic Party (Marshall Islands)|Pro-Heine]])'''<hr>Independents ([[Aelon̄ Kein Ad|Pro-Kabua]])
| [[2023 Marshallese general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Mauritania}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Equity Party (Mauritania)|Equity Party]], [[National Democratic Alliance (Mauritania)|AND]], [[El Islah]]''', [[Union for Democracy and Progress|UDP]], [[El Karama]], [[Nida El Watan]], [[Mauritanian Party of Union and Change|HATEM]], [[Party of Conciliation and Prosperity|HIWAR]], [[El Vadila]]<hr>[[National Rally for Reform and Development|Tewassoul]], [[Hope Mauritania]], [[Democratic Alternation Pole|Sawab–RAG]], [[Alliance for Justice and Democracy/Movement for Renewal|AJD/MR]], [[State of Justice Coalition|State of Justice]]
| [[2024 Mauritanian presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2023 Mauritanian parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Mauritius}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Alliance du Changement]] ([[Labour Party (Mauritius)|Labour Party]], [[Mauritian Militant Movement|MMM]], [[New Democrats (Mauritius)|New Democrats]], [[Rezistans ek Alternativ (Mauritius)|ReA]])''', [[Rodrigues People's Organisation|OPR]], [[Alliance Liberation]]<hr>[[Militant Socialist Movement]], [[Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate|Social Democratic Party]]
| [[2024 Mauritian general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Mexico}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Morena (political party)|Morena]], [[Ecologist Green Party of Mexico|Ecologist Green Party]], [[Labor Party (Mexico)|Labor Party]]'''<hr/>[[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]], [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]], [[Citizens' Movement (Mexico)|Citizens' Movement]]
|[[2024 Mexican general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|Elections and parties in|Micronesia}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2025 Micronesian general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Moldova}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Party of Action and Solidarity]]'''<hr/>[[Bloc of Communists and Socialists]] ([[Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova|PSRM]], [[Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova|PCRM]]), [[Victory (political bloc)|Victory]] ([[Șor Party|ȘOR]]–Independents, [[Revival Party (Moldova)|Revival]]), [[National Alternative Movement|MAN]]
| [[2025 Moldovan parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]] [[2024 Moldovan presidential election|2024 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Monaco}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Monegasque National Union|UNM]]''' ([[Priorité Monaco]], [[Horizon Monaco]], [[Union Monégasque]])<hr/>''No parliamentary opposition''; [[New Ideas for Monaco]]
| [[2023 Monegasque general election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Mongolia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Mongolian People's Party]], [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]], [[HUN Party]]'''<hr/>[[National Coalition (Mongolia)|National Coalition]] ([[Mongolian Green Party|Green Party]], [[Mongolian National Democratic Party (2005)|MNDP]], [[Mongolian Liberal Democratic Party|MLDP]]), [[Civil Will–Green Party]]
| [[2021 Mongolian presidential election|2021 (presidential)]] [[2024 Mongolian parliamentary election|2024 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Montenegro}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Europe Now!|Europe Now]], [[For the Future of Montenegro|ZBCG]] ([[New Serb Democracy|NSD]], [[Democratic People's Party (Montenegro)|DNP]]), [[Democratic Montenegro|Democrats]], [[Bosniak Party|BS]], [[Socialist People's Party of Montenegro|SNP]], [[Albanian Alternative|ASh]]''', [[United Montenegro|UCG]], [[Civis (Montenegro)|Civic]], {{ill|Democratic League of Albanians|sq|Lidhja Demokratike Shqiptare|lt=LDSh}}, [[New Democratic Force (Montenegro)|FORCA]], [[Democratic Union of Albanians|UDSh]]<hr>[[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro|Democratic Party of Socialists]], [[United Reform Action]], [[Social Democrats of Montenegro|Social Democrats]], [[Croatian Civic Initiative|HGI]]
| [[2023 Montenegrin presidential election|2023 (presidential)]] [[2023 Montenegrin parliamentary election|2023 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Morocco}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[National Rally of Independents]], [[Authenticity and Modernity Party]], [[Istiqlal Party]]'''<hr>[[Socialist Union of Popular Forces]], [[Popular Movement (Morocco)|Popular Movement]], [[Constitutional Union (Morocco)|UC]]–[[Democratic and Social Movement (Morocco)|MDS]], [[Party of Progress and Socialism|PPS]], [[Justice and Development Party (Morocco)|PJD]], [[Front of Democratic Forces|FFD]], [[Unified Socialist Party (Morocco)|PSU]], [[Federation of the Democratic Left|AFG]]
| [[2021 Moroccan general election|2021 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Mozambique}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[FRELIMO]]'''<hr/>[[Optimist Party for the Development of Mozambique|PODEMOS]], [[RENAMO]], [[Democratic Movement of Mozambique|MDM]]
| [[2024 Mozambican general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Myanmar}}
| style=background:#EAD4AF | [[Military junta]]
| '''[[Tatmadaw]]''' ''(civilian government suspended)'', '''[[Union Solidarity and Development Party|USDP]], [[People's Pioneer Party|PPP]]''', [[National Democratic Force|NDF]], [[Kayin People's Party|KPP]], [[Pa-O National Organisation|PNO]], [[Zomi Congress for Democracy|ZCD]], [[Mon Unity Party|MUP]]<hr>''De jure'' no opposition. General elections suspended due to ongoing [[Myanmar civil war (2021-present)|civil war]].{{efn|All opposition parties against the Junta were banned. Former ruling party [[National League for Democracy]], which was overthrown by the military coup in 2021 formed [[National Unity Government of Myanmar|National Unity Government]] with small minor parties, allied with [[List of ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar|anti-government armed groups]] and revolted against the Junta caused the civil war.}}
| [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état|2021 coup d'état]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Namibia}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[SWAPO]]'''<hr/>[[Independent Patriots for Change|IPC]], [[Affirmative Repositioning|AR]], [[Popular Democratic Movement|PDM]], [[Landless People's Movement (Namibia)|LPM]], [[United Democratic Front (Namibia)|UDF]], [[Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters|NEFF]], [[SWANU]], [[Republican Party (Namibia)|RP]], [[National Unity Democratic Organisation|NUDO]], [[All People's Party (Namibia)|APP]], [[National Democratic Party (Namibia)|NDP]], [[Body of Christ Party|BCP]]
| [[2024 Namibian general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Nauru}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
|[[2025 Nauruan parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Nepal}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Nepali Congress|NC]], [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|CPN (UML)]], [[People's Socialist Party (Nepal, 2024)|PSP]], [[Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal|LSP-N]], [[Nagrik Unmukti Party|NUP]]''', [[Janamat Party|Janamat]], [[People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)|PSP-N]]<hr>[[Socialist Front (Nepal)|Socialist Front]] ([[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (MC)]], [[Rastriya Swatantra Party|RSP]], [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)|CPN (US)]], [[Nepal Socialist Party|NSP]]), [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party|RPP]], [[Aam Janata Party|AJP]], [[Nepal Workers Peasants Party|NWPP]], [[Rastriya Janamorcha|RJM]]
| [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Netherlands}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Democrats 66|D66]], [[Christian Democratic Appeal|CDA]], [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]]''',<hr/>[[GroenLinks–PvdA|GL/PvdA]], [[Party for Freedom|PVV]], [[Farmer–Citizen Movement|BBB]], [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|SP]], [[Forum for Democracy|FvD]], [[Party for the Animals|PvdD]], [[Reformed Political Party|SGP]], [[Christian Union (Netherlands)|CU]], [[Denk (political party)|DENK]], [[Volt Netherlands|Volt]], [[JA21]], [[50PLUS]], [[Independent Politics Netherlands|OPNL]]
| [[2025 Dutch general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|New Zealand}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[New Zealand National Party|National Party]]''', '''[[ACT New Zealand]]''', '''[[New Zealand First]]'''<hr/>[[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] (official opposition), [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Green Party]], [[Te Pāti Māori]]
| [[2023 New Zealand general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Nicaragua}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Sandinista National Liberation Front]]''', [[YATAMA]]<hr/>[[Constitutionalist Liberal Party]], [[Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance|ALN]], [[Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua)|PLI]], [[Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path|CCN]], [[Alliance for the Republic (Nicaragua)|APRE]]
| [[2021 Nicaraguan general election|2021 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Niger}}
| style=background:#EAD4AF | [[Military junta]]
| '''[[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|CSNP]]''' ''(civilian government suspended)'', [[M62 Movement]]
| [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|2023 coup d'état]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Nigeria}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[All Progressives Congress]]'''<hr/>[[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] (official opposition), [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]], [[New Nigeria People's Party|NNPP]], [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]], [[African Democratic Congress|ADC]], [[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|SDP]], [[Young Progressives Party|YPP]], [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)|ADP]]
| [[2023 Nigerian general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|North Macedonia}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Your Macedonia]]''' ('''[[VMRO-DPMNE]], [[Socialist Party of Macedonia|SPM]], [[Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia|DPSM]]'''), '''[[VLEN Coalition|VLEN]] '''('''[[Alliance for Albanians|ASh]], [[Besa Movement|Besa]]''', [[Democratic Movement (North Macedonia)|LD]], '''[[Alternative (North Macedonia)|AAA]]''', [[Vetëvendosje|LVV]]), '''[[For Our Macedonia|ZNAM]]'''<hr>[[For a European Future]] ([[Social Democratic Union of Macedonia|SDSM]], [[New Social Democratic Party|NSDP]], [[Liberal Democratic Party (North Macedonia)|LDP]]), [[European Front]] ([[Democratic Union for Integration|BDI]], [[Alliance for Albanians|ASh]], [[People's Movement (North Macedonia)|LP]], [[Democratic Party of Turks|TDP]], [[Turks Movement for Rights and Democracy|THDH]]), [[The Left (North Macedonia)|Levica]], [[Democratic Party of Albanians|PDSh]]
| [[2024 North Macedonian presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2024 North Macedonian parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Norway}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]], [[Centre Party (Norway)|Centre Party]]'''<hr/>[[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]], [[Progress Party (Norway)|FrP]], [[Socialist Left Party (Norway)|SV]], [[Liberal Party (Norway)|Liberal Party]], [[Red Party (Norway)|Red Party]], [[Christian Democratic Party (Norway)|KrF]], [[Green Party (Norway)|Green Party]], [[Patient Focus (Norway)|Patient Focus]]
| [[2025 Norwegian parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Oman}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' (''no political parties'')
|[[2023 Omani general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Pakistan}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]], [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM-P]], [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML (Q)]], [[Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party|IPP]]''', [[Pakistan People's Party|PPP]], [[Balochistan Awami Party|BAP]], [[National Party (Pakistan)|NP]], [[Pakistan Muslim League (Z)|PML-Z]], [[Awami National Party|ANP]]<hr>[[Tehreek Tahafuz Ayin]] ([[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]], [[Sunni Ittehad Council|SIC]], [[Balochistan National Party (Mengal)|BNP-M]], [[Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen|MWM]], [[Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party|PMAP]] [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|JI]], [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)|JUI (F)]]), [[Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan|TLP]]), [[Awaam Pakistan|AP]]),
| [[2024 Pakistani general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Palau}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2024 Palauan general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Panama}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Realizing Goals]], [[Alliance Party (Panama)|Alliance Party]]''', [[Democratic Revolutionary Party|PRD]], [[Democratic Change (Panama)|CD]], [[Panameñista Party|Panameñista]], [[Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement|MOLIRENA]], [[People's Party (Panama)|PP]]<hr>[[Coalición Vamos]], [[Another Way Movement]]
| [[2024 Panamanian general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Papua New Guinea}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Pangu Pati|Pangu]]''', [[United Resources Party|URP]], [[National Alliance Party (Papua New Guinea)|NA]], [[People's Party (Papua New Guinea)|People's]], [[Social Democratic Party (Papua New Guinea)|SDP]], [[People's First Party (Papua New Guinea)|PFP]], [[Papua New Guinea Party|PNGP]], [[United Labour Party (Papua New Guinea)|ULP]], [[Advance PNG Party|Advance]], [[National Party (Papua New Guinea)|National]], [[Allegiance Party (Papua New Guinea)|AP]], [[Papua New Guinea Greens|Green]], [[Liberal Party (Papua New Guinea)|Liberal]], [[Melanesian Alliance Party|MAP]], [[New Generation Party (Papua New Guinea)|NGP]], [[Our Development Party|ODP]], [[People's Labour Party (Papua New Guinea)|PLP]], [[People's Movement for Change|PMC]], [[People's Progress Party|PPP]], [[People's Reform Party (Papua New Guinea)|PRP]], [[Papua New Guinea Destiny Party|Destiny]], [[Triumph Heritage Empowerment Party|THE]]<hr>[[People's National Congress (Papua New Guinea)|People's National Congress Party]]
| [[2022 Papua New Guinean general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Paraguay}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Colorado Party (Paraguay)|Colorado Party]]'''<hr/>[[Authentic Radical Liberal Party]], [[National Crusade Party|National Crusade]], [[Yo Creo]], [[National Encounter Party|PEN]], [[Beloved Fatherland Party|PPQ]], [[Party for a Country of Solidarity|PPS]], [[Guasú Front]], [[Progressive Democratic Party (Paraguay)|PDP]]
| [[2023 Paraguayan general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Peru}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| ''Non-partisan government''; [[Popular Force]], [[Alliance for Progress (Peru)|Alliance for Progress]], [[Podemos Perú]], [[Free Peru]], [[Popular Action (Peru)|Popular Action]], [[Magisterial Bloc of National Concertation|Magisterial Bloc]], [[We Are Peru]]<hr>[[Popular Renewal]], [[Together for Peru]], [[Go on Country – Social Integration Party (2017)|Avanza País]], [[Socialist Bloc (Peru)|Socialist Bloc]], [[Popular Democratic Bloc]], [[Honor and Democracy]], [[First The People – Community, Ecology, Liberty, and Progress|First The People]]
| [[2021 Peruvian general election|2021 (general)]] [[2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt|2022 crisis]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Philippines}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Alyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas]] ([[Partido Federal ng Pilipinas|PFP]], [[Lakas–CMD]], [[National Unity Party (Philippines)|NUP]], [[Nationalist People's Coalition|NPC]], [[Nacionalista Party|Nacionalista]])'''<hr>[[Partido Demokratiko Pilipino|PDP]], [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]], [[Akbayan]], [[Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino|KNP]], [[Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino|LDP]], [[Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino|PMP]], [[People's Reform Party|PRP]], [[United Nationalist Alliance|UNA]], [[Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines|CDP]], [[Aksyon Demokratiko|Aksyon]], [[Makabayan]] ([[Alliance of Concerned Teachers|ACT Teachers]], [[Kabataan]])
| [[2025 Philippine general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Poland}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Civic Coalition (Poland)|KO]] ([[Civic Platform|PO]], [[Modern (political party)|.N]], [[Polish Initiative|IPL]], [[The Greens (Poland)|PZ]], [[Yes! For Poland|T!DPL]], [[AGROunia|AU]], [[Independent politician|Ip]]), [[Third Way (Poland)|TD]] ([[Polish Coalition|KP]], [[Poland 2050|PL2050]], [[Centre for Poland|CdP]], [[Independent politician|Ip]]), [[The Left (Poland)|The Left]] ([[New Left (Poland)|NL]], [[Labour Union (Poland)|UP]], [[Polish Socialist Party|PPS]], [[Independent politician|Ip]])'''<hr/>[[United Right (Poland)|United Right]] ([[Law and Justice (Poland)|PiS]], [[OdNowa RP]], [[Independent politician|Ip]]), [[Confederation Liberty and Independence|Confederation]] ([[New Hope (Poland)|NN]], [[National Movement (Poland)|RN]], [[Independent politician|Ip]]), [[Partia Razem|Razem]], [[Free Republicans]], ([[Kukiz'15]], [[Freedom and Prosperity (Poland)|WiD]]), [[Confederation of the Polish Crown]]
| nowrap| [[2025 Polish presidential election|2025 (presidential)]] [[2023 Polish parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Portugal}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)|Democratic Alliance]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]], [[CDS – People's Party]])'''<hr/>[[Chega (political party)|Chega]], [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]], [[Liberal Initiative|IL]], [[LIVRE]], [[Portuguese Communist Party|PCP]], [[Left Bloc (Portugal)|Left Bloc]], [[People Animals Nature|PAN]]
| [[2025 Portuguese legislative election|2025 (parliament)]] [[2026 Portuguese presidential election|2026 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Qatar}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
|[[2021 Qatari general election|2021 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Romania}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|PSD]]''', '''[[National Liberal Party (Romania)|PNL]]''', '''[[Save Romania Union|USR]]''', '''[[Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania|UDMR/RMDSZ]]''', [[Romanian ethnic minority parties|Ethnic minority parties]]<hr>[[Alliance for the Union of Romanians|AUR]], [[S.O.S. Romania|SOS RO]], [[Party of Young People|POT]]
| {{nowrap|[[2025 Romanian presidential election|2025 (presidential)]]}} [[2024 Romanian parliamentary election|2024 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Russia}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[United Russia]], [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia|LDPR]]''' (incl. [[Rodina (political party)|Rodina]] and [[Civic Platform (Russia)|Civic Platform]]), [[A Just Russia – For Truth]]<hr/>[[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Communist Party]] (incl. [[Movement in Support of the Army|DPA]], [[For a New Socialism|DNZS]] and [[Left Front (Russia)|Left Front]]), [[New People (political party)|New People]]
| [[2024 Russian presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2021 Russian legislative election|2021 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Rwanda}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Rwandan Patriotic Front]]'''<hr/>[[Liberal Party (Rwanda)|Liberal Party]], [[Social Democratic Party (Rwanda)|Social Democratic Party]], [[Ideal Democratic Party]], [[Democratic Green Party of Rwanda|DGPR]], [[Social Party Imberakuri|PSI]]
| [[2024 Rwandan general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Saint Kitts and Nevis|name=Saint Kitts and Nevis}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party]]'''<hr/>[[Concerned Citizens' Movement]], [[People's Labour Party (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|People's Labour Party]], [[People's Action Movement]]
| [[2022 Saint Kitts and Nevis general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Saint Lucia}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Saint Lucia Labour Party]]'''<hr/>[[United Workers Party (Saint Lucia)|United Workers Party]]
| [[2025 Saint Lucian general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|name=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[New Democratic Party (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|New Democratic Party]]'''<hr/>[[Unity Labour Party]]
| [[2025 Vincentian general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Samoa}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Faʻatuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi]]'''<hr/>[[Human Rights Protection Party]], [[Samoa Uniting Party]]
| [[2025 Samoan general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|San Marino}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party]], [[Libera San Marino|Libera]]–[[Socialist Party (San Marino)|PS]], [[Party of Socialists and Democrats|PSD]], [[Reformist Alliance (San Marino)|Reformist Alliance]]'''<hr>[[Future Republic]], [[Domani Motus Liberi]], [[RETE Movement]]
| [[2024 San Marino general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|São Tomé and Príncipe|name=São Tomé and Príncipe}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Independent Democratic Action]]'''<hr>[[Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party|MLSTP/PSD]], [[Movement of Independent Citizens of São Tomé and Príncipe – Socialist Party|MCI/PS]]-[[National Unity Party (São Tomé and Príncipe)|PUN]], [[Basta (São Tomé and Príncipe)|Basta]]
| [[2021 São Toméan presidential election|2021 (presidential)]] [[2022 São Toméan legislative election|2022 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Saudi Arabia}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| ''No elections''
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Senegal}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[PASTEF]], [[Awalé (political party)|Awalé]], [[Avenir Sénégal Bi Ñu Bëgg|Avenir Sénégal]], [[Movement for Renaissance, Freedom and Development|MRLD]], [[Sénégal En Tête|SET]]'''<hr>[[Takku Wallu Sénégal]] ([[Alliance for the Republic (Senegal)|APR]], [[Senegalese Democratic Party|PDS]], [[Rewmi]]), [[Sàmm sa Kàddu]] ([[Manko Taxawu Sénégal|MTS]], [[The Servants / MPR|LS/MPR]]), [[Jàmm ak Njariñ]] ([[Socialist Party of Senegal|PS]], [[Alliance of the Forces of Progress (Senegal)|AFP]]), [[Party for Unity and Rally|PUR]]
| [[2024 Senegalese presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2022 Senegalese parliamentary election|2022 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Serbia}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Serbia Must Not Stop|SNS coalition]]''' ('''[[Serbian Progressive Party|SPS]], [[Movement of Socialists|PS]], [[Serbian People's Party (2014)|SNP]]''', [[Serbian Renewal Movement|SPO]], [[People's Peasant Party|NSS]], [[Alliance of Social Democrats (Serbia)|SSD]]), '''[[Socialist Party of Serbia|SPS]], [[PUPS – Solidarity and Justice|PUPS]], [[Social Democratic Party of Serbia|SDPS]], [[Justice and Reconciliation Party|SPP]], [[Serbian Party Oathkeepers|SPO]], [[Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina|DSHV]]''', [[Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians|VMSZ]], [[United Serbia|JS]], [[Healthy Serbia|ZS]]–[[United Peasant Party|USS]]–[[Russian Party (Serbia)|RS]], [[Greens of Serbia|Zeleni]]<hr>[[Party of Freedom and Justice|PSS]], [[People's Movement of Serbia|NPS]]–[[New Face of Serbia|NLS]], [[National Democratic Alternative (Serbia)|NADA]] ([[New Democratic Party of Serbia|NDSS]], [[Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia|POKS]]), [[Green–Left Front|ZLF]], [[Serbia Centre|SRCE]], [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|DS]], [[We – Voice from the People|MI–GIN]], [[We – Power of the People|MI–SN]], [[Ecological Uprising|EU]], [[Movement of Free Citizens (Serbia)|PSG]]–[[Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak|SDAS]]–[[Party for Democratic Action|PVD]], [[United Trade Unions of Serbia "Sloga"|USS Sloga]]
| [[2023 Serbian parliamentary election|2023 (legislative)]] [[2022 Serbian general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Seychelles}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[United Seychelles]]'''<hr/>[[Linyon Demokratik Seselwa]]
| {{nowrap|[[2025 Seychellois general election|2025 (general)]]}}
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Sierra Leone}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Sierra Leone People's Party]]'''<hr>[[All People's Congress]]
| [[2023 Sierra Leonean general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Singapore}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[People's Action Party]]'''<hr/>[[Workers' Party (Singapore)|Workers' Party]], [[Progress Singapore Party]]
| [[2025 Singaporean general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Slovakia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Direction – Social Democracy|Smer]], [[Voice – Social Democracy|Hlas]], [[Slovak National Party]]''', [[National Coalition / Independent Candidates|NK/NEKA]]<hr>[[Progressive Slovakia]], [[Slovakia (political party)|S]]–[[Christian Union (Slovakia)|KÚ]]–[[For the People (Slovakia)|ZĽ]]–[[NOVA (Slovakia)|NOVA]], [[Freedom and Solidarity|SaS]] (incl. [[Civic Conservative Party (Slovakia)|OKS]]), [[Christian Democratic Movement|KDH]], [[Democrats (Slovakia)|Democrats]]
| [[2023 Slovak parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]] [[2024 Slovak presidential election|2024 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Slovenia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Freedom Movement (Slovenia)|Freedom Movement]], [[Social Democrats (Slovenia)|Social Democrats]], [[The Left (Slovenia)|The Left]]'''<hr>[[Slovenian Democratic Party]], [[New Slovenia]], [[Democrats (Slovenia)|Democrats]]
| [[2022 Slovenian parliamentary election|2022 (parliament)]] [[2022 Slovenian presidential election|2022 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Solomon Islands}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Ownership, Unity and Responsibility Party|OUR Party]], [[People First Party (Solomon Islands)|People First Party]], [[Kadere Party]]''', pro-government independents<hr>[[Solomon Islands Democratic Party|Democratic Party]], [[Solomon Islands United Party|United Party]], [[Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement|Party for Rural Advancement]], [[Umi for Change Party|Umi for Change]], [[Democratic Alliance Party (Solomon Islands)|Democratic Alliance Party]]
| [[2024 Solomon Islands general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Somalia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Union for Peace and Development Party]]'''<hr>[[Tayo (political party)|Tayo]], [[Himilo Qaran]], [[Kaah Political Association|Kaah]], [[Wadajir Party|Wadajir]], [[Ilays Party|Ilays]]
| [[2021–2022 Somali parliamentary election|2021–22 (parliament)]] [[2022 Somali presidential election|2022 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|South Africa}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[African National Congress]], [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]], [[Inkatha Freedom Party|IFP]], [[Patriotic Alliance|PA]], [[Freedom Front Plus|VF+]], [[United Democratic Movement|UDM]], [[Al Jama-ah]], [[Good (political party)|Good]], [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania|PAC]]''', [[Rise Mzansi|RISE]]<hr>[[Progressive Caucus (South Africa)|Progressive Caucus]] ([[uMkhonto weSizwe (political party)|MK Party]], [[Economic Freedom Fighters|EFF]], [[African Transformation Movement|ATM]], [[United Africans Transformation|UAT]]), [[ActionSA]], [[African Christian Democratic Party|ACDP]], [[Build One South Africa|BOSA]], [[National Coloured Congress|NCC]]
| [[2024 South African general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|South Sudan}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]]'''<hr/>[[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition|SPLM-in-Opposition]], [[South Sudan Opposition Alliance]]
| [[2010 South Sudanese general election|2010 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Spain}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]], [[Sumar (electoral platform)|Sumar]]''' {{small|(SMR, [[United Left (Spain)|IU]], [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]], [[Catalunya en Comú|CatComú]], [[Más Madrid|MM]], [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]], [[Chunta Aragonesista|CHA]], [[Més per Mallorca|Més]])}}, [[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], [[EH Bildu]], [[Basque Nationalist Party|EAJ/PNV]], [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]], [[Galician Nationalist Bloc|BNG]], [[Canarian Coalition|CCa]]<hr>[[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]], [[Vox (political party)|Vox]], [[Navarrese People's Union|UPN]]
| [[2023 Spanish general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Sri Lanka}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[National People's Power|NPP]]''' ('''[[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]]''')<hr/>[[Samagi Jana Balawegaya]], [[Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi|ITAK]], [[New Democratic Front (Sri Lanka)|NDF]], [[Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna|SLPP]], [[Sri Lanka Muslim Congress|SLMC]], [[Sarvajana Balaya|SB]], [[Democratic Tamil National Alliance|DTNA]], [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress|ACTC]], [[Sri Lanka Labour Party|SLLP]]
| [[2024 Sri Lankan presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Sudan}}
| style=background:#EAD4AF | [[Military junta]]
| [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Ongoing war]] between the '''[[Transitional Sovereignty Council]]''' and '''[[Government of Peace and Unity]]'''<hr>''Parliament dissolved'', [[Forces of Freedom and Change]], [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North#SPLM-N (al-Hilu)|SPLM–N (al-Hilu)]], [[SLM (al-Nur)]]
| [[2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy|Transition to democracy]] ''See also: [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Civil war]]''
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Suriname}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| [[National Democratic Party (Suriname)|National Democratic Party]], [[General Liberation and Development Party|ABOP]], [[National Party of Suriname|NPS]], [[Pertjajah Luhur]], [[Brotherhood and Unity in Politics|BEP]], [[Alternative 2020|A20]]<hr/>[[Progressive Reform Party (Suriname)|Progressive Reform Party]]
| [[2025 Surinamese general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Sweden}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Moderate Party]], [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Christian Democrats]], [[Liberals (Sweden)|Liberals]]''', [[Sweden Democrats]]<hr/>[[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]], [[Left Party (Sweden)|Left Party]], [[Centre Party (Sweden)|Centre Party]], [[Green Party (Sweden)|Green Party]]
| [[2022 Swedish general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Switzerland}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Swiss People's Party]], [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland|Social Democratic Party]], [[The Liberals (Switzerland)|FDP.The Liberals]], [[The Centre (political party)|The Centre]]'''<hr>[[Green Party of Switzerland|Green Party]], [[Green Liberal Party of Switzerland|Green Liberal Party]], [[Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland|Evangelical People's Party]], [[Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland|Federal Democratic Union]], [[Ticino League]], [[Geneva Citizens' Movement|MCG]]
| [[2023 Swiss federal election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Syria}}
| style=background:#EAD4AF | [[Syrian caretaker government|Transitional government]]
| '''[[Syrian transitional government|Transitional Government]] ([[Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham]])'''<hr>''No legislature formed'', [[Syrian Interim Government]], [[Syrian Democratic Forces]]
| ''None; see [[2024 Syrian opposition offensives|2024 offensives]]''
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Tajikistan}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan|People's Democratic Party]]''', [[Agrarian Party of Tajikistan|Agrarian Party]], [[Communist Party of Tajikistan|Communist Party]]<hr/> [[Party of Economic Reforms of Tajikistan|Party of Economic Reforms]], [[Democratic Party of Tajikistan|Democratic Party]], [[Socialist Party of Tajikistan|Socialist Party]]
| [[2020 Tajik presidential election|2020 (presidential)]] [[2025 Tajik parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Tanzania}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]]'''<hr/>[[Chadema]], [[Alliance for Change and Transparency|ACT–Wazalendo]], [[Civic United Front]]
| [[2025 Tanzanian general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flagicon|}}''{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Zanzibar}}''
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]]'''<hr/>[[Alliance for Change and Transparency|ACT–Wazalendo]], [[Alliance for Democratic Change|ADC]], [[Alliance for Tanzania Farmers Party|AFP]], [[Tanzania Democratic Alliance|TADEA]]
| [[2025 Zanzibari general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Thailand}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Pheu Thai Party|PTP]], [[Bhumjaithai Party|BJT]], [[United Thai Nation Party|UTN]], [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|DP]], [[Chart Thai Pattana Party|CTP]], [[Prachachat Party|Prachachat]], [[Kla Tham]], [[Chart Pattana Party (2007)|CPP]], [[Thai Ruam Palang Party|TRP]]''', [[Palang Pracharath Party|PPRP]]–[[Thamanat Prompow|T]], [[New Democracy Party (Thailand)|NDP]]<hr>[[People's Party (Thailand, 2024)|People's Party]], [[Palang Pracharath Party|PPRP]]–[[Prawit Wongsuwon|P]], [[Thai Sang Thai Party|TST]], [[Fair Party|FP]], [[Thai Progress Party|TPP]], [[Thai Liberal Party|TLP]]
| [[2023 Thai general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Togo}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Union for the Republic (Togo)|Union for the Republic]]'''<hr/>[[Alliance of Democrats for Integral Development|ADDI]], [[National Alliance for Change|ANC]], [[Dynamic for the Majority of the People|DMP]], [[Democratic Forces for the Republic|FDR]]
| [[2025 Togolese presidential election|2025 (presidential)]] [[2024 Togolese parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Tonga}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''Independents'''<hr/>Opposition independents
| [[2025 Tongan general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Trinidad and Tobago|name=Trinidad and Tobago}}}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[United National Congress]]'''<hr/>[[People's National Movement]], [[Tobago People's Party]]
| [[2025 Trinidad and Tobago general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flagicon|}}''{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Tobago}}''
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Tobago People's Party]]'''<hr>[[Progressive Democratic Patriots]], [[Tobago Council of the People's National Movement|Tobago Council of the PNM]]
| [[December 2021 Tobago House of Assembly election|2021 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Tunisia}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| ''Non-partisan government''; [[25th of July Movement]], [[Voice of the Republic]]<hr/>[[People's Movement (Tunisia)|People's Movement]], [[Democratic Patriots' Unified Party]]
| nowrap | [[2024 Tunisian presidential election|2024 (president)]] [[2022–23 Tunisian parliamentary election|2022–23 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Turkey}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]]''', [[Nationalist Movement Party]], [[Free Cause Party|HÜDA PAR]], [[Democratic Left Party (Turkey)|DSP]]<hr/>[[Republican People's Party|CHP]], [[Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party|DEM]], [[Good Party|İYİ]], [[Felicity Party|Saadet]]–[[Future Party (Turkey)|Gelecek]], [[Democracy and Progress Party|DEVA]], [[New Welfare Party|YRP]], [[Democrat Party (Turkey, current)|DP]], [[Workers' Party of Turkey (2017)|TİP]], [[Democratic Regions Party|DBP]], [[Labour Party (Turkey)|EMEP]]
| [[2023 Turkish presidential election|2023 (president)]] [[2023 Turkish parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Turkmenistan}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Democratic Party of Turkmenistan]]''', [[Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan|Agrarian Party]], [[Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan|TSTP]]<hr/>''No parliamentary opposition''
| nowrap | [[2023 Turkmen parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]] [[2022 Turkmenistan presidential election|2022 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Tuvalu}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2024 Tuvaluan general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Uganda}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[National Resistance Movement]]'''<hr/>[[National Unity Platform]], [[Forum for Democratic Change|FDC]], [[Democratic Party (Uganda)|Democratic Party]], [[Uganda People's Congress|UPC]], [[Justice Forum]], [[People's Progressive Party (Uganda)|PPP]]
| [[2026 Ugandan general election|2026 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Ukraine}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Servant of the People]]''', [[Platform for Life and Peace]], [[For the Future (political party)|For the Future]], [[Dovira]]<hr/>[[European Solidarity]], [[Batkivshchyna]], [[Holos (political party)|Holos]], [[Restoration of Ukraine]], [[Svoboda (political party)|Svoboda]]
| [[2019 Ukrainian presidential election|2019 (president)]] [[2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election|2019 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|United Arab Emirates|name=United Arab Emirates}}}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2023 Emirati parliamentary election|2023 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|United Kingdom}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]''' (incl. [[Labour and Co-operative Party|Labour Co-op]]) <hr/>[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] (opposition), [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Lib Dems]], [[Scottish National Party|SNP]], [[Sinn Féin]], [[Independent Alliance (UK)|IA]], [[Reform UK]], [[Green Party of England and Wales|GPEW]], [[Plaid Cymru|Plaid]], [[Social Democratic and Labour Party|SDLP]], [[Alliance Party of Northern Ireland|Alliance]], [[Traditional Unionist Voice|TUV]], [[Ulster Unionist Party|UUP]], [[Your Party (UK)|Your]]
| [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flagicon|}}{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Northern Ireland}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
|'''[[Sinn Féin]], [[Democratic Unionist Party|DUP]], [[Alliance Party of Northern Ireland|Alliance]], [[Ulster Unionist Party|UUP]]'''<hr>[[Social Democratic and Labour Party|SDLP]], [[Traditional Unionist Voice|TUV]], [[People Before Profit]]
| [[2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election|2022 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flagicon|}}{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Scotland}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Scottish National Party]]'''<hr/>[[Scottish Conservatives]], [[Scottish Labour]], [[Scottish Greens]], [[Scottish Liberal Democrats]], [[Alba Party]]
| [[2021 Scottish Parliament election|2021 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flagicon|}}{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Wales}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Welsh Labour]]'''<hr/>[[Welsh Conservatives]] (official opposition), [[Plaid Cymru]], [[Welsh Liberal Democrats]]
| [[2021 Senedd election|2021 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|United States}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]'''<hr/>[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]
| [[2024 United States elections|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Uruguay}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Broad Front (Uruguay)|Broad Front]]'''<hr/>[[Republican Coalition]] ([[National Party (Uruguay)|PN]], [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|PC]], [[Cabildo Abierto|CA]], [[Independent Party (Uruguay)|PI]]), [[Sovereign Identity]]
| [[2024 Uruguayan general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Uzbekistan}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]{{efn|All registered parties in Uzbekistan are not in opposition to the current government of President [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]<ref>https://apnews.com/article/uzbekistan-election-vote-central-asia-opposition-f748a66904c4c617d9d0288f5e6f46ca
Polls close in Uzbekistan’s parliamentary election held without real opposition</ref>}}
| '''Democratic bloc ([[Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party|Liberal Democratic Party]], [[Milliy Tiklanish]])'''<hr/>[[People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan|People's Democratic Party]], [[Justice Social Democratic Party|Adolat]], [[Ecological Party of Uzbekistan|Ecological Party]]
| nowrap | [[2023 Uzbek presidential election|2023 (presidential)]] [[2024 Uzbek parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Vanuatu}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Leaders Party of Vanuatu|LPV]], [[Iauko Group]], [[Vanua'aku Pati]], [[Land and Justice Party|GJP]], [[Reunification Movement for Change|RMC]]'''<hr/>[[Union of Moderate Parties|UMP]], [[Rural Development Party (Vanuatu)|RDP]], [[Laverwo Party|Laverwo]], [[People's Progressive Party (Vanuatu)|PPP]], [[Nagriamel]], [[Ngwasoanda Custom Movement|NCM]], [[Vanuatu Progressive Development Party|VPDP]]
| [[2025 Vanuatuan general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Vatican City}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2025 papal conclave|2025 (papal conclave)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Venezuela}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Great Patriotic Pole|GPPSB]]''' ('''[[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|PSUV]]''', [[Fatherland for All|PPT]], [[Tupamaro (Venezuela)|Tupamaro]], [[Movement We Are Venezuela|MSV]], [[For Social Democracy|PODEMOS]], [[Alliance for Change (Venezuela)|APC]], [[People's Electoral Movement (Venezuela)|MEP]], [[Authentic Renewal Organization|ORA]], [[Venezuelan Popular Unity|UPP]])<hr/>[[Unitary Platform|PUD]] ([[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|AD]], [[Copei]], [[Un Nuevo Tiempo|UNT]], [[Popular Will|VP]], [[Justice First|PJ]], [[Movimiento por Venezuela|MPV]], [[National Convergence|Convergencia]], [[Citizen Encounter|EC]], [[Radical Cause|La Causa Я]], [[Project Venezuela|PRVZL]]
| [[2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election|2020 (parliament)]] [[2024 Venezuelan presidential election|2024 (presidential)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Vietnam}}
| style=background:#faa | [[One-party state|One-party]]
| '''[[Communist Party of Vietnam]]''', [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front|Fatherland Front]] || [[2021 Vietnamese legislative election|2021 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Yemen}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[General People's Congress (Yemen)|General People's Congress]]'''{{efn|Competing factions of the General People's Congress are in charge of different parts of the country in the course of the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|ongoing civil war]]. In North Yemen, the [[Houthi movement]]-aligned faction loyal to party founder [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] only partially shares power with the movement.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Tawfeek al-Ganad |title=Weak and Divided, the General People's Congress Turns 40 |url=https://sanaacenter.org/publications/analysis/18710 |website=Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies |access-date=11 February 2023 |location=[[Sanaa]] |date=20 September 2022}}</ref>}}<hr/>[[Al-Islah (Yemen)|Al-Islah]], [[Yemeni Socialist Party]], [[Nasserist Unionist People's Organisation]], [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region|Ba'ath Party]]
| [[2012 Yemeni presidential election|2012 (presidential)]] [[2003 Yemeni parliamentary election|2003 (parliament)]] ''See also [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|2014–2015 takeover]]''
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Zambia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[United Party for National Development]]'''<hr/>[[Patriotic Front (Zambia)|Patriotic Front]], [[Party of National Unity and Progress]]
| [[2021 Zambian general election|2021 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Zimbabwe}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[ZANU–PF]]'''<hr/>[[Citizens Coalition for Change]]
| [[2023 Zimbabwean general election|2023 (general)]]
|}

== Dependencies and subnational territories ==
{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left"
|-
!Country
! Territory !! [[Party system]] !! [[Ruling party]] or coalition <hr/> Other parties !! Last election
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|China}}
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Hong Kong}}}}
| style="background:#fe8" | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-Beijing camp]]''' ([[Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong|DAB]], [[Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions|FTU]], [[Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong|BPA]], [[New People's Party (Hong Kong)|NPP]], [[Liberal Party (Hong Kong)|LP]], [[Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers|FEW]], [[Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions|FLU]], [[Roundtable (Hong Kong)|Roundtable]], [[Professional Power|PP]], [[Kowloon West New Dynamic|KWND]], [[New Prospect for Hong Kong|NP]], [[New Century Forum|NCF]])<hr />[[Third Side]], [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|Pro-democracy camp]]
| [[2025 Hong Kong legislative election|2025 (legislative)]] [[2023 Hong Kong local elections|2023 (local)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Macau}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)|Pro-Beijing camp]]''' ([[Macau United Citizens Association|ACUM]], [[Union for Development|UPD]], [[Macau-Guangdong Union|UMG]], [[Progress Promotion Union|UPP]], [[Women's General Association of Macau|ABL]])<hr/>[[Pro-democracy camp (Macau)|Pro-democracy camp]] ([[New Hope (Macau)|NE]]), [[Synergy of Macao|Synergy Power]]
| [[2025 Macanese legislative election|2025 (legislative)]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Denmark}}
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in the|Faroe Islands}}}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Social Democratic Party (Faroe Islands)|Social Democratic Party]], [[Republic (Faroe Islands)|Republic]], [[Progress (Faroe Islands)|Progress]]'''<hr />[[Union Party (Faroe Islands)|Union Party]], [[People's Party (Faroe Islands)|People's Party]], [[Centre Party (Faroe Islands)|Centre Party]]
| [[2022 Faroese general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Greenland}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Democrats (Greenland)|Democrats]], [[Inuit Ataqatigiit]], [[Siumut]], [[Atassut]]'''<hr />[[Naleraq]]
| [[2025 Greenlandic general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Åland|name=Åland}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Liberals of Åland|Liberals]], [[Åland Centre|Centre]], [[Åland Social Democrats|Social Democrats]]'''<hr />[[Non-aligned Coalition|ObS]], [[Moderate Coalition for Åland|Moderate Coalition]], [[Sustainable Initiative]]
| [[2023 Ålandic legislative election|2023 (legislative)]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |{{flag|France}}
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|French Guiana}}}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Miscellaneous left|DVG]], Péyi Guyane, [[La France Insoumise]], [[Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement|MDES]], [[Guianese Socialist Party|Socialist Party]]'''<hr />[[Miscellaneous centre|DVC]], [[Guiana Rally]], [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
| [[2021 French regional elections|2021 (regional)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|French Polynesia}}}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Tāvini Huiraʻatira]]'''<hr />[[Tāpura Huiraʻatira]], [[A here ia Porinetia]], [[ʻĀmuitahiraʻa o te Nūnaʻa Māʻohi]]
| [[2023 French Polynesian legislative election|2023 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Guadeloupe}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible|GUSR]], [[Miscellaneous centre|DVC]]'''<hr />[[Plural Left (Guadeloupe)|Plural Left]]
| [[2021 French regional elections|2021 (regional)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Martinique}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Martinican Progressive Party|PPM]], [[Péyi-A]]-[[Martinican Democratic Rally|RDM]], [[Miscellaneous left|DVG]]'''<hr />[[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]], [[Miscellaneous right|DVD]], [[Socialist Party (France)|FSM]]
| [[2021 French regional elections|2021 (regional)]]
|-
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Mayotte}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]], [[:fr:Nouvel Élan pour Mayotte|NÉMA]], [[Miscellaneous right|DVD]]'''<hr/>[[Movement for the Development of Mayotte|MDM]], [[Renaissance (French political party)|Renaissance]], [[Miscellaneous centre|DVC]]
|[[:fr:Élections départementales de 2021 à Mayotte|2021 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|New Caledonia}}}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Caledonian Union]], [[Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front|FLNKS]], [[Oceanian Awakening|L'EO]], [[National Union for Independence|UNI]], [[Kanak Socialist Liberation|LKS]], [[Labour Party (New Caledonia)|Labour Party]]'''<hr />[[Future with Confidence]], [[Caledonia Together]], [[Générations NC|Generations NC]]
| [[2019 New Caledonian legislative election|2019 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Reunion}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Pour La Reunion|PLR]]-[[La France Insoumise|LFI]], [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]-[[Communist Party of Reunion|PCR]], [[Miscellaneous left|DVG]]'''<hr/>[[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
| [[2021 French regional elections|2021 (regional)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|name=Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}}}
| style="background:#cfc" | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Archipelago Tomorrow]] {{small|([[The Republicans (France)|LR]])}}'''<hr />[[:fr:Cap sur l'avenir|Together for the Future]] {{small|([[Radical Party of the Left|PRG]])}}
| [[2022 Saint Pierre and Miquelon legislative election|2022 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Wallis and Futuna}}}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Miscellaneous left|DVG]], [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]'''<hr/>Independents, [[Miscellaneous centre|DVC]], [[Miscellaneous right|DVR]], [[The Republicans (France)|LR]]
| [[2022 Wallis and Futuna Territorial Assembly election|2022 (legislative)]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Aruba}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Aruban People's Party]], [[FUTURO]]'''<hr />[[People's Electoral Movement (Aruba)|People's Electoral Movement]], [[Aruban Patriotic Party]]
| [[2024 Aruban general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Bonaire}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Bonaire People's Movement]]'''<hr />[[Bonaire Democratic Party]], [[Bonaire Patriotic Union]]
| [[2023 Dutch island council elections#Bonaire|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Curaçao}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
|'''[[Movement for the Future of Curaçao]], [[National People's Party (Curaçao)|National People's Party]]'''<hr />[[Real Alternative Party]], [[Partido MAN]]
|[[2025 Curaçao general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Sint Maarten}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Unified Resilient St. Maarten Movement|URSM]], [[Democratic Party Sint Maarten|Democratic Party]], {{ill|Party for Progress|nl}}, [[Nation Opportunity Wealth|NOW]]'''<hr>[[National Alliance (Sint Maarten)|National Alliance]], [[United People's Party (Sint Maarten)|United People's Party]]
| [[August 2024 Sint Maarten general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Cook Islands}}}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Cook Islands Party]]''', Pro-government independents<hr />[[Democratic Party (Cook Islands)|Democratic Party]], [[Cook Islands United Party]], [[One Cook Islands Movement]]
| [[2022 Cook Islands general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Niue}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2023 Niuean general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Tokelau}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2023 Tokelauan general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| rowspan="16" |{{flag|United Kingdom}}
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Alderney}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2024 Alderney general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Anguilla}}
| style="background:#cfc" | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Anguilla United Front]]'''<hr />[[Anguilla Progressive Movement]]
| [[2025 Anguillian general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Ascension}}}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2025 Ascension general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Bermuda}}
| style="background:#cfc" | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda)|Progressive Labour Party]]'''<hr />[[One Bermuda Alliance]]
| [[2025 Bermudian general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|British Virgin Islands}}}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Virgin Islands Party]]'''<hr />[[Progressive Virgin Islands Movement]], [[National Democratic Party (British Virgin Islands)|NDP]], [[Progressives United (political party)|Progressives United]]
| [[2023 British Virgin Islands general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Cayman Islands}}}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Caymanian Community Party]], [[Cayman Islands National Party]]'''<hr />[[People's Progressive Movement (Cayman Islands)|People's Progressive Movement]]
| [[2025 Caymanian general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in the|Falkland Islands}}}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2021 Falkland Islands general election|2021 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Gibraltar}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[GSLP–Liberal Alliance]] ([[Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party|GSLP]], [[Liberal Party of Gibraltar|LPG]])'''<hr />[[Gibraltar Social Democrats]]
| [[2023 Gibraltar general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Guernsey}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''Independents'''<hr />[[Forward Guernsey]]
| [[2025 Guernsey general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties on|Isle of Man}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''Independents'''<hr />[[Manx Labour Party|Labour Party]], [[Liberal Vannin Party]]
| [[2021 Manx general election|2021 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Jersey}}
| style="background:#dff" | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]{{efn|Independent politicians dominate Jersey's political system.}}
| '''Independents, [[Reform Jersey]], [[Advance Jersey]]'''<hr />Independents, [[Better Way 2022|Better Way]]
| [[2022 Jersey general election|2022 (general)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Montserrat}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[United Alliance (Montserrat)|United Alliance]]'''<hr/>[[People's Democratic Movement (Montserrat)|People's Democratic Movement]] (official opposition), [[Movement for Change and Prosperity]]
| [[2024 Montserratian general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Pitcairn}}}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2023 Pitcairnese general election|2023 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Saint Helena}}}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2025 Saint Helena general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Tristan da Cunha}}}}
| [[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]]
| '''Independents''' ''(no political parties)''
| [[2025 Tristan da Cunha general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Turks and Caicos Islands|name=Turks and Caicos Islands}}}}
| style=background:#cfc | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[Progressive National Party (Turks and Caicos Islands)|Progressive National Party]]'''<hr/>[[People's Democratic Movement (Turks and Caicos Islands)|People's Democratic Movement]]
| [[2025 Turks and Caicos Islands general election|2025 (general)]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|United States}}
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Puerto Rico}}
| style="background:#cfc" | [[Two-party system|Two-party]]
| '''[[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|New Progressive Party]]'''<hr />[[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|PPD]], [[Puerto Rican Independence Party]], [[Proyecto Dignidad|PD]], [[Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana|MVC]]
|[[2024 Puerto Rican general election|2024 (general)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|United States Virgin Islands}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands|Democratic Party]]'''<hr/>[[Republican Party of the Virgin Islands|Republican Party]], [[Independent Citizens Movement]]
| [[2022 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election|2022 (gubernatorial)]] [[2024 United States Virgin Islands general election|2024 (general)]]
|}

== Disputed territories ==
{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Country !! [[Party system]] !! [[Ruling party]] or coalition <hr/> Other parties !! Last election
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Abkhazia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''Pro-government independents''', [[Amtsakhara]], [[Aitaira]]<hr/>Opposition independents
| {{nowrap|[[2025 Abkhazian presidential election|2025 (presidential)]]}} [[2022 Abkhazian parliamentary election|2022 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Kosovo}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Vetëvendosje]], [[Guxo]], [[Alternativa (Kosovo)|Alternativa]], [[Turkish Democratic Party of Kosovo|KDTP]], [[New Democratic Party (Kosovo)|NDS]], [[New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo|IRDK]], [[Vakat Coalition|Vakat]], [[Progressive Movement of Kosovar Roma|LPRK]], [[Social Democratic Union (Kosovo)|SDU]]''', [[Ashkali Party for Integration|PAI]]<hr/>[[Democratic Party of Kosovo|PDK]], [[Democratic League of Kosovo|LDK]], [[Serb List (Kosovo)|Serb List]], [[Alliance for the Future of Kosovo|AAK]], [[New Kosovo Alliance|AKR]], [[Unique Gorani Party|JGP]], [[Romani Initiative|RI]], [[Civic Initiative for Freedom, Justice and Survival|GI SPO]]
| [[2025 Kosovan parliamentary election|2025 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Northern Cyprus}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Republican Turkish Party]]''', [[National Unity Party (Northern Cyprus)|National Unity Party]], [[Democratic Party (Northern Cyprus)|Democratic Party]], [[Rebirth Party (Northern Cyprus)|Rebirth Party]]<hr/>[[People's Party (Northern Cyprus)|People's Party]]
| [[2025 Northern Cypriot presidential election|2025 (presidential)]] [[2022 Northern Cypriot parliamentary election|2022 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Palestine}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]]''' ('''[[Fatah]]''', [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]], [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine|DFLP]], [[Palestinian People's Party|PPP]]), [[Palestinian National Initiative|National Initiative]], [[Third Way (Palestinian political party)|Third Way]]<hr/>[[Hamas]] (''de facto'' control of the [[Gaza Strip]])
| [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flagicon|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} [[List of political parties in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]}}
| style=background:#faa | [[One-party state|One-party]]
| '''[[Polisario Front]]''' || [[2023 Sahrawi legislative election|2023 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Somaliland}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Waddani]]''', [[Justice and Welfare Party]]<hr>[[Kulmiye Peace, Unity, and Development Party|Kulmiye]]
| [[2024 Somaliland presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2021 Somaliland parliamentary election|2021 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|South Ossetia}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Nykhaz]], [[People's Party of South Ossetia|People's Party]]''', [[Communist Party of South Ossetia|Communist Party]]<hr>[[United Ossetia]]
| [[2022 South Ossetian presidential election|2022 (presidential)]] [[2024 South Ossetian parliamentary election|2024 (parliament)]]
|-
| {{hanging indent|{{flag+link|List of political parties in|Taiwan|name=Taiwan (Republic of China)}}{{efn|See also [[Political status of Taiwan]] and [[One China]]}}}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[Democratic Progressive Party]]'''<hr/>[[Kuomintang]], [[Taiwan People's Party]]
| [[2024 Taiwanese presidential election|2024 (presidential)]] [[2024 Taiwanese legislative election|2024 (legislative)]]
|-
| {{flag+link|List of political parties in|Transnistria|variant=state}}
| style=background:#fe8 | [[Dominant-party system|Dominant-party]]
| '''[[Obnovlenie]]'''<hr/>''No parliamentary opposition''; [[Transnistrian Communist Party]]
| [[2021 Transnistrian presidential election|2021 (presidential)]] [[2020 Transnistrian legislative election|2020 (legislative)]]
|}

== Supranational entities ==
{{Sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Country !! [[Party system]] !! [[Ruling party]] or coalition <hr/> Other parties !! Last election
|-
| {{hanging indent|''{{flag+link|List of political parties in|European Union}}''}}
| style=background:#dff | [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]]
| '''[[European People's Party|EPP]], [[Party of European Socialists|PES]], [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|ALDE]]'''<hr/>[[European Conservatives and Reformists Party|ECR]], [[Patriots.eu]], [[European Green Party|EGP]], [[Europe of Sovereign Nations (party)|ESN]], [[European Left Alliance for the People and the Planet|ELA]], [[European Democratic Party|EDP]], [[European Free Alliance|EFA]], [[Party of the European Left|PEL]], [[European Christian Political Movement|ECPM]]
| {{nowrap|[[2024 European Parliament election|2024 (parliament)]]}}
|}

==See also==
{{cmn|
* [[List of banned political parties]]
* [[List of basic political science topics]]
* [[List of countries without political parties]]
* [[List of current heads of state and government]]
* [[List of democracy and elections-related topics]]
* [[List of election results]]
* [[List of frivolous parties]]
* [[List of national leaders]]
* [[Lists of political parties]]
* [[List of political parties by region]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Ruling Political Parties By Country}}
[[Category:Political parties|*]]
[[Category:Lists of political parties by country|*Ruling Political Parties]]

Mahmud Gawan

2026-03-22T07:01:08Z

EJDTimmy2065: brief updated formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Bahmani statesman and poet (1411–1481)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox noble
| name = Mahmud Gawan
| title = ''[[Amir of amirs|Amir of Amirs]]''{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=65}}
| native_name = [[Khwaja]] Mahmud Gilani
| birth_date = 1411
| birth_place = Gawan, Biya-pis
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1481|04|05|1411|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bidar]], [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| succession = [[Peshwa]] of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| predecessor = Jahan Turk
| successor = [[Malik Hasan Bahri]]
| issue = {{hlist|Ali|Abdullah|Alaf Khan}}
| offices = {{hlist|Prime minister|{{lang|fa-latn|Wakil-us-Sultanat}} (chief minister)|{{lang|fa-latn|Malik-ut-Tujjar}} (Prince of Merchants)|[[taraf (subdivision)|taraf]]dar of [[Bijapur]]}}
| tenure = 1466 – 5 April 1481
| years_active = 1458–1481
}}
'''Mahmud Gawan''' (born '''Imadu'd-din Mahmud'''; 1411 – 5 April 1481) was a Persian statesman who served as the chief minister, or [[Peshwa#First use|Peshwa]]{{sfn|Chandra|2014|pp=146–148}} of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in India from 1458 and [[De facto|de facto]] ruler as prime minister from 1466 until his death in 1481. Mahmud Gawan, from the village of Gawan in [[Qara Qoyunlu|Persia]], was well-versed in [[Fiqh|Islamic theology]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and the sciences and was a poet and prose writer of repute.

After emigrating from a small kingdom in Persia in 1453, Mahmud was appointed a high-ranking noble by [[Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah]], the Sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate, and given an officer position. Upon his accession to the throne, Mahmud was made chief minister ({{lang|fa-latn|Walik-us-Sultanat}}) with the title Prince of Merchants ({{lang|fa-latn|Malik-ut-Tujjar}}) by [[Humayun Shah]]. He would rule as chief minister until the breakup of the five-year [[triumvirate]] regency council, himself a part of, which oversaw Sultans [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam Shah]] and [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari]] in 1466.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=276–277}} Following the triumvirate's breakup, in which his power had been throttled by its other members, he would exercise a great deal of authority over the Bahmani kingdom in his supreme rule. During his reign, Mahmud enjoyed the trust and confidence of rulers, locals as well as that of foreign kingdoms, who had great respect for him. Amongst a factional conflict between the local (Deccanis) and foreign nobility (Afaqis), Mahmud was executed on 5 April 1481 on Sultan Muhammad III's orders over a forged treasonous document by the Afaqis faction, headed by [[Malik Hasan Bahri]], the chief orchestrator of the plot and Mahmud's successor as prime minister.

Mahmud Gawan led many campaigns against and defended against the Sultanate's neighbors, including the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the [[Gajapati Empire]], and the [[Malwa Sultanate]], which resulted in the Bahmani Sultanate reaching its greatest territorial extent under his reign.{{sfn|Chandra|2014|pp=146–148}} Mahmud is notable for his construction of the [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]], a large centre of religious and secular learning ([[madrasa]]) built in [[Bidar]] in 1472 which emulated another college in Persia.

== Origins ==
Mahmud Gawan was born in 1411, in the village of Gawan to a family of imperial ministers of a kingdom in [[Gilan]], in northern Persia. His name at birth was Imadu'd-din Mahmud, according to the Persian historian [[Firishta]], and his father's name was Jalalu'd-din Muhammad. Mahmud's family was of high rank, and according to his own account had included viziers in the city of [[Rasht]].{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=62}} Political intrigues against Mahmud's family, instigated by a minister, Hajji Muhammad, and the commander of the Gilani forces, Syed Ali, succeeded in undermining the family's status, and at some point before 1440, both Mahmud and his brother, Shihabu'd-din Ahmad,{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|pp=24–25}} left Gilan on the advice of their mother.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=62}} Mahmud had three sons, Abdullah, Alaf Khan, Ali, and a brother who went to Mecca; the last of his three sons, Ali, was as well in the service of the Bahmani Sultanate and participated in a campaign against Vijayanagara, likely after Mahmud's death.{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|pp=25–31}}

Over the next decade and more Mahmud travelled through Southwest Asia and as far west as [[Anatolia]] and Egypt,{{sfn|Eaton|2008|pp=59–62}} becoming a successful merchant, in horses as well as other goods,{{sfn|Eaton|2008|pp=59–62}}{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=65}} and taking opportunities for study in Cairo and Damascus.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=63}} He was offered ministerial positions in the courts of [[Khurasan]] and Iraq during these years, but declined them.{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|p=25}}{{sfn|Eaton|2008|pp=59–62}} In 1453, aged 42, he came to the port of [[Dabhol]], hoping to sell horses to the Bahmani Sultanate,{{sfn|Eaton|2008|pp=59–62}} and also planning to meet Shah Muhibbu’llah, a holy man living in [[Bidar]], the Bahmani capital, and then to travel to Delhi.{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|pp=72–73}}{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=60}} He met first with the governor of Dabhol, and then traveled to Bidar. The Bahmani sultans of the era actively recruited Persians both as scholars and administrators, and Sultan [[Ahmad Shah II]] received Mahmud favourably.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|pp=59–62}}

==Career==
After introducing himself to the Bahmani court of [[Ahmad Shah II Bahmani|Ahmad Shah II]], Mahmud Gawan was made a noble and given charge of 1,000 calvalrymen.{{efn|Mahmud Gawan had a rank of 1,000, which corresponded to the revenue he was expected to raise and the number of horsemen he was required to maintain for the crown.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=65, n. 14}}}}{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=65}}{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=146}} and gave up his plans to travel onwards.{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|pp=72–73}} In 1457, he was given charge of an elite formation of cavalry, and led the suppression of a minor rebellion{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=65}} of two family members of the sultan.{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|pp=74–76}} Impressed with his military aptitude, Sultan [[Humayun Shah]] took him into his service upon Ahmad Shah II's death in 1459 and appointed him as {{lang|fa-latn|Wakil-us-Sultanat}}, or chief minister following Ahmad Shah II's death.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=257–258}} In Humayun Shah's accession speech, he states he appointed Mahmud as he fit the role of "one who should be clothed with the outward attributes of truth and good faith and who should inwardly be free from vices and vanity". In addition to his main role, he was given control of military affairs and was made [[tarafdar]] of [[Bijapur]]{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=258}} and "Prince of Merchants" ({{lang|fa-latn|Malik-ut-Tujjar}}).{{sfn|Chandra|2014|p=147}}{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=65}} After Humayun's death, he became one of the guardians of the underage Sultan [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam Shah]] until his majority. This regency council consisted of Mahmud, the mother of Nizam Shah, and a noble named Jahan Turk.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=276}} It worked well in depoliticizing the conflict between the two noble factions, the Deccanis — those native to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] — and the foreigners, through the triumvirate's policy of appeasing these factions. It also deterred foreign invasions through its "unity of action" policy, which saw the regents consistently in agreement on the best course of action. This latter policy lasted until the death of Nizam Shah in 1463, and the cessation of it was the catalyst for increased factional strife.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=293–294}}

The triumvirate continued to rule after the accession of [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad III]], as he too was a minor. When he was fourteen years of age, the triumvirate regency came to a forced end when Jahan Turk was ordered murdered by the queen mother herself. Jahan Turk had been a disturbing force in the Sultanate by giving the new nobility positions in place of the old aristocracy, thus favouring the former and alienating the latter, and had been disliked for his rumoured embezzling of funds from the royal treasury and abuse of power.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=291–292}} Through his influence and insistence on having his way, Jahan Turk sent Mahmud to administer the frontier provinces of the kingdom,{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|p=9}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=291–292}} and as he was, according to historian [[Haroon Khan Sherwani]], "the moderating element in the Triumvirate",{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=292}} the stability of the state quickly collapsed. Jahan Turk was able to greatly increase his power with the absence of Mahmud, becoming the de facto ruler, and the queen mother, who took issue with this, had him killed then in 1466.{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|p=9}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=291–292}}

The queen mother retired from political affairs with the dissolution of the triumvirate, furthering Mahmud Gawan's lack of diplomatic and intellectual competition. A ceremony was held soon after the triumvirate's dissolution, where he was entrusted with the general supervision of all provinces (tarafs) of the Sultanate and given the title of prime minister by the queen mother in 1466,{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=294–296}} a title formerly held by Jahan Turk,{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|p=9, n. 3}} ensuing Mahmud's supreme rule as the de facto ruler of the Sultanate.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=65}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=294–296}} He was given the formal title of “Lord of the habitors of the Globe, Secretary of the Royal Mansion, Deputy of the Realm", which he was addressed as in court documents.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=295–296}}

Mahmud Gawan's foreign policy caused a drastic shift in the diplomatic atmosphere of South India; he temporarily allied his state with [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] around 1470,{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=308}} and established a friendship with [[Mahmud Khalji]] of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] around 1468, with mutual envoys sent despite three past invasions of the kingdom by Khalji.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=304–308}} He also strengthened diplomatic ties with [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], whose ruler [[Mahmud Begada]] helped win these conflicts with Malwa.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=284–286}}

===Campaigns and reforms===
Mahmud Gawan took part in and led many campaigns and enlarged the state to an extent never achieved before, with the Sultanate stretching from the [[Arabian Sea]] to the [[Bay of Bengal]] under his rule. This was accomplished through the annexation of the [[Konkan]], the easternmost portion of [[Andhra]], the city of [[Goa]], and the establishment of a protectoral relationship with the [[Khandesh Sultanate]].{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=322–323}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=296}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=330}}

[[File:Raichur Doab.jpg|thumb|alt=A map depicting the states of southern India in the 15th century|A map depicting the states of southern India in the 15th century]]

When the regency council took control after the accession of [[Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III|Nizam Shah]], the rulers of [[Orissa]], the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]], saw the Bahmani Sultanate as weak, which was typical in the presence of a regency. The Gajapati Emperor, [[Kapilendra Deva]], saw fit to [[Gajapati invasion of Bidar|invade the Bahmani kingdom]] and reached as far as ten miles from the capital, [[Bidar]]. Mahmud, in addition with the other triumvirs and Nizam Shah himself, led an army against the Gajapatis and pushed them back from Bidar.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=279}}

A year later, in 1462, the ruler of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]], [[Mahmud Khalji]], in cooperation with the ruler of Khandesh and some other states, again invaded the Bahmani Sultanate. In the confrontation between the joint regency and the opposing side, an initial tactical advantage for the former turned into an unexpected defeat, and the Bahmani forces were forced to retreat.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=280–283}} Following this, the court was temporarily moved to the second capital of Firozabad, and Mahmud Gawan ordered the queen to delegate [[Bidar Fort]], the fort protecting the capital, to a high-ranking Deccani noble. Khalji began laying siege to Bidar,{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=70}} and advanced to the [[citadel]] after seventeen days,{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=413}} but was forced into raising the siege not long after by the threat of the advancing joint army of Mahmud's and the king of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], [[Mahmud Begada]], whom Mahmud and the queen had asked for assistance, to the north, and Jahan Turk to the south. Mahmud Begada, going by way of Malwa through his insistence not to enter the Deccan, as he wished to be closer to his homeland in case of internal conflict, along with Mahmud Gawan, successfully forced Khalji of Malwa to flee to his home country by way of [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]], as the way north to Malwa was blocked by the Bahmani and Gujarati forces. In his flight, Khalji's already wounded army was nearly eradicated by [[Gonds|Gondi]] attacks and attrition.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=284–286}} Mahmud Khalji again invaded the following year, reaching Fathabad, but was repelled by a force that included Mahmud Gawan, again with the assistance of Mahmud Begada.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=286}}

A third invasion by the Khalji of Malwa was known to be looming in 1468, and in anticipation Mahmud Gawan led forces near Khandesh, again in alliance with Gujarat.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=303}} The main army of Berar, a Bahmani taraf, under the Bahmani general Yusuf Turk, besieged [[Kingdom of Kherla|Kherla]], then subordinate to Malwa. The Bahmanis had taken the citadel when two defenders deceived Yusuf Turk and murdered him, bringing the Khalji's forces down toward the city as a result,{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=304}} though a diverting of Mahmud's forces in the direction of the Khaljis's intimitaded him to retreat, ending the conflict with no clear victor.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=305}} Its concluding treaty saw Kherla become a full territory of Malwa, while the Bahmanis retained all former lands, and reversed the diplomatic atmosphere of the two states to permanent friendship despite the past invasions.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=305–308}}

Mahmud embarked on a successful campaign against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in 1469, conquering the city of [[Kanjeeveram]] and the entire [[Konkan]].{{sfn|Chandra|2014|pp=146–148}}{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|pp=8–10}} This campaign continued through 1472, where in it he sought to capture autonomous hill and sea forts which were hotspots for piracy and disruption in trade routes for the vital horse trade.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=71}} In 1472, following a string of other victories, Mahmud captured [[Goa]] in February 1472.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=71}} Goa, in addition to the also captured [[Dabhol]], were two of the most prosperous ports of the Vijayanagara Empire.{{sfn|Chandra|2014|pp=146–148}} One of the objectives of the campaign had been to decrease the frequent piratical attacks on Muslim pilgrims, and the campaign's success, in addition ot granting the Bahmanis increased revenue in trade, was seen as a victory against such piracy.{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=415}}{{sfn|Chandra|2014|p=147}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=309–310}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=315}} [[Virupaksha Raya II|Virupaksha]] of Vijayanagara a month later tried to send forces to reclaim his losses in the Konkan, and attempted to lay siege to Goa,{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=416}} but was deterred by an army led by Mahmud alongside [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad III]]. Mahmud and his forces attacked and laid siege to [[Belgaum]] in the first known use of gunpowder in the Deccan. By exploiting the fort's defenses with mines and other explosives, he successfully took the city.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=71}} The [[raja]] of Belgaum, in exchange for keeping his life, agreed to let his city be annexed to Mahmud,{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=417}} while retaining his position as overseer of the fort.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=71}}

In 1473, following Mahmud's many campaigns and territorial acquisitions, he reorganised the tarafs out of both the new and old territory held by the state, increasing the number from four to eight,{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=322–323}} and distributing them equally among the Deccanis and foreigners.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=70}} This was done due to the increased administrative burden and the expansion of the Sultanate's territory, both partly a result of his own prior actions.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=322–323}} He also instituted reforms to set and standardise the payment and obligations of the nobles and to limit the provincial governor's control to the assignment of only one fort.{{sfn|Chandra|2014|pp=146–148}}{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|pp=8–10}} These reforms would not be taken well by many of the nobles, whose power had been significantly curtailed.{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=419}}

===Poetry and letters===
Mahmud Gawan wrote poetry and letters, of which 148 are surviving.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=65}} His collection of letters, called the {{lang|fa-latn|Riyazul-Insha}},{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=326}} included correspondence between many heads of state of the era, who greatly respected him.{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|p=196}} This included correspondence with [[Mehmed II]], in which the Sultan addressed him as “Spreader of the Board of kindness and goodness, the Right Hand of the Bahmani State, Trustee of the Religion of Muhammad",{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|pp=195–197}} [[Abu Sa'id Mirza]] and [[Husayn Bayqara]] of the [[Timurid Empire]], and [[Qaitbay]] of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]].{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|p=22}} He also corresponded with Persian poet [[Jami]],{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|p=197}} in which his dominions were called the "envy of [[Rum (endonym)|Rum]] itself", and corresponded with and invited to the Deccan many other poets, including [[Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi]] and [[Jalal al-Din Davani]].{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=66}} These western contacts helped to make known the Deccan and Bahmani kingdom to the western and Islamic world, something which had been desirable for past Sultans but was expanded under Mahmud's ministership. Historian [[Haroon Khan Sherwani]] calls him "one of the most prominent Persian writers of the period."{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=326}}

===Mahmud Gawan Madrasa===
{{main article|Mahmud Gawan Madrasa}}
[[File:Complete view of Mahumad Gawan.JPG|alt=Picture of the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa in Bidar|thumb|[[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]] was built by Mahmud Gawan, a [[vizier]] of the Bahmani Sultanate as the center of learning in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].]]
Mahmud Gawan built a [[madrasa]] in [[Bidar]] which is known as the [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]]. The complex stands at the centre of Bidar's old town, and was completed in 1472.{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|p=92}} The extensive library included a collection of 3,000 manuscripts, a large amount for the era.{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=67}} It was a three-storied building, each floor identical in structure, with two minarets, a mosque, library, labs, lecture halls and dormitories, which overlooked a courtyard with arches on either side.{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|pp=96–100}} Historian [[Richard M. Eaton]] describes it as an "extraordinary place", with "arches and colorful glazed tiles recalling Timurid Central Asia, and its minaret and domes reminiscent of Mamluk Egypt".{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=67}}

The structure significantly deteriorated in the years following its inception. The building was damaged by a gunpowder explosion{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=299}} and thunder storm in 1696, which collectively rid it of half of the southern wing and half its front, and it was consistently neglected and left to decay through the elements. This neglect and its ruinous state caused the madrasa to become a public dumping ground for the people's filth and rubbish. The building later underwent a significant cleanup and renovation after being taken over by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1914 in an effort to improve its appearance.{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|pp=92–93}}

=== Deccani–Afaqi conflict and execution ===
There existed a divide between the two factions of the Deccanis, who were of local origin, and the Afaqis (alternatively {{lang|fa-latn|gharibs}}), who were of foreign origin.{{sfn|Chandra|2014|p=148}} Reasons for the divisions included the Afaqis' Shi'a beliefs, which were seen as heretical by the Deccanis, and their language: the Afaqis spoke Persian rather than Deccani.{{sfn|von Pochhammer|2005|p=219}}{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1996|p=75}} Mahmud, as he hailed from Persia{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=59}} and was likely Shi'a himself,{{sfn|Sherwani|1942|p=195}} was an Afaqi,{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=62}} so he faced many challenges. The conflict was largely depoliticized during the triumvirate's rule,{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=294}} but the collapse of the regency caused relations between the two parties to grow increasingly strained during Mahmud's fifteen-year supreme rule,{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=72}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=296–297}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=293–294}} and even more so following 1473 due to the drastic reforms issued by him which curtailed both noble factions' power.{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=419–420}} Plots arose among the Deccanis to remove him from power, and the nobles forged a treasonous document purportedly from him. This was in part motivated by the absence of [[Yusuf Adil Shah]],{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=333}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=419–420}} leader of the Afaqi faction and then Governor of [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]],{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=416}} as Yusuf was one of Mahmud's closest companions and thus would inform him of any conspiracy against him beforehand.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|p=333}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=419–420}} The treasonable documents presented by the critics of Mahmud were letters written to the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati]] king [[Purushottamadeva]] of [[Odisha|Orissa]], which appeared to have been written by Mahmud.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=25}}{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=333–334}} The letters said that the people were dismayed by the wretchedness of the Sultan, and invited Purushottamadeva to invade the kingdom.{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=420}}

Sultan [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah III]]  did not believe Mahmud's assertion that the letter was forged,{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=420}} and in part a result of his drunken state, ordered him executed on 5 April 1481.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=335–336}} The Bahmani Sultanate fell into great disarray following his execution.{{sfn|Haque|1980|pp=39–40}} The Sultan later regretted his ill-thought-out decision, in part by discovering Mahmud's humble life and generous spending habits.{{sfn|Sherwani|1946|pp=337–338}}{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=72}} Mahmud was ordered to be buried, though still in a small tomb disproportionate to the authority his rank had held.{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|p=192}}{{sfn|Haque|1980|p=39}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=421}} One year after the death of Mahmud, the Sultan also died at the age of 29. It was said that Mahmud haunted the Sultan during the last days of his life as he used to scream on his death bed that he was being killed by Mahmud.{{sfn|Hasan|2002|p=269}}{{sfn|Haig|1925|p=422}} [[Malik Hasan Bahri]], a Deccani who was one of the chief architects of the plan to have Mahmud executed,{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=419–420}} succeeded him as prime minister after his death.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=17}}

The disorder caused by Mahmud's death led to the independence of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] Sultanates in 1490, and the [[Bidar Sultanate]] in 1492.{{sfn|Chandra|2014|p=148}}{{sfn|Yazdani|1947|p=11}} Yusuf Adil Shah, the founder of the Bijapur Sultanate, was likely himself a former Georgian slave of Mahmud Gawan.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=445}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book|title=History of Medieval India 800–1700 A.D|first=Satish|last=Chandra|date=2014 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-medieval-india-800-1700_202303/page|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|isbn=9788125032267|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}
*{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives|url=https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofd0000eato|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-71627-7|oclc=226973152|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|section=Mahmud Gawan (1411–1481)}}
*{{cite book|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton|date=2019|title=India in the Persianate Age, 1000–1765|isbn=9780520325128|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkkSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA146|page=146}}
*{{Cite book |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989 |title=Cambridge History Of India Vol. 2 |date=1925 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Wolseley Haig}}
*{{cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://archive.org/details/muslim-administration-in-orissa-1980 |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak }}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbUB_ACAR5QC&pg=PA269|title=History of Islam (2 Vols. Set)|first=M.|last=Hasan|publisher=Adam Publishers|page=269|year=2002|isbn=8174350195|access-date=2020-09-21}}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974|page=445}}
*{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&dq=deccanis+looked+upon+empire&pg=PA219 |title= India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent |first= Wilhelm |last= von Pochhammer |date= 2005 |publisher= Allied |page= 219 |isbn= 9788177647150 }}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551|title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan – An Objective Study|last=Sherwani|first=Haroon Khan|year=1946|author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani|publisher=Krishnavas International Printers, Hyderabad Deccan|oclc=3971780}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54103|title=Mahmud Gawan: The Great Bahmani Wazir|last=Sherwani|first=Haroon Khan|year=1942|publisher=Kitabistan, Allahabad|oclc=5812186}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC|title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar|first=Radhey|last=Shyam|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=25|year=1966|isbn=8120826515}}
*{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NUKGAAAAIAAJ&q=afaqis++merchants |title= Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World |page=75 |publisher= Variorum |date=1996 |author-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |last=Subrahmanyam |isbn= 9780860785071 }}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1|title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments|last=Yazdani|first=Ghulam|year=1947|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9788120810716|author-link=Ghulam Yazdani}}

==Further reading==
* {{EI3|last=Flatt|first=Emma|title=Maḥmūd Gāvān|year=2015|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/mahmud-gavan-COM_27437?s.num=18&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Gilan |ref=none}}
*[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#3 Greater Bombay District Gazetteer (Muhammedan Period)]

{{Bahmani Sultanate}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bidar]]
[[Category:People from Gilan province]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to India]]
[[Category:15th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:1411 births]]
[[Category:1481 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Bahmani Sultanate]]
[[Category:Executed prime ministers]]

Anglo-Nepalese War

2026-03-15T21:36:11Z

EJDTimmy2065: minor update

{{short description|1814–1816 war between Nepal and Britain}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Anglo-Nepalese War
| image = Death of Rollo Gillespie (Cassell's illustrated history of India).png
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The death of [[Rollo Gillespie]] at the [[Battle of Nalapani]]
| date = 1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816
| place = [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| result = British victory
* [[Treaty of Sugauli]]
| territory = Nepal renounced all claim to the disputed Tarai, and ceded its conquests west of the Kali River and extending to the Sutlej River.
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] '''Supported by:''' [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Patiala State]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Earl of Moira]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[David Ochterlony]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[Robert Rollo Gillespie|Rollo Gillespie]]{{KIA}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} Bennet Marley
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} John Sullivan Wood}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist| {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Bhimsen Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Amar Singh Thapa]] (Bada){{refn|group=note|Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the [[Gurkha War]] with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).}}
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Ujir Singh Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Ranabir Singh Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Bakhtawar Singh Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Ranajor Singh Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Dalbhanjan Pande]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bilder-aus-nepal.de/Pages/Philatelie/ANGLO-NEPALESE-1816.html|title=Britisch-Nepalischer Krieg 1814-1816|website=www.bilder-aus-nepal.de|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410162908/http://www.bilder-aus-nepal.de/Pages/Philatelie/ANGLO-NEPALESE-1816.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=50}}
}}
| strength1 = {{plainlist|'''First campaign''':
* 22,000 men with sixty cannons<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&dq=gorkha+war&pg=PA492 |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J, Volume 1; Volume 6, pp. 493 |isbn=978-0-313-29367-2 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427224313/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&dq=gorkha+war&pg=PA492 |url-status=live |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |last2=Shadle |first2=Robert |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&dq=Gorkha+War&pg=PA156 |title=The Victorians at war, pp.155 |isbn=978-1-57607-925-6 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411132130/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&dq=Gorkha+War&pg=PA156 |url-status=live |last1=Raugh |first1=Harold E. |date=25 October 2004 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>
* '''Second campaign''':
* 17,000<ref name="Naravane, p.189">{{harvp|Naravane|2006|p=189}}</ref>}}
| strength2 = A little more than 11,000<ref name="Karki, p.218">{{harvnb|Smith|1852|p=218}}</ref>
}}
{{HistoryofNepal}}

The '''Anglo-Nepalese War''' (1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816), also known as the '''Gorkha War''', was fought between the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Kingdom of Nepal]]. The conflict was caused by territorial disputes and expansionist ambitions on both sides. Nepal had expanded westward and eastward in the late 18th century, bringing it into conflict with British interests in northern India.
Fighting took place across rugged [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] terrain, with the British facing strong resistance from Nepalese forces under commanders such as [[Amar Singh Thapa]]. Early British setbacks were followed by advances under leaders like Sir [[David Ochterlony]]. The war ended with the [[Treaty of Sugauli]].
The Treaty of Sugauli was concluded to bring an end to the prolonged conflict between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal, as both sides had incurred significant losses and could no longer sustain the ongoing hostilities.

==Background==
{{further|Unification of Nepal|Sino-Nepalese War|East India Company}}
In the mid-eighteenth century, the British [[East India Company]] actively traded with Nepal.<ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal |last=Caplan |first=Lionel |date=1991 |title='Bravest of the Brave': Representations of 'The Gurkha' in British Military Writings |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/312617 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=571–597 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013937 |jstor=312617 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Viewed as an opulence hub, Nepal supplied the Company with commodities such as rice, butter, oil seeds, timber, dyes, and gold.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In 1767, British concerns around this partnership grew when [[Gorkha Kingdom|the Gorkhas]] ascended their power and leadership in Nepal.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In 1768, the Gorkhas conquered [[Kathmandu Valley]] and became Nepal’s ruling force, paving the way for a declining relationship between British India and Nepal.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In 1801, the Company established a British [[Residency (administrative division)|Residency]] in Kathmandu to seek a stronger hold over the region.<ref name="jstor.org"/> As 1814 approached, however, the British found themselves concerned by the possibility of an alliance between Nepal and Sikhs in northern India.<ref name="jstor.org"/> The Company believed that if Nepal was expelled from its Western lands, the “Terai” region, it would no longer pose a danger.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In 1814, this is what the British set out to do, alongside a goal of establishing a second Residency in Kathmandu to keep a close watch on the nation.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In May 1814, British forces in Nepal temporarily left to escape malaria season.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971">Rose, Leo E. Nepal: Strategy for Survival. 1st ed. University of California Press, 1971.</ref> When Nepali forces aimed to reassert power, Company officials were killed in the process.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> In 1814, Warren Hastings – Governor General of Bengal – officially declared war on Nepal.<ref name="jstor.org"/> 16,000 troops were then sent to invade Nepal in September 1814.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> The Treaty of Sagauli (1816) then marked the end of the Anglo-Nepalese War.<ref name="archivenepal.org">{{Cite web |title=Archive Nepal - Discover Nepal through its History. |url=https://www.archivenepal.org/treatiescollection |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.archivenepal.org}}</ref>

The [[Shah dynasty|Shah era]] of Nepal began with the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] invading [[Kathmandu]] Valley, which consisted of the capital of the [[Malla (Nepal)|Malla]] confederacy. Until then, only the Kathmandu Valley had been referred to as [[Nepal]]. The confederacy requested help from the [[East India Company]], and an ill-equipped and ill-prepared expedition, numbering 2,500, was led by Captain Kinlock in 1767. The expedition was a disaster, and the Gorkhali army easily overpowered those who had not succumbed to malaria or desperation. The ineffectual British force provided the Gorkhali with firearms and filled the Gorkhas with confidence, which possibly caused them to underestimate their opponents in future wars.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

Victory and the occupation of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] by Prithvi Narayan Shah, starting with the [[Battle of Kirtipur]], resulted in the shift of the capital of his kingdom from Gorkha to Kathmandu, and the empire that he and his descendants built then came to be known as Nepal. Also, the invasion of the wealthy Kathmandu Valley provided the Gorkha army with economic support for furthering their martial ambitions throughout the region.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

To the north, however, aggressive raids into [[Tibet]] over a long-standing dispute over trade and control of the mountain passes triggered Chinese intervention. In 1792, the Chinese [[Qianlong Emperor]] sent an army that expelled the Nepalese from Tibet to within {{convert|5|km}} of their capital, Kathmandu. Acting Regent Bahadur Shah (Prithvi Naryan's younger son) appealed to the British [[Governor-General]] of India for help. Anxious to avoid a confrontation with the Chinese, the Governor-General did not send troops but sent Captain Kirkpatrick as mediator. However, before he arrived the war with China had finished.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

The Tibet affair had postponed a planned attack on the [[Garhwal Kingdom]], but by 1803, the Raja of Garhwal, Pradyuman Shah, had also been defeated. He was killed in the struggle in January 1804, and all his land was annexed. Further west, general [[Amar Singh Thapa]] overran lands as far as Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, the strongest fort in the hill region, and laid siege to it. However, Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], the ruler of the Sikh state in Punjab, intervened and had driven the Nepalese army east of the [[Sutlej]] River by 1809.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

==Causes==
[[Image:Joppen1907India1805a.jpg|thumbnail|right|Map of India in 1805]]
{{Original research|section|date=December 2021|reason=There are citations but the content is not faithful to the sources}}

In the years leading up to the war, the British had been expanding their sphere of influence. While the Nepalese had been expanding their empire – into [[Sikkim]] to the east, the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and the [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] to the west, and into [[Awadh]] to the south – the [[British East India Company]] had consolidated its position in India from its main bases of [[Calcutta]], [[Madras]] and [[Bombay]]. This British expansion had already been resisted in India, culminating in three [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha wars]] as well as in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] where [[Ranjit Singh]] and the [[Sikh Empire]] had their own aspirations.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

===Territorial Conflict===
Territorial conflict represents a significant cause of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, Nepal’s views on borders and borderlands clashed with the Company’s visions of space and territoriality. Borderlands represent “zones of contact for the management, separation, and negotiation of difference,” and leading up to 1814, conflicts over borderlands played a pivotal role in spurring conflict between Nepal and British India.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Michael |first=Bernardo A. |date=2014 |title=Writing a World History of the Anglo-Gorkha Borderlands in the Early Nineteenth Century |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43818464 |journal=Journal of World History |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=535–558 |jstor=43818464 |issn=1045-6007}}</ref> Throughout its history, the Himalayas served as a site of political malleability and entangled agrarian entitlements.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> As such, Nepal’s boundaries remained porous. As opposed to fixed territorial lines, Nepal possessed “an unbounded space” that facilitated heterogeneous movements of trade and people.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> Nepal’s borders experienced frequent shifts in administration determined by the environment, tribute and taxation claims, and landholding patterns.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> As a result, control over Anglo-Gorkha borderlands – Nepal’s frontiers with British India – oscillated frequently among different agents. In the eighteenth century, these borderlands became an area of deep concern for the British. The British viewed borders as fixed and immutable, leading the Company to interpret Nepal’s fluid boundaries as encroachments on British territory.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

Motivated by territorial concern, the Company embarked on surveys and mapmaking projects.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> These activities involved carving political and administrative boundaries in Nepal to render the territory “more legible for colonial rule.”<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> These maps were then produced by the Revenue Surveys in the nineteenth century, serving as a strategy for the Company to divide land into non-overlapping, fixed spaces.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> Clashing ideas around borderlands and spatiality, therefore, played an instrumental role leading up to the height of territorial disputes in 1814 – the onset of the Anglo-Nepalese War.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/>

Contents from the [[Treaty of Sugauli|Treaty of Sagauli]] illustrate that clashes over territorial views aided in causing the war.<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> Article 2 states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces all claim to the lands which were the subject of discussion between the two States before the war, and acknowledges the right of the Honourable Company to the sovereignty of those lands.”<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> British forces’ focus on land and territoriality throughout the various articles of this Treaty exemplifies that territorial concern helped spur the war. Article 3 further states, “The Raja of Nepal hereby cedes to the Honourable the East India Company in perpetuity all the under-mentioned territories,” followed by the listing of five very detailed territorial spaces.<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> When describing one of these ceded lands, for example, the Treaty states, “hills eastward of the River Mitchee including the fort and lands of Nagree and the Pass of Nagarcote leading from Morung into the hills.”<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> These high levels of specificity, once again, showcase the Company’s highly fixed perceptions of borders and borderlands. As a result of the Anglo-Nepalese War and the subsequent treaty, Nepal lost approximately one-third of its land.<ref name="jstor.org"/> Disputes over territoriality, therefore, constituted a driving cause for war, following from the Company's deep concerns about Nepal’s fluid borders in the preceding years and decades.

The acquisition of the [[Nawab of Awadh]]'s lands by the British East India Company brought the region of [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] into the close proximity of the raja(king) of Palpa – the last remaining independent town within the Nepalese heartlands. Palpa and [[Butwal]] were originally two separate principalities; they were afterwards united under one independent Rajput prince, who, having conquered Butwal, added it to his hereditary possessions of Palpa. The lands of Butwal, though conquered and annexed, were yet held in fief, or paid an annual sum, first to Awadh, and afterwards, by transfer, to the British.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=425}}<ref name="Oldfield, p.40"/> During the regency of Rani Rajendra Laxmi, towards the close of the 18th century, the hill country of Palpa was conquered and annexed to Nepal. The rajah retreated to Butwal, but was subsequently induced, under false promises of redress, to visit Kathmandu, where he was put to death, and his territories in Butwal seized and occupied by the Nepalese.<ref name="Oldfield, p.40">{{harvnb|Oldfield|1880|p=40}}</ref> [[Bhimsen Thapa]], the Nepalese prime minister from 1806 to 1837, installed his own father as governor of Palpa, leading to serious border disputes between the two powers. The occupation of Terai of Butwal from 1804 till 1812 by the Nepalese, which was under British protection, was the immediate reason which led to the Anglo-Nepalese war in 1814.<ref name="Oldfield, p.40"/><ref name="Smith, p.172">{{harvnb|Smith|1852|loc=Warlike Preliminaries, Ch. 8, p. 172}}</ref><ref name="Prinsep, Ch. 2, ''Causes of Nipal War'', p.54-80.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|loc=Causes of Nipal War, p. 54-80}}</ref>

In October 1813, the ambitious the [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Earl of Moira]], assumed the office of the Governor-General, and his first act was to re-examine the border dispute between Nepal and British East India Company. These disputes arose because there was no fixed boundary separating the Nepalese and the British. A struggle with the former was unpromising as the British were ignorant of the country or its resources and, despite their technological superiority, it was a received persuasion that the nature of the mountainous tract, which they would have to penetrate, would be as baffling to them as it had been to all the efforts of many successive Mahomedan sovereigns.<ref name="Hastings, p.9">{{harvnb|Hastings|1824|p=9}}</ref> A border commission imposed on Nepal by the Governor-General failed to solve the problem. The Nepalese Commissioners had remarked to the British the futility of debating about a few square miles of territory since there never could be real peace between the two States, until the British should yield to the Nepalese all the British provinces north of the Ganges, making that river the boundary between the two, "as heaven had evidently designed it to be."<ref name="Hastings, p.9"/> However, Nepalese Historian [[Baburam Acharya]] contends that the British were striving to annex the hill regions of Nepal and were the ones responsible for creating border disputes. At the border demarcation, the British representative Major Bradshaw disrespected the Nepalese representatives – Rajguru [[Ranganath Poudyal]] and [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] [[Dalabhanjan Pande]], with a view of invoking a war against the Nepalese.{{sfn|Acharya|1971|p=3}} In the meantime, the British found that the Nepalese were preparing for war; that they had for some time been laying up large stores of saltpetre; purchasing and fabricating arms, and organizing and disciplining their troops under some European deserters in this service, after the model of the companies of East India's sepoy battalions.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=425}} The conviction that the Nepalese raids into the flatlands of the [[Terai]], a much prized strip of fertile ground separating the Nepalese hill country from India, increased tensions<ref name="Hastings, p.9"/> – the British felt their power in the region and their tenuous lines of communication between [[Calcutta]] and the northwest were under threat. Since there was no clear border, confrontation between the two powers was "necessary and unavoidable".{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=426}} Britain formally declared war on Nepal on 1 November 1814.<ref name="Smith, p.187-212">Smith, ''Britain's Declaration of War'', p.187-212.</ref>

===Economic Interests===
Economic interests also represent vital causes of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, the British sought to utilize the trans-Himalayan trade routes through Kathmandu and eastern Nepal.<ref name="English, Richard 1985">{{Cite journal |last=English |first=Richard |date=1985 |title=Himalayan State Formation and the Impact of British Rule in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223 |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=61–78 |doi=10.2307/3673223 |jstor=3673223 |issn=0276-4741|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These routes would create access to untapped markets for British manufactured goods in Tibet and China.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> In the late eighteenth century, therefore, the Company turned its attention toward trade between Tibet and [[British possessions]] in Bengal.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> Under the leadership of [[Warren Hastings]], trade missions were carried out to further these trade interests with the goal of establishing commercial relations with Nepal, Bhutan, and, ultimately, Tibet.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> Tibet represented a source of Chinese silks, wool, dyestuffs, and other attractive commodities.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> The Gorkha’s conquest of Kathmandu Valley and Nepal’s push into the Terai regions during the latter half of the eighteenth century, however, was viewed by the British as a threat to the Company’s trading plans.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> British economic interests, therefore, played a major role in causing the Anglo-Nepalese War. The Treaty of Sagauli illustrates these economic interests, as seen by Britain ceding Nepali lands that covered these attractive trade routes.<ref name="archivenepal.org"/>

The British had made constant efforts to persuade the Nepalese government to allow them trade access to fabled Tibet through Nepal. Despite a series of delegations headed by [[William Kirkpatrick (orientalist)|William Kirkpatrick]] (1792), Maulvi Abdul Qader (1795), and later William O. Knox (1801), the Nepalese Durbar refused to budge an inch. The resistance to open up the country to the Europeans could be summed up in a Nepalese precept, "With the merchants come the musket and with the Bible comes the bayonet."{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Lord Hastings was not averse to exploiting any commercial opportunities that access to the Himalayan region might offer. He knew that these would gratify his employers and silence his critics, because the East India Company was at this time in the throes of a cash-flow crisis. It needed substantial funds in Britain, in order to pay overheads, pensions, and dividends; but there were problems in remitting the necessary assets from India. Traditionally the company had bought Indian produce and sold it in London; but this no longer made economic sense. The staple Indian export was cotton goods, and demand for these was declining as home-produced textiles captured the British market. So the company was having to transfer its assets in another, more complicated and expensive way. It was having to ship its Indian textiles to Canton; sell them on the Chinese market; buy tea with the proceeds; then ship the tea for sale in Britain (all tea at this time came from China. It was not grown in India until the 1840s).<ref name="Pemble, p.366">{{harvnb|Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War|2009|p=366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowan |first=Sam |date=November 30, 2022 |title=The battle for the ear of the emperor - The Record |url=https://www.recordnepal.com/the-battle-for-the-ear-of-the-emperor |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Record |language=English |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130042418/https://www.recordnepal.com/the-battle-for-the-ear-of-the-emperor |url-status=live }}</ref>

So when Hastings told the directors of the Company about an alternative means of remittance, a rare and precious raw material that could easily and profitably be shipped from India directly to London, they were at once interested. The raw material in question was a [[Cashmere wool|superior-quality wool]]: the exquisitely soft and durable animal down that had been used since time immemorial to make the famous wraps, or shawls, of Kashmir. This down was found only on the shawl-wool goat, and the shawl-wool goat was found only in certain areas of western Tibet. It refused to breed anywhere else. This explains why, under the terms of the treaty of 1816, Nepal was required to surrender its far western provinces. Hastings hoped that this territory, partly annexed by the company and partly restored to its previous rulers, would give British merchants direct access to the wool-growing areas.<ref name="Pemble, p.366 "/>

Similarly David Ochterlony, then an agent at Ludhiana, on 24 August 1814 noted of Dehra Dun as a "potentially thriving entrepot for Trans-Himalayan trade." He contemplated annexing Garhwal not so much with the view to revenue, but for security of commercial communications with the country where the shawl wool is produced. The British soon got to know that Kumaon provided a better facility for trade with Tibet. Therefore, the annexation of these two areas became part of their strategic objectives.

===Security Concerns===
Although the immediate cause of disputes between Nepal and the British occurred over territoriality, it is unlikely that the Company would have embarked on such an expensive and arduous war without a desire to “eliminate one of the few remaining threats to British dominance in northern India.”<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> Therefore, the Company’s security concerns also aided in causing the war. In the early nineteenth century before the Anglo-Nepalese War, Nepal’s land stood directly north of Bengal, the heart of British administration.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> This posed a threat to the British. The Company feared that anti-British prejudices among the Nepalese might result in either an attack on Bengal that would strain British communication with North India, or may result in Indian states uniting into an anti-British alliance.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> Gorkhas’ impressive conquests of the Kathmandu Valley further supplied the British with an exaggerated view of Nepal’s strength, contributing to the British viewing Nepal as a security threat.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> Gorkhas’ strong resistance against British pressure since the 1760s contributed to British security concerns.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/>

The Treaty of Sagauli showcases British security concerns.<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> Article 6 of the treaty states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces for himself, his heirs, and successors, all claim to or connection with the countries lying to the west of the River Kali and engages never to have any concern with those countries or the inhabitants there of.”<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> This illustrates that the British used territorial limitations as a way of curtailing their security concerns – whether it be their concern over Nepal’s relationships with Sikhs, or concerns around Nepal’s possibility of alliance with north India or Bengal.

While trade was indeed a major objective of the company, out of it grew a concept of "political safety," which essentially meant a strategy of dissuasion and larger areas of occupation. The evidence does not support the claim that Hastings invaded Nepal only for commercial reasons. It was a strategic decision. He was wary of the Hindu revival and solidarity among the Marathas, the Sikhs, and the Gurkhas amid the decaying Mughal empire. He was hatching pre-emptive schemes of conquest against the Marathas in central India, and he needed to cripple Nepal first, in order to avoid having to fight on two fronts.<ref name="Pemble, p.366 "/>

That it was a flawed strategy is explained by [[Peter James Marshall|P.J. Marshal]]: "Political safety meant military preparedness. The military expenditure for 1761–62 to 1770–71 was 44 percent of the total spending of 22 million pounds. War and diplomacy rather than trade and improvement; most of the soldiers-would-be politicians and Governor Generals rarely understood. The political safety of Bengal was their first priority and they interpreted safety as requiring the subjugation of Mysore, the Marathas, the Pindaris, the Nepalese and the Burmese."

==War preparation==
[[File:Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg|upright|thumb|Bhimsen Thapa, prime minister of Nepal from 1806 to 1837.]]

===Pre-war opinions===
When the Kathmandu Durbar solicited Nepalese chiefs' opinions about a possible war with the British, Amar Singh Thapa was not alone in his opposition, declaring that – "They will not rest satisfied without establishing their own power and authority, and will unite with the hill [[rajas]], whom we have dispossessed. We have hitherto but hunted deer; if we engage in this war, we must prepare to fight tigers."<ref name="Prinsep, p.460">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=460}}</ref> He was against the measures adopted in Butwal and Sheeoraj, which he declared to have originated in the selfish views of persons, who scrupled not to involve the nation in war to gratify their personal avarice.<ref name="Prinsep, p.460"/><ref name="Prinsep, p.79-80">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|pp=79–80}}</ref>

This contrasts sharply with the prime minister of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa – " ... our hills and fastness are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable."<ref name="Prinsep, p.458">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=458}}: The entire letter by Bhimsen Thapa is as follows: "Through the influence of your good fortune, and that of your ancestors, no one has yet been able to cope with the state of Nipal. The Chinese once made war upon us, but were reduced to seek peace. How then will the English be able to penetrate into the hills? Under your auspices, we shall by our own exertions be able to oppose to them a force of fifty-two lakhs of men, with which we will expel them. The small fort of Bhurtpoor was the work of man, yet the English being worsted before it, desisted from the attempt to conquer it; our hills and fastnesses are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable. I therefore recommend the prosecution of hostilities. We can make peace afterwards on such terms as may suit our convenience."</ref><ref name="Hunter, p.100">{{harvnb|Hunter|1896|p=100}}</ref> This stance by Bhimsen Thapa is not surprising, as insinuated by Amar Singh, considering Bhimsen Thapa had made the usurpations in Butwal and Sheoraj, and whose family derived most of the advantages.<ref name="Prinsep, p.79-80"/> Prinsep estimates that the revenue of the usurped lands could not have been less than a lakh of rupees a year to the Nepalese, in the manner they collected it: the retention of this income was therefore an object of no small importance to the ambitious views of Bhimsen Thapa and the preservation of the influence he had contrived to establish for his family.<ref name="Prinsep, p.79-80"/> The Nepalese prime minister realized the Nepalese had several advantages over the British including knowledge of the region and recent experience fighting in the mountainous terrain. However, the British had numerical superiority and far more modern weapons.

In the meantime, the Governor-General also naively believed that "the difficulties of mountain warfare were greater on the defensive side than on that of a well conducted offensive operation."<ref name="Hastings, p.9"/> Soldiers like [[Rollo Gillespie]] saw the Nepalese as a challenge to British supremacy — "Opinion is everything in such a country as India: and whenever the natives shall begin to lose their reverence for the English arms, our superiority in other respects will quickly sink into contempt."

[[File:Francis Edward Rawdon, Marquess of Hastings.jpg|upright|thumb|Francis Edward Rawdon, Marquess of Hastings, Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823.]]

===Finance===
The Governor-General looked towards the Nawab of Awadh to finance the impending warfare with Nepal: two [[crore]] (20 million) rupees were solicited. Of this matter he writes:<ref name="Hastings, p.9-10.">{{harvnb|Hastings|1824|pp=9–10}}</ref>

{{blockquote|...Saadut Ali<ref>[[Saadat Ali Khan II]]</ref> unexpectedly died. I found, however, that what had been provisionally agitated with him was perfectly understood by his successor,<ref>[[Ghazi-ud-Din Haider]]</ref> so that the latter came forward with a spontaneous offer of a crore of rupees, which I declined as a peishcush or tribute on his accession to the sovereignty of Oude, but accepted as a loan for the Honourable Company. Eight lacs were afterwards added to this sum, in order that the interest of the whole, at six per cent, might equal the allowances to different branches of the Nawab Vizier's family, for which guarantee of the British Government had been pledged, and the payment of which, without vexatious retardments, was secured, by the appropriation of the interest to the specific purpose. The sum thus obtained was thrown into the general treasury, whence I looked to draw such portions of it as the demands of the approaching service might require. My surprise is not to be expressed, when I was shortly after informed from Calcutta, that it had been deemed expedient to employ fifty four lacs of the sum obtained by me in discharging an eight per cent loan, that the remainder was indispensable for current purposes, and it was hoped I should be able to procure from the Nawab Vizier a further aid for the objects of the war. This took place early in autumn, and operations against Nepaul could not commence till the middle of November, on which account the Council did not apprehend my being subjected to any sudden inconvenience through its disposal of the first sum. Luckily I was upon such frank terms with the Nawab Vizier, as that I could explain to him fairly my circumstances. He agreed to furnish another crore; so that the Honourable Company was accommodated with above two millions and a half sterling on my simple receipt.}}

In the aftermath of the war, he writes:<ref name="Hastings, p.9-10."/>
{{blockquote|The richest portion of the territory conquered by us bordered on the dominions the Nawab Vizier. I arranged the transfer of that tract to him in extinction of the second crore which I had borrowed. Of that crore the charges of the war absorbed fifty two lacs: forty eight lacs (£600,000) were consequently left in the treasury, a clear gain to the Honourable Company, in addition to the benefit of precluding future annoyance from an insolent neighbour.}}

This was in contrast with the Nepalese who had spent huge amount of resources on the first and second wars against the Tibetans, which had led to the gradual exhaustion of their treasury.

===Terrain===

To the British, who were used to fighting in the plains, but were unacquainted with the terrain of the hills, the formidability of the topology is expressed by one anonymous British soldier as such:{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=426}}
{{blockquote|...The territory subject to Nepal consists of a mountainous tract of country, lying between Tibet and the valley of the Ganges, in breadth not exceeding one hundred miles, but in length stretching nearly along the whole extent of the north-west frontier of the British dominions. Below the hills they held possession of a portion of the plain of irregular width, distinguished by the name of the Nepal Turrye,<ref>Terai</ref> but the period at which the acquisition was made is not ascertained.
The general military character of the country is that of extreme difficulty. Immediately at the front of the hills the plain is covered with the Great Saul Forest,<ref>''[[Shorea robusta]]'', also known as ''sal'' or ''shala'' tree, is a species of tree belonging to the family [[Dipterocarpaceae]].</ref> for an average width of ten or twelve miles; the masses of the mountains are immense, their sides steep, and covered with impenetrable jungle. The trenches in these ridges are generally water-courses, and rather chasms or gulfs than any thing that deserves the name of a valley. The roads are very insecure, and invariably pathways over mountains, or the beds of rivers, the usual means of transport throughout the country being by hill porters. Notwithstanding this general description, spaces comparatively open and hollow, and elevated tracts of tolerably level land, are to be met with, but so completely detached as to contribute but little to facilitate intercourse.
One of the largest and most fertile of these constitutes the valley of Nepal Proper.<ref>"Nepal Proper" refers to the Kathmandu Valley. Before the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley by Prithvi Narayan Shah, only this valley was originally referred to as Nepal.</ref> To the westward of Nepal, there is a difficult tract, till the country again opens in the valley of Gorkah, the original possession of the present dynasty. – Westward of this the country is again difficult, till it somewhat improves in the district of Kemaoon.<ref>Kumaon</ref> Further to the westward lies the valley of the Dhoon,<ref>Dehradun</ref> and the territory of Sue-na-Ghur;<ref>[[Srinagar, Uttarakhand]]</ref> and further still, the more recent conquests, stretching to the village, in which Umar Sing,<ref>Amar Singh Thapa</ref> a chief of uncommon talents, commanded, and indeed, exercised an authority almost independent.}}

==First campaign==
===British plan of operation===
[[File:Officer and Private, 40th Foot, 1815.jpg|thumb|upright|Officer and Private, 40th Regiment of Foot, 1815]]
[[File:Gurkha soldier 1815.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Gurkha|Gorkhali warrior]].]]

The initial British campaign was an attack on two fronts across a frontier of more than {{convert|1,500|km}}, from the Sutlej to the Koshi. In the eastern front, Major-General Bennet Marley and Major-General John Sullivan Wood led their respective columns across the [[Tarai]] towards the heart of the valley of Kathmandu. Major-General [[Rollo Gillespie]] and Colonel [[David Ochterlony]] commanded columns in the western front. These columns were faced with the Nepalese army under the command of [[Amar Singh Thapa]].{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}} About the beginning of October 1814, the British troops began to move towards different depots; and the army was soon after formed into four divisions, one at Benares, one at Meeruth, one at Dinapur, and one at Ludhiana.

''The first division'', at [[Dinapur]], being the largest, was commanded by Major-General Marley, and was intended to seize the pass at [[Makwanpur District|Makwanpur]], between Gunduk and Bagmati, the key to Nepal, and to push forward to [[Kathmandu]]: thus at once carrying the war into the heart of the enemy's country.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}}<ref name="Fraser, p.13.">{{harvnb|Fraser|1820|p=13}}</ref> This force consisted of 8,000 men, including his Majesty's 24th foot of 907 strong; there was a train attached to it of four 18-pounders, eight 6- and 3-pounders, and fourteen mortars and howitzers.<ref name="Smith, p.215-219.">{{harvnb|Smith|1852|loc=Plan of Operation, p. 215-219}}</ref><ref name="Prinsep, p.85.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=85}}</ref>

''The second division'', at [[Benares]], under command of Major-General Wood, having subsequently removed to [[Gorakhpur]], was meant to enter the hills by the Bhootnuill pass, and, turning to the eastward, to penetrate the hilly districts, towards Kathmandu, and cooperate with the first division, while its success would have divided the enemy's country and force into two parts, cutting off all the troops in [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]] from communication with the capital.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}}<ref name="Fraser, p.13."/> Its force consisted of his Majesty's 17th foot, 950 strong, and about 3000 infantry, totaling 4,494 men; it had a train of seven 6- and 3-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers.<ref name="Smith, p.215-219."/><ref name="Prinsep, p.84."/>

''The third division'', was formed at [[Meerut]], under Major-General Gillespie; and it was purposed to march directly to the [[Dehra Dun]]; and having reduced the forts in that valley, to move, as might be deemed expedient, to the eastward, to recover [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] from the troops of Amar Singh Thapa; or to the westward, to gain the post of [[Nahan]], the chief town of [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], where Ranjore Singh Thapa held the government for his father, Amar Singh; and so sweep on towards the [[Sutlej]], in order to cut off that chief from the rest, and thus to reduce him to terms.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}}<ref name="Fraser, p.13."/> This division originally consisted of his Majesty's 53d, which with artillery and a few dismounted dragoons, made up about one thousand Europeans, and two thousand five hundred native infantry, totaling 3,513 men.<ref name="Smith, p.215-219."/><ref name="Prinsep, p.84.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=84}}</ref>

''The fourth, or north-western division'', at [[Ludhiana]], was to operate in the hilly country lying near the Sutlej: it assembled under Brigadier-General Ochterlony, and was destined to advance against the strong and extensive cluster of posts held by Amar Singh and the troops under his immediate orders at and surrounding arki, a considerable town of [[Kahlur]], and to cooperate with the forces under Major-General Gillespie, moving downwards among the hills, when these positions should be forced, surrounding Amar Singh, and driving him upon that army.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}}<ref name="Fraser, p.13."/> The force consisted exclusively of native infantry and artillery, and amounted to 5,993 men; it had a train of two 18-pounder, ten 6-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers.<ref name="Smith, p.215-219."/><ref name="Prinsep, p.83.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=83}}</ref>

Lastly, beyond the [[Koshi River]] eastward, Major Latter was furnished with two thousand men, including his district battalion, for the defence of the [[Purnia division|Poornea]] frontier. This officer was desired to open a communication with the Raja of Sikkim, and to give him every assistance and encouragement to expel the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkhas]] from the eastern hills, short of an actual advance of troops for the purpose.<ref name="Prinsep, p.85."/> Captain Barré Latter was sent to the border with [[Purnia|Poornea]] and after a successful mission to confine the Gorkhas to their own territory concluded the Anglo-Sikkimese [[Treaty of Titalia]] confirming the Raja's dominions, although the latter lost territory from his border to the [[Tamur River]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Paget |first=William Henry |title=Frontier and overseas expeditions from India |url=https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas04indi |year=1907 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas04indi/page/40 40]}}</ref>

The Commander-in-Chief of the British forces was Lord Moira. All four divisions composed mostly of Indian Sepoys. Ochterlony's army was the only division without a single British battalion. In conclusion, the Gorkhali Army defeated the British on three fronts consisting the middle and the east whereas lost the remaining two fronts in the west.

===Battle of Makwanpur Gadhi===
{{main|Battle of Makwanpur (1816)}}

Major General Marley was tasked to occupy Hetauda and capture the fortresses of Hariharpur and Makawanpur before proceeding to Kathmandu. His frontage of advance lay between Rapati river and Bagmati river. After additional reinforcements, he had 12,000 troops for his offensive against the Makawanpur and Hariharpur axis. A big attack base was established but Major General Marley showed reluctance to take risks against the Nepalese. Some skirmishes had already started taking place. Similarly, Major General George Wood, sometimes known as the Tiger of the British Indian Army, proved exceedingly cautious against the hard charging Nepalese.

Colonel<ref>The use of English terms for their grades of command was common in the Nepalese army, but the powers of the different ranks did not correspond with those of the British system. The title of General was assumed by Bhimsen Thapa, as Commander-in-chief, and enjoyed by himself alone; of Colonels there were three or four only; all principal officers of the court, commanding more than one battalion. The title of Major was held by the adjutant of a battalion or independent company; and Captain was the next grade to colonel, implying the command of a corps. Luftun, or Lieutenant, was the style of the officers commanding companies under the Captain; and then followed the subaltern ranks of Soobadar, Jemadar, and Havildar, without any Ensigns. ({{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|pp=86–87}})</ref> [[Ranabir Singh Thapa]], brother of Bhimsen Thapa, was to be the Sector Commander of Makawanpur-Hariharpur axis. He was given a very large fortress and about 4,000 troops with old rifles and a few pieces of cannons. But the British could not move forward from the border. Colonel Ranabir Singh Thapa had been trying to lure the enemies to his selected killing area. But Major General Wood would not venture forward from Bara Gadhi and he eventually fell back to Betiya.

===Battle of Jitgadh===
{{main|Battle of Jit Gadhi}}

With the help of an ousted Palpali king, Major General Wood planned to march on Siuraj, [[Jit Gadhi]] and Nuwakot with a view to bypass the Butwal defenses, flushing out minor opposition on the axis, and assault Palpa from a less guarded flank. Nepalese Colonel [[Ujir Singh Thapa]] had deployed his 1200 troops in many defensive positions including Jit Gadhi, Nuwakot Gadhi and Kathe Gadhi. The troops under Colonel Ujir were very disciplined and he himself was a dedicated and able commander. He was famous for exploiting advantage in men, material, natural resources and well versed in mountain tactics. The British advance took place on 6 January 1814, to Jit Gadh. While they were advancing to this fortress, crossing the Tinau River, the Nepalese troops opened fire from the fortress. Another of the attackers' columns was advancing to capture Tansen Bazar. Here too, Nepalese spoiling attacks forced the General to fall back to Gorakhpur. About 70 Nepalese lost their lives in Nuwakot pakhe Gadhi. Meanwhile, more than 300 of the enemy perished.

===Battle of Nalapani===
{{further|Battle of Nalapani}}
The [[Battle of Nalapani]] was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near [[Dehradun]], which was placed under siege by the British between 31 October and 30 November 1814. The fort's garrison was commanded by Captain [[Balbhadra Kunwar]], while Major-General [[Rollo Gillespie]], who had previously fought at the [[Invasion of Java (1811)|Battle of Java]], was in charge of the attacking British troops. Gillespie was killed on the first day of the siege while rallying his men and despite considerable odds, both in terms of numbers and firepower, Balbhadra and his 600-strong garrison, which also consisted of brave women who reportedly shielded the bullets and cannonballs with their bodies, successfully held out against more than 5,000 British troops for over a month.
Fraser recorded the situation in the following terms:<ref>{{harvnb|Shackell|1820|p=590}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The determined resolution of the small party which held this small post for more than a month, against so comparatively large a force, must surely wring admiration from every voice, especially when the horrors of the latter portion of this time are considered; the dismal spectacle of their slaughtered comrades, the sufferings of their women and children thus immured with themselves, and the hopelessness of relief, which destroyed any other motive for their obstinate defence they made, than that resulting from a high sense of duty, supported by unsubdued courage. This, and a generous spirit of courtesy towards their enemy, certainly marked the character of the garrison of Kalunga, during the period of its siege.{{pb}}Whatever the nature of the Gurkhas may have been found in other quarters, there was here no cruelty to wounded or to prisoners; no poisoned arrows were used; no wells or waters were poisoned; no rancorous spirit of revenge seemed to animate them: they fought us in fair conflict, like men; and, in intervals of actual combat, showed us a liberal courtesy worthy of a more enlightened people.{{pb}}So far from insulting the bodies of the dead and wounded, they permitted them to lie untouched, till carried away; and none were stripped, as is too universally the case.}}

After two costly and unsuccessful attempts to seize the fort by direct attack, the British changed their approach and sought to force the garrison to surrender by cutting off the fort's external water supply. Having suffered three days of thirst, on the last day of the siege, Balbhadra, refusing to surrender, led the 70 surviving members of the garrison in a charge against the besieging force. Fighting their way out of the fort, the survivors escaped into the nearby hills. The battle set the tone for the rest of the Anglo-Nepalese War, and a number of later engagements, including one at Jaithak, unfolded in a similar way.

The experience at Nalapani so discomforted the British that Lord Hastings so far varied his plan of operations as to forego the detachment of a part of this division to occupy Gurhwal.<ref name="Prinsep, p.94.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=94}}</ref> He accordingly instructed Colonel Mawbey to leave a few men in a strong position for the occupation of the Doon and to carry his undivided army against Amar Singh's son, Colonel Ranajor Singh Thapa, who was with about 2300 elite of the Gurkha army, at Nahan.<ref name="Prinsep, p.94."/> It was further intended to reinforce the division considerably; and the command was handed over to Major-General Martindell.<ref name="Prinsep, p.94."/> In the meantime Colonel Mawbey had led back the division through the Keree pass, leaving Colonel Carpenter posted at Kalsee, at the north western extremity of the Doon.<ref name="Prinsep, p.95.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=95}}</ref> This station commanded the passes of the Jumna on the main line of communication between the western and eastern portions of the Gurkha territory, and thus was well chosen for procuring intelligence.<ref name="Prinsep, p.95."/>

===Battle of Jaithak===
{{further|Battle of Jaithak}}
[[File:Battle of Jaithak.JPG|thumb|Stockaded position of the [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] at Jaithak]]
Major General Martindale now joined the force and took over command. He occupied the town of Nahan on 27 December, and started his attack on the fort of Jaithak. The fort had a garrison of 2000 men under the command of [[Ranajor Singh Thapa]], the son of the [[Amar Singh Thapa]]. The first assault ended in disaster, with the Nepalese successfully warding off the British offensive. The second managed to cut off the water supply to the fort, but could not capture it mainly because of the exhausted state of the troops and shortage of ammunition. Martindale lost heart and ordered a withdrawal. Jaithak was eventually captured much later in the war, when Ochterlony had taken over the command.<ref name="Naravane, p.190.">{{harvnb|Naravane|2006|p=190}}</ref>

A single day of battle at Jaithak cost the British over three hundred men dead and wounded{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} and cooled Martindell's ardour for battle. For over a month and a half, he refused to take any further initiative against the Nepalese army. Thus by mid-February, of the four British commanders the Nepalese army had faced till that time, Gillespie was dead, Marley had deserted, Wood was harassed into inactivity, and Martindell was practically incapacitated by over-cautiousness. It set the scene for Octorloney to soon show his mettle and change the course of the war.

===Trying times for Nepalese troops===
Out West, the Nepalese were hopelessly overextended. Kumaun, a key link in Nepalese army communications with the Far West, was defended by a small force, numbering about 750 men, with an equal number of Kumaoni irregulars, altogether about 1,500 men to defend a whole province. In addition, Doti which was to the East of Kumaun, had been practically stripped of troops. [[Bam Shah]], as governor of Kumaun, had final responsibility for the defence of the province.

The British force, numbering initially over 4,500 men, was easily able to outmaneuver the Nepalese defenders and force them to abandon one post after another. Despite a significant victory over Captain Hearsey's force, which had been sent on a flanking movement though Eastern Kumaun, and the capture of the captain himself, the Nepalese army were unable to stem the tide of the British advance. Hasti Dal Shah arrived in Almora with a small body of reinforcement troops. A further reinforcement of four companies was sent from Kathmandu to aid the beleaguered defences of Kumaun, but the difficulties of communication through the hills prevented them from arriving in time to be of any help.

Meanwhile, Hastings sent Colonel Nicolls, Quartermaster-General for the British troops in India, to take charge of the [[Almora campaign]] and assigned 2,000 regular troops to this front in addition to the very large number of irregulars already assigned to the area – all of this against fewer than 1,000 Nepalese soldiers.

[[Hasti Dal Shah]] and some 500 Nepalese men had set out from Almora to secure Almora's Northern line of communications with Kathmandu. This party was intercepted. Hasti Dal Shah, the ablest Nepalese commander in this sector, was killed in the first moments of the battle. The Nepalese suffered terrible losses. When word of this disaster reached the defenders at Almora, they were stunned. The British closed in on Almora and the Nepalese was unable to prevent the British advance. On 25 April 1815, 2,000 British regulars under Col. Nicholls and a force of irregular troops under Col. Gardiner assaulted and captured the heights of the town of Almorah. Subsequently, the British managed to establish gun positions within 70 yards of the gate of the fort at Almora and the British artillery demolished the walls of the fort at point blank range. Bam Shah surrendered Almora on 27 April 1815. The result of this British victory was the capitulation of the province of Kumaon and all of its fortresses.

===Second Battle of Malaon and Jaithak===
The [[Second Battle of Malaon]] and [[Second Battle of Jaithak|Jaithak]] cut the Nepalese lines of communication between Central Nepal and the Far West. It also sealed the fate of Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at Malaon and Ranajor Singh Thapa at Jaithak. At Malaon, Major-General Ochterlony had moved with extreme care summoning reinforcements and heavy guns from Delhi until his total attack force consisted of over 10,000 men well-equipped with heavy cannons.

Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's position in the [[Malaon Hills]] depended on [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] in the lowlands for his food supplies, and the nature of the hills forced him to spread his forces very thinly in an attempt to defend every vantage point. Ochterlony cut off the supply of food from Bilaspur and then turned his attention to the intricate network of defensive posts that were designed to withstand any frontal assault. Although rear fortifications supported these posts, none could withstand a long cannonade by heavy guns. Because Ochterlony had sufficient troops to attack and overwhelm several positions simultaneously, the thinly spread Nepalese defences could be dangerously divided.

Ochterlony chose his target, a point on the ridge, and then proceeded to move slowly, consolidating each position that he took, and allowing the pioneers time to build roads so that the heavy guns could be moved forward to support each attack. After a series of carefully planned and executed moves, he succeeded in establishing a position on the crest of Deothal, not even over a thousand yards from Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's main fort at Malaon. The old warrior [[Bhakti Thapa]] valiantly led assault after assault on this position, but he died during battle and the position did not fall. Immensely impressed by Bhakti's sustained courage against impossible odds, the British made the well appreciated and honourable gesture of returning his body with full military honours. The British superiority in numbers made it inevitable that they would be able to establish themselves and their heavy guns on a vantage point within range of Ranajor Singh's fortifications, sooner or later.

Both Kazi Amar Singh Thapa and Ranajor Singh Thapa were thus hemmed in and looking down the barrels of the British guns when Bam Shah's letter arrived, announcing the fall of Almora. Although the old commander was still reluctant to surrender, Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at last saw the hopelessness of the situation and, compelled by circumstances and the British guns, surrendered with honour for both himself and Ranajor Singh. The Nepalese positions in the Far West lost control to the British on 15 May 1815.

==Second campaign==
[[File:Eight Gurkha men depicted in a British Indian painting, 1815.jpg|thumb|Gorkhali soldiers in 1815 [[Anno Domini|AD]].]]

The outstretched Nepalese army was defeated on the Western front i.e. [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] area. Ochterlony had finally outfoxed Bada Kaji [[Amar Singh Thapa]]. He was the only successful British Commander in the first Nepal-Company campaign. Not surprisingly [[Lord Moira]] appointed him as the Main Operational Commander in the second offensive on the Bharatpur-Makawanpur-Hariharpur front with 17,000 strong invasion force, but again, most of them were Indian sepoys.<ref name="Naravane, p.191">{{harvp|Naravane|2006|p=191}}</ref>

The British had given a 15-day ultimatum to Nepal to ratify a treaty on 28 November. But the points of the treaty were very difficult for the Nepalese to ratify quickly. The delay provided the excuse for the British to commence the second military campaign against the kingdom. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh Thapa, another brother of [[Bhimsen Thapa]], had been appointed as Sector Commander for defensive battles for the area from [[Bijayapur]] to [[Sindhuli Gadhi]] in the first campaign. In this second campaign, Bada Kaji Amarsingh Thapa{{refn|group=note|Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the [[Gurkha War]] with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).}}was detailed as Sector Commander for [[Sindhuli Gadhi]] and the eastern front. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh Thapa was manning his headquarters at [[Makwanpur Gadhi]]. Major General [[David Ochterlony]], was the overall commander against Nepal with a massive 17,000 British troops to assault the fronts including Upardang Gadhi, Sinchyang Gadhi, Kandrang Gadhi, Makawanpur Gadhi and [[Hariharpur Gadhi]].

During the campaign in February 1816, Ochterlony decided to take a very infrequently used pass through the mountains. The failure there would have been a disaster for British. But the successful passage would allow British to directly emerge and attack the Nepalese's rear. Colonel Kelly and Colonel O’Hollorah followed the river Bagmati to reach [[Hariharpur Gadhi]]. Some of the heads of villagers were bribed for sensitive information about the defensive positions in the area of Hariharpur Gadhi. The information seriously compromised the Nepalese defences. Secret routes would have given the enemy advantage even if they were able to get only a battalion through. But the British were able to advance with more than a brigade's strength. Colonel Kelly and Colonel O’Hollorah launched their attack from two different directions on 29 February. The Nepalese troops were eventually driven back from Hariharpur Gadhi after a big battle. Kaji Ranjore Singh Thapa withdrew to Sindhuli Gadhi to link up with Bada Kaji [[Amar Singh Thapa]]. The British troops did not approach Sindhuli Gadhi and fell back to [[Makawanpur]] by the end of March 1816.

The situation became very critical for Nepal and the British which eventually led to a treaty. Major General [[David Ochterlony]] settled down to receive the treaty, signed by Kathmandu Durbar through Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya, Pandit Gajaraj Mishra and finally though Bhaktawar Singh Thapa. Two days later the ratified treaty was handed over to the British in [[Makawanpur]]. The war ended with the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], which has been considered as an unequal treaty which led to Nepal losing its one-third territory. The river Mechi became the new Eastern border and the Mahakali the Western boundary of Nepal.

==Aftermath==
===The Treaty of Sugauli===
[[File:Sugauli treaty.jpg|thumb|Bhimsen Thapa's troops, right, at Segauli, 1816, with India Pattern Brown Bess muskets and chupi bayonets.]]
[[File:Sugauli Treaty2.PNG|thumb|The [[Sugauli Treaty|Treaty of Sugauli]] 4 March 1816. It suited Ochterlony to bring the campaign to a speedy conclusion because of the approach of the dreaded aul-fever season but also because a number of his European troops were suffering from [[dysentery]].]]
{{main|Sugauli Treaty}}

The [[Sugauli Treaty|Treaty of Sugauli]] was ratified on 4 March 1816. As per the treaty, Nepal lost all Sikkim (including [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]), the territories of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and Western Terai. The [[Mechi River]] became the new eastern border and the [[Mahakali river]] the western boundary of the kingdom. The [[British East India Company]] would pay 200,000 rupees annually to compensate for the loss of income from the Terai region. The British set up a [[Resident (title)|Resident]].<ref>India-Board (8 November 1816) in Kathmandu.</ref> The fear of having a British Resident in Kathmandu ultimately proved to be unfounded, as the rulers of Nepal managed to isolate the Resident to such an extent as to be in virtual house arrest.

The Terai lands, however, proved difficult for the British to govern and some of them were returned to the kingdom later in 1816 and the annual payments accordingly abolished.<ref name="Oldfield, p.304-305.">{{harvnb|Oldfield|1880|pp=304–305}}</ref> However even after the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War, the border issue between the two states was not yet settled. The boundary between Nepal and Oudh was not finally adjusted until 1830; and that between Nepal and the British territories remained as a matter of discussion between the two Governments for several years later.<ref name="Oldfield, p.306.">{{harvnb|Oldfield|1880|p=306}}</ref>

The British never had the intention to destroy either the existence or the independence of a state which was usefully interposed between them and the dependencies of China.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=428}} Lord Hastings had given up his plan to dismember Nepal from fear of antagonising China – whose vassal Nepal in theory was. In 1815, while British forces were campaigning in far western Nepal, a high-ranking Manchu official advanced with a large
military force from China to Lhasa; and the following year, after the Anglo-Nepalese treaty had been signed, the Chinese army moved south again, right up to Nepal's frontier. The Nepalese panicked, because memories were still vivid of the Chinese invasion of 1792, and there was a flurry of urgent diplomatic activity. Hastings sent mollifying assurances to the imperial authorities, and ordered the British Resident, newly arrived in Kathmandu, to pack his bags and be ready to leave at once if the Chinese invaded again.<ref name="Pemble, pp.367.">{{harvnb|Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War|2009|p=367}}</ref>

===Cost of war===
Despite the boast of Lord Moira to the British parliament on having increased the state coffers, the Gurkha War had in reality cost more than the combined cost of the campaigns against the [[Marathas]] and the [[Pindaris]] for which Lord Moira's administration is better known: Sicca Rs. {{formatnum:5156961}} as against Sicca Rs. {{formatnum:3753789}}.<ref name="Lamb, p.41.">{{harvnb|Lamb|1986|p=41}}</ref> This was the kind of fact which greatly influenced the policy of the Company government in subsequent years. Thus, while the Company Government, in theory, thoroughly approved of the development of trade, especially in shawl wool, between Western Tibet and its territories, it was unprepared to take any decisive step to bring this about. It preferred to leave the Chinese in Tibet to their own devices, and hoped to avoid the risk, however slight, of another expensive hill war.<ref name="Lamb, p.41."/>

Furthermore, despite the British merchants' direct access to the wool growing areas after the war, the hopes of shawl wool trade were never realised. The British merchants found that they were too late. The shawl wool market was strictly closed and closely guarded. It was monopolised by traders from Kashmir and Ladakh, and the only outsider with whom they dealt was Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the powerful Sikh ruler of Lahore. Ranjit was very zealous of his privilege, and he was the last person the British could afford to offend at this time of crisis and uncertainty. So the East India Company never did get its shawl wool. When it finally acquired the Punjab and Kashmir, after the Sikh Wars of the 1840s, it had long since given up trade, and Kashmir was so little valued that it was quickly discarded – sold for a knock-down price to the Raja of Jammu.<ref name="Pemble, pp.366-367.">{{harvnb|Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War|2009|pp=366–367}}</ref>

===Gorkha recruitment===
{{main|Brigade of Gurkhas|Gorkha regiments (India)}}

[[File:Ilngurkhas1858.jpg|thumb|Gurkahs of 66th Regiment in their national costume]]
[[File:Kukri.jpg|thumb|The [[Khukuri]] is the traditional weapon and tool of the [[Gurkhas]].]]

David Ochterlony and the political agent [[William Fraser (British administrator)|William Fraser]] were quick to recognize the potential of Nepalese soldiers in British service. During the war the British were keen to use defectors from the Nepalese army and employ them as irregular forces. His confidence in their loyalty was such that in April 1815 he proposed forming them into a battalion under Lieutenant Ross called the Nasiri regiment. This regiment, which later became the [[1GR|1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles]], saw action at the Malaun fort under the leadership of Lieutenant Lawtie, who reported to Ochterlony that he "had the greatest reason to be satisfied with their exertions".

As well as Ochterlony's Gorkhali battalions, William Fraser and [[Frederick Young (soldier)|Lieutenant Frederick Young]] raised the Sirmoor battalion, later to become the [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles]]; an additional battalion, the Kumaon battalion was also raised eventually becoming the [[3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]]. None of these men fought in the second campaign.

===Fate of protagonists===
====Bhimsen Thapa====
{{main|Bhimsen Thapa}}

Prime Minister [[Bhimsen Thapa]], with the support of the queen regent [[Queen Tripurasundari|Tripura Sundari]], remained in power despite the defeat of Nepal. Other ruling families, particularly the Pandes, decried what they saw as Bhimsen Thapa's submissive attitude towards the British. The prime minister however had been able to retain power by maintaining a large, modernized army and politically dominating the court during the minority of King [[Rajendra of Nepal|Rajendra Bikram Shah]], (reigned 1816–1847). Additionally, he was able to freeze out the Pandes from power by appointing members of his own family into positions of authority.

When queen Tripura Sundari died in 1832, Bhimsen Thapa began to lose influence. In 1833, [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Brian Hodgson]] became British resident, openly favouring Bhimsen Thapa's opponents, and in 1837 the king announced his intention to rule independently, depriving the prime minister and his nephew of their military powers. After the eldest son of the queen died, Bhimsen Thapa was falsely accused of attempting to poison the prince. Although acquitted, the Thapas were in turmoil. When the head of the Pande family, Rana Jang Pande, became prime minister, he had Bhimsen Thapa re-imprisoned; Bhimsen Thapa committed suicide in August 1839.

====David Ochterlony====
{{main|David Ochterlony}}

For his part, [[David Ochterlony]] received thanks from both [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]] and became the first officer in the [[British East India Company]] to be awarded the [[Order of the Bath|GCB]]. [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Moira]] also reinstated him as Resident at [[Delhi]] and he lived in the style appropriate to a very senior figure of the company. However, after Lord Moira left India – succeeded by [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|Lord Amherst]] as Governor-General in 1823 – Ochterlony fell out of favor.

In 1825 the [[Raja]] of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]] died and the six-year-old heir to the throne, whom Ochterlony supported, was usurped by his cousin Durjan Sal. When Durjan Sal failed to submit to Ochterlony's demands to vacate the throne, the British general prepared to march on Bharatpur. He did not receive the backing of the new Governor-General however, and after Amherst countermanded his orders, Ochterlony resigned, as Amherst had anticipated. This episode badly affected the ailing general who died shortly after on 14 July 1825. A 165-foot-high memorial was later erected in [[Calcutta]] in his memory; however, Sir David Ochterlony's greatest legacy is the continuing recruitment of [[Gurkha|Gorkhas]] into the British and Indian armies.

Soon after Ochterlony's resignation Amherst was himself obliged to do what Ochterlony had prepared to do, and laid siege to Bharatpur.<ref name="Naravane, p.191"/>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Gurkha]]
* [[History of Nepal]]
* [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
* [[Brigade of Gurkhas]]
* [[Sino-Nepalese War]]
* [[Gurkha–Sikh War]]
* [[Nepalese-Tibetan War]]
* [[East India Company]]
* [[Company rule in India]]
* [[Nawab of Awadh]]
* [[Garhwali people]]
* [[Kumauni people]]
* [[Awadh]]
* [[Battle of Nalapani]]
* [[Treaty of Thapathali]]
* [[Gorkha Kingdom]]
* [[Treaty of Sugauli|Treaty of Sagauli]]
* [[Warren Hastings]]
* [[List of ranks in Nepal army after Nepal-Anglo war|Ranks in Nepal Army]]
{{col div end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
===Primary sources===
* India-Board. (16 August 1815). ''Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 25 January 1815''. The London Gazette. Issue: 17052. Published: 19 Aug 1815. pp. 1–8. [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/17052/pages/1685]
* India-Board. (8 November 1816). ''Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 30 March 1816''. The London Gazette. Issue: 17190. Published: 11 Nov 1816. pp. 1–4. [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/17190/pages/2137]
* {{citation |author1=((Anon)) |title=An account of the war in Nipal; Contained in a Letter from an Officer on the Staff of the Bengal Army |journal=Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany |volume=1 |date=May 1816 |pages=425–429 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dtAAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Fraser |first=James Baillie |date=1820 |title=Journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the Himālā mountains, and to the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges |location=London |publisher=Rodwell and Martin |url=https://archive.org/details/journaloftourthr00fras}}
* {{citation |author1=((Anon)) |year=1822 |title=Military sketches of the Goorka war in India: in the years 1814, 1815, 1816 |publisher=Woodbridge, Printed by J. Loder for R. Hunter |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/militarysketche00unkngoog}}
* East India Company. (1824). Papers respecting the Nepaul War. ''Papers regarding the administration of the Marquis of Hastings in India''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kElDAAAAcAAJ]
* {{citation |first=Marquis of |last=Hastings |year=1824 |title=Summary of the operations in India: with their results: from 30 April 1814 to 31 Jan. 1823 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkZDAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{citation |author-link=Henry Thoby Prinsep |last=Prinsep |first=Henry Thoby |year=1825 |title=History of the political and military transactions in India during the administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813–1823, Vol 1 |location=London |publisher=Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1jAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation |first=W. |last=Shackell |title=The Monthly Magazine. Volume: XLIX Part: I for 1820 |year=1820 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a20EAAAAQAAJ}}

===Secondary sources===
* {{citation |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |title=King Girvan's letter to Kaji Ranjor Thapa |journal=Regmi Research Series |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |date=January 1, 1971 |orig-year=1950 |url=https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf}}
* {{citation |last=Smith |first=Thomas |year=1852 |title=Narrative of a five-year's residence at Nepaul. Vol 1 |location=London |publisher=Colburn and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeafivey09ochtgoog}}
* {{citation |last=Oldfield |first=Henry Ambrose |year=1880 |title=Sketches from Nipal, Vol 1 |location=London |publisher=W.H. Allen and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromnipa01oldf}}
* {{citation |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |year=1896 |title=Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson |location=London |publisher=John Murray |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924029875915}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=British India and Tibet 1766–1910 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pfl0DwAAQBAJ |year=1986 |orig-date=1960 |edition=Revised |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0710208723 |pages=26–43}}
* {{citation |last=Gould |first=Tony |year=2000 |title=Imperial Warriors – Britain and the Gorkhas |publisher=Granta Books |isbn=1-86207-365-1}}
* {{citation |first=M. S. |last=Naravane |title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |pages=189–191 |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2006}}
* {{citation |last=Pemble |first=John |year=2009 |title=Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurkha War |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=40 |number=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1080/03068370903195154 |s2cid=159606340 |ref={{sfnref|Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War|2009}}}}
* Pemble, John. (2009). ''Britain's Gorkha War: The Invasion of Nepal, 1814–16''. Casemate Pub & Book Dist Llc {{ISBN|978-1-84832-520-3}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Pradhan |first1=K. L. |title=Thapa politics in Nepal : with special reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806-1839 |date=2012 |publisher=Concept Pub. Co |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788180698132}}
* {{citation |author1=((Nepalese Army Headquarters))|title=The Nepalese Army |url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/sipahi_display.php?type=coffeetable |year=2010 |isbn=978-9937-2-2472-7 |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126094718/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/sipahi_display.php?type=coffeetable |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}

===Bibliography===
* Marshall, Julie G. (2005). ''Britain and Tibet 1765-1947: a select annotated bibliography of British relations with Tibet and the Himalayan states including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-33647-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Anglo-Nepalese War}}
* [https://countrystudies.us/nepal/ History of Nepal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607215048/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two History of the Nepalese Army]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018202001/http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/documents/treaties_agreements/nep_india_open_border.htm Indian-Nepalese border; The Tarai region]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030902202914/http://www.Nepalesecongress.org.np/contents/nepal/treaties/2.php The Sugauli Treaty]

{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Nepal topics}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1814]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1815]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1816]]
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company|Gurkha war]]
[[Category:19th century in Nepal|History of Nepal]]
[[Category:History of Garhwal]]
[[Category:History of Kumaon]]
[[Category:Wars involving Nepal]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Nepal–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:1810s in Asia]]
[[Category:Anglo-Nepalese War| ]]
[[Category:1816 in Nepal]]
[[Category:1814 in Nepal]]
[[Category:1810s in Nepal]]
[[Category:1815 in Nepal]]

Gudivada

2026-03-15T11:39:12Z

EJDTimmy2065: updated page after review and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|City in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{About|a city in Krishna district|a village in East Godavari district|Gudivada, East Godavari district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gudivada
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Gudivada location in India
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.43|N|80.99|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna District|Krishna]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gudivada mandal|Gudivada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Gudivada Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12.67
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 118,167
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf |website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|pages=16–17, 48}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-08674
| registration_plate = AP 39
| website = {{URL|http://gudivada.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Gudivada''' is a city in [[Krishna district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a municipality and the headquarters of [[Gudivada mandal]] in [[Gudivada revenue division]].<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|title=Krishna District Mandals |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|publisher=Census of India |access-date=17 July 2015|pages=504, 528–529}}</ref> It is one of the cities in the state to be a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |url=https://andhranation.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/new-mandals-added-in-crda.pdf |website=Andhra Nation |publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department |access-date=23 September 2015 |date=22 September 2015 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810085549/https://andhranation.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/new-mandals-added-in-crda.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|twenty-seventh most populous]] city in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[List of cities in India by population|three-hundredth most populous]] city in [[India]] with a population of 118,167 according to the 2011 [[Census of India]].

== History ==
[[File:Holy relic sites map of Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Holy relic sites map of Andhra Pradesh]][[File:Gudiwada Reliquaries (BM).JPG|thumb|Reliquaries from the stupa at Gudiwada in the [[British Museum]]]]
The name Gudivada was derived from ''Gudi'' meaning Temple and ''Vada'' means Settlement or town in [[Telugu language]]. The presence of [[Human settlement|Habitation]] at this city may be dated back to 3rd Century BCE or 2nd Century BCE since the time of Sathavahanas as per some inscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Spectrum |first=Digital |url=http://livegudivada.blogspot.in/2008/06/gudivada-history.html |title=Gudivada: Gudivada History |publisher=Livegudivada.blogspot.in |date=2008-06-05 |access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref> Archaeological excavations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ |title=Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Asihyd.ap.nic.in |access-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155409/http://asi.nic.in/ |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> conducted at Gudivada yielded an ancient [[Buddhist]] stupa mound and Jain [[relics]]. Gudivada is religiously diversified city with many [[Hindu]] Temples and important [[Jain]] [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Tirth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jinalaya.com/india/gudivada.htm |title=Shri Gudivada Tirth – Jain Temples in Rest of India |publisher=www.Jinalaya.com |access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref> of Bhagawan [[Parshvanath]] located at market road. ''Vidarbhapuri'' was one of its earlier names.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Om|title=Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|date=April 2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788182053892|page=842|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eENU_a8c79MC&dq=vidarbhapuri+gudivada&pg=PA842|language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
It is located in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of the state. Gudivada is located 41 kilometres (25.5 mi) east of the district headquarters, [[Machilipatnam]], and 45 kilometres (27.9 mi) south of by road to [[Amaravati (state capital)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gudivada.cdma.ap.gov.in/|title=Gudivada Municipality|access-date=5 November 2016|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819023912/http://gudivada.cdma.ap.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It lies on the [[Eastern coastal plains]]. The city is located in zone 3 as per [[Earthquake zones of India]].

== Climate ==
Gudivada falls in the hot, humid region of the country, and it is less than 35 miles from [[Bay of Bengal]]. The climate of the town is very hot in summer and is pleasant during the winter. The hottest day falls in the month of May with shift to June during some years.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], Gudivada had a population of 118,167 with 30,834 households. The total population constitute 59,062 males, 59,105 females and 10,509 in the age group of 0–6 years. It had an average literacy rate of 81.64% with 87,887 literates, significantly higher than the district average of 73.7% and the state average of 67.41%.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web
|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011)
|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf
|publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government
|access-date=5 September 2014
|page=43
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf
|archive-date=14 July 2014
}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main article|Gudivada Municipality}}

== Civic administration ==
[[Gudivada municipality]] was constituted in the year 1937 as a "Third grade municipality".<ref name="info">{{cite web|title=About Us {{!}} Gudivada Municipality|url=http://gudivada.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-us-3|website=gudivada.cdma.ap.gov.in|access-date=5 November 2016|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105160845/http://gudivada.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-us-3|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was upgraded to "Special grade municipality" and is spread over an area of {{convert|12.67|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} with 36 election wards.<ref name=civicbody /> The present [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is [[Venigandla Ramu]] whereas the present chairman of the municipality is ''Vacant''. The present municipal commissioner is ''Vacant''.

== Economy ==
{{no sources section|date=April 2025}}
Agri based economy is the traditional base, consisting of Rice Mills, Tractor Trailer building and other supporting industries. Gudivada is a centre for service industries for the many villages around. The service industries range from Medical, Entertainment and General stores. For the last several decades, Gudivada has transformed into a good educational hub for primary, secondary and higher schools.

== Transport ==
[[File:17050 SC-MTM Machilipatnam Express at GDV.jpg|thumb|Old photo of Gudivada Junction Railway station sign board and Machilipatnam Express halted at Gudivada Junction Railway station]]

=== Public transport ===
The primary modes of intra-city public transport are [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[taxi]]s. Apart from these, other means of transport are [[car]]s, [[motorcycle]]s, [[cycle rickshaw]]s, and [[bicycle]]s. The [[Gudivada bus station]] and [[Gudivada Junction railway station]] are the major transport infrastructure for road and rail transport.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/apsrtc-strike-security-forces-deployed-at-bus-stations/article7175963.ece|title=Security Forced deployed at Bus Stations in AP|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Road ===
The city has a total road length of {{Convert|164.00|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Details of Roads in Each ULB of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |archive-date=1 August 2016 |access-date=28 March 2017 |website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration |publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department - Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> The [[National Highway (India)|national]] and [[state highways]] that pass through the city include, [[National Highway 165 (India)|NH 165]]–connecting [[Kathipudi]] and [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]];.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=3 April 2012 |publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[Gudivada Junction railway station]] is the major railway junction in [[Krishna district]] and one of the fourteen ''B–category'' stations in the [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} Krishna District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://krishna.ap.gov.in/new_about-district/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Air ===
Gudivada which falls under [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] is served by Vijayawada International airport at [[Gannavaram]], which is 37 km away.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR Amaravati International Airport {{!}} AAI |url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/vijayawada}}</ref>

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu.

The private aided colleges are, ANR college and KT Reddy women's college. There are eleven other unaided private colleges for [[undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate education]].<ref name="colleges">{{cite web|title=List of colleges in Krishna district|url=http://bieap.gov.in/pdf/krishna.pdf|website=Board of Intermediate Education|access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> One-fourth of the passed out school children will enroll for college education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqpBg02R-50C&q=gudivada+education&pg=PA71|title=Gudivada Education|year=1989}}</ref> There are colleges for vocational courses such as, ''Gudivada Vocational Junior College'' and ''St.Johns Vocational Junior College'';<ref>{{cite web|title=List of colleges offering vocational courses in Guntur district|url=http://www.sakshieducation.com/(S(bjoccknv3uzg34nkfz3ecnjk))/colleges/VC/krishna-vocational%20colleges.pdf|website=Sakshi Education|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> industrial training centres include, ''Gudivada Industrial Training Centre'', ''Government Industrial Training Institute for Girls''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government ITI|url=http://sakshieducation.com/Colleges/ITIColleges/KRISHNA%20ITI.pdf|website=Sakshi Education|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> It is home for Regional Research Institute for Homeopathy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccrhindia.org/CRIGUDIVADA.asp|title=REGIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/pilot-project-integration-homoeopathy-yoga-launched-andhra-pradesh-667241|title=Pilot project on 'Integration of Homoeopathy/Yoga' launched in Andhra Pradesh|website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

== Sports ==

[[N. T. Rama Rao|N.T.R]] Stadium in the city was built in partnership with ''Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh'', the ''Sports Authority of India'' and the ''[[Gudivada Municipality]]''. It is the multi-purpose stadium for several sports like, athletics, [[volleyball]], [[cricket]], [[kho kho]], [[kabaddi]], [[badminton]], [[tennikoit]] and [[basketball]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ntr-stadium-all-set-to-become-more-sporty/article1851121.ece|title=NTR Stadium all set to become more sporty|work=The Hindu|access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref> In January 2016, the stadium hosted the ''National Rural Sports and Games'' competition, under the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Abhiyan.<ref>{{cite news|title=National Rural Sports and Games off to a colourful start|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/national-rural-sports-and-games-off-to-a-colourful-start/article8087170.ece|access-date=18 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=10 January 2016|location=Gudivada|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Temples ==
There are six temples under the management of Endowments Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tms.ap.gov.in/binfo|title=Trust Boards Abstract|website=AP Temples Portal, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>

# Sri Bhimeswara Swamy Temple
# Sri Gowri Sankara Swamy Temple
# Sri Veeranjaneya Swamy Temple
# Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple
# Sri Venugopala Swamy Temple
# Sri Vigneswara Swamy Temple
# Shiridi Sai Baba Temple, Pedayerukapadu
# Sri Kanaka Durga Temple
# Sri Kanchi Kamakshi Temple
# Sri Sri Sri Bhagavan Venkayya Swamy Aashram

== See also ==
* [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population]]
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gudivada}}

{{Krishna district}}
{{Mandal headquarters in Krishna district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]

Radhika Nair (model)

2026-03-11T07:11:40Z

EJDTimmy2065: creating a pg - done

{{short description|Indian fashion model (born 1992)}}
{{about|the Indian model|the biological researcher|Radhika Nair (researcher)|the Malayalam film actress|Radhika (Malayalam actress)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox model
|name=Radhika Nair
|image=
|caption=
|birth_name=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|06|04}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/10-breathtaking-new-models-to-watch-now/all|title=10 Breathtaking New Models to Watch Now|first=Erin Simon and Biel|last=Parklee|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://models.com/newfaces/dailyduo/23849|title=Radhika - NEWfaces|publisher=}}</ref>
|birth_place=[[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
|years_active=2012 - present
|height=5 ft 9.5 in
|haircolor=Black
|eyecolor=Brown
|agency=[[Ford Models]] (New York, Paris, Los Angeles) Special Management (Milan) [[Next Model Management]] (London) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://models.com/models/radhika-nair|title=Radhika Nair - Model|publisher=}}</ref>
}}
'''Radhika Nair''' is an Indian fashion [[Model (person)|model]] . Radhika was the first Indian model & the first to walk for [[Demna Gvasalia]] [[Balenciaga]] SS17 show in Paris.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elleuk.com/fashion/articles/a32186/meet-radhika-nair-the-first-indian-woman-to-ever-walk-a-balenciaga-runway/|title=Meet Radhika Nair: The first Indian woman to ever walk a Balenciaga runway|date=2016-10-06|work=ELLE UK|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a9577944/balenciaga-radhika-nair/|title=Meet Balenciaga's First Indian Model|date=2016-10-06|work=CR Fashion Book|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en-US|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103160216/https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a9577944/balenciaga-radhika-nair/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Radhika Nair was born [[Malayali]] in Kerala, but she was raised in [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=":1" /> An avid amateur photographer inspired by [[Pieter Hugo]] and [[Martin Parr]], her work has been published in ''[[W (magazine)|W Magazine]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/balenciaga-model-radhika-nair-shares-her-powerful-photographs-of-india/all|title=Balenciaga Model Radhika Nair Shares Her Powerful Photographs of India|last=Petrarca|first=Emilia|work=W Magazine|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en}}</ref> & ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/radhika-nair-balenciaga-model-photographer|title=Balenciaga's New Model Is An Indian Photographer With Style|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Radhika Nair is also an Indian classically trained singer of the [[Raga|Rajas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://models.com/newfaces/dailyduo/23849|title=Radhika {{!}} NEWfaces|work=MODELS.com|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Radhika was studying commerce in Bangalore when she was scouted to become a model in 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/lfw-glamour-model-radhika-nair-not-easy-for-models-to-find-a-house-in-mumbai/20150319.htm|title=Miss Endless Legs|work=Rediff|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref> She moved from Bangalore to Mumbai to pursue modelling as a full-time career.<ref name=":0" /> In 2016 the casting director [[Henry Mackintosh Thomas]] came to [[Delhi]], India.<ref name=":1" /> It was in Delhi through stylist friend Nikhil D that Radhika met Henry and was cast exclusively for the [[Balenciaga]] SS17 show.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/get-to-know-the-indian-girl-who-walked-exclusively-for-balenciaga/#radhika-nair-at-balenciaga-springsummer-2017|title=Get to know the Indian girl who walked exclusively for Balenciaga|date=2016-10-05|work=VOGUE India|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a41045/watch-this-face-radhika-nair/|title=Watch This Face: Radhika Nair|date=2017-05-09|work=Harper's BAZAAR|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en-GB}}</ref>

She has appeared in campaigns for [[Chloé]] shot by [[Steven Meisel]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fashionista.com/2018/01/chloe-spring-2018-ad-campaign|title=See Chloé's Spring 2018 Ad Campaign Here|work=Fashionista|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en}}</ref> [[Versus (Versace)|Versus Versace]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://models.com/work/versus-versus-versace-resort-2018-lookbook|title=Versus Versace Resort 2018 Lookbook (Versus)|work=MODELS.com|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref> [[H&M]] X Erderm<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/first-look-hm-erdem-collaboration-pictures|title=Erdem x H&M: Everything You Need To Know|last=Burney|first=Ellen|website=www.vogue.co.uk|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref> & ''[[Net-a-Porter]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/net-a-porters-global-autumn-winter-2017-campaign-forecasts-five-trends/1440934|title=Net-A-Porter's global autumn-winter 2017 campaign forecasts five trends|date=1 August 2017|publisher=Campaign|first=Emily|last=Tan|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Vivienne Westwood, Maje. Radhika has been on the cover of magazines Vogue (British) and featured on magazines ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue (Ukraine)]], [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue (Germany)]], [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue (Russia)]], [[W (magazine)|W Magazine]], [[Harper's Bazaar|Harpers Bazaar US]], [[Harper's Bazaar|Harpers Bazaar UK]], [[Harper's Bazaar#Harper's Bazaar India|Harpers Bazaar (India)]], [[Dazed]], [[Numéro#Numéro China|Numéro China]], [[CR Fashion Book]]'', ''[[Unconditional Magazine]]'' & ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] (India)''.<ref name=":2" />

Radhika has walked for Burberry, [[Anna Sui]], [[Balenciaga]] (Exclusive), [[Belstaff]], [[Chloé]], Chalayan, [[Erdem Moralıoğlu|Erderm]], [[Emilio Pucci]], [[Etro]], [[Esteban Cortázar|Esteban Cortazar]] (opened), [[LOEWE (fashion brand)|Loewe]], [[Lacoste]], [[Miu Miu]], [[Marc Jacobs]], MSGM, [[Mulberry (company)|Mulberry]], [[Marco De Vincenzo]], [[Paul Smith (fashion designer)|Paul Smith]], [[Prabal Gurung]], [[Pringle of Scotland]], [[J.W Anderson]], [[Jil Sander]], [[Redemption Couture]], [[Ronald van der Kemp]] Couture, [[Sportmax]], [[Sies Marjan]], [[Trussardi|Trussadi]], [[Vetements]], [[Valentin Yudashkin]], Vionett & [[Zimmermann (fashion label)|Zimmerman]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://models.com/models/radhika-nair|title=Radhika Nair - Model|work=MODELS.com|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Radhika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female models from Kerala]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Models from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Ford Models models]]

Chachi 420

2026-03-03T23:28:43Z

EJDTimmy2065: cleaned up formatting per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chachi 420
| image = Chachi 420.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| producer = Chandra Haasan Kamal Haasan [[Jhamu Sughand]]
| screenplay = Kamal Haasan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Gulzar]]
}}
| story = [[Crazy Mohan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]''|[[Crazy Mohan]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
* [[Amrish Puri]]
* [[Om Puri]]
* [[Paresh Rawal]]
* [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] '''Background Score:''' [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = Vikas Sivaraman
| editing = V. N. Mayekar
| studio = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
| released = {{film date|1997|12|19|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{INR|11.42 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Chachi 420 - Box Office Verdict|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=2620&cityid=17&area=overseas|accessdate=1 February 2017|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517082018/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=2620&cityid=17&area=overseas|url-status=live}}</ref> (domestic)
}}

'''''Chachi 420''''' ({{translation|The trickster aunt}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]], co-written, produced and directed by [[Kamal Haasan]]. The film is an official remake of the 1996 Tamil film ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]'', which itself was an adaptation of the 1993 film ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'' starring [[Robin Williams]] (an adaptation of the 1987 novel ''[[Madame Doubtfire]]'').<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/some-of-crazy-mohans-best-works-in-tamil-cinema/article27763647.ece|title = Best of 'Crazy' Mohan in Tamil cinema|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 June 2019|last1 = Sunder|first1 = Gautam|access-date = 1 February 2022|archive-date = 21 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221084705/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/some-of-crazy-mohans-best-works-in-tamil-cinema/article27763647.ece|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/010216/not-taken-too-well.html|title=Let's take a look at Kollywood's several attempts in remaking foreign films|date=February 2016 |access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201161421/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/kollywood/010216/not-taken-too-well.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=x8G803Bi31IC&dat=19980404&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Kamal does Mrs Doubtfire proud |last=Vijiyan |first=K.N. |date=April 4, 1998 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |page=20 |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304160340/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=x8G803Bi31IC&dat=19980404&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars Haasan and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] (reprising their roles from the original) along with [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Om Puri]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Rajendranath Zutshi]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]] and [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]].

== Plot ==

Jaiprakash and Janki Paswan are fighting a divorce case. Janaki is the only daughter of Durgaprasad Bhardwaj, a staunch [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] businessman. Jaiprakash, a [[Hindu]] [[Dusadh]], is an assistant dance director in films. The duo fell in love and married against the will of Durgaprasad. However, Janki buckles under the pressure of middle-class life. Other differences crop up between the couple and Janki walks out. The court grants the divorce. Jai is allowed to meet his beloved daughter Bharti once a week. But when he sneaks into the Bhardwaj house to steal Bharti, he loses visitation rights.

Meanwhile, Durgaprasad puts ads in local newspapers for a nanny for Bharti. Jai sees this as an opportunity and calls Durgaprasad. Impersonating a female, he introduces himself as '[[Shrimati]] Lakshmi Godbole' and applies for the position. With the help of a drunkard makeup artist Joseph, Jai undergoes a complete transformation into Lakshmi Godbole, a dignified elderly Marathi woman. He goes to the interview, where he is generally viewed as the last pick. But Bharti has an accident, and Lakshmi acts promptly to give first aid. Lakshmi gets the job and the respect of the Bhardwaj family.

Jai begins the job but creates plausible stories so that his real work schedule does not clash with the job in Bhardwaj's home. Apart from Joseph, only Bharti (who sees through her father's disguise) knows the real identity of Lakshmi. Jai learns that Durgaprasad's secretary Banwarilal Pandit is not exactly thrilled at Lakshmi's entry. The reasons are various, such as Banwa's womanizing nature (which naturally views an old woman like Lakshmi with dislike) and his desire to siphon off Durgaprasad's money via friendly maids.

Meanwhile, Durgaprasad decides to get Janki remarried to Dr Rohit, her childhood friend. One day, when Janki and Rohit get attacked by goons in the market, the doctor scampers. Lakshmi saves Janki's life and modesty. Later, Durgaprasad tells Lakshmi that he has changed his mind about the marriage on learning of Rohit's cowardice. Lakshmi also exposes the thefts committed by the maid in the Bhardwaj house. The maid is fired, and eventually Banwa has no other option but to let a male cook be appointed instead. Jai runs into his old friend Shiraz, a Muslim restaurant chef who is now doing menial jobs as he lost his job trying to help Jai. Lakshmi introduces Shiraz to the Bhardwaj household as Pandit [[Shivraj]] Sharma, a mute Brahmin cook. Even Shiraz does not know that Lakshmi and Jai are the same people.

Jai learns that although Janki likes Lakshmi, who by now has earned the affectionate title of Chachi (a respected aunt), she still loathes Jai. Meanwhile, Jai has other problems in his own home. His landlord Hari is after him for his rent. After he sees Lakshmi, Hari falls for her. As if that is not enough, a struggler named Ratna tries to cozy up to Jai. Meanwhile, Durgaprasad also falls for Lakshmi and goes to the extent of proposing to her.

Jai, as Lakshmi, buys time by telling Durgaprasad that 'she' is married but 'her' husband has left 'her' and got converted into a Christian named Joseph. Lakshmi also convinces Durgaprasad that 'she' is still waiting for 'her' husband. On the other hand, Jai tells Hari that Banwa is Lakshmi's husband Durgaprasad. He also tells Hari to harbour no feelings for Lakshmi. At the same time, Jai tells Banwa that Lakshmi's husband has converted and calls himself Haribhai.

Banwa intensifies his efforts to discredit Lakshmi in the eyes of Durgaprasad and Janki but in vain. Meanwhile, Janki and Durgaprasad realize that they have punished Jai too hard for all the things he has done. Banwa gets a small victory when he blows Shiraz's cover. But Lakshmi makes Durgaprasad see sense that religion and caste do not matter. Durgaprasad shows mercy on Shiraz, giving a verdict that the cook can stay and need not put up his act anymore. However, now Durgaprasad ends up hurting Janki's feelings.

Banwa and Janki see that there is something fishy about Lakshmi. Meanwhile, Shiraz tries to force Lakshmi to marry Durgaprasad. Shiraz threatens 'her' by covering himself in kerosene, which forces Jai to reveal himself. But, owing to a misunderstanding about this scene, Banwa is able to convince Janki that Lakshmi is a promiscuous woman who is seducing the cook as well as Durgaprasad. Janki, who is very hurt by the turn of events, leaves her father's home and goes to reconcile with Jai. But on seeing Ratna waiting for him, and Lakshmi's clothes strewn about his home, Janki gets the wrong idea that her husband is also promiscuous. Janki goes to commit suicide. Jai/Lakshmi follows on a motorcycle and jumps into the river to save her. There, Jai/Lakshmi reveals his/'her' true self. Janki hears the whole story and reconciles with him. They come up with a story that Lakshmi died trying to save Janki.

To tie up other loose ends, they convince Banwari that Lakshmi is dead. They threaten and blackmail Banwa with his secrets to ensure his silence. They tell Hari to let it go. Joseph almost accidentally betrays some part of the truth, but Jai hushes up the matter by saying that Lakshmi will always remain alive in the hearts of everybody who knew her. Jai and Janki remarry.

== Cast ==
The cast has been listed below:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1997-12-19 |title=Chachi 420 Cast List {{!}} Chachi 420 Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chachi-420/cast/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |language=en}}</ref>{{cast listing|
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Jai Prakash Paswan / Laxmi Godbole
*[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Janki Paswan
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Durgaprasad Bharadwaj
*[[Fatima Sana Shaikh]] as Bharti Paswan
*[[Om Puri]] as Banwarilal Pandit
*[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Joseph
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Hari Bhai
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Shiraz Akhtar / Pandit Shivraj Sharma
*[[Ayesha Jhulka]] as Ratna
*[[Rajendranath Zutshi]] as Dr. Rohit
* Laxmi Rattan as a Doctor
*[[Atul Agnihotri]] as himself in a song (special appearance)
*Vasanthi in a song (special appearance)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/06/07/junior-dancer-action-star-vasanthi.html | title=From junior dancer to action star in 'Vikram': Vasanthi's blockbuster debut! | access-date=12 July 2022 | archive-date=12 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712001744/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/06/07/junior-dancer-action-star-vasanthi.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== Production ==

In 1997, Kamal initially chose noted ad-film maker Shantanu Sheorey to direct the Hindi remake of ''[[Avvai Shanmughi]]'', then titled ''Chikni Chachi''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Suparn Verma|year=1997|title=Kamal Hasan returns to Bollywood|publisher=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=2009-10-19|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/apr/04kamal.htm|archive-date=5 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505062356/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/apr/04kamal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=V S Srinivasan|year=1997|title=Chachi comes a-visiting|publisher=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=2019-08-30|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/dec/19chi.htm|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419040559/http://www.rediff.com/movies/dec/19chi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> But unhappy with the complaints after five days of shoot and after checking the actual result, he took over as director.<ref>{{cite web|year=1997|title=The importance of being Kamal Haasan|publisher=ScreenIndia|accessdate=2011-01-22|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/dec19/cover1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815031452/http://www.screenindia.com/old/dec19/cover1.htm|archive-date=15 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=V. S. Srinivasan|year=1998|title=Aunty vs Chachi|publisher=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=2009-10-19|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/apr/13aunt.htm|archive-date=7 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607051305/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/apr/13aunt.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Actress [[Ashwini Bhave]] also left the film after the shoot began, and was replaced by [[Ayesha Jhulka]]. The film went through a change of title to ''Stree 420'', before being finalised as ''Chachi 420''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://minnoviyam.com/star/track45.html |title=Minnoviyam Star Tracks |website=minnoviyam.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991022224211/http://minnoviyam.com/star/track45.html |archive-date=22 October 1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chachi 420
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1997
| recorded =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = Bombino
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack of the film composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] with lyrics by [[Gulzar]], consisting of six tracks was released on 19 December 1997.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:32
| title1 = Chupdi Chachi
| extra1 = [[Aditya Narayan]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
| length1 = 4:26
| title2 = Ek Woh Din
| extra2 = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| length2 = 6:19
| title3 = Jaago Gori (Chachi's Voice)
| extra3 = [[Asha Bhosle]], Kamal Haasan, Shruti Haasan
| length3 = 6:12
| title4 = Gare Dore
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle, [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length4 = 4:27
| title5 = Bhaaga Sa
| extra5 = Hariharan
| length5 = 3:46
| title6 = Jaago Gori (male voice, soundtrack only)
| extra6 = Asha Bhosle, Kamal Haasan, Shruti Haasan
| length6 = 5:22
}}

The reviewer for ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' called the music in the film "real different" and wrote, "The songs may not appeal in the first hearing, but a repeat hearing will surely have you addicted." They commended [[Aditya Narayan]]'s work and wrote that he "bowls you over" and that the "tongue-twisting lyrics are faultlessly rendered". They further wrote, "Hariharan renders the fast-paced "Bhaaga Sa" competently. Gulzar's endearing lyrics, with unusual punning, bring a smile to your lips. Vishal is at his innovative best."<ref>{{cite web |title=Album of the Week: Chachi 420 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/nov14/review2.htm |website=Screen |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920160512/http://www.screenindia.com/nov14/review2.htm |archive-date=20 September 2003 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Release ==
''Chachi 420'' was released on 19 December 1997. In 2015, the film was screened at the Habitat Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10th Habitat Film Festival 2015 |url=http://www.habitatfilmclub.com/pdf/HFC_Brouchre_2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322032250/http://www.habitatfilmclub.com/pdf/HFC_Brouchre_2015.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |publisher=Habitat Film Club}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Screen'' wrote "Kamal Haasan, the actor, is in terrific form, but it is Kamal Haasan, the director, who is the true star of ''Chachi 420''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec26/reviews1.htm|date=26 December 1997|title=Chachi 420|access-date=28 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980110160218/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec26/reviews1.htm|archive-date=10 January 1998|website=Screen India}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
[[Box Office India]] certified the film as a "HIT" as it netted {{INRConvert|11.42|c}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chachi 420 - Box Office Verdict|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=2620&cityid=17&area=overseas|accessdate=1 February 2017|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517082018/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=2620&cityid=17&area=overseas|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0233422}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|chachi_420}}

{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{RaajKamalFilmsInternational}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:1997 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:1997 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:Fiction about child care occupations]]
[[Category:Films about divorce]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about nannies]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal films]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kamal Haasan]]

Mummy & Me

2026-03-03T20:46:41Z

EJDTimmy2065: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mummy & Me
| image = Mummy & Me.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| producer = Joy Thomas Sakthikulangara
| writer = Jeethu Joseph
| starring = {{ubl|[[Suresh Gopi]]|[[Kunchacko Boban]]|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]|[[Archana Jose Kavi]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sejo John]] '''Score:''' [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| editing = V. Sajan
| studio = Jithin Arts
| distributor = PJ Entertainments Europe
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|5|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mummy & Me''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy drama film]] written and directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]]. It stars [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Archana Jose Kavi|Archana Kavi]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] and [[Suresh Gopi]] in a cameo appearance. [[Lalu Alex]], [[Shari (actress)|Shari]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], and [[Anoop Menon]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-jeethu-joseph/20100625.htm|title=Setting trends with Mummy & Me!|website=Rediff.com|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/24/south-malayalam-review-mummy-me.htm|title=Review: Mummy & Me is loud|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|website=Movies.rediff.com|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160914165413/http://www.sify.com/movies/mummy--me-review-malayalam-pclx9Ndhiagid.html ''Sify'' review]</ref>

==Plot==
The story is about a nuclear family consisting of a mother named Clara, a daughter, Jewel, a brother named Joekuttan, and a father named Joseph. They love each other and are engaged in each other's activities.

Jewel is a new-age girl with open, positive relationships, but Clara is a conventional mother who is always on the lookout to find fault with her daughter and trying to correct her in every way she can. Jewel is going through a lot of age things and finds difficulty to tell this to her parents that she wants to be alone, do what she wants, but her mother does not agree and thinks Jewel might get onto the wrong path.

Meanwhile, her dad buys her a brand new computer for her to enjoy herself and Jewel befriends a fashion designer through chatting, who calls himself Amir. They make a mutual agreement not to ask for each other's true identity. Jewel starts sharing her problems with Ameer, and he gives her suggestions and advice. Slowly Jewel starts behaving well with everyone and everyone is happy as well as surprised at her change.

After a while, Jewel starts believing that she is in love with Amir and tells this to her friend Rahul who has a crush on her. Heartbroken, Rahul shares the news with his parents as well as Jewel's. Her parents first try to stop this relationship but, fearing that she might take any wrong step, they tell her that they want to meet Ameer. Ameer fixes a date to meet her family, but on that day he does not turn up. A priest named Fr. Felix comes to their home that day with a CD of Ameer's voice in which he tells her that he is bedridden and is counting his last days. Fr. Felix informs them that Ameer is no more.

Jewel is shattered by this news but recovers soon and marries Rahul. In the last scene of the movie, everyone goes to Felix's orphanage and there we see Amir who watches them from a distance and tells Felix that it was a good decision to tell them that he is dead.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Rahul
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Joseph
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Clara Joseph
* [[Archana Jose Kavi]] as Jewel Joseph
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Thomas, Rahul's father
* [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Mary, Rahul's mother
* [[Jeevan Gopal|Master Jeevan]] as Joekuttan Joseph
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Dr. Salim P. Ummer
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Fr. Felix
* [[Sudheesh]] as Reji
* [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]] as Freddy
* [[Aravind Akash]] as Deepan
*[[Sudhi Koppa]] as College student
*Bineesh Kodiyeri as GV Peringodan
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Amir (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==
Filming took place in [[Elamgulam]], [[Ponkunnam]], and in [[Kuttikkanam]]. Scenes were also shot at the Amala Jyothi College of Engineering in [[Kanjirappally|Kanjirapally]].

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 6 songs, all composed by [[Sejo John]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aarume Kaanaathe"
| [[Karthik (singer)|Kartik]]
|-
| 2
| "Malaakhapole"
| [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| 3
| "Michael Jackson"
| [[Sayanora Philip]], [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
| 4
| "Super Mom"
| [[Sayanora Philip]]
|-
| 5
| "Venmukilin [F]"
| [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| 6
| "Venmukilin [M]"
| [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|}

==Release==
The film was released on 21 May 2010.

===Box office===
The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-malayalam-films-of-2010/20101207.htm|title=Top Malayalam movies of 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=India|date=7 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-half-yearly-report-on-best-films-of-malayalam/20100622.htm|title=Half-yearly Malayalam BO: Pokkiri Raja rules|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=India|date=22 June 2010}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Malayalam]] - Urvashi

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1671474|Mummy & Me}}

{{Jeethu Joseph}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mummy And Me}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeethu Joseph]]
[[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]

Sarcas Circa 2020

2026-03-03T09:44:08Z

EJDTimmy2065: put up a pg

{{Short description|2021 Indian Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarcas Circa 2020
| image = Sarcas Circa 2020 (2021) poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Vinu Kolichal
| producer = Joseph Abraham Raveendran Chettathode
| writer = V Sudheesh Kumar Vinu Kolichal
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Jijo K Mathew
* [[Abhija Sivakala]]
* Firos Khan
}}
| music = Seljuk Rustum
| cinematography = Ram Raghav
| editing = Azif Ismail
| studio = Kad Cafe
| distributor = Kad Cafe
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|04|01}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Sarcas Circa 2020''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film directed and co-written by Vinu Kolichal after his directorial debut ''[[Bilathikuzhal]]''.<ref name="Firstlook Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |author= |title='സര്‍ക്കാസ് സിര്‍ക 2020' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റര്‍ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-movie-circas-circa-2020-first-look-poster-out-1.5432856|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=ml|date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Firstlook Samayam">{{cite news |author=Anandha MB |title=സർക്കാസ് സിർക 2020' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്തിറക്കി; ഏപ്രിൽ ഒന്നിന് റിലീസ്!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/vinu-kolichal-directorial-sarcas-circa-2020-malayalam-movie-first-look-poster/articleshow/80874150.cms|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[Samayam Malayalam]]|language=ml|date=12 February 2021}}</ref> Produced by Joseph Abraham and Raveendran Chettathode under the banner of Kad Cafe.<ref name="Teaser MediaOne">{{cite news |author=Web Desk|title=ബിലാത്തിക്കുഴലിന് ശേഷം വിനു കോളിച്ചാൽ; 'സർക്കാസ് സിർക 2020' ടീസർ നടന്‍ മിഥുൻ രമേശ് പുറത്തിറക്കി|url=https://www.mediaonetv.in/entertainment/2021/04/01/2020-actor-mithun-ramesh-has-released-the-teaser-of-sarcas-circa-2020|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[MediaOne TV]]|language=ml|date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Second song">{{cite news |author=Anandha MB|title='കുട്ടന് പൊട്ടന്റെ ശാപം...'; 'സർക്കാസ് സിർക 2020'ലെ പുതിയ ഗാനം പുറത്തിറക്കി! ഏപ്രിൽ ഒന്നിന് റിലീസ്!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/malayalam-songs/vinu-kolichal-directorial-sarcas-circa-2020-malayalam-movie-new-song/articleshow/81479849.cms|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[Samayam Malayalam]]|language=ml|date=13 March 2021}}</ref> The film features Jijo K Mathew, [[Abhija Sivakala]], Firos Khan in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |author=|title=സര്‍ക്കാസ് സിര്‍ക 2020; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പുറത്ത്|url=http://www.vellinakshatram.com/online/news/circas-circa-first-look_2021-02-13.php|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[Vellinakshatram (magazine)|Vellinakshatram]]|language=ml|date=13 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="First song Samayam">{{cite news |author=Bibin Babu|title='സർക്കാസ് സിർക 2020' ലെ 'കാട്ടുനീരിൻ ചാലിലായ്'; മധുരമൂറുന്ന പ്രണയഗാനം പങ്കുവെച്ച് കനി|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/malayalam-songs/kattuneerin-chalilay-video-song-from-sarcas-circa-2020-movie/articleshow/80905623.cms|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[Samayam Malayalam]]|language=ml|date=14 February 2021}}</ref> The film is predominantly set in [[Kasaragod]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Web Desk |title=കാസർകോടിന്റെ ദൃശ്യഭംഗി നിറച്ച് 'സർക്കാസ് സിർക 2020' ലെ പ്രണയ ഗാനം പുറത്ത്|url=https://www.kvartha.com/2021/02/the-love-song-of-circus-circa-2020-has.html|accessdate=24 April 2021|website=kvartha.com|language=ml|date=14 February 2021}}</ref> The film was released on 1 April 2021.<ref name="Teaser Samayam">{{cite news |author=Anandha MB|title=അബദ്ധങ്ങൾക്കിടയിലെ അഭ്യാസങ്ങൾ, 'സർക്കാസ് സിർക 2020'ന്റെ ടീസർ പുറത്തിറക്കി മിഥുൻ രമേശ്; ചിത്രം നാളെ തീയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/vinu-kolichal-directorial-sarcas-circa-2020-malayalam-movie-is-all-set-to-release-on-2021-april-1st-teaser-goes-viral/articleshow/81775238.cms|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[Samayam Malayalam]]|language=ml|date=31 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Web Desk|title=മികച്ച പ്രതികരണങ്ങളുമായി 'സർക്കാസ്' തിയേറ്ററുകളിൽ|url=https://timeskerala.com/archives/461390|accessdate=24 April 2021|website=timeskerala.com|language=ml|date=6 April 2021}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{castlist|
* Jijo K Mathew
* [[Abhija Sivakala]]
* Firos Khan
* Shynoo Alexander
* Hussain Samad
* Suresh Mohn
* Ashique Khalid
* Vinu Kolichal
* Naran
* Kenshin

}}

==Music==
The music is composed by Seljuk Rustum and lyrics are written by Hareesh Pallaram and Siva Odayamchal.<ref name="First song Samayam"/><ref name="Second song"/><ref>{{cite news |author=|title=Kuttanu Pottante Sapam; Sarcas Circa 2020 new song out|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/kuttanu-pottante-shapam-sarcas-circa-2020-vinu-kolichal-seljuk-rustum-1.5510084|accessdate=14 April 2021|website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=ml|date=12 March 2021}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Kattuneerin chaalilayi
| lyrics1 = Siva Odayamchal<ref name="First song Samayam"/>
| extra1 = Sekhar Sudhir and [[Darshana Rajendran]]<ref>{{cite news |author= |title='അഭിനയം പോലെ ആലാപനവും മധുരം'; ദർശന രാജേന്ദ്രന്റെ പാട്ട് ഏറ്റെടുത്ത് ആരാധകർ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2020/04/20/first-song-lyrical-video-from-the-movie-sarcas-circa-2020.html|accessdate=9 April 2021|website=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml|date=22 April 2020}}</ref>
| length1 = 04:37
| title2 = Kuttanu Pottante Shapam
| lyrics2 = Harish Pallaram<ref name="Second song"/>
| extra2 = Joffy Chirayath<ref name="Second song"/>
| length2 = 06:04
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13829208}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Valeba Raja

2026-03-03T03:06:28Z

EJDTimmy2065: put up info

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Sai Gokul Ramanath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Valeba Raja
| image = Vaaliba Raja.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Sai Gokul Ramanath
| producer = H. Murali
| writer = Sai Gokul Ramanath Ganesh Raj
| starring = [[V. Sethuraman|Sethu]] [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] [[Vishakha Singh]] [[Nushrat Bharucha]]
| music = [[Radhan]]
| cinematography = [[Loganathan Srinivasan]]
| editing = [[Sathyaraj Natarajan]]
| studio = Vanks Vision
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|03|25}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Valeba Raja''''' (sometimes '''''Vaaliba Raja''''') ({{translation|Young King/King of Youth}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film| romantic comedy]] It was directed by Sai Gokul Ramanath and produced by Murali. The film stars [[V. Sethuraman|Sethu]], [[Vishakha Singh]] and [[Nushrat Bharucha]] (in her Tamil debut), while [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] also essays a pivotal role.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Comedy trio is back with 'Valiba Raja'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/comedy-trio-is-back-with-valiba-raja-news-tamil-nglkFBfebfd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615080402/http://www.sify.com/movies/comedy-trio-is-back-with-valiba-raja-news-tamil-nglkFBfebfd.html |archive-date=2013-06-15 |access-date=2014-07-20 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film began production in June 2013 and was released on 25 March 2016 to negative reviews from critics and was a box office failure.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |title='Laddu' cast in Vaaliba Raja — The New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Laddu-cast-in-Vaaliba-Raja/2013/06/13/article1631821.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825074230/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Laddu-cast-in-Vaaliba-Raja/2013/06/13/article1631821.ece |archive-date=25 August 2013 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-d-love-to-do-dostana-with-santhanam-in-tamil-says-actor-sethu-2203465|title=I'd love to do 'Dostana' with Santhanam in Tamil, says actor Sethu|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[V. Sethuraman|Sethu]] as Karthik
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Dr. Raja (Valeba Raja)
* [[Nushrat Bharucha]] as Sweety
* [[Vishakha Singh]] as Shaalu
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Ramachandran
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Durga, Karthik's mother
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Prabhakaran Sethji, Sweety's father
* [[Devadarshini]] as Devadarshini (Devi)
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Chitra Lakshmanan
* [[Neelima Rani]] as Chithra Kala
* [[Subbu Panchu Arunachalam|Subbu Panchu]] as Pathmanaban (Pathu / Dulquer)
* [[Rajendran]] as Ragendra
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Chithra Lakshmi
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Traffic Police Officer
* [[Pattimandram Raja]] as Astrologer
* Baby Mithra as Mithra (Mithu)
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Raja's assistant
* [[Mahanadhi Shankar]] as Raja's interviewer
* [[Bonda Mani]]
* Agavamma
* [[Kanal Kannan]] as Romantic Kannan (guest appearance)
* [[Ashvin Raja]] in a guest appearance
* [[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]] in a guest appearance
{{colend}}

==Production==
In June 2013, it was announced that several members from the cast of the successful 2013 comedy film, ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]'', would collaborate again for another comedy film to be directed by Sai Gokul Ramnath, who had previously made the unreleased horror film ''Shivani''. [[V. Sethuraman|Sethu]] was signed to play the lead role, with [[Vishakha Singh]] as the lead actress, while [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] also agreed to feature in the film as a psychiatrist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2013 |title='Laddu' cast in Vaaliba Raja |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Laddu-cast-in-Vaaliba-Raja/2013/06/13/article1631821.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124094834/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Laddu-cast-in-Vaaliba-Raja/2013/06/13/article1631821.ece |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=2020-12-14 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film continued to shoot through 2013, with Hindi actress [[Nushrat Bharucha]] brought in during mid 2013 to portray another heroine in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Santhanam is 'Vaaliba Raja'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/santhanam-is-vaaliba-raja-news-tamil-nkqkdNdaeaisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124153410/http://www.sify.com/movies/santhanam-is-vaaliba-raja-news-tamil-nkqkdNdaeaisi.html |archive-date=24 November 2015 |access-date=2017-05-04 |work=Sify |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nushrat Bharucha debuts in Tamil cinema |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nushrat-bharucha-debuts-in-tamil-cinema-news-national-nixtumfebhesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124164939/http://www.sify.com/movies/nushrat-bharucha-debuts-in-tamil-cinema-news-national-nixtumfebhesi.html |archive-date=2015-11-24 |access-date=2017-05-04 |work=Sify |language=en}}</ref> The film was completed in early 2014, and the director revealed that the makers were targeting to release the film in May 2014, but the release was subsequently postponed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |title=Comedy is central |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/comedy-is-central/article5893293.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008014156/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/comedy-is-central/article5893293.ece |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2017-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Radhan]]. The team held an audio launch event in June 2014, with [[Kamal Haasan]] attending as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kamal Haasan upset with Santhanam? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-upset-with-santhanam-news-tamil-og2kn2dfjjdee.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628173545/http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-upset-with-santhanam-news-tamil-og2kn2dfjjdee.html |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=2017-05-04 |work=Sify |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |title=Kamal Haasan to unveil 'Valiba Raja' music |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-to-unveil-valiba-raja-music/article6136469.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625155448/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-to-unveil-valiba-raja-music/article6136469.ece |archive-date=25 June 2014 |access-date=2017-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> In a music review, a critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the album 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The highlight is the pop flavour of the songs".<ref>{{Cite news |last=V Lakshmi |date=25 July 2014 |title=Music Review: Valeba Raja |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Valeba-Raja/articleshow/38976076.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003012058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Valeba-Raja/articleshow/38976076.cms |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=27 March 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Valeba Raja
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Radhan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Radhan
| prev_title = [[Andala Rakshasi]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Yevade Subramanyam]]
| next_year = 2015
}}
*"Ennamo Pannura" - Rajan, Ramee
*"Oru Naal" - [[Bobo Shashi]], Veena Ghantasala
*"Vaa Madhi" - [[Blaaze]], [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
*"Nadukadula" - [[Gana Bala]]

==Release and reception==
Despite being completed in early 2014, the producers were keen that the film was released at a suitable time and the film remained complete but unreleased till late 2015, evading several announced release dates and at last it was scheduled to release on 27 November 2015. After that the booking was open for the movie on 1 January 2016, got postponed again. The film was finally released on 25 March 2016, thus being in the making for three years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |title=Real-life doctor plays patient |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/reallife-doctor-plays-patient/article7652751.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008014059/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/reallife-doctor-plays-patient/article7652751.ece |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2017-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five stars and stated that "It sounds fairly engaging, but these scenes are neither comic or dramatic and remain flat".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=25 March 2016 |title=Valeba Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Valeba Raja by The Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-27/news-interviews/29478560_1_carrom-film-aishwarya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201094654/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Valeba-Raja/movie-review/51563797.cms |archive-date=1 February 2017 |website=Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "There’s only one thing worse than an unfunny film. It’s an unfunny film that thinks it’s funny".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=26 March 2016 |title=Valeba Raja: King of bad times |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Valeba-Raja-King-of-bad-times/article14176381.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015182744/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Valeba-Raja-King-of-bad-times/article14176381.ece |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Technically, the production value is below par and even the visual quality lacks the grandeur. Enough said, now you can decide whether to watch the movie or not".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valeba Raja review: Avoidable |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/valeba-raja-review-avoidable-review-tamil-qd0q3Tbhhajjj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326224653/http://www.sify.com/movies/valeba-raja-review-avoidable-review-Tamil-qd0q3Tbhhajjj.html |archive-date=26 March 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3566718}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aladin (film)

2026-03-03T01:54:22Z

EJDTimmy2065: updated page for accuracy and updated info

{{for|other films related with [[Aladdin]]|Aladdin (disambiguation)#Films}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aladin
| image = Aladin (2009 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sujoy Ghosh]]
| producer = Sujoy Ghosh Sunil A Lulla
| writer = Sujoy Ghosh [[Ritesh Shah]] Suresh Nair (additional story)
| screenplay = Sujoy Ghosh
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
| narrator = [[Boman Irani]]
| music = {{ubl|'''Score:'''|Jody J Jenkins|'''Songs:'''|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]}}
| cinematography = [[Sirsha Ray]]
| editing = Suresh Pai
| studio = [[Sujoy Ghosh|Boundscript Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|10|30}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}10.89
[[crore]]<ref name="BOI Aladin">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=170 |title=Aladin - Movie |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190049/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=170 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Aladin''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Sujoy Ghosh]]. The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]] (as the title character) and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] (in her film debut).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aladin - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/aladin/articleshow/5101585.cms |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Times of India |date=8 October 2009 |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114094832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/aladin/articleshow/5101585.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was an adaptation of the Marathi play ''Pati Sagle Uchapati'' which itself is based on ''Right Bed, Wrong Husband'' written by Neil Schaffner and Caroline Shaffner.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNvyDwAAQBAJ&q=pati+sagle+uchapati |title=BollySwar: 2001 - 2010 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=978-81-938482-0-3 |language=en |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210112915/https://books.google.com/books/about/BollySwar_2001_2010.html?id=UNvyDwAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q=pati%20sagle%20uchapati&f=false |url-status=live}}{{Page numbers needed|date=May 2024}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film opens with the family of [[archeologist]] Arun Chatterjee, who lives with his wife, Riya, and their baby son, Aladin. When out on a holiday, Arun is attacked by a gang searching for a [[magic lamp]], which Arun has found, but has hidden somewhere. Arun and Riya Chatterjee are murdered; Aladin is raised by his grandfather. After his granddad's death, a now grown-up Aladin Chatterjee ([[Ritesh Deshmukh]]) lives in the fictional city of Khwaish (wish). He is lonely, and Kasim ([[Sahil Khan]]) and his gang members have bullied Aladin since his childhood. His life changes when Jasmine ([[Jacqueline Fernandez]]) enters the city, and Aladin immediately falls for her.

Kasim arranges a birthday party for Aladin, and as a present, Jasmine gives Aladin a [[magic lamp]] for his birthday because Kasim said that Aladin loves lamps to embarrass him in front of Jasmine. However, this lamp turns out to be the magic lamp that the murderers of Aladin's parents were trying to find. Aladin rubs the lamp and releases the [[genie]], Genius ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]). Desperate to grant him three wishes so that his contract with the magic lamp can end, the rock-star Genius suddenly makes Aladin's life very interesting but chaotic. Aladin does not want to make any wish, but Genius enters Aladin's dreams and finds out what he wants, getting his sleeping mind to make a wish: to make Jasmine fall in love with him. When he wakes up, he does not like what Genius has done and uses his second wish to turn Jasmine into normal. His third wish is for Genius to help him woo Jasmine without using magic to make it happen. Genius does his best, but magic is really his strong suit. Still, with Genius's help, Aladin stands up to Kasim and starts a relationship with Jasmine, and Genius teaches Kasim a lesson. Aladin's future looks perfect, until the real threat looms on the horizon - the ex-genie, Ringmaster ([[Sanjay Dutt]]).

Ringmaster in disguise visits Aladin and informs him that Genius has killed his parents. Aladin insults Genius and tells him to leave. Ringmaster steals the magic lamp and wishes for Genius to kill Aladin, but Genius refuses to do it, and loses his magical powers because he did not grant the wish, just as Ringmaster had planned. Aladin learns that Genius is innocent and arrives to help him, and they succeed in rescuing Jasmine. Ringmaster's plan is then completely revealed: he plans to perform a ritual to steal the reflection of an approaching comet, getting back his genie powers as a result. Genius, Aladdin and Jasmine intervene, and Aladdin steals the comet's reflection, giving genie powers back to Genius instead of Ringmaster. Genius seals Ringmaster inside a mirror and then shatters it, defeating him. The Ringmaster's gang is also defeated.

In the end, the trio happily gets back to the city, Aladin and Jasmine are a couple, and after earning special superpowers from the comet, Aladin gives Kasim yet another lesson.

==Cast==
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as [[Genie|Genius]]
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Ringmaster
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as [[Aladdin|Aladin "Aloo" Chatterjee]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-play-myself-a-loser-in-aladin-ritesh-deshmukh/524266/|title=I play myself, a loser in Aladin: Ritesh Deshmukh - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
** Dev Kantawala as young Aladin
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as [[Badroulbadour|Jasmine]]
* [[Sahil Khan]] as Kasim Kejriwal
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Marjina
* [[Victor Banerjee]] as Mr. Chaterjee
* [[Joy Sengupta]] as Arun Chaterjee
* Sohini Ghosh as Riya Chaterjee
* [[Arif Zakaria]] as Professor Nazir
* William Ong as Xi Guang Lee
* Erina as Fire Breathing Lady

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aladin
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|7|16}}
| recorded = [[Eros Now]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:42
| label = [[Eros Music]]
| producer = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| prev_title = [[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = 12 The Movie
| next_year = 2009
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]], lyrics penned by [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]] (Bachke O Bachke).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/w84z/|title=BBC - Music - Review of Vishal-Shekhar - Aladin|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425105718/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/w84z/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Genie Rap
| extra1 = [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| length1 = 2:57
| title2 = Tak Dhina Dhin
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Ore Saawariya
| extra3 = Amitabh Bachchan, [[Sudesh Bhonsle]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Shaan
| length3 = 4:28
| title4 = You May Be
| extra4 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
| length4 = 5:43
| title5 = Bachke O Bachke
| extra5 = Shankar Mahadevan, Shaan, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Vishal Dadlani
| length5 = 5:20
| title6 = Giri Giri
| extra6 = [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| length6 = 3:11
| title7 = Genie Rap
| note7 = Remix -DJ Suketu feat. Aks
| extra7 = Amitabh Bachchan, Anushka Manchanda
| length7 = 5:24
| title8 = Ore Saawariya
| note8 = Remix -DJ Suketu feat. Aks
| extra8 = Amitabh Bachchan, Sudesh Bhonsle, Shreya Ghoshal, Shaan
| length8 = 4:07
}}

==Reception==

===Box office===
''Aladin'' grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|10.0
|c}}.<ref name="BOI Aladin" />

===Critical response===
[[Taran Adarsh]]'s one star review for [[Bollywood Hungama]] stated, "On the whole, ALADIN is a terrible waste of a terrific opportunity. Hugely disappointing!."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aladin/critic-review/aladin-movie-review/|title=Aladin Movie Review|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=30 October 2009 |access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902063547/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aladin/critic-review/aladin-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mayank Shekhar]] of [[Hindustan Times]] stated, "At 65, Amitabh Bachchan's on-screen presence is likely to get scarcer with age. Audiences are still interested in his work. If only he wouldn't green-light unbelievable, hollow, expensive rubbish that'd be pelted on us merely because, he said yes."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-aladin/story-yWAWbQWGYCKBlIL5snrgpI.html|title=Review: Aladin|date=31 October 2009|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902063545/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-aladin/story-yWAWbQWGYCKBlIL5snrgpI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kaveree Bamzai]] of [[India Today]] wrote, "Despite the Rs 80 crore of special effects wasted on the film, Aladin has neither magic nor is it magical."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aladin-save-it-genie-59680-2009-10-30|title=Aladin: Save it, Genie!|first1=Kaveree|last1=Bamzai|date=October 30, 2010|website=India Today|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902063552/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aladin-save-it-genie-59680-2009-10-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Stardust Awards]] - Best Female Debut - [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female]] - [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* [[IIFA Best Art Direction Award]] - [[Sabu Cyril]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* [[IIFA Award for Best Special Effects]] - Charles Darby (Eyecube Labs){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Bollywood films of 2009]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1227762|Aladin}}

{{Aladdin}}
{{Sujoy Ghosh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aladin}}
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on Aladdin]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Genies in film]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ritesh Shah]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sujoy Ghosh]]

Rediff.com

2026-02-24T07:58:08Z

EJDTimmy2065: basic enhance section per sources further and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Indian news and entertainment website}}
{{distinguish|Rediffusion|Reddit}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Rediff
| logo = Rediff.com logo.svg
| screenshot =
| caption =
| company_type = [[Publicly held company|Public]]
| website_type = [[Web portal]]
| language = English
| foundation = {{start date and age|1996|01|df=yes}}
| company_name =
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| key_people = Vishal Mehta (Chairman & MD)<ref name="BT">{{cite web |title=Infibeam founder Vishal Mehta becomes Rediff's new Chairman and Managing Director |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/internet/story/infibeam-founder-vishal-mehta-becomes-rediffs-new-chairman-and-managing-director-448785-2024-10-04 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=4 October 2024}}</ref>
| industry = [[Internet]]
| revenue = {{INR}}36 crores (FY23-24)<ref>{{cite web |title=Rediff.com Appoints Vishal Mehta as Chairman and MD Following Infibeam Acquisition |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/rediffcom-appoints-vishal-mehta-as-chairman-and-md/480705 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en |date=3 October 2024}}</ref>
| owner = [[Infibeam|Infibeam Avenues Limited]] (since October 2024)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Navdeep |title=Infibeam Avenues acquires majority stake in Rediff.com, shares jump over 8% |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/infibeam-avenues-acquires-majority-stake-in-rediff-com-shares-jump-over-8/articleshow/112221154.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=2 August 2024}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{INR}}80 lakh (2021)
| num_employees = 316 (Dec 2009)
| url = {{URL|https://rediff.com}}
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Optional
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1997|02|08|p=yes}}
| current_status = Active
}}

'''Rediff.com''', stylized as '''rediff.com''', is an Indian news, information, entertainment, email service and [[shopping]] website. Founded by [[Ajit Balakrishnan]] in 1996, it was the first Indian website to become a mainstream news media organization.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/rediff.com-reports-q1-results-india-revenue-up-42/339965/ |title=Rediff.Com reports Q1 results: India revenue up 42% |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012112940/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/rediff.com-reports-q1-results-india-revenue-up-42/339965 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Rohit |date=2019-12-15 |title=How Rediff On The NeT first created a template for the Hindu Right online in the 1990s |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/rediff-on-the-net-first-created-template-for-hindu-right-online-in-1990s/335455/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> It is headquartered in [[Mumbai]] with offices in [[Bengaluru]], [[New Delhi]], and [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHRWorld.com |title=Rediff.com appoints Vishal Mehta as Chairman and Managing Director - ETHRWorld |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/rediff-com-appoints-vishal-mehta-as-chairman-and-managing-director/113857450 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=ETHRWorld.com |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207030857/https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/rediff-com-appoints-vishal-mehta-as-chairman-and-managing-director/113857450 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2009}}, it had more than 300 employees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investor.rediff.com/faq.asp |title=Investor FAQs |work=Rediff.com |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723125017/http://investor.rediff.com/faq.asp |archive-date=23 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time of its founding, internet access had only been available in India for five months with a mere 18,000 users, leaving Rediff.com as one of the earliest Indian [[Web portal|web portals]] and [[Mailbox provider|email providers]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2020 |title=For Rediff boss, early success meant ignoring sceptics, self-learning tools |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-rediff-boss-early-success-meant-ignoring-sceptics-self-learning-tools/story-GKXgHtRAtKiaX1PedQUTxL.html |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723082105/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-rediff-boss-early-success-meant-ignoring-sceptics-self-learning-tools/story-GKXgHtRAtKiaX1PedQUTxL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The Rediff.com domain was registered in India in 1996.<ref name=IDR>{{cite web |title=India completes 20 years of commercial internet |url=http://www.indiadigitalreview.com/news/india-completes-15-years-of-commercial-internet |website=India Digital Review |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417193547/http://www.indiadigitalreview.com/news/india-completes-15-years-of-commercial-internet |url-status=live }}</ref> Early products included the email service Rediffmail<ref>{{cite web |author=Anubhuti |url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/122/ARTICLE/6876/2010-10-28.html |title=Rediff records 15 percent growth in registered user base |website=Media Newsline |date=2 October 2010 |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112071640/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/122/ARTICLE/6876/2010-10-28.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Rediff Shopping, an online marketplace selling electronics and peripherals.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/tata-cliq-partners-with-rediff-com-to-attract-new-shoppers-124010800722_1.html</ref>

In 2001, Rediff.com was alleged to be in violation of the [[Securities Act of 1933]] for filing a materially false [[Prospectus (finance)|prospectus]] in relation to an [[IPO]] of its [[American depositary share]]s.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2001/05/25/281272/17393/en/Cauley-Geller-Bowman-Coates-LLP-Announces-Class-Action-Lawsuit-Against-Rediff-com-India-Ltd-Seeking-Damages-on-Behalf-of-Purchasers-of-Rediff-American-Depository-Shares-REDF.html |title=Cauley Geller Bowman & Coates, LLP Announces Class Action Lawsuit Against Rediff.com India Ltd. Seeking Damages on Behalf of Purchasers of Rediff American Depository Shares – REDF |website=GlobeNewswire |date=25 May 2001 |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624040030/http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2001/05/25/281272/17393/en/Cauley-Geller-Bowman-Coates-LLP-Announces-Class-Action-Lawsuit-Against-Rediff-com-India-Ltd-Seeking-Damages-on-Behalf-of-Purchasers-of-Rediff-American-Depository-Shares-REDF.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The case was resolved by settlement in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://securities.stanford.edu/filings-case.html?id=101787 |title=Case Summary Rediff.com India Ltd. Securities Litigation |publisher=Stanford Law School |access-date=8 November 2018 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116094645/http://securities.stanford.edu/filings-case.html?id=101787 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2001, Rediff.com acquired the ''[[India Abroad]]'' newspaper.<ref name="ia">{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/apr/10mrraju.htm |title=Pioneering publisher Gopal Raju passes away |date=1 April 2008 |work=[[India Abroad]] |access-date=4 May 2008 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211940/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/apr/10mrraju.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, Rediff iShare, a multimedia platform, was released.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/LmTno8d9USWKV5ddqJW2sM/Now-share-videos-music-on-Rediffs-iShare.html |title=Now share videos, music on Rediff's iShare |last=Mehra |first=Priyanka |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=1 July 2007 |access-date=17 November 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184555/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/LmTno8d9USWKV5ddqJW2sM/Now-share-videos-music-on-Rediffs-iShare.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Rediffmail NG was launched, an email service for mobile platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/21/stories/2010102151751800.htm |title=Mobile email service from Rediff.com |date=2 October 2010 |access-date=25 June 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028223147/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/21/stories/2010102151751800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> In 2012, Rediff launched its Android App for Rediff News.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-18 |title=Rediff News app for Android OS launched |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/rediff-news-app-for-android-os-launched-3608531.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Tech2 |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117025622/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/rediff-news-app-for-android-os-launched-3608531.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2016, the company decided to delist from [[NASDAQ]], citing the high cost of reporting requirements, given its financial condition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chathurvedula |first=Sadhana |date=2016-04-28 |title=Rediff.com delists its shares on Nasdaq |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/33CajWXzptGO7L7ZuB3Y2M/Rediffcom-delists-its-shares-on-Nasdaq.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302132601/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/33CajWXzptGO7L7ZuB3Y2M/Rediffcom-delists-its-shares-on-Nasdaq.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Infibeam Avenues Limited's era==
In 2024, Rediff.com became a subsidiary of [[Infibeam|Infibeam Avenues]], which acquired a 54.1 per cent stake in Rediff.com India Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infibeam Avenues acquires 54.1% stake in Rediff.com for ₹50 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/infibeam-avenues-acquires-541-stake-in-rediffcom-for-25-crore/article68477073.ece |website=BusinessLine |language=en |date=2 August 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008110306/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/infibeam-avenues-acquires-541-stake-in-rediffcom-for-25-crore/article68477073.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Infibeam founder Vishal Mehta became Rediff's new Chairman and Managing Director, succeeding [[Ajit Balakrishnan]], who had led the company since its founding in 1996.<ref name="BT"/>

== See also ==
{{Portalbar|India|Internet
}}

* [[Comparison of web search engines]]
* [[List of search engines]]
* [[Timeline of web search engines]]
* [[Noviforum]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.rediff.com}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Online companies of India]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1996]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of India]]
[[Category:Software companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Web portals]]
[[Category:Webmail]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Vasco da Gama railway station

2026-02-05T08:39:50Z

EJDTimmy2065: updated details

{{short description|Railway station in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Vasco da Gama
| address = Swatantra Path, [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], Goa
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Express train]] & [[Passenger train]] station
| image = Vasco Railway Station Entrance - panoramio.jpg
| caption = Entrance of Vasco da Gama railway station.
| style = Indian Railways
| line = [[Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section]]
| platforms = 3
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = VSG
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Hubli}}
}}
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=South Western Railway zone|left=Marmagao|right=Dabolim|type=[[Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section]]}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| status = Functional
| map_locator =
| map_type = India Goa#India
| map_dot_label = Vasco da Gama
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Goa
| coordinates = {{coord|15|23|46|N|73|48|42|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Vasco da Gama''' (also known as '''Vasco-Da-Gama''', station code: '''VSG''') is a railway station serving the town of [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]] in [[Goa]], India.

Type: '''Terminus'''

Number of Platforms: '''3'''

Number of Halting Trains: '''0'''

Number of Originating Trains: '''12'''

Number of Terminating Trains: '''12'''

== History ==
The station was part of the Marmagao and [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]] metre-gauge railway line. This was the main rail in the state until the [[Konkan Railway]] was started in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vasco Da Gama (VSG) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry – RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/vasco-da-gama-vsg |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref>

== Major trains ==
The train which originates from Vasco-Da-Gama are :

● [[Vasco da Gama–Patna Superfast Express]] (12741/12842)

● [[Goa Express]] (12779/12780)

● [[Hyderabad–Vasco da Gama Express]] (17021/17022)

● [[Yesvantpur–Vasco da Gama Express]] (17309/17310)

● [[Vasco da Gama–Velankanni Weekly Express]] (17315/17316)

● [[Tirupati–Vasco da Gama Express]] (17419/17420)

● [[Howrah–Vasco da Gama Amaravati Express]] (18047/18048)

== Location and Layout ==
It is located in Swatantra Path, Vasco da Gama, Goa. It has 3 platforms.

== Jurisdiction ==
It comes under the jurisdiction of the Hubli division of the South Western Railway( SWR ) Zone.<ref name="inspection">{{cite news|title=Annual inspection of Hubli division conducted |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/annual-inspection-of-hubli-division-conducted/article3140888.ece |date=1 April 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Hubli]] |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref>

==References==
'''[https://www.trainman.in/trains/Vasco-Da-Gama-VSG/Goa-Madgaon-MAO Vasco Da Gama - VSG]'''
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|512}}
{{commons category}}
{{Railway stations in Goa}}

[[Category:Hubli railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Railway terminus in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vasco da Gama, Goa]]

{{Goa-railstation-stub}}

National Highway 75 (India)

2026-02-02T10:33:49Z

EJDTimmy2065: updated layout for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 75|National Highway 20 (India)|National Highway 39 (India)|National Highway 44 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 75
| length_km = 567
| image = 4 lane highway roads in India NH 48 Karnataka 3.jpg
| image_notes = NH 75 route in Karnataka
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=line
| id=Q25351535| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 75}}
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| map_custom =yes
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[National Highway 73 (India)|NH 73]] near [[Bantval]], [[Karnataka]]
| destinations = [[Uppinangady]], [[Sakleshpur]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Channarayapatna]], [[Kunigal]], [[Nelamangala]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], [[Bangarapet]], [[Venkatagirikota]], [[Pernambut]], [[Gudiyattam]], [[Katpadi]], Kugaiyanallore on [[National Highway 40 (India)|NH 40]]
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[National Highway 40 (India)|NH 40]] at Kugaiyanallore near [[Katpadi]], Tamil Nadu
| junction =
| states = [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 74
| next_route = 76
}}
'''National Highway 75''' ('''NH 75''') is one of the major [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]]. passing through states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="ap">{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=11 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This national highway was earlier known as National Highway 48 (NH-48) before rationalisation of highway numbers in 2010. The highway connects the port city of [[Mangaluru]] (Mangalore) in the west to the city of [[Vellore]] in the east.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh48-driving-directions-map.html|title=National Highway 48|publisher=Maps of India|access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> National highway 75 is the main road for travellers from [[Mangaluru]] going to [[Bengaluru]] and Hassan. NH-75 traverses all three geographical regions of Karnataka state namely [[Karavali]], [[Malenadu]] and [[Bayaluseeme]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/300818/hassan-shiradi-ghat-will-be-closed-to-heavy-vehicles-for-six-months.html|title=Shiradi ghat will be closed to heavy vehiclesfor six months|publisher=[[The Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=1 Sep 2018}}</ref>

== Renamed roads ==
'''[[KA SH 54]] (Belur Road), [[National Highway 373 (India)|NH 373]], [[NH 69]]'''

== Route ==
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]

It starts from [[National Highway 73 (India)|NH 73]] at [[Bantwal]] in [[Karnataka]] state and passes through [[Nelliyadi|Nellyadi]], [[Shiradi]] ghat, [[Sakleshpura]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Channarayapatna]], [[Yediyur]], [[Kunigal]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], [[Bangarapet]], [[Venkatagirikota]], [[Pernambut]], [[Gudiyattam]], [[Katpadi]] before terminating at [[National Highway 40 (India)|NH 40]] at Kugaiyanallore near [[Katpadi]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="ap" /> This highway bypasses Hassan, Channarayapatna, Kunigal & Kolar main town areas. The under construction [[Bharatmala]] National Expressway 7 connecting [[Chennai]] & [[Bengaluru]] will run parallelly to [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH 75]].

State–wise route length in km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] India|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>
*[[Karnataka]] - {{Convert|418.7|km|abbr=on}}
*[[Andhra Pradesh]] – {{Convert|62.55|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="ap" />
*[[Tamil Nadu]] - {{Convert|85.75|km|abbr=on}}

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|73|country=IND}} Terminal near Bantwal.
: {{jct|NH|275|country=IND}} near Bantwal
: {{jct|NH|373|country=IND}} near Hassan
: {{jct|NH|150A|country=IND}} at Bellur Cross
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} near Nelamangala
: {{jct|NH|44|country=IND}} near Hebbal
: {{jct|NH|340|country=IND}} near Hoskote
: {{jct|NH|648|country=IND}} near Hoskote
: {{jct|NH|69|country=IND}} near Mulbagal
: {{jct|NH|42|country=IND}} near Venkatagirikota
: {{jct|NH|40|country=IND}} Terminal near Kugaiyanallore.

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]
* [[National Highway 169 (India)]]
* [[National Highway 66 (India)]]
* [[Ghat Roads]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11560031 NH 75 on OpenStreetMap]

{{commons category|NH 75 (India)}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH75 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]
[[Category:National highways in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Vellore]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Adiyogi Shiva bust

2026-01-26T02:02:30Z

EJDTimmy2065: Adding some article from scratch

{{Short description|Outdoor statue in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{italic title|string=Adiyogi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox monument
|monument_name = ''Adiyogi'' statue
|image = Adiyogi Shiva steel burst 2018.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Adiyogi Shiva statue in [[Coimbatore]], 2018
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
|location = Isha Yoga Center, [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India
|designer = [[Sadhguru|Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev]]
|type = [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]]
|material = [[Steel]]
|length =
|width = {{cvt|82|ft|m|order=flip}}
|height = {{cvt|112|ft|m|order=flip}}
|visitors_num = 2.19 Million
|visitors_year = 2021–2022
|begin =
|complete = 24 February 2017
|open =
|dedicated_to = [[Shiva]]
|coordinates = {{coord|10.972416|N|76.740602|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:10000|name=Adiyogi (Isha Yoga Center, India)|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''''Adiyogi'' Shiva bust''' is a {{Convert|112|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall|order=flip}}, {{Convert|147|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}} and {{Convert|25|m|ft|adj=mid|-wide}} steel bust of [[Shiva]] with [[Thirunamam]] at [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is recognized by the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the "Largest [[Bust (sculpture)|Bust]] Sculpture” in the world.<ref name=bust1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/adiyogi-bust-declared-world-s-largest-by-guinness-book-of-world-records/story-3lqACHP7TUSz7Y8JklnxqM.html 'Aadiyogi bust' declared world's largest by Guinness Book of World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223042/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/adiyogi-bust-declared-world-s-largest-by-guinness-book-of-world-records/story-3lqACHP7TUSz7Y8JklnxqM.html |date=13 April 2021 }}, [[Hindustan Times]], 12 May 2017.</ref><ref name=bust2>Vincenzo Berghella, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cqdSDwAAQBAJ&dq=Guinness+World+Records+recognizes+the+statue+as+the+%22Largest+Bust+Sculpture%E2%80%9D+in+the+world.&pg=PA68 Chennai and Coimbatore, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427182334/https://books.google.com/books?id=cqdSDwAAQBAJ&dq=Guinness+World+Records+recognizes+the+statue+as+the+%22Largest+Bust+Sculpture%E2%80%9D+in+the+world.&pg=PA68 |date=27 April 2023 }}, Page 68.</ref> Designed by [[Sadhguru]], the founder and head of the [[Isha Foundation]], the statue weighs around {{Convert|500|t}}.<ref name="MB">{{cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/columns/jaggi-vasudev/shiva-as-adiyogi-sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev-1.1737657|title=Shiva as Adiyogi|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|date=17 February 2017|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224020751/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/columns/jaggi-vasudev/shiva-as-adiyogi-sadhguru-jaggi-vasudev-1.1737657|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Adiyogi'' refers to Shiva as the first yogi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadhguru |title=Adiyogi: The Source of Yoga |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2017 |isbn=9789352643929 |location=India |pages=2 |language=}}</ref> It was established to inspire people towards inner well-being through [[yoga]].

== Description ==
{{quote box|width=19em|border=1px|bgcolor=#FFEFD5|quote="This face is not a deity or temple, this is an iconic inspiration. In pursuit of the divine, you don't have to look up because it is not somewhere else. Each of the 112 possibilities is a method to experience the divine within you. You just have to pick one. [...] The idea is not to build one more monument but to use it as a galvanizing force towards self-transformation."|author=Sadhguru on the purpose of the statue.<ref name="IE1"/>}}

''Adiyogi'' is located at the Isha Yoga Centre. Its height, 112 ft, symbolizes the 112 possibilities to attain to ''[[moksha]]'' (liberation) that are mentioned in yogic culture, and also the 112 [[chakras]] in the human system.<ref name="IE1">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/isha-foundation-narendra-modi-112-feet-shiva-idols-in-india-4536763/|title=PM Narendra Modi to unveil first 112 feet Shiva idol at Isha Foundation|date=24 February 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=27 February 2017|location=Chennai|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226061438/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/isha-foundation-narendra-modi-112-feet-shiva-idols-in-india-4536763/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MB"/> A [[Lingam|linga]] named ''Yogeshwara Linga'' was consecrated and placed in front of the statue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sadhguru|title=The first Guru is born|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 July 2012|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/The-first-Guru-is-born/articleshow/14613783.cms|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812234836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/The-first-Guru-is-born/articleshow/14613783.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] has included the statue in its official [[Incredible India]] tourism campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maha-shivratri-2017-pm-modi-unveils-112-foot-statue-in-coimbatore-hails-health-benefits-of-yoga-2333914|title=Maha Shivratri 2017: PM Modi unveils 112-foot Shiva statue in Coimbatore|date=24 February 2017|newspaper=Daily News Analysis|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302015105/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maha-shivratri-2017-pm-modi-unveils-112-foot-statue-in-coimbatore-hails-health-benefits-of-yoga-2333914|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also the venue of a light and sound show about [[Shiva]] as a yogi, inaugurated by the [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/a-night-that-lit-up-thousand-minds/articleshow/68262177.cms|title=A night that lit up thousand minds {{!}} Coimbatore News - Times of India|last=Swaroop|first=Vishnu|website=The Times of India|date=5 March 2019|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05|archive-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222185408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/a-night-that-lit-up-thousand-minds/articleshow/68262177.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Inauguration ==
''Adiyogi'' was inaugurated on 24 February 2017 by the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], on the occasion of [[Maha Shivaratri]]. He also launched a companion book, ''Adiyogi: The Source of Yoga'', written by [[Sadhguru]]. To mark the unveiling of the statue, the song "Adiyogi – The Source of Yoga" was released by the [[Isha Foundation]], sung by [[Kailash Kher]], with lyrics by [[Prasoon Joshi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170223-prasoon-joshi-and-kailash-kher-collaborate|title=Prasoon Joshi and Kher Collaborate|access-date=5 March 2017|date=23 February 2017|work=RadioAndMusic|archive-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194313/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170223-prasoon-joshi-and-kailash-kher-collaborate|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another {{Convert|21|ft|adj=on|order=flip}} statue of Adiyogi was unveiled in [[Tennessee]], US in 2015 by the Isha Foundation, as part of a {{cvt|30,000|sqft|sqm|order=flip}} yoga studio.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiapost.com/21foot-statue-of-adiyogi-unveiled-and-consecrated-in-tennessee/|title=21-foot statue of Adiyogi unveiled and consecrated in Tennessee|newspaper=India Post News - Breaking and Latest News Worldwide - Indian Diaspora|publisher=India Post|date=6 October 2015|access-date=6 March 2017|archive-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043059/http://www.indiapost.com/21foot-statue-of-adiyogi-unveiled-and-consecrated-in-tennessee/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Adiyogi Divya Darshanam ==
Adiyogi Divya Darshanam is a 3D laser show, narrating the story of the Adiyogi and how the science of yoga was given to human beings.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-21|title=12 Things You Probably Didn't Know About 112-ft Adiyogi|url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/blog/article/12-things-about-112-ft-adiyogi|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Isha Sadhguru|language=en|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804233228/https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/blog/article/12-things-about-112-ft-adiyogi|url-status=live}}</ref> It was inaugurated by the then [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]], on [[Maha Shivaratri]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=DNA Web|title=Adi-yogi allows humans to evolve beyond their limitations: President Kovind on Maha Shivaratri *Now Adiyogi DhivaDharshan Happening Daily at 7 PM IST.* {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-adi-yogi-allows-humans-to-evolve-beyond-their-limitations-president-kovind-on-maha-shivaratri-2726461|access-date=2020-10-31|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106214714/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-adi-yogi-allows-humans-to-evolve-beyond-their-limitations-president-kovind-on-maha-shivaratri-2726461|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a [[light and sound show]] projected upon the Adiyogi Statue that lasts 14 minutes.

In 2020, it won the Mondo*dr EMEA & APAC Award for Technology in Entertainment in the House of Worship category.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-12|title=Adiyogi Divya Darshanam Wins Prestigious Global Award|url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/blog/article/adiyogi-divya-darshanam-wins-prestigious-global-award|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Isha Sadhguru|language=en|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804205637/https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/blog/article/adiyogi-divya-darshanam-wins-prestigious-global-award|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adiyogi Divya Darshanam, Isha Yoga Centre – EMEA & APAC |url=https://mondodrawards.com/2021/portfolio/adiyogi-divya-darshanam-isha-yoga-centre/ |access-date=2020-10-31 |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201040427/https://mondodrawards.com/2021/portfolio/adiyogi-divya-darshanam-isha-yoga-centre/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Adiyogi Divya Darshanam happening Daily at 7 PM IST.

== Other Adiyogi Shiva statues ==
In January, 2014, [[Sadhguru|Jaggi Vasudev]] announced his desire to put Adiyogi Shiva statues in each of the [[Four Corners of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=112-foot Adiyogis in 4 Corners of India |url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/mahashivratri/shiva/112-foot-adiyogis-4-corners-india/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=isha.sadhguru.org |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130061136/https://isha.sadhguru.org/mahashivratri/shiva/112-foot-adiyogis-4-corners-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 112-Feet Adiyogi Shiva Statue at [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]] was inaugurated on 15th Jan 2023. The statue is set up along with eight [[Navagraha]] temples along with [[Bhairavi]] Temple at the Isha Yoga Centre at [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapur]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-09 |title=112-Ft Shiva Statue, Navagraha Temples in the Works: Isha Foundation's 2nd Centre Opens in Karnataka |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/112-feet-shiva-statue-navagraha-temples-in-the-works-isha-foundations-second-centre-opens-in-karnataka-6128731.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201040420/https://www.news18.com/news/india/112-feet-shiva-statue-navagraha-temples-in-the-works-isha-foundations-second-centre-opens-in-karnataka-6128731.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 August 2022, Vasudev visited {{ill|Pura Mahadev|hi|पुरामहादेव_मंदिर}}, [[Bagpat district|Bagpat]]. The [[Isha Foundation|Isha foundation]] desired to get land on lease for a Sanskrit School, Yoga Centre and a 68 m (242 ft) Adiyogi Shiva statue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ड्रीम प्रोजेक्ट के लिए बागपत पहुंचे ईशा फॉउंडेशन के संस्थापक जग्गी वासुदेव |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bagpat/story-jaggi-vasudev-founder-of-isha-foundation-reached-baghpat-for-dream-project-7008951.html |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130061126/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bagpat/story-jaggi-vasudev-founder-of-isha-foundation-reached-baghpat-for-dream-project-7008951.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The statue will be built near the banks of the [[Hindon River]] located near Pura Mahadev and Hariya Kheda, [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=संस्कृत विवि और योग केंद्र की जमीन से काटे जाएंगे पेड़ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/baghpat/trees-will-be-cut-from-the-land-of-sanskrit-university-and-yoga-center-baghpat-news-mrt6096154149 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130061126/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/baghpat/trees-will-be-cut-from-the-land-of-sanskrit-university-and-yoga-center-baghpat-news-mrt6096154149 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery perrow="5" widths="150">
File:Event at Adiyogi Shiva centre.jpg|alt=
File:Adiyogi-8-Isha yoga centre-coimbatore-India.jpg|Back of the bust
File:View from bottom.jpg|View from bottom
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
* [[List of the tallest statues in India]]
* [[List of tallest statues|List of tallest statues in the world]]
* [[List of tallest freestanding structures]]
* [[List of colossal sculpture in situ]]
* [[New7Wonders of the World|New Seven Wonders of the World]]
* [[List of statues]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{YouTube|vC7HP7SFD1Q|"Aerial view via drone"}}

{{Statues in India|state=expanded}}
{{Yoga}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Visual arts}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Busts (sculpture)]]
[[Category:Sculptures of gods]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]
[[Category:Colossal statues in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:2017 sculptures]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Moon in art]]

Techxetra

2026-01-18T20:14:42Z

EJDTimmy2065: small cleaned up structure for consistency and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| logo = Techxetra logo.png
| name = TechXetra
| free_label = Motto
| free_text = Expanding the frontiers of technology
| genre = Student organised, Non-Profit Technical Extravaganza
| founded = October 2008
| location = [[Tezpur]], India
| events = Robotics, Workshops, D'Colloseum, Nirmaan, Full Throttle
| sponsor = [[Tezpur University]]
| website = {{URL|techxetra.in}}
}}

'''TechXetra''' is the National Level Annual Techno-Cultural Festival of [[Tezpur University]], India. TechXetra is a combination of two words- Tech and Xetra. 'Tech' refers to Technology and 'Xetra' meaning terrain. It was one of the most common platforms in [[North-East India]] to showcase knowledge and intellect. A blend of different technical and management events, it had cultural events as well. TechXetra used to attract enthusiasts from various parts of India. It was one of those technical festivals of [[North-East India]], which reached out to both engineering and non-engineering students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techxetra.in/|title=TechXetra 2017|website=techxetra.in}}</ref> It was sometimes abbreviated as Tx in social networking websites.

==Tezpur University (a Central University)==
[[File:MainView.png|thumb|University Administrative Block]]
{{main|Tezpur University}}
[[Tezpur University]] is an Indian Central University, established by an Act of Parliament in 1994 in [[Tezpur]], [[Assam]]. It is situated in a place of scenic beauty called Napaam surrounded by greenery and many historic and tourist places. It offers employment oriented and interdisciplinary courses in Engineering, Humanities, Business Administration, Science and many others, to meet the regional as well as the national aspirations and the development of the state of [[Assam]] and [[India]]. It also promotes research in areas, which are of special and direct relevance to the region, and in the emerging areas in Science and Technology.<ref>http://www.tezu.ernet.in/ Tezpur University</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tezu.ernet.in/notice/limelight.html|title=News@Limelight,Tezpur University,INDIA|website=tezu.ernet.in}}</ref>

==TechXetra (Over the years)==
TechXetra saw the light of the day on 17 October 2008. Its main vision was to provide a platform for the budding technical and non-technical students of [[North-East India]] to showcase their talents in their respective fields of interest. In 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tezu.ernet.in/techxetra09|title=TechXetra'09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224092227/http://www.tezu.ernet.in/techxetra09/|archivedate=24 December 2010}}</ref> it made an effort to bring in the necessary resources and innovative events. '''TechXetra 2010'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techxetra.org/2010|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20110525074704/http://www.techxetra.org/2010|archivedate=25 May 2011}}</ref> emerged out to be one of the most technically sound festivals of the region. It had a good blend of science and technology coalesced with cultural events. It had more than 30 events<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techxetra.org/2010/competition.html|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|access-date=4 March 2011|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220174938/http://www.techxetra.org/2010/competition.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and witnessed large participation.

=== 2011 ===
'''TechXetra 2011'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techxetra.org|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra}}</ref> was organised with more than 45 competitive events, besides workshops conducted by firms, debate competitions, quizzes with quiz-master ''Mr. Ochintya Sharma, President'', Karnataka Quiz Association etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techxetra.org/tx2011/mainpage.php|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219103503/http://www.techxetra.org/tx2011/mainpage.php|archivedate=19 December 2011}}</ref>

The invited speakers in the lecture series<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techxetra.org/tx2011/e_dpodium.php|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065514/http://techxetra.org/tx2011/e_dpodium.php|archivedate=26 April 2012}}</ref> were:

# ''[[Thirumalachari Ramasami|Dr T Ramasami]], currently Secretary to the Government of India'', [[Department of Science and Technology (India)]].<ref>[[Department of Science and Technology (India)|T Ramasami]]</ref>
# ''Air Marshall P. K. Barbora, Vice Chief of the Air Staff''.<ref>[[Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks|P K Barbora]]</ref>
# ''Nitin Gupta, Founder and CEO, Entertainment Engineers''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techxetra.org/tx2011/nitin.php|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224191226/http://www.techxetra.org/tx2011/nitin.php|archivedate=24 December 2011}}</ref>
# ''Mr. Ochintya Sharma, Vice President in Samsung India''.<ref>Ochintya Sharma</ref>

The Indian death metal band [[Bhayanak Maut]] performed and judged the finals of ''Metanoia 2011,'' the rock band competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techxetra.org/tx2011/e_metanoia.php|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065608/http://techxetra.org/tx2011/e_metanoia.php|archivedate=26 April 2012}}</ref> Also, there was a performance by [[Anushka Manchanda]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IAmAnushka|title=Anushka Manchanda (@IAmAnushka) – Twitter|website=twitter.com}}</ref> on the last night of TechXetra 2011.

=== 2012 ===
'''TechXetra 2012'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techxetra.org/2012/|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928171939/http://www.techxetra.org/2012/|archivedate=28 September 2013}}</ref> had more than 60 competitive events, along with technical workshops,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techxetra.org/2012/workshop.php|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928180150/http://www.techxetra.org/2012/workshop.php|archivedate=28 September 2013}}</ref> debate competitions and quiz with ''Mr. Vijay Anand Menon'', Economic Times Young Achiever, 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/young-achievers/photos|title=young achievers Pictures: young achievers Photos / Images|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> etc.

The invited speakers included were:<ref name="ernet.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.tezu.ernet.in/events/event2/event2.html|title=TechXetra 2014,Tezpur University,Assam,INDIA|website=tezu.ernet.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techxetra.org/2012/invited_talk.php |title=TechXetra 2012, 2-4 Nov, Tezpur University |accessdate=2013-09-23 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928180147/http://www.techxetra.org/2012/invited_talk.php |archivedate=28 September 2013}} TechXetra 2012– Invited Speakers</ref>

# ''A NASA webinar with astronaut [[Michael Fincke]]''<ref>http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/nasa-astronaut-edward-michael-fincke-to-appear-virtually-with-tezpur-university/ Michael Fincke and Tezpur University</ref>
# ''Dr J. Narayana Das, Outstanding Scientist, Chief Controller R&D, D.R.D.O.''.
# ''Mr. Balasaheb Darade, Ex. N.A.S.A. Engineer''.<ref name="ernet.in"/>
# ''Mr. Kanak Gogoi, Innovator''.<ref name="ernet.in"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kanakgogoi.com/index.html |title=Kanak Gogoi |accessdate=2013-09-23 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095157/http://kanakgogoi.com/index.html |archivedate=27 September 2013}} Mr. Kanak Gogoi</ref>
# ''Mr. Jamshed V. Rajan, C.P.O., [[Nimbuzz]] India''.<ref name="ernet.in"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themobileindian.com/news/6319_Nimbuzz-will-offer-more-apps-within-its-app|title=Nimbuzz will offer more apps within its app}}</ref>

[[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allevents.in/tezpur/euphoria-live-techxetra-2012/290967714345374|title=EUPHORIA live @ TECHXETRA 2012|website=allevents.in|access-date=23 September 2013|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927073748/http://allevents.in/tezpur/euphoria-live-techxetra-2012/290967714345374|url-status=dead}}</ref> one of the most popular and oldest bands in India, ended the journey of Techxetra 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/290967714345374|title=EUPHORIA live @ TECHXETRA 2012|website=facebook.com}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
'''TechXetra 2013''' was organized from 25 to 27 October 2013 with more than 70 different events which included various technical, creative and cultural events. Techxetra 2013 was held on the theme of Water:''Wherewithal with Wisdom'' to promote water conservation in accordance with United Nation's International Year of Water Cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/events/worldwide-events/events-list/en/ |title=2013 - United Nations International Year of Water Cooperation: Events list |accessdate=2014-02-16 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114234344/http://www.unwater.org/water-cooperation-2013/events/worldwide-events/events-list/en |archivedate=14 November 2013}}</ref>

The invited speakers in the lecture series were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techxetra.org/2013/index.html#invited_talks|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923082949/http://www.techxetra.org/2013/index.html#invited_talks|archivedate=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov0213/state06|title=The Assam Tribune Online|first=TI|last=Trade|website=assamtribune.com}}</ref>
#A [[CERN]] webinar with physicist Dr. Rolf Landua.<ref name="auto"/>
#Juergen Reinhard, Life cycle Assessment specialist, EMPA, Technology and society unit, Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/73485/---/l=2|title=Empa – Page not Found|website=empa.ch}}</ref>
#Dr K Viswanathan, retired Deputy Director of [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
#[[Team Indus]], a Delhi-based aerospace researched team.

Sycorax from Darjeeling was the headlining band in Metanoia. Bollywood singer [[Benny Dayal]] performed on the last night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techxetra.org/2013/index.html|title=Techxetra -|website=Techxetra|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923082949/http://www.techxetra.org/2013/index.html|archivedate=23 September 2013}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
'''TechXetra 2014''' was scheduled from 17 October 2014 to 19 October 2014. There were various technical, cultural and creative events which were made a big success through active participation from over 100+ schools and colleges across the region. With the theme 'Bridging the digital divide', techXetra 2014 left a lasting impression on all who became a part of the fiesta. Social initiatives taken includes : Donations were made after collection of funds from various sources to Nabaprabhat orphanage at Tezpur, voter awareness rally conducted in collaboration with the Election Commission of India, a social up-gradation program with nearby school children based on the theme was conducted to introduce them to the benefits of internet and computers and more.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://techxetra.org/socialinitiative/|title =Social Initiatives at TezhXetra 2014|url-status =dead|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150614033727/http://techxetra.org/socialinitiative/|archivedate =14 June 2015}}</ref>

The notable speakers in the lecture series<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.techxetra.org/invitedtalks/|title =D'Podium at TechXetra 2014|url-status =dead|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105431/http://www.techxetra.org/invitedtalks/|archivedate =4 March 2016}}</ref> included :
# Alok Mukherjee (DRDO) – Head of Robotics.
# I.V. Rao : Maruti Suzuki – Managing Executive Officer.
# Swati Sammadar: Corporate Affairs – Strategic relationship, South Asia at Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.
The cultural half of the fest was graced with performances of Yonsample,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://anuraagh.tumblr.com/page/2|title = Yonsample at TechXetra 2014}}</ref> DJ Candice Redding at Sunburn<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://allevents.in/tezpur/sunburn-campus-with-candice-redding-assam/1494361374181269|title = Sunburn Campus at Tezpur University}}</ref> and the fest concluded

with Parikrama performing before a crowd of over 6000.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.843438079076077.1073741886.467747976645091&type=3|title = Gallery – Parikrama at TechXetra 2014 by Media Set| website=[[Facebook]] }}</ref>

=== 2015 ===
'''TechXetra 2015''' was organised from 30 October 2015 to 1 November 2015. There were various events from all genres which experienced participation from all across the region. The theme for the year was "Empowering Peace and Security: A Tech-step Forward".
The notable speakers of the lecture series included:
#Prof.[[Jitendra Nath Goswami]], Scientist
#Mr. M.L. Stone, Entrepreneur
#Mr. Uttam Kumar Mishra
#Prof. D.N. Buragohain, Alumni, IIT Bombay
The cultural section of the festival saw performances from DJ Tejas and Underside headlining Metanoia. The final night concluded with a performance from Bollywood singer [[Aditi Singh Sharma]].

=== 2016 ===
'''TechXetra 2016''' was organised from 4 November 2016 to 6 November 2016. It saw participation from 100+ schools and 25,000+ footfalls. The theme for the year was "Ideas, Opportunities and Beyond".
The notable speakers of the lecture series included:
#Shombit Ghosh, Lieutenant Colonel, [[Indian Army]]
#[[Uddhab Bharali]], Innovator
#Dr. Bindu Dey, DST
#Professor Dr. Ramesh C. Deka, V.C., Assam Down Town University

The cultural section of the fest saw performances from DJ Berry Gangsta and Aberrant headlining Metanoia. The final night concluded with a performance from the popular band Astitva.

=== 2017 ===
'''TechXetra 2017 - Reboot''', was the tenth edition of the techno-cultural fest, organized from 3 November 2017 to 5 November 2017.

It included workshops on Bluetooth Robotics, Game Development, Tall Building Design, Placement Grooming, Smart City Planning.

Various personalities like the notable author Adithya Iyer were invited.

Metanoia 2017 was headlined by the Pune-based band '''Noiseware'''. On the same night, modern post-rock band [[aswekeepsearching]] performed.

On 5 November, [[Raghu Dixit]], the famous folk and fusion artist performed.

==See also==
* [[Central University, India]]
* [[List of Engineering Colleges in Assam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.tezu.ernet.in Official website of Tezpur University]

{{Universities in Assam}}
{{IndianCentralUniv}}

[[Category:Tezpur University]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2008]]
[[Category:Technical festivals in India]]

Lagadapati Rajagopal

2026-01-17T12:31:41Z

EJDTimmy2065: small update references for consistency further to improve readability

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{For|other people with the name Lagadapati|Lagadapati}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lagadapati Rajagopal
| image = Lagadapati Rajagopal.jpg
| birth_date = 1964
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[india]]
| residence = [[Vijaywada]]
| spouse = Padma Sri Lagadapati
| children = 3 sons
| parents = Lagadapati Ramanaidu Lagadapati Ramalakshmamma
| term_start = 22 May 2004
| term_end = 19 February 2014
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor = [[Gadde Ramamohan]]
| successor = [[Kesineni Srinivas]]
| constituency = [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Vijayawada]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College|V R Siddhartha Engineering College]] Loyola Public School, [[Guntur]]
| profession = [[Industrialist]]
| website =
}}
'''Lagadapati Rajagopal''' (born 1964)<ref name="Nag 2014 profile">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lagadapati-Rajagopal-has-no-control-over-his-temper/articleshow/30369425.cms?referral=PM|title=Lagadapati Rajagopal 'has no control over his temper' -|last=Kingshuk Nag|date=14 February 2014|work=[[Indiatimes]]|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref> is an industrialist and former<ref name=resign/> politician. He was the 15th [[Lok Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] from the [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijaywada]] constituency for [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/congress-mp-rajagopal-to-move-sc-against-telangana/article5200195.ece |title=Congress MP Rajagopal to move SC against Telangana |publisher=The Hindu |date=2013-10-04 |accessdate=2014-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-08/news/47148804_1_seemandhra-union-ministers-union-cabinet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222162122/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-08/news/47148804_1_seemandhra-union-ministers-union-cabinet |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=Congress MP Lagadapati Rajagopal attacks Sonia over AP bifurcation issue - Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2014-02-08 |accessdate=2014-02-26}}</ref> He resigned from Parliament and quit politics after the [[Telangana Bill]] was passed in the Lok Sabha.<ref name=resign>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lagadapati-rajagopal-resigns-from-lok-sabha-says-quitting-politics/article1-1185481.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305174818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lagadapati-rajagopal-resigns-from-lok-sabha-says-quitting-politics/article1-1185481.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2014 |title='Pepper spray’ MP Lagadapati Rajagopal resigns from Lok Sabha |publisher=HindustanTimes |date=18 February 2014 | accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref> Rajagopal is the principal shareholder of [[Lanco Infratech]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ap-congress-mp-l-rajagopal-resigns-over-telangana-decision/429616-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026003513/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ap-congress-mp-l-rajagopal-resigns-over-telangana-decision/429616-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-26 |title=AP Congress MP L Rajagopal resigns over Telangana decision |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2013-10-21 |accessdate=2014-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lancogroup.com/DynTestform.aspx?pageid=108 |title=Lanco Infratech Limited |publisher=Lancogroup.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-26}}</ref>

==History==
He is the son of L. Ramalakshmamma and L.V. Rama Naidu,<ref name="MP profile">{{cite web|url=http://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4020|title=Detailed Profile - Shri Rajagopal Lagadapati - Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India|accessdate=27 February 2014|archive-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227203249/http://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4020|url-status=dead}}</ref> a contractor.<ref name="Nag 2014 profile"/> He went into the family business after attending [[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College|V R Siddhartha Engineering College]], where he was suspended for 1 year.<ref name="Nag 2014 profile"/>

He married the daughter of politician [[Parvathaneni Upendra]]. He started two companies, one in the [[pig iron]] business and one in the power industry.<ref name="Nag 2014 profile"/>

In 2004, he ran for office in the [[Vijayawada]] district, the seat previously held by Father-in-law Upendra, and became a member of Parliament.<ref name="Nag 2014 profile"/> He has been a prominent anti-Telangana voice.<ref name="Nag 2014 profile"/> His company's headquarters have been moved to Delhi because the Hyderabad offices were deemed to be targets because of his anti-Telangana positions.<ref name="Nag 2014 profile"/>

On 13 February 2014, during a discussion of the [[Telangana Bill]], L Rajagopal used [[pepper spray]] while on the floor which caused all the members of Parliament to vacate the building. He stated this was in "self-defence...I used the spray when I saw a colleague from a different party being manhandled".<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140214/news-politics/article/regret-pepper-spray-incident-says-lagadapati-rajagopal-continues-attack |title=Regret pepper spray incident, says Lagadapati Rajagopal, continues to attack Cong |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=2014-02-14 |access-date=2014-02-26}}</ref> He was suspended from Parliament by speaker [[Meira Kumar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/government-influenced-the-speaker-to-suspend-select-mps-rajagopal/451967-62-127.html |title=Government influenced the Speaker to suspend select MPs: Rajagopal-Lok Sabha Elections News - IBNLive Mobile |publisher=M.ibnlive.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-26}}</ref> along with 4 other MPs.<ref name=IBS/> [[Sharad Yadav]], [[Janata Dal (United)]]'s President, called the actions "sedition".<ref name=IBS>{{cite web|title=Pepper spray leaves Lok Sabha - and nation - in tears|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pepper-spray-leaves-lok-sabha-and-nation-in-tears-roundup-114021301337_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> Protests against his actions included burning Rajagopal effigy, and a boycott by lawyers in [[Warangal]] district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Widespread protests against ‘pepper attack’|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/widespread-protests-against-pepper-attack/article5692556.ece|publisher=Hindu|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref>

He tendered his resignation from Parliament in February 2014.<ref name=resign/>

===Committee positions===
While in Parliament, he has been on the following Committees:
*Committee on Urban Development
*Committee on Provision of Computers to Member of Lok Sabha, Offices of Political Parties and Officers of Lok Sabha Secretariat
*Committee on External Affairs
*Committee on Public Undertakings
*Committee on Home Affairs
*Consultative Committee for External Affairs
*Committee on Public Undertakings

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4020 MP profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227203249/http://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4020 |date=27 February 2014 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajagopal, Lagadapati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Gudivada mandal

2026-01-02T18:09:35Z

EJDTimmy2065: quick fix

{{Short description|Mandal in Krishna district (Andhra Pradesh), India}}
{{other uses|Gudivada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gudivada mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mandal map of Krishna district showing Gudivada mandal (in yellow)
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.43|N|80.99|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Gudivada]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 161453
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627531|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Gudivada mandal''' is one of the 25 [[mandal]]s in [[Krishna district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is under the administration of [[Gudivada revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Gudivada]] town.<ref name=map>{{cite web |title=Krishna District Mandals |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|publisher=Census of India |accessdate=17 July 2015|pages=504, 528–529|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Administrative Setup|url=http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx|website=Krishna District Official Website|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223104/http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by [[Pedaparupudi]], [[Nandivada]], [[Mandavalli]], [[Mudinepalle]], [[Gudlavalleru]], [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]] mandals of [[Krishna district]].<ref>{{cite web
|title = Mandals in Krishna district
|url = http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/krishna.html
|publisher = aponline.gov.in
|accessdate = 17 July 2015
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141213093713/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/krishna.html
|archivedate = 13 December 2014
|df =
}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 161,453. The total population constitute, 80,752 males and 80,701 females —a sex ratio of 999 females per 1000 males. 14,932 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 7,651 are boys and 7,281 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 79.55% with 116,556 literates.<ref name=population />

== Administration ==
The mandal is partially a part of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration of A.P. CapitalRegion|url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|website=APCRDA|publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department|accessdate=21 February 2016|format=PDF|date=23 June 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 30 settlements. It includes 1 town and 29 villages.<ref name=map /> The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|
# Allidoddi
# [[Bethavolu (rural)]]
# Billapadu (rural)
# [[Bommuluru]]
# Chilakamudi
# China Yerukapadu
# chirichintalahintal
# [[Chowtapalli]]
# [[Dondapadu, Gudivada mandal]]
# Gangadharapuram
# [[Gudivada]] (M)†
# [[Gudivada (rural)]]
# Guntakoduru
# Kalvapudi Agraharam
# Kasipudi
# Lingavaram
# Mandapadu (rural)
# Merakagudem
# [[Moturu]]
# Pedyerukapadu (rural)
# Ramachandrapuram
# Ramanapudi
# Saidepudi
# Seepudi
# Seri Dintakurru
# Seri Golvepalle
# Seri Velpur
# Siddhantam
# Tativarru
# Valivarthipadu (rural)
}}

Note: †–Mandal Headquarters, M-[[Municipality]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Some Concepts and Definitions |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/13-concept-34.pdf |publisher=Census of India 2011|accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Krishna district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Gudivada}}

{{Krishna district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Loyola College, Manvi

2025-12-10T16:25:40Z

EJDTimmy2065: stub

{{Short description|Jesuit girls school in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Loyola College, Manvi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto = ''Educatio est Liberatio'' (Latin)
| motto_lang = la
| mottoeng = ''Education is Liberation''
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Roman Catholic]] [[coeducation]]al non-profit basic education institution
| established = {{Start date and age|2012}}
| founder = [https://www.karnatakajesuits.org/ Karnataka Jesuits]
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Society of Jesus|(Jesuit)]]
| academic_affiliation = Gulbarga University, Gulbarga<ref name=gug/>
| rector = Rev. Fr Cyprian Tellis SJ
| principal = Rev. Fr Vinod Paul SJ{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
| dean =
| academic_staff = 25
| administrative_staff = 5
| students = 351
| undergrad = 351
| postgrad =
| other = 1583
| city = [[Manvi]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| campus = Rural
| coordinates = {{Coord|16|0|19|N|77|4|12|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| colours =
| athletics =
| nickname =
| sports =
| website = {{nobreak|{{url|loyolacollegemanvi.com}}}}
| logo =
}}
'''Loyola College, Manvi''' was founded by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] of Karnataka Jesuit Province in the year 2012 in [[Manvi]] [[Taluk]], [[Raichur district|Raichur District]] in the [[Kalyana-Karnataka|Kalyana Karnataka]] region of [[Karnataka]] State, India. It is a [[coeducational]] institution and tries to maintain a large enrollment of girls.

== Courses ==
The college is affiliated to [[Gulbarga University]] and since 2021, [[Raichur University]].<ref name=gug>{{cite web |url=http://gug.ac.in/load?menu=m09&page=affiliated-colleges |title=Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi |access-date=6 February 2016
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194734/https://gug.ac.in/load?menu=m09&page=affiliated-colleges |archive-date=2016-06-04 |website=gug.ac.in}}</ref> It offers degrees in the arts (BA), in commerce (B.Com.) and in science (B.Sc.) in Computer (BCA) and well as M.Com., approved in the year 2021-22 by the government of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best College in Manvi {{!}} Bapur|url=https://www.loyolacollegemanvi.com/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=loyola|language=kn}}</ref>
Loyola Institute of Research and Innovative Studies (LIRIS) was founded in 2019. In the year 2021 the Karnataka State Higher Education Council (KSHEC) approved M.Com. programme in the College affiliated with Raichur University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best College in Manvi {{!}} Bapur|url=https://www.loyolacollegemanvi.com/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=loyola|language=kn}}</ref>

==Facilities==
Facilities include a [[playground]], [[laboratory]], [[Computer Center Corporation|computer center]], [[Community health center|health center]], indoor basketball court, [[hostel]]s for gents and ladies and [[Guest house|a guest house]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/colleges/d527-loyala-first-grade-degree-college-manvi/37225/2|title=D527 Loyola College, Manvi, Raichur - Karnataka|website=iCBSE| language=en|access-date=2017-02-06}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jesuit development centres]]
[[Category:Colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Raichur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Karnataka]]

Niari

2025-12-02T08:37:46Z

EJDTimmy2065: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian caste in the state of Odisha}}
{{About|the Indian caste|the department of the Republic of the Congo|Niari Department|the valley in that department|Niari Valley|the river|Kouilou-Niari River}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

'''Niari''' is a caste in the state of [[Odisha]] in India. This caste belongs to [[Khandayat (caste)]], a part of [[Kshatriya]] Community as per the Hindu's chaturvarna system. This community is very rare across India belong to upper caste whose occupational activity is running local business like sugar mills, chudakuta work (making [[flattened rice]]) and mudikuta (making [[puffed rice]]).

The natives of Niari community are popularly called "Radhi", as their rice beating sound was like the instrument's rhythm.

==History==
Niari, originally belonged to the Kshatriya community which is a warrior class in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and a higher ranked landlord caste in Odisha. They use surnames such as Parida (meaning power), [[Behera (title)|Behera]] (meaning head of a group), Patra, Nayak, etc.

During the year of 1866 the east coast of India from [[Madras]] northwards was affected by a famine known as [[Orissa famine of 1866]] as the impact of the famine was greatest in the region of Orissa, now [[Odisha]], which at that time was quite isolated from the rest of India.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1909-01-01 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India: the Indian Empire. Volume II. Historical. Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1908. Pp. xxxv, 573. New edition.) |url=https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/14.2.333 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=333–334 |doi=10.1086/ahr/14.2.333 |issn=1937-5239|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The catastrophic famine wiped out a third of the population of coastal Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Diana |date=2016-06-08 |title=Odisha's famine of 1866 documented for first time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2016/Jun/07/odishas-famine-of-1866-documented-for-first-time-937712.html |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This led to loss of lives and livelihood of the people and forced many people to switch different professions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghose |first=Ajit Kumar |date=July 1982 |title=Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Sub-Continent |url=https://academic.oup.com/oep/article/2360942/FOOD |journal=Oxford Economic Papers |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=368–389 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 |pmid=11620403 |issn=1464-3812|url-access=subscription }}</ref>So people from Niari community became unemployed and adopted the profession of farming, some started doing cottage industries and started their business like running sugar mills preparing flattened rice (a major source of food in battle and in disaster and also used as offering or prasad to the deity) and puffed rice.

Their origin have descended from Kshatriya. But few greedy people want to take advantage of facility from the Gov. in the name of caste. and are forcefully degrading and merging themselves. In October 22, the High Court of Odisha rejected to include the caste, along with others like Radhi and Niary, in the Scheduled Caste list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-22 |title=Orissa HC junks plea on inclusion of certain castes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/orissa-hc-junks-plea-on-inclusion-of-certain-castes/articleshow/95022717.cms |access-date=2025-10-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A return has been filed by the State. In paragraph-3 of the counter affidavit it has been averred that: "............ It has been seen from the Record-of-Rights of the Tahasil that caste "Kaibarta" has been recorded against some individual tenants and Niari against some other individual tenants. So the Kaibarta and Niari are two completely different castes having different occupations. The caste Niari has not yet been included in the Orissa Scheduled Caste list. The clarification issued by the Government vide letter No. 25943/HTW dated 22-8-1989 from joint Director-cum-Deputy Secretary to Government, H. & T. W. Department Orissa, Bhubaneswar does not show that Niari is a sub- caste of caste Kaibarta as claimed by the petitioner. In forming a general opinion it is seen at this place that there are some persons belonging to different castes are also occupying the profession of "Chudakuta" and "Mudhibhaja" and also fishing with their own nets. But certainly they are not Kaibarta, Keuta or Dhibara. Therefore Niari cannot be treated as Dewar". So, the Niaris doesn't belong to keuta community. They are not included in SC/ST list.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in India]]
[[Category:Fishing castes]]

Jasbir Singh Gill

2025-10-30T15:04:53Z

EJDTimmy2065: minor adjust details to improve readability also and added references

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jasbir Singh Gill
| office2 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| succeeded1 = [[Amritpal Singh]]
| nickname = Dimpa Bha
| honorific_suffix =
| image_size =
| image =
| predecessor2 = Manmohan Singh Sathiala
| termend2 = 2007
| termstart2 = 2002
| termstart =
| children = Santdeep Kaur (Daughter) Gursant Updesh Singh (Son)
| alma_mater = [[Guru Nanak Dev University]]
| parents = Sant Singh Satwiinder Kaur
| spouse = Ramanbir Kaur
| residence = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office =
| constituency =
| birth_place = [[Rayya (Punjab)|Rayya]] (Amritsar), Punjab
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|11|08|df=y}}
| succeeded2 = Manjinder Singh Kang
| termstart1 = 23 May 2019
| termend1 = 4 June 2024
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ranjit Singh Brahmpura|Ranjit Singh]]
}}

'''Jasbir Singh Gill (Dimpa)''' is an Indian politician and was a [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] to the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]] (Lok Sabha constituency) of [[Punjab, India]].<ref name="myneta.info">{{Cite web|title=Jasbir Singh Gill(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KHADOOR SAHIB(PUNJAB) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=13131|website=myneta.info|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> He won the [[2019 Indian general election|Indian general election 2019]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. In the year 2002 he was elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from [[Baba Bakala Assembly Constituency|Beas constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Khadoor Sahib Election Result 2019: Jasbir Singh Gill of Congress wins by a margin of 140573 votes|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/khadoor-sahib-punjab-election-2019-khadoor-sahib-election-results-candidates-voter-population-polling-percentage/414428|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha election: Congress likely to field ex-MLA Dimpa from Khadoor Sahib|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-election-congress-likely-to-field-ex-mla-dimpa-from-khadoor-sahib/story-PVIAuXksbTHxoZoWQCm1qJ.html|date=2019-03-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> In December 2020, he was in an issue with young female reporter questioning him about the farmers' protest live on TV.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/N5wqkAbZcIo Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201223045910/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5wqkAbZcIo Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5wqkAbZcIo&ab_channel=RPD24| title = ਕਾਂਗਰਸੀ MP ਡਿੰਪਾ ਨੇ Live ਚਲਦੀ ਇੰਟਰਵਿਊ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਲੜਕੀ ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰ ਨਾਲ ਕੀਤੀ ਜ਼ਬਰਦਸਤੀ {{!}} RPD24 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Jasbir Singh Gill was born on 8 November 1968 in [[Amritsar|Amritsar, Punjab]]. He is son of Satwiinder Kaur Gill and late Sant Singh Liddar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LS poll: Cong's Dimpa files papers from Khadoor Sahib|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/archive/ls-poll-congs-dimpa-files-papers-from-khadoor-sahib-762762|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> His father was a member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab legislative assembly]] (1985 - 1986) from [[Baba Bakala Assembly Constituency|Beas constituency]] and died fighting terrorists on 26 April 1986, Gill was 18 years old when he narrowly escaped from this attack.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019: Panthic citadel of Khadoor Sahib set to see 'locals-versus-outsiders' contest|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lok-sabha-elections-2019-panthic-citadel-of-khadoor-sahib-set-to-see-locals-versus-outsiders-contest/story-4gnDar4ubxmI1XcZ1pXZAM.html|date=2019-04-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Violence, rioting, terrorism in Indian Punjab during last 35 years|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/86429-Violence-rioting-terrorism-in-Indian-Punjab-during-last-35-years|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> He completed his primary schooling from [[St. Francis School, Amritsar|Saint Francis School Amritsar]] and later joined Shivalik public school, [[Chandigarh]]. In 1987, militants injured him while he was going to his native village.<ref name=":1" /> In 1988, he graduated from Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.<ref name="myneta.info"/> In a later attack in 1989 at his native village Liddar, terrorists killed all seven guards at his house but he narrowly escaped and survived.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Peace finally breaks out in hotbeds of militancy in Punjab|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930228-peace-finally-breaks-out-in-hotbeds-of-militancy-in-punjab-810746-1993-02-28|first=Kanwar|last=Sandhu|date=28 February 1993|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> All these attacks happened during the [[Insurgency in Punjab|Punjab insurgency]] period.<ref name=":2" />

==Early political career==
He was first elected as [[Sarpanch]] of Lidhar village of Punjab in 1982. In late 1992 after the relative peace in Punjab, he was re-elected as village Sarpanch of Lidhar.<ref name=":2" /> He later went on to serve as the president of [[Indian Youth Congress|Punjab Youth Congress]] from 1997 to 1999 and as General Secretary of Indian Youth Congress from 1999 to 2005.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Mohinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaOlg1sDYP4C&q=jasbir+singh+gill+dimpa+awards&pg=PA283|title=Punjab 1999: Political and Socio-economic Developments|date=2000|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-86565-76-6|language=en}}</ref>

==Legislative assembly==
Jasbir Singh Gill contested his first assembly election from Beas constituency, Amritsar in 1997 but lost to Manmohan Singh Sathiala. Jasbir singh Gill won his first assembly election from Beas (renamed as [[Baba Bakala Assembly Constituency|Baba Bakala]] in 2012) in 2002. He defeated Manjinder Singh Kang from Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) by a margin of 6450 votes and became a member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab legislative assembly]].<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Polling Booth For Punjab Lok Sabha Elections 2002|url=https://www.elections.in//punjab/assembly-constituencies/2002-election-results.html|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> During his tenure, he also became the chairmen Punjab water supply and sewerage board for the period 2003-2007. He also served as chairmen of Public accounts, Estimates, and Petition Committee of Punjab [[Vidhan Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040429/punjab1.htm|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> In the next assembly election, he lost his seat to Manjinder Singh Kang by a narrow margin of 4179 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAD wins Beas seat by 4,183 votes|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/14punpoll.htm|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> In 2012 he contested from [[Amritsar South Assembly Constituency|Amritsar South]] but lost to [[Inderbir Singh Bolaria]] of Shiromani Akali Dal with a Margin 15056 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Polling Booth For Punjab Lok Sabha Elections 2012|url=https://www.elections.in//punjab/assembly-constituencies/2012-election-results.html|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>

==Member of parliament==
He filed his nomination from the [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]] constituency for a four-way battle between [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], [[Punjab Ekta Party]], and the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Punjab: With Jasbir Singh Dimpa, Khadoor Sahib set for four-way battle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/punjab/news/khadoor-sahib-set-for-4-way-battle/articleshow/68758585.cms|date=7 April 2019|first=Yudhvir|last=Rana|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> Gill defeated his closest rival [[Jagir Kaur|Bibi Jagir Kaur]] of the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) by a margin of 140573 votes.<ref name=":0" /> He has emerged as a vocal leader in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] and has recently asked (alongside [[Vincent Pala|Vincent H Pala]]) a [http://164.100.47.193/Loksabha/Questions/TypeOfQuestions.aspx Starred Question] to the Home Affairs about the existence of controversial "Tukde Tukde Gang".<ref>{{Cite web|title=No Information On Any Group Called ''Tukde Tukde Gang'': G Kishan Reddy|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tukde-tukde-gang-news-no-information-on-any-group-called-tukde-tukde-gang-says-home-ministry-2178365|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> The [[Minister of State]] for Home [[G. Kishan Reddy|G Kishan Reddy]] said "the ministry has no information on any such group".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-11|title=No information on any group called 'Tukde Tukde Gang': Govt|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-information-on-any-group-called-tukde-tukde-gang-govt/articleshow/74078601.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> In his first year as MP he has received approval for a Government Medical College in [[Kapurthala]] and a Law University in [[Patti, Punjab|Patti]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre approves new government medical college in Kapurthala|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/centre-approves-new-government-t-medical-college-in-kapurthala/story-xsq1vhFKNEnDVOgWx0q5vM.html|date=2019-11-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>

=== Performance in parliament ===
''Performance in the Lok Sabha, 2019-20''<ref>{{Cite web|title=MP details|url=https://parliamentarybusiness.com/mps/jasbir-singh/|website=parliamentarybusiness.com|access-date=2020-05-31|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607211529/https://parliamentarybusiness.com/mps/jasbir-singh/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jasbir Singh|url=https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/17th-lok-sabha/jasbir-singh|date=2019-06-17|website=PRSIndia|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!'''MP performance parameters (2019–20)'''
!'''Jasbir Singh Gill'''
|-
|Attendance in Parliament
|96%, against State average 76% and National average 84%
|-
|Questions Raised
|37, against State average 29 and National average 49
|-
|Debates Participated
|27, against a State average 14.3 and National average 16.5
|-
|Private Member Bills
|0, against State average 0 and National average 0.3
|}

=== Parliamentary committees ===
He was a member of the Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances and Law and Justice and Member of Consultative Committee, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajya Sabha-Membership of Parliamentary Committees|url=http://164.100.47.5/webcom/composition.aspx|website=164.100.47.5|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5165|website=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>

=== Election results===
{{Election box begin|title=2019 General Election: Khadoor Sahib}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jasbir Singh Gill|votes=459710|percentage=43.95|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]|votes=319137|percentage=30.51|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Punjab Ekta Party|candidate=[[Paramjit Kaur Khalra]]|votes=214489|percentage=20.51|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=140573|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1046032|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Shiromani Akali Dal}}{{Election box end}}
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khadoor Sahib Election Results|url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/punjab/khadoor-sahib-election-result-s19p03/|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Awards==
Silver medal in the [[The Duke of Edinburgh's Award|Duke of Edinburgh's Award]] for increasing health awareness.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5165 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{17th LS members from Punjab}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Jasbir Singh}}
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala district]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev University alumni]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2002–2007]]

Karjat taluka, Raigad

2025-10-17T14:59:29Z

EJDTimmy2065: added new data w/ sources - done

{{distinguish|Karjat taluka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karjat
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| pushpin_map = Maharashtra#India
| map_caption = Location of Karjat in [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9167|N|73.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan Division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established_title =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Karjat]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti Karjat Raigad]]
| leader_title = '''[[Panchayat Samiti Karjat Raigad|Chairperson]]'''
| leader_name = '''Smt. Sushma Tai Thackeray'''
| leader_title1 = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name1 = '''Vikram Deshamukh'''
| leader_title2 = [[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|MP]]
| leader_name2 = '''[[Shrirang Barne]]''' {{small|([[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval Constituency]])}}
| leader_title3 = [[Karjat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = '''[[Mahendra Thorve]]''' {{small|([[Karjat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karjat constituency]])}}
| population_demonym = Karjatkar
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 410201
| area_code = 02148
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-46, MH-06
| population_total = 212051
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_urban =
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1503.61
| population_density_km2 = auto
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karjat taluka''' is a [[subdistrict]]/[[upazila]]/[[tehsil]] in [[Raigad district]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |language=mr |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |access-date=2015-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archive-date=2015-07-22 }}</ref><ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815">{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|title=Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district|publisher=Raigad District Collectorate|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Officer==
===MLA===
*[[Mahendra Thorve]] {{small|([[Karjat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karjat constituency]])}}

===Sub-Divisional Officer===
===Tahasildar & Executive Magistrate===

*[[Tehsildar]]
Dr. Shital Rasal

===Prant Adhikari===
*MS. Vaishali Pardesi

===Police commissioner===

*Sub-Division. Superintendent of Police. Karjat
Mr. Anil Gherdikar
*Po.ni - Karjat Po.Ste. Po.N.
Mr. Surendra Garad
*Po.ni - Neral Po.Ste. S.P.N.
Mr. Sanjay Shantaram Bangar

===Chairperson & Deputy Chairperson Panchayat Samiti===

*Chairperson -
Smt. Sushma Tai Thackeray

*Deputy Chairperson -
Smt. Jaywanti Hindola

==Raigad district==
{{main|Raigad district}}
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]], [[Karjat (Raigad) taluka|Karjat]], [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]], [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]], [[Mangaon taluka|Mangaon]], [[Mhasala taluka|Mhasala]],
[[Murud taluka|Murud]], [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]], [[Pen taluka|Pen]], [[Poladpur taluka|Poladpur]], [[Roha taluka|Roha]], [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]], [[Sudhagad - Pali taluka|Sudhagad Pali]], [[Tala taluka|Tala]] and [[Uran taluka|Uran]].<ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815" />

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Karjat taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|5.68}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|5.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.57}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.67}}
}}

Karjat taluka has a population of 212,051 according to the 2011 census. Karjat had a literacy rate of 80.65% and a sex ratio of 966 females per 1000 males. 25,216 (11.89%) are under 7 years of age. 52,485 (24.75%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 5.43% and 23.94% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Raigad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Karjat taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 85.19 |color1 = red
|label2 = 'Other' Marathi |value2 = 3.90 |color2 = tomato
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 3.88 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 3.41 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 3.62 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 85.19% of the population in the taluka spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 3.88% [[Hindi]], and 3.41% [[Urdu]] as their first language. 3.90% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Marathi.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Village==
*[[Neral, India|Neral]]
*[[Kalamb Karjat]]
*[[Kashele]]
*[[Shelu]]
*Damat

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Raigad district]]

Birla

2025-09-17T09:55:26Z

EJDTimmy2065: Starting new article with sources...

'''Birla''' may refer to:

* [[Birla family]]
* [[Aditya Birla Group]]

* Members of the Birla family:
** [[Aditya Vikram Birla]]
** [[Ananya Birla]]
** [[Basant Kumar Birla]]
** [[G. D. Birla]]
** [[K. K. Birla]]
** [[C. K. Birla]]
** [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]]

==See also==
* [[Burla (disambiguation)]]

{{surname}}
[[Category:Birla family]]

Save Ganga Movement

2025-09-09T02:39:22Z

EJDTimmy2065: put up new post.

{{short description|Gandhian non-violent movement}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Save Ganga Movement
| side3 =
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| place = [[Varanasi]], [[Haridwar]] [[Allahabad]] and other parts of [[North India]]
| coordinates =
| causes = Pollution and damming of [[Ganges]] river in [[India]].
| goals =
| methods = [[Gandhi]]an [[nonviolence]] movement
| status = On hold
| result =
| side1 =
| side2 =
| leadfigures1 = ''Non centralised leadership''
| leadfigures2 = Prof. G. D. Agrawal Smt. Rama Rauta Acharya Jeetendra
| leadfigures3 =
}}

'''Save Ganga Movement''' is a widespread [[Gandhi]]an [[Nonviolence|non-violent movement]] supported by saints and popular social activists across the [[States and union territories of India|Indian States]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] in support of the ecological and cultural preservation of [[Ganges|Ganges river]]. The movement emerged in the backdrop of escalating pollution in the Ganges, worsened by idustrialiazation, urbanization, and inadequeate waste management. The movement had a non-centralised leadership, though several organisations were involved in the advocacy efforts such as ''Ganga Seva Abhiyanam'', Pune-based National Women's Organisation (NWO) and other like-minded organisations, with the moral support from many religious leaders, spiritual and political, scientists, environmentalists, writers and social activists.<ref name="saveganga1">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/varanasi/31710996_1_swami-avimukteshwaranand-saraswati-ganga-movement-gd-agrawal | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103135509/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-15/varanasi/31710996_1_swami-avimukteshwaranand-saraswati-ganga-movement-gd-agrawal | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Ganga Mukti Maha Sammelan on May 21 | date=15 May 2012| work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=5 June 2012 | author=TNN}}</ref><ref name="saveganga2">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/varanasi/31748814_1_ganga-river-basin-authority-national-river-ganga-movement | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111748/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/varanasi/31748814_1_ganga-river-basin-authority-national-river-ganga-movement | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 December 2013 | title=Fight for Ganga continues from Kashi to Pune | date=17 May 2012| work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=5 June 2012 | author=TNN}}</ref><ref name="saveganga3">{{cite news | url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/national/306003/ganga-activists-threaten-to-relaunch-campaign/ | title=Ganga activists threaten to re-launch campaign | date=14 May 2012| agency=India Vision | accessdate=5 June 2012}}</ref> "Ganga Calling – Save Ganga" was another such campaign supported by Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icela.in/get_involved.html|title=Ganga Calling – Get Involved|last=ICELA|website=icela.in|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Ganga Dashara, at Haridwar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ganga Dashahara in 2005 brought throngs of bathers to the riverfront in [[Haridwar]]. (Religious association of Ganga also accounts for an appreciable degree of pollution.) ]]
Ganges is the largest and the most sacred river of [[India]] with enormous spiritual, cultural, and physical influence. It provides water to about 40% of India's population in 11 states. It is estimated that the livelihoods of over 500 million people in India are dependent upon the river, and that one-third of India's population lives within the Ganges Basin. Despite this magnitude of influence and control by the river over present and future of the country, it is allegedly under direct threat from various man made and natural environmental issues.

===Pollution===
{{see also|Pollution of the Ganges}}
[[File:Pollution of Ganga 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Wastes and left overs of tours and picnics flowing in [[Ganges]].|left]]
River Ganges flows through the most densely populated regions of India passing 29 cities with population over 100,000, 23 cities with population between 50,000 and 100,000, and about 48 towns.<ref name="AFR">{{cite web|url=http://www.africanwater.org/ganges.htm |title=The Water Page – River Ganges |publisher=Africanwater.org |date=12 December 1996 |accessdate=7 July 2012}}</ref> A sizeable proportion of the effluents in Ganges are caused by this population through domestic usage like bathing, laundry and public defecation. Countless tanneries, chemical plants, textile mills, distilleries, slaughterhouses, and hospitals contribute to the pollution of the Gangas by dumping untreated toxic and non-biodegradable waste into it.<ref name="ELAWJan01">[http://www.elaw.org/node/858 "Sacred Ganges Carries Toxic Pollution."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414112514/http://elaw.org/node/858 |date=14 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="HTApr12">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Ganga-receives-2-900-million-ltrs-of-sewage-daily/Article1-842037.aspx|title=Ganga receives 2,900 million ltrs [sic] of sewage daily|work=The Hindustan Times|accessdate=14 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909164033/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/ganga-receives-2-900-million-ltrs-of-sewage-daily/article1-842037.aspx}}</ref> It is this sheer volume of pollutants released into the river every day that are causing irreparable damage to the ecosystem and contributing to significant [[Sanitation in India|sanitation issues]].[[File:Ghats in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2000) 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Pollution at the ghats of [[Varanasi]].]]
===Dams===
Built in 1854 during the British colonisation of India, the Haridwar dam has led to decay of the Ganges by greatly diminishing the flow of the river. The [[Farakka Barrage]] was built originally to divert fresh water into the [[Bhagirathi River]] but has since caused an increase of salinity in the Ganges, having a damaging effect on the ground water and soil along the river.<ref name="AFR"/> Apart from this, Bangladesh and India faced major tensions due to this barrage. The government of India planned about 300 dams on the Ganges in the near future and the tributaries despite a government-commissioned green panel report that has recommended scrapping 34 of the dams citing environmental concerns.<ref name="IBNApr12">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120422080303/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/300-dams-on-the-ganga-a-bane-or-a-boon/250311-3.html "300 dams on the Ganga: A bane or a boon?"]</ref><ref name="govnod">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/developmental-issues/Pranab-gives-go-ahead-for-dam-on-Bhagirathi/articleshow/6153163.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103115353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-11/developmental-issues/28288451_1_dam-project-mw-bhaironghati-mw-loharinag-pala | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Pranab gives go-ahead for dam on Bhagirathi | date=11 July 2010 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

===Global warming===
[[File:Gangotri Glacier, retreat from 1780 to 2001.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Timeline of retreat of [[Gangotri glacier]] (the blue contour lines drawn here to show the recession of the glacier’s terminus over time are approximate).]]
[[Gangotri glacier]] which feeds the river Ganges is 30.2 km long and between 0.5 and 2.5 km wide is one of the largest in the Himalaya. However, Due to global warming it has been receding since 1780, although studies show its retreat quickened after 1971. Over the last 25 years, Gangotri glacier has retreated more than 850 meters, with a recession of 76 meters from 1996 to 1999 alone.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4594|title=Gangotri glacier retreat|accessdate=29 June 2012|agency = [[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="tehelkanews">{{cite news | url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Ne190708the_ganga.asp | title=The Ganga's Last Roar | date=19 July 2008 | agency=Tehelka News | accessdate=29 June 2012}}</ref> The ''UN 2007 Climate Change Report'' has suggested that the glacial flow may completely stop by 2030, at which point the Ganges would be reduced to a seasonal river during the monsoon season.<ref name="cleaneffort">{{cite news|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2012/2012-05-07-02.html|title=India Seeks Israeli Technology to Clean Ganges River|date=7 May 2012|accessdate=29 June 2012|agency=ENS-Newswire}}</ref>

=== Failure of Ganga Action Plan ===
The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched by [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in April 1986 to reduce the pollution load on the river. But the efforts to decrease the pollution level in the river became abortive even after spending ₹ 9017.1 million (~190 million USD adjusting to inflation).<ref name=GAP>[http://www.cag.gov.in/reports/scientific/2000_book2/gangaactionplan.htm Ganga Action Plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304050555/http://www.cag.gov.in/reports/scientific/2000_book2/gangaactionplan.htm |date=4 March 2012 }}</ref> Therefore, this plan was withdrawn on 31 March 2000. This plan is described as failure by many scientist and NGOs in their studies.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sankatmochan.tripod.com/GAPFailure.htm | title=GAP Failure | publisher=Sankat Mochan Foundation | accessdate=29 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=hindunofruit>{{cite news | title = Ganga Action Plan bears no fruit | url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/28/stories/2004082807430400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040928003256/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/28/stories/2004082807430400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 28 September 2004 | location=Chennai, India | work = [[The Hindu]] | date=28 August 2004}}</ref>

== Genesis and early mobilisation ==
The movement did not build up suddenly. Concerns about the condition of the Ganges were raised for decades which gained impetus in the past few years owing to awareness and support from keen environmentalists. Furthermore, different studies revealed the deteriorating health of the river. In 1998, Smt Rama Rauta, the founder of National Women's Organization (NWO) under the leadership of Dr. Sushila Nair conceived the necessity to initiate public mobilization based on the principles of non-violence to seek support for Save Ganga Movement – against the pollution of the Ganges and its tributaries. A seminar on ''Ganga aur hamaaraa daayitvaon'' (Ganga and our duty) was conducted on 13 November 1998 at [[Kanpur]]. Soon popular Gandhians, Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna and Dr. Kanchanlata Sabarwal, also joined the Movement.<ref name="ngos">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/campaign/6874 | title=Save Ganga Movement | publisher=India Water Portal | accessdate=2 July 2012}}</ref>{{cquote|The objective of the Movement is, on the one hand, to create mass awareness for uneco-friendly non-violent culture of development for the protection of our life-sustaining natural systems in general and of the sacred Ganga and the Himalayas in particular; on the other hand, to put moral pressure on the government, to take time-bound decisive steps to completely and permanently save the Ganga symbolizing all rivers and water bodies, and the Giriraj Himalayas, symbolizing all mountains forests and wildlife.|author=Smt. Rana Rauta, an eminent member of [[NRGBA]] and convener of ''Save Ganga Movement''}}

== Movement expansion ==
=== Mega rally of June 2012 ===
Moved by the government's inaction towards saving the Ganges, the eminent ''Ganga Mukti Sangram Saamiti'' decided to initiate a mass drive by gathering thousands of Ganga Devotees along with the ''Ganga Rath'' which travelled through Varanasi on 14 June and then to Allahabad, Kanpur, Matura, Vrindavan and finally reach to Delhi on 17 June.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/6/12/47-Ganga-Mukti-Mahasangram.html | title=Ganga Mukti Mahasangram | date=12 June 2012 | agency=NI Wire | accessdate=2 July 2012}}</ref> [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Dwarka Pitha|Dwarka Sharda Pithas]] ''Swami Svarūpānanda Sarasvatī'' who also joined the movement at [[Jantar Mantar]] in Delhi gave an ultimatum of three months to the Central government over the government's apathetic attitude towards the protection and conservation of the National River.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Shankaracharyas-ultimatum-to-Centre-over-Ganga/articleshow/14373187.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126124743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-24/varanasi/32393373_1_holy-river-national-river-uninterrupted-flow | url-status=live | archive-date=26 January 2013 | title=Shankaracharya's ultimatum to Centre over Ganga | date=24 June 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Swami Avimukteshwaranand Sarasvatī, convener of ''Gangas Seva Abhiyanam'' alleged the Central Government of overhearing their demands and trying to obstruct the movement.<ref name="toigovfail">{{cite web |date=21 June 2012 |title=Govt trying to obstruct Save Ganga Movement, says seer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Govt-trying-to-obstruct-Save-Ganga-Movement-says-seer/articleshow/14310801.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103212059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/varanasi/32351800_1_clean-flow-holy-river-ganga-activists |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=2 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Key figures ==

=== Swami Jitendranand Saraswati alias Acharya Jitendra ===
{{Main|Swami Jitendranand Saraswati}}

[[Swami Jitendranand Saraswati]] alias [[Acharya Jitendra]] is National General Secretary of [[Ganga Mahasabha]]. He is working for Ganga since 2000. He is a well known Social Activist(Environmentalist) in India. It was his effort to convince Mr. [[Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1497453011.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221742/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1497453011.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2014-07-14 |title=Abandon dam projects on Ganga: Advani tells Khanduri Copyright Hindustan Times }}</ref> in 2008 to compel the Chief Minister [[B.C. Khanduri]] to abandon all state hydro-dam projects on the Ganga and persuade Professor Guru Das Agrawal [[G. D. Agrawal]] to give up his fast within 24 hours. In 2010 Again [[Acharya Jitendra]] played a crucial role to stop the Loharinag Pala Hydel Project – On The Ganga. As [[K.N. Govinda]] said he worked behind the scenes for three years, interfacing with people and like [[Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]] and [[Acharya Jitendra]], environmentalists and politicians of all hues. He even approached senior Congress leaders for their support. When a favourable atmosphere was created, he met [[Pranab Mukherjee]], leading a delegation of the Ganga Mahasabha. He then spoke to senior [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] leader [[Ashok Singhal]] and the Bharatiya Janata Party’s [[Rajnath Singh]], who persuaded CM [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]] to write to the PM, asking him to scrap the Loharinag Pala project.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tehelka.com/these-are-the-men-who-stopped-a-dam-the-loharinag-pala-hydel-project-on-the-ganga-this-is-how-they-did-it |first=Bhavdeep |last=Kang |website=[[Tehelka]] |date=11 September 2010 |title=These Are The Men Who Stopped A Dam |access-date=2023-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509004050/http://tehelka.com/these-are-the-men-who-stopped-a-dam-the-loharinag-pala-hydel-project-on-the-ganga-this-is-how-they-did-it/ |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref>{{Rquote|right|[[Ganga Mahasabha]] will conduct awareness campaigns at all places in the five states through which the Ganga crosses.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/There-should-be-no-dam-on-Ganga/articleshow/47093829.cms |title=There should be no dam on Ganga |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>|Swami Jitendranand Saraswati to [[Times of India|TOI]]}}

=== Nigamanand ===
{{Main|Nigamanand}}

In early 2011, a Hindu seer named Swami Nigamananda Saraswati fasted unto death, protesting against illegal mining happening in the district of Haridwar (in [[Uttarakhand]]) resulting in pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sadhu-dies-after-a-73day-fast-to-save-ganga/159098-3.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110616210803/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sadhu-dies-after-a-73day-fast-to-save-ganga/159098-3.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 16 June 2011 |title=Sadhu dies after a 73-day fast to save Ganga |first=Priyanka |last=Dube |work=ibnlive.in.com |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=14 June 2011 |quote=Swami Nigamanand |accessdate=14 June 2011}}</ref> Following his death in June 2011, his [[Ashram]] leader Swami Shivananda fasted for 11 days starting on 25 November 2011, taking his movement forward. Finally, the Uttarakhand government released an order to ban illegal mining all over Haridwar district.<ref name="PioneerDec2011">[http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/25963-shivanand-breaks-fast-after-forcing-curb-on-ganga-bed-quarrying.html "Shivanand breaks fast after forcing curb on Ganga bed quarrying"]</ref> According to administration officials, quarrying in the Ganges would now be studied by a special committee which would assess its environmental impacts the river and its nearby areas.

=== Prof. G. D. Agrawal ===
{{Main|G. D. Agrawal}}

Noted environmental activist, Prof. G. D. Agrawal Patron of Ganga Mahasabha sat ng construction in this sensitive and sacred region of India. Due to support from other social activists like [[Anna Hazare]], the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]] admitted publicly to cease any further hydroelectric damming of the Ganga in Uttarakhand. He also called for a National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA) meeting and urged the authorities to utilize the {{Indian rupee}} 26 billion (about 520M US$) sanctioned "for creating sewer networks, sewage treatment plants, sewage pumping stations, electric crematoria, community toilets and development of river fronts".

=== Narendra Modi ===

Chief Minister of Gujarat, now [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] has been very bent on the issue of the [[holy river]],{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}} and has promised the Parliament of India to clean the river as the density of coli-form bacteria have risen from 5,000 per 100ml to 58,000 per 100ml, nearly 121 times over the acceptable limit. So far, ₹ 20,000 crore has gone into the cleaning of the Ganga. {{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
Narendra Modi has also offered the gifts he received during his tenure as PM of the nation for bidding. The amount received from the bidding will be utilized for the cause.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

=== Rama Rauta ===

Rama Rauta founded the Save Ganga Movement in 1998 with a seminar on 'Ganga Aur Humara Daayitva' at Kanpur understanding the need of a nationwide collective movement to the cause and also a need of a holistic solution to the various issues faced by the river. She conceptualised the movement with Gandhian ideology and soon this movement was supported or joined by various eminent Gandhians, religious leaders from various faiths, legal experts, eminent political leaders and various scientific organisations such as IIT, CSIR labs such as NEERI, NBRI, ITRC and many like-minded NGOs. A holistic roadmap detailing short-term and long-term solution to the impending [[ecological crisis]] drafted by the continuous churning of the intellectuals associated with this movement has been a reference guide to the Governments working towards making the Ganga "Aviral " and "Nirmal".{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

== Demands ==
The movement is solely aimed at one goal – to prevent the anti-nature, anti-human, anti-environment activities against the Ganges and sustain the cultural importance, holiness and age old heritage of the same. Though most of the demands are directly related to the pollution and construction works overs the Ganges, there are ought to be several demands related indirectly to these.

=== No construction ===
It is demanded that any kind of damming or construction work in the upper course of the Ganges should be strictly disallowed.<ref name="mmail">{{cite news | url=http://www.mmail.com.my/story/indian-sadhus-protest-dam-projects-holy-ganges | title=Indian 'sadhus' protest dam projects on holy Ganges | work=Malay Mail| date=18 June 2012 | accessdate=2 July 2012}}</ref> It should be declared a ''Wild River'' zone and visits by tourists and people to [[Gangotri National Park]] should also be regulated and toned down. Eco-friendly tourism should replace the present eco-hostile tourism. Time-bound steps for non-commercial afforestation of the Uttarakhand should be undertaken and these activities should be carried out by the local people, using saplings of local plants.<ref name="savegangamov">{{cite web | url=http://www.savegangamovement.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=46 | title=Charter of 10 Demands | accessdate=29 June 2012}}</ref> This demand was backed by a recent report prepared by the state-funded [[Wildlife Institute of India]] that recommended scrapping 34 of the Ganges dam projects, citing environmental concerns.<ref name="mmail" />

=== Pollution regulation ===
Ganga suffers from large scale pollution due to common practices like bathing, washing, putting flowers and immersing idols in the river waters that create filthy and unhygienic conditions. Dismal civic conditions, bad smell and unavailability of basic amenities like toilets and changing rooms could be experienced. Most of the ghats could be seen with a series of iron grills erected on stony platform, laden with heaps of garbage and rotten stuff. Animal loitering on ghats, troubling the residents and devotees is the other problem.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Ganga-ghats-in-miserable-condition/articleshow/14400515.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103151009/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/kanpur/32423476_1_ganga-ghats-heavy-deposition-sewage-water | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Ganga ghats in miserable condition | date=26 June 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

It is necessary to frame some rules and guidelines for the Civic authorities and municipalities to carry out a scheduled and continued cleaning effort from the concerned officials.

=== Industrialization control ===
Since, Industries dump a large quantity of inorganic and non-bio degradable wastes into the Ganga and other rivers, It is demanded that further establishments of any kind of new Industry with poor management shouldn't be undertaken. Also, those who are flouting the pollution regulation norms should be checked at once. Afforestation and efforts to save wild life in the [[Himalaya]]s should be regulated by a high powered committee.{{Citation needed|date = May 2015}}

=== Awareness ===
Mass awareness against [[environmental degradation]], especially against [[air pollution|pollution of air]], [[water pollution|water]] and [[land pollution|land]] and [[deforestation]] and destruction of [[wildlife]] should be undertaken.{{Citation needed|date = May 2015}}
:* T.V. and Radio are to be persuaded to give a substantial amount of prime time to create such awareness, informing regularly about the water pollution levels of major rivers and of air pollution levels in big cities and their adverse effect on the common people.
:* National laboratories such as [[NEERI]], Thermal Research Centre ([[Central Power Research Institute|CPRI]]), etc., must regularly monitor the pollution levels of major rivers and inform the public about the hazardous effects through various forms of mass media.
:* A comprehensive website on the Ganges and other rivers of our country should be created for networking of various organisations and people involved in the [[Ganga Action Plan]] and for creating necessary mass-awareness for saving the Ganges and other rivers of our country.
:* [[Environmental ethics]] should be taught as a part of the syllabus on ethics, both at the school as well as at the college level. Teaching environmental ethics without discussing the value and means of an ethical life would be of little significance. We must study critically the views of great religions and of great teachers and thinkers of mankind about various fundamental issues of ethics.

=== Monitoring committee ===
It is demanded that a committee of experts to monitor the progress of the governmental course of actions in this direction should be appointed. It should report all of its findings and actions to the Supreme Court of India which direct the Central and State Governments.

== Government's efforts ==

=== Panel to review projects on Ganges ===
Amid the building pressure from the [[Hindu]] leaders in the June mega rally, the government proposed to set up an expert-panel which would review the situation and examine the ecological impact of hydel projects taken on the Himalayan rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gangapedia.iitk.ac.in/?q=content/govt-mulls-panel-check-impact-dams-ganga | title=Govt mulls panel to check impact of dams on Ganga | work=The Hindutan Times | date=19 June 2012 | accessdate=2 July 2012}}</ref> The committee includes representatives from the ministries of environment, power, and water resources and other authorities and research institutions. From outside the government, the PMO has chosen director general of Centre for Science and Environment ''Sunita Narain'', former professor of [[IIT-BHU]] and ''mahant'' of [[Sankat Mochan temple]] at [[Varanasi]] ''Virbhadra Mishra'' and head of ''Tarun Bharat Sangh''-''Rajendra Singh''. The committee will also inspect previous reports by [[IIT Roorkee]] and [[Wildlife Institute of India]].<ref name="toinews">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/developmental-issues/Government-sets-up-panel-to-review-power-projects-on-Ganga/articleshow/14399748.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103195333/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/developmental-issues/32424015_1_power-projects-ganga-pmo | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Government sets up panel to review power projects on Ganga | date=26 June 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

=== NGRBA ===
To fulfill the demands of activists to have an independent monitoring committee for Ganges, the government has proposed to upgrade the existing [[National Ganga River Basin Authority]] (NRGBA) to the level of an independent commission along the lines of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] through a new law.<ref name="toinews" />

== Controversies ==
* Those groups who backed the construction of Hydel Power projects on course of river Ganga, alleged that the agigators protesting against them were funded by US{{Citation needed|reason=Source needed to support this claim|date=February 2019}}, so that India would buy [[Uranium]] from them{{Citation needed|reason=Source needed to support this claim|date=February 2019}} to run its Nuclear Power Plants.
* Controversies were raised about alleged fixing of the agitation among the sadhus and the Congress party. It is known{{Citation needed|reason=Source needed to support this claim|date=February 2019}} that senior Congress leaders share old association with the Shankaracharya of Shrada Jyotish and Dwarka Peeths Swami [[Swaroopanand Saraswati]]. Since the launch of stir by the ''Ganga Seva Abhiyanam'', initiated by the disciples of Shankaracharya, the latter stayed away. However, the union government soon sprung into action after the Shankaracharya reached the city to participate in the agitation. It raised rumours of having this meet up between the two to be fixed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Controversies-start-with-pause-given-to-movement/articleshow/14519524.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104902/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-30/varanasi/32483754_1_seers-swami-avimukteshwaranand-ganga-action-plan | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=Controversies start with pause given to movement | date=30 June 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

== Current state ==
The movement which made most of the news for 168 days, culminated to a halt by its organizers after the then union coal minister [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]] arrived in Delhi with the then [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Manmohan Singh]]'s letter assuring of no new dam projects to start while works on those which have already started would also be stopped. An inter-ministerial committee constituted by the Prime Minister itself will submit its study report on dams creating hurdle in the flow of Ganga in the same period.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sanands-potest-for-uninterrupted-and-clean-Ganga-halted-for-3-months/articleshow/14519542.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103100613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-30/varanasi/32483827_1_seers-shankaracharya-fruit-juice | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | title=nand's potest for uninterrupted and clean Ganga halted for 3 months | date=30 June 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> It was decided by the organising committee that the ''Mahasangram'' would be halted only for three months and shall resume again in September if no sufficient action is taken.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.icela.org/press_clipings.html ICELA]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080614/main8.htm Tribune India]
* [http://www.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=Ne020612GANGA.asp Tehelka]
* [http://www.savegangamovement.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=65&Itemid=87 Save Ganga Movement]
* [http://nirmalganga.com/ Save Ganga Movement by Acharya Ashish ]
* [http://www.gangamahasabha.org/ Ganga Mahasabha ]

[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:Nature conservation organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Ganges]]

B.K. School of Business Management

2025-08-06T20:24:13Z

EJDTimmy2065: Improved structure and clarity

#REDIRECT[[Gujarat University#B.K. School of Business Management]]

{{r from merge}}
{{r to section}}

Mahua Dabar

2025-07-28T07:26:53Z

EJDTimmy2065: starting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
'''Mahua Dabar''' was a small town in [[Basti district]] of [[Awadh]] in modern [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] (south of Basti, not to be confused with the surviving community of the same name near Gaur, north-west of Basti). This town was destroyed by the [[East India Company|British Raj]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name=TI1>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/leisure/found-raj-razed-town/cid/518617 | title=Found: Raj-razed town | date=8 December 2008 | newspaper=The Telegraph | location=India | accessdate=24 February 2020 }}</ref>

==History==

In March–April during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the inhabitants of Mahua Dabar intercepted a boat carrying six [[British Raj|British]] soldiers. These soldiers were surrounded and killed by the people of Mahua Dabar. On 20 June 1857 the British [[12th Cavalry|12th Irregular Horse Cavalry]] surrounded the town, destroyed almost every building, and according to local legend [[War crime|slaughtered]] every inhabitant. The town was razed to the ground and only farming was allowed. The [[Tillage|tilling]] of the land removed all ruins of the destroyed town. Mahua Dabar, a town of 5,000 people, completely disappeared from history and geography.<ref name=TI1 />

In 1994, Mohammad Abdul Latif Ansari, the great-grandson of one of the survivors that managed to escape Mahua Dabar before the British encirclement of the town started researching the location of his ancestral destroyed town. The-then [[Basti district]] [[magistrate]], R.N. Tripathi created a committee of historians from the [[University of Lucknow]]; and they found an 1831 map after 13 years of research which showed the location of the Mahua Dabar town.<ref>[http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/lost-textile-village.html Lost Textile Village Back on UP Map]</ref> All the maps after [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857]] showed the area as farmland.<ref name=TI1/>

On 3 July 2011, [[Jagdambika Pal]] and other members of [[Lok Sabha]], [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]], opened [[Commemorative plaque]] at Mahua Dabar.<ref>[http://mahuadabar.blogspot.ca/2011/07/shri-jagdambika-pal-members-of.html Mahua Dabar commemorative plaque]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.pastpresented.ukart.com/mahuadabar/mahuadabar-history.htm Compilation of historical source material about Mahua Dabar]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahua Dabar}}
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857|Mahua Dabar]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]
[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:Mutinies]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:1857 in India]]
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Basti district]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]

Mahavir Nayak

2025-07-08T08:41:35Z

EJDTimmy2065: entry

{{Short description|Indian Singer (born 1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Mahavir Nayak (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nayak in 2025
| other_names = Mahabir Nayak
| birth_name = Mahavir Nayak
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|03|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Uruguttu, [[Kanke block|Kanke]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]), India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = {{ubl|Singer| Songwriter}}
| years_active = 1962 - present
| known for = [[Nagpuri culture#Folk music and dance|Typical Nagpuri music]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Shri]] (2025)|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2022)|Praful Samman (2019)|Lok Kala Ratna Award (2014)}}
}}

'''Mahavir Nayak''' (born 26 March 1942), is an Indian [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]-singer and songwriter. He is an exponent of Theth Nagpuri music, which is a genre of typical Nagpuri music, based on traditional [[Nagpuri culture#Folk music and dance|Nagpuri folk music]].<ref name="prabhatkhabar2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/vishesh-aalekh/1381799|title=पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=14 February 2020|access-date=27 November 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> He is recognised for his Nagpuri Bhinsariya, Faguwa, Pawas and Mardani Jhumar ragas.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahabir Nayak gets Padma Shri for preserving Jharkhand's music; says hard work finally paid off|url=https://theprint.in/india/mahabir-nayak-gets-padma-shri-for-preserving-jharkhands-music-says-hard-work-finally-paid-off/2463490/|work=[[The Print]]|date=26 January 2025|access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref> He is the recipient of [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Sangeet Natak Akademi Amrit Award]] (2022), Lok Kala Ratna Award (2014) and Praful Samman (2019) for his contribution in folk music.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2022">{{cite news |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/my-mati-bhash-aur-sanskriti-got-sangeet-natak-akademi-know-which-artists-of-jharkhand-got-the-award-vwt|title=मायं माटी भाषा आऊर संस्कृति' को मिला संगीत नाटक अकादमी, जानिए झारखंड के किन-किन कलाकारों को मिला अवॉर्ड|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=25 November 2022|access-date=27 November 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="etvbharat">{{cite news |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/ranchi/sangeet-natak-akademi-award-2022-to-jharkhand-artists/jh20221126095105611611363|title=संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कारः झारखंड के तीन कलाकारों को मिलेगा अवार्ड|publisher=etvbharat|date=26 November 2022|access-date=27 November 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="prabhatkhabar022020">{{cite news |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/1378564|title=धनेंद्र प्रवाही और महावीर नायक होंगे प्रफुल्ल सम्मान से सम्‍मानित|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=4 February 2020|access-date=27 November 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> In 2025, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award in the field of arts.<ref name="TimesofIndia2025">{{cite news |title=Nagpuri songwriter, composer Mahavir Nayak receives Padma Shri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/nagpuri-songwriter-composer-mahavir-nayak-receives-padma-shri/articleshow/117561792.cms |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126155637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/nagpuri-songwriter-composer-mahavir-nayak-receives-padma-shri/articleshow/117561792.cms |archive-date=26 January 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in the village of Uruguttu in the [[Kanke block]] of [[Ranchi district]] on 26 March 1942, on the day of Ramnavami. He belongs to [[Ghasi]] community.<ref name="TimesofIndia2023">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/mahabir-nayak-wins-sangeet-natak-akademi-amrit-award/articleshow/103725111.cms|title=Mahabir Nayak Wins Sangeet Natak Akademi 'Amrit' Award|work=[[Times of India]]|date=17 September 2023|access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> His father, Khuddu Nayak, was a folk singer and [[Mardani Jhumar]] dancer. He learnt folk music in the arkhra, the village ground. He was getting chances to sing songs in school on Saturday. He was appreciated by his friends for his songs and he wished to become a singer.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2019">{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/jhollywood/1325460|title=नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=4 September 2019|access-date=27 November 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref>

==Career==
He joined [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]] in 1963. He started writing songs.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2020"/>
He tried to preserve traditional nagpuri music. He is the singer of theth nagpuri songs, which is typical Nagpuri music based on traditional Nagpuri folk music since 1962. He was invited by [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]] to the Nagpuri Sansthan, where he came to know about the poetry of Nagpuri poets such as Hanuman Singh, Barju Ram, [[Ghasi Ram Mahli]] and Das Mahli. Then he started composing nagpuri music with Dr Bishweswar Prasad Keshari.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2019"/> He started to sing on stage in the year of 1976. In 1977, he started organising stage programs and gave the elderly singers the opportunity to sing.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2019"/> He has sung in more than 1000 stage shows. He is known as king of Vinsaria, which is a title given by the people of [[Simdega district]].<ref name="prabhatkhabar2020"/>

He gave an audition and joined the radio and television show in 1984. Then he sang several songs on radio and television. He also composed many songs for the movement of the separate Jharkhand state.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2019"/>

In 1985, he established the Kunjban organisation with folk artist [[Mukund Nayak]] and other artists, to teach traditional nagpuri music to the young generation.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2019"/> He went to [[Taipei]] for a show in 1992.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2020"/>

On 31 March 2021, he retired from HEC. He had written around 300 songs and collected 5000 songs written by old poets. He also organised the Nagpuri poet conference in [[Hatia]]. He has been a member of Chotanagpur Sanskritik Sangh since 1971. He published the magazine ''Darpan'' in 1993, which has songs written by many old poets. According to him, the Theth Nagpuri music is a form of classical music. Its song and dance are based on festivals and seasons such as [[Jhumair|Jhumar]], Pawas, Udasi and Fagua. It includes social, ethics, culture and literature. Modern nagpuri songs have been affected by pollution.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2020"/>

==Awards and honours==
In 2014, he was awarded the Lok Kala Ratna Award.<ref name="prabhatkhabar2019"/> In 2020, he was awarded Praful Samman for the year 2019.<ref name="prabhatkhabar022020"/> In 2022, he was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]].<ref name="TimesofIndia2023"/><ref name="prabhatkhabar2022"/><ref name="etvbharat"/>
[[File:Mahabir_Nayak.jpg|thumb|Mahabir Nayak Padma Shri]]
In 2025, he was awarded [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award in the field of arts.<ref name="TimesofIndia2025" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Mahavir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

G. R. Mane

2025-06-26T09:23:38Z

EJDTimmy2065: added info

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''G.R. Mane''' was born in 1892 in [[Kolhapur]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]. He was an actor, best known for his role in ''[[Gopal Krishna (1929 film)|Gopal Krishna]]''. He died in 1954 in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0541924/|title=G.R. Mane|website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mane, G. R.}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from British India]]

{{India-film-actor-1890s-stub}}

Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices

2025-06-17T02:55:37Z

EJDTimmy2065:

{{short description|Advisory body under Government of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
| native_name_a =
| agency_type = Advisory body
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1965|01|01}}
| preceding1 = Department of Scientific Research
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Delhi]]
| coordinates =
| employees = Classified
| budget =
| chief1_name = Vijay Paul Sharma <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cacp.da.gov.in/CompOfCommission.aspx |title=Current Chairman and Members}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Chairperson
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| website = https://cacp.da.gov.in
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare]]
}}
The '''Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices''' ('''CACP''') is an attached office under the [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare]], [[Government of India]], that recommends [[Minimum Support Price]]s (MSPs) for select crops. It was established in 1965<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewQuestionare.aspx?Input=2&DocId=1&PageId=34&KeyId=247|title= The resolution passed for the creation of the commission}}</ref> as the '''Agricultural Prices Commission''', and was given its present name in 1985.<ref name="mainc">{{cite web|title=The Commission of Agricultural Costs & Prices Organisation|url=http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/content.aspx?pid=32|website=nic.in|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref>

==Mission==
The commission was established to recommend [[Minimum Support Price]]s (MSPs), to motivate cultivators and farmers to adopt the latest technology in order to optimise the use of resources and increase productivity.<ref name="mainc" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Cane farmers association urges government to fix minimum support price for sugar|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-04/news/65204478_1_cane-growers-high-cane-prices-indian-sugar-mills-association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025013254/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-04/news/65204478_1_cane-growers-high-cane-prices-indian-sugar-mills-association|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|agency=TET}}</ref>

== Composition ==
Currently, the Commission consists of<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/content.aspx?pid=32 |title= Composition of CACP|accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref> -
{{bulleted list
|a Chairman
|Member Secretary
|one Member (Official)
|two Members (Non-Official)
}}

The non-official members are representatives of the farming community and usually have an active association with the farming community.

==Recommendations==
As of now, CACP recommends MSPs of 22 commodities:

*7 cereals: paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, barley and ragi,
*5 pulses: gram, tur, moong, urad, lentil,
*7 oilseeds: groundnut, rapeseed-mustard, soyabean, [[sesamum]], sunflower, safflower, [[niger seed]] and
*3 commercial crops: copra, cotton and raw jute (sugarcane - Fair and remunerative Price )

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian commissions}}

[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Agricultural Union]]
[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1965]]

{{India-agri-stub}}

Gojubavi

2025-04-16T23:45:05Z

EJDTimmy2065: refine intro also after review

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
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| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|13|44.19|N|74|34|15.34|E}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Pune
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
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| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_ha = 1696.98
| area_land_ha =
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| length_km =
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| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 538
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
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| timezone1 =
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}}
'''Gojubavi''' is a village in [[Pune district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Gojubavi Population - Pune, Maharashtra |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/556898-gojubavi-maharashtra.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 16, 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Gojubavi has a population of 2,108 people. Some 447 houses are there.

==History==
The village of Gojubavi was part of 'supa paragana' in the 16th century. According to legend, Gojubavi was named after the ancient village woman Gojai, who was from the distinguished family of Mokashi. Gojai gave up her life in the ancient practice of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]]. Sati (Sanskrit: satī, also spelled suttee) is an obsolete Indian funeral custom where a widow immolated herself on her husband's [[Pyre|funeral pyre]] or commit suicide in another fashion shortly after her husband's death. The village was named in her honor.

==Geography and climate==
Gojubavi is located 10 km from sub-district headquarter Baramati and 100 km from district headquarters Gojubabi is the [[gram panchayat]] of Gojubavi village.

It has an average elevation of {{convert|538|m}}. It is located in rain shadow and receives only around 400–500 mm of rainfall in the [[monsoon]] season. The village receives around {{convert|60|cm}} of rainfall from June to August each year. The weather is dry and hot in summer, with day temperatures crossing {{convert|40|C}}. Typical winter day temperatures are about {{convert|25|C}}.

==Economy==
Gojubavi and surrounding areas depend on agriculture. The town hosts a branch of the [[IDBI Bank]].

==Transport==
Gojubavi connects to major highways via the road network. The village has an airstrip near the [[MIDC|Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] development.

==Demographics==
The town has a population of approximately 2500 people. Major ethnic groups include the Atolewasti, Kadamvasti, Sawantwadi, Humbevasti, and Jadhav Vasti.

==Education==
Major schools include The New English School Gojubavi and Jadhav Private English Medium School.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pune district]]

Mukkha Fall

2025-02-26T01:34:26Z

EJDTimmy2065: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Mukkha Fall मुक्खा दरी
| alt_name = Mukkha Water Fall
| photo =
| photo_caption = Munka Water Fall
| location = Munka, [[Sonbhadra]], Uttar Pradesh, India Near [[Ghorawal]]
| map = Uttar Pradesh
| relief = 1
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|24|42|56|N|82|41|47|E|type:waterbody_scale:50000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| type = Plunges
|watercourse = Belan River
| height = 
| height_longest = 
| number_drops = 2
| average_flow =
|
}}

'''Mukkha Fall''' is situated on the [[Robertsganj]] to [[Ghorawal]] road, approximately {{convert|50|km}} to the west of [[Robertsganj]] and {{convert|15|km}} from [[Ghorawal]], in the [[Sonbhadra district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] on the Belan River. It is a waterfall in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mukha Falls, Sonbhadra|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/sonbhadra/attractions/mukha-falls/|access-date=2021-04-29|website=nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Attractions==
The water body lies close to a Devi Mandir and Karia Tal or the lake on the Belan River. It is one of the most magnificent waterfalls in the district. It presents a breathtaking sight during the rainy season. There are rock paintings called Lakhaniya Cave Paintings near Mukkha Fall in the cave which were drawn by [[Human evolution|Early Man]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sonbhadra district]]

Purushottam Institute of Engineering and Technology

2025-01-29T13:47:21Z

EJDTimmy2065: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Single source|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox school
|name = Purushottam Institute of Engineering and Technology (Permanently closed)
|native_name =
|logo=PIET Rourkela logo.svg
|image=
|established = 1999
|closed = 2020
|caption= तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय
|address = Mandiakudar, [[Kansbahal]], [[Odisha]]
|coordinates = {{coord|display=inline,title|22.2264|84.6955|region:IN}}
|pushpin_map =
|ratio =
|type = [[Private school|Private]] college
| religious_affiliation =
| local_authority =
| oversight =
| oversight_label =
| trust =
| urn =
| ofsted =
| head_label =
| head =
| staff =
| faculty =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| affiliations = [[BPUT]]
| gender = co-aid
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| capacity =
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| houses =
| colours =
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Piet.rkl (3).jpg|thumb|Institute During Inception in 1999]]

'''Purushottam Institute of Engineering and Technology''' ('''PIET''') is a private co-aid undergraduate engineering college located in semi rural part of [[Mandiakudar]] of semi urban town [[Kansbahal]]. The institute was established in 1999. In the beginning, the institute temporarily functioned in the campus of [[Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium]], Sector 06 of city [[Rourkela]], with small a number of students and faculty. In 2001 the institute moved to new campus located at [[Mandiakudar]], 30 km away from the city Rourkela.

The institute offered 4 years of undergraduate [[B.Tech]] degree with affiliation from [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]] (BPUT). The undergraduate students studied courses in streams of [[Computer Science and Engineering|CSE]], [[Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering|ETC]], [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering|EEE]], [[Information technology|IT]], [[Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering|AEI]] and [[Mechanical engineering|ME]]. In the year 2007 the institute started courses for [[Master in Computer Application|MCA]] and [[Master in Business Administration|MBA]].<ref> [https://www.shiksha.com/college/purushottam-institute-of-engineering-and-technology-piet-rourkela-20925]. Updated information from shiksha.com </ref>

The institute is almost one kilometer away from the town of [[Kansbahal]] and half a kilometer from IIPM School of Management. The campus has a residential hostel complex, hanuman temple and small canteen built inside the institute campus for students coming from outside of the city. Presently, the hostel complex is rented and offer hostel stay for [[Apprenticeship]] and Office Staff of Shri Mahavir Ferro Alloys Pvt Ltd. located at [[Kalunga Industrial Estate]].

The degree institute is now closed and one of the block of old degree institute is taken over by its diploma college [[Purushottam School of Engineering and Technology]] for under privileged students. Presently, one of the main blocks of the old Purushottam degree institute serve as skill centre training institute for women self help group's (WSHGs) for apparel made up's (sewing machine operators) and home furnishing, the skill based programme is run under initiative of [[National Skill Development Corporation]] (NSDC) and Department of Mission Shakti, Odisha; Maa Samleswari Education and Welfare Trust (NGO) are the training institute instructor's which offer the training skill course under Rourkela Cluster one of Department of Mission Shakti Sundergarh district. The old degree institute also has a small Post office of [[India Post]] with Hi speed Internet connectivity since year 2010 which offer's service of Speed Post, Post Box, India Post office Saving Bank and ATM service to rural population of [[Mandiakudar]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Mandiakudar]]
* [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]]

{{Biju Patnaik University of Technology}}
{{Kansbahal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purushottam Institute of Engineering and Technology}}
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Business schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with Biju Patnaik University of Technology]]
[[Category:Education in Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Orissa]]

Rama Varma

2024-12-29T15:28:15Z

EJDTimmy2065:

{{wikt|sa:रामवर्मन्}}
The name '''Rama Varma''' refers to a number of persons from many royal families of [[Kerala]] in southern India.

Members of [[Chera Perumals of Makotai]]:
* [[Rama Kulasekhara]] ({{A.k.a.}} Rama Varma Kulashekhara) (11th-12th century AD)

[[Maharaja|Maharajas]] of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]:
* Rama Varma [[Sakthan Thampuran]] (Rama Varma IX) (1751–1805)
* [[Rama Varma X]]
* [[Rama Varma XI]]
* [[Rama Varma XII]]
* [[Rama Varma XIII]]
* [[Rama Varma XIV]]
* [[Rama Varma XV]] (Sir Sri Rama Varma {{A.k.a.}} Rajarshi and Abdicated Highness of [[Cochin]] (1852–1932)
* [[Rama Varma XVI]]
* [[Rama Varma XVII]]
* [[Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran]] (Rama Varma XVIII) (died 1964)
* [[Lalan Thampuran]] (Rama Varma XIX) (1887–1975)

Maharajas of the [[Travancore royal family]]:
* [[Rama Varma of Venad]] ({{Reigned|1724|1729}})
* [[Dharma Raja]] (Dharma Raja Rama Varma) (1724–1798)
* [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] (Rama Varma III) 1813–1846)
* [[Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma]] (born 1949)

== See also ==
* [[Rama (disambiguation)]]
* [[Varma (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ravi Varma (disambiguation)]]
* [[Kerala Varma (disambiguation)]]
* [[Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] (Prince Rama Varma) (born 1968), musician from Travancore royal family
* [[Rama Varma Kochaniyan Thampuran]], cricketer and tennis player from the Cochin royal family
* [[Ramavarmapuram]], suburb of Thrissur, Kerala, India
* [[Ramavarma Appan Thampuran Memorial]], monument in Ayyanthole, Thrissur, Kerala, India

{{disambiguation}}

Bharat Ki Chhap

2024-10-14T16:03:03Z

EJDTimmy2065: Adding the info added tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bharat ki Chhap Cover.png
| caption = TV title screen
| num_episodes = 13
| producer = COMET Project, Nehru Centre Bombay
| screenplay = Suhas Paranjape
| theme_music_composer = K. Narayanon
| director = [[Chandita Mukherjee]]
| image_alt = Title cover
| channel = [[DD National]]
| starring = Hemu Adhikari, Vasundhara Phadke, Urmi Juvekar, Sohaila Kapur, Aniruddha Limaye, Jayaram Tatachar
| cinematography = Ranjan Palit
| released = {{start date|1987}}
| num_seasons = 1
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| genre = Documentary
| editor = Renu Saluja
}}

'''''Bharat Ki Chhap'''''<ref>{{Citation|last=National Council for Science and Technology; director|first=Chandita Mukherjee|title=Bharat Ki Chhap (a film series on the history of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent|date=1989|url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999716438302121|publisher=Bombay : Comet Project, Topiwala Lane School, 1989.|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref> (Identity of India) is a 13-episode [[India]]n TV science documentary series<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bagla|first1=Pallava|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwIrDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|title=Bridging the Communication Gap in Science and Technology: Lessons from India|last2=Binoy|first2=V. V.|date=2017-02-17|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-1025-5|language=en}}</ref> chronicling the history of science and technology in India from pre-historic times until the present.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharat Ki Chhap gets a new identity|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/reviews/bharat-ki-chaap-gets-a-new-identity-30316|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}</ref> It was directed by filmmaker [[Chandita Mukherjee]] and funded by the Department of Science and Technology's [[National Council for Science and Technology Communication|National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC)]] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bharat Ki Chhap (Identity of India)|url=https://cargocollective.com/ambika/filter/History/Bharat-ki-Chhap-Identity-of-India|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> It was telecasted on [[Doordarshan]] every Sunday Morning.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Rahman|first=M|date=1989-10-23|title=TV serial 'Bharat Ki Chhap' explores history of Indian science|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19890430-tv-serial-bharat-ki-chhap-explores-history-of-indian-science-816043-1989-04-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619114005/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19890430-tv-serial-bharat-ki-chhap-explores-history-of-indian-science-816043-1989-04-30 |archive-date=2020-06-19 |access-date=2020-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> It was introduced by [[Yash Pal|Professor Yash Pal]].<ref name=":0" />

It projected in a pragmatic way alternative viewpoints on the subject of science as pioneered in [[India]], in contrast with western scientific endeavours. It drew support from [[People's science movement|People's Science Movement]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

A companion book<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Science and History|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1992/48/reviews-uncategorised/science-and-history.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=27|issue=48|pages=7–8}}</ref> was later published by Comet Project titled '''Bhārat Ki Chhāp: A Companion Book to the Film Series''' by [[Chayanika Shah]], Suhas Paranjape, Swatija Manorama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9915838383503681|title=Bhārat Ki Chhāp : a companion book to the film series /|publisher=Comet Project|year=1992|isbn=|edition=1st|location=Bombay|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1|url=http://people.du.ac.in/~sm/smweb/ARTICLES/otherlistofpub.htm|access-date=2020-06-18|website=people.du.ac.in}}</ref>

== Episodes ==

A total of 13 episodes were released.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pad.ma|url=https://pad.ma/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Pad.ma}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Episode
!Title
!Note
|-
|1
|Introduction
|The episode sets up the intent of the films. We are introduced to the characters and narrators and understand the methods of knowing the past through material evidence. A glimpse of things to come, places to be visited and questions that will be explored are discussed.
|-
|2
|The Stone Age
|This episode captures the life in the Stone Age. We look at stone tool-making, investigate food gathering in pre-historic times through the habits of Halbi tribals in Bastar and travel to Buzahom in Kashmir to understand beginnings of farming and clay utensils for storage. And finally, we participate in a Navratri celebration in Bombay, linking its rituals to the discovery of agriculture 7000 years ago.
|-
|3
|The Harappan Civilization
|This episode discusses the Harappan civilization. Some of the characters travel to Harappan excavation sites – reporting their lifestyles, aspects of city planning and governance, jewellery making and terracota work.
|-
|4
|The Iron Age
|This episode introduces the Iron Age. We understand the Vedas and their growing influence on society, traditional iron-smelting techniques from Bastar, geometry through ''Shulbasutra'' and a changing social structure.
|-
|5
|The Age of Codification
|This episode discusses Buddhism and its influence in the North and the Southern rulers and kingdoms. We travel from the Sarnath to Kanheri caves near Mumbai to understand our Buddhist past and then to Pondicherry where we encounter a trade relationship with Rome, to Tiruchirapalli to understand the water reservoir system and the Grand Anaicut and finally to the Saraswati Mahal Library in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu where we understand the texts of the times and their orthodoxy.
|-
|6
|Ayurveda & Astronomy
|This episode captures the traditions of Ayurveda and highly developed concepts of Astronomy. We start with investigating the ''Sushruta'' and ''Charaka'' traditions of Ayurveda and comparing it to the practises of a tribal medicine man in Bastar. Flourishing trades and techniques encouraged science; scholars like Aryabhata wrote about sine tables, pi, and the path of the planets, yet this knowledge was controlled.
|-
|7
|Mathematics & Temple Architecture
|In this episode we learn that techniques and sciences were limited to caste barriers. We understand the operations of 'zero' and its Indian origins. We briefly understand alchemy or ''Rasvidya'' that developed experimental chemistry, extraction methods for Zinc and the lost wax process for Chola bronzes. We also explore temple architecture from the towering ''gopuram'' to rock-cut caves of Ellora and an emerging architecture brought by the invading Arabs, Turks and Afghans.
|-
|8
|Synthesis and Growth
|Starting with Qutbuddin Aibak's reign in the north of India where science and technology were stagnant, this episode investigates the introduction of the printing press and new weapons through Portuguese rule in Goa. Science and technology flourished only for the needs of royalty such as armaments, developed water-supply systems and unmatched dyeing techniques for cloth.
|-
|9
|Stagnation & a Changing World
|This episode narrates the decline of science and the growing European interest in India. We travel to Jamasalaya in Gujarat, a ship-building port, where ships were made for European sea-faring in the 17th century. We understand the importance of the Renaissance in Europe, and its effects in Jaipur's Jantar Mantar (astronomical observatories built by Maharaja Jai Singh). Finally, we head to Mysore, where we see a rebelling Tipu Sultan develops armaments and his defeat as the beginning of colonial rule.
|-
|10
|Colonialism & the Industrial Revolution
|This episode discusses the reign of British in India and its effects. It compares the dying crafts traditions of steel-making near Hyderabad with low-cost high production models of Industrial Revolution. From reformists like Radha Ram Mohan Roy to scientists like Mahendralala Sircar a new class of educated Indians took the lead in reform and stressed education. By the end of the 19th century, political awareness was sweeping the country and a new spirit of nationalism emerging.
|-
|11
|The Freedom Struggle & the Scientific Community
|This episode captures the effects of 20th century science and technology. We examine the achievements of JC Bose, Meghnad Saha, PC Ray and Raman, their involvement in the national movement and the importance of science and technology in building an independent India.
|-
|12
|Independent India 1947 to the Present
|This episode discusses a post-independence India. We start by understanding self-sufficiency in energy through visits to ONGC rigs and an investigation into hydro-power projects like the Sardar Sarovar Dam. We also study the effects of the Green Revolution – both the good and the bad. Finally we travel to Bali Raja Dam which is built with consensus of the local communities, by them and of local materials.
|-
|13
|Retrospect & Prospect
|Taking from excerpts from past episodes we trace our journey and look at solutions for the future. We meet local organisations training people about afforestation, adult literacy and community health and visit an experimental school where exciting activities and lively discussions move beyond the textbooks. We investigate a city which has repeated cases of communal violence. And finally we discuss some interesting outcomes and possible directions with Professor Yashpal.
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Documentary films about the history of science]]
[[Category:History of science]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1987 Indian television series debuts]]

Tomara dynasty

2024-08-30T13:06:20Z

EJDTimmy2065: redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Tomaras of Delhi]]

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Nandamuri Chaitanya Krishna

2024-06-08T07:18:01Z

EJDTimmy2065:

#REDIRECT [[Dham (film)|Dham]] Nandamuri Chaitanya krishna is the grandson of Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao.